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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paryushana
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Paryushana
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["1 Meaning","2 Observances","2.1 Fasting","2.2 Requesting forgiveness","3 Date","4 Closure","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Sources","7 External links"]
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Most important festivals for the Jains
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Paryushan ParvaAlso calledParyushan ParvaObserved byJainsObservancesfasting, going to the Jain TempleDateAugust or SeptemberRelated toSamvatsari (Shwtemabar)
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Paryushana is an annual holy event for Jains and is usually celebrated in August or September in Hindi calendar (Indian calendar) Bhadrapad Month's Shukla Paksha. Jains increase their level of spiritual intensity often using fasting and prayer/meditation to help. The five main vows are emphasized during this time. There are no set rules, and followers are encouraged to practice according to their ability and desires. The event lasts for 8 days, and ends with the celebration of Samvatsari (forgiveness day).
Meaning
Paryushana means "abiding and coming together". It is a time when the Jains take on vows of study and fasting.
Observances
The Digambara Jains recite the ten chapters of the Jain text, Tattvartha Sutra on ten days of Das Lakshan Parva. The sixth day of the festival is celebrated as Sugandh Dashami by the Digambar Community. Digambaras celebrate Ananta Chaturdashi on which a special worship is done. Many towns have a procession leading to the main Jain temple. Ananta Chaturdashi marks the day when Lord Vasupujya, the 12th Jain Tirthankar, attained Moksha (nirvana).
At the conclusion of the festival, followers request forgiveness from others for any offenses committed during the last year. Forgiveness is asked by saying Micchami Dukkadam or Uttam Kshama to others, which means, "If I have offended you in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought, word or action, then I seek your forgiveness."
During the eight-day festival, the Śvētāmbara Murtipujakas recite the Kalpa Sūtra, which includes a recitation of the section on the birth of Mahavira on the fifth day. Some Śvētāmbara Sthānakavāsīs recite the Antagada Sutra, which details the life of 90 great men and women who attained moksha during the eras of the 22nd Tirthankar Neminatha and 24th Tirthankar Mahavira.
Fasting
Main article: Fasting in Jainism
During Paryushana, Jains observe a fast. The span of the fast can last from a day to 30 days or even more. In both Digambara and Śvētāmbara, śrāvakas (laypersons) do a fast by having only boiled water which can be consumed between sunrise and sunset.
Requesting forgiveness
See also: Micchami Dukkadam and Kshamavani
At the conclusion of the festival, śrāvakas request each other for forgiveness for all offenses committed during the last year. This occurs on the Paryusha day for Śvētāmbaras and on the Prathama (first day) of the month of Ashvin Krashna for Digambaras. Forgiveness is asked by saying Micchami Dukkadam or Uttam Kshama to each other. It means "If I have caused you offence in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought word or deed, then I seek your forgiveness".
Date
The date for the Paryushana festival is Bhadra shukla panchami. For this duration, Paryushana must be initiated by panchami (the fifth day) of the shukla paksha phase of Bhadra. The last day is called Samvatsari, short for Samvatsari Pratikramana. Because of computational and other differences, there can be some minor differences among various sects. It comes at the time when the wandering monks take up temporary residence for the monsoon period or "cāturmāsa" "four-month". Because at this time the monks have settled in the town for a longer duration, it is time for the householders to have an annual renewal of the faith by listening to the statement of the Dharma and by meditation and vratas (self-control). Digambara Jains starting a 10-day period from Bhadra shukla panchami, during which the dashalakshana vrata is undertaken. Śvētāmbara celebrate an eight-day festival that ends with Bhadrapada shukla chaturthi.
It is believed that the devas (heavenly beings) do an eight-part puja (worship) of the tirthankaras, which takes eight days. Śvētāmbara Jains celebrate this period as Paryushana.
Closure
Slaughter houses are kept closed for 1–8 days during the Paryushana festival in Indian states (e.g. Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra) that have a large Jain population. On 14 March 2008, the Supreme Court held that the ban on slaughter houses in Ahmedabad during Paryushan festival was legal. The court noted:
In a multi-cultural country like ours with such diversity, one should not be over sensitive and over touchy about a short restriction when it is being done out of respect for the sentiments of a particular section of society. It has been stated above that the great Emperor Akbar himself used to remain a vegetarian for a few days every week out of respect for the vegetarian section of the Indian society and out of respect for his Hindu wife. We too should have similar respect for the sentiments for others, even if they are a minority sect. (para 74)
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paryushana.
Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
Ratnatraya
God in Jainism
Jain cosmology
Sallekhana
Jain festival
References
Citations
^ a b Katju, Justice Markandey (14 March 2008), Supreme Court Judgement regarding Closure of Slaughter houses during Paryushan, The Supreme Court of India
^ Roy, Christian (2005), Traditional festivals: a multicultural encyclopedia, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, p. 356, ISBN 1-57607-089-1
^ a b Dhanpal Jain (4 September 2008), "Paryushan Parva, festival of forgiveness", The Times of India
^ "Jain festival of Paryushan finds many admirers", The Times of India, 1 September 2016
^ a b "Jains pray for peace, brotherhood", The Hindu, 13 September 2007, archived from the original on 7 November 2012
^ a b Doniger 1999, p. 555.
^ Preeti Srivastav (31 August 2008). "Request for Forgiveness". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012.
^ POKHAREL, KRISHNA (11 September 2015). "Why Mumbai Is Banning Meat This Weekend". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
Sources
Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1999), Encyclopedia of World Religions, Merriam-Webster, ISBN 0-87779-044-2
Jain, Champat Rai (1917), Ratnakaranda Sravakachar of Acharya Samantabhadra
Jaina (1992), Pratikraman
Nirvana Sagar (1986), Pratikramana-sutra
External links
Paryuṣaṇ on JAINpedia
Daśa-lakṣaṇa-parvan on JAINpedia
Paryushan Pravachan by Jain Muni Rashtrasant Pujya Namramuni MS Archived 9 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
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[{"reference":"Katju, Justice Markandey (14 March 2008), Supreme Court Judgement regarding Closure of Slaughter houses during Paryushan, The Supreme Court of India","urls":[{"url":"http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgst.aspx?filename=30874","url_text":"Supreme Court Judgement regarding Closure of Slaughter houses during Paryushan"}]},{"reference":"Roy, Christian (2005), Traditional festivals: a multicultural encyclopedia, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, p. 356, ISBN 1-57607-089-1","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA356","url_text":"Traditional festivals: a multicultural encyclopedia, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-089-1","url_text":"1-57607-089-1"}]},{"reference":"Dhanpal Jain (4 September 2008), \"Paryushan Parva, festival of forgiveness\", The Times of India","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Paryushan_Parva_festival_of_forgiveness/articleshow/3441433.cms","url_text":"\"Paryushan Parva, festival of forgiveness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Jain festival of Paryushan finds many admirers\", The Times of India, 1 September 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Jain-festival-of-Paryushan-finds-many-admirers/articleshow/53953444.cms","url_text":"\"Jain festival of Paryushan finds many admirers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Jains pray for peace, brotherhood\", The Hindu, 13 September 2007, archived from the original on 7 November 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107050613/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/13/stories/2007091353590500.htm","url_text":"\"Jains pray for peace, brotherhood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/13/stories/2007091353590500.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Preeti Srivastav (31 August 2008). \"Request for Forgiveness\". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121001054813/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Request-for-Forgiveness/355457/","url_text":"\"Request for Forgiveness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"},{"url":"http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Request-for-Forgiveness/355457/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"POKHAREL, KRISHNA (11 September 2015). \"Why Mumbai Is Banning Meat This Weekend\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/09/11/why-mumbai-is-banning-meat-this-weekend/","url_text":"\"Why Mumbai Is Banning Meat This Weekend\""}]},{"reference":"Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1999), Encyclopedia of World Religions, Merriam-Webster, ISBN 0-87779-044-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Doniger","url_text":"Doniger, Wendy"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of World Religions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2","url_text":"0-87779-044-2"}]},{"reference":"Jain, Champat Rai (1917), Ratnakaranda Sravakachar of Acharya Samantabhadra","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain","url_text":"Jain, Champat Rai"}]},{"reference":"Jaina (1992), Pratikraman","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nirvana Sagar (1986), Pratikramana-sutra","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh_play
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Noh
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["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 The establishment of Noh by Kan'ami and Zeami","1.3 Tokugawa era","1.4 Modern Noh after Meiji era","1.5 Women in Noh","2 Jo-ha-kyū","3 Performers and roles","3.1 Training","3.2 Roles","4 Performance elements","4.1 Masks","4.2 Stage","4.3 Costumes","4.4 Props","4.5 Chant and music","5 Plays","5.1 Subject","5.2 Performance style","5.3 Theme","5.4 Famous plays","6 Influence in the West","6.1 Theatre practitioners","6.2 Composers","6.3 Classicists","6.4 Poets","7 Aesthetic terminology","8 Existing Noh theatres","9 Audience etiquette","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
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Classical Japanese dance-drama theater
This article is about the classical Japanese dance theatre. For other uses, see Noh (disambiguation).
Nōgaku TheaterUNESCO Intangible Cultural HeritageNoh performance at Itsukushima ShrineCountryJapanDomainsPerforming artsReference12RegionAsia and the PacificInscription historyInscription2008 (3rd session)ListRepresentative
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Noh (能, Nō, derived from the Sino-Japanese word for "skill" or "talent") is a major form of classical Japanese dance-drama that has been performed since the 14th century. Developed by Kan'ami and his son Zeami, it is the oldest major theater art that is still regularly performed today. Although the terms Noh and nōgaku are sometimes used interchangeably, nōgaku encompasses both Noh and kyōgen. Traditionally, a full nōgaku program included several Noh plays with comedic kyōgen plays in between; an abbreviated program of two Noh plays with one kyōgen piece has become common today. Optionally, the ritual performance Okina may be presented in the very beginning of nōgaku presentation.
Noh is often based on tales from traditional literature with a supernatural being transformed into human form as a hero narrating a story. Noh integrates masks, costumes and various props in a dance-based performance, requiring highly trained actors and musicians. Emotions are primarily conveyed by stylized conventional gestures while the iconic masks represent the roles such as ghosts, women, deities, and demons. Written in late middle Japanese, the text "vividly describes the ordinary people of the twelfth to sixteenth centuries". Having a strong emphasis on tradition rather than innovation, Noh is extremely codified and regulated by the iemoto system.
History
World's oldest Noh stage at Miyajima
Karaori garment, Edo period, 18th century, bamboo and chrysanthemum design on red and white checkered ground
Origins
The kanji for Noh (能) means "skill", "craft", or "talent", particularly in the field of performing arts in this context. The word Noh may be used alone or with gaku (楽; entertainment, music) to form the word nōgaku. Noh is a classical tradition that is highly valued by many today. When used alone, Noh refers to the historical genre of theatre that originated from sarugaku in the mid 14th century and continues to be performed today.
One of the oldest forerunners of Noh and kyōgen is sangaku , which was introduced to Japan from China in the 8th century. At the time, the term sangaku referred to various types of performance featuring acrobats, song and dance as well as comic sketches. Its subsequent adaptation to Japanese society led to its assimilation of other traditional art forms." Various performing art elements in sangaku as well as elements of dengaku (rural celebrations performed in connection with rice planting), sarugaku (popular entertainment including acrobatics, juggling, and pantomime), shirabyōshi (traditional dances performed by female dancers in the Imperial Court in the 12th century), gagaku (music and dance performed in the Imperial Court beginning in the 7th century), and kagura (ancient Shinto dances in folk tales) evolved into Noh and kyōgen.
Studies on the genealogy of the Noh actors in 14th century indicate they were members of families specializing in the performing arts. According to legend, the Konparu School, which is considered to be the oldest tradition of Noh, was founded by Hata no Kawakatsu in the 6th century. However, the founder of the Konparu school, which is widely accepted among historians, was Bishaō Gon no Kami (Komparu Gonnokami) during Nanboku-chō period in the 14th century. According to the genealogical chart of the Konparu school, Bishaō Gon no Kami is a descendant after 53 generations of Hata no Kawakatsu. The Konparu school was descended from the sarugaku troupe which had played active roles in Kasuga-taisha and Kofuku-ji in Yamato Province.
Another theory, by Shinhachirō Matsumoto, suggests Noh originated from outcastes struggling to claim higher social status by catering to those in power, namely the new ruling samurai class of the time. The transfer of the shogunate from Kamakura to Kyoto at the beginning of Muromachi period marked the increasing power of the samurai class and strengthened the relationship between the shogunate and the court. As Noh became the shōgun's favorite art form, Noh was able to become a courtly art form through this newly formed relationship. In 14th century, with strong support and patronage from shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Zeami was able to establish Noh as the most prominent theatre art form of the time.
The establishment of Noh by Kan'ami and Zeami
Main articles: Zeami Motokiyo and Kan'ami
In the 14th century, during the Muromachi period (1336 to 1573), Kan'ami Kiyotsugu and his son Zeami Motokiyo reinterpreted various traditional performing arts and completed Noh in a significantly different form from the traditional one, essentially bringing Noh to the present form. Kan'ami was a renowned actor with great versatility playing roles from graceful women and 12-year-old boys to strong men. When Kan'ami first presented his work to the 17-year-old Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Zeami was a child actor in his play, around age 12. Yoshimitsu fell in love with Zeami and his position of favor at court caused Noh to be performed frequently for Yoshimitsu thereafter.
Konparu Zenchiku, who was the great-grandson of Bishaō Gon no Kami, the founder of the Konparu school, and the husband of Zeami's daughter, incorporated elements of waka (poetry) into Zeami's Noh and further developed it.
By this period, among the five major schools of Noh, four were established: the Kanze school, established by Kan'ami and Zeami; the Hōshō school established by Kan'ami's eldest brother; the Konparu school; and the Kongō school. All of these schools were descendants of the sarugaku troupe from Yamato Province. The Ashikaga Shogunate supported only the Kanze school among the four schools.
Tokugawa era
During the Edo period, Noh continued to be an aristocratic art form supported by the shōgun, the feudal lords (daimyōs), as well as wealthy and sophisticated commoners. While kabuki and joruri popular to the middle class focused on new and experimental entertainment, Noh strived to preserve its established high standards and historic authenticity and remained mostly unchanged throughout the era. To capture the essence of performances given by great masters, every detail in movements and positions was reproduced by others, generally resulting in an increasingly slow, ceremonial tempo over time.
In this era, the Tokugawa shogunate appointed Kanze school as the head of the four schools. Kita Shichidayū (Shichidayū Chōnō), a Noh actor of the Konparu school who served Tokugawa Hidetada, founded the Kita school, which was the last established of the five major schools.
Modern Noh after Meiji era
In the Noh Theatre, 1891 by Ogata Gekkō
The fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868 and the formation of a new, modernized government resulted in the end of financial support by the state, and the entire field of Noh experienced major financial crisis. Shortly after the Meiji Restoration both the number of Noh performers and Noh stages greatly diminished. The support from the imperial government was eventually regained partly due to Noh's appeal to foreign diplomats. The companies that remained active throughout the Meiji era also significantly broadened Noh's reach by catering to the general public, performing at theatres in major cities such as Tokyo and Osaka.
In 1957 the Japanese Government designated nōgaku as an Important Intangible Cultural Property, which affords a degree of legal protection to the tradition as well as its most accomplished practitioners. The National Noh Theatre founded by the government in 1983 stages regular performances and organizes courses to train actors in the leading roles of nōgaku. Noh was inscribed in 2008 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO as Nōgaku theatre.
Although the terms nōgaku and Noh are sometimes used interchangeably, the Japanese government's definition of "nōgaku" theatre encompasses both Noh plays and kyōgen plays. Kyōgen is performed in between Noh plays in the same space. Compared to Noh, "kyōgen relies less on the use of masks and is derived from the humorous plays of the sangaku, as reflected in its comic dialogue."
Women in Noh
During the Edo period, the guild system gradually tightened, which largely excluded women from Noh, except for some women (such as courtesans) performing songs in marginal situations. Later, in the Meiji era, Noh performers taught wealthy people and nobles, and this led to more opportunities for female performers because women insisted on female teachers. In the early 1900s, after women were allowed to join Tokyo Music School, the rules forbidding women from joining various schools and associations in Noh were relaxed. In 1948, the first women joined the Nohgaku Performers' Association. In 2004, the first women joined the Association for Japanese Noh Plays. In 2007, the National Noh Theatre began to annually present regular programs by female performers. In 2009, there were about 1200 male and 200 female professional Noh performers.
Jo-ha-kyū
Main article: Jo-ha-kyū
The concept of jo-ha-kyū dictates virtually every element of Noh including compiling of a program of plays, structuring of each play, songs and dances within plays, and the basic rhythms within each Noh performance. Jo means beginning, ha means breaking, and kyū means rapid or urgent. The term originated in gagaku, ancient courtly music, to indicate gradually increasing tempo and was adopted in various Japanese traditions including Noh, tea ceremony, poetry, and flower arrangement.
Jo-ha-kyū is incorporated in the traditional five-play program of Noh. The first play is jo, the second, third, and fourth plays are ha, and the fifth play is kyū. In fact, the five categories discussed below were created so that the program would represent jo-ha-kyū when one play from each category is selected and performed in order. Each play can be broken into three parts, the introduction, the development, and the conclusion. A play starts out in a slow tempo at jo, gets slightly faster at ha, then culminates in kyū.
Performers and roles
Kanze Sakon (1895–1939), head (sōke) of Kanze school
Actors begin their training as young children, traditionally at the age of three.
Training
Zeami isolated nine levels or types of Noh acting from lower degrees which put emphasis on movement and violence to higher degrees which represent the opening of a flower and spiritual prowess.
In 2012, there are five extant schools of Noh acting called Kanze (観世), Hōshō (宝生), Komparu (金春), Kongō (金剛), and Kita (喜多) schools that train shite actors. Each school has its own iemoto family that carries the name of the school and is considered the most important. The iemoto holds the power to create new plays or modify lyrics and performance modes. Waki actors are trained in the schools Takayasu (高安), Fukuou (福王), and Hōshō (宝生). There are two schools that train kyōgen, Ōkura (大蔵) and Izumi (和泉). Eleven schools train instrumentalists, each school specializing in one to three instruments.
The Nohgaku Performers' Association (Nōgaku Kyōkai), to which all professionals are registered, strictly protects the traditions passed down from their ancestors (see iemoto). However, several secret documents of the Kanze school written by Zeami, as well as materials by Konparu Zenchiku, have been diffused throughout the community of scholars of Japanese theatre.
Roles
Noh stage. Center: shite; front right: waki; right: eight-member jiutai (chorus); rear center: four hayashi-kata (musicians); rear left: two kōken (stage hands)
There are four major categories of Noh performers: shite, waki, kyōgen, and hayashi.
Shite (仕手, シテ). Shite is the main protagonist, or the leading role in plays. In plays where the shite appears first as a human and then as a ghost, the first role is known as the mae-shite and the later as the nochi-shite.
Shitetsure (仕手連れ, シテヅレ). The shite's companion. Sometimes shitetsure is abbreviated to tsure (連れ, ツレ), although this term refers to both the shitetsure and the wakitsure.
Kōken (後見) are stage hands, usually one to three people.
Jiutai (地謡) is the chorus, usually comprising six to eight people.
Waki (脇, ワキ) performs the role that is the counterpart or foil of the shite.
Wakitsure (脇連れ, ワキヅレ) or Waki-tsure is the companion of the waki.
Kyōgen (狂言) perform the aikyōgen (間狂言), which are interludes during plays. Kyōgen actors also perform in separate plays between individual Noh plays.
Hayashi (囃子) or hayashi-kata (囃子方) are the instrumentalists who play the four instruments used in Noh theatre: the transverse flute (笛, fue), hip drum (大鼓, ōtsuzumi) or ōkawa (大皮), the shoulder-drum (小鼓, kotsuzumi), and the stick-drum (太鼓, taiko). The flute used for Noh is specifically called nōkan or nohkan (能管).
A typical Noh play always involves the chorus, the orchestra, and at least one shite and one waki actor.
Performance elements
Noh performance combines a variety of elements into a stylistic whole, with each particular element the product of generations of refinement according to the central Buddhist, Shinto, and minimalist aspects of Noh's aesthetic principles.
Masks
Nō masks. Right: Drunken spirit (shōjō). Made of red and black lacquered wood, with red silk tying cord, by Himi Munetada (氷見宗忠). Edo period, 19th century. Left: Nakizo, representing a female deity or woman of high rank, associated with Nō plays such as Hagoromo and Ohara Miyuki. Made of lacquered and painted wood by Norinari (憲成), designed by Zoami (増阿弥). 18th–19th century.
Three pictures of the same female mask showing how the expression changes with a tilting of the head. This mask expresses different moods. In these pictures, the mask was affixed to a wall with constant lighting, and only the camera moved.
Noh masks (能面 nō-men or 面 omote) are carved from blocks of Japanese cypress (檜 "hinoki"), and painted with natural pigments on a neutral base of glue and crushed seashell. There are approximately 450 different masks mostly based on sixty types,: 14 all of which have distinctive names. Some masks are representative and frequently used in many different plays, while some are very specific and may only be used in one or two plays. Noh masks signify the characters' gender, age, and social ranking, and by wearing masks the actors may portray youngsters, old men, female, or nonhuman (divine or demonic) characters.: 13 Only the shite, the main actor, wears a mask in most plays, although the tsure may also wear a mask in some plays.: 13, 260
Even though the mask covers an actor's facial expressions, the use of the mask in Noh is not an abandonment of facial expressions altogether. Rather, its intent is to stylize and codify the facial expressions through the use of the mask and to stimulate the imagination of the audience. By using masks, actors are able to convey emotions in a more controlled manner through movements and body language. Some masks utilize lighting effect to convey different emotions through slight tilting of the head. Facing slightly upward, or "brightening" the mask, will let the mask to capture more light, revealing more features that appear laughing or smiling. Facing downward, or "clouding" it, will cause the mask to appear sad or mad.
Noh masks are treasured by Noh families and institutions, and the powerful Noh schools hold the oldest and most valuable Noh masks in their private collections, rarely seen by the public. The most ancient mask is supposedly kept as a hidden treasure by the oldest school, the Konparu. According to the current head of the Konparu school, the mask was carved by the legendary regent Prince Shōtoku (572–622) over a thousand years ago. While the historical accuracy of the legend of Prince Shōtoku's mask may be contested, the legend itself is ancient as it is first recorded in Zeami's Style and the Flower written in the 14th century.: 11 Some of the masks of the Konparu school belong to the Tokyo National Museum, and are exhibited there frequently.
Noh mask of the hannya type. 17th or 18th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.
Noh mask of the akobujō type. 16th or 17th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.
Noh mask of the ayahashi type. 17th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.
Noh mask of the chorei-beshimi type. 17th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.
Noh mask of the hakushiki-jō type. 15th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.
Noh mask of the shōjō type. 15th or 16th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.
Noh mask of the shikami type. 17th or 18th century.
Noh mask of the uba type. 16th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.
Noh mask of the wakaotoko type. 16th or 17th century.
Inro with Noh masks. (front and back) early 19th century.
Stage
A modern Noh theatre with indoor roofed structure
1: hashigakari. 2: kyōgen spot. 3: stage attendants. 4: stick drum. 5: hip drum. 6: shoulder drum. 7: flute. 8: chorus. 9: waki seat. 10: waki spot. 11: shite spot. 12: shite-bashira. 13: metsuke-bashira. 14: waki-bashira. 15: fue-bashira
The traditional Noh stage (butai) has complete openness that provides a shared experience between the performers and the audience throughout the performance. Without any proscenium or curtains to obstruct the view, the audience sees each actor even during the moments before they enter (and after they exit) the central "stage" (honbutai, "main stage"). The theatre itself is considered symbolic and treated with reverence both by the performers and the audience.
One of the most recognizable characteristic of Noh stage is its independent roof that hangs over the stage even in indoor theatres. Supported by four columns, the roof symbolizes the sanctity of the stage, with its architectural design derived from the worship pavilion (haiden) or sacred dance pavilion (kagura-den) of Shinto shrines. The roof also unifies the theatre space and defines the stage as an architectural entity.
The pillars supporting the roof are named shitebashira (principal character's pillar), metsukebashira (gazing pillar), wakibashira (secondary character's pillar), and fuebashira (flute pillar), clockwise from upstage right respectively. Each pillar is associated with the performers and their actions.
The stage is made entirely of unfinished hinoki, Japanese cypress, with almost no decorative elements. The poet and novelist Tōson Shimazaki writes that "on the stage of the Noh theatre there are no sets that change with each piece. Neither is there a curtain. There is only a simple panel (kagami-ita) with a painting of a green pine tree. This creates the impression that anything that could provide any shading has been banished. To break such monotony and make something happen is no easy thing."
Another unique feature of the stage is the hashigakari, a narrow bridge at upstage right used by actors to enter the stage. Hashigakari means "suspension bridge", signifying something aerial that connects two separate worlds on a same level. The bridge symbolizes the mythic nature of Noh plays in which otherworldly ghosts and spirits frequently appear. In contrast, hanamichi in Kabuki theatres is literally a path (michi) that connects two spaces in a single world, thus has a completely different significance.
Costumes
Noh Costume (Kariginu) with Checks and Conch Shells. Edo period, 18th century, Tokyo National Museum
Noh actors wear silk costumes called shozoku (robes) along with wigs, hats, and props such as the fan. With striking colors, elaborate texture, and intricate weave and embroidery, Noh robes are truly works of art in their own right. Costumes for the shite in particular are extravagant, shimmering silk brocades, but are progressively less sumptuous for the tsure, the wakizure, and the aikyōgen.
For centuries, in accordance with the vision of Zeami, Noh costumes emulated the clothing that the characters would genuinely wear, such as the formal robes for a courtier and the street clothing for a peasant or commoner. But in the late sixteenth century, the costumes became stylized with certain symbolic and stylistic conventions. During the Edo (Tokugawa) period, the elaborate robes given to actors by noblemen and samurai in the Muromachi period were developed as costumes.
The musicians and chorus typically wear formal montsuki kimono (black and adorned with five family crests) accompanied by either hakama (a skirt-like garment) or kami-shimo, a combination of hakama and a waist-coat with exaggerated shoulders. Finally, the stage attendants are garbed in virtually unadorned black garments, much in the same way as stagehands in contemporary Western theatre.
Props
The use of props in Noh is minimalistic and stylized. The most commonly used prop in Noh is the fan, as it is carried by all performers regardless of role. Chorus singers and musicians may carry their fan in hand when entering the stage, or carry it tucked into the obi (the sash). The fan is usually placed at the performer's side when he or she takes position, and is often not taken up again until leaving the stage. During dance sequences, the fan is typically used to represent any and all hand-held props, such as a sword, wine jug, flute, or writing brush. The fan may represent various objects over the course of a single play.
When hand props other than fans are used, they are usually introduced or retrieved by kuroko who fulfill a similar role to stage crew in contemporary theatre. Like their Western counterparts, stage attendants for Noh traditionally dress in black, but unlike in Western theatre they may appear on stage during a scene, or may remain on stage during an entire performance, in both cases in plain view of the audience. The all-black costume of kuroko implies they are not part of the action on stage and are effectively invisible.
Set pieces in Noh such as the boats, wells, altars, and bells, are typically carried onto the stage before the beginning of the act in which they are needed. These props normally are only outlines to suggest actual objects, although the great bell, a perennial exception to most Noh rules for props, is designed to conceal the actor and to allow a costume change during the kyōgen interlude.
Chant and music
Hayashi-kata (noh musicians). Left to right: taiko, ōtsuzumi (hip drum), kotsuzumi (shoulder drum), flute
Noh theatre is accompanied by a chorus and a hayashi ensemble (Noh-bayashi 能囃子). Noh is a chanted drama, and a few commentators have dubbed it "Japanese opera". However, the singing in Noh involves a limited tonal range, with lengthy, repetitive passages in a narrow dynamic range. Texts are poetic, relying heavily on the Japanese seven-five rhythm common to nearly all forms of Japanese poetry, with an economy of expression, and an abundance of allusion. The singing parts of Noh are called "Utai" and the speaking parts "Kataru". The music has many blank spaces (ma) in between the actual sounds, and these negative blank spaces are in fact considered the heart of the music. In addition to utai, Noh hayashi ensemble consists of four musicians, also known as the "hayashi-kata", including three drummers, which play the shime-daiko, ōtsuzumi (hip drum), and kotsuzumi (shoulder drum) respectively, and a nohkan flutist.
The chant is not always performed "in character"; that is, sometimes the actor will speak lines or describe events from the perspective of another character or even a disinterested narrator. Far from breaking the rhythm of the performance, this is actually in keeping with the otherworldly feel of many Noh plays, especially in those characterized as mugen.
Plays
Of the roughly 2000 plays created for Noh that are known today, about 240 make up the current repertoire performed by the five existing Noh schools. The current repertoire is heavily influenced by the taste of aristocratic class in Tokugawa period and does not necessarily reflect popularity among the commoners. There are several ways to classify Noh plays.
Subject
All Noh plays can be classified into three broad categories.
Genzai Noh (現在能, "present Noh") features human characters and events unfold according to a linear timeline within the play.
Mugen Noh (夢幻能, "supernatural Noh") involves supernatural worlds, featuring gods, spirits, ghosts, or phantasms in the shite role. Time is often depicted as passing in a non-linear fashion, and action may switch between two or more timeframes from moment to moment, including flashbacks.
Ryōkake Noh (両掛能, "mixed Noh"), though somewhat uncommon, is a hybrid of the above with the first act being Genzai Noh and the second act Mugen Noh.
While Genzai Noh utilizes internal and external conflicts to drive storylines and bring out emotions, Mugen Noh focuses on utilizing flashbacks of the past and the deceased to invoke emotions.
Performance style
Additionally, all Noh plays may be categorized by their style.
Geki Noh (劇能) is a drama piece based around the advancement of plot and the narration of action.
Furyū Noh (風流能) is little more than a dance piece characterized by elaborate stage action, often involving acrobatics, stage properties, and multiple characters.
Theme
Okina hōnō (dedication of Noh play A Venerable Old Man) on New Year's Day
All Noh plays are divided by their themes into the following five categories. This classification is considered the most practical, and is still used in formal programming choices today. Traditionally, a formal 5-play program is composed of a selection from each of the groups.
Kami mono (神物, god plays) or waki Noh (脇能) typically feature the shite in the role of a deity to tell the mythic story of a shrine or praise a particular god. Many of them structured in two acts, the deity takes a human form in disguise in the first act and reveals the real self in the second act. (e.g. Takasago, Chikubushima)
Shura mono (修羅物, warrior plays) or ashura Noh (阿修羅能) takes its name from the Buddhist underworld. The protagonist appearing as a ghost of a famous samurai pleads to a monk for salvation and the drama culminates in a glorious re-enactment of the scene of his death in a full war costume. (e.g. Tamura, Atsumori)
Katsura mono (鬘物, wig plays) or onna mono (女物, woman plays) depict the shite in a female role and feature some of the most refined songs and dances in all of Noh, reflecting the smooth and flowing movements representing female characters. (e.g. Basho, Matsukaze)
There are about 94 "miscellaneous" plays traditionally performed in the fourth place in a five-play program. These plays include subcategories kyōran mono (狂乱物, madness plays), onryō mono (怨霊物, vengeful ghost plays), genzai mono (現在物, present plays), as well as others. (e.g. Aya no tsuzumi, Kinuta)
Kiri Noh (切り能, final plays) or oni mono (鬼物, demon plays) usually feature the shite in the role of monsters, goblins, or demons, and are often selected for their bright colors and fast-paced, tense finale movements. Kiri Noh is performed the last in a five-play program. There are roughly 30 plays in this category, most of which are shorter than the plays in the other categories.
In addition to the above five, Okina (翁) (or Kamiuta) is frequently performed at the very beginning of the program, especially at New Year, holidays, and other special occasions. Combining dance with Shinto ritual, it is considered the oldest type of Noh play.
Famous plays
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Noh plays.
Plays with individual articles are listed in Category:Noh plays.
The following categorization is that of the Kanze school.
Name
Kanji
Meaning
Category
Aoi no Ue
葵上
Lady Aoi
4 (misc.)
Aya no Tsuzumi
綾鼓
The Damask Drum
4 (misc.)
Dōjōji
道成寺
Dōjō Temple
4 (misc.)
Hagoromo
羽衣
The Feather Mantle
3 (woman)
Izutsu
井筒
The Well Cradle
3 (woman)
Matsukaze
松風
The Wind in the Pines
3 (woman)
Sekidera Komachi
関寺小町
Komachi at Seki Temple
3 (woman)
Shōjō
猩々
The Tippling Elf
5 (demon)
Sotoba Komachi
卒都婆小町
Komachi at the Gravepost
3 (woman)
Takasago
高砂
At Takasago
1 (deity)
Yorimasa
頼政
Yorimasa
2 (warrior)
Influence in the West
Many Western artists have been influenced by Noh.
Theatre practitioners
Eugenio Barba – Between 1966 and 1972, Japanese Noh Masters Hideo Kanze and Hisao Kanze gave seminars on Noh at Barba's Theater Laboratory of Holstebro. Barba primarily studied the physical aspects of Noh.
Samuel Beckett – Yoshihiko Ikegami considers Beckett's Waiting for Godot a parody of Noh, particularly Kami Noh, in which a god or a spirit appears before a secondary character as the protagonist. Ikegami argues that "the dramatic conflict which was much in evidence in Yeats is so completely discarded that Beckett's theatre (where 'nothing happens') comes to look even closer to Noh than Yeats's did."
Bertolt Brecht – According to Maria P. Alter, Brecht began reading Japanese plays during the middle twenties and have read at least 20 Noh plays translated into German by 1929. Brecht's Der Jasager is an adaptation of a Noh play Taniko. Brecht himself identified Die Massnahme as an adaptation of Noh play.
Peter Brook – Yoshi Oida, a Japanese actor with training in Noh, began working with Brook in their production of The Tempest in 1968. Oida later joined Brook's company.
Paul Claudel – According to John Willett, Paul Claudel learned about Noh during the time he served as French Ambassador to Japan. Claudel's opera Christophe Colomb shows an unmistakable influence of the Noh.
Jacques Copeau – In 1923, Copeau worked on a Noh play, Kantan, along with Suzanne Bing at Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier, without ever having seen a Noh play. Thomas Leabhart states that "Jacques Copeau was drawn instinctively by taste and tendency to a restrained theatre which was based in spirituality." Copeau praised Noh theatre in writing when he finally saw a production in 1930.
Guillaume Gallienne - Deguchinashi (Huis-Clos) by Jean-Paul Sartre, a Noh version of Sartre's play directed by Guillaume Gallienne at the Noh Tessenkai theatre, Tokyo in 2006.
Jacques Lecoq – Physical theatre taught at L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq founded by Lecoq is influenced by Noh.
Eugene O'Neill – O'Neill's plays The Iceman Cometh, Long Day's Journey into Night, and Hughie have various similarities to Noh plays.
Thornton Wilder – Wilder himself expressed his interest in Noh in his "Preface” to Three Plays and his sister Isabel Wilder also confirmed his interests. Wilder's work Our Town incorporates various elements of Noh such as lack of plot, representative characters, and use of ghosts.
Composers
William Henry Bell – An English composer Bell wrote music for modern presentation of several Noh plays, including Komachi (1925), Tsuneyo of the Three Trees (1926), Hatsuyuki (1934), The Pillow of Kantan (1935), and Kageyiko (1936).
Benjamin Britten – Britten visited Japan in 1956 and saw for the first time Japanese Noh plays, which he called "some of the most wonderful drama I have ever seen." The influences were seen and heard in his ballet The Prince of the Pagodas (1957) and later in two of the three semi-operatic "Parables for Church Performance": Curlew River (1964) and The Prodigal Son (1968).
David Byrne – Byrne encountered Noh when he was on tour in Japan with Talking Heads and he was inspired by the highly stylized practices of Noh, completely different from its Western counterparts that focus on naturalism. According to Josh Kun, "Japanese Noh theatre inspired him to design the oversize business suit that became a visual staple of Talking Heads live shows."
Alan Watts – 20th century philosopher, the liner notes from his third song off the 1962 album 'This is IT' state "Watts in a Japanese no-noh."
Harry Partch – Partch called his work Delusion of the Fury "a ritualistic web". Kate Molleson wrote for 'The Guardian that "the narrative is a bleary mix of Japanese Noh theatre, Ethiopian folk mythology, Greek drama and his own wacky imagination". Will Salmon cites Partch himself writing, "Noh has been for centuries a fine art, one of the most sophisticated the world has known." Delusion of the Fury incorporates two Noh plays, Atsumori by Zeami and Ikuta by Zenbō Motoyasu, into its story.
Karlheinz Stockhausen – The essentially plotless libretto of Stockhausen's grand operatic cycle Licht ("Light") is based on "a mythology drawing on multiple cultural traditions, from Japanese Noh theatre to German folklore".
Iannis Xenakis – Xenakis "admired Noh, the venerable theatrical form known for its ritualistic formality and gestural complexity." Electronic Music Foundation presented Xenakis & Japan in March 2010, "a dance/music event highlighting Xenakis' lifelong interest in Japanese music and theatre". The event featured a female Noh performer, Ryoko Aoki.
Classicists
Scholar Akiko Kiso collaborated with Mae J. Smethurst, writing and translating several works that compared compared the Greek tragedy form of theatre with noh.
Poets
W. B. Yeats – Yeats wrote an essay on Noh titled "Certain Noble Plays of Japan" in 1916. As much as he tried to learn Noh, there were limited resources available in England at the time. The lack of complete understanding of Noh led him to create innovative works guided by his own imagination and what he fantasized Noh to be. Yeats wrote four plays heavily influenced by Noh, using ghosts or supernatural beings as the central dramatis personae for the first time. The plays are At the Hawk's Well, The Dreaming of the Bones, The Words upon the Window-Fane, and Purgatory.
Aesthetic terminology
Zeami and Zenchiku describe a number of distinct qualities that are thought to be essential to the proper understanding of Noh as an art form.
Hana (花, flower): In the Kadensho (Instructions on the Posture of the Flower), Zeami describes hana saying "after you master the secrets of all things and exhaust the possibilities of every device, the hana that never vanishes still remains." The true Noh performer seeks to cultivate a rarefied relationship with his audience similar to the way that one cultivates flowers. What is notable about hana is that, like a flower, it is meant to be appreciated by any audience, no matter how lofty or how coarse his upbringing. Hana comes in two forms. Individual hana is the beauty of the flower of youth, which passes with time, while "true hana" is the flower of creating and sharing perfect beauty through performance.
Yūgen (幽玄, profound sublimity): Yūgen is a concept valued in various forms of art throughout Japanese culture. Originally used to mean elegance or grace representing the perfect beauty in waka, yūgen is invisible beauty that is felt rather than seen in a work of art. The term is used specifically in relation to Noh to mean the profound beauty of the transcendental world, including mournful beauty involved in sadness and loss.
Rōjaku (老弱): Rō means old, and jaku means tranquil and quiet. Rōjaku is the final stage of performance development of the Noh actor, in which he eliminates all unnecessary action or sound in the performance, leaving only the true essence of the scene or action being imitated.
Kokoro or shin (both 心): Defined as "heart," "mind," or both. The kokoro of noh is that which Zeami speaks of in his teachings, and is more easily defined as "mind." To develop hana the actor must enter a state of no-mind, or mushin.
Myō (妙): the "charm" of an actor who performs flawlessly and without any sense of imitation; he effectively becomes his role.
Monomane (物真似, imitation or mimesis): the intent of a Noh actor to accurately depict the motions of his role, as opposed to purely aesthetic reasons for abstraction or embellishment. Monomane is sometimes contrasted with yūgen, although the two represent endpoints of a continuum rather than being completely separate.
Kabu-isshin (歌舞一心, "song-dance-one heart"): the theory that the song (including poetry) and dance are two halves of the same whole, and that the Noh actor strives to perform both with total unity of heart and mind.
Existing Noh theatres
Noh is still regularly performed today in public theatres as well as private theatres mostly located in major cities. There are more than 70 Noh theatres throughout Japan, presenting both professional and amateur productions.
Public theatres include National Noh Theatre (Tokyo), Nagoya Noh Theater, Osaka Noh Theater, and Fukuoka Noh Theater. Each Noh school has its own permanent theatre, such as Kanze Noh Theater (Tokyo), Hosho Noh Theater (Tokyo), Kongo Noh Theater (Kyoto), Nara Komparu Noh Theater (Nara), and Taka no Kai (Fukuoka). Additionally, there are various prefectural and municipal theatres located throughout Japan that present touring professional companies and local amateur companies. In some regions, unique regional Noh such as Ogisai Kurokawa Noh have developed to form schools independent from five traditional schools.
Audience etiquette
Audience etiquette is generally similar to formal western theatre—the audience quietly watches. Surtitles are not used, but some audience members follow along in the libretto. Because there are no curtains on the stage, the performance begins with the actors entering the stage and ends with their leaving the stage. The house lights are usually kept on during the performances, creating an intimate feel that provides a shared experience between the performers and the audience.
At the end of the play, the actors file out slowly (most important first, with gaps between actors), and while they are on the bridge (hashigakari), the audience claps restrainedly. Between actors, clapping ceases, then begins again as the next actor leaves. Unlike in western theatre, there is no bowing, nor do the actors return to the stage after having left. A play may end with the shite character leaving the stage as part of the story (as in Kokaji, for instance)—rather than ending with all characters on stage—in which case one claps as the character exits.
During the interval, tea, coffee, and wagashi (Japanese sweets) may be served in the lobby. In the Edo period, when Noh was a day-long affair, more substantial makunouchi' bentō (幕の内弁当, "between-acts lunchbox") were served. On special occasions, when the performance is over, お神酒 (o-miki, ceremonial sake) may be served in the lobby on the way out, as it happens in Shinto rituals.
The audience is seated in front of the stage, to the left side of the stage, and in the corner front-left of stage; these are in order of decreasing desirability. While the metsuke-bashira pillar obstructs the view of the stage, the actors are primarily at the corners, not the center, and thus the two aisles are located where the views of the two main actors would be obscured, ensuring a generally clear view regardless of seating.
See also
Theatre of Japan
Higashiyama culture
Shuhari
References
^ a b Bowers, Faubion (1974). Japanese Theatre. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Co. ISBN 9780804811316.
^ a b c d "Nôgaku theatre". The Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. UNESCO. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ortolani, Benito (1995). The Japanese theatre: from shamanistic ritual to contemporary pluralism. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-691-04333-7.
^ Konparu school. The Noh.com
^ a b c d Shite-kata. The Noh.com
^ a b Kotobank, Konparu school. The Asahi Shimbun
^ Watanabe, Takeshi (2009). Breaking Down Barriers: A History of Chanoyu. Yale Art Gallery. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-300-14692-9.
^ Kotobank, Konparu Zenchiku. The Asahi Shimbun
^ a b Noh schools. Wagokoro.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ishii, Rinko (2009). 能・狂言の基礎知識 . Tokyo: Kadokawa.
^ "Nôgaku" 能楽. National Cultural Heritage Database (in Japanese). The Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ a b c d Whatley, Katherine (24 March 2018). "Living and Breathing History, Through Noh". The Theatre Times. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
^ a b c "TRIVIA of Noh : Q25 : Can a woman become a Noh performer?". www.the-noh.com.
^ Suzumura, Yusuke (Mar 8, 2013). "Players, Performances and Existence of Women's Noh: Focusing on the Articles Run in the Japanese General Newspapers". Journal of International Japan-Studies. Retrieved Nov 8, 2014.
^ Tsuchiya, Keiichirō (2014). 能、世阿弥の「現在」 (in Japanese). Tokyo: Kadokawa.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Komparu, Kunio (1983). The Noh Theater: Principles and Perspectives. New York / Tokyo: John Weatherhill. ISBN 0-8348-1529-X.
^ Eckersley, M., ed. (2009). Drama from the Rim. Melbourne: Drama Victoria. p. 32.
^ a b c Hayashi, Kazutoshi (2012). 能・狂言を学ぶ人のために . Tokyo: Sekai Shisou Sha.
^ a b "About the Nohgaku Performers' Association". The Nohgaku Performers' Association. Retrieved Nov 8, 2014.
^ Other Roles. The Noh.com
^ "Enjoying Noh and Kyōgen" (PDF). The Nohgaku performers' association. p. 3.
^ Eckersley 2009, p. 47.
^ a b c d e Rath, Eric C. (2004). The Ethos of Noh – Actors and Their Art. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 0-674-01397-2. p11, p14
^ "Noh masks formerly owned by Konparu Sōke". Tokyo National Museum. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
^ Brockett, Oscar G.; Hildy, Franklin J. (2007). History of the Theatre (Foundation ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-47360-1.
^ Morse, Anne Nishimura, et al. MFA Highlights: Arts of Japan. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts Publications, 2008. p109.
^ Pound, Ezra; Fenollosa, Ernest (1959). The Classic Noh Theatre of Japan. New York: New Directions Publishing.
^ "Introduction to Noh and Kyogen – Plays and Characters". the Japan Arts Council. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h Dr. Sky (2014). Therapeutic Noh Theater: Sohkido Pathway VII of the Seven Pathways of Transpersonal Creativity. Two Harbors Press. ISBN 978-1626528222.
^ a b Takahashi, Yasunari; Ikegami, Yoshihiko (1991). "The Ghost Trio: Beckett, Yeats, and Noh". The Empire of Signs: Semiotic Essays on Japanese Culture. Foundations of Semiotics. 8: 257–267. doi:10.1075/fos.8.12tak. ISBN 978-90-272-3278-6.
^ Alter, Maria P. (Summer 1968). "Bertolt Brecht and the Noh Drama". Modern Drama. 11 (2): 122–131. doi:10.3138/md.11.2.122. S2CID 194031745.
^ "Drama – Advanced Higher – Twentieth-Century Theatre – Peter Brook – Annotated Bibliography" (PDF). Education Scotland. UK government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
^ Willett, John (1959). The Theater of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects. London: Methuen & Co. pp. 116–117.
^ Leabhart, Thomas (2004). "Jacques Copeau, Etienne Decroux, and the 'Flower of Noh'". New Theatre Quarterly. 20 (4): 315–330. doi:10.1017/S0266464X04000211. S2CID 193218129.
^ Collasse, R. Dictionnaire amoureux du Japon, Paris, Plon 2021.
^ Hori, Mariko (1994). "Aspects of Noh Theatre in Three Late O'Neill Plays". Eugene O'Neill Review. 18 (1/2): 143.
^ Londraville, Richard (1999). Blank, Martin; Brunauer, Dalma Hunyadi; Izzo, David Garrett (eds.). Thornton Wilder: New Essays. West Cornwall, Connecticut: Locust Hill. pp. 365–378.
^ Ashida, Ruri (June 2009). "Elements of Japanese Noh in Thornton Wilder's Our Town" (PDF). The Bulletin of the International Society for Harmony & Combination of Cultures. 13: 18–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
^ "William Henry Bell 1873-1946: Music for Japanese no plays". Unsung Composers. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
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^ Smethurst, Mae J. (2013). Dramatic Action in Greek Tragedy and Noh: Reading with and Beyond Aristotle. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. ix. ISBN 978-0-7391-7242-1.
^ Sekine, Masaru; Murray, Christopher (1990). Yeats and the Noh: A Comparative Study. Rl Innactive Titles.
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Further reading
Brandon, James R. (ed.) (1997). Nō and kyōgen in the contemporary world. (Foreword by Ricardo D. Trimillos) Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
Brazell, Karen (1998). Traditional Japanese Theater: An Anthology of Plays. New York: Columbia University Press.
Ortolani, Benito; Leiter, Samuel L. (eds) (1998). Zeami and the Nō Theatre in the World. New York: Center for Advanced Study in Theatre Arts, CUNY.
Tyler, Royall (ed. & trans.) (1992). Japanese Nō Dramas. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044539-0.
Waley, Arthur (2009). Noh plays of Japan. Tuttle Shokai Inc. ISBN 4-8053-1033-2, ISBN 978-4-8053-1033-5.
Yasuda, Noboru (2021). Noh as Living Art: Inside Japan's Oldest Theatrical Tradition (First English ed.). Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. ISBN 978-4-86658-178-1.
Zeami Motokiyo (1984). On the Art of the Nō Drama: The Major Treatises of Zeami. Trans. J. Thomas Rimer. Ed. Masakazu Yamazaki. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nō.
THE NOHGAKU PERFORMERS' ASSOCIATION THE NOHGAKU PERFORMERS' ASSOCIATION
"Noh & Kyogen". Japan Arts Council.
Noh Stories in English Ohtsuki Noh Theatre Foundation
Nō Plays -Translations of thirteen Noh plays- Japanese Text Initiative, University of Virginia Library
Virtual Reality and Virtual Irreality On Noh-Plays and Icons
Page on the variable expressions of Noh masks
Noh plays Photo Story and Story Paper the-Noh.com: Comprehensive Site on Noh
"Hachi-No-Ki, A Perspective"
nohmask.jp Photos of Noh-masks carved by Ichyuu Terai in Kyoto Japan.
How to enjoy Noh
Momoyama, Japanese Art in the Age of Grandeur, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Noh
Buddhism in Noh by Royall Tyler
Howard B. Hamilton Japanese Theater Papers at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections
Authority control databases International
FAST
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
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For other uses, see Noh (disambiguation).Noh (能, Nō, derived from the Sino-Japanese word for \"skill\" or \"talent\") is a major form of classical Japanese dance-drama that has been performed since the 14th century. Developed by Kan'ami and his son Zeami, it is the oldest major theater art that is still regularly performed today.[1] Although the terms Noh and nōgaku are sometimes used interchangeably, nōgaku encompasses both Noh and kyōgen. Traditionally, a full nōgaku program included several Noh plays with comedic kyōgen plays in between; an abbreviated program of two Noh plays with one kyōgen piece has become common today. Optionally, the ritual performance Okina may be presented in the very beginning of nōgaku presentation.Noh is often based on tales from traditional literature with a supernatural being transformed into human form as a hero narrating a story. Noh integrates masks, costumes and various props in a dance-based performance, requiring highly trained actors and musicians. Emotions are primarily conveyed by stylized conventional gestures while the iconic masks represent the roles such as ghosts, women, deities, and demons. Written in late middle Japanese, the text \"vividly describes the ordinary people of the twelfth to sixteenth centuries\".[attribution needed][2] Having a strong emphasis on tradition rather than innovation, Noh is extremely codified and regulated by the iemoto system.","title":"Noh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noh_stage_Miyajima_Sep2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miyajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsukushima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karaori_Garment_(Noh_costume),_Edo_period,_18th_century,_bamboo_and_chrysanthemum_design_on_red_and_white_checkered_ground_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC06159.JPG"}],"text":"World's oldest Noh stage at MiyajimaKaraori garment, Edo period, 18th century, bamboo and chrysanthemum design on red and white checkered ground","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji"},{"link_name":"楽","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A5%BD#Japanese"},{"link_name":"sarugaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarugaku"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortolani-3"},{"link_name":"sangaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangaku_(performance)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%A5%BD"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO_Nogaku-2"},{"link_name":"dengaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengaku"},{"link_name":"sarugaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarugaku"},{"link_name":"shirabyōshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraby%C5%8Dshi"},{"link_name":"gagaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku"},{"link_name":"kagura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagura"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowers-1"},{"link_name":"genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy"},{"link_name":"Hata no Kawakatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_no_Kawakatsu"},{"link_name":"Nanboku-chō period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period"},{"link_name":"Kasuga-taisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuga-taisha"},{"link_name":"Kofuku-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofuku-ji"},{"link_name":"Yamato Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_Province"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shite-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-konparu-6"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun"},{"link_name":"Kamakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Muromachi period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshimitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshimitsu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortolani-3"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The kanji for Noh (能) means \"skill\", \"craft\", or \"talent\", particularly in the field of performing arts in this context. The word Noh may be used alone or with gaku (楽; entertainment, music) to form the word nōgaku. Noh is a classical tradition that is highly valued by many today. When used alone, Noh refers to the historical genre of theatre that originated from sarugaku in the mid 14th century and continues to be performed today.[3]One of the oldest forerunners of Noh and kyōgen is sangaku [ja], which was introduced to Japan from China in the 8th century. At the time, the term sangaku referred to various types of performance featuring acrobats, song and dance as well as comic sketches. Its subsequent adaptation to Japanese society led to its assimilation of other traditional art forms.\"[2] Various performing art elements in sangaku as well as elements of dengaku (rural celebrations performed in connection with rice planting), sarugaku (popular entertainment including acrobatics, juggling, and pantomime), shirabyōshi (traditional dances performed by female dancers in the Imperial Court in the 12th century), gagaku (music and dance performed in the Imperial Court beginning in the 7th century), and kagura (ancient Shinto dances in folk tales) evolved into Noh and kyōgen.[1]Studies on the genealogy of the Noh actors in 14th century indicate they were members of families specializing in the performing arts. According to legend, the Konparu School, which is considered to be the oldest tradition of Noh, was founded by Hata no Kawakatsu in the 6th century. However, the founder of the Konparu school, which is widely accepted among historians, was Bishaō Gon no Kami (Komparu Gonnokami) during Nanboku-chō period in the 14th century. According to the genealogical chart of the Konparu school, Bishaō Gon no Kami is a descendant after 53 generations of Hata no Kawakatsu. The Konparu school was descended from the sarugaku troupe which had played active roles in Kasuga-taisha and Kofuku-ji in Yamato Province.[4][5][6]Another theory, by Shinhachirō Matsumoto, suggests Noh originated from outcastes struggling to claim higher social status by catering to those in power, namely the new ruling samurai class of the time. The transfer of the shogunate from Kamakura to Kyoto at the beginning of Muromachi period marked the increasing power of the samurai class and strengthened the relationship between the shogunate and the court. As Noh became the shōgun's favorite art form, Noh was able to become a courtly art form through this newly formed relationship. In 14th century, with strong support and patronage from shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Zeami was able to establish Noh as the most prominent theatre art form of the time.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muromachi period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period"},{"link_name":"Kan'ami Kiyotsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%27ami_Kiyotsugu"},{"link_name":"Zeami Motokiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watanabe-7"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshimitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshimitsu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortolani-3"},{"link_name":"Konparu Zenchiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konparu_Zenchiku"},{"link_name":"waka (poetry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-konparu-6"},{"link_name":"Kanze school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanze_(Noh_school)"},{"link_name":"Hōshō school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_(Noh_school)"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Shogunate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shite-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-school-9"}],"sub_title":"The establishment of Noh by Kan'ami and Zeami","text":"In the 14th century, during the Muromachi period (1336 to 1573), Kan'ami Kiyotsugu and his son Zeami Motokiyo reinterpreted various traditional performing arts and completed Noh in a significantly different form from the traditional one, essentially bringing Noh to the present form.[7] Kan'ami was a renowned actor with great versatility playing roles from graceful women and 12-year-old boys to strong men. When Kan'ami first presented his work to the 17-year-old Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Zeami was a child actor in his play, around age 12. Yoshimitsu fell in love with Zeami and his position of favor at court caused Noh to be performed frequently for Yoshimitsu thereafter.[3]Konparu Zenchiku, who was the great-grandson of Bishaō Gon no Kami, the founder of the Konparu school, and the husband of Zeami's daughter, incorporated elements of waka (poetry) into Zeami's Noh and further developed it.[8][6]By this period, among the five major schools of Noh, four were established: the Kanze school, established by Kan'ami and Zeami; the Hōshō school established by Kan'ami's eldest brother; the Konparu school; and the Kongō school. All of these schools were descendants of the sarugaku troupe from Yamato Province. The Ashikaga Shogunate supported only the Kanze school among the four schools.[5][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"shōgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun"},{"link_name":"daimyōs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"joruri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Druri_(music)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortolani-3"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Hidetada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Hidetada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shite-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-school-9"}],"sub_title":"Tokugawa era","text":"During the Edo period, Noh continued to be an aristocratic art form supported by the shōgun, the feudal lords (daimyōs), as well as wealthy and sophisticated commoners. While kabuki and joruri popular to the middle class focused on new and experimental entertainment, Noh strived to preserve its established high standards and historic authenticity and remained mostly unchanged throughout the era. To capture the essence of performances given by great masters, every detail in movements and positions was reproduced by others, generally resulting in an increasingly slow, ceremonial tempo over time.[3]In this era, the Tokugawa shogunate appointed Kanze school as the head of the four schools. Kita Shichidayū (Shichidayū Chōnō), a Noh actor of the Konparu school who served Tokugawa Hidetada, founded the Kita school, which was the last established of the five major schools.[5][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nogaku-In-the_Noh-Theatre-by-Ogata-Gekko-1891.png"},{"link_name":"Ogata Gekkō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogata_Gekk%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Meiji era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_era"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"},{"link_name":"Important Intangible Cultural Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"The National Noh Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Noh_Theatre"},{"link_name":"the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO_Nogaku-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noh_Etymology-11"},{"link_name":"sangaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarugaku"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO_Nogaku-2"}],"sub_title":"Modern Noh after Meiji era","text":"In the Noh Theatre, 1891 by Ogata GekkōThe fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868 and the formation of a new, modernized government resulted in the end of financial support by the state, and the entire field of Noh experienced major financial crisis. Shortly after the Meiji Restoration both the number of Noh performers and Noh stages greatly diminished. The support from the imperial government was eventually regained partly due to Noh's appeal to foreign diplomats. The companies that remained active throughout the Meiji era also significantly broadened Noh's reach by catering to the general public, performing at theatres in major cities such as Tokyo and Osaka.[10]In 1957 the Japanese Government designated nōgaku as an Important Intangible Cultural Property, which affords a degree of legal protection to the tradition as well as its most accomplished practitioners. The National Noh Theatre founded by the government in 1983 stages regular performances and organizes courses to train actors in the leading roles of nōgaku. Noh was inscribed in 2008 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO as Nōgaku theatre.[2]Although the terms nōgaku and Noh are sometimes used interchangeably, the Japanese government's definition of \"nōgaku\" theatre encompasses both Noh plays and kyōgen plays.[11] Kyōgen is performed in between Noh plays in the same space. Compared to Noh, \"kyōgen relies less on the use of masks and is derived from the humorous plays of the sangaku, as reflected in its comic dialogue.\"[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"courtesans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesans"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whatley2018-12"},{"link_name":"Meiji era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_(era)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whatley2018-12"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Music School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whatley2018-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whatley2018-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-13"},{"link_name":"National Noh Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Noh_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Women in Noh","text":"During the Edo period, the guild system gradually tightened, which largely excluded women from Noh, except for some women (such as courtesans) performing songs in marginal situations.[12] Later, in the Meiji era, Noh performers taught wealthy people and nobles, and this led to more opportunities for female performers because women insisted on female teachers.[12] In the early 1900s, after women were allowed to join Tokyo Music School, the rules forbidding women from joining various schools and associations in Noh were relaxed.[12] In 1948, the first women joined the Nohgaku Performers' Association.[12][13] In 2004, the first women joined the Association for Japanese Noh Plays.[13] In 2007, the National Noh Theatre began to annually present regular programs by female performers.[13] In 2009, there were about 1200 male and 200 female professional Noh performers.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jo-ha-kyū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo-ha-ky%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"gagaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tsuchiya-15"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Theme"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"}],"text":"The concept of jo-ha-kyū dictates virtually every element of Noh including compiling of a program of plays, structuring of each play, songs and dances within plays, and the basic rhythms within each Noh performance. Jo means beginning, ha means breaking, and kyū means rapid or urgent. The term originated in gagaku, ancient courtly music, to indicate gradually increasing tempo and was adopted in various Japanese traditions including Noh, tea ceremony, poetry, and flower arrangement.[15]Jo-ha-kyū is incorporated in the traditional five-play program of Noh. The first play is jo, the second, third, and fourth plays are ha, and the fifth play is kyū. In fact, the five categories discussed below were created so that the program would represent jo-ha-kyū when one play from each category is selected and performed in order. Each play can be broken into three parts, the introduction, the development, and the conclusion. A play starts out in a slow tempo at jo, gets slightly faster at ha, then culminates in kyū.[16]","title":"Jo-ha-kyū"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KANZE_Sakon_Ataka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kanze Sakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanze_Sakon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%B3%E4%B8%96%E5%B7%A6%E8%BF%91"},{"link_name":"sōke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dke"},{"link_name":"Kanze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanze_(Noh_school)"}],"text":"Kanze Sakon [ja] (1895–1939), head (sōke) of Kanze schoolActors begin their training as young children, traditionally at the age of three.","title":"Performers and roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kanze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanze_(Noh_school)"},{"link_name":"Hōshō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_(Noh_school)"},{"link_name":"Komparu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komparu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kongō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kong%C5%8D_(Noh_school)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kita_(Noh_school)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayashi-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nohgaku_Performers'_Association-19"},{"link_name":"iemoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemoto"},{"link_name":"Konparu Zenchiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konparu_Zenchiku"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nohgaku_Performers'_Association-19"}],"sub_title":"Training","text":"Zeami isolated nine levels or types of Noh acting from lower degrees which put emphasis on movement and violence to higher degrees which represent the opening of a flower and spiritual prowess.[17]In 2012, there are five extant schools of Noh acting called Kanze (観世), Hōshō (宝生), Komparu (金春), Kongō (金剛), and Kita (喜多) schools that train shite actors. Each school has its own iemoto family that carries the name of the school and is considered the most important. The iemoto holds the power to create new plays or modify lyrics and performance modes.[18] Waki actors are trained in the schools Takayasu (高安), Fukuou (福王), and Hōshō (宝生). There are two schools that train kyōgen, Ōkura (大蔵) and Izumi (和泉). Eleven schools train instrumentalists, each school specializing in one to three instruments.[19]The Nohgaku Performers' Association (Nōgaku Kyōkai), to which all professionals are registered, strictly protects the traditions passed down from their ancestors (see iemoto). However, several secret documents of the Kanze school written by Zeami, as well as materials by Konparu Zenchiku, have been diffused throughout the community of scholars of Japanese theatre.[19]","title":"Performers and roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noh-stage.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shite-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-performers-21"},{"link_name":"Kyōgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"fue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fue_(flute)"},{"link_name":"ōtsuzumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctsuzumi"},{"link_name":"kotsuzumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotsuzumi"},{"link_name":"taiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckersley200947-22"}],"sub_title":"Roles","text":"Noh stage. Center: shite; front right: waki; right: eight-member jiutai (chorus); rear center: four hayashi-kata (musicians); rear left: two kōken (stage hands)There are four major categories of Noh performers: shite, waki, kyōgen, and hayashi.[5][20][21]Shite (仕手, シテ). Shite is the main protagonist, or the leading role in plays. In plays where the shite appears first as a human and then as a ghost, the first role is known as the mae-shite and the later as the nochi-shite.\nShitetsure (仕手連れ, シテヅレ). The shite's companion. Sometimes shitetsure is abbreviated to tsure (連れ, ツレ), although this term refers to both the shitetsure and the wakitsure.\nKōken (後見) are stage hands, usually one to three people.\nJiutai (地謡) is the chorus, usually comprising six to eight people.\nWaki (脇, ワキ) performs the role that is the counterpart or foil of the shite.\nWakitsure (脇連れ, ワキヅレ) or Waki-tsure is the companion of the waki.\nKyōgen (狂言) perform the aikyōgen (間狂言), which are interludes during plays. Kyōgen actors also perform in separate plays between individual Noh plays.\nHayashi (囃子) or hayashi-kata (囃子方) are the instrumentalists who play the four instruments used in Noh theatre: the transverse flute (笛, fue), hip drum (大鼓, ōtsuzumi) or ōkawa (大皮), the shoulder-drum (小鼓, kotsuzumi), and the stick-drum (太鼓, taiko). The flute used for Noh is specifically called nōkan or nohkan (能管).A typical Noh play always involves the chorus, the orchestra, and at least one shite and one waki actor.[22]","title":"Performers and roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"}],"text":"Noh performance combines a variety of elements into a stylistic whole, with each particular element the product of generations of refinement according to the central Buddhist, Shinto, and minimalist aspects of Noh's aesthetic principles.","title":"Performance elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maschere_no,_giovane_donna_(XVIII-XIX_sec)_e_spirito_ubriaco_(himi_muneda,_XIX_sec.).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_pictures_of_the_same_noh_%27hawk_mask%27_showing_how_the_expression_changes_with_a_tilting_of_the_head.jpg"},{"link_name":"masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask"},{"link_name":"hinoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinoki"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rath-23"},{"link_name":"divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity"},{"link_name":"demonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rath-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rath-23"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"},{"link_name":"Prince Shōtoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rath-23"},{"link_name":"masks of the Konparu school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh_masks_of_the_Konparu_school"},{"link_name":"Tokyo National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNM17-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noh_Mask_Hannya_type.jpg"},{"link_name":"hannya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannya"},{"link_name":"Important Cultural Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Cultural_Property_(Japan)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akobuj%C5%8D_(Noh_mask),_Tokyo_National_Museum_C-1530.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayakashi_(Noh_mask),_Tokyo_National_Museum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorei-beshimi_(Noh_mask),_Tokyo_National_Museum_C-1560.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hakushiki-j%C5%8D_(Noh_mask),_Tokyo_National_Museum_C-1528.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sh%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_(Noh_mask),_Tokyo_National_Museum_C-1535.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shikami_(Noh_mask),_Tokyo_National_Museum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uba_(Noh_mask),_Tokyo_National_Museum_C-1559.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wakaotoko_(Noh_mask),_Tokyo_National_Museum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inr%C5%8D_with_Noh_Masks.jpg"},{"link_name":"Inro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inro"}],"sub_title":"Masks","text":"Nō masks. Right: Drunken spirit (shōjō). Made of red and black lacquered wood, with red silk tying cord, by Himi Munetada (氷見宗忠). Edo period, 19th century. Left: Nakizo, representing a female deity or woman of high rank, associated with Nō plays such as Hagoromo and Ohara Miyuki. Made of lacquered and painted wood by Norinari (憲成), designed by Zoami (増阿弥). 18th–19th century.Three pictures of the same female mask showing how the expression changes with a tilting of the head. This mask expresses different moods. In these pictures, the mask was affixed to a wall with constant lighting, and only the camera moved.Noh masks (能面 nō-men or 面 omote) are carved from blocks of Japanese cypress (檜 \"hinoki\"), and painted with natural pigments on a neutral base of glue and crushed seashell. There are approximately 450 different masks mostly based on sixty types,[23]: 14 all of which have distinctive names. Some masks are representative and frequently used in many different plays, while some are very specific and may only be used in one or two plays. Noh masks signify the characters' gender, age, and social ranking, and by wearing masks the actors may portray youngsters, old men, female, or nonhuman (divine or demonic) characters.[23]: 13 Only the shite, the main actor, wears a mask in most plays, although the tsure may also wear a mask in some plays.[23]: 13, 260Even though the mask covers an actor's facial expressions, the use of the mask in Noh is not an abandonment of facial expressions altogether. Rather, its intent is to stylize and codify the facial expressions through the use of the mask and to stimulate the imagination of the audience. By using masks, actors are able to convey emotions in a more controlled manner through movements and body language. Some masks utilize lighting effect to convey different emotions through slight tilting of the head. Facing slightly upward, or \"brightening\" the mask, will let the mask to capture more light, revealing more features that appear laughing or smiling. Facing downward, or \"clouding\" it, will cause the mask to appear sad or mad.[16]Noh masks are treasured by Noh families and institutions, and the powerful Noh schools hold the oldest and most valuable Noh masks in their private collections, rarely seen by the public. The most ancient mask is supposedly kept as a hidden treasure by the oldest school, the Konparu. According to the current head of the Konparu school, the mask was carved by the legendary regent Prince Shōtoku (572–622) over a thousand years ago. While the historical accuracy of the legend of Prince Shōtoku's mask may be contested, the legend itself is ancient as it is first recorded in Zeami's Style and the Flower written in the 14th century.[23]: 11 Some of the masks of the Konparu school belong to the Tokyo National Museum, and are exhibited there frequently.[24]Noh mask of the hannya type. 17th or 18th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNoh mask of the akobujō type. 16th or 17th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNoh mask of the ayahashi type. 17th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNoh mask of the chorei-beshimi type. 17th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNoh mask of the hakushiki-jō type. 15th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNoh mask of the shōjō type. 15th or 16th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNoh mask of the shikami type. 17th or 18th century.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNoh mask of the uba type. 16th century. Deemed Important Cultural Property.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNoh mask of the wakaotoko type. 16th or 17th century.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInro with Noh masks. (front and back) early 19th century.","title":"Performance elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noh-stage.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noh-stage-diagram.png"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"},{"link_name":"pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion"},{"link_name":"haiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiden_(Shinto)"},{"link_name":"kagura-den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagura-den"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brockett-25"},{"link_name":"hinoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinoki"},{"link_name":"Tōson Shimazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dson_Shimazaki"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"},{"link_name":"hanamichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanamichi"},{"link_name":"Kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"}],"sub_title":"Stage","text":"A modern Noh theatre with indoor roofed structure1: hashigakari. 2: kyōgen spot. 3: stage attendants. 4: stick drum. 5: hip drum. 6: shoulder drum. 7: flute. 8: chorus. 9: waki seat. 10: waki spot. 11: shite spot. 12: shite-bashira. 13: metsuke-bashira. 14: waki-bashira. 15: fue-bashiraThe traditional Noh stage (butai) has complete openness that provides a shared experience between the performers and the audience throughout the performance. Without any proscenium or curtains to obstruct the view, the audience sees each actor even during the moments before they enter (and after they exit) the central \"stage\" (honbutai, \"main stage\"). The theatre itself is considered symbolic and treated with reverence both by the performers and the audience.[16]One of the most recognizable characteristic of Noh stage is its independent roof that hangs over the stage even in indoor theatres. Supported by four columns, the roof symbolizes the sanctity of the stage, with its architectural design derived from the worship pavilion (haiden) or sacred dance pavilion (kagura-den) of Shinto shrines. The roof also unifies the theatre space and defines the stage as an architectural entity.[16]The pillars supporting the roof are named shitebashira (principal character's pillar), metsukebashira (gazing pillar), wakibashira (secondary character's pillar), and fuebashira (flute pillar), clockwise from upstage right respectively. Each pillar is associated with the performers and their actions.[25]The stage is made entirely of unfinished hinoki, Japanese cypress, with almost no decorative elements. The poet and novelist Tōson Shimazaki writes that \"on the stage of the Noh theatre there are no sets that change with each piece. Neither is there a curtain. There is only a simple panel (kagami-ita) with a painting of a green pine tree. This creates the impression that anything that could provide any shading has been banished. To break such monotony and make something happen is no easy thing.\"[16]Another unique feature of the stage is the hashigakari, a narrow bridge at upstage right used by actors to enter the stage. Hashigakari means \"suspension bridge\", signifying something aerial that connects two separate worlds on a same level. The bridge symbolizes the mythic nature of Noh plays in which otherworldly ghosts and spirits frequently appear. In contrast, hanamichi in Kabuki theatres is literally a path (michi) that connects two spaces in a single world, thus has a completely different significance.[16]","title":"Performance elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%83%BD%E8%A1%A3%E8%A3%85_%E7%8B%A9%E8%A1%A3_%E7%B4%BA%E5%9C%B0%E7%9F%B3%E7%95%B3%E6%B3%95%E8%9E%BA%E8%B2%9D%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98,_Noh_Costume_(Kariginu)_with_Checks_and_Conch_Shells.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kariginu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariginu"},{"link_name":"Tokyo National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"},{"link_name":"Muromachi period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"kimono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimono"},{"link_name":"hakama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakama"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"}],"sub_title":"Costumes","text":"Noh Costume (Kariginu) with Checks and Conch Shells. Edo period, 18th century, Tokyo National MuseumNoh actors wear silk costumes called shozoku (robes) along with wigs, hats, and props such as the fan. With striking colors, elaborate texture, and intricate weave and embroidery, Noh robes are truly works of art in their own right. Costumes for the shite in particular are extravagant, shimmering silk brocades, but are progressively less sumptuous for the tsure, the wakizure, and the aikyōgen.[16]For centuries, in accordance with the vision of Zeami, Noh costumes emulated the clothing that the characters would genuinely wear, such as the formal robes for a courtier and the street clothing for a peasant or commoner. But in the late sixteenth century, the costumes became stylized with certain symbolic and stylistic conventions. During the Edo (Tokugawa) period, the elaborate robes given to actors by noblemen and samurai in the Muromachi period were developed as costumes.[26]The musicians and chorus typically wear formal montsuki kimono (black and adorned with five family crests) accompanied by either hakama (a skirt-like garment) or kami-shimo, a combination of hakama and a waist-coat with exaggerated shoulders. Finally, the stage attendants are garbed in virtually unadorned black garments, much in the same way as stagehands in contemporary Western theatre.[10]","title":"Performance elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(implement)"},{"link_name":"obi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi_(sash)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"},{"link_name":"kuroko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroko"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rath-23"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Props","text":"The use of props in Noh is minimalistic and stylized. The most commonly used prop in Noh is the fan, as it is carried by all performers regardless of role. Chorus singers and musicians may carry their fan in hand when entering the stage, or carry it tucked into the obi (the sash). The fan is usually placed at the performer's side when he or she takes position, and is often not taken up again until leaving the stage. During dance sequences, the fan is typically used to represent any and all hand-held props, such as a sword, wine jug, flute, or writing brush. The fan may represent various objects over the course of a single play.[16]When hand props other than fans are used, they are usually introduced or retrieved by kuroko who fulfill a similar role to stage crew in contemporary theatre. Like their Western counterparts, stage attendants for Noh traditionally dress in black, but unlike in Western theatre they may appear on stage during a scene, or may remain on stage during an entire performance, in both cases in plain view of the audience. The all-black costume of kuroko implies they are not part of the action on stage and are effectively invisible.[10]Set pieces in Noh such as the boats, wells, altars, and bells, are typically carried onto the stage before the beginning of the act in which they are needed. These props normally are only outlines to suggest actual objects, although the great bell, a perennial exception to most Noh rules for props, is designed to conceal the actor and to allow a costume change during the kyōgen interlude.[23][page needed]","title":"Performance elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noh-Hayashi.png"},{"link_name":"taiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko"},{"link_name":"ōtsuzumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctsuzumi"},{"link_name":"kotsuzumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotsuzumi"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"hayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_(music)"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Japanese poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_poetry"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"shime-daiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shime-daiko"},{"link_name":"ōtsuzumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctsuzumi"},{"link_name":"kotsuzumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotsuzumi"},{"link_name":"nohkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohkan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"}],"sub_title":"Chant and music","text":"Hayashi-kata (noh musicians). Left to right: taiko, ōtsuzumi (hip drum), kotsuzumi (shoulder drum), fluteNoh theatre is accompanied by a chorus and a hayashi ensemble (Noh-bayashi 能囃子). Noh is a chanted drama, and a few commentators have dubbed it \"Japanese opera\". However, the singing in Noh involves a limited tonal range, with lengthy, repetitive passages in a narrow dynamic range. Texts are poetic, relying heavily on the Japanese seven-five rhythm common to nearly all forms of Japanese poetry, with an economy of expression, and an abundance of allusion. The singing parts of Noh are called \"Utai\" and the speaking parts \"Kataru\".[27] The music has many blank spaces (ma) in between the actual sounds, and these negative blank spaces are in fact considered the heart of the music. In addition to utai, Noh hayashi ensemble consists of four musicians, also known as the \"hayashi-kata\", including three drummers, which play the shime-daiko, ōtsuzumi (hip drum), and kotsuzumi (shoulder drum) respectively, and a nohkan flutist.[16]The chant is not always performed \"in character\"; that is, sometimes the actor will speak lines or describe events from the perspective of another character or even a disinterested narrator. Far from breaking the rhythm of the performance, this is actually in keeping with the otherworldly feel of many Noh plays, especially in those characterized as mugen.","title":"Performance elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortolani-3"}],"text":"Of the roughly 2000 plays created for Noh that are known today, about 240 make up the current repertoire performed by the five existing Noh schools. The current repertoire is heavily influenced by the taste of aristocratic class in Tokugawa period and does not necessarily reflect popularity among the commoners.[3] There are several ways to classify Noh plays.","title":"Plays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"},{"link_name":"non-linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hybrid"},{"link_name":"flashbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"}],"sub_title":"Subject","text":"All Noh plays can be classified into three broad categories.[10]Genzai Noh (現在能, \"present Noh\") features human characters and events unfold according to a linear timeline within the play.\nMugen Noh (夢幻能, \"supernatural Noh\") involves supernatural worlds, featuring gods, spirits, ghosts, or phantasms in the shite role. Time is often depicted as passing in a non-linear fashion, and action may switch between two or more timeframes from moment to moment, including flashbacks.\nRyōkake Noh (両掛能, \"mixed Noh\"), though somewhat uncommon, is a hybrid of the above with the first act being Genzai Noh and the second act Mugen Noh.While Genzai Noh utilizes internal and external conflicts to drive storylines and bring out emotions, Mugen Noh focuses on utilizing flashbacks of the past and the deceased to invoke emotions.[10]","title":"Plays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortolani-3"}],"sub_title":"Performance style","text":"Additionally, all Noh plays may be categorized by their style.Geki Noh (劇能) is a drama piece based around the advancement of plot and the narration of action.\nFuryū Noh (風流能) is little more than a dance piece characterized by elaborate stage action, often involving acrobatics, stage properties, and multiple characters.[3]","title":"Plays"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%98%A5%E6%97%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE%E3%83%BC%E7%AF%A0%E5%B1%B1%E3%83%BC%E7%BF%81%E5%A5%89%E7%B4%8DP1011774.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Year's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_New_Year"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortolani-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortolani-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"},{"link_name":"Buddhist underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortolani-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortolani-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"},{"link_name":"vengeful ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeful_ghost"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortolani-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortolani-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"},{"link_name":"Okina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okina_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_Japan_Arts_Council_Play-28"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"}],"sub_title":"Theme","text":"Okina hōnō (dedication of Noh play A Venerable Old Man) on New Year's DayAll Noh plays are divided by their themes into the following five categories. This classification is considered the most practical, and is still used in formal programming choices today.[3] Traditionally, a formal 5-play program is composed of a selection from each of the groups.[10]Kami mono (神物, god plays) or waki Noh (脇能) typically feature the shite in the role of a deity to tell the mythic story of a shrine or praise a particular god. Many of them structured in two acts, the deity takes a human form in disguise in the first act and reveals the real self in the second act. (e.g. Takasago, Chikubushima)[3][10]\nShura mono (修羅物, warrior plays) or ashura Noh (阿修羅能) takes its name from the Buddhist underworld. The protagonist appearing as a ghost of a famous samurai pleads to a monk for salvation and the drama culminates in a glorious re-enactment of the scene of his death in a full war costume. (e.g. Tamura, Atsumori)[3][10]\nKatsura mono (鬘物, wig plays) or onna mono (女物, woman plays) depict the shite in a female role and feature some of the most refined songs and dances in all of Noh, reflecting the smooth and flowing movements representing female characters. (e.g. Basho, Matsukaze)[3][10]\nThere are about 94 \"miscellaneous\" plays traditionally performed in the fourth place in a five-play program. These plays include subcategories kyōran mono (狂乱物, madness plays), onryō mono (怨霊物, vengeful ghost plays), genzai mono (現在物, present plays), as well as others. (e.g. Aya no tsuzumi, Kinuta)[3][10]\nKiri Noh (切り能, final plays) or oni mono (鬼物, demon plays) usually feature the shite in the role of monsters, goblins, or demons, and are often selected for their bright colors and fast-paced, tense finale movements. Kiri Noh is performed the last in a five-play program.[3] There are roughly 30 plays in this category, most of which are shorter than the plays in the other categories.[10]In addition to the above five, Okina (翁) (or Kamiuta) is frequently performed at the very beginning of the program, especially at New Year, holidays, and other special occasions.[28] Combining dance with Shinto ritual, it is considered the oldest type of Noh play.[10]","title":"Plays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Noh plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Noh_plays"},{"link_name":"Category:Noh plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Noh_plays"},{"link_name":"Kanze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanze_(Noh_school)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayashi-18"}],"sub_title":"Famous plays","text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Noh plays.Plays with individual articles are listed in Category:Noh plays.The following categorization is that of the Kanze school.[18]","title":"Plays"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Many Western artists have been influenced by Noh.","title":"Influence in the West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eugenio Barba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Barba"},{"link_name":"Hideo Kanze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Kanze"},{"link_name":"Hisao Kanze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hisao_Kanze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theater Laboratory of Holstebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theater_Laboratory_of_Holstebro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky-29"},{"link_name":"Samuel Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takahashi-30"},{"link_name":"Bertolt Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alter-31"},{"link_name":"Peter Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brook"},{"link_name":"The Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Paul Claudel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Claudel"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky-29"},{"link_name":"John Willett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Willett"},{"link_name":"Christophe Colomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Colomb"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Jacques Copeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Copeau"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Bing"},{"link_name":"Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Vieux-Colombier"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Gallienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Gallienne"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lecoq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lecoq"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky-29"},{"link_name":"Physical theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_theatre"},{"link_name":"L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89cole_Internationale_de_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Jacques_Lecoq"},{"link_name":"Eugene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky-29"},{"link_name":"The Iceman Cometh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iceman_Cometh"},{"link_name":"Long Day's Journey into Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Day%27s_Journey_into_Night"},{"link_name":"Hughie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughie"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Thornton Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_Wilder"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky-29"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Theatre practitioners","text":"Eugenio Barba – Between 1966 and 1972, Japanese Noh Masters Hideo Kanze and Hisao Kanze gave seminars on Noh at Barba's Theater Laboratory of Holstebro. Barba primarily studied the physical aspects of Noh.[29]\nSamuel Beckett[29] – Yoshihiko Ikegami considers Beckett's Waiting for Godot a parody of Noh, particularly Kami Noh, in which a god or a spirit appears before a secondary character as the protagonist. Ikegami argues that \"the dramatic conflict which was much in evidence in Yeats is so completely discarded that Beckett's theatre (where 'nothing happens') comes to look even closer to Noh than Yeats's did.\"[30]\nBertolt Brecht – According to Maria P. Alter, Brecht began reading Japanese plays during the middle twenties and have read at least 20 Noh plays translated into German by 1929. Brecht's Der Jasager is an adaptation of a Noh play Taniko. Brecht himself identified Die Massnahme as an adaptation of Noh play.[31]\nPeter Brook – Yoshi Oida, a Japanese actor with training in Noh, began working with Brook in their production of The Tempest in 1968. Oida later joined Brook's company.[32]\nPaul Claudel[29] – According to John Willett, Paul Claudel learned about Noh during the time he served as French Ambassador to Japan. Claudel's opera Christophe Colomb shows an unmistakable influence of the Noh.[33]\nJacques Copeau – In 1923, Copeau worked on a Noh play, Kantan, along with Suzanne Bing at Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier, without ever having seen a Noh play. Thomas Leabhart states that \"Jacques Copeau was drawn instinctively by taste and tendency to a restrained theatre which was based in spirituality.\" Copeau praised Noh theatre in writing when he finally saw a production in 1930.[34]\nGuillaume Gallienne - Deguchinashi (Huis-Clos) by Jean-Paul Sartre, a Noh version of Sartre's play directed by Guillaume Gallienne at the Noh Tessenkai theatre, Tokyo in 2006.[35]\nJacques Lecoq[29] – Physical theatre taught at L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq founded by Lecoq is influenced by Noh.\nEugene O'Neill[29] – O'Neill's plays The Iceman Cometh, Long Day's Journey into Night, and Hughie have various similarities to Noh plays.[36]\nThornton Wilder[29][37] – Wilder himself expressed his interest in Noh in his \"Preface” to Three Plays and his sister Isabel Wilder also confirmed his interests. Wilder's work Our Town incorporates various elements of Noh such as lack of plot, representative characters, and use of ghosts.[38]","title":"Influence in the West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Henry Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Bell"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky-29"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"The Prince of the Pagodas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_of_the_Pagodas"},{"link_name":"Curlew River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlew_River"},{"link_name":"The Prodigal Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prodigal_Son_(Britten)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"David Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Byrne"},{"link_name":"Talking Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Heads"},{"link_name":"naturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Josh Kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Kun"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Alan Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Watts"},{"link_name":"Harry Partch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Partch"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Licht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Iannis Xenakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Composers","text":"William Henry Bell – An English composer Bell wrote music for modern presentation of several Noh plays, including Komachi (1925), Tsuneyo of the Three Trees (1926), Hatsuyuki (1934), The Pillow of Kantan (1935), and Kageyiko (1936).[39]\nBenjamin Britten[29] – Britten visited Japan in 1956 and saw for the first time Japanese Noh plays, which he called \"some of the most wonderful drama I have ever seen.\"[40] The influences were seen and heard in his ballet The Prince of the Pagodas (1957) and later in two of the three semi-operatic \"Parables for Church Performance\": Curlew River (1964) and The Prodigal Son (1968).[41]\nDavid Byrne – Byrne encountered Noh when he was on tour in Japan with Talking Heads and he was inspired by the highly stylized practices of Noh, completely different from its Western counterparts that focus on naturalism.[42] According to Josh Kun, \"Japanese Noh theatre inspired him to design the oversize business suit that became a visual staple of Talking Heads live shows.\"[43]\nAlan Watts – 20th century philosopher, the liner notes from his third song off the 1962 album 'This is IT' state \"Watts in a Japanese no-noh.\"\nHarry Partch – Partch called his work Delusion of the Fury \"a ritualistic web\". Kate Molleson wrote for 'The Guardian that \"the narrative is a bleary mix of Japanese Noh theatre, Ethiopian folk mythology, Greek drama and his own wacky imagination\".[44] Will Salmon cites Partch himself writing, \"Noh has been for centuries a fine art, one of the most sophisticated the world has known.\" Delusion of the Fury incorporates two Noh plays, Atsumori by Zeami and Ikuta by Zenbō Motoyasu, into its story.[45]\nKarlheinz Stockhausen – The essentially plotless libretto of Stockhausen's grand operatic cycle Licht (\"Light\") is based on \"a mythology drawing on multiple cultural traditions, from Japanese Noh theatre to German folklore\".[46]\nIannis Xenakis – Xenakis \"admired Noh, the venerable theatrical form known for its ritualistic formality and gestural complexity.\"[47] Electronic Music Foundation presented Xenakis & Japan in March 2010, \"a dance/music event highlighting Xenakis' lifelong interest in Japanese music and theatre\". The event featured a female Noh performer, Ryoko Aoki.[48]","title":"Influence in the West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akiko Kiso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko_Kiso"},{"link_name":"Mae J. Smethurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mae_J._Smethurst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greek tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_tragedy"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Classicists","text":"Scholar Akiko Kiso collaborated with Mae J. Smethurst, writing and translating several works that compared compared the Greek tragedy form of theatre with noh.[49][50]","title":"Influence in the West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W. B. Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky-29"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sekine-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"dramatis personae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatis_personae"},{"link_name":"At the Hawk's Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Hawk%27s_Well"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takahashi-30"}],"sub_title":"Poets","text":"W. B. Yeats[29][51] – Yeats wrote an essay on Noh titled \"Certain Noble Plays of Japan\" in 1916. As much as he tried to learn Noh, there were limited resources available in England at the time. The lack of complete understanding of Noh led him to create innovative works guided by his own imagination and what he fantasized Noh to be.[52] Yeats wrote four plays heavily influenced by Noh, using ghosts or supernatural beings as the central dramatis personae for the first time. The plays are At the Hawk's Well, The Dreaming of the Bones, The Words upon the Window-Fane, and Purgatory.[30]","title":"Influence in the West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"},{"link_name":"waka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"},{"link_name":"mushin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushin_(mental_state)"}],"text":"Zeami and Zenchiku describe a number of distinct qualities that are thought to be essential to the proper understanding of Noh as an art form.Hana (花, flower): In the Kadensho (Instructions on the Posture of the Flower), Zeami describes hana saying \"after you master the secrets of all things and exhaust the possibilities of every device, the hana that never vanishes still remains.\"[16] The true Noh performer seeks to cultivate a rarefied relationship with his audience similar to the way that one cultivates flowers. What is notable about hana is that, like a flower, it is meant to be appreciated by any audience, no matter how lofty or how coarse his upbringing. Hana comes in two forms. Individual hana is the beauty of the flower of youth, which passes with time, while \"true hana\" is the flower of creating and sharing perfect beauty through performance.\nYūgen (幽玄, profound sublimity): Yūgen is a concept valued in various forms of art throughout Japanese culture. Originally used to mean elegance or grace representing the perfect beauty in waka, yūgen is invisible beauty that is felt rather than seen in a work of art. The term is used specifically in relation to Noh to mean the profound beauty of the transcendental world, including mournful beauty involved in sadness and loss.[16]\nRōjaku (老弱): Rō means old, and jaku means tranquil and quiet. Rōjaku is the final stage of performance development of the Noh actor, in which he eliminates all unnecessary action or sound in the performance, leaving only the true essence of the scene or action being imitated.[16]\nKokoro or shin (both 心): Defined as \"heart,\" \"mind,\" or both. The kokoro of noh is that which Zeami speaks of in his teachings, and is more easily defined as \"mind.\" To develop hana the actor must enter a state of no-mind, or mushin.\nMyō (妙): the \"charm\" of an actor who performs flawlessly and without any sense of imitation; he effectively becomes his role.\nMonomane (物真似, imitation or mimesis): the intent of a Noh actor to accurately depict the motions of his role, as opposed to purely aesthetic reasons for abstraction or embellishment. Monomane is sometimes contrasted with yūgen, although the two represent endpoints of a continuum rather than being completely separate.\nKabu-isshin (歌舞一心, \"song-dance-one heart\"): the theory that the song (including poetry) and dance are two halves of the same whole, and that the Noh actor strives to perform both with total unity of heart and mind.","title":"Aesthetic terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"National Noh Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Noh_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Noh Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Noh_Theater"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka Noh Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ohori-nougaku.jp/english"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Nara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara,_Nara"},{"link_name":"Taka no Kai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.takanokai.jp/en/"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Ogisai Kurokawa Noh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogisai_Kurokawa_Noh"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komparu-16"}],"text":"Noh is still regularly performed today in public theatres as well as private theatres mostly located in major cities. There are more than 70 Noh theatres throughout Japan, presenting both professional and amateur productions.[53]Public theatres include National Noh Theatre (Tokyo), Nagoya Noh Theater, Osaka Noh Theater, and Fukuoka Noh Theater. Each Noh school has its own permanent theatre, such as Kanze Noh Theater (Tokyo), Hosho Noh Theater (Tokyo), Kongo Noh Theater (Kyoto), Nara Komparu Noh Theater (Nara), and Taka no Kai (Fukuoka). Additionally, there are various prefectural and municipal theatres located throughout Japan that present touring professional companies and local amateur companies. In some regions, unique regional Noh such as Ogisai Kurokawa Noh have developed to form schools independent from five traditional schools.[16]","title":"Existing Noh theatres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surtitles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtitles"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayashi-18"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"wagashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagashi"},{"link_name":"makunouchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makunouchi"},{"link_name":"bentō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"sake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishii-10"}],"text":"Audience etiquette is generally similar to formal western theatre—the audience quietly watches. Surtitles are not used, but some audience members follow along in the libretto. Because there are no curtains on the stage, the performance begins with the actors entering the stage and ends with their leaving the stage. The house lights are usually kept on during the performances, creating an intimate feel that provides a shared experience between the performers and the audience.[10]At the end of the play, the actors file out slowly (most important first, with gaps between actors), and while they are on the bridge (hashigakari), the audience claps restrainedly. Between actors, clapping ceases, then begins again as the next actor leaves. Unlike in western theatre, there is no bowing, nor do the actors return to the stage after having left. A play may end with the shite character leaving the stage as part of the story (as in Kokaji, for instance)—rather than ending with all characters on stage—in which case one claps as the character exits.[18]During the interval, tea, coffee, and wagashi (Japanese sweets) may be served in the lobby. In the Edo period, when Noh was a day-long affair, more substantial makunouchi' bentō (幕の内弁当, \"between-acts lunchbox\") were served. On special occasions, when the performance is over, お神酒 (o-miki, ceremonial sake) may be served in the lobby on the way out, as it happens in Shinto rituals.The audience is seated in front of the stage, to the left side of the stage, and in the corner front-left of stage; these are in order of decreasing desirability. While the metsuke-bashira pillar obstructs the view of the stage, the actors are primarily at the corners, not the center, and thus the two aisles are located where the views of the two main actors would be obscured, ensuring a generally clear view regardless of seating.[10]","title":"Audience etiquette"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazell, Karen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Brazell"},{"link_name":"Tyler, Royall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royall_Tyler_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-044539-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044539-0"},{"link_name":"Waley, Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Waley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4-8053-1033-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-8053-1033-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-8053-1033-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-8053-1033-5"},{"link_name":"Noh as Living Art: Inside Japan's Oldest Theatrical Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jpicinternational.com/books/culture/157ae25a4502286cd2eab0b0af23dbfb769cee2f.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-86658-178-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86658-178-1"},{"link_name":"Zeami Motokiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo"},{"link_name":"J. Thomas Rimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Thomas_Rimer"}],"text":"Brandon, James R. (ed.) (1997). Nō and kyōgen in the contemporary world. (Foreword by Ricardo D. Trimillos) Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.\nBrazell, Karen (1998). Traditional Japanese Theater: An Anthology of Plays. New York: Columbia University Press.\nOrtolani, Benito; Leiter, Samuel L. (eds) (1998). Zeami and the Nō Theatre in the World. New York: Center for Advanced Study in Theatre Arts, CUNY.\nTyler, Royall (ed. & trans.) (1992). Japanese Nō Dramas. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044539-0.\nWaley, Arthur (2009). Noh plays of Japan. Tuttle Shokai Inc. ISBN 4-8053-1033-2, ISBN 978-4-8053-1033-5.\nYasuda, Noboru (2021). Noh as Living Art: Inside Japan's Oldest Theatrical Tradition (First English ed.). Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. ISBN 978-4-86658-178-1.\nZeami Motokiyo (1984). On the Art of the Nō Drama: The Major Treatises of Zeami. Trans. J. Thomas Rimer. Ed. Masakazu Yamazaki. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"World's oldest Noh stage at Miyajima","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Noh_stage_Miyajima_Sep2008.jpg/220px-Noh_stage_Miyajima_Sep2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Karaori garment, Edo period, 18th century, bamboo and chrysanthemum design on red and white checkered ground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Karaori_Garment_%28Noh_costume%29%2C_Edo_period%2C_18th_century%2C_bamboo_and_chrysanthemum_design_on_red_and_white_checkered_ground_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC06159.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"In the Noh Theatre, 1891 by Ogata Gekkō","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nogaku-In-the_Noh-Theatre-by-Ogata-Gekko-1891.png/220px-Nogaku-In-the_Noh-Theatre-by-Ogata-Gekko-1891.png"},{"image_text":"Kanze Sakon [ja] (1895–1939), head (sōke) of Kanze school","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/KANZE_Sakon_Ataka.jpg/220px-KANZE_Sakon_Ataka.jpg"},{"image_text":"Noh stage. Center: shite; front right: waki; right: eight-member jiutai (chorus); rear center: four hayashi-kata (musicians); rear left: two kōken (stage hands)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Noh-stage.png/250px-Noh-stage.png"},{"image_text":"Nō masks. Right: Drunken spirit (shōjō). Made of red and black lacquered wood, with red silk tying cord, by Himi Munetada (氷見宗忠). Edo period, 19th century. Left: Nakizo, representing a female deity or woman of high rank, associated with Nō plays such as Hagoromo and Ohara Miyuki. Made of lacquered and painted wood by Norinari (憲成), designed by Zoami (増阿弥). 18th–19th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Maschere_no%2C_giovane_donna_%28XVIII-XIX_sec%29_e_spirito_ubriaco_%28himi_muneda%2C_XIX_sec.%29.JPG/170px-Maschere_no%2C_giovane_donna_%28XVIII-XIX_sec%29_e_spirito_ubriaco_%28himi_muneda%2C_XIX_sec.%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Three pictures of the same female mask showing how the expression changes with a tilting of the head. This mask expresses different moods. In these pictures, the mask was affixed to a wall with constant lighting, and only the camera moved.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Three_pictures_of_the_same_noh_%27hawk_mask%27_showing_how_the_expression_changes_with_a_tilting_of_the_head.jpg/220px-Three_pictures_of_the_same_noh_%27hawk_mask%27_showing_how_the_expression_changes_with_a_tilting_of_the_head.jpg"},{"image_text":"A modern Noh theatre with indoor roofed structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Noh-stage.jpg/220px-Noh-stage.jpg"},{"image_text":"1: hashigakari. 2: kyōgen spot. 3: stage attendants. 4: stick drum. 5: hip drum. 6: shoulder drum. 7: flute. 8: chorus. 9: waki seat. 10: waki spot. 11: shite spot. 12: shite-bashira. 13: metsuke-bashira. 14: waki-bashira. 15: fue-bashira","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Noh-stage-diagram.png/220px-Noh-stage-diagram.png"},{"image_text":"Noh Costume (Kariginu) with Checks and Conch Shells. Edo period, 18th century, Tokyo National Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E8%83%BD%E8%A1%A3%E8%A3%85_%E7%8B%A9%E8%A1%A3_%E7%B4%BA%E5%9C%B0%E7%9F%B3%E7%95%B3%E6%B3%95%E8%9E%BA%E8%B2%9D%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98%2C_Noh_Costume_%28Kariginu%29_with_Checks_and_Conch_Shells.jpg/220px-%E8%83%BD%E8%A1%A3%E8%A3%85_%E7%8B%A9%E8%A1%A3_%E7%B4%BA%E5%9C%B0%E7%9F%B3%E7%95%B3%E6%B3%95%E8%9E%BA%E8%B2%9D%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98%2C_Noh_Costume_%28Kariginu%29_with_Checks_and_Conch_Shells.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hayashi-kata (noh musicians). Left to right: taiko, ōtsuzumi (hip drum), kotsuzumi (shoulder drum), flute","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Noh-Hayashi.png/250px-Noh-Hayashi.png"},{"image_text":"Okina hōnō (dedication of Noh play A Venerable Old Man) on New Year's Day","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E6%98%A5%E6%97%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE%E3%83%BC%E7%AF%A0%E5%B1%B1%E3%83%BC%E7%BF%81%E5%A5%89%E7%B4%8DP1011774.jpg/220px-%E6%98%A5%E6%97%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE%E3%83%BC%E7%AF%A0%E5%B1%B1%E3%83%BC%E7%BF%81%E5%A5%89%E7%B4%8DP1011774.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Theatre of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan"},{"title":"Higashiyama culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashiyama_culture"},{"title":"Shuhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuhari"}]
|
[{"reference":"Bowers, Faubion (1974). Japanese Theatre. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Co. ISBN 9780804811316.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/japanesetheatre0000bowe","url_text":"Japanese Theatre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804811316","url_text":"9780804811316"}]},{"reference":"\"Nôgaku theatre\". The Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. UNESCO. Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nogaku-theatre-00012","url_text":"\"Nôgaku theatre\""}]},{"reference":"Ortolani, Benito (1995). The Japanese theatre: from shamanistic ritual to contemporary pluralism. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-691-04333-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ge8cWl8OT3gC&q=mugen-no+Genzai-no+waki-no&pg=PA132","url_text":"The Japanese theatre: from shamanistic ritual to contemporary pluralism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04333-7","url_text":"0-691-04333-7"}]},{"reference":"Watanabe, Takeshi (2009). Breaking Down Barriers: A History of Chanoyu. Yale Art Gallery. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-300-14692-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14692-9","url_text":"978-0-300-14692-9"}]},{"reference":"Ishii, Rinko (2009). 能・狂言の基礎知識 [The Fundamentals of Noh and Kyogen]. Tokyo: Kadokawa.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Nôgaku\" 能楽. National Cultural Heritage Database (in Japanese). The Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan. Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/303/102","url_text":"\"Nôgaku\" 能楽"}]},{"reference":"Whatley, Katherine (24 March 2018). \"Living and Breathing History, Through Noh\". The Theatre Times. Retrieved 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thetheatretimes.com/living-breathing-history-noh","url_text":"\"Living and Breathing History, Through Noh\""}]},{"reference":"\"TRIVIA of Noh : Q25 : Can a woman become a Noh performer?\". www.the-noh.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-noh.com/","url_text":"\"TRIVIA of Noh : Q25 : Can a woman become a Noh performer?\""}]},{"reference":"Suzumura, Yusuke (Mar 8, 2013). \"Players, Performances and Existence of Women's Noh: Focusing on the Articles Run in the Japanese General Newspapers\". Journal of International Japan-Studies. Retrieved Nov 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/4170226","url_text":"\"Players, Performances and Existence of Women's Noh: Focusing on the Articles Run in the Japanese General Newspapers\""}]},{"reference":"Tsuchiya, Keiichirō (2014). 能、世阿弥の「現在」 [The \"Present\" of Noh and Zeami] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Kadokawa.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Komparu, Kunio (1983). The Noh Theater: Principles and Perspectives. New York / Tokyo: John Weatherhill. ISBN 0-8348-1529-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8348-1529-X","url_text":"0-8348-1529-X"}]},{"reference":"Eckersley, M., ed. (2009). Drama from the Rim. Melbourne: Drama Victoria. p. 32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hayashi, Kazutoshi (2012). 能・狂言を学ぶ人のために [For Those Learning Noh and Kyogen]. Tokyo: Sekai Shisou Sha.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"About the Nohgaku Performers' Association\". The Nohgaku Performers' Association. Retrieved Nov 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nohgaku.or.jp/about/index.html","url_text":"\"About the Nohgaku Performers' Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enjoying Noh and Kyōgen\" (PDF). The Nohgaku performers' association. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nohgaku.or.jp/download/guide_english.pdf","url_text":"\"Enjoying Noh and Kyōgen\""}]},{"reference":"Rath, Eric C. (2004). The Ethos of Noh – Actors and Their Art. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 0-674-01397-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01397-2","url_text":"0-674-01397-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Noh masks formerly owned by Konparu Sōke\". Tokyo National Museum. Retrieved 2018-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tnm.jp/modules/r_free_page/index.php?id=1842&lang=en","url_text":"\"Noh masks formerly owned by Konparu Sōke\""}]},{"reference":"Brockett, Oscar G.; Hildy, Franklin J. (2007). History of the Theatre (Foundation ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-47360-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-47360-1","url_text":"978-0-205-47360-1"}]},{"reference":"Pound, Ezra; Fenollosa, Ernest (1959). The Classic Noh Theatre of Japan. New York: New Directions Publishing.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound","url_text":"Pound, Ezra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Fenollosa","url_text":"Fenollosa, Ernest"}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction to Noh and Kyogen – Plays and Characters\". the Japan Arts Council. Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/noh/en/play/","url_text":"\"Introduction to Noh and Kyogen – Plays and Characters\""}]},{"reference":"Dr. Sky (2014). Therapeutic Noh Theater: Sohkido Pathway VII of the Seven Pathways of Transpersonal Creativity. Two Harbors Press. ISBN 978-1626528222.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1626528222","url_text":"978-1626528222"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Yasunari; Ikegami, Yoshihiko (1991). \"The Ghost Trio: Beckett, Yeats, and Noh\". The Empire of Signs: Semiotic Essays on Japanese Culture. Foundations of Semiotics. 8: 257–267. doi:10.1075/fos.8.12tak. ISBN 978-90-272-3278-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Ffos.8.12tak","url_text":"10.1075/fos.8.12tak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3278-6","url_text":"978-90-272-3278-6"}]},{"reference":"Alter, Maria P. (Summer 1968). \"Bertolt Brecht and the Noh Drama\". Modern Drama. 11 (2): 122–131. doi:10.3138/md.11.2.122. S2CID 194031745.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Drama_(journal)","url_text":"Modern Drama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fmd.11.2.122","url_text":"10.3138/md.11.2.122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194031745","url_text":"194031745"}]},{"reference":"\"Drama – Advanced Higher – Twentieth-Century Theatre – Peter Brook – Annotated Bibliography\" (PDF). Education Scotland. UK government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724124830/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/peter_brook_tcm4-121234.pdf","url_text":"\"Drama – Advanced Higher – Twentieth-Century Theatre – Peter Brook – Annotated Bibliography\""},{"url":"http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/peter_brook_tcm4-121234.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Willett, John (1959). The Theater of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects. London: Methuen & Co. pp. 116–117.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Willett","url_text":"Willett, John"}]},{"reference":"Leabhart, Thomas (2004). \"Jacques Copeau, Etienne Decroux, and the 'Flower of Noh'\". New Theatre Quarterly. 20 (4): 315–330. doi:10.1017/S0266464X04000211. S2CID 193218129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Leabhart","url_text":"Leabhart, Thomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Theatre_Quarterly","url_text":"New Theatre Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0266464X04000211","url_text":"10.1017/S0266464X04000211"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193218129","url_text":"193218129"}]},{"reference":"Hori, Mariko (1994). \"Aspects of Noh Theatre in Three Late O'Neill Plays\". Eugene O'Neill Review. 18 (1/2): 143.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Londraville, Richard (1999). Blank, Martin; Brunauer, Dalma Hunyadi; Izzo, David Garrett (eds.). Thornton Wilder: New Essays. West Cornwall, Connecticut: Locust Hill. pp. 365–378.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ashida, Ruri (June 2009). \"Elements of Japanese Noh in Thornton Wilder's Our Town\" (PDF). The Bulletin of the International Society for Harmony & Combination of Cultures. 13: 18–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 10 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003410/http://atlantic.gssc.nihon-u.ac.jp/~ISHCC/bulletin/13/b018_Ashida.pdf","url_text":"\"Elements of Japanese Noh in Thornton Wilder's Our Town\""},{"url":"http://atlantic.gssc.nihon-u.ac.jp/~ISHCC/bulletin/13/b018_Ashida.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"William Henry Bell 1873-1946: Music for Japanese no plays\". Unsung Composers. Retrieved 29 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unsungcomposers.com/forum/index.php?topic=4608.0","url_text":"\"William Henry Bell 1873-1946: Music for Japanese no plays\""}]},{"reference":"Britten, Benjamin (2008). Letters from a Life: The Selected Letters of Benjamin Britten, Volume IV, 1952–1957. London: The Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843833826.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten","url_text":"Britten, Benjamin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843833826","url_text":"9781843833826"}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, Humphrey (1992). Benjamin Britten: A Biography. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0571143245.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter","url_text":"Carpenter, Humphrey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571143245","url_text":"0571143245"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: David Byrne, musician, author\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 13 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/interview-david-byrne-musician-author-1-2514846","url_text":"\"Interview: David Byrne, musician, author\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Kun, Josh (October 2012). \"CSI: David Byrne\". The American Prospect. Retrieved 13 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Kun","url_text":"Kun, Josh"},{"url":"http://prospect.org/article/csi-david-byrne","url_text":"\"CSI: David Byrne\""}]},{"reference":"Molleson, Kate (29 August 2014). \"Harry Partch – how Heiner Goebbels bought Delusion of the Fury to Edinburgh\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/aug/29/harry-partch-delusion-of-the-fury-heiner-goebbels-edinburgh","url_text":"\"Harry Partch – how Heiner Goebbels bought Delusion of the Fury to Edinburgh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Salmon, Will (1983). \"The Influence of Noh on Harry Partch's Delusion of the Fury\". Perspectives of New Music. 22 (1/2): 233–245. doi:10.2307/832944. JSTOR 832944.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music","url_text":"Perspectives of New Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F832944","url_text":"10.2307/832944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/832944","url_text":"832944"}]},{"reference":"Robin, William (6 May 2011). \"An Operatic Conundrum Untangled\". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/08/arts/music/sonntag-by-karlheinz-stockhausen-in-cologne.html","url_text":"\"An Operatic Conundrum Untangled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jack (26 February 2010). \"The Week Ahead Feb. 28 – March 6\". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Anderson_(dance_critic)","url_text":"Anderson, Jack"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/arts/28weekahead_web.html","url_text":"\"The Week Ahead Feb. 28 – March 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Xenakis & Japan\". Electronic Music Foundation. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 14 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234835/http://www.emf.org/emfproductions/pastevents0910/xenakis%26japan.html","url_text":"\"Xenakis & Japan\""},{"url":"http://www.emf.org/emfproductions/pastevents0910/xenakis&japan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Mae J. Smethurst | University of Pittsburgh Japan Studies\". www.japanstudies.pitt.edu. Retrieved 2023-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japanstudies.pitt.edu/remembering-mae-j-smethurst","url_text":"\"Remembering Mae J. Smethurst | University of Pittsburgh Japan Studies\""}]},{"reference":"Smethurst, Mae J. (2013). Dramatic Action in Greek Tragedy and Noh: Reading with and Beyond Aristotle. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. ix. ISBN 978-0-7391-7242-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G5Lk24q7c1oC&dq=Akiko+Kiso&pg=PR9","url_text":"Dramatic Action in Greek Tragedy and Noh: Reading with and Beyond Aristotle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7242-1","url_text":"978-0-7391-7242-1"}]},{"reference":"Sekine, Masaru; Murray, Christopher (1990). Yeats and the Noh: A Comparative Study. Rl Innactive Titles.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Albright, Daniel (1985). \"Pound, Yeats, and the Noh Theater\". The Iowa Review. 15 (2): 34–50. doi:10.17077/0021-065X.3210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Albright","url_text":"Albright, Daniel"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17077%2F0021-065X.3210","url_text":"\"Pound, Yeats, and the Noh Theater\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iowa_Review","url_text":"The Iowa Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17077%2F0021-065X.3210","url_text":"10.17077/0021-065X.3210"}]},{"reference":"\"Noh Theater Search\". The Nohgaku Performers Association. Retrieved 14 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nohgaku.or.jp/hall/index.html","url_text":"\"Noh Theater Search\""}]},{"reference":"Yasuda, Noboru (2021). Noh as Living Art: Inside Japan's Oldest Theatrical Tradition (First English ed.). Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. ISBN 978-4-86658-178-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpicinternational.com/books/culture/157ae25a4502286cd2eab0b0af23dbfb769cee2f.html","url_text":"Noh as Living Art: Inside Japan's Oldest Theatrical Tradition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86658-178-1","url_text":"978-4-86658-178-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Noh & Kyogen\". Japan Arts Council.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/noh/en/index.html","url_text":"\"Noh & Kyogen\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia
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David IV
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["1 Sobriquet and regnal ordinal","2 Family background and early life","3 Accession to the throne","4 Revival of the Georgian State","4.1 The end of the Turkish ravages","4.2 Relations with the Byzantine Empire","4.3 David IV and nobles","4.4 Conquest of Kakheti-Hereti","4.5 Domestic reforms","5 Military campaigns","5.1 The reconquest of lost territories","5.2 Negotiations with the North Caucasus","5.3 Battles to drive out the Turks","5.3.1 Battle of Didgori","5.4 Relations with the Middle East","6 Last years","6.1 Liberation of Tbilisi","6.2 Conquest of Shirvan","6.3 Georgian power on Caucasus","6.4 Death and burial","6.4.1 Death","6.4.2 Burial","7 Personal life","8 Family","8.1 Marriages","8.2 Childrens","9 Legacy","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References","13 Sources","14 Further reading"]
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King of Georgia from 1089 to 1125
For other people named David IV, see David IV (disambiguation).
David IV the Builder დავით IV აღმაშენებელიKing of Kings of GeorgiaDavid IV on 12th century icon at Saint Catherine's MonasteryKing of Georgia (more...) Reign1089–1125PredecessorGeorge IISuccessorDemetrius IBorn1073KutaisiDied1125(1125-00-00) (aged 51–52)TbilisiBurialGelati MonasterySpouseRusudan of ArmeniaGurandukht IssueAmong othersDemetrius I of GeorgiaDynastyBagrationiFatherGeorge II of GeorgiaMotherElene ReligionGeorgian Orthodox ChurchKhelrtva
David IV, also known as David IV the Builder (Georgian: დავით IV აღმაშენებელი, romanized: davit IV aghmashenebeli) (1073–1125), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the 5th king (mepe) of the Kingdom of Georgia from 1089 until his death in 1125.
Popularly considered to be the greatest and most successful Georgian ruler in history and an original architect of the Georgian Golden Age, he succeeded in driving the Seljuk Turks out of the country, winning the Battle of Didgori in 1121. His reforms of the army and administration enabled him to reunite the country and bring most of the lands of the Caucasus under Georgia's control. A friend of the Church and a notable promoter of Christian culture, he was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church.
Sobriquet and regnal ordinal
The epithet aghmashenebeli (აღმაშენებელი), which is translated as "the Builder" (in the sense of "built completely"), "the Rebuilder", or "the Restorer", first appears as the sobriquet of David in the charter issued in the name of "King of Kings Bagrat" in 1452 and becomes firmly affixed to him in the works of the 17th- and 18th-century historians such as Parsadan Gorgijanidze, Beri Egnatashvili and Prince Vakhushti. Epigraphic data also provide evidence for the early use of David's other epithet, "the Great" (დიდი, didi).
Retrospectively, David the Builder has been variously referred to as David II, III, and IV, reflecting substantial variation in the ordinals assigned to the Georgian Bagratids, especially in the early period of their history, owing to the fact that the numbering of successive rulers moves between the many branches of the family. Scholars in Georgia favor David IV, his namesake predecessors being: David I Kouropalates (died 881), David II Magistros (died 937), and David III Kuropalates (died 1001), all members of the principal line of the Bagrationi dynasty.
Family background and early life
David IV with his court. Le Roman de Troie by Benoît de Sainte-Maure. David shown on the right dressed in a robe, wearing a crown.
Main article: Family of David IV of Georgia
The year of David's birth can be calculated from the date of his accession to the throne recorded in the Life of King of Kings David (ცხორებაჲ მეფეთ-მეფისა დავითისი), written c. 1123–1126, as k'oronikon (Paschal cycle) 309, that is, 1089, when he was 16 years old. Thus, he would have been born in k'oronikon 293 or 294, that is, c. 1073. According to the same source, he died in k'oronikon 345, when he would have been in his 52nd or 53rd year. Professor Cyril Toumanoff gives 1070 and 24 January 1125 as the dates for David.
According to the Life of King of Kings David (ცხორებაჲ მეფეთ-მეფისა დავითისი), written c. 1123–1126, David was the only son of King George II of Georgia (r. 1072–1089). The contemporaneous Armenian chronicler Matthew of Edessa mentions David's brother Totorme. The latter, according to the modern historian Robert W. Thomson, was his sister. The name of David's mother, Elene, is recorded in a margin note in the Gospel of Matthew from the Tskarostavi monastery; she is otherwise unattested. David bore the name of the biblical king-prophet, whose 78th descendant he was claimed to be.
Through his father, David had ancestors among the most prominent dynasties of the Caucasus. David's grandfather was King Bagrat IV of Georgia and his grandmother was an Alan princess Borena. Besides he had in-law relations with the Byzantine Empire. David's paternal aunt Marta-Maria was a consort of the successive Byzantine Emperors Michael VII Doukas and Nikephoros III Botaneiates.
David's father, George II, was confronted by a major threat to the kingdom of Georgia. The country was invaded by the Seljuk Turks, which were part of the same wave which had overrun Anatolia, defeating the Byzantine Empire and taking captive the emperor Romanos IV Diogenes at the battle of Manzikert in 1071. In what the medieval Georgian chronicle refers to as didi turkoba, "the Great Turkish Invasion", several provinces of Georgia became depopulated and George was forced to sue for peace, becoming a tributary of the sultan Malik-Shah I in 1083 when David was 10. The great noble houses of Georgia, capitalizing on the vacillating character of the king, sought to assert more autonomy for themselves; Tbilisi, the ancient capital of Kartli, remained in the hands of its Muslim rulers, and a local dynasty, for a time suppressed by George's energetic father Bagrat IV, maintained its precarious independence in the eastern region of Kakheti under the Seljuq suzerainty.
Accession to the throne
Reconstruction of David the Builder's personal banner
David grew up in times of war and desolation, due to the ravages of the Seljuks and his father's numerous defeats against these invaders. Faced with such a situation, significant opposition arose against King George II and led to a change of power for the benefit of young David; George of Chqondidi would have been one of these opponents.
The Life of King of Kings David does not recount the details of the transfer of power between George II and his son. Nodar Asatiani describes the event as a “palace revolution” involving several dignitaries in 1089. Other historians speak rather of pressure on the Georgian king with a view to his abdication instead of a coup d'état. The contemporary chronicler of David IV limits himself to mentioning the change of power as a coronation of the young prince by his father, which pushes certain historians like Cyril Toumanoff to suggest a co-reign between George II and David IV, at least until 1112, while frescoes found in the Ateni Sioni Church represent him in monk's clothing, which would mean that his abdication was forced. The historical tradition founded by Prince Vakhushti in the 18th century and followed by Marie-Félicité Brosset in the 19th states that David succeeded George upon his death, a number of surviving documents suggest that George died around 1112, and that although he retained the royal title until his death, he played no significant political role, real power having passed on to David. Moreover, David himself had been a co-ruler with his father sometime before his becoming a king-regant in 1089; a document of 1085 mentions David as "king and sebastos", the latter being a Byzantine title.
The arrival to power of David IV was welcomed by several factions of the country as a liberating sign of the Kingdom of Georgia, suffering politically, economically, culturally and even religiously.
Revival of the Georgian State
Having become King at the age of 16, the young David IV found himself at the head of a kingdom having lost a large part of its initial territories of 1010. The Kingdom of Georgia, extending at the beginning of the 11th century from Shirvan to the eastern coast of the Black Sea, is now limited to Abkhazia and Kartli. The seasonal devastation caused by Turkish raids since the 1080s constituted an economic danger for the country, which was forced to recognize itself as a vassal of Seljuk Empire and pay tribute to the invaders. Internally, the foundations of the Georgian state, based on orthodoxy and central royal power, are being undermined, bringing a supposedly unified kingdom to the brink of destruction. Several historians compare the task of the young sovereign to that of David III of Tao and Ivane Marushisdze, the princes who unified the Georgian realm.
The end of the Turkish ravages
A map showing the Great Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malik-Shah I in 1092.
The first step taken by David IV to restore the Georgian economy was the cessation of Turkish raids into Georgia. Since 1080 and the capture of Kutaisi by Emir Ahmed, the kingdom of Georgia was forced to accept Seljuk suzerainty and pay an annual tribute. Despite these measures, however, the Muslims did not stop their seasonal devastation and several Turkish nomadic tribes established themselves in Georgia at the expense of the Georgian population, causing the collapse of the local feudal system. Contemporary historiography reports that at the advent of David the Builder, inland Georgia no longer had a rural population, the inhabitants all having taken refuge in local citadels.
To expel the Turks from his territories, King David begins by reorganizing an army whose morale is at its lowest due to its numerous defeats; he then formed several small military detachments composed of the lower nobility and peasants coming from the royal domains. Soon, dozens of such detachments were created and a new strategy, consisting of surprise attacks on Muslim settlements, was developed. In some time, the monarch managed not only to stop the Seljuk incursions, but at the same time attacked the Turkoman nomads.
An armistice is soon established between the Georgians and the Turks. Under the terms of the treaty, David IV agreed to honestly pay the tribute established under his father's reign in exchange for a total cessation of Seljuk raids. This did not, however, stop certain Turks, whose troops were massacred by Georgian units, while the Turkomans established in the countryside were gradually expelled from the country, allowing the Georgians to return to their villages. Little by little, the conditions of local social life improve, reviving the national economy and increasing the population. By 1099 David IV's power was considerable enough that he was able to refuse paying tribute to the Turks.
Relations with the Byzantine Empire
12th century icon of Saint George and David IV at Saint Catherine's Monastery.
Since the creation of the Kingdom of Georgia and its beginnings as a regional power in the Caucasus during the reign of Bagrat III (1010-1014), the Byzantine Empire and Georgia have repeatedly clashed both diplomatically and militarily, particularly regarding the province of Tao-Klarjeti. In this context, in addition to several wars between the two countries, each of these states interferes in the internal affairs of the other by openly or secretly supporting candidates for the throne, usurpers or, in the case of the Byzantine strategy, nobles recalcitrant against the power of the king.
Despite several peace proposals over the years, it was not until the Battle of Manzikert (1071) between the Byzantines and the Seljuk Empire that Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Georgia joined forces against the Seljuks. But this alliance could hardly be felt politically due to the considerable weakening of the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuks, to whom Georgia had to submit. The liberation from Turkish suzerainty over the Caucasus in the 1190s, however, changed events and led David IV to pursue a new policy against Byzantium. This mixes closer cooperation, while putting itself on the same political level as the empire and opposing the Byzantines on certain subjects.
This is how bilateral relations resumed with the agreement between Byzantine Empire and David IV, according to which the noble rebels against the Georgian king were sent to prison in Greece. At the same time, David definitively renounced Byzantium's political influence in Georgia by denying the Byzantine title of panhypersebastos, a distinction created by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081-1118) for the family's closest allies. Additionally, the Georgian monarch decided to support the rebel Theodore Gabras, who attempted to establish an independent state in Trebizond in 1091 and was married to David IV's aunt, Mariam. Finally, from the reign of David the Builder, Byzantine Empire and Kingdom of Georgia clashed spiritually, with King David taking the title "ruler of the East and the West", thus claiming to have greater influence than Byzantium in Orthodoxy.
Despite these signs, relations between Byzantium and Georgia also reached good levels. Thus, the marriage of David IV's daughter, Kata, to an imperial prince in 1116 is particularly notable. Some Georgian historians also note the assistance provided by Georgian agents accompanying Princess Kata's retinue in John II Komnenos' takeover in 1118. This is why from the beginning of the reign of John II, relations between the two countries improved considerably and the Georgian Chronicles nicknamed the two monarchs “brothers”. And, despite the competition in the religious field, the Byzantines and the Georgians cooperated culturally for a certain period and we can thus see religious buildings constructed by bilateral efforts, such as the major renovation of the Mokvi Cathedral (Abkhazia).
David IV and nobles
A copper coin of King David IV of Georgia
After putting an end to Turkish incursions and reestablishing the traditional feudal system, David IV decided to strengthen central power before embarking on more important projects. Indeed, just after the recovery of the Georgian economy, a large part of the nobility, including duke Liparit V of Kldekari and Prince Niania Cakhaberisdze, pledged allegiance to the king. This act then represents a remarkable change in the face of the reactions of noble society towards previous kings, but remains ephemeral.
In 1093, Liparit V, possibly converted to Islam, organized a plot against David. He was informed of this and reacted by imprisoning the eristavi to make him a “wise man”, according to the Georgian Chronicles. Two years later, he was released on bond and resettled in his estates of Trialeti and Kldekari. However, the noble does not abandon his plans against his overlord and begins plotting against Georgian kingdom again. Having once again learned of such an event, David IV decided to act more usefully and imprisoned him again until 1098, before permanently exiling him to Byzantine Empire. After the death of Liparit's son Rati, David abolished their duchy of Kldekari in 1103.
Liparit is not the only great noble to have suffered the consequences of the king's plans. Several others, notably Dzagan Abuletisdze, were similarly severely punished after rebellions, and their domains added to the royal estates. Thus, David takes important initiatives to strengthen his power. He also dismissed the dignitaries chosen by his predecessors because of their titles and replaced them with loyal advisors generally from the lower nobility.
Conquest of Kakheti-Hereti
King David IV by Mikhail Sabinin
After reducing the power of the great rulers, King David IV decided to complete national unity. To achieve this, he had to reunite western Georgia with the rest of the country. Indeed, the Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti had declared its independence during the reign of George I (r. 1014-1027), thus depriving Georgia of a large part of its territories. Realising that only war could help him in his plans, the king launched a short attack against King Kvirike IV (r. 1084-1102) and succeeded in capturing the fortress of Zedazeni, north of Mtskheta, in 1101.
Kvirike IV died a year later and was succeeded on the throne by his nephew Aghsartan II, who is said to have been "the complete opposite of his paternal uncle". A convert to Islam, he declared himself a vassal of the Seljuk Empire to avoid another Georgian attack. However, he could not foresee the discontent of the nobility in his own country, who were unhappy with their sovereign's change of religion. In 1104, a plot led by the Heretian nobles Arishiani, Baram and their uncle Kavtar Baramisdze dethroned Aghsartan II and handed him over to David IV, who then had no need to resort to arms, as every Kakhetians citadel and fortress capitulated to the approaching Georgian forces. Once the two new provinces had been integrated into the kingdom, the king appointed Arishiani as the governor of the region.
The Seljuks, who still considered the Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti to be their vassal, were not resigned to another defeat at the hands of the Georgians. The death of Sultan Malik-Shah I and the Pope's call to the Crusade against the Turks had already enabled David IV to challenge Muslim vassalage by ceasing to pay the annual tribute introduced in 1080. Thus, the Atabeg of Ganja declared war on Georgia and fought a decisive battle at the Battle of Ertsukhi. The Seljuk army was annihilated by the Georgian troops, personally led by David IV, whose exploits are recounted in the Georgian Chronicles. His chronicler compares the bravery of David IV to the biblical David and reports the ferocity of his blows. Three of his horses died during the battle, but the monarch, mounted on his fourth horse, succeeded in drawing with his sword "a thickened and congealed mass of blood".
Domestic reforms
After restoring the unity of the Kingdom of Georgia, David IV began to reform the internal state again. For this purpose, in 1103(or 1105) he convened a council of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia in the cathedrals of Ruisi and Urbnisi. Indeed, for decades of devastation and war, the Orthodox Church had lost its traditional values and suffered from numerous ills such as corruption or the hereditary transmission of high religious functions. Inspired by the ideas of the 11th century monk George the Hagiorite, the king and his advisor George of Chqondidi aligned themselves with the demands of the majority of his subjects to defeat the reactionary part of the ecclesiastical class and replace the subjects dishonest by virtuous priests. The Council of Ruisi-Urbnisi, led only indirectly by David IV who, as a secular sovereign, could not take part in the internal affairs of the Church, adopted resolutions reflecting the will of the pious party. This act is considered a major event in Georgian history. Indeed, not only did the council deprive the nobility fighting against the central power of an influential ally, the Church, but it also spiritually purified the kingdom and greatly contributed to the national consolidation of a country whose national identity is mainly based on Christianity.
Another consequence of ecclesiastical reform was the de facto subordination of the Church to the State. However, the king had to ensure this by taking further steps towards reform. Thus, David IV decided to centre this plan around the function of a single man: the Mtsignobartukhutsesi. This position, equivalent to the dignity of chancellor, had existed for a long time in the Georgian royal court and had always been held by monks, to avoid a hereditary transfer of power. The reform of David IV thus combined the Mtsignobartukhutsesi with the bishopric of Chkondidi, the main religious entity in Georgia after the Catholicos-Patriarch, and created the new position of Mtsignobartukhutsesi-Chkondideli, i.e. the first person in the kingdom after the king and the first person in the Church after the Catholicos-Patriarch. George of Chqondidi, the monarch's political adviser, was thus confirmed in his position, and his successors to the episcopal see were also appointed viziers at the royal court. Other officials reporting to the king were also appointed to head each branch of the administration. Thus, from the reign of David IV, there was a Mandaturtukhutsesi, or minister of the interior, an Amirspasalar, the head of the military administration, and a Mechurchletukhutsesi, the minister of finance and administrator of the kingdom's cities.
The king's reforms did not stop at the country's administrative system. At the same time, he set up the darbazi (High Council of State), which included the highest dignitaries of the Church, such as the Catholicos-Patriarch and the superiors of the major monasteries, and the Saadjo kari (literally, "Court of Petitions"), a kind of Supreme Court headed by the Mtsignobartukhutsesi-Chkondideli to "defend the oppressed and humiliated" and to which the king personally came to dispense justice. Finally, the king's reforms ended with a change in the military establishment.
Under Kings Bagrat IV and George II, the general decline in the economy had been accompanied by a significant fall in the population and an increase in the arbitrariness of the great feudal lords, leading to a deterioration in the quality of the Georgian army by undermining the discipline of the troops. David IV, considering the future wars he would have to wage against the Muslims, therefore decided to use the military organisation of the Seljuk Turks as a basis for reforming his own army. David IV began by gathering together his most loyal warriors to form a personal guard, the monaspa, which was entirely and directly dependent on the king. In addition, the feudal militias were abolished, once again reinforcing central power. In addition to these measures, the king divided the army into two other fundamental parts: one consisting of garrisons charged with protecting towns and fortresses, and the other making up the basic army that "campaigned constantly, both in winter and summer". Troop discipline was also ensured through humiliation for cowardice and rewards for heroism. What's more, as the economy recovered, the Georgian population grew and the royal authorities were able to mobilise on a larger scale.
Military campaigns
The reconquest of lost territories
Expansion of Kingdom of Georgia under David IV's reign.
In 1110 the Georgians led by George of Chqondidi, his nephew Theodore, Abuleti and Ivane Orbeli, retaliated against the Seljuk settlement and recaptured the town of Samshvilde, which was added to the royal domains, without a major battle. Following this capture, the Seljuks left a large part of their occupied territories, allowing Georgian troops to capture Dzerna .
Responding to this double defeat, Sultan Muhammad I Tapar in 1110, sent a large army of 200,000 or 100,000 (or only 10,000 according to the Armenian version of the Georgian Chronicles) soldiers with the aim of invading Georgia. Knowing of the approach of Turkish troops, David IV left his home at Nacharmagevi with a personal guard of only 1,500 men and set out to meet the invaders during the night. The two armies, clearly unequal, clashed the next day at the Battle of Trialeti in a hard fight which ended in a decisive victory for Georgia. The Georgian Chronicles relate that, not believing in such a simple victory, the king remained there until the next day, waiting for a new Seljuk response, and only then realized the Seljuk defeat.
The Battle of Trialeti deprived the Seljuk Empire of the opportunity to conduct a major military campaign against Georgia for several years, and for the next 11 years, until the Battle of Didgori the Seljuks did not organized a campaign against Georgia. In 1110-1114, David IV did not conduct active military operations either. In 1115 while David IV was in Mukhrani, George of Chqondidi who commanded the Georgian forces captured Rustavi, one of the strong Seljuk strongholds in southern Georgia.
In February 1116 by the order of the king, the army of Kartli and Meskhetians were gathered at Klarjeti, David suddenly attacked and destroyed the Turks in Tao and captured Tao-Klarjeti and the numerous riches left by the Turks.
In 1117 David Captured the Gishi. Also in 1117 David sent his son, Prince Demetrius to Shirvan to fight, and the young commander astonished the people with his deftness in battle. Demetrius seized Kaladzori Castle and returned home with many captives and much wealth.
in 1118 Beshken II Jaqeli a Georgian nobleman who ruled the Javakheti was killed by the Seljuks in Javakheti, David heard from Nakhiduri the story of the Seljuks invasion of Javakheti and killing of Beshken Jaqeli. David refused to listen to his nobles' advice to retreat and managed to avenge Beshken's death by defeating the Seljuks at the Battle of Rakhsi and massacred the Seljuk garrisons on Araxes in April 1118.
The successes of the reforming sovereign did not end there. Indeed, still in 1118, the Armenian fortress of Lori and Agarak were captured by David IV, inaugurating the beginning of the conquest of Armenia by medieval Georgia, while the region of Agarani was recovered in July of the same year, after a single day of combat. Bagrat IV, David's grandfather, had taken three months to capture Agarani in the previous century. It was after this victory at Agarani that David IV and George of Chqondidi went to North Caucasus, understanding that despite the encouraging signs of a total defeat of the Seljuk forces, the Georgian army must be considerably reinforced to achieve this goal. The royal administration, now led by Simon of Chqondidi since the death of George, devoted the year 1119 exclusively to establishing a new strategy against the Turks, while establishing the Kipchak mercenaries on Georgian territory, before launching a new offensive as early as the beginning of 1120.
Negotiations with the North Caucasus
The foreign relations led by King David the Builder are exclusively devoted to the liberation of the Kingdom of Georgia and, in this way, remain focused on the Georgian–Seljuk wars. However, David IV soon understood that the Seljuk Empire remained a permanent threat to his kingdom as long as the security of the Caucasus against Muslim invaders was not assured. To this end, the monarch developed a plan aimed at the unification of the Caucasian peoples under his scepter. Assisted by his closest advisors, the Georgian sovereign began by establishing solid relations with the numerous tribes of North Caucasus and beyond the Greater Caucasus.
Already shortly after his divorce in 1107/1108 from the Armenian princess Rusudan, David IV married the daughter of the Kipchak khan Otrok, who was soon baptized under the name Gurandukht. However, this alliance did not last and no sign of bilateral relations appeared during the following decade. But soon, as Georgia began its new campaigns against the Seljuks, the king did not hesitate to appeal to his father-in-law for military aid. Indeed, the Kipchaks were then renowned in the region for their bravery, agility and ferocity in combat, but were also caught in a conflict on two fronts, one being against Kievan Rus' to the north and the other against the Alans to the south. David therefore offers khan Otrok assistance against these two enemies in exchange for Kipchak support against the Turks and decides to go to the domains of this khan.
Accompanied by his faithful advisor George of Chqondidi and his personal guard, David IV crossed the Greater Caucasus via the Darial Gorge in 1118. After significant negotiations, the Georgians managed to convince Otrok to donate several thousand Kipchak troops to fight against the Seljuks. But despite this agreement, the Kipchaks were unable to reach Georgia due to the war against the Alans. The latter not letting David IV return to his kingdom with the reinforcements, the Georgian monarch personally led a campaign against Alania, quickly took all the fortresses of the country and forced the Alans to swear allegiance to him. Taking both Ossetian and Kipchak hostages, he managed to negotiate a lasting peace between the two peoples and returned to the kingdom of Georgia with nearly 40,000 Kipchak families (nearly 200,000 individuals), led by Otrok, after having recovered and secured the fortresses of the Greater Caucasus, but leaving behind George of Chqondidi, who died during the negotiations in Alania.
Old Avar crosses with Avar inscriptions in Asomtavruli script.
The numerous Kipchak families settled in colonial settlements in interior Kartli, where a large part of the Georgian population had been exterminated by the Seljuks, but also in Hereti and in the north of Georgian Armenia, in the aim of strengthening borders. They are also accompanied by Alanian, miserly and Kurdish mercenaries. Soon, they adopted Christianity, learned the Georgian language, changed their nomadic habits and settled down, and gradually mixed with the Georgians. The central power then asked each family to provide at least one soldier to the Georgian army. However, the Kipchaks, who are hardly accustomed to a sedentary life and loyal to a single character, find themselves in a new landscape which they take to be hostile. This is how, until his death, David IV survived several assassination attempts and coups organized by certain Kipchak groups. But this hardly changes the situation of the new arrivals and thanks to these negotiations, the reform of the army is completed and the Georgian troops now number nearly 60,000 men.
In addition to this alliance between the Kipchaks and Georgia, David the Builder maintained deeper relations with other North Caucasian peoples. He created a sphere of cultural influence in the Nort Caucasus, established Orthodoxy there by sponsoring the construction of Georgian churches among local peoples, and developed the economies of these peoples by participating in the founding of urban communities and the introduction of the system feudal Georgian in the region. Moreover, Georgian culture became an integral part of local organized societies, with Georgian and social terminologies of Georgian origin being introduced. Politically, David IV decided to strengthen the influence of his kingdom in the North Caucasus by making regional sovereigns his vassals and by controlling the routes leading from South Caucasus to North Caucasus via the Greater Caucasus mountain range. Thus, he fortified the passages of Darial and established Georgian counters on the road leading to Derbent, whose sovereign swore allegiance to the king of Georgia.
Battles to drive out the Turks
Georgia at the end of the reign of King David IV.
In 1120 David got into the habit of going to Abkhazia and the Seljuks were wintering near the banks of Mtkvari. David first moved to Geguti, and from there to Khupati. The Seljuks found out how far it was, they camped at Botora. The Seljuks set up camps to spend the winter. On February 14, David suddenly attacked the Seljuks and completely destroyed them at the Battle of Botora. Only a few of them managed to get on their horses and run away. In the battle the Georgians captured many Seljuks and gained a lot of booty.
Only two months later, David IV again led his troops to intervene in Shirvan: after capturing the city of Qabala and returning to Georgia with large loads of gold, he returned to the region on May 7, 1120 and ravaged the country from Arbia-lizhatat to Khishtalanti and Kurdevan. At the same time, David IV managed to convince his vassal of Derbent to invade Shirvan and a war between the two parties soon broke out. In November, the Derbentians killed Shirvanshah Afridun I in combat, giving the king of Georgia the opportunity to place his own son-in-law and vassal, Manuchihr III, in Shirvan. At the same time, David the Builder led short but effective campaigns in the southeast and notably took the Turkish bastions of Arsharunik and Sevgelamej.
Taking advantage of the climatic conditions which had until then worked against them, the Turks in turn organized a large-scale offensive against Georgia in winter 1120-1121. Indeed, at that time, David IV resided in Abkhazia in his winter home and the Turkish strategy therefore lay in a rapid invasion of central and eastern Georgia. Soon, Seljuk forces occupied much of Kartli, as far as the Greater Caucasus. However, King David, having learned of the situation in the rest of his kingdom, rushed out of Abkhazia and ordered his soldiers to dig a passage through Likhi Range, then impassable and thus separating eastern Georgia from its part Western. The Georgian troops attacked Khunan and engaged in bloody combat until the spring, and all the Turkish forces were expelled or massacred in March 1121.
But the Seljuks did not stop there. Knowing that the flooding of the Mtkvari made crossing the river almost impossible at this time of year, the Seljuks soon returned to their positions south of the river and occupied Barda. But once again, David IV, accompanied by a personal guard of Kipchaks, crossed the river towards Khunan and organized military incursions against the Turks stationed at Barda and Arabia in June. The Muslims, according to Georgian historiography, were then “reduced to the brink” by a long series of costly defeats for more than ten years.
Battle of Didgori
fresco of King David the Builder, Shio-Mghvime monastery.
Didgori Monument
Shortly after the double defeat of Barda and Arabia, the Turkish settlers of South Caucasus and the Muslim merchants of Ganja, Tbilisi and Dmanisi sent representatives to the Seljuk Sultan of Iraq Mahmud II (r. 1118-1131), formally requesting military support against the Georgian forces. The Muslim monarch, fed up with the victories won by an increasingly powerful Christian kingdom while the Crusaders already found themselves powerful enemies of the Turks in the west, then declared jihad (holy war of Islam) against Georgia and unifies a large Turkish army with detachments formed by the Seljuks of Turks coming from all over the Middle East (from Damascus and Aleppo to Caucasus) with: Tughril a Seljuk cadet who governs Azerbaijan and Arran from Nakhchivan, Arab forces of the Mazyadid emir Dubays ibn Sadaka, troops led by Najm ad-Din Ilghazi ibn Artuq from Aleppo, and garrisons from Ganja and Armenia, with the aim of invade the Kingdom of Georgia. Mahmud II also appointed General Ilghazi, famous for his battles against the Europeans in the Holy Land and having concluded a temporary truce with the crusading Latins, as commander of these massive Muslim troops, whose numbers rose, d 'according to the sources, from 200,000 to 400,000 or even 600,000 soldiers.
Having learned of the declaration of jihad by Mahmud II, David IV understood that the defeat of such an army would lead to the total liberation of the Caucasus and, therefore, the completion of the political goal of the Georgian ruler. In turn, he assembled a large army, composed of 40,000 Georgians, 15,000 Kipchaks and 5,000 Alans (60,000 troops in total), to which was added a detachment of 200 to 1,000 Crusaders from Western Europe. The king decided to let the Turks penetrate into Georgia proper, with the idea of benefiting from the local geography, and finally intercepted the enemy on the roads linking Trialeti to interior Kartli. The two armies met near the town of Manglisi, at the foot of Mount Didgori, on August 12, 1121.
According to the French knight and historian Walter the Chancellor, before heading off to battle, King David inspired his army with these words:
“Soldiers of Christ! If we fight bravely for our Faith, we will defeat not only the devil’s servants, but the devil himself. We will gain the greatest weapon of spiritual warfare when we make a covenant with the Almighty God and vow that we would rather die for His love than escape from the enemy. And if any one of us should wish to retreat, let us take branches and block the entrance to the gorge to prevent this. When the enemy approaches, let us attack fiercely!”
The king personally launches the attack, rushing his troops towards the attackers with a ferocity comparable to that of a "rambling monster". From the first attack, the Muslims were forced to retreat despite their numerical superiority, allowing the Georgians to multiply such attacks. Soon, these maneuvers bring the enemy to such a degree of excitement and disorientation that they make him lose composure. At this moment, David IV launched a new attack, which turned into a coup de grace for the Muslim allies on the battlefield: suddenly, the vigor of the enemy army collapsed in the middle of the fight. The genius of Georgian strategy then defeated the power of numbers, bringing a decisive defeat to the Seljuk Empire and its influence in the Caucasus. Testimonies report in various chronicles, both Christian and Muslim, that Saint George personally led the Georgian forces against the invader. Among the many commanders of the invading troops, only General Ilghazi and his son-in-law Dubays managed to escape. This victory at the Battle of Didgori had an important repercussion on the fate of the Crusades, whose leaders were then seeking crucial aid against the Turks, and stories, sometimes exaggerated, of Didgori's victory were told in the royal courts of the West as a new hope against Muslim power.
Relations with the Middle East
Besides Europe, David IV established relations with the Middle East. This is how he maintained close relations with the Crusader forces, and in particular with King Baldwin I of Jerusalem (r. 1100-1118), with whom he exchanged numerous gifts as a sign of support. In addition, as stated above, a battalion of Latins composed of 200 to 1,000 men participated during the Battle of Didgori. Some sources also speak of the participation of Georgian auxiliary forces during the Siege of Jerusalem in 1099. The historian Prince Ioane of Georgia even reports a secret visit by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem to the Georgian royal court. The existence of a powerful Kingdom of Georgia is also felt in the Arab world, where the Georgian monarch's kindness to his Muslim subjects and his knowledge of the Quran are renowned. A coin with the Arabic inscription “King of Kings David, the Sword of the Messiah” then circulated throughout the Middle East.
Last years
Liberation of Tbilisi
David the Builder. A 16th-century fresco from the Gelati Monastery.
The defeat of the Seljuk Empire at the Battle of Didgori in August 1121 allowed David IV to liberate the Caucasus from Muslim domination dating back several centuries. Georgia's enemies found themselves decisively defeated, preventing them from retaliating against the northern Christian advance, while the Crusades raged in the west of the Turkic world. However, there remains a last Islamic enclave within the Georgian kingdom, an enclave having lost all relations with other Muslim states since the start of King David's conquests. This corresponds to the Emirate of Tbilisi, which had been occupied by the Arabs for almost five centuries, and contains the regions of Tbilisi and Dmanisi.
Already in June 1121, David IV had put the city of Tbilisi under siege but was content with a formal allegiance with an annual tribute, in view of the upcoming war against the Turkish invaders. Once the Seljuks were defeated, the sovereign focused on the capture of Tbilisi from the beginning of 1122. After a short siege, the king, probably accompanied by general Ivane Orbeli, managed to take the city in February and enters it to rid it of the Muslim elite. According to Arab historiography, David IV carried out a pillage on the first day of the conquest, devastating the mosques and other signs of the Islamization of the Georgian city, but soon calmed down. and, in the words of the 15th-century Arab historian Badr al-Din al-Ayni, "respected the feelings of Muslims more than Muslim rulers had done before."
Following the capture of the city, the king transferred the capital from Kutaisi to Tbilisi, thus restoring the latter to the status it had before the Arab conquest of the 7th century. The recovery of Tbilisi guarantees a cultural renewal in the city, whose Christian religious buildings are being enlarged. David the Builder also built several noble palaces and cultural centers, such as an important palace built especially to serve as a place of study and inspiration for Muslim poets. However, the situation in the city has not calmed down. During the following years, several bloody clashes between Muslims and Christians occurred, and even the royal power failed to calm inter-religious dissensions. At the same time, David IV decided to preserve some of the institutions of the former emirate of Tbilisi. Thus, the post of emir was retained, but as governor of the city, until the 18th century.
Despite this conquest, the Muslim enclave, whose territory was greatly reduced following the loss of its administrative center, persisted in the middle of the Georgian kingdom. David IV finally decides to put an end to the existence of this State, just after having “settled the affairs of the country”. In March 1124, he managed to attack the last Muslim stronghold in Georgia, Dmanisi, which he took after a short fight, thus completing the unification of Georgia.
Conquest of Shirvan
The resumption of Tbilisi by David the Builder ebuilder therefore established the kingdom of Georgia as the supreme protector of Christianity in the Caucasus and the Georgians now tried to assert their domination by trying to reduce the Muslim presence in the same region, this one being considered an ally of the Seljuk Empire. This is the case with Shirvan, whose sovereign, already defeated several times by Georgian troops, remained too independent of Georgian power and was forcibly replaced by a son-in-law of David IV, Manuchihr III, in 1120. The Turks, alarmed by the situation in Caucasus, then decided to respond militarily.
Sultan Mahmud II soon resumed the war against Georgia, despite his defeat at the Battle of Didgori a year earlier. In November 1122, he began his invasion of Shirvan and captured Tabriz, before reaching the local capital, Shamakhi, the following spring. Mahmud then captured the regional sovereign Manuchihr III and sent a letter to the king of the Georgians saying: "You are the king of the forests, and you never go down to the plains. Now I have taken Shirvanshah and I demand Kharaj from him. If you wish, send me suitable presents; if not, come and see me in all haste.
Following this provocation, the Christian monarch called in all his troops and assembled an army of 50,000 men, most of them Kipchaks. The Seljuk sultan locked himself in Shamakhi after learning of the arrival of the Georgian troops, prompting David IV to halt his advance, deeming it disrespectful to pursue a retreating army. Mahmud II then offered the king the opportunity to regain control of his vassal province if he would let him leave in peace, but the monarch categorically refused and resumed his march towards the Shirvan capital after defeating an army of 4,000 Seljuks led by the Atabeg of Arran. Once he had laid siege to Shamakhi, the Seljuk left the city in a hurry via the commune's excrement drainage system.
In June 1123, a month after the defeat of the Seljuks, David IV invaded Shirvan, starting by capturing the town of Gulistan. He soon dethroned his own son-in-law, establishing him in Georgia and directly annexing the region. This act allows Georgia to reach its greatest extent since the beginning of its history. Indeed, for the first time Georgia extended from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea and from the Greater Caucasus to Northern Armenia.
Georgian power on Caucasus
The resumption of Tbilisi and the conquest of Shirvan not only completed the long process of the unification of Georgia which began at the end of the 10th century, but henceforth gave the kingdom a regional reputation as protector of Christianity and brought different peoples of South Caucasus to ask for help from David IV against the Muslim forces. This fact further encourages the Georgian monarch, one of whose plans is to secure the entire Caucasus by establishing Georgian domination there, with a view to effective defense against the Turks. As seen above, the North Caucasus was already under the cultural and political influence of the Kingdom of Georgia at the start of the Georgian–Seljuk wars, while Derbent becomes a more or less faithful vassal of Georgia and Shirvan is forced to submit.
The conflict against the Crusaders in the Middle East was also one of the main factors breaking the backbone of Turkish power. This therefore allowed the king of Georgia to continue his momentum towards the south after the capture of Dmanisi, in particular towards the historic territories of Armenia. In May 1124, Georgian troops led by David the Builder entered southern Transcaucasia and within a few days captured many Armenian strongholds, such as the fortresses of Gagni, Teronakal, Kavazani, Norbed, Manasgonmni and Talinjakari. The following month, the king, after returning to Georgia proper, resumed his journey and crossed the Javakheti, Kola, Carnipola and the Basiani and destroyed all Seljuk installations there, before reaching the town of Speri, in Tao-Klarjeti. After this offensive, he continued his way into Tao-Klarjeti and burned Oltisi after taking Bouïatha-Qour.
Plan of Ani
Having learned of the liberation of the Christian cities by the king of Georgia, the nobility of the ancient Armenian capital, Ani, sent representatives to David IV on August 20, 1124, to the source of the Bojana. Indeed, Ani had been in Muslim hands since its capture by Alp Arslan in 1064 and a forced Islamization of the city had taken place since the sale of Ani to the Shaddadids, to the discontent of the local Christian population. The said representatives then offered the monarch the surrender of the city. Taking this opportunity in hand, David summoned all his armies and entered Armenia with 60,000 men to take the city. Without a single fight, the Armenian population of Ani opened the gates to the Georgians, who captured Emir Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Manuchihr (r. 1118-1124) and exiled him and his family to Abkhazia. The region was then left to the governance of the Meskhetian nobility, to General Abuleti and his son Ivane. Armenian families (including many dispossessed nobles) subsequently established themselves in Georgia proper and the royal power built the city of Gori for them. Northern Armenia was thus annexed and incorporated into the Kingdom of Georgia, increasing the power of David IV in the region.
Georgia's conquest of Northeast Armenia finally completed the ultimate project of securing South Caucasus against the Turkish threat. For the first time, the entire Caucasus is unified culturally, spiritually and politically under a single scepter, this being Georgia. The written tradition relates the borders of the Georgian world of the time, describing it as going from "Nicopsia to Derbent and from Alania to Aragats", i.e. from one sea to the other, and from the North Caucasus to Armenia. The deliverance of North-Eastern Armenia in fact guarantees this power, reflected in the official title of the Georgian king: “King of Kings, of the Abkhazians, Iberians, Ranis, Kakhetians, Armenians, of Shaki, Alania and the Rus, Sword of the Messiah, emperor (basileus) of all the East, the invincible, servant and defender of God, the Orthodox king.
Despite his advanced age, David IV continued his military actions during the last years of his reign. For example, in April 1124, he took the town of Chabran after an attack against his vassal of Emirate of Derbent. Still in the region, after having defeated a North Caucasian army composed of Kurds, Lezgins and anti-Georgian Kipchaks, he captured the citadels of Ghasanni and Khozaond, during an obscure campaign north of the Caspian Sea. Another military campaign was organized in September in Shirvan, under obscure circumstances. The king managed to recover Shamakhi and took the citadel of Bigrit, before strengthening his power in Hereti and Kakheti by leaving strong garrisons of soldiers there. In January 1125, shortly before his death, David once again faced Muslim attackers, led by the Emir Ibrahim ibn-Suleiman. The latter, accompanied by Emir Davout ibn-Soukman of Hantzit, however failed to achieve a victory over the kingdom of Georgia and the Christian sovereign managed to massacre the invaders after five days of battle.
Death and burial
Death
The "Tomb of David IV" at Gelati reads:Ⴕ ႤႱႤႠႰႱႢႠႬႱႠႱႭႤႬႤ ႡႤႪႨႹႫႧႬႠ ႥႱႠႵႠႣႠႥႤႫႩჃႣႰႭႫႤ
Subsequently, David IV began to organize plans for new large-scale campaigns for the coming spring. However, the weakness caused by his illness and his age prevented him from continuing this project and he was forced to let his Mtsignobartukhutsesi Simon of Chqondidi take care of the affairs of the country. The long reign of thirty-four years of David IV the Builder ended abruptly on January 24, 1125. The king died in his capital Tbilisi, after having appointed his eldest son Demetrius as successor, transmitting to him the Georgian royal attributes, consisting of a crown of precious stones, a scimitar and purple kneepads and sleeves. The king was buried, following his request, in the Gelati Monastery. His tomb is placed, again according to his will, at the main entrance of this religious building that he had built, so that anyone coming to his beloved Gelati Academy stepped on his tomb first.
Burial
A tombstone at the entrance of Gelati monastery, bearing a Georgian inscription in the asomtavruli script, has traditionally been considered to be that of David IV. Although there are no clear and reliable indications that David was indeed buried in Gelati and that the present epitaph is his, this popular belief had already been established by the mid-19th century as evidenced by the French scholar Marie-Félicité Brosset who published his study of the Georgian history between 1848 and 1858. The epitaph, modeled on the Psalm 131 (132), 14, reads: "Christ! This is my resting place for eternity. It pleases me; here I shall dwell."
Personal life
Gelati Monastery fresco of King David, 16th century
The Georgian Chronicles are an important source not only on the course of the reign of David IV the Builder, but also on the private life of the Christian king, reporting his activities and personality. According to these, David IV is a very pious king following Christian traditions, David IV spends his time informing himself, criticizing and learning several episodes from the Bible. According to his biographer, David IV learned to live according to the Christian religion from an early age and continued throughout his life. David himself composed, c. 1120, "Hymns of Repentance" (გალობანი სინანულისანი, galobani sinanulisani), a sequence of eight free-verse psalms, with each hymn having its own intricate and subtle stanza form. For all their Christianity, cult of the Mother of God, and the king's emotional repentance of his sins, David sees himself to be similar to the Biblical David, with a similar relationship to God and to his people. His hymns also share the idealistic zeal of the contemporaneous European crusaders to whom David was a natural ally in his struggle against the Seljuks. Furthermore, the Armenian version of the Chronicles indicates the name of the king's confessor (who knows Armenian), Hovhannes Imastaser of Haghpat.
David IV the Builder also engaged in important charitable activities. Indeed, he built hospitals in the country for the sick, which he took care of occasionally, as described in the chronicles:
“He had yet another thought, following the example of the good God, gentle and merciful, loving men; it was to build a hospice, in a beautiful and suitable place, where he gathered his brothers afflicted with various illnesses, provided for all their needs, with generous lavishness and assigned income to meet their needs. He himself came to see them, questioned them, kissed them one after the other, lavished on them the tender care of a father, complimented them, encouraged them to be patient, arranged their clothes, their clothes with his own hands. beds, their mattresses, their dishes, and all their utensils; gave everyone abundant alms, animated their supervisors and put their affairs in the most beautiful order, following the spirit of religion. »
The king has several residences across the country. The most important are the royal palaces of Kutaisi and Tbilisi, but David also has residences in Tsaghoulistavi and Abkhazia. It spends most of its winters until February in this latter region with a Mediterranean climate, notably in the coastal town of Bichvinta. During these stays, the kingdom is administered by its faithful general Theodore. David IV is also fond of hunting and has vast territories for hunting deer and wild boar in his domains of Kartli or Geguti.
David IV's processional cross
King David the Builder gave close attention to the education of his people. The king selected children who were sent to the Byzantine Empire "so that they be taught languages and bring home translations made by them there". Many of them later became well-known scholars.
David's chronicler claimed that "he knew the deeds better than any other king" because he was enthralled with theology, astrology, and history, and he brought his books with him on campaign. It seems that he read both Persian poetry and the Qur'an.
At the time of David the Builder there were quite a few schools and academies in Georgia, among which Gelati occupies a special place. King David's historian calls Gelati Academy a second Jerusalem of all the East for learning of all that is of value, for the teaching of knowledge – a second Athens, far exceeding the first in divine law, a canon for all ecclesiastical splendors.Besides Gelati there also were other cultural-enlightenment and scholarly centers in Georgia at that time, e.g. the academy of Ikalto.
Family
Autograph of David IV. "მე დავით უნარჩევესმან მონამან ჴელითა მონითა ქრისტესთა მან გავგზავნე წიგნი ესე მთას წმიდას სინას ვინც მოიხმარებდეთ ლოცვა ყავთ ჩემთვინ" "I David the servant of Jesus sent this book to Holy Mount Sinai and who uses it pray for me" Document from Saint Catherine's Monastery, 12th century
Main article: Family of David IV of Georgia
Marriages
The Armenian chronicler Matthew of Edessa says that David's eldest son Demetrius was born from an Armenian woman. She is not mentioned in the surviving Georgian documents. A reference to the former wife of David, a king of Georgia, is found in the letter of Ansellus, cantor of the Holy Sepulchre, dating from c. 1120, with which he was sending a relic of the True Cross to the bishop of Paris. Ansellus reports that he acquired the relic from a convent of Georgian nuns only recently established in Jerusalem under the patronage of the Latin patriarch Ghibbelin. Ansellus names the founder of the nunnery as King David's "widow". Since David died only in 1125, the lady of Ansellus's letter may have been his first wife, whom he divorced for political reasons in order to marry a Kipchak princess. According to the modern historian Cyril Toumanoff, David's repudiation of his first marriage occurred c. 1107. The same author hypothesizes that David's Armenian wife was called Rusudan and she mothered all of David's children. The modern Georgian genealogists Ioseb Bichikashvili and Yuri Chikovani assume that David's elder children were born of his first marriage and at least one son, called Vakhtang, was produced from the second marriage to Gurandukht.
Gurandukht, a daughter of "the supreme leader of the Kipchaks" Otrok (Atraka), was the only wife of David mentioned by his medieval Georgian biographer. He married her years before the recruitment of around 40,000 of the Kipchaks in the Georgian service, which David effected c. 1118. Gurandukht is a Persianate name popular in medieval Georgia; her original Turkic name is unknown as are the details of her life. The chronicler of David praises Gurandukht's virtues and points out that the marriage helped David to secure the transfer of the Kipchak families as allies of the Georgian crown.
Childrens
David's children were:
Demetrius I of Georgia (c. 1093–1156), King of Georgia (1125-1155, 1155-1156)
Princess Tamar, who married Manuchihr III of Shirvan, and became a nun in widowhood.
Princess Kata, married in the Byzantine Empire (Isaac Komnenos, Alexios Bryennios or Alexios Komnenos).
Prince Zurab (died 1125)
Prince George (1114–1129)
Prince Vakhtang (1118–1138), he was involved in an attempted coup against Demetrius I, his half-brother and heir apparent. He was captured, blinded and cast in prison where he apparently died shortly afterwards.
Princess Rusudan, who was married to Prince of Alania.
Legacy
Georgian historiography today portrays David IV as a king that few Georgian sovereigns can match. In fact, the majority of current historians agree to qualify David as the most prestigious Georgian monarch in history and make his reign the beginning of the Golden Age of the Kingdom of Georgia, an era which completed only under the reign of Rusudan (r. 1223-1245). According to his contemporary biographer, his actions earned him the title of Builder upon his death. It is notably celebrated by the poet Ioane Shavteli in his cycle of praise Abdulmesiani, jointly with Tamar.
David the Builder occupies a special place among the kings of the Georgian Golden Age in the period of the defense against the Seljuks.
Order of David the Builder
The "Order of David the Builder" is given to regular citizens, military and clerical personnel for outstanding contributions to the country, for fighting for the independence of Georgia and its revival, and for significantly contributing to social consolidation and the development of democracy.
The sovereigns succeeding David IV had great respect for him and his actions allowed him to maintain an international reputation for several decades: for example, while King Bagrat V (r. 1360-1395) was held captive by Timur, he offered the Turco-Mongol emir a coat of mail of precious work having belonged to David the Builder, following which Timur, appreciating this present, frees the king and makes him his favorite. More recently, the memory of David IV was revived in 1995 during the inauguration speech of Eduard Shevardnadze, who cited him with other kings as the builder of the Georgian nation. Furthermore, President Mikheil Saakashvili states that his role model is King David IV; in commemoration of the country's national unity, Saakashvili organized an inauguration ceremony in the Gelati Cathedral where he was blessed by the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilia II in January 2004.
The airport at Kutaisi is known as David the Builder Kutaisi International Airport. The National Defence Academy is named after him.
David IV of Georgia has several monuments, buildings and streets named after him across Georgia. The Russian-Georgian sculptor Merab Berdzenishvili built an important monument to David the Builder, which he offered to the municipality of Tbilisi. In addition, a university named after the former king was opened in 1991. One can also find an important avenue in the Georgian capital named after David IV of Georgia. A military decoration is finally dedicated to the Georgian king.
Furthermore, David IV of Georgia is considered a saint by the Orthodox Churches as well as by Western faiths. However, he was never canonized and his sanctification was the result of a historical and popular process. Cited as the protector of the Georgian nation, he is celebrated on January 24 in the West and January 26 in the East. Many churches currently bear his name, including a Georgian church dedicated in 2009 in Pennsylvania (United States).
See also
List of monarchs of Georgia
Georgian monarchs family tree
Kipchaks in Georgia
Family of David IV of Georgia
Media related to David IV of Georgia at Wikimedia Commons
Notes
^ When numbering this king, the rule used often includes David III of Tao, which makes the Builder the fourth king David.
References
^ a b Britannica online
^ Georgia in the Developed Feudal Period (XI–the first quarter of the XIII c.) http://www.parliament.ge/ Retrieved 13 August 2006.
^ Rapp 2003, p. 161
^ Massingberd 1980, p. 60
^ Vasiliev 1936, p. 4
^ Mariam Lortkipanidze, Roin Metreveli, Kings of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2007, pp. 122–130 ISBN 99928-58-36-2
^ Otkhmezuri 2012, p. 38
^ a b Rapp 2007, p. 189
^ Eastmond 1998, p. 262
^ Metreveli 1990, pp. 10–11
^ Toumanoff 1943, p. 174
^ Rapp 2007, p. 210
^ Thomson 1996, p. 315
^ a b c Thomson 1996, p. 315.
^ a b Dostourian 1993, p. 231.
^ Antelava 2002, pp. 388–391.
^ Garland & Rapp 2006, pp. 120–121.
^ Rapp 2000, p. 572
^ Toumanoff 1966, p. 624
^ a b c d e Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 80.
^ a b Salia 1980, p. 164.
^ a b c d e Brosset 1849, p. 351.
^ Toumanoff 1990, p. 135.
^ Eastmond 1998, p. 45–47.
^ a b Toumanoff 1943, pp. 174–175, n. 63
^ a b Eastmond 1998, p. 46
^ a b Javakhishvili 1949, p. 54.
^ Salia 1980, p. 165.
^ Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 79.
^ Salia 1980, p. 166.
^ a b Asatiani & Bendianashvili 1997, p. 117.
^ Since the Bagrationi dynasty established the Tao-Klarjeti principality under the Byzantine protectorate in 813, representatives of the dynasty had been granted various Byzantine titles such as kouropalates, magistros, sebastos, etc. David was the last Georgian monarch to wear a Byzantine title.
^ Toumanoff 1976, p. 545.
^ a b c Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 87.
^ a b Brosset 1849, p. 360.
^ a b Asatiani & Bendianashvili 1997, p. 124.
^ Maia Pataridze: The Silver Coin of David the Builder from the Mestia Museum. Bulletin of the Georgian National Museum. Series of Social Sciences #2 (47-B), 2010,
^ a b Kaukhchishvili 1955, p. 324.
^ a b Asatiani & Bendianashvili 1997, p. 118.
^ a b Brosset 1849, p. 352.
^ Brosset 1849, p. 353.
^ a b Allen 1932, p. 98.
^ Toumanoff 1976, p. 552.
^ Brosset 1849, p. 354.
^ a b Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 81.
^ Javakhishvili 1949, pp. 44–45.
^ a b Salia 1980, p. 176.
^ Kaukhchishvili 1955, p. 328.
^ Brosset 1849, pp. 356–357.
^ a b c Salia 1980, p. 168.
^ a b Asatiani & Bendianashvili 1997, p. 119.
^ a b Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 82.
^ a b Salia 1980, p. 169.
^ Salia 1980, p. 170.
^ a b Salia 1980, p. 171.
^ Salia 1980, p. 172.
^ a b Samushia 2015, p. 29.
^ a b c d Metreveli 2011, p. 66.
^ Brosset 1849, p. 359.
^ a b Kaukhchishvili 1955, p. 333.
^ a b Metreveli 2011, p. 67.
^ Javakhishvili 1949, p. 47.
^ a b Metreveli 2011, p. 68.
^ a b History of Georgia 2012, p. 386.
^ Bedrosian 1997, p. 251..
^ History of Georgia 2012, p. 387.
^ Brosset 1849, p. 362.
^ Asatiani & Bendianashvili 1997, p. 120.
^ Javakhishvili 1949, p. 50.
^ Norris 2009, p. 36.
^ Lordkipanidze, Mariam (1987). Hewitt, George B. (ed.). Georgia in the XI-XII centuries. Ganatleba. p. 84 – via georgianweb.com.
^ Salia 1980, p. 173.
^ Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 183.
^ Asatiani & Bendianashvili 1997, p. 121.
^ Brosset 1849, p. 379.
^ Asatiani & Bendianashvili 1997, p. 126.
^ a b c d Metreveli 2011, p. 80.
^ Kaukhchishvili 1955, p. 339.
^ Brosset 1849, pp. 364–365.
^ Brosset 1849, p. 365.
^ Salia 1980, p. 148.
^ a b c d Salia 1980, p. 178.
^ "'Miraculous Victory:' Battle of Didgori, 1121 | Armchair General Magazine". armchairgeneral.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
^ "'Miraculous Victory:' Battle of Didgori, 1121 | Armchair General Magazine". armchairgeneral.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
^ Walter the Chancellor, Bella Antiochena.
^ Bar Hebraeus, Chronicon Syriacum.
^ Fighting against the Seljuks, Georgia and the Crusaders developed fairly friendly relations. A 13th-century anonymous Georgian author (conventionally known as the First Chronicler of Queen Tamar) as well as Abul-Faraj gives a version, though unproven otherwise, about the participation of a Georgian auxiliary force in the Siege of Jerusalem (1099). Some 300 Crusaders (known to the Georgians as Franks) are also known to take part in the famous Battle of Didgori (1121). King Baldwin II of Jerusalem is said by the historian Ioane Bagrationi, who refers to unknown medieval sources, to have visited incognito David IV's court
^ Yaqut al-Hamawi, Kitāb Mu'jam al-Buldān.
^ Ibn Kathir, al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya.
^ Brosset 1851, p. 240.
^ Pubblici 2022, p. 20.
^ a b Asatiani & Bendianashvili 1997, p. 127.
^ Brosset 1849, p. 372.
^ Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 85.
^ Salia 1980, p. 181.
^ Metreveli 2011, pp. 110–111.
^ Brosset 1849, pp. 367–368.
^ Matthew of Edessa, Chronicle.
^ a b Metreveli 2011, p. 111.
^ a b Asatiani & Bendianashvili 1997, p. 125.
^ Vardan Areveltsi, Historical Compilation.
^ a b Brosset 1849, p. 369.
^ Metreveli 2011, p. 112.
^ Brosset 1851, p. 230.
^ Grousset 1995, p. 615.
^ Minorsky 1953, pp. 84–85.
^ a b Bedrosian 1997, p. 251.
^ Sempad the Constable. Chronicle
^ Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, pp. 86–87.
^ Brosset 1849, p. 370.
^ a b Brosset 1849, p. 380.
^ Jost Gippert / Manana Tandashvili (2002), The Epitaph of David the Builder. Gelati Academy of Sciences Project: Old Georgian texts from the Gelati school (TITUS project). Accessed 19 June 2011.
^ a b Brosset 1849, p. 358.
^ a b Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires : A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. p. 95.
^ a b Avalishvili 1936, p. 10–11.
^ a b c d e f g h Toumanoff 1976, p. 123.
^ Dumin 1996, p. 36.
^ Rapp 1997, p. 620.
^ Thomson 1996, pp. 325, 327.
^ Hannick, Christian, "David IV of Georgia", in: Religion Past and Present. First print edition: ISBN 978-9004146662, 2006
^ "State Awards Issued by Georgian Presidents in 2003–2015"
^ Salia 1980, p. 253.
^ January 26 / February 8. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Δαυΐδ βασιλεὺς τῆς Γεωργίας. 26 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ Blessed David IV the King of Georgia. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
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Grousset, René (1995) . Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071 (in French). Payot. ISBN 2-228-88912-1.
Khuroshvili, Giorgi (2018), Conceptions of Political Thought in Medieval Georgia: David IV "the Builder", Arson of Ikalto. In: Veritas et subtilitas. Truth and Subtlety in the History of Philosophy. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Amsterdam/Philadelphia. pp. 149–156. ISBN 978-9027200686
Kiziria, Dodona (1994). "The Prayers of Remorse of King David IV the Builder". Le Muséon. 107 (3): 335–347. doi:10.2143/MUS.107.3.2006012.
Lortkipanidze, Mariam; Japaridze, Otar; Muskhelishvili, David; Metreveli, Roin (2012). History of Georgia in four volumes, vol. II - History of Georgia from the 4th century to the 13th century. Tbilisi: National Academy of Sciences of Georgia. ISBN 978-9941-19-585-3.
Lordkipanidze, Mariam (1987). Georgia in the 11th–12th centuries. Tbilisi. pp. 80–118.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Massingberd, Hugh (1980). Burke's Royal Families of the World: Volume II Africa & the Middle East. Burke's Peerage. pp. 56–67. ISBN 0-85011-029-7.
Metreveli, Roin (1990). Davitʻ Aġmašenebeli. Tʻbilisi: Ganatʻleba. ISBN 5-505-01428-3.
Metreveli, Roin (2011). Saint David the Builder. Tbilisi. ISBN 9789941425509.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Minorsky, Vladimir (1953). Studies in Caucasian History. New York: Taylor’s Foreign Press. ISBN 0-521-05735-3.
Otkhmezuri, Giorgi (2012), Epigraphic Monuments of the Epoch of David the Builder ("Agmashenebeli")
Pubblici, Lorenzo (2022). Mongol Caucasia: Invasions, Conquest, and Government of a Frontier Region in Thirteenth-Century Eurasia (1204-1295). Brill.
Grand Larousse encyclopédique (in French). Vol. 5. Paris. 1962. pp. 452–453. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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Rapp, Stephen H. Jr. (2000). "Sumbat Davitʿis-dze and the Vocabulary of Political Authority in the Era of Georgian Unification". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 120 (4): 570–576. doi:10.2307/606617. JSTOR 606617.
Rapp, Stephen H. (2003). Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts. Leuven: Peeters. ISBN 90-429-1318-5.
Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2007). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-3361-9. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
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Thomson, Robert W. (1996). Rewriting Caucasian history: the medieval Armenian adaptation of the Georgian chronicles; the original Georgian texts and the Armenian adaptation. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-826373-2.
Toumanoff, Cyril (1943). "Medieval Georgian Historical Literature (VIIth–XVth Centuries)". Traditio. I.
Toumanoff, Cyril (1966). "Armenia and Georgia". The Cambridge Medieval History (Volume 4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 593–637.
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Further reading
Toria, Malkhaz; Javakhia, Bejan (2021). "Representing fateful events and imagining territorial integrity in Georgia: cultural memory of David the Builder and the Battle of Didgori". Caucasus Survey. 9 (3): 270–285. doi:10.1080/23761199.2021.1970914. S2CID 238993015.
Preceded byGeorge II
King of Georgia 1089–1125
Succeeded byDemetrius I
vteKings of United GeorgiaKingdom of Georgia (1008—1256)
Bagrat III
George I
Bagrat IV
George II
David IV
Demetrius I
David V
George III
Tamar the Great
George IV
Rusudan
David VI-David VII (jointly)
Kingdom of Western Georgia (1256—1329)
David VI
Vakhtang II
Constantine I
Michael
Bagrat I
Kingdom of Georgia (1256-1329) (in eastern Georgia)
David VII
Demetrius II
David VIII
Vakhtang III
George V
Reunification (1329–1490)
George V
David IX
Bagrat V
George VII
Constantine I
Alexander I
Vakhtang IV
George VIII
Bagrat VI
Alexander II
Constantine II
vteKing David's reignFamily
Father — George II
Mother — Elene
Aunt — Martha (Byzantine empress)
Spouse — Rusudan of Armenia
Gurandukht of the Kipchaks
Children — Demetrius
Vakhtang
Tamar
KataIndividuals
George Chkondideli
Arsen Iqaltoeli
Dimitri (Catholicos-Patriarch)
Basil III (Catholicos-Patriarch)
John IV (Catholicos-Patriarch)
Liparit V
Rati IV
Dzagan Abuletisdze
Modistos Abuletisdze
Abuleti
Ivane Orbeli
Arishiani
Baram
Kavtar Baramisdze
Notable events
Kipchak resettlement in Georgia
Council of Ruisi-Urbnisi
Saajo Kari
Battle of Ertsukhi
Battle of Rakhsi
Battle of Botora
Battle of Didgori
Liberation of Tbilisi
Siege of Ani
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David IV (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_IV_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian"},{"link_name":"Bagrationi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"mepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepe"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Georgian Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Battle of Didgori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"canonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"},{"link_name":"Georgian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church"}],"text":"For other people named David IV, see David IV (disambiguation).David IV, also known as David IV the Builder[a][1] (Georgian: დავით IV აღმაშენებელი, romanized: davit IV aghmashenebeli) (1073–1125), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the 5th king (mepe) of the Kingdom of Georgia from 1089 until his death in 1125.[2]Popularly considered to be the greatest and most successful Georgian ruler in history and an original architect of the Georgian Golden Age, he succeeded in driving the Seljuk Turks out of the country, winning the Battle of Didgori in 1121. His reforms of the army and administration enabled him to reunite the country and bring most of the lands of the Caucasus under Georgia's control. A friend of the Church and a notable promoter of Christian culture, he was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church.","title":"David IV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bagrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_VI_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Parsadan Gorgijanidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsadan_Gorgijanidze"},{"link_name":"Beri Egnatashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beri_Egnatashvili&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prince Vakhushti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhushti_of_Kartli"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Epigraphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ordinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_number"},{"link_name":"Georgian Bagratids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapp-2007-189-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapp-2007-189-9"},{"link_name":"David I Kouropalates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_of_Iberia"},{"link_name":"David II Magistros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_II_of_Iberia"},{"link_name":"David III Kuropalates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_III_of_Tao"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The epithet aghmashenebeli (აღმაშენებელი), which is translated as \"the Builder\" (in the sense of \"built completely\"), \"the Rebuilder\",[3] or \"the Restorer\",[4][5] first appears as the sobriquet of David in the charter issued in the name of \"King of Kings Bagrat\" in 1452 and becomes firmly affixed to him in the works of the 17th- and 18th-century historians such as Parsadan Gorgijanidze, Beri Egnatashvili and Prince Vakhushti.[6] Epigraphic data also provide evidence for the early use of David's other epithet, \"the Great\" (დიდი, didi).[7]Retrospectively, David the Builder has been variously referred to as David II, III, and IV, reflecting substantial variation in the ordinals assigned to the Georgian Bagratids, especially in the early period of their history, owing to the fact that the numbering of successive rulers moves between the many branches of the family.[8][9] Scholars in Georgia favor David IV,[8] his namesake predecessors being: David I Kouropalates (died 881), David II Magistros (died 937), and David III Kuropalates (died 1001), all members of the principal line of the Bagrationi dynasty.[10]","title":"Sobriquet and regnal ordinal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_David_IV_of_Georgia_with_his_court,_Roman_de_Troie_by_Beno%C3%AEt_de_Sainte-Maure.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman de Troie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Troie"},{"link_name":"Benoît de Sainte-Maure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Sainte-Maure"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Paschal cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_cycle"},{"link_name":"Cyril Toumanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomson-315-14"},{"link_name":"George II of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1996315-15"},{"link_name":"Matthew of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDostourian1993231-16"},{"link_name":"Robert W. Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Thomson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1996315-15"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntelava2002388%E2%80%93391-17"},{"link_name":"78th descendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claim_of_the_biblical_descent_of_the_Bagrationi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1996315-15"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Bagrat IV of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Borena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borena_of_Alania"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Marta-Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Alania"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Michael VII Doukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros III Botaneiates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandRapp2006120%E2%80%93121-18"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Romanos IV Diogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes"},{"link_name":"battle of Manzikert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Great Turkish Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Malik-Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik-Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartli"},{"link_name":"Muslim rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Bagrat IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Kakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge-624-20"}],"text":"David IV with his court. Le Roman de Troie by Benoît de Sainte-Maure. David shown on the right dressed in a robe, wearing a crown.The year of David's birth can be calculated from the date of his accession to the throne recorded in the Life of King of Kings David (ცხორებაჲ მეფეთ-მეფისა დავითისი), written c. 1123–1126,[11][12] as k'oronikon (Paschal cycle) 309, that is, 1089, when he was 16 years old. Thus, he would have been born in k'oronikon 293 or 294, that is, c. 1073. According to the same source, he died in k'oronikon 345, when he would have been in his 52nd or 53rd year. Professor Cyril Toumanoff gives 1070 and 24 January 1125 as the dates for David.[13]According to the Life of King of Kings David (ცხორებაჲ მეფეთ-მეფისა დავითისი), written c. 1123–1126, David was the only son of King George II of Georgia (r. 1072–1089).[14] The contemporaneous Armenian chronicler Matthew of Edessa mentions David's brother Totorme.[15] The latter, according to the modern historian Robert W. Thomson, was his sister.[14] The name of David's mother, Elene, is recorded in a margin note in the Gospel of Matthew from the Tskarostavi monastery; she is otherwise unattested.[16] David bore the name of the biblical king-prophet, whose 78th descendant he was claimed to be.[14]Through his father, David had ancestors among the most prominent dynasties of the Caucasus. David's grandfather was King Bagrat IV of Georgia and his grandmother was an Alan princess Borena. Besides he had in-law relations with the Byzantine Empire. David's paternal aunt Marta-Maria was a consort of the successive Byzantine Emperors Michael VII Doukas and Nikephoros III Botaneiates.[17]David's father, George II, was confronted by a major threat to the kingdom of Georgia. The country was invaded by the Seljuk Turks, which were part of the same wave which had overrun Anatolia, defeating the Byzantine Empire and taking captive the emperor Romanos IV Diogenes at the battle of Manzikert in 1071.[18] In what the medieval Georgian chronicle refers to as didi turkoba, \"the Great Turkish Invasion\", several provinces of Georgia became depopulated and George was forced to sue for peace, becoming a tributary of the sultan Malik-Shah I in 1083 when David was 10. The great noble houses of Georgia, capitalizing on the vacillating character of the king, sought to assert more autonomy for themselves; Tbilisi, the ancient capital of Kartli, remained in the hands of its Muslim rulers, and a local dynasty, for a time suppressed by George's energetic father Bagrat IV, maintained its precarious independence in the eastern region of Kakheti under the Seljuq suzerainty.[19]","title":"Family background and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KingDavidtheBuilderFlag.svg"},{"link_name":"ravages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Seljuks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"George II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"George of Chqondidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_of_Chqondidi"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200980-21"},{"link_name":"Asatiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asatiani"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200980-21"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980164-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849351-23"},{"link_name":"Cyril Toumanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1990135-24"},{"link_name":"Ateni Sioni Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateni_Sioni_Church"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastmond199845%E2%80%9347-25"},{"link_name":"Vakhushti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhushti_of_Kartli"},{"link_name":"Marie-Félicité Brosset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_Brosset"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toumanoff-43-742-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastmond-462-27"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849351-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastmond-462-27"},{"link_name":"sebastos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastos"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toumanoff-43-742-26"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavakhishvili194954-28"}],"text":"Reconstruction of David the Builder's personal bannerDavid grew up in times of war and desolation, due to the ravages of the Seljuks and his father's numerous defeats against these invaders. Faced with such a situation, significant opposition arose against King George II and led to a change of power for the benefit of young David; George of Chqondidi would have been one of these opponents.[20]The Life of King of Kings David does not recount the details of the transfer of power between George II and his son. Nodar Asatiani describes the event as a “palace revolution” involving several dignitaries in 1089.[20] Other historians speak rather of pressure on the Georgian king with a view to his abdication instead of a coup d'état.[21] The contemporary chronicler of David IV limits himself to mentioning the change of power as a coronation of the young prince by his father,[22] which pushes certain historians like Cyril Toumanoff to suggest a co-reign between George II and David IV, at least until 1112,[23] while frescoes found in the Ateni Sioni Church represent him in monk's clothing, which would mean that his abdication was forced.[24] The historical tradition founded by Prince Vakhushti in the 18th century and followed by Marie-Félicité Brosset in the 19th states that David succeeded George upon his death, a number of surviving documents suggest that George died around 1112, and that although he retained the royal title until his death,[25][26][22] he played no significant political role, real power having passed on to David.[26] Moreover, David himself had been a co-ruler with his father sometime before his becoming a king-regant in 1089; a document of 1085 mentions David as \"king and sebastos\", the latter being a Byzantine title.[25]The arrival to power of David IV was welcomed by several factions of the country as a liberating sign of the Kingdom of Georgia, suffering politically, economically, culturally and even religiously.[27]","title":"Accession to the throne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849351-23"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartli"},{"link_name":"Turkish raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980164-22"},{"link_name":"orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"David III of Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_III_of_Tao"},{"link_name":"unified the Georgian realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980165-29"}],"text":"Having become King at the age of 16,[22] the young David IV found himself at the head of a kingdom having lost a large part of its initial territories of 1010. The Kingdom of Georgia, extending at the beginning of the 11th century from Shirvan to the eastern coast of the Black Sea, is now limited to Abkhazia and Kartli. The seasonal devastation caused by Turkish raids since the 1080s constituted an economic danger for the country, which was forced to recognize itself as a vassal of Seljuk Empire and pay tribute to the invaders.[21] Internally, the foundations of the Georgian state, based on orthodoxy and central royal power, are being undermined, bringing a supposedly unified kingdom to the brink of destruction. Several historians compare the task of the young sovereign to that of David III of Tao and Ivane Marushisdze, the princes who unified the Georgian realm.[28]","title":"Revival of the Georgian State"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Great Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Malik-Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik-Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Turkish raids into Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Kutaisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutaisi"},{"link_name":"kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Seljuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200979-30"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavakhishvili194954-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849351-23"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980166-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997117-32"},{"link_name":"Turkoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200980-21"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997117-32"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200980-21"}],"sub_title":"The end of the Turkish ravages","text":"A map showing the Great Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malik-Shah I in 1092.The first step taken by David IV to restore the Georgian economy was the cessation of Turkish raids into Georgia. Since 1080 and the capture of Kutaisi by Emir Ahmed, the kingdom of Georgia was forced to accept Seljuk suzerainty and pay an annual tribute.[29] Despite these measures, however, the Muslims did not stop their seasonal devastation and several Turkish nomadic tribes established themselves in Georgia at the expense of the Georgian population, causing the collapse of the local feudal system.[27] Contemporary historiography reports that at the advent of David the Builder, inland Georgia no longer had a rural population, the inhabitants all having taken refuge in local citadels.[22]To expel the Turks from his territories, King David begins by reorganizing an army whose morale is at its lowest due to its numerous defeats; he then formed several small military detachments composed of the lower nobility[30] and peasants coming from the royal domains. Soon, dozens of such detachments were created and a new strategy, consisting of surprise attacks on Muslim settlements, was developed.[31] In some time, the monarch managed not only to stop the Seljuk incursions, but at the same time attacked the Turkoman nomads.[20]An armistice is soon established between the Georgians and the Turks.[31] Under the terms of the treaty, David IV agreed to honestly pay the tribute established under his father's reign in exchange for a total cessation of Seljuk raids. This did not, however, stop certain Turks, whose troops were massacred by Georgian units, while the Turkomans established in the countryside were gradually expelled from the country, allowing the Georgians to return to their villages. Little by little, the conditions of local social life improve, reviving the national economy and increasing the population.[20] By 1099 David IV's power was considerable enough that he was able to refuse paying tribute to the Turks.","title":"Revival of the Georgian State"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Icon_of_St._George_and_a_Bagratid_Georgian_king._Sinai,_Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine..jpg"},{"link_name":"icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George"},{"link_name":"Saint Catherine's Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Bagrat III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_III_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tao-Klarjeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao-Klarjeti_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"wars between the two countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars"},{"link_name":"Battle of Manzikert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Alexios I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Theodore Gabras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Gabras"},{"link_name":"Trebizond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon"},{"link_name":"Mariam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam_(daughter_of_Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1976545-34"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200987-35"},{"link_name":"Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_(daughter_of_David_IV_of_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849360-36"},{"link_name":"John II Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997124-37"},{"link_name":"Georgian Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Georgian_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"Mokvi Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokvi_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"}],"sub_title":"Relations with the Byzantine Empire","text":"12th century icon of Saint George and David IV at Saint Catherine's Monastery.Since the creation of the Kingdom of Georgia and its beginnings as a regional power in the Caucasus during the reign of Bagrat III (1010-1014), the Byzantine Empire and Georgia have repeatedly clashed both diplomatically and militarily, particularly regarding the province of Tao-Klarjeti. In this context, in addition to several wars between the two countries, each of these states interferes in the internal affairs of the other by openly or secretly supporting candidates for the throne, usurpers or, in the case of the Byzantine strategy, nobles recalcitrant against the power of the king.Despite several peace proposals over the years, it was not until the Battle of Manzikert (1071) between the Byzantines and the Seljuk Empire that Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Georgia joined forces against the Seljuks. But this alliance could hardly be felt politically due to the considerable weakening of the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuks, to whom Georgia had to submit. The liberation from Turkish suzerainty over the Caucasus in the 1190s, however, changed events and led David IV to pursue a new policy against Byzantium. This mixes closer cooperation, while putting itself on the same political level as the empire and opposing the Byzantines on certain subjects.This is how bilateral relations resumed with the agreement between Byzantine Empire and David IV, according to which the noble rebels against the Georgian king were sent to prison in Greece. At the same time, David definitively renounced Byzantium's political influence in Georgia by denying the Byzantine title of panhypersebastos,[32] a distinction created by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081-1118) for the family's closest allies. Additionally, the Georgian monarch decided to support the rebel Theodore Gabras, who attempted to establish an independent state in Trebizond in 1091 and was married to David IV's aunt, Mariam.[33] Finally, from the reign of David the Builder, Byzantine Empire and Kingdom of Georgia clashed spiritually, with King David taking the title \"ruler of the East and the West\", thus claiming to have greater influence than Byzantium in Orthodoxy.[34]Despite these signs, relations between Byzantium and Georgia also reached good levels. Thus, the marriage of David IV's daughter, Kata, to an imperial prince in 1116 is particularly notable.[35] Some Georgian historians also note the assistance provided by Georgian agents accompanying Princess Kata's retinue in John II Komnenos' takeover in 1118.[36] This is why from the beginning of the reign of John II, relations between the two countries improved considerably and the Georgian Chronicles nicknamed the two monarchs “brothers”. And, despite the competition in the religious field, the Byzantines and the Georgians cooperated culturally for a certain period and we can thus see religious buildings constructed by bilateral efforts, such as the major renovation of the Mokvi Cathedral (Abkhazia).","title":"Revival of the Georgian State"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davitis_moneta.jpg"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eristavi"},{"link_name":"Liparit V of Kldekari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liparit_V_of_Kldekari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaukhchishvili1955324-39"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997118-40"},{"link_name":"Georgian Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Georgian_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849352-41"},{"link_name":"Trialeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialeti"},{"link_name":"Kldekari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Kldekari"},{"link_name":"Georgian kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849352-41"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849353-42"},{"link_name":"duchy of Kldekari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Kldekari"},{"link_name":"Abuletisdze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuletisdze"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200980-21"}],"sub_title":"David IV and nobles","text":"A copper coin[37] of King David IV of GeorgiaAfter putting an end to Turkish incursions and reestablishing the traditional feudal system, David IV decided to strengthen central power before embarking on more important projects. Indeed, just after the recovery of the Georgian economy, a large part of the nobility, including duke Liparit V of Kldekari and Prince Niania Cakhaberisdze, pledged allegiance to the king.[38] This act then represents a remarkable change in the face of the reactions of noble society towards previous kings, but remains ephemeral.In 1093, Liparit V, possibly converted to Islam, organized a plot against David.[39] He was informed of this and reacted by imprisoning the eristavi to make him a “wise man”, according to the Georgian Chronicles.[40] Two years later, he was released on bond and resettled in his estates of Trialeti and Kldekari. However, the noble does not abandon his plans against his overlord and begins plotting against Georgian kingdom again. Having once again learned of such an event, David IV decided to act more usefully and imprisoned him again until 1098,[40] before permanently exiling him to Byzantine Empire. After the death of Liparit's son Rati,[41] David abolished their duchy of Kldekari in 1103.Liparit is not the only great noble to have suffered the consequences of the king's plans. Several others, notably Dzagan Abuletisdze, were similarly severely punished after rebellions, and their domains added to the royal estates. Thus, David takes important initiatives to strengthen his power. He also dismissed the dignitaries chosen by his predecessors because of their titles and replaced them with loyal advisors generally from the lower nobility.[20]","title":"Revival of the Georgian State"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sabinin._St._King_David_the_Builder._1882_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Sabinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Sabinin"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997118-40"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti"},{"link_name":"George I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Kvirike IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvirike_IV_of_Kakheti"},{"link_name":"Mtskheta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtskheta"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen193298-43"},{"link_name":"Aghsartan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghsartan_II_of_Kakheti"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1976552-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849354-45"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200981-46"},{"link_name":"Heretian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti"},{"link_name":"Arishiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arishiani"},{"link_name":"Kakhetians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakhetians"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavakhishvili194944%E2%80%9345-47"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980176-48"},{"link_name":"Malik-Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik-Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Atabeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabeg"},{"link_name":"Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ertsukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ertsukhi"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaukhchishvili1955328-49"},{"link_name":"Georgian Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Georgian_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849356%E2%80%93357-50"}],"sub_title":"Conquest of Kakheti-Hereti","text":"King David IV by Mikhail SabininAfter reducing the power of the great rulers, King David IV decided to complete national unity. To achieve this, he had to reunite western Georgia with the rest of the country.[39] Indeed, the Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti had declared its independence during the reign of George I (r. 1014-1027), thus depriving Georgia of a large part of its territories. Realising that only war could help him in his plans, the king launched a short attack against King Kvirike IV (r. 1084-1102) and succeeded in capturing the fortress of Zedazeni, north of Mtskheta, in 1101.[42]Kvirike IV died a year later and was succeeded on the throne by his nephew Aghsartan II,[43] who is said to have been \"the complete opposite of his paternal uncle\".[44] A convert to Islam, he declared himself a vassal of the Seljuk Empire to avoid another Georgian attack.[45] However, he could not foresee the discontent of the nobility in his own country, who were unhappy with their sovereign's change of religion. In 1104, a plot led by the Heretian nobles Arishiani, Baram and their uncle Kavtar Baramisdze dethroned Aghsartan II and handed him over to David IV, who then had no need to resort to arms, as every Kakhetians citadel and fortress capitulated to the approaching Georgian forces. Once the two new provinces had been integrated into the kingdom, the king appointed Arishiani as the governor of the region.[46]The Seljuks, who still considered the Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti to be their vassal, were not resigned to another defeat at the hands of the Georgians.[47] The death of Sultan Malik-Shah I and the Pope's call to the Crusade against the Turks had already enabled David IV to challenge Muslim vassalage by ceasing to pay the annual tribute introduced in 1080. Thus, the Atabeg of Ganja declared war on Georgia and fought a decisive battle at the Battle of Ertsukhi.[48] The Seljuk army was annihilated by the Georgian troops, personally led by David IV, whose exploits are recounted in the Georgian Chronicles. His chronicler compares the bravery of David IV to the biblical David and reports the ferocity of his blows. Three of his horses died during the battle, but the monarch, mounted on his fourth horse, succeeded in drawing with his sword \"a thickened and congealed mass of blood\".[49]","title":"Revival of the Georgian State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980168-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997119-52"},{"link_name":"he convened a council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ruisi-Urbnisi"},{"link_name":"Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicos-Patriarch_of_All_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Ruisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruisi_cathedral"},{"link_name":"Urbnisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbnisi_cathedral"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200981-46"},{"link_name":"George the Hagiorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_the_Hagiorite"},{"link_name":"George of Chqondidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_of_Chqondidi"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200982-53"},{"link_name":"Council of Ruisi-Urbnisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ruisi-Urbnisi"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980168-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997119-52"},{"link_name":"Georgian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980168-51"},{"link_name":"Mtsignobartukhutsesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtsignobartukhutsesi"},{"link_name":"Georgian royal court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_officials_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980169-54"},{"link_name":"Catholicos-Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicos-Patriarch_of_All_Georgia"},{"link_name":"George of Chqondidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_of_Chqondidi"},{"link_name":"Mandaturtukhutsesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaturtukhutsesi"},{"link_name":"Amirspasalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amirspasalar"},{"link_name":"Mechurchletukhutsesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechurchletukhutsesi"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980170-55"},{"link_name":"darbazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbazi_(State_Council)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980169-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200982-53"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980171-56"},{"link_name":"Bagrat IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"George II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"monaspa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monaspa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980171-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980172-57"}],"sub_title":"Domestic reforms","text":"After restoring the unity of the Kingdom of Georgia, David IV began to reform the internal state again. For this purpose, in 1103[50](or 1105[51]) he convened a council of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia in the cathedrals of Ruisi and Urbnisi. Indeed, for decades of devastation and war, the Orthodox Church had lost its traditional values and suffered from numerous ills such as corruption or the hereditary transmission of high religious functions.[45] Inspired by the ideas of the 11th century monk George the Hagiorite, the king and his advisor George of Chqondidi aligned themselves with the demands of the majority of his subjects to defeat the reactionary part of the ecclesiastical class and replace the subjects dishonest by virtuous priests.[52] The Council of Ruisi-Urbnisi, led only indirectly by David IV who, as a secular sovereign, could not take part in the internal affairs of the Church,[50] adopted resolutions reflecting the will of the pious party.[51] This act is considered a major event in Georgian history. Indeed, not only did the council deprive the nobility fighting against the central power of an influential ally, the Church, but it also spiritually purified the kingdom and greatly contributed to the national consolidation of a country whose national identity is mainly based on Christianity.Another consequence of ecclesiastical reform was the de facto subordination of the Church to the State.[50] However, the king had to ensure this by taking further steps towards reform. Thus, David IV decided to centre this plan around the function of a single man: the Mtsignobartukhutsesi. This position, equivalent to the dignity of chancellor, had existed for a long time in the Georgian royal court and had always been held by monks,[53] to avoid a hereditary transfer of power. The reform of David IV thus combined the Mtsignobartukhutsesi with the bishopric of Chkondidi, the main religious entity in Georgia after the Catholicos-Patriarch, and created the new position of Mtsignobartukhutsesi-Chkondideli, i.e. the first person in the kingdom after the king and the first person in the Church after the Catholicos-Patriarch. George of Chqondidi, the monarch's political adviser, was thus confirmed in his position, and his successors to the episcopal see were also appointed viziers at the royal court. Other officials reporting to the king were also appointed to head each branch of the administration. Thus, from the reign of David IV, there was a Mandaturtukhutsesi, or minister of the interior, an Amirspasalar, the head of the military administration, and a Mechurchletukhutsesi, the minister of finance and administrator of the kingdom's cities.[54]The king's reforms did not stop at the country's administrative system. At the same time, he set up the darbazi (High Council of State), which included the highest dignitaries of the Church, such as the Catholicos-Patriarch and the superiors of the major monasteries,[53] and the Saadjo kari (literally, \"Court of Petitions\"), a kind of Supreme Court[52] headed by the Mtsignobartukhutsesi-Chkondideli to \"defend the oppressed and humiliated\" and to which the king personally came to dispense justice.[55] Finally, the king's reforms ended with a change in the military establishment.Under Kings Bagrat IV and George II, the general decline in the economy had been accompanied by a significant fall in the population and an increase in the arbitrariness of the great feudal lords, leading to a deterioration in the quality of the Georgian army by undermining the discipline of the troops. David IV, considering the future wars he would have to wage against the Muslims, therefore decided to use the military organisation of the Seljuk Turks as a basis for reforming his own army. David IV began by gathering together his most loyal warriors to form a personal guard, the monaspa, which was entirely and directly dependent on the king. In addition, the feudal militias were abolished, once again reinforcing central power.[55] In addition to these measures, the king divided the army into two other fundamental parts: one consisting of garrisons charged with protecting towns and fortresses, and the other making up the basic army that \"campaigned constantly, both in winter and summer\". Troop discipline was also ensured through humiliation for cowardice and rewards for heroism.[56] What's more, as the economy recovered, the Georgian population grew and the royal authorities were able to mobilise on a larger scale.","title":"Revival of the Georgian State"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Military campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_IV_map_de.png"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"George of Chqondidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_of_Chqondidi"},{"link_name":"Abuleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuletisdze"},{"link_name":"Orbeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbelian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Seljuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Samshvilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samshvilde"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamushia201529-58"},{"link_name":"Dzerna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dzerna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli201166-59"},{"link_name":"Muhammad I Tapar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_I_Tapar"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849359-60"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli201166-59"},{"link_name":"Georgian Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Georgian_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaukhchishvili1955333-61"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trialeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trialeti"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen193298-43"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli201166-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaukhchishvili1955333-61"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trialeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trialeti"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Didgori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori"},{"link_name":"Mukhrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhrani"},{"link_name":"George of Chqondidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_of_Chqondidi"},{"link_name":"Rustavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustavi"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli201166-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamushia201529-58"},{"link_name":"Seljuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli201167-62"},{"link_name":"Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartli"},{"link_name":"Meskhetians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskhetians"},{"link_name":"Klarjeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarjeti"},{"link_name":"Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Tao-Klarjeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao-Klarjeti_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli201167-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavakhishvili194947-63"},{"link_name":"Gishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%9F,_Shaki"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli201168-64"},{"link_name":"Demetrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan"},{"link_name":"Kaladzori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agdash,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Georgia2012386-65"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997124-37"},{"link_name":"Beshken II Jaqeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beshken_II_Jaqeli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_II_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Javakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javakheti"},{"link_name":"Javakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javakheti"},{"link_name":"Jaqeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Jaqeli"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rakhsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rakhsi"},{"link_name":"Araxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_(river)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Georgia2012386-65"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849360-36"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Lori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Agarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarak,_Lori"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedrosian1997251.-66"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli201168-64"},{"link_name":"Agarani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarani_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980176-48"},{"link_name":"Bagrat IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Georgia2012387-67"},{"link_name":"George of Chqondidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_of_Chqondidi"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Kipchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks"}],"sub_title":"The reconquest of lost territories","text":"Expansion of Kingdom of Georgia under David IV's reign.In 1110 the Georgians led by George of Chqondidi, his nephew Theodore, Abuleti and Ivane Orbeli, retaliated against the Seljuk settlement and recaptured the town of Samshvilde, which was added to the royal domains, without a major battle.[57] Following this capture, the Seljuks left a large part of their occupied territories, allowing Georgian troops to capture Dzerna [ka].[58]Responding to this double defeat, Sultan Muhammad I Tapar in 1110, sent a large army of 200,000[59] or 100,000[58] (or only 10,000 according to the Armenian version of the Georgian Chronicles) soldiers with the aim of invading Georgia. Knowing of the approach of Turkish troops, David IV left his home at Nacharmagevi with a personal guard of only 1,500 men and set out to meet the invaders during the night.[60] The two armies, clearly unequal, clashed the next day at the Battle of Trialeti in a hard fight which ended in a decisive victory for Georgia.[42] The Georgian Chronicles relate that, not believing in such a simple victory, the king remained there until the next day, waiting for a new Seljuk response, and only then realized the Seljuk defeat.[58][60]The Battle of Trialeti deprived the Seljuk Empire of the opportunity to conduct a major military campaign against Georgia for several years, and for the next 11 years, until the Battle of Didgori the Seljuks did not organized a campaign against Georgia. In 1110-1114, David IV did not conduct active military operations either. In 1115 while David IV was in Mukhrani, George of Chqondidi who commanded the Georgian forces captured Rustavi,[58][57] one of the strong Seljuk strongholds in southern Georgia.[61]In February 1116 by the order of the king, the army of Kartli and Meskhetians were gathered at Klarjeti, David suddenly attacked and destroyed the Turks in Tao and captured Tao-Klarjeti and the numerous riches left by the Turks.[61][62]In 1117 David Captured the Gishi.[63] Also in 1117 David sent his son, Prince Demetrius to Shirvan to fight, and the young commander astonished the people with his deftness in battle. Demetrius seized Kaladzori Castle and returned home with many captives and much wealth.[64][36]in 1118 Beshken II Jaqeli [ka] a Georgian nobleman who ruled the Javakheti was killed by the Seljuks in Javakheti, David heard from Nakhiduri the story of the Seljuks invasion of Javakheti and killing of Beshken Jaqeli. David refused to listen to his nobles' advice to retreat and managed to avenge Beshken's death by defeating the Seljuks at the Battle of Rakhsi and massacred the Seljuk garrisons on Araxes in April 1118.[64][35]The successes of the reforming sovereign did not end there. Indeed, still in 1118, the Armenian fortress of Lori and Agarak were captured by David IV,[65][63] inaugurating the beginning of the conquest of Armenia by medieval Georgia, while the region of Agarani was recovered in July of the same year, after a single day of combat.[47] Bagrat IV, David's grandfather, had taken three months to capture Agarani in the previous century.[66] It was after this victory at Agarani that David IV and George of Chqondidi went to North Caucasus, understanding that despite the encouraging signs of a total defeat of the Seljuk forces, the Georgian army must be considerably reinforced to achieve this goal. The royal administration, now led by Simon of Chqondidi since the death of George, devoted the year 1119 exclusively to establishing a new strategy against the Turks, while establishing the Kipchak mercenaries on Georgian territory, before launching a new offensive as early as the beginning of 1120.","title":"Military campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgian–Seljuk wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Greater Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Kipchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks"},{"link_name":"Otrok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrok"},{"link_name":"Gurandukht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurandukht"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849362-68"},{"link_name":"Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Alans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alania"},{"link_name":"George of Chqondidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_of_Chqondidi"},{"link_name":"personal guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monaspa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greater Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Darial Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darial_Gorge"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997120-69"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavakhishvili194950-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200936-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image_Avar_Kreuz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)"},{"link_name":"Avar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_language"},{"link_name":"Asomtavruli script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_scripts#Asomtavruli"},{"link_name":"Kipchak families settled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartli"},{"link_name":"Hereti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti"},{"link_name":"Georgian Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somkhiti"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980173-73"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Georgian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze2009183-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997121-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849379-76"},{"link_name":"Kipchaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"North Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Georgian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200987-35"},{"link_name":"South Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Greater Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Darial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darial_Gorge"},{"link_name":"Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997126-77"}],"sub_title":"Negotiations with the North Caucasus","text":"The foreign relations led by King David the Builder are exclusively devoted to the liberation of the Kingdom of Georgia and, in this way, remain focused on the Georgian–Seljuk wars. However, David IV soon understood that the Seljuk Empire remained a permanent threat to his kingdom as long as the security of the Caucasus against Muslim invaders was not assured. To this end, the monarch developed a plan aimed at the unification of the Caucasian peoples under his scepter. Assisted by his closest advisors, the Georgian sovereign began by establishing solid relations with the numerous tribes of North Caucasus and beyond the Greater Caucasus.Already shortly after his divorce in 1107/1108 from the Armenian princess Rusudan, David IV married the daughter of the Kipchak khan Otrok, who was soon baptized under the name Gurandukht.[67] However, this alliance did not last and no sign of bilateral relations appeared during the following decade. But soon, as Georgia began its new campaigns against the Seljuks, the king did not hesitate to appeal to his father-in-law for military aid. Indeed, the Kipchaks were then renowned in the region for their bravery, agility and ferocity in combat, but were also caught in a conflict on two fronts, one being against Kievan Rus' to the north and the other against the Alans to the south. David therefore offers khan Otrok assistance against these two enemies in exchange for Kipchak support against the Turks and decides to go to the domains of this khan.Accompanied by his faithful advisor George of Chqondidi and his personal guard, David IV crossed the Greater Caucasus via the Darial Gorge in 1118.[68] After significant negotiations, the Georgians managed to convince Otrok to donate several thousand Kipchak troops to fight against the Seljuks. But despite this agreement, the Kipchaks were unable to reach Georgia due to the war against the Alans. The latter not letting David IV return to his kingdom with the reinforcements, the Georgian monarch personally led a campaign against Alania, quickly took all the fortresses of the country and forced the Alans to swear allegiance to him.[69] Taking both Ossetian and Kipchak hostages, he managed to negotiate a lasting peace between the two peoples and returned to the kingdom of Georgia with nearly 40,000 Kipchak families[70] (nearly 200,000 individuals), led by Otrok, after having recovered and secured the fortresses of the Greater Caucasus, but leaving behind George of Chqondidi, who died during the negotiations in Alania.[71]Old Avar crosses with Avar inscriptions in Asomtavruli script.The numerous Kipchak families settled in colonial settlements in interior Kartli, where a large part of the Georgian population had been exterminated by the Seljuks, but also in Hereti and in the north of Georgian Armenia, in the aim of strengthening borders.[72] They are also accompanied by Alanian, miserly and Kurdish mercenaries. Soon, they adopted Christianity, learned the Georgian language, changed their nomadic habits and settled down, and gradually mixed with the Georgians.[73] The central power then asked each family to provide at least one soldier to the Georgian army.[74] However, the Kipchaks, who are hardly accustomed to a sedentary life and loyal to a single character, find themselves in a new landscape which they take to be hostile. This is how, until his death, David IV survived several assassination attempts and coups organized by certain Kipchak groups.[75] But this hardly changes the situation of the new arrivals and thanks to these negotiations, the reform of the army is completed and the Georgian troops now number nearly 60,000 men.In addition to this alliance between the Kipchaks and Georgia, David the Builder maintained deeper relations with other North Caucasian peoples. He created a sphere of cultural influence in the Nort Caucasus, established Orthodoxy there by sponsoring the construction of Georgian churches among local peoples, and developed the economies of these peoples by participating in the founding of urban communities and the introduction of the system feudal Georgian in the region. Moreover, Georgian culture became an integral part of local organized societies, with Georgian and social terminologies of Georgian origin being introduced.[34] Politically, David IV decided to strengthen the influence of his kingdom in the North Caucasus by making regional sovereigns his vassals and by controlling the routes leading from South Caucasus to North Caucasus via the Greater Caucasus mountain range. Thus, he fortified the passages of Darial and established Georgian counters on the road leading to Derbent, whose sovereign swore allegiance to the king of Georgia.[76]","title":"Military campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caucasus_1124_AC_en_alt.svg"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Mtkvari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(river)"},{"link_name":"Geguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Geguti"},{"link_name":"Khupati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Botora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Botora"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli201180-78"},{"link_name":"Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan"},{"link_name":"Qabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabala"},{"link_name":"Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Derbent"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshahs"},{"link_name":"Afridun I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afridun_I"},{"link_name":"Manuchihr III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuchihr_III_of_Shirvan"},{"link_name":"Arsharunik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsharunik"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaukhchishvili1955339-79"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli201180-78"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"eastern Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartli"},{"link_name":"Greater Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Likhi Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likhi_Range"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849364%E2%80%93365-80"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli201180-78"},{"link_name":"Mtkvari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(river)"},{"link_name":"Barda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barda,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Kipchaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849365-81"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli201180-78"}],"sub_title":"Battles to drive out the Turks","text":"Georgia at the end of the reign of King David IV.In 1120 David got into the habit of going to Abkhazia and the Seljuks were wintering near the banks of Mtkvari. David first moved to Geguti, and from there to Khupati. The Seljuks found out how far it was, they camped at Botora. The Seljuks set up camps to spend the winter. On February 14, David suddenly attacked the Seljuks and completely destroyed them at the Battle of Botora. Only a few of them managed to get on their horses and run away. In the battle the Georgians captured many Seljuks and gained a lot of booty.[77]Only two months later, David IV again led his troops to intervene in Shirvan: after capturing the city of Qabala and returning to Georgia with large loads of gold, he returned to the region on May 7, 1120 and ravaged the country from Arbia-lizhatat to Khishtalanti and Kurdevan. At the same time, David IV managed to convince his vassal of Derbent to invade Shirvan and a war between the two parties soon broke out. In November, the Derbentians killed Shirvanshah Afridun I in combat, giving the king of Georgia the opportunity to place his own son-in-law and vassal, Manuchihr III, in Shirvan. At the same time, David the Builder led short but effective campaigns in the southeast and notably took the Turkish bastions of Arsharunik and Sevgelamej.[78][77]Taking advantage of the climatic conditions which had until then worked against them, the Turks in turn organized a large-scale offensive against Georgia in winter 1120-1121. Indeed, at that time, David IV resided in Abkhazia in his winter home and the Turkish strategy therefore lay in a rapid invasion of central and eastern Georgia. Soon, Seljuk forces occupied much of Kartli, as far as the Greater Caucasus. However, King David, having learned of the situation in the rest of his kingdom, rushed out of Abkhazia and ordered his soldiers to dig a passage through Likhi Range, then impassable and thus separating eastern Georgia from its part Western. The Georgian troops attacked Khunan and engaged in bloody combat until the spring, and all the Turkish forces were expelled or massacred in March 1121.[79][77]But the Seljuks did not stop there. Knowing that the flooding of the Mtkvari made crossing the river almost impossible at this time of year, the Seljuks soon returned to their positions south of the river and occupied Barda. But once again, David IV, accompanied by a personal guard of Kipchaks, crossed the river towards Khunan and organized military incursions against the Turks stationed at Barda and Arabia in June. The Muslims, according to Georgian historiography, were then “reduced to the brink”[80] by a long series of costly defeats for more than ten years.[77]","title":"Military campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_David_Aghmashenebeli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shio-Mghvime monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shio-Mgvime_monastery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Didgori_Monument_(Swords).jpg"},{"link_name":"South Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Dmanisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmanisi"},{"link_name":"Seljuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mahmud II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II_(Seljuk_sultan)"},{"link_name":"jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Tughril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughril_II"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"Arran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mazyadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Mazyad"},{"link_name":"Najm ad-Din Ilghazi ibn Artuq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilghazi"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980148-82"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"Kipchaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks"},{"link_name":"Alans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alania"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980178-83"},{"link_name":"Trialeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialeti"},{"link_name":"Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartli"},{"link_name":"Manglisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglisi"},{"link_name":"Didgori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori"},{"link_name":"Walter the Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_the_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980178-83"},{"link_name":"coup de grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980178-83"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George"},{"link_name":"Ilghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilghazi"},{"link_name":"Battle of Didgori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"}],"sub_title":"Battles to drive out the Turks - Battle of Didgori","text":"fresco of King David the Builder, Shio-Mghvime monastery.Didgori MonumentShortly after the double defeat of Barda and Arabia, the Turkish settlers of South Caucasus and the Muslim merchants of Ganja, Tbilisi and Dmanisi sent representatives to the Seljuk Sultan of Iraq Mahmud II (r. 1118-1131), formally requesting military support against the Georgian forces. The Muslim monarch, fed up with the victories won by an increasingly powerful Christian kingdom while the Crusaders already found themselves powerful enemies of the Turks in the west, then declared jihad (holy war of Islam) against Georgia and unifies a large Turkish army with detachments formed by the Seljuks of Turks coming from all over the Middle East (from Damascus and Aleppo to Caucasus) with: Tughril a Seljuk cadet who governs Azerbaijan and Arran from Nakhchivan, Arab forces of the Mazyadid emir Dubays ibn Sadaka, troops led by Najm ad-Din Ilghazi ibn Artuq from Aleppo, and garrisons from Ganja and Armenia, with the aim of invade the Kingdom of Georgia. Mahmud II also appointed General Ilghazi, famous for his battles against the Europeans in the Holy Land and having concluded a temporary truce with the crusading Latins, as commander of these massive Muslim troops, whose numbers rose, d 'according to the sources, from 200,000 to 400,000 or even 600,000 soldiers.[81]Having learned of the declaration of jihad by Mahmud II, David IV understood that the defeat of such an army would lead to the total liberation of the Caucasus and, therefore, the completion of the political goal of the Georgian ruler. In turn, he assembled a large army, composed of 40,000 Georgians, 15,000 Kipchaks and 5,000 Alans (60,000 troops in total), to which was added a detachment of 200 to 1,000 Crusaders from Western Europe.[82] The king decided to let the Turks penetrate into Georgia proper, with the idea of benefiting from the local geography, and finally intercepted the enemy on the roads linking Trialeti to interior Kartli. The two armies met near the town of Manglisi, at the foot of Mount Didgori, on August 12, 1121.According to the French knight and historian Walter the Chancellor, before heading off to battle, King David inspired his army with these words:“Soldiers of Christ! If we fight bravely for our Faith, we will defeat not only the devil’s servants, but the devil himself. We will gain the greatest weapon of spiritual warfare when we make a covenant with the Almighty God and vow that we would rather die for His love than escape from the enemy. And if any one of us should wish to retreat, let us take branches and block the entrance to the gorge to prevent this. When the enemy approaches, let us attack fiercely!”[83]The king personally launches the attack, rushing his troops towards the attackers with a ferocity comparable to that of a \"rambling monster\". From the first attack, the Muslims were forced to retreat despite their numerical superiority, allowing the Georgians to multiply such attacks. Soon, these maneuvers bring the enemy to such a degree of excitement and disorientation that they make him lose composure.[82] At this moment, David IV launched a new attack, which turned into a coup de grace for the Muslim allies on the battlefield: suddenly, the vigor of the enemy army collapsed in the middle of the fight.[82] The genius of Georgian strategy then defeated the power of numbers, bringing a decisive defeat to the Seljuk Empire and its influence in the Caucasus.[84] Testimonies report in various chronicles, both Christian and Muslim, that Saint George personally led the Georgian forces against the invader. Among the many commanders of the invading troops, only General Ilghazi and his son-in-law Dubays managed to escape. This victory at the Battle of Didgori had an important repercussion on the fate of the Crusades, whose leaders were then seeking crucial aid against the Turks, and stories, sometimes exaggerated, of Didgori's victory were told in the royal courts of the West as a new hope against Muslim power.","title":"Military campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Baldwin I of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980178-83"},{"link_name":"Battle of Didgori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori"},{"link_name":"Siege of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Prince Ioane of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ioane_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Baldwin II of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200987-35"}],"sub_title":"Relations with the Middle East","text":"Besides Europe, David IV established relations with the Middle East. This is how he maintained close relations with the Crusader forces, and in particular with King Baldwin I of Jerusalem (r. 1100-1118), with whom he exchanged numerous gifts as a sign of support. In addition, as stated above, a battalion of Latins composed of 200[85] to 1,000 men[82] participated during the Battle of Didgori. Some sources also speak of the participation of Georgian auxiliary forces during the Siege of Jerusalem in 1099.[86] The historian Prince Ioane of Georgia even reports a secret visit by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem to the Georgian royal court.[87] The existence of a powerful Kingdom of Georgia is also felt in the Arab world, where the Georgian monarch's kindness to his Muslim subjects and his knowledge of the Quran are renowned. A coin with the Arabic inscription “King of Kings David, the Sword of the Messiah” then circulated throughout the Middle East.[34]","title":"Military campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Last years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_David_IV_the_Builder._Gelati_fresco.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gelati Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelati_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Didgori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Georgian kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Dmanisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmanisi"},{"link_name":"Orbeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbelian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din al-Ayni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_al-Din_al-Ayni"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1851240-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPubblici202220-92"},{"link_name":"Kutaisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutaisi"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997127-93"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849372-94"},{"link_name":"Georgian kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dmanisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmanisi"},{"link_name":"unification of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200985-95"}],"sub_title":"Liberation of Tbilisi","text":"David the Builder. A 16th-century fresco from the Gelati Monastery.The defeat of the Seljuk Empire at the Battle of Didgori in August 1121 allowed David IV to liberate the Caucasus from Muslim domination dating back several centuries. Georgia's enemies found themselves decisively defeated, preventing them from retaliating against the northern Christian advance, while the Crusades raged in the west of the Turkic world. However, there remains a last Islamic enclave within the Georgian kingdom, an enclave having lost all relations with other Muslim states since the start of King David's conquests. This corresponds to the Emirate of Tbilisi, which had been occupied by the Arabs for almost five centuries, and contains the regions of Tbilisi and Dmanisi.Already in June 1121, David IV had put the city of Tbilisi under siege but was content with a formal allegiance with an annual tribute, in view of the upcoming war against the Turkish invaders. Once the Seljuks were defeated, the sovereign focused on the capture of Tbilisi from the beginning of 1122. After a short siege, the king, probably accompanied by general Ivane Orbeli, managed to take the city in February and enters it to rid it of the Muslim elite. According to Arab historiography, David IV carried out a pillage on the first day of the conquest, devastating the mosques and other signs of the Islamization of the Georgian city,[88][89] but soon calmed down. and, in the words of the 15th-century Arab historian Badr al-Din al-Ayni, \"respected the feelings of Muslims more than Muslim rulers had done before.\"[90]Following the capture of the city,[91] the king transferred the capital from Kutaisi to Tbilisi, thus restoring the latter to the status it had before the Arab conquest of the 7th century. The recovery of Tbilisi guarantees a cultural renewal in the city, whose Christian religious buildings are being enlarged. David the Builder also built several noble palaces and cultural centers, such as an important palace built especially to serve as a place of study and inspiration for Muslim poets.[92] However, the situation in the city has not calmed down. During the following years, several bloody clashes between Muslims and Christians occurred, and even the royal power failed to calm inter-religious dissensions.[93] At the same time, David IV decided to preserve some of the institutions of the former emirate of Tbilisi. Thus, the post of emir was retained, but as governor of the city, until the 18th century.Despite this conquest, the Muslim enclave, whose territory was greatly reduced following the loss of its administrative center, persisted in the middle of the Georgian kingdom. David IV finally decides to put an end to the existence of this State, just after having “settled the affairs of the country”. In March 1124, he managed to attack the last Muslim stronghold in Georgia, Dmanisi, which he took after a short fight, thus completing the unification of Georgia.[94]","title":"Last years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan"},{"link_name":"Manuchihr III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuchihr_III_of_Shirvan"},{"link_name":"Mahmud II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II_(Seljuk_sultan)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Didgori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"Shamakhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakhi"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980181-96"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshahs"},{"link_name":"Kharaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharaj"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli2011110%E2%80%93111-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849367%E2%80%93368-98"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Kipchaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks"},{"link_name":"Shamakhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakhi"},{"link_name":"Mahmud II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II_(Seljuk_sultan)"},{"link_name":"Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan"},{"link_name":"Atabeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabeg"},{"link_name":"Arran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli2011111-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997125-101"},{"link_name":"Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan"},{"link_name":"Gulistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCstan,_Goranboy"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli2011111-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Greater Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"}],"sub_title":"Conquest of Shirvan","text":"The resumption of Tbilisi by David the Builder ebuilder therefore established the kingdom of Georgia as the supreme protector of Christianity in the Caucasus and the Georgians now tried to assert their domination by trying to reduce the Muslim presence in the same region, this one being considered an ally of the Seljuk Empire. This is the case with Shirvan, whose sovereign, already defeated several times by Georgian troops, remained too independent of Georgian power and was forcibly replaced by a son-in-law of David IV, Manuchihr III, in 1120. The Turks, alarmed by the situation in Caucasus, then decided to respond militarily.Sultan Mahmud II soon resumed the war against Georgia, despite his defeat at the Battle of Didgori a year earlier. In November 1122, he began his invasion of Shirvan and captured Tabriz, before reaching the local capital, Shamakhi, the following spring.[95] Mahmud then captured the regional sovereign Manuchihr III and sent a letter to the king of the Georgians saying: \"You are the king of the forests, and you never go down to the plains. Now I have taken Shirvanshah and I demand Kharaj [tribute] from him. If you wish, send me suitable presents; if not, come and see me in all haste.[96][97]Following this provocation, the Christian monarch called in all his troops and assembled an army of 50,000 men, most of them Kipchaks. The Seljuk sultan locked himself in Shamakhi after learning of the arrival of the Georgian troops, prompting David IV to halt his advance, deeming it disrespectful to pursue a retreating army. Mahmud II then offered the king the opportunity to regain control of his vassal province if he would let him leave in peace, but the monarch categorically refused and resumed his march towards the Shirvan capital after defeating an army of 4,000 Seljuks led by the Atabeg of Arran.[98] Once he had laid siege to Shamakhi, the Seljuk left the city in a hurry via the commune's excrement drainage system.[99][100]In June 1123, a month after the defeat of the Seljuks, David IV invaded Shirvan, starting by capturing the town of Gulistan. He soon dethroned his own son-in-law, establishing him in Georgia and directly annexing the region.[99][101] This act allows Georgia to reach its greatest extent since the beginning of its history. Indeed, for the first time Georgia extended from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea and from the Greater Caucasus to Northern Armenia.","title":"Last years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan"},{"link_name":"unification of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"South Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgian–Seljuk wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars"},{"link_name":"Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"capture of Dmanisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Dmanisi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849369-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetreveli2011112-104"},{"link_name":"Javakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javakheti"},{"link_name":"Basiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasiane_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Speri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spir"},{"link_name":"Tao-Klarjeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao-Klarjeti_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Oltisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltu"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1851230-105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AniMap.gif"},{"link_name":"Ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani"},{"link_name":"capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ani_(1064)"},{"link_name":"Alp Arslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_Arslan"},{"link_name":"Islamization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Shaddadids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddadids"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1995615-106"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997125-101"},{"link_name":"Emir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Manuchihr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Aswar_Shavur_ibn_Manuchihr"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Meskhetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskheti"},{"link_name":"Abuleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuletisdze"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky195384%E2%80%9385-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedrosian1997251-108"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Gori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"South Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Nicopsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicopsis"},{"link_name":"Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent"},{"link_name":"Alania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alania"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Shaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Alania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alania"},{"link_name":"Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_people"},{"link_name":"Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"link_name":"basileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basileus"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiJanelidze200986%E2%80%9387-110"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Derbent"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Lezgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezgins"},{"link_name":"Kipchaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849369-103"},{"link_name":"Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan"},{"link_name":"Shamakhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamakhi"},{"link_name":"Hereti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti"},{"link_name":"Kakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakheti"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849370-111"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim ibn-Suleiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah-Armens"},{"link_name":"kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"}],"sub_title":"Georgian power on Caucasus","text":"The resumption of Tbilisi and the conquest of Shirvan not only completed the long process of the unification of Georgia which began at the end of the 10th century, but henceforth gave the kingdom a regional reputation as protector of Christianity and brought different peoples of South Caucasus to ask for help from David IV against the Muslim forces. This fact further encourages the Georgian monarch, one of whose plans is to secure the entire Caucasus by establishing Georgian domination there, with a view to effective defense against the Turks. As seen above, the North Caucasus was already under the cultural and political influence of the Kingdom of Georgia at the start of the Georgian–Seljuk wars, while Derbent becomes a more or less faithful vassal of Georgia and Shirvan is forced to submit.The conflict against the Crusaders in the Middle East was also one of the main factors breaking the backbone of Turkish power. This therefore allowed the king of Georgia to continue his momentum towards the south after the capture of Dmanisi, in particular towards the historic territories of Armenia. In May 1124, Georgian troops led by David the Builder entered southern Transcaucasia and within a few days captured many Armenian strongholds, such as the fortresses of Gagni, Teronakal, Kavazani, Norbed, Manasgonmni and Talinjakari.[102][103] The following month, the king, after returning to Georgia proper, resumed his journey and crossed the Javakheti, Kola, Carnipola and the Basiani and destroyed all Seljuk installations there, before reaching the town of Speri, in Tao-Klarjeti. After this offensive, he continued his way into Tao-Klarjeti and burned Oltisi after taking Bouïatha-Qour.[104]Plan of AniHaving learned of the liberation of the Christian cities by the king of Georgia, the nobility of the ancient Armenian capital, Ani, sent representatives to David IV on August 20, 1124, to the source of the Bojana. Indeed, Ani had been in Muslim hands since its capture by Alp Arslan in 1064 and a forced Islamization of the city had taken place since the sale of Ani to the Shaddadids, to the discontent of the local Christian population.[105] The said representatives then offered the monarch the surrender of the city. Taking this opportunity in hand, David summoned all his armies and entered Armenia with 60,000 men to take the city. Without a single fight, the Armenian population of Ani opened the gates to the Georgians,[100] who captured Emir Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Manuchihr (r. 1118-1124) and exiled him and his family to Abkhazia. The region was then left to the governance of the Meskhetian nobility, to General Abuleti and his son Ivane.[106] Armenian families (including many dispossessed nobles[107]) subsequently established themselves in Georgia proper and the royal power built the city of Gori for them.[108] Northern Armenia was thus annexed and incorporated into the Kingdom of Georgia, increasing the power of David IV in the region.Georgia's conquest of Northeast Armenia finally completed the ultimate project of securing South Caucasus against the Turkish threat. For the first time, the entire Caucasus is unified culturally, spiritually and politically under a single scepter, this being Georgia. The written tradition relates the borders of the Georgian world of the time, describing it as going from \"Nicopsia to Derbent and from Alania to Aragats\", i.e. from one sea to the other, and from the North Caucasus to Armenia. The deliverance of North-Eastern Armenia in fact guarantees this power, reflected in the official title of the Georgian king: “King of Kings, of the Abkhazians, Iberians, Ranis, Kakhetians, Armenians, of Shaki, Alania and the Rus, Sword of the Messiah, emperor (basileus) of all the East, the invincible, servant and defender of God, the Orthodox king.[109]Despite his advanced age, David IV continued his military actions during the last years of his reign. For example, in April 1124, he took the town of Chabran after an attack against his vassal of Emirate of Derbent. Still in the region, after having defeated a North Caucasian army composed of Kurds, Lezgins and anti-Georgian Kipchaks, he captured the citadels of Ghasanni and Khozaond, during an obscure campaign north of the Caspian Sea.[102] Another military campaign was organized in September in Shirvan, under obscure circumstances. The king managed to recover Shamakhi and took the citadel of Bigrit, before strengthening his power in Hereti and Kakheti by leaving strong garrisons of soldiers there.[110] In January 1125, shortly before his death, David once again faced Muslim attackers, led by the Emir Ibrahim ibn-Suleiman. The latter, accompanied by Emir Davout ibn-Soukman of Hantzit, however failed to achieve a victory over the kingdom of Georgia and the Christian sovereign managed to massacre the invaders after five days of battle.","title":"Last years"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Death and burial","title":"Last years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_David_IV_of_Georgia_at_Gelati.jpg"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsatianiBendianashvili1997127-93"},{"link_name":"Mtsignobartukhutsesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtsignobartukhutsesi"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849380-112"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Demetrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849380-112"},{"link_name":"Gelati Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelati_Monastery"}],"sub_title":"Death and burial - Death","text":"The \"Tomb of David IV\" at Gelati reads:Ⴕ ႤႱႤႠႰႱႢႠႬႱႠႱႭႤႬႤ ႡႤႪႨႹ[ႫႨ][ႭႩႨႭႩႤ][ႤႱႤ]ႫႧႬႠ ႥႱႠႵႠႣႠႥႤႫႩჃႣႰႭႫႤSubsequently, David IV began to organize plans for new large-scale campaigns for the coming spring.[92] However, the weakness caused by his illness and his age prevented him from continuing this project and he was forced to let his Mtsignobartukhutsesi Simon of Chqondidi take care of the affairs of the country.[111] The long reign of thirty-four years of David IV the Builder ended abruptly on January 24, 1125. The king died in his capital Tbilisi, after having appointed his eldest son Demetrius as successor, transmitting to him the Georgian royal attributes, consisting of a crown of precious stones, a scimitar and purple kneepads and sleeves.[111] The king was buried, following his request, in the Gelati Monastery. His tomb is placed, again according to his will, at the main entrance of this religious building that he had built, so that anyone coming to his beloved Gelati Academy stepped on his tomb first.","title":"Last years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gelati monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelati_Monastery"},{"link_name":"asomtavruli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_scripts#Asomtavruli"},{"link_name":"Marie-Félicité Brosset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_Brosset"},{"link_name":"Psalm 131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_131"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_132"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"Death and burial - Burial","text":"A tombstone at the entrance of Gelati monastery, bearing a Georgian inscription in the asomtavruli script, has traditionally been considered to be that of David IV. Although there are no clear and reliable indications that David was indeed buried in Gelati and that the present epitaph is his, this popular belief had already been established by the mid-19th century as evidenced by the French scholar Marie-Félicité Brosset who published his study of the Georgian history between 1848 and 1858. The epitaph, modeled on the Psalm 131 (132), 14, reads: \"Christ! This is my resting place for eternity. It pleases me; here I shall dwell.\"[112]","title":"Last years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia%27s_Most_Revered_Kings.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gelati Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelati_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Georgian Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Georgian_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Christian traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_tradition"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Mother of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokos"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Seljuks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Imastaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Imastaser"},{"link_name":"Haghpat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haghpat"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedrosian1997251-108"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849358-114"},{"link_name":"Kutaisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutaisi"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaukhchishvili1955324-39"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Bichvinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsunda"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849351-23"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849358-114"},{"link_name":"Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartli"},{"link_name":"Geguti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Geguti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jvari12cgeorgia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edge_of_Empires-115"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edge_of_Empires-115"},{"link_name":"Gelati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelati_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Ikalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalto"}],"text":"Gelati Monastery fresco of King David, 16th centuryThe Georgian Chronicles are an important source not only on the course of the reign of David IV the Builder, but also on the private life of the Christian king, reporting his activities and personality. According to these, David IV is a very pious king following Christian traditions, David IV spends his time informing himself, criticizing and learning several episodes from the Bible. According to his biographer, David IV learned to live according to the Christian religion from an early age and continued throughout his life. David himself composed, c. 1120, \"Hymns of Repentance\" (გალობანი სინანულისანი, galobani sinanulisani), a sequence of eight free-verse psalms, with each hymn having its own intricate and subtle stanza form. For all their Christianity, cult of the Mother of God, and the king's emotional repentance of his sins, David sees himself to be similar to the Biblical David, with a similar relationship to God and to his people. His hymns also share the idealistic zeal of the contemporaneous European crusaders to whom David was a natural ally in his struggle against the Seljuks.[1] Furthermore, the Armenian version of the Chronicles indicates the name of the king's confessor (who knows Armenian), Hovhannes Imastaser of Haghpat.[107]David IV the Builder also engaged in important charitable activities. Indeed, he built hospitals in the country for the sick, which he took care of occasionally, as described in the chronicles:“He had yet another thought, following the example of the good God, gentle and merciful, loving men; it was to build a hospice, in a beautiful and suitable place, where he gathered his brothers afflicted with various illnesses, provided for all their needs, with generous lavishness and assigned income to meet their needs. He himself came to see them, questioned them, kissed them one after the other, lavished on them the tender care of a father, complimented them, encouraged them to be patient, arranged their clothes, their clothes with his own hands. beds, their mattresses, their dishes, and all their utensils; gave everyone abundant alms, animated their supervisors and put their affairs in the most beautiful order, following the spirit of religion.[113] »The king has several residences across the country. The most important are the royal palaces of Kutaisi and Tbilisi, but David also has residences in Tsaghoulistavi[38] and Abkhazia. It spends most of its winters until February in this latter region with a Mediterranean climate, notably in the coastal town of Bichvinta.[22] During these stays, the kingdom is administered by its faithful general Theodore.[113] David IV is also fond of hunting and has vast territories for hunting deer and wild boar in his domains of Kartli or Geguti.David IV's processional crossKing David the Builder gave close attention to the education of his people. The king selected children who were sent to the Byzantine Empire \"so that they be taught languages and bring home translations made by them there\". Many of them later became well-known scholars.David's chronicler claimed that \"he knew the deeds better than any other king\" because he was enthralled with theology, astrology, and history, and he brought his books with him on campaign.[114] It seems that he read both Persian poetry and the Qur'an.[114]At the time of David the Builder there were quite a few schools and academies in Georgia, among which Gelati occupies a special place. King David's historian calls Gelati Academya second Jerusalem of all the East for learning of all that is of value, for the teaching of knowledge – a second Athens, far exceeding the first in divine law, a canon for all ecclesiastical splendors.Besides Gelati there also were other cultural-enlightenment and scholarly centers in Georgia at that time, e.g. the academy of Ikalto.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_autograph_of_georgian_king_David_IV_aghmashenebeli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai"},{"link_name":"Saint Catherine's Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery"}],"text":"Autograph of David IV. \"მე დავით უნარჩევესმან მონამან ჴელითა მონითა ქრისტესთა მან გავგზავნე წიგნი ესე მთას წმიდას სინას ვინც მოიხმარებდეთ ლოცვა ყავთ ჩემთვინ\" \"I David the servant of Jesus sent this book to Holy Mount Sinai and who uses it pray for me\" Document from Saint Catherine's Monastery, 12th century","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"Demetrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDostourian1993231-16"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvalishvili193610%E2%80%9311-116"},{"link_name":"cantor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"True Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross"},{"link_name":"bishop of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Latin patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Ghibbelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghibbelin_of_Arles"},{"link_name":"Kipchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvalishvili193610%E2%80%9311-116"},{"link_name":"Cyril Toumanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff"},{"link_name":"Rusudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusudan"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1976123-117"},{"link_name":"Vakhtang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhtang_(son_of_David_IV_of_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumin199636-118"},{"link_name":"Otrok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrok"},{"link_name":"recruitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Kipchaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks"},{"link_name":"Gurandukht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurandukht"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp1997620-119"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1996325,_327-120"}],"sub_title":"Marriages","text":"The Armenian chronicler Matthew of Edessa says that David's eldest son Demetrius was born from an Armenian woman.[15] She is not mentioned in the surviving Georgian documents.[115] A reference to the former wife of David, a king of Georgia, is found in the letter of Ansellus, cantor of the Holy Sepulchre, dating from c. 1120, with which he was sending a relic of the True Cross to the bishop of Paris. Ansellus reports that he acquired the relic from a convent of Georgian nuns only recently established in Jerusalem under the patronage of the Latin patriarch Ghibbelin. Ansellus names the founder of the nunnery as King David's \"widow\". Since David died only in 1125, the lady of Ansellus's letter may have been his first wife, whom he divorced for political reasons in order to marry a Kipchak princess.[115] According to the modern historian Cyril Toumanoff, David's repudiation of his first marriage occurred c. 1107. The same author hypothesizes that David's Armenian wife was called Rusudan and she mothered all of David's children.[116] The modern Georgian genealogists Ioseb Bichikashvili and Yuri Chikovani assume that David's elder children were born of his first marriage and at least one son, called Vakhtang, was produced from the second marriage to Gurandukht.[117]Gurandukht, a daughter of \"the supreme leader of the Kipchaks\" Otrok (Atraka), was the only wife of David mentioned by his medieval Georgian biographer. He married her years before the recruitment of around 40,000 of the Kipchaks in the Georgian service, which David effected c. 1118. Gurandukht is a Persianate name popular in medieval Georgia; her original Turkic name is unknown as are the details of her life. The chronicler of David praises Gurandukht's virtues and points out that the marriage helped David to secure the transfer of the Kipchak families as allies of the Georgian crown.[118][119]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David's children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_David_IV_of_Georgia#Children"},{"link_name":"Demetrius I of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"King of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1976123-117"},{"link_name":"Tamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar,_daughter_of_David_IV_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Manuchihr III of Shirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuchihr_III_of_Shirvan"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1976123-117"},{"link_name":"Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_(daughter_of_David_IV_of_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Isaac Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Komnenos_(son_of_Alexios_I)"},{"link_name":"Alexios Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1976123-117"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1976123-117"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1976123-117"},{"link_name":"Vakhtang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhtang_(son_of_David_IV_of_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1976123-117"},{"link_name":"Alania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alania"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1976123-117"}],"sub_title":"Childrens","text":"David's children were:Demetrius I of Georgia (c. 1093–1156), King of Georgia (1125-1155, 1155-1156)[116]\nPrincess Tamar, who married Manuchihr III of Shirvan, and became a nun in widowhood.[116]\nPrincess Kata, married in the Byzantine Empire (Isaac Komnenos, Alexios Bryennios or Alexios Komnenos).[116]\nPrince Zurab (died 1125)[116]\nPrince George (1114–1129)[116]\nPrince Vakhtang (1118–1138), he was involved in an attempted coup against Demetrius I, his half-brother and heir apparent. He was captured, blinded and cast in prison where he apparently died shortly afterwards.[116]\nPrincess Rusudan, who was married to Prince of Alania.[116]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgian monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Rusudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusudan_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Ioane Shavteli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioane_Shavteli"},{"link_name":"Tamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Seljuks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_David_the_Builder.png"},{"link_name":"Order of David the Builder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_David_the_Builder"},{"link_name":"Order of David the Builder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_David_the_Builder"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Bagrat V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_V_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalia1980253-123"},{"link_name":"Eduard Shevardnadze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze"},{"link_name":"Mikheil Saakashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili"},{"link_name":"Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicos-Patriarch_of_All_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Ilia II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilia_II_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Kutaisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutaisi"},{"link_name":"David the Builder Kutaisi International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutaisi_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"National Defence Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_Academy_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Merab Berdzenishvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merab_Berdzenishvili"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"January 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_26_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Georgian historiography today portrays David IV as a king that few Georgian sovereigns can match. In fact, the majority of current historians agree to qualify David as the most prestigious Georgian monarch in history and make his reign the beginning of the Golden Age of the Kingdom of Georgia, an era which completed only under the reign of Rusudan (r. 1223-1245). According to his contemporary biographer, his actions earned him the title of Builder upon his death. It is notably celebrated by the poet Ioane Shavteli in his cycle of praise Abdulmesiani, jointly with Tamar.David the Builder occupies a special place among the kings of the Georgian Golden Age in the period of the defense against the Seljuks.[120]Order of David the BuilderThe \"Order of David the Builder\" is given to regular citizens, military and clerical personnel for outstanding contributions to the country, for fighting for the independence of Georgia and its revival, and for significantly contributing to social consolidation and the development of democracy.[121]The sovereigns succeeding David IV had great respect for him and his actions allowed him to maintain an international reputation for several decades: for example, while King Bagrat V (r. 1360-1395) was held captive by Timur, he offered the Turco-Mongol emir a coat of mail of precious work having belonged to David the Builder, following which Timur, appreciating this present, frees the king and makes him his favorite.[122] More recently, the memory of David IV was revived in 1995 during the inauguration speech of Eduard Shevardnadze, who cited him with other kings as the builder of the Georgian nation. Furthermore, President Mikheil Saakashvili states that his role model is King David IV; in commemoration of the country's national unity, Saakashvili organized an inauguration ceremony in the Gelati Cathedral where he was blessed by the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilia II in January 2004.The airport at Kutaisi is known as David the Builder Kutaisi International Airport. The National Defence Academy is named after him.David IV of Georgia has several monuments, buildings and streets named after him across Georgia. The Russian-Georgian sculptor Merab Berdzenishvili built an important monument to David the Builder, which he offered to the municipality of Tbilisi. In addition, a university named after the former king was opened in 1991. One can also find an important avenue in the Georgian capital named after David IV of Georgia. A military decoration is finally dedicated to the Georgian king.Furthermore, David IV of Georgia is considered a saint by the Orthodox Churches as well as by Western faiths. However, he was never canonized and his sanctification was the result of a historical and popular process. Cited as the protector of the Georgian nation, he is celebrated on January 24 in the West and January 26 in the East.[123][124][125] Many churches currently bear his name, including a Georgian church dedicated in 2009 in Pennsylvania (United States).","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"David III of Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_III_of_Tao"}],"text":"^ When numbering this king, the rule used often includes David III of Tao, which makes the Builder the fourth king David.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8191-8953-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-8953-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kX9UngEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-271-01628-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01628-0"},{"link_name":"Grousset, René","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-228-88912-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-228-88912-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9027200686","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027200686"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2143/MUS.107.3.2006012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2143%2FMUS.107.3.2006012"},{"link_name":"History of Georgia in four volumes, vol. II - History of Georgia from the 4th century to the 13th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9789941195853"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9941-19-585-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-19-585-3"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Massingberd, 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Volume I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hc1CAAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9941-9063-6-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-9063-6-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"99928-43-44-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/99928-43-44-6"},{"link_name":"Brosset, Marie-Félicité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_Brosset"},{"link_name":"Additions et éclaircissements à l'histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'en 1469 de J.-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/additionsetclai00fgoog"},{"link_name":"Дворянские роды Российской империи. Том 3. Князья","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dvorjanskierodyr02greb"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5861530041","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5861530041"}],"text":"Dostourian, Ara Edmond, ed. (1993). Armenia and the Crusades, Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-8953-7.\nEastmond, Antony (1998). Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia. University Park: Pennsylvania State Press. ISBN 0-271-01628-0.\nGrousset, René (1995) [1947]. Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071 (in French). Payot. ISBN 2-228-88912-1.\nKhuroshvili, Giorgi (2018), Conceptions of Political Thought in Medieval Georgia: David IV \"the Builder\", Arson of Ikalto. In: Veritas et subtilitas. Truth and Subtlety in the History of Philosophy. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Amsterdam/Philadelphia. pp. 149–156. ISBN 978-9027200686\nKiziria, Dodona (1994). \"The Prayers of Remorse of King David IV the Builder\". Le Muséon. 107 (3): 335–347. doi:10.2143/MUS.107.3.2006012.\nLortkipanidze, Mariam; Japaridze, Otar; Muskhelishvili, David; Metreveli, Roin (2012). History of Georgia in four volumes, vol. II - History of Georgia from the 4th century to the 13th century. Tbilisi: National Academy of Sciences of Georgia. ISBN 978-9941-19-585-3.\nLordkipanidze, Mariam (1987). Georgia in the 11th–12th centuries. Tbilisi. pp. 80–118.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nMassingberd, Hugh (1980). Burke's Royal Families of the World: Volume II Africa & the Middle East. Burke's Peerage. pp. 56–67. ISBN 0-85011-029-7.\nMetreveli, Roin (1990). Davitʻ Aġmašenebeli. Tʻbilisi: Ganatʻleba. ISBN 5-505-01428-3.\nMetreveli, Roin (2011). Saint David the Builder. Tbilisi. ISBN 9789941425509.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nMinorsky, Vladimir (1953). Studies in Caucasian History. New York: Taylor’s Foreign Press. ISBN 0-521-05735-3.\nOtkhmezuri, Giorgi (2012), Epigraphic Monuments of the Epoch of David the Builder (\"Agmashenebeli\")\nPubblici, Lorenzo (2022). Mongol Caucasia: Invasions, Conquest, and Government of a Frontier Region in Thirteenth-Century Eurasia (1204-1295). Brill.Grand Larousse encyclopédique (in French). Vol. 5. Paris. 1962. pp. 452–453. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nEnciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Rome. 1950. pp. 641–643. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Rapp, Stephen H. Jr. (2000). \"Sumbat Davitʿis-dze and the Vocabulary of Political Authority in the Era of Georgian Unification\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 120 (4): 570–576. doi:10.2307/606617. JSTOR 606617.\nRapp, Stephen H. (2003). Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts. Leuven: Peeters. ISBN 90-429-1318-5.\nRapp, Stephen H. Jr (2007). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-3361-9. Retrieved 11 May 2012.Synod of Ruis-Urbnisi (1103), ed. E. Gabidzashvili, Tbilisi, 1978, on Georgian language.[ISBN missing]Thomson, Robert W. (1996). Rewriting Caucasian history: the medieval Armenian adaptation of the Georgian chronicles; the original Georgian texts and the Armenian adaptation. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-826373-2.\nToumanoff, Cyril (1943). \"Medieval Georgian Historical Literature (VIIth–XVth Centuries)\". Traditio. I.\nToumanoff, Cyril (1966). \"Armenia and Georgia\". The Cambridge Medieval History (Volume 4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 593–637.\nVasiliev, Alexander (January 1936). \"The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)\". Speculum. 11 (1). The University of Chicago Press: 3–37. doi:10.2307/2846872. JSTOR 2846872. S2CID 162791512.Samushia, Jaba (2015). Illustrated history of Georgia. Tbilisi: Palitra L. ISBN 978-9941-21-755-5.\nNorris, Harry (2009). Islam in the Baltic: Europe's Early Muslim Community. I.B. Tauris.\nAntelava, Ilia (2002). საქართველოს საისტორიო-წყაროთმცოდნეობითი ძიებანი [Studies in Georgian history and sources] (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Artanuji. ISBN 99928-973-7-6.\nGarland, Lynda; Rapp, Stephen H. (2006). \"Mary 'of Alania'\". In Garland, Lynda (ed.). Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience, 800-1200. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5737-X.\nRapp, Stephen H. (1997). Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past (Ph.D. dissertation). University of Michigan. OCLC 41881042.\nToumanoff, Cyrille (1976). Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie pour l'histoire de la Caucasie chrétienne (Arménie, Géorgie, Albanie) [Manual of Genealogy and Chronology of Christian Caucasian History (Armenia, Georgia, Albania)] (in French). Rome: Edizioni Aquila.\nAvalishvili, Zurab (October 1936). \"The Cross from Overseas\". Georgica. 1 (1–2): 3–11.\nAllen, W.E.D. (1932). A history of the Georgian people; from the beginning down to the Russian conquest in the nineteenth century. London: Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 0-7100-6959-6.\nAsatiani, Nodar; Bendianashvili, Alexandre (1997). Histoire de la Géorgie. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7384-6186-7.\nBrosset, Marie-Félicité (1849). Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle. Volume I [History of Georgia from Ancient Times to the 19th Century, Volume 1] (in French). Saint-Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.\nSalia, Kalistrat (1980). Histoire de la nation géorgienne [History of the Georgian nation] (in French). Paris: Nino Salia.\nAsatiani, Nodar; Janelidze, Otar (2009). History of Georgia. Tbilisi: Publishing House Petite. ISBN 978-9941-9063-6-7.\nKaukhchishvili, Simon (1955). La vie du Karthli — Texte complet et commentaires le concernant (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Publication d'État. ISBN 99928-43-44-6..\nJavakhishvili, Ivane (1949). Histoire de la Géorgie. XIe – XVe siècles (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Publication d'État de la RSS de Géorgie..\nBrosset, Marie-Félicité (1851). Additions et éclaircissements à l'histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'en 1469 de J.-C [Additions and clarifications to the history of Georgia from Antiquity to AD 1469] (in French). St.-Petersbourg: Imprimerie de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences.\nDumin, Stanislav, ed. (1996). Дворянские роды Российской империи. Том 3. Князья [Noble Families of the Russian Empire. Volume 3. The Princes] (in Russian). Moscow: Linkominvest. ISBN 5861530041.\nBedrosian, Robert (1997). \"Armenian during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods\". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times. Vol. I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. St. Martin's Press.\nToumanoff, Cyril (1990). Les dynasties de la Caucasie chrétienne de l’Antiquité jusqu’au XIXe siècle (in French). Rome: Tables généalogiques et chronologiques.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/23761199.2021.1970914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F23761199.2021.1970914"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"238993015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238993015"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_United_Georgia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_United_Georgia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_United_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"United Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of 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Kipchaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurandukht_of_the_Kipchaks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Demetrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Vakhtang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhtang,_son_of_David_IV_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Tamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_(daughter_of_David_IV_of_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_(daughter_of_David_IV_of_Georgia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davit_Agmashenebeli.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Chkondideli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_of_Chqondidi"},{"link_name":"Arsen Iqaltoeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen_of_Iqalto"},{"link_name":"Catholicos-Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicos-Patriarch_of_All_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Catholicos-Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicos-Patriarch_of_All_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Catholicos-Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicos-Patriarch_of_All_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Liparit V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liparitids"},{"link_name":"Rati IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liparitids"},{"link_name":"Dzagan Abuletisdze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuletisdze"},{"link_name":"Modistos Abuletisdze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuletisdze"},{"link_name":"Abuleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuletisdze"},{"link_name":"Ivane Orbeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Orbeli"},{"link_name":"Arishiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arishiani"},{"link_name":"Baram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arishiani"},{"link_name":"Kavtar Baramisdze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arishiani"},{"link_name":"Kipchak resettlement in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Council of Ruisi-Urbnisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ruisi-Urbnisi"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ertsukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ertsukhi"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rakhsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rakhsi"},{"link_name":"Battle of Botora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Botora"},{"link_name":"Battle of Didgori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori"},{"link_name":"Liberation of Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tbilisi_(1122)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ani_(1124)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36760#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1815185/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000042614087"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/7775583"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGVmVRCwFY68xbPdgtKd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/102412243"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no89019512"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p142831565"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810647410805606"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd102412243.html?language=en"}],"text":"Toria, Malkhaz; Javakhia, Bejan (2021). \"Representing fateful events and imagining territorial integrity in Georgia: cultural memory of David the Builder and the Battle of Didgori\". Caucasus Survey. 9 (3): 270–285. doi:10.1080/23761199.2021.1970914. S2CID 238993015.vteKings of United GeorgiaKingdom of Georgia (1008—1256)\nBagrat III\nGeorge I\nBagrat IV\nGeorge II\nDavid IV\nDemetrius I\nDavid V\nGeorge III\nTamar the Great\nGeorge IV\nRusudan\nDavid VI-David VII (jointly)\nKingdom of Western Georgia (1256—1329)\nDavid VI\nVakhtang II\nConstantine I\nMichael\nBagrat I\nKingdom of Georgia (1256-1329) (in eastern Georgia)\nDavid VII\nDemetrius II\nDavid VIII\nVakhtang III\nGeorge V\nReunification (1329–1490)\nGeorge V\nDavid IX\nBagrat V\nGeorge VII\nConstantine I\nAlexander I\nVakhtang IV\nGeorge VIII\nBagrat VI\nAlexander II\nConstantine IIvteKing David's reignFamily\nFather — George II\nMother — Elene [ka]\nAunt — Martha (Byzantine empress)\nSpouse — Rusudan of Armenia\nGurandukht of the Kipchaks\nChildren — Demetrius\nVakhtang\nTamar\nKataIndividuals\nGeorge Chkondideli\nArsen Iqaltoeli\nDimitri (Catholicos-Patriarch)\nBasil III (Catholicos-Patriarch)\nJohn IV (Catholicos-Patriarch)\nLiparit V\nRati IV\nDzagan Abuletisdze\nModistos Abuletisdze\nAbuleti\nIvane Orbeli\nArishiani\nBaram\nKavtar Baramisdze\nNotable events\nKipchak resettlement in Georgia\nCouncil of Ruisi-Urbnisi\nSaajo Kari\nBattle of Ertsukhi\nBattle of Rakhsi\nBattle of Botora\nBattle of Didgori\nLiberation of Tbilisi\nSiege of AniAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"David IV with his court. Le Roman de Troie by Benoît de Sainte-Maure. David shown on the right dressed in a robe, wearing a crown.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/King_David_IV_of_Georgia_with_his_court%2C_Roman_de_Troie_by_Beno%C3%AEt_de_Sainte-Maure.jpg/220px-King_David_IV_of_Georgia_with_his_court%2C_Roman_de_Troie_by_Beno%C3%AEt_de_Sainte-Maure.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reconstruction of David the Builder's personal banner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/KingDavidtheBuilderFlag.svg/200px-KingDavidtheBuilderFlag.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A map showing the Great Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malik-Shah I in 1092.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg/240px-Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"12th century icon of Saint George and David IV at Saint Catherine's Monastery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Icon_of_St._George_and_a_Bagratid_Georgian_king._Sinai%2C_Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine..jpg/220px-Icon_of_St._George_and_a_Bagratid_Georgian_king._Sinai%2C_Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine..jpg"},{"image_text":"A copper coin[37] of King David IV of Georgia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Davitis_moneta.jpg/210px-Davitis_moneta.jpg"},{"image_text":"King David IV by Mikhail Sabinin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sabinin._St._King_David_the_Builder._1882_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-Sabinin._St._King_David_the_Builder._1882_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Expansion of Kingdom of Georgia under David IV's reign.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/David_IV_map_de.png/257px-David_IV_map_de.png"},{"image_text":"Old Avar crosses with Avar inscriptions in Asomtavruli script.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Image_Avar_Kreuz.jpg/160px-Image_Avar_Kreuz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Georgia at the end of the reign of King David IV.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Caucasus_1124_AC_en_alt.svg/250px-Caucasus_1124_AC_en_alt.svg.png"},{"image_text":"fresco of King David the Builder, Shio-Mghvime monastery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/King_David_Aghmashenebeli.jpg/180px-King_David_Aghmashenebeli.jpg"},{"image_text":"Didgori Monument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Didgori_Monument_%28Swords%29.jpg/200px-Didgori_Monument_%28Swords%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"David the Builder. A 16th-century fresco from the Gelati Monastery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/King_David_IV_the_Builder._Gelati_fresco.jpg/200px-King_David_IV_the_Builder._Gelati_fresco.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plan of Ani","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/AniMap.gif/230px-AniMap.gif"},{"image_text":"The \"Tomb of David IV\" at Gelati reads:Ⴕ ႤႱႤႠႰႱႢႠႬႱႠႱႭႤႬႤ ႡႤႪႨႹ[ႫႨ][ႭႩႨႭႩႤ][ႤႱႤ]ႫႧႬႠ ႥႱႠႵႠႣႠႥႤႫႩჃႣႰႭႫႤ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Tomb_of_David_IV_of_Georgia_at_Gelati.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_David_IV_of_Georgia_at_Gelati.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gelati Monastery fresco of King David, 16th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Georgia%27s_Most_Revered_Kings.jpg/250px-Georgia%27s_Most_Revered_Kings.jpg"},{"image_text":"David IV's processional cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jvari12cgeorgia.jpg/180px-Jvari12cgeorgia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Autograph of David IV. \"მე დავით უნარჩევესმან მონამან ჴელითა მონითა ქრისტესთა მან გავგზავნე წიგნი ესე მთას წმიდას სინას ვინც მოიხმარებდეთ ლოცვა ყავთ ჩემთვინ\" \"I David the servant of Jesus sent this book to Holy Mount Sinai and who uses it pray for me\" Document from Saint Catherine's Monastery, 12th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_autograph_of_georgian_king_David_IV_aghmashenebeli.jpg/220px-%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_autograph_of_georgian_king_David_IV_aghmashenebeli.jpg"},{"image_text":"Order of David the Builder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Order_of_David_the_Builder.png/150px-Order_of_David_the_Builder.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Davit_Agmashenebeli.jpg/100px-Davit_Agmashenebeli.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of monarchs of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Georgia#Georgia_under_Bagrationi_dynasty"},{"title":"Georgian monarchs family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_monarchs_family_tree_of_Bagrationi_dynasty_of_united_Georgia"},{"title":"Kipchaks in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks_in_Georgia"},{"title":"Family of David IV of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_David_IV_of_Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"title":"David IV of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:David_IV_of_Georgia"}]
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[{"reference":"Lordkipanidze, Mariam (1987). Hewitt, George B. (ed.). Georgia in the XI-XII centuries. Ganatleba. p. 84 – via georgianweb.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.georgianweb.com/history/mariam/chapter2.html","url_text":"Georgia in the XI-XII centuries"}]},{"reference":"\"'Miraculous Victory:' Battle of Didgori, 1121 | Armchair General Magazine\". armchairgeneral.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2020-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://armchairgeneral.com/miraculous-victory-battle-of-didgori-1121.htm/2","url_text":"\"'Miraculous Victory:' Battle of Didgori, 1121 | Armchair General Magazine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170718042742/http://www.armchairgeneral.com/miraculous-victory-battle-of-didgori-1121.htm/2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Miraculous Victory:' Battle of Didgori, 1121 | Armchair General Magazine\". armchairgeneral.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2020-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://armchairgeneral.com/miraculous-victory-battle-of-didgori-1121.htm/2","url_text":"\"'Miraculous Victory:' Battle of Didgori, 1121 | Armchair General Magazine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170718042742/http://www.armchairgeneral.com/miraculous-victory-battle-of-didgori-1121.htm/2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires : A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. p. 95.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dostourian, Ara Edmond, ed. (1993). Armenia and the Crusades, Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-8953-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-8953-7","url_text":"0-8191-8953-7"}]},{"reference":"Eastmond, Antony (1998). Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia. University Park: Pennsylvania State Press. ISBN 0-271-01628-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kX9UngEACAAJ","url_text":"Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01628-0","url_text":"0-271-01628-0"}]},{"reference":"Grousset, René (1995) [1947]. Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071 (in French). Payot. ISBN 2-228-88912-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset","url_text":"Grousset, René"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-228-88912-1","url_text":"2-228-88912-1"}]},{"reference":"Kiziria, Dodona (1994). \"The Prayers of Remorse of King David IV the Builder\". Le Muséon. 107 (3): 335–347. doi:10.2143/MUS.107.3.2006012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2143%2FMUS.107.3.2006012","url_text":"10.2143/MUS.107.3.2006012"}]},{"reference":"Lortkipanidze, Mariam; Japaridze, Otar; Muskhelishvili, David; Metreveli, Roin (2012). History of Georgia in four volumes, vol. II - History of Georgia from the 4th century to the 13th century. Tbilisi: National Academy of Sciences of Georgia. ISBN 978-9941-19-585-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9789941195853","url_text":"History of Georgia in four volumes, vol. II - History of Georgia from the 4th century to the 13th century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-19-585-3","url_text":"978-9941-19-585-3"}]},{"reference":"Lordkipanidze, Mariam (1987). Georgia in the 11th–12th centuries. Tbilisi. pp. 80–118.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi","url_text":"Tbilisi"}]},{"reference":"Massingberd, Hugh (1980). Burke's Royal Families of the World: Volume II Africa & the Middle East. Burke's Peerage. pp. 56–67. ISBN 0-85011-029-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Massingberd","url_text":"Massingberd, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85011-029-7","url_text":"0-85011-029-7"}]},{"reference":"Metreveli, Roin (1990). Davitʻ Aġmašenebeli. Tʻbilisi: Ganatʻleba. ISBN 5-505-01428-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-505-01428-3","url_text":"5-505-01428-3"}]},{"reference":"Metreveli, Roin (2011). Saint David the Builder. Tbilisi. ISBN 9789941425509.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9789941425509","url_text":"Saint David the Builder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789941425509","url_text":"9789941425509"}]},{"reference":"Minorsky, Vladimir (1953). Studies in Caucasian History. New York: Taylor’s Foreign Press. ISBN 0-521-05735-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-05735-3","url_text":"0-521-05735-3"}]},{"reference":"Otkhmezuri, Giorgi (2012), Epigraphic Monuments of the Epoch of David the Builder (\"Agmashenebeli\")","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pubblici, Lorenzo (2022). Mongol Caucasia: Invasions, Conquest, and Government of a Frontier Region in Thirteenth-Century Eurasia (1204-1295). Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grand Larousse encyclopédique (in French). Vol. 5. Paris. 1962. pp. 452–453.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Larousse_encyclop%C3%A9dique","url_text":"Grand Larousse encyclopédique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris","url_text":"Paris"}]},{"reference":"Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Rome. 1950. pp. 641–643.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia_Italiana","url_text":"Enciclopedia Italiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome","url_text":"Rome"}]},{"reference":"Rapp, Stephen H. Jr. (2000). \"Sumbat Davitʿis-dze and the Vocabulary of Political Authority in the Era of Georgian Unification\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 120 (4): 570–576. doi:10.2307/606617. JSTOR 606617.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606617","url_text":"10.2307/606617"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/606617","url_text":"606617"}]},{"reference":"Rapp, Stephen H. (2003). Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts. Leuven: Peeters. ISBN 90-429-1318-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nHIwAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5","url_text":"90-429-1318-5"}]},{"reference":"Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2007). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-3361-9. Retrieved 11 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA137","url_text":"The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9","url_text":"978-1-4443-3361-9"}]},{"reference":"Thomson, Robert W. (1996). Rewriting Caucasian history: the medieval Armenian adaptation of the Georgian chronicles; the original Georgian texts and the Armenian adaptation. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-826373-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Thomson","url_text":"Thomson, Robert W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826373-2","url_text":"0-19-826373-2"}]},{"reference":"Toumanoff, Cyril (1943). \"Medieval Georgian Historical Literature (VIIth–XVth Centuries)\". Traditio. I.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff","url_text":"Toumanoff, Cyril"}]},{"reference":"Toumanoff, Cyril (1966). \"Armenia and Georgia\". The Cambridge Medieval History (Volume 4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 593–637.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff","url_text":"Toumanoff, Cyril"},{"url":"http://rbedrosian.com/Ref/cmh4.htm","url_text":"\"Armenia and Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"Vasiliev, Alexander (January 1936). \"The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)\". Speculum. 11 (1). The University of Chicago Press: 3–37. doi:10.2307/2846872. JSTOR 2846872. S2CID 162791512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2846872","url_text":"10.2307/2846872"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846872","url_text":"2846872"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162791512","url_text":"162791512"}]},{"reference":"Samushia, Jaba (2015). Illustrated history of Georgia. Tbilisi: Palitra L. ISBN 978-9941-21-755-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-21-755-5","url_text":"978-9941-21-755-5"}]},{"reference":"Norris, Harry (2009). Islam in the Baltic: Europe's Early Muslim Community. I.B. 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Histoire de la nation géorgienne [History of the Georgian nation] (in French). Paris: Nino Salia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Asatiani, Nodar; Janelidze, Otar (2009). History of Georgia. Tbilisi: Publishing House Petite. ISBN 978-9941-9063-6-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-9063-6-7","url_text":"978-9941-9063-6-7"}]},{"reference":"Kaukhchishvili, Simon (1955). La vie du Karthli — Texte complet et commentaires le concernant (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Publication d'État. ISBN 99928-43-44-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/99928-43-44-6","url_text":"99928-43-44-6"}]},{"reference":"Javakhishvili, Ivane (1949). Histoire de la Géorgie. XIe – XVe siècles (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Publication d'État de la RSS de Géorgie.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brosset, Marie-Félicité (1851). Additions et éclaircissements à l'histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'en 1469 de J.-C [Additions and clarifications to the history of Georgia from Antiquity to AD 1469] (in French). St.-Petersbourg: Imprimerie de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_Brosset","url_text":"Brosset, Marie-Félicité"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/additionsetclai00fgoog","url_text":"Additions et éclaircissements à l'histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'en 1469 de J.-C"}]},{"reference":"Dumin, Stanislav, ed. (1996). Дворянские роды Российской империи. Том 3. Князья [Noble Families of the Russian Empire. Volume 3. The Princes] (in Russian). Moscow: Linkominvest. ISBN 5861530041.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dvorjanskierodyr02greb","url_text":"Дворянские роды Российской империи. Том 3. 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S2CID 238993015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23761199.2021.1970914","url_text":"10.1080/23761199.2021.1970914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238993015","url_text":"238993015"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_documentary
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Radio documentary
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["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 1940s","1.3 1970s","1.4 1990s-present","2 Quotes","3 Radio documentary in developing nations","4 Notable feature makers","5 References"]
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Radio format devoted to non-fiction narratives
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Recording studio in Germany (WDR, 1954)
A radio documentary is a spoken word radio format devoted to non-fiction narrative. It is broadcast on radio as well as distributed through media such as tape, CD, and podcast. A radio documentary, or feature, covers a topic in depth from one or more perspectives, often featuring interviews, commentary, and sound pictures. A radio feature may include original music compositions and creative sound design or can resemble traditional journalistic radio reporting, but cover an issue in greater depth.
History
Origins
The early stages of fiction audio storytelling did not entirely resemble what would later be called radio documentaries. In the 1930s, with radio stations like WNYC entering the airspace, reporters documented real people and real-life scenarios through short on-the-ground interviews rather than dramatization. Other notable documentary broadcasts include unrefined one-shot audio recordings of events, such as the Hindenburg disaster in 1937. By 1939, CBS responded to growing anxieties about immigration in the U.S. with a six-month series, titled "Americans All…Immigrants All," which highlighted the stories of immigrant communities.
The lack of documentary-style reporting in this era can be attributed, in part, to technological limitations; recording equipment was not easily portable.
1940s
An important moment in the establishment of the radio documentary as a widely used and discussed format is the expansion of portable audio recording devices. In 1945, sound archivist and radio producer, Tony Schwartz began to use portable audio recording equipment to collect the sounds of his neighborhood in New York City to share on his WNYC radio show; his features ran for 30 years and grew to include the sounds of daily life recorded by and mailed to him from people around the world. This style of sharing true-life sound bytes would remain in public radio documentary.
In 1946, one of the most pivotal developments in the spread and stylization of radio documentary was the creation of the CBS Documentary Unit. It was the first sector of a major media network dedicated to this format of radio. The unit was "'devoted exclusively to the production of programs dealing with major domestic and international issues and involving extraordinary research and preparation'". Not only did the content deviate from programming that favors advertisers, the style deviated from the standard, creating a well-known format. The style of reporting for the CBS features was adopted and melded by ABC and NBC networks. The format included extensive interviews to gain multiple perspectives on an issue, adherence to journalistic ethics, and often a call to action; the programming was usually released as multiple segments and at peak times. Examples of these first documentary projects include CBS' 1946 war feature, The Empty Noose, and ABC's 1949 program, V.D., A Conspiracy of Silence, addressing the lack of public attention to venereal disease.
1970s
With the founding of National Public Radio in 1971, radio documentary began shifting again due to non-commercial educational media. For a short time, programs such as All Things Considered explored creative styles of presenting non-fiction by deviating from now-traditional styles of radio documentary by hiring reporters outside of the radio sphere.
1990s-present
Important shifts in technology have allowed radio documentary to travel beyond analog. With the advent of podcasting and internet radio, the FCC provides no guidelines for these media. Programs are allowed to skirt FCC regulation, marking yet another shift in the content and style of documentary programming. Current features that exemplify the new possibilities opened by podcasting include the often gritty subject matter of Love + Radio and the critical success of the podcast Serial due to the ability of listeners across the globe to access the content for free.
Quotes
At its best, radio combines the power and immediacy of great documentary films with the intimacy and poetry of a New Yorker-style magazine piece.— Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, web.jrn.columbia.edu
Staring red-eyed at the mirror in front of me, having spent another day and half of the night with my computer, I ask myself fundamental questions: Why radio? Why documentary? Answer: No other medium can provide me with more freedom of creation and investigation. It meets my urgent interest in reality and the desire for a 'musical' expression. The material (der Werkstoff) is sound. And sound always surrounds us. And: I'm not so much interested in the description of stable situations, but in processes. Our medium is not space, but time; our stories are not glued to the ground, but have motion, life ... That's why!— Helmut Kopetzky, German author, Self-portrait
So what is a radio feature? Technically speaking, it is a 30- to 60-minute, elaborate broadcast from a semantic field related to a radio drama, that can contain all the elements from original sound (interviews) and author texts (epic or scenic type) to noise and music.— Patrick Conley, 60 Years of Radio Feature in Germany, 2007
Radio documentary in developing nations
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There has been tremendous interest in the field of radio documentaries, particularly in developing nations such as India, Iran, South Korea and Malaysia. In India, for example, radio documentary is gaining in popularity due to their flexibility, efficiency and accessibility to the masses. Producers such as Chitra Narain and Danish Iqbal have been accredited with its revival and popularity in the region. Danish Iqbal who is primarily a drama producer combined the elements of dramatic narrative to produce some memorable radio documentaries. His documentary "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai" is considered a classic for the use of effective narrative and ambient sounds. This documentary presents an account of unseen bridges between a Kashmiri Shikarah Wala and his auto rickshaw driver friend in Delhi. Although they never met each other their unseen bond is the subject of this rare Documentary which transcends the barriers of political, religious and regional prejudices.
Because both Chitra and Danish had a long tenure at Delhi and had a creative collaboration with many media institutes, their influence is seminal in shaping the thinking of many of their students and co-workers. Danish won twice the prestigious Public Service Broadcasting Award for his documentaries.
Notable feature makers
China Walcott
Greg Barron
Jay Allison
Eurydice Aroney
Tony Barrell
Alex Blumberg
Peter Leonhard Braun
Kyla Brettle
Edwin Brys
Bill Bunbury
Scott Carrier
Alex Chadwick
Bill Drake
Stephen Erickson
Joe Frank
Laurence Gilliam
John Gilliland
Ira Glass (and This American Life)
Glenn Gould (The Solitude Trilogy)
David Gutnick (Commonwealth Prize, United Nations Broadcast Award etc)
Alan Hall
Berit Hedemann (Prix Europa Yleisradio 1997 and 1998)
David Isay
Malta Jasperson
Lisbeth Jessen
Kitchen Sisters
Ronan Kelly
Brigitte Kirilow
Helmut Kopetzky
Robert Krulwich
Bill Lichtenstein
Klaus Lindemann
Bosse Lindquist (Prix Futura/Prix Europa 1995, and others)
Kaye Mortley
Susan Marling
Ewan MacColl
Siobhan McHugh
Pete Myers
Charles Parker
Piers Plowright
Lorenz Rollhäuser (Prix Europa 2008)
Steve Rowland
Nancy Updike
Emil Benčík
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Radio documentaries.
References
^ a b c Carson, Saul (1949). "Notes toward an Examination of the Radio Documentary". Hollywood Quarterly. 4 (1): 69–74. doi:10.2307/1209386. JSTOR 1209386.
^ a b c Carrier, Scott (3 Feb 2014). "A Brief History of Documentary Forms". transom.org. Retrieved 2 Dec 2016.
^ Shiffman, Dan (1996). "A Standard for the Wise and Honest: The "Americans All…Immigrants All" Radio Broadcasts". Studies in Popular Culture. 19 (1): 99–107. JSTOR 23413750.
^ Suisman, David (2012). "Listening to the City". Smithsonian Folkways Magazine.
^ a b Ehrlich, Matthew C. (2011). Radio Utopia: Postwar Audio Documentary in the Public Interest. University of Illinois Press. pp. 46–70.
^ "National Public Radio (NPR) | American organization". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Audio Division". Federal Communications Commission. 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Siobhan McHugh". Siobhan McHugh.
^ https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20130801111936/http://www.rslit.org/air-and-water-thoughts-of-a-radio-fellow
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The style of reporting for the CBS features was adopted and melded by ABC and NBC networks. The format included extensive interviews to gain multiple perspectives on an issue, adherence to journalistic ethics, and often a call to action; the programming was usually released as multiple segments and at peak times.[1] Examples of these first documentary projects include CBS' 1946 war feature, The Empty Noose,[5] and ABC's 1949 program, V.D., A Conspiracy of Silence,[1] addressing the lack of public attention to venereal disease.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"All Things Considered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Considered"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"1970s","text":"With the founding of National Public Radio in 1971,[6] radio documentary began shifting again due to non-commercial educational media. For a short time, programs such as All Things Considered explored creative styles of presenting non-fiction by deviating from now-traditional styles of radio documentary by hiring reporters outside of the radio sphere.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Love + Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Radio"},{"link_name":"Serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_(podcast)"}],"sub_title":"1990s-present","text":"Important shifts in technology have allowed radio documentary to travel beyond analog. With the advent of podcasting and internet radio, the FCC provides no guidelines for these media.[7] Programs are allowed to skirt FCC regulation, marking yet another shift in the content and style of documentary programming. Current features that exemplify the new possibilities opened by podcasting include the often gritty subject matter of Love + Radio and the critical success of the podcast Serial due to the ability of listeners across the globe to access the content for free.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Graduate_School_of_Journalism"},{"link_name":"web.jrn.columbia.edu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//web.jrn.columbia.edu/studentwork/radio/documentary/"},{"link_name":"Self-portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.helmut-kopetzky.de/main/self1.shtml"},{"link_name":"60 Years of Radio Feature in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.radio-feature.de/definition/definition_en.html"}],"text":"At its best, radio combines the power and immediacy of great documentary films with the intimacy and poetry of a New Yorker-style magazine piece.— Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, web.jrn.columbia.eduStaring red-eyed at the mirror in front of me, having spent another day and half of the night with my computer, I ask myself fundamental questions: Why radio? Why documentary? Answer: No other medium can provide me with more freedom of creation and investigation. It meets my urgent interest in reality and the desire for a 'musical' expression. The material (der Werkstoff) is sound. And sound always surrounds us. And: I'm not so much interested in the description of stable situations, but in processes. Our medium is not space, but time; our stories are not glued to the ground, but have motion, life ... That's why!— Helmut Kopetzky, German author, Self-portraitSo what is a radio feature? Technically speaking, it is a 30- to 60-minute, elaborate broadcast from a semantic field related to a radio drama, that can contain all the elements from original sound (interviews) and author texts (epic or scenic type) to noise and music.— Patrick Conley, 60 Years of Radio Feature in Germany, 2007","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There has been tremendous interest in the field of radio documentaries, particularly in developing nations such as India, Iran, South Korea and Malaysia. In India, for example, radio documentary is gaining in popularity due to their flexibility, efficiency and accessibility to the masses. Producers such as Chitra Narain and Danish Iqbal have been accredited with its revival and popularity in the region. Danish Iqbal who is primarily a drama producer combined the elements of dramatic narrative to produce some memorable radio documentaries. His documentary \"Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\" is considered a classic for the use of effective narrative and ambient sounds. This documentary presents an account of unseen bridges between a Kashmiri Shikarah Wala and his auto rickshaw driver friend in Delhi. Although they never met each other their unseen bond is the subject of this rare Documentary which transcends the barriers of political, religious and regional prejudices.Because both Chitra and Danish had a long tenure at Delhi and had a creative collaboration with many media institutes, their influence is seminal in shaping the thinking of many of their students and co-workers. Danish won twice the prestigious Public Service Broadcasting Award for his documentaries.","title":"Radio documentary in developing nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Walcott&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greg Barron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Barron"},{"link_name":"Jay Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Allison"},{"link_name":"Eurydice Aroney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurydice_Aroney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tony Barrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Barrell_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Alex Blumberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Blumberg"},{"link_name":"Peter Leonhard Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Leonhard_Braun"},{"link_name":"Kyla Brettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyla_Brettle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edwin Brys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Brys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bill Bunbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bunbury"},{"link_name":"Scott Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Carrier"},{"link_name":"Alex Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"Bill Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Drake"},{"link_name":"Stephen Erickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Erickson"},{"link_name":"Joe Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Frank"},{"link_name":"Laurence Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Gilliam"},{"link_name":"John Gilliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilliland"},{"link_name":"Ira Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Glass"},{"link_name":"This American Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_American_Life"},{"link_name":"Glenn Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Gould"},{"link_name":"Solitude Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitude_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"David Gutnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Gutnick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alan Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hall"},{"link_name":"Berit Hedemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berit_Hedemann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Isay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Isay"},{"link_name":"Malta Jasperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malta_Jasperson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lisbeth Jessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisbeth_Jessen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kitchen Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Ronan Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronan_Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brigitte Kirilow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Kirilow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helmut Kopetzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Kopetzky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Krulwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Krulwich"},{"link_name":"Bill Lichtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lichtenstein"},{"link_name":"Klaus Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lindemann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bosse Lindquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosse_Lindquist"},{"link_name":"Prix Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Europa"},{"link_name":"Kaye Mortley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaye_Mortley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Susan Marling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Marling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ewan MacColl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_MacColl"},{"link_name":"Siobhan McHugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siobhan_McHugh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pete Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Myers_(radio_broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Charles Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Parker_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Piers Plowright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Plowright"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lorenz Rollhäuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Rollh%C3%A4user&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prix Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Europa"},{"link_name":"Steve Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Rowland_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Nancy Updike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Updike"},{"link_name":"Emil Benčík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Ben%C4%8D%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Radio documentaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radio_documentaries"}],"text":"China Walcott\nGreg Barron\nJay Allison\nEurydice Aroney\nTony Barrell\nAlex Blumberg\nPeter Leonhard Braun\nKyla Brettle\nEdwin Brys\nBill Bunbury\nScott Carrier\nAlex Chadwick\nBill Drake\nStephen Erickson\nJoe Frank\nLaurence Gilliam\nJohn Gilliland\nIra Glass (and This American Life)\nGlenn Gould (The Solitude Trilogy)\nDavid Gutnick (Commonwealth Prize, United Nations Broadcast Award etc)\nAlan Hall\nBerit Hedemann (Prix Europa Yleisradio 1997 and 1998)\nDavid Isay\nMalta Jasperson\nLisbeth Jessen\nKitchen Sisters\nRonan Kelly\nBrigitte Kirilow\nHelmut Kopetzky\nRobert Krulwich\nBill Lichtenstein\nKlaus Lindemann\nBosse Lindquist (Prix Futura/Prix Europa 1995, and others)\nKaye Mortley\nSusan Marling\nEwan MacColl\nSiobhan McHugh[8]\nPete Myers\nCharles Parker\nPiers Plowright[9]\nLorenz Rollhäuser (Prix Europa 2008)\nSteve Rowland\nNancy Updike\nEmil BenčíkWikimedia Commons has media related to Radio documentaries.","title":"Notable feature makers"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Recording studio in Germany (WDR, 1954)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001349-0028%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_WDR_Rundfunkstudio.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001349-0028%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_WDR_Rundfunkstudio.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Carson, Saul (1949). \"Notes toward an Examination of the Radio Documentary\". Hollywood Quarterly. 4 (1): 69–74. doi:10.2307/1209386. JSTOR 1209386.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1209386","url_text":"10.2307/1209386"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1209386","url_text":"1209386"}]},{"reference":"Carrier, Scott (3 Feb 2014). \"A Brief History of Documentary Forms\". transom.org. Retrieved 2 Dec 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://transom.org/2014/brief-history-of-documentary-forms/#npr","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Documentary Forms\""}]},{"reference":"Shiffman, Dan (1996). \"A Standard for the Wise and Honest: The \"Americans All…Immigrants All\" Radio Broadcasts\". Studies in Popular Culture. 19 (1): 99–107. JSTOR 23413750.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23413750","url_text":"23413750"}]},{"reference":"Suisman, David (2012). \"Listening to the City\". Smithsonian Folkways Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.folkways.si.edu/magazine-fall-winter-2012-listening-city/sounds/music/article/smithsonian","url_text":"\"Listening to the City\""}]},{"reference":"Ehrlich, Matthew C. (2011). Radio Utopia: Postwar Audio Documentary in the Public Interest. University of Illinois Press. pp. 46–70.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"National Public Radio (NPR) | American organization\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Public-Radio","url_text":"\"National Public Radio (NPR) | American organization\""}]},{"reference":"\"Audio Division\". Federal Communications Commission. 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/audio-division","url_text":"\"Audio Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Siobhan McHugh\". Siobhan McHugh.","urls":[{"url":"https://siobhanmchugh.org/","url_text":"\"Siobhan McHugh\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Radio_documentary&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Radio_documentary","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"http://web.jrn.columbia.edu/studentwork/radio/documentary/","external_links_name":"web.jrn.columbia.edu"},{"Link":"http://www.helmut-kopetzky.de/main/self1.shtml","external_links_name":"Self-portrait"},{"Link":"http://www.radio-feature.de/definition/definition_en.html","external_links_name":"60 Years of Radio Feature in Germany"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1209386","external_links_name":"10.2307/1209386"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1209386","external_links_name":"1209386"},{"Link":"http://transom.org/2014/brief-history-of-documentary-forms/#npr","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of Documentary Forms\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23413750","external_links_name":"23413750"},{"Link":"http://www.folkways.si.edu/magazine-fall-winter-2012-listening-city/sounds/music/article/smithsonian","external_links_name":"\"Listening to the City\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Public-Radio","external_links_name":"\"National Public Radio (NPR) | American organization\""},{"Link":"https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/audio-division","external_links_name":"\"Audio Division\""},{"Link":"https://siobhanmchugh.org/","external_links_name":"\"Siobhan McHugh\""},{"Link":"https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20130801111936/http://www.rslit.org/air-and-water-thoughts-of-a-radio-fellow","external_links_name":"https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20130801111936/http://www.rslit.org/air-and-water-thoughts-of-a-radio-fellow"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinpanetta
|
Pinpanetta
|
["1 References"]
|
Extinct genus of birds
PinpanettaTemporal range: Late Oligocene, 26–24 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Anseriformes
Family:
Anatidae
Subfamily:
Anatinae
Genus:
†PinpanettaWorthy, 2009
Species
See text
Pinpanetta is an extinct genus of birds, in the duck family, from the Late Oligocene of central Australia. The genus name comes from Lake Pinpa, in the Lake Eyre Basin of north-eastern South Australia, with reference to the Pinpa Local Fauna from which much of the descriptive fossil material derives, and from the Greek netta (“duck”). It comprises three species:
P. tedfordi Worthy, 2009 (type species)
P. vickersrichae Worthy, 2009
P. fromensis Worthy, 2009
References
^ Worthy, Trevor H. (2009). "Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of two new genera and four new species of Oligo-Miocene waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae) from Australia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 156 (2): 411–454. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00483.x.
vteGenera of waterfowl and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Neognathae
Superorder: Galloanserae
Avemetatarsalia
see Avemetatarsalia
Theropoda
see Theropoda
Maniraptora
see Maniraptora
Anserimorphae
see below↓
AnserimorphaeAnserimorphae
†Conflicto
†Gastornis?
†Dromornithidae?
†Pelagornithidae?
†Vegaviidae?
†Presbyornithidae
Bumbalavis
Headonornis?
Murgonornis
Presbyornis
Proherodius
Telmabates
Teviornis
Wilaru
†Anachronornithidae
Anachronornis
Danielsavis?
Anseriformessensu stricto
†Agnopterus?
†Eonessa
†"Headonornis"?
†Naranbulagornis
†Palaeopapia
†Peioa
†Petropluvialis?
†Proherodius?
†Wunketru
Anhimae
†Chaunoides
Anhimidae
Anhima
†Chainkanas
Chauna
AnseresAnseranatoidea
†Anatalavis?
Anseranatidae
Anseranas
†Anserpica
†Eoanseranas
Anatoidea†Paranyrocidae
Paranyroca
Anatidae
See below ↓
AnatidaeAnatidae
†Aldabranas?
†Allgoviachen
†Ankonetta?
†Awengkere
†Bambolinetta?
†Caerulonettion
†Cayaoa?
†Chelychelynechen?
†Cousteauvia
†Cygnopterus?
†Eonerornis?
†Eutelornis?
†Garganornis?
†Helonetta?
†Heteroanser?
†Lavanttalornis
†Loxornis?
†Mioquerquedula?
†Nogusunna?
†Notochen
†Proanser?
†Protomelanitta?
†Ptaiochen?
†Selenonetta
†Sharganetta?
†Sinanas?
†Tagayanetta
†Talpanas?
†Teleornis?
†Thambetochen?
†Wasonaka?
†Romainvillinae
Paracygnopterus
Romainvillia
Saintandrea
Dendrocygninae
Dendrocygna
Thalassornis
†Dendrocheninae
Dendrochen
Manuherikia
Mionetta
Stictonettinae
Stictonetta
Anserinae
†Afrocygnus
†Annakacygna
Anser
†Anserobranta
†Asiavis
†Bonibernicla
Branta
Cereopsis
†"Chenopis"
†Cnemiornis
Coscoroba
†Cygnavus
Cygnus
†Cygnopterus
†Eremochen
†Megalodytes
†Paracygnus
†Presbychen
Tadorninae
Alopochen
†Australotadorna
†Brantadorna
Cairina
†Centrornis
Chloephaga
Cyanochen
Hymenolaimus
†Kaikenia
Merganetta
†Miotadorna
†Nannonetta
Neochen
Plectropterus
†Pleistoanser
Radjah
Sarkidiornis
Tachyeres
Tadorna
†Tamtamia
Anatinae
Aix
Amazonetta
†Anabernicula
Asarcornis
Biziura
Callonetta
†Chenoanas?
Chenonetta
†Dunstanetta
†Eoneornis?
†Lavadytis
Lophonetta
Malacorhynchus
Marmaronetta
Netta
Nettapus
†Pinpanetta
Pteronetta
†?Rhodonessa
Salvadorina
Speculanas
Oxyurini
Heteronetta
Nomonyx
Oxyura
†Tirarinetta
Mergini
Bucephala
†Camptorhynchus
†Chendytes
Clangula
Histrionicus
Lophodytes
Melanitta
Mergellus
Mergus
Polysticta
†Shiriyanetta
Somateria
Anatini
Anas
Mareca
†Matanas
Sibirionetta
Spatula
Aythyini
Aythya
Taxon identifiersPinpanetta
Wikidata: Q16967113
Wikispecies: Pinpanetta
GBIF: 9301395
IRMNG: 1476765
Open Tree of Life: 7659667
Paleobiology Database: 367887
This Anseriformes article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This prehistoric bird article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatidae"},{"link_name":"Late Oligocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattian"},{"link_name":"Lake Eyre Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Eyre_Basin"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"descriptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"}],"text":"Pinpanetta is an extinct genus of birds, in the duck family, from the Late Oligocene of central Australia. The genus name comes from Lake Pinpa, in the Lake Eyre Basin of north-eastern South Australia, with reference to the Pinpa Local Fauna from which much of the descriptive fossil material derives, and from the Greek netta (“duck”). It comprises three species:[1]P. tedfordi Worthy, 2009 (type species)\nP. vickersrichae Worthy, 2009\nP. fromensis Worthy, 2009","title":"Pinpanetta"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Worthy, Trevor H. (2009). \"Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of two new genera and four new species of Oligo-Miocene waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae) from Australia\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 156 (2): 411–454. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00483.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2008.00483.x","url_text":"\"Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of two new genera and four new species of Oligo-Miocene waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae) from Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2008.00483.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00483.x"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2008.00483.x","external_links_name":"\"Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of two new genera and four new species of Oligo-Miocene waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae) from Australia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2008.00483.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00483.x"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9301395","external_links_name":"9301395"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1476765","external_links_name":"1476765"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=7659667","external_links_name":"7659667"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=367887","external_links_name":"367887"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinpanetta&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinpanetta&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adik_Sa%27Yo
|
Adik Sa'Yo
|
["1 Cast and characters","2 Production","3 Ratings","4 References","5 External links"]
|
2009 Philippine television drama series
Adik Sa'YoTitle cardAlso known asLove GamesGenre
Drama
Romantic comedy
Created byDenoy Navarro-PunioDirected by
Joel Lamangan
Lore Reyes
Starring
Jolina Magdangal
Jennica Garcia
Dennis Trillo
Marvin Agustin
Theme music composerRico BlancoOpening theme"Hinahanap-Hanap Kita" by Dennis TrilloEnding theme"Hinahanap-Hanap Kita" by Jolina MagdangalCountry of originPhilippinesOriginal languageTagalogNo. of episodes70ProductionExecutive producerHelen Rose S. SeseProduction locations
Metro Manila, Philippines
Batangas, Philippines
Camera setupMultiple-camera setupRunning time30—45 minutesProduction companyGMA Entertainment TVOriginal releaseNetworkGMA NetworkReleaseJune 8 (2009-06-08) –September 11, 2009 (2009-09-11)
Adik Sa'Yo (International title: Love Games / transl. addicted to you) is a 2009 Philippine television drama romantic comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Joel Lamangan and Lore Reyes; it stars Jolina Magdangal, Jennica Garcia, Dennis Trillo and Marvin Agustin. It premiered on June 8, 2009 on the network's Telebabad line up replacing All About Eve. The series concluded on September 11, 2009 with a total of 70 episodes and was replaced by Stairway to Heaven in its timeslot.
The series was released in DVD by GMA Records.
Cast and characters
CastDennis TrilloJolina MagdangalEugene DomingoIwa MotoGerman MorenoBenjie Paras]John Lapus
Lead cast
Jolina Magdangal as Joanna Maglipot (Lindenberg)
Marvin Agustin as Carlos Manansala
Dennis Trillo as Ruben Domingo
Jennica Garcia as Karen Maglipot
Supporting cast
Elizabeth Oropesa as Stella Maglipot
Joey Marquez as Luigi Maglipot
Eugene Domingo as Fatima Lindenberg
Chanda Romero as Aurora Manansala
Pauleen Luna as Camille Sickat
Chariz Solomon as Emelene Santos
Benjie Paras as Benjo
Iwa Moto as Andrea
German Moreno as Joe
Tony Mabesa as Samuel
Luz Valdez as Caring Domingo
Ces Quesada as Ising Domingo
Vaness del Moral as Racquel Domingo
John Lapus as July
Sandy Talag as Ria Domingo
Jim Pebanco as Roman
Mosang as Mila
Renerich Ocon as Penelope
Guest cast
Wendell Ramos as James
Chynna Ortaleza as Liza
Isabel Granada as Doy
Dang Cruz as Estrelita
Polo Ravales as himself
SexBomb Girls as themselves
Yassi Pressman as Lucinda Bartolome
Mang Enriquez as Katong
Dinky Doo as Dodong
Rosemarie Sarita as Matilda
Raquel Villavicencio as Mercy
Production
Principal photography commenced on May 5, 2009.
Ratings
According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Mega Manila household television ratings, the pilot episode of Adik Sa'Yo earned a 25.4% rating. While the final episode scored a 34.1% rating.
References
^ "Stairway to Heaven, Adik Sa 'Yo out on DVD". The Philippine Star. March 22, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
^ "Lamangan directs Adik Sa 'Yo". The Philippine Star. May 28, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
^ Miralles, Nitz (April 27, 2009). "Lovelife ni Richard inaarbor". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
^ Santiago, Erwin (June 9, 2009). "AGB Mega Manila TV Ratings (June 5–8): Modest debut for Ngayon at Kailanman and Adik Sa 'Yo". PEP. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
^ Santiago, Erwin (September 15, 2009). "AGB Mega Manila TV Ratings (Sept. 11-14): Stairway To Heaven makes a big step on its first episode". PEP. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
External links
Adik Sa'Yo at IMDb
This Philippine television program-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Directed by Joel Lamangan and Lore Reyes; it stars Jolina Magdangal, Jennica Garcia, Dennis Trillo and Marvin Agustin. It premiered on June 8, 2009 on the network's Telebabad line up replacing All About Eve. The series concluded on September 11, 2009 with a total of 70 episodes and was replaced by Stairway to Heaven in its timeslot.The series was released in DVD by GMA Records.[1]","title":"Adik Sa'Yo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shake,_Rattle_and_Roll_XV_Official_Trailer_-_Dennis_Trillo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jolina_2000.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eugene_Domingo_accepting_Best_Actress_Award,_2012.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iwa_Moto_at_Estrella%27s_Home_Clinic,_April_2010.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germsnorajf.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjie_Paras_NBA_Asia_Challenge_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jolina Magdangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolina_Magdangal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Marvin Agustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Agustin"},{"link_name":"Dennis Trillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Trillo"},{"link_name":"Jennica Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennica_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Oropesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Oropesa"},{"link_name":"Joey Marquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Marquez"},{"link_name":"Eugene Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Chanda Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanda_Romero"},{"link_name":"Pauleen Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauleen_Luna"},{"link_name":"Chariz Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariz_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Benjie Paras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjie_Paras"},{"link_name":"Iwa Moto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwa_Moto"},{"link_name":"German Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Moreno"},{"link_name":"Tony Mabesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Mabesa"},{"link_name":"Ces Quesada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ces_Quesada"},{"link_name":"Vaness del Moral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaness_del_Moral"},{"link_name":"John Lapus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lapus"},{"link_name":"Sandy Talag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Talag"},{"link_name":"Jim Pebanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Pebanco"},{"link_name":"Mosang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosang"},{"link_name":"Wendell Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Ramos"},{"link_name":"Chynna Ortaleza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chynna_Ortaleza"},{"link_name":"Isabel Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Granada"},{"link_name":"Polo Ravales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Ravales"},{"link_name":"SexBomb Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SexBomb_Girls"},{"link_name":"Yassi Pressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassi_Pressman"}],"text":"CastDennis TrilloJolina MagdangalEugene DomingoIwa MotoGerman MorenoBenjie Paras[[file::Shake, Rattle and Roll XV Official Trailer - John Lapus.jpg|0px|alt=]]John LapusLead castJolina Magdangal as Joanna Maglipot (Lindenberg)[2]\nMarvin Agustin as Carlos Manansala\nDennis Trillo as Ruben Domingo\nJennica Garcia as Karen MaglipotSupporting castElizabeth Oropesa as Stella Maglipot\nJoey Marquez as Luigi Maglipot\nEugene Domingo as Fatima Lindenberg\nChanda Romero as Aurora Manansala\nPauleen Luna as Camille Sickat\nChariz Solomon as Emelene Santos\nBenjie Paras as Benjo\nIwa Moto as Andrea\nGerman Moreno as Joe\nTony Mabesa as Samuel\nLuz Valdez as Caring Domingo\nCes Quesada as Ising Domingo\nVaness del Moral as Racquel Domingo\nJohn Lapus as July\nSandy Talag as Ria Domingo\nJim Pebanco as Roman\nMosang as Mila\nRenerich Ocon as PenelopeGuest castWendell Ramos as James\nChynna Ortaleza as Liza\nIsabel Granada as Doy\nDang Cruz as Estrelita\nPolo Ravales as himself\nSexBomb Girls as themselves\nYassi Pressman as Lucinda Bartolome\nMang Enriquez as Katong\nDinky Doo as Dodong\nRosemarie Sarita as Matilda\nRaquel Villavicencio as Mercy","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Principal photography commenced on May 5, 2009.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AGB Nielsen Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGB_Nielsen_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Mega Manila household television ratings, the pilot episode of Adik Sa'Yo earned a 25.4% rating.[4] While the final episode scored a 34.1% rating.[5]","title":"Ratings"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Heart_(TV_series)
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Rebel Heart (TV series)
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["1 Main cast","2 Production","3 Plot","3.1 First episode","3.2 Second episode","3.3 Third episode","3.4 Fourth episode","4 Controversy","5 Media releases","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rebel Heart" TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
TV series or program
Rebel HeartStarringJames D'ArcyVincent ReganPaloma BaezaBrendan CoyleCountry of originUnited Kingdom & Republic of IrelandNo. of episodes4ProductionRunning time50 minutes per episode on BBC One & 1hr 10mins (inc. adverts breaks) on RTÉ OneOriginal releaseNetworkBBC One & RTÉ OneRelease7 January (2001-01-07) –28 January 2001 (2001-01-28)
Rebel Heart is a 2001 British Television drama miniseries starring James D'Arcy as the fictional Ernie Coyne, an Irish nationalist. It is in four parts, and set during the Irish War of Independence from 1916 (The Easter Rising) until the end of the Civil War. Coyne idolised Michael Collins, thus Collins featured frequently, both as a leader and as a friend. The series generated a large amount of controversy before its release.
Main cast
Actor
Role
James D'Arcy
Ernie Coyne
Vincent Regan
Tom O'Toole
Frank Laverty
Kelly
Paloma Baeza
Ita Feeney
Dawn Bradfield
Ursula Feeney
Brendan Coyle
Michael Collins
Lorcan Cranitch
Insp. Nelson
Production
The idea for a series about the Easter Rising and Irish Civil War first emerged in 1994.
Despite most major characters being Irish, the leading roles were mostly played by British-born actors.
Plot
First episode
In the first instalment of Rebel Heart we are introduced to the character Ernie Coyne and his exploits during the Easter Rising of 1916. Coyne's nationalistic views are contrasted against the working class marxism of the other characters, including Tom O'Toole (Vincent Regan) and Kelly (Frank Laverty). On the evening of his first day at the General Post Office Coyne's mother comes by to try and convince him to come home. The upper class manner in which she is dressed is commented on by O'Toole and Kelly because of their working class origins. Coyne takes the job of runner (dispatch carrier), relaying orders between the different units around Dublin that have been cut off from one another. When delivering his first message to St Stephen's Green he meets sisters Ita Feeney (Paloma Baeza) and Ursula Feeney (Dawn Bradfield) who, with a group of republican soldiers, are pinned down by enemy machine gun fire. One of the sisters kills the machine gunner thus stopping the fire that is pinning the republican soldiers down and allowing them to fall back to the College of Surgeons. After delivering his report Coyne goes off on his other run where he continually dodges danger whilst delivering his messages.
On his final run down to Northumberland Road all he finds is the dead bodies of the republicans that have been killed by the British. However he is able to locate four remaining survivors of the unit to whom he gives the chocolate that his mother gave him earlier as it is painfully clear that the four men will die. The rebellion collapses, when it emerges that the Irish people have not risen to support it. In fact the reaction to the rebellion from most Irish people, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, was hostile. As the government forces close in, Patrick Pearse ordered a general unconditional surrender. Coyne is captured and imprisoned with the rest of his associates, refusing the special treatment arranged for him by his influential father.
The episode finishes with a number of the rebel leaders, such as Patrick Pearse and Thomas Clarke, being tried by military tribunal and executed for treason (for leading a rebellion while the United Kingdom was at war with Imperial Germany).
Second episode
The Irish Volunteers are released from jail in 1916, their early release a gesture of attempted conciliation by the British authorities. When they arrive in Dublin aboard a train they are greeted by a fervently nationalistic crowd, waving Irish tricolours. Coyne returns to his upper-middle-class family in Dublin. He has secured a place at the prestigious Trinity College Dublin, leading to the contempt of some of his working-class fellow Easter Rising veterans.
However, Coyne is soon involved with separatist politics again. He involves himself in vote-rigging in the 1918 General Election in an attempt to boost Sinn Féin's chances against the liberal nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party and unionist Irish Unionist Party, much to the disgust of his respectable parents. Sinn Féin won the election in a landslide victory, often for uncontested seats, and this gave a more official nature to their claim to speak for the people of Ireland.
His involvement leads to Coyne again becoming involved with the militant wing of the movement, who wanted to drive out the British by killing British soldiers and members of the Royal Irish Constabulary. One of the veterans of the Easter Rising, Michael Collins is playing a leading role in the embryonic Irish Republican Army. A number of events such as the burial of County Meath militant Thomas Ashe, who had died on hunger strike, persuaded Coyne and many other Irishmen to take up arms against the government forces.
Third episode
It is now 1920. Posing as an insurance salesman, Coyne is sent to the west of the country to co-ordinate rebel activities there. Arriving in West Cork, Coyne is angered to find the local movement disorganised and ill-equipped with commanders who are halfhearted and reluctant to disturb their quiet lives in the small community. With a new-found assertiveness, Coyne re-invigorates the recruits, stealing rifles from a British unit and later mounting a successful ambush of an army patrol. Coyne is worried when his men speak of how they plan to fight the Irish Protestant Unionists after they have driven out the British. He and another rebel are forced to kill two RIC officers who stumble upon their activities. Coyne swells with pride at his leadership abilities and he cockily seduces the daughter of a farmer who shelters him and several of his men, an act he soon regrets as he remembers his feelings for Ita.
In Belfast, Tom O'Toole and Albert Kelly stage an attack on the headquarters of the RIC to avenge the deaths of members of Ita's family who were brutally gunned down by an RIC murder squad. The attack fails and both O'Toole and Kelly are wounded and captured. Coyne is recalled to Belfast and he meets with Michael Collins who informs him that O'Toole and Kelly are in prison. Coyne's humility is restored as Collins reminds him of the bloodier and much more difficult war going on in the rest of the country. The rebels break into Belfast prison, successfully breaking out O'Toole and Kelly but Coyne is badly wounded as they escape.
Fourth episode
In 1921, Coyne recovers from his wounds in a rural hideout in Antrim in Northern Ireland. His mother travels from Dublin to visit but Coyne pretends to be asleep, unwilling to speak to her. Kelly and Ursula agree to marry but their happiness is soured by news of the Treaty of 1921 in which a deputation to Britain led by Michael Collins agreed to partition the nation into the new Republic in the south and the British-ruled North. Ita, whose family are in Belfast, is angry and bitter, believing that the new government has sold them out, condemning them to live as a persecuted minority in the Unionist-dominated north.
Arriving in Dublin in 1922, Coyne, Ita, Kelly and Ursula are disheartened to see the Free State already becoming a traditional-style government based on wealth and power, ending the dream of a worker's republic. Even O'Toole, now a close associate of Collins, has been seduced by the trappings of authority and position. At Kelly and Ursula's wedding, O'Toole is Best Man but he and Kelly angrily argue over the Treaty, mirroring the rapidly emerging divisions in the country between pro and anti-Treaty factions. Coyne reluctantly sides with Collins but he is torn between his desire for his country to avoid civil war and his loyalty to his former comrades. Kelly joins the anti-Treaty rebels as they seize key positions in Dublin and even O'Toole's younger sister Eileen joins their ranks. Collins orders his troops to begin storming the rebel positions. O'Toole approaches the rebel barricades to talk his sister into going home but a nearby nervous soldier discharges a round, killing her.
As fighting breaks out across Dublin, beginning the Irish Civil War, a distraught and angry O'Toole leads his troops in pursuit of the rebels, hunting them down ruthlessly. Seeing Kelly about to be shot by a government soldier, Coyne kills the latter and switches sides, joining Kelly. Injured in the fighting, Coyne is left in a deserted building whilst Kelly goes to find an escape route. O'Toole abruptly enters the room and he and Coyne fire simultaneously, mortally wounding each other. Kelly comes back and O'Toole aims his gun at him but then changes his mind, deciding to let his old friend go. As Kelly escapes to meet up with Ursula and Ita, O'Toole and Coyne lie side by side, reconciling with each other as they both succumb to their wounds.
Controversy
The production of Rebel Heart proved to be controversial. It was most heavily criticised in Britain for what was perceived as its slanted viewpoint of the events between 1916 and 1922.
Criticised in particular was the involvement of the BBC in making a film purportedly propagandising for the IRA during the delicate peace process in Northern Ireland. The Ulster Unionist leader David Trimble attacked the corporation for making a series that could be used as propaganda for the modern IRA.
Media releases
The series has not yet been released on DVD.
See also
The Wind That Shakes The Barley (film)
Rebel Heart (song)
Michael Collins (film)
References
^ "Rebels against British tyranny".
^ Bennett, Ronan (3 December 2000). "Why this witch-hunt won't stop me writing on Ireland". The Observer – via The Guardian.
External links
Rebel Heart at IMDb
|
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Coyne idolised Michael Collins, thus Collins featured frequently, both as a leader and as a friend. The series generated a large amount of controversy before its release.","title":"Rebel Heart (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The idea for a series about the Easter Rising and Irish Civil War first emerged in 1994.Despite most major characters being Irish, the leading roles were mostly played by British-born actors.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"},{"link_name":"marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"Vincent Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Regan"},{"link_name":"General Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office"},{"link_name":"St Stephen's Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green"},{"link_name":"Paloma Baeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma_Baeza"},{"link_name":"College of Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Irish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Patrick Pearse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse"},{"link_name":"Patrick Pearse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse"},{"link_name":"Thomas Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarke_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Imperial Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Germany"}],"sub_title":"First episode","text":"In the first instalment of Rebel Heart we are introduced to the character Ernie Coyne and his exploits during the Easter Rising of 1916. Coyne's nationalistic views are contrasted against the working class marxism of the other characters, including Tom O'Toole (Vincent Regan) and Kelly (Frank Laverty). On the evening of his first day at the General Post Office Coyne's mother comes by to try and convince him to come home. The upper class manner in which she is dressed is commented on by O'Toole and Kelly because of their working class origins. Coyne takes the job of runner (dispatch carrier), relaying orders between the different units around Dublin that have been cut off from one another. When delivering his first message to St Stephen's Green he meets sisters Ita Feeney (Paloma Baeza) and Ursula Feeney (Dawn Bradfield) who, with a group of republican soldiers, are pinned down by enemy machine gun fire. One of the sisters kills the machine gunner thus stopping the fire that is pinning the republican soldiers down and allowing them to fall back to the College of Surgeons. After delivering his report Coyne goes off on his other run where he continually dodges danger whilst delivering his messages.On his final run down to Northumberland Road all he finds is the dead bodies of the republicans that have been killed by the British. However he is able to locate four remaining survivors of the unit to whom he gives the chocolate that his mother gave him earlier as it is painfully clear that the four men will die. The rebellion collapses, when it emerges that the Irish people have not risen to support it. In fact the reaction to the rebellion from most Irish people, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, was hostile. As the government forces close in, Patrick Pearse ordered a general unconditional surrender. Coyne is captured and imprisoned with the rest of his associates, refusing the special treatment arranged for him by his influential father.The episode finishes with a number of the rebel leaders, such as Patrick Pearse and Thomas Clarke, being tried by military tribunal and executed for treason (for leading a rebellion while the United Kingdom was at war with Imperial Germany).","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"1918 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"Irish Parliamentary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party"},{"link_name":"Irish Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"landslide victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide_victory"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Michael Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"County Meath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Meath"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ashe"}],"sub_title":"Second episode","text":"The Irish Volunteers are released from jail in 1916, their early release a gesture of attempted conciliation by the British authorities. When they arrive in Dublin aboard a train they are greeted by a fervently nationalistic crowd, waving Irish tricolours. Coyne returns to his upper-middle-class family in Dublin. He has secured a place at the prestigious Trinity College Dublin, leading to the contempt of some of his working-class fellow Easter Rising veterans.However, Coyne is soon involved with separatist politics again. He involves himself in vote-rigging in the 1918 General Election in an attempt to boost Sinn Féin's chances against the liberal nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party and unionist Irish Unionist Party, much to the disgust of his respectable parents. Sinn Féin won the election in a landslide victory, often for uncontested seats, and this gave a more official nature to their claim to speak for the people of Ireland.His involvement leads to Coyne again becoming involved with the militant wing of the movement, who wanted to drive out the British by killing British soldiers and members of the Royal Irish Constabulary. One of the veterans of the Easter Rising, Michael Collins is playing a leading role in the embryonic Irish Republican Army. A number of events such as the burial of County Meath militant Thomas Ashe, who had died on hunger strike, persuaded Coyne and many other Irishmen to take up arms against the government forces.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Cork"}],"sub_title":"Third episode","text":"It is now 1920. Posing as an insurance salesman, Coyne is sent to the west of the country to co-ordinate rebel activities there. Arriving in West Cork, Coyne is angered to find the local movement disorganised and ill-equipped with commanders who are halfhearted and reluctant to disturb their quiet lives in the small community. With a new-found assertiveness, Coyne re-invigorates the recruits, stealing rifles from a British unit and later mounting a successful ambush of an army patrol. Coyne is worried when his men speak of how they plan to fight the Irish Protestant Unionists after they have driven out the British. He and another rebel are forced to kill two RIC officers who stumble upon their activities. Coyne swells with pride at his leadership abilities and he cockily seduces the daughter of a farmer who shelters him and several of his men, an act he soon regrets as he remembers his feelings for Ita.In Belfast, Tom O'Toole and Albert Kelly stage an attack on the headquarters of the RIC to avenge the deaths of members of Ita's family who were brutally gunned down by an RIC murder squad. The attack fails and both O'Toole and Kelly are wounded and captured. Coyne is recalled to Belfast and he meets with Michael Collins who informs him that O'Toole and Kelly are in prison. Coyne's humility is restored as Collins reminds him of the bloodier and much more difficult war going on in the rest of the country. The rebels break into Belfast prison, successfully breaking out O'Toole and Kelly but Coyne is badly wounded as they escape.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrim,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Treaty of 1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State"}],"sub_title":"Fourth episode","text":"In 1921, Coyne recovers from his wounds in a rural hideout in Antrim in Northern Ireland. His mother travels from Dublin to visit but Coyne pretends to be asleep, unwilling to speak to her. Kelly and Ursula agree to marry but their happiness is soured by news of the Treaty of 1921 in which a deputation to Britain led by Michael Collins agreed to partition the nation into the new Republic in the south and the British-ruled North. Ita, whose family are in Belfast, is angry and bitter, believing that the new government has sold them out, condemning them to live as a persecuted minority in the Unionist-dominated north.Arriving in Dublin in 1922, Coyne, Ita, Kelly and Ursula are disheartened to see the Free State already becoming a traditional-style government based on wealth and power, ending the dream of a worker's republic. Even O'Toole, now a close associate of Collins, has been seduced by the trappings of authority and position. At Kelly and Ursula's wedding, O'Toole is Best Man but he and Kelly angrily argue over the Treaty, mirroring the rapidly emerging divisions in the country between pro and anti-Treaty factions. Coyne reluctantly sides with Collins but he is torn between his desire for his country to avoid civil war and his loyalty to his former comrades. Kelly joins the anti-Treaty rebels as they seize key positions in Dublin and even O'Toole's younger sister Eileen joins their ranks. Collins orders his troops to begin storming the rebel positions. O'Toole approaches the rebel barricades to talk his sister into going home but a nearby nervous soldier discharges a round, killing her.As fighting breaks out across Dublin, beginning the Irish Civil War, a distraught and angry O'Toole leads his troops in pursuit of the rebels, hunting them down ruthlessly. Seeing Kelly about to be shot by a government soldier, Coyne kills the latter and switches sides, joining Kelly. Injured in the fighting, Coyne is left in a deserted building whilst Kelly goes to find an escape route. O'Toole abruptly enters the room and he and Coyne fire simultaneously, mortally wounding each other. Kelly comes back and O'Toole aims his gun at him but then changes his mind, deciding to let his old friend go. As Kelly escapes to meet up with Ursula and Ita, O'Toole and Coyne lie side by side, reconciling with each other as they both succumb to their wounds.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist"},{"link_name":"David Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trimble"},{"link_name":"modern IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The production of Rebel Heart proved to be controversial. It was most heavily criticised in Britain for what was perceived as its slanted viewpoint of the events between 1916 and 1922.Criticised in particular was the involvement of the BBC in making a film purportedly propagandising for the IRA during the delicate peace process in Northern Ireland. The Ulster Unionist leader David Trimble attacked the corporation for making a series that could be used as propaganda for the modern IRA.[1][2]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The series has not yet been released on DVD.","title":"Media releases"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"The Wind That Shakes The Barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wind_That_Shakes_The_Barley_(film)"},{"title":"Rebel Heart (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Heart_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"title":"Michael Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_(film)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Rebels against British tyranny\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=12763","url_text":"\"Rebels against British tyranny\""}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Ronan (3 December 2000). \"Why this witch-hunt won't stop me writing on Ireland\". The Observer – via The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/dec/03/northernireland.theobserver","url_text":"\"Why this witch-hunt won't stop me writing on Ireland\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_Ground_(Oxford)
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Manor Ground (Oxford)
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°45′37.57″N 1°12′55.23″W / 51.7604361°N 1.2153417°W / 51.7604361; -1.2153417For the former home of Woolwich Arsenal, see Manor Ground, Plumstead.
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51°45′37.57″N 1°12′55.23″W / 51.7604361°N 1.2153417°W / 51.7604361; -1.2153417
Manor GroundLondon Road terraceLocationLondon Road, Headington, Oxford, EnglandOwnerOxford United F.C.Capacity9,500SurfaceGrassConstructionBuilt1925Opened1925Expanded1946Closed2001Demolished2001TenantsOxford United F.C. 1925–2001
The Manor Ground was a football stadium in Oxford, England, the home of Oxford United (previously known as Headington United) between 1925 and 2001. It hosted United's record crowd of 22,750 against Preston North End in an FA Cup 6th Round match on 29 February 1964.
The Beech Road stand (seating)The Cuckoo Lane end
The main seating stand was the Beech Road stand (on the west), the 'home' terracing was the London Road stand (south), the 'away' terracing was Cuckoo Lane (north) and on the fourth side was the Osler Road stand (east). In 1966, with the demolition of Sandfield Cottage, a new entrance to the ground was created onto London Road.
With the advent of the 1990s and the Taylor Report, the Manor Ground's terracing was rapidly becoming antiquated, and it gained a reputation amongst fans as one of the more dilapidated stadiums in English professional football. The location of the Manor Ground was unsuitable for conversion into an all-seater stadium, so the club decided to move to a purpose-built all-seater stadium (later to be named the Kassam Stadium) on the outskirts of the city, on land near the Blackbird Leys housing estate. Construction work began in the early part of 1997, but was suspended later that year because of the club's financial problems. Construction of the new stadium resumed in 1999 following a takeover deal and Oxford moved there in 2001.
The last league match at the Manor, on 1 May 2001, was a 1–1 draw with Port Vale. Andy Scott opened the scoring after 82 minutes as the Us looked set for a final home victory, but a minute from the end Tony Naylor equalised. Oxford's final season at the Manor Ground was one of the worst in their history: the club finished bottom of Division Two with 27 points and were relegated to Division Three, their lowest standing in 35 years.
The stadium was later demolished and is now the site of The Manor Hospital, a private hospital owned and operated by Nuffield Health.
References
^ Adams, Duncan (2004). The Essential Football Fan: The Definitive Guide to Premier and Football League Grounds. Aesculus Press. p. 195. ISBN 9781904328223. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ Williams, Janet; Johnson, Mark (1996). Football Fan's Guide. CollinsWillow. p. 184. ISBN 0002187582.
^ "Headington United". Headington.org. Retrieved 26 October 2007.
^ "Wright hands out a grilling". Oxford Mail. 13 August 2001. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ "Oxford 1-1 Port Vale". BBC Sport. 1 May 2001. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
^ "Hospital in U-turn over Nuffield title". Oxford Mail. 13 May 2003. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ "Oxford, The Manor Hospital". Nuffield Health. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manor Ground.
"Manor Ground, Oxford". Old Football Grounds. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010.
vteOxford United Football Club
Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
Current season
The club
Managers
Players
Records
Seasons
All articles
Grounds
Manor Ground (1925–2001)
Kassam Stadium (2001–present)
History
Thames Valley Royals proposal
Rivalries
Luton Town
Northampton Town
Reading
Swindon Town
Wycombe Wanderers
Key personnel
Chairman
Grant Ferguson
Board
Bakrie
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Geicke
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Related articles
Oxford United W.F.C.
Matches
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2010 Conference Premier play-off final
2016 Football League Trophy final
2017 EFL Trophy final
2020 EFL League One play-off final
2024 EFL League One play-off final
This article about an English sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stunell
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Andrew Stunell
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["1 Early life and career","2 Member of Parliament, 1997–2015","2.1 Hazel Grove","2.2 Liberal Democrat Frontbench","2.3 Sustainable and Secure Buildings Act 2004","2.4 Coalition negotiations","2.5 Coalition Government","3 Life peerage","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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British politician (1942–2024)
For the Australian rower, see Andrew Stunell (rower).
The Right HonourableThe Lord StunellOBE PCOfficial portrait, 2018Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Communities and Local GovernmentIn office13 May 2010 – 4 September 2012Prime MinisterDavid CameronPreceded byBarbara FollettSucceeded byDon FosterLiberal Democrat Chief Whip in the House of CommonsIn office7 June 2001 – 22 March 2006LeaderCharles KennedyPreceded byPaul TylerSucceeded byPaul BurstowMember of the House of LordsLord TemporalLife peerage26 October 2015 – 29 April 2024Member of Parliamentfor Hazel GroveIn office1 May 1997 – 30 March 2015Preceded byTom ArnoldSucceeded byWilliam Wragg
Personal detailsBorn(1942-11-24)24 November 1942Sutton, Surrey, EnglandDied29 April 2024(2024-04-29) (aged 81)Political partyLiberal DemocratsAlma materVictoria University of ManchesterLiverpool John Moores University
Insignia of a Knight Bachelor
Robert Andrew Stunell, Baron Stunell, OBE, PC (24 November 1942 – 29 April 2024) was a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as Member of Parliament for Hazel Grove from 1997 until he stood down in 2015, and then a member of the House of Lords from 2015.
From 2010 to 2012 he served as the parliamentary under-secretary of state at the Department of Communities and Local Government. He was nominated for a life peerage in the 2015 Dissolution Honours.
Early life and career
Andrew Stunell was born in Sutton, Surrey. He was educated at Surbiton County Grammar School for Boys, before studying architecture at the University of Manchester and Liverpool Polytechnic. He became a member of RIBA in 1969.
Stunell married Gillian Chorley in 1967. They have three sons and two daughters. He was a former Baptist lay preacher and an active member of his local Methodist church.
After graduation he was an architectural assistant until 1989, working for CWS Manchester from 1965 to 1967, Runcorn New Town from 1967 to 1981, then freelance 1981–5. From 1989 to 1996 he worked as Political Secretary of the Association of Liberal Democrat Councillors and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1995 New Year Honours.
Stunell was elected to Chester City Council in 1979 and to Cheshire County Council in 1981. He subsequently served on Stockport Council for six years, remaining on the Council for a time after his election as an MP. He contested the City of Chester constituency three times, as the Liberal Party candidate in 1979 and for the SDP-Liberal Alliance in 1983 and 1987.
Member of Parliament, 1997–2015
Hazel Grove
Stunell was elected as the member of parliament for Hazel Grove in 1997 having fought the seat previously in 1992 when he came second with 43.1% of the vote. The general election of 1997 resulted in a majority of 11,814 and a 54.5% of the vote, taking the seat from the Conservatives. He retained the seat at the 2001 (52%), 2005 (49.5%) and 2010 (48.8%) general elections.
Liberal Democrat Frontbench
Stunell (right) with Neil O'Brien at Conservative Party conference in 2011
On entering parliament in 1997 Stunell was appointed the Shadow Energy minister under Paddy Ashdown, a role he performed until 2005. At the same time Stunell operated as the party's deputy chief whip, only stepping down from that position in 2001 when he was elected to the position of Chief Whip, a position he was re-elected to in 2005. He stood down from the role in March 2006 to serve as the Shadow Secretary of State for communities and local government which concluded in December 2007 when Nick Clegg asked him to become chair of the Liberal Democrat local elections team. In January 2009 Stunell was appointed to be the Liberal Democrat representative on the International Development Select Committee and in August 2009 he was asked to take on the role of vice-chair of the general election campaign.
Sustainable and Secure Buildings Act 2004
In 2003 Stunell came top in the regular ballot of Private Members' Bills and was successful in having his Sustainable and Secure Buildings Bill become an Act of Parliament in 2004. As part of the bill Stunell wanted to see all new and existing homes either built or renovated with security and energy saving features with Stunell saying that he wanted the bill to promote "greener and safer buildings".
Coalition negotiations
Following the general election of 2010, no one political party was able to secure a majority in the House of Commons. As a result, the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats entered into negotiations with each other to form the United Kingdom's first coalition government since the Second World War.
Stunell along with Danny Alexander, Chris Huhne and David Laws acted as the negotiating team for the Liberal Democrats with William Hague, Oliver Letwin, George Osborne and Edward Llewellyn acting for the Conservatives.
Coalition Government
Following the formation of the coalition, Stunell was appointed a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Communities and Local Government under Secretary of State Eric Pickles. His responsibilities in the role were community cohesion, race equality, building regulations and the implementation of the Big Society particularly with regard to housing and regeneration.
He was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 7 November 2012 at Buckingham Palace. This entitled him to the Honorific Prefix "The Right Honourable" for life.
Stunell was knighted for public and political service in the 2013 Birthday Honours. receiving the accolade from the Prince of Wales on 24 January 2014.
In 2013 he announced that he would be stepping down at the next general election.
Life peerage
Stunell was created a Life Peer taking the title Baron Stunell, of Hazel Grove in the County of Greater Manchester on 26 October 2015.
Stunell died on 29 April 2024, at the age of 81.
References
^ "Announcements - GOV.UK". www.communities.gov.uk.
^ "Dissolution Peerages 2015". Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 27 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
^ "No. 53893". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1994. p. 14.
^ "Politics". The Guardian.
^ a b Andrew Stunell | About Andrew – Andrew in Parliament Archived 25 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Sustainable and Secure Buildings Act 2004". www.legislation.gov.uk.
^ "MPs' lobby: Greener and safer buildings". 18 September 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
^ Siddique, Haroon (11 May 2010). "Profiles: The Liberal Democrat, Conservative and Labour negotiators". The Guardian.
^ Department of communities and local government | Andrews Stunell profile Archived 25 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ Tilbrook, Richard (7 November 2012). "ORDERS APPROVED AT THE PRIVY COUNCIL HELD BY THE QUEEN AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE ON 7TH JUNE 2012" (PDF). The Privy Council Office. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
^ "No. 60534". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 June 2013. p. 2.
^ "Birthday Honours List 2013" (PDF). HM Government. 14 June 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
^ "No. 60966". The London Gazette. 20 August 2014. p. 16222.
^ Vine, Katherine (30 September 2013). "Hazel Grove MP Andrew Stunell to step down at next general election". Manchester Evening News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
^ "No. 61395". The London Gazette. 30 October 2015. p. 21334.
^ Pack, Mark (30 April 2024). "Andrew Stunell, former Lib Dem MP, dies". Retrieved 30 April 2024.
Further reading
Laws, David (2010). 22 Days in May. Biteback. ISBN 978-1-84954-080-3.
External links
Andrew Stunell MP official constituency website
Profile at the Liberal Democrats
Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
Contributions in Parliament at Hansard
Contributions in Parliament at Hansard 1803–2005
Voting record at Public Whip
Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byTom Arnold
Member of Parliament for Hazel Grove 1997–2015
Succeeded byWilliam Wragg
Party political offices
Preceded byPaul Tyler
Liberal Democrat Chief Whip of the House of Commons 2001–2006
Succeeded byPaul Burstow
Authority control databases: People
UK Parliament
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Stunell (rower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stunell_(rower)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knights_Bachelor_Insignia.png"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Hazel Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Grove_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"member of the House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"parliamentary under-secretary of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_under-secretary_of_state"},{"link_name":"Department of Communities and Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Communities_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"life peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_peer"},{"link_name":"2015 Dissolution Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Dissolution_Honours"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the Australian rower, see Andrew Stunell (rower).Insignia of a Knight BachelorRobert Andrew Stunell, Baron Stunell, OBE, PC (24 November 1942 – 29 April 2024) was a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as Member of Parliament for Hazel Grove from 1997 until he stood down in 2015, and then a member of the House of Lords from 2015.From 2010 to 2012 he served as the parliamentary under-secretary of state at the Department of Communities and Local Government.[1] He was nominated for a life peerage in the 2015 Dissolution Honours.[2]","title":"Andrew Stunell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_(Surrey)"},{"link_name":"Surbiton County Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surbiton_County_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_John_Moores_University"},{"link_name":"RIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"CWS Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group"},{"link_name":"Association of Liberal Democrat Councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Liberal_Democrat_Councillors&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"1995 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chester City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_(district)"},{"link_name":"Cheshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"City of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Chester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"SDP-Liberal Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDP-Liberal_Alliance"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"Andrew Stunell was born in Sutton, Surrey. He was educated at Surbiton County Grammar School for Boys, before studying architecture at the University of Manchester and Liverpool Polytechnic. He became a member of RIBA in 1969.Stunell married Gillian Chorley in 1967. They have three sons and two daughters. He was a former Baptist lay preacher and an active member of his local Methodist church.After graduation he was an architectural assistant until 1989, working for CWS Manchester from 1965 to 1967, Runcorn New Town from 1967 to 1981, then freelance 1981–5. From 1989 to 1996 he worked as Political Secretary of the Association of Liberal Democrat Councillors and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1995 New Year Honours.[3]Stunell was elected to Chester City Council in 1979 and to Cheshire County Council in 1981. He subsequently served on Stockport Council for six years, remaining on the Council for a time after his election as an MP. He contested the City of Chester constituency three times, as the Liberal Party candidate in 1979 and for the SDP-Liberal Alliance in 1983 and 1987.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Member of Parliament, 1997–2015"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hazel Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Grove_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"general election of 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Hazel Grove","text":"Stunell was elected as the member of parliament for Hazel Grove in 1997 having fought the seat previously in 1992 when he came second with 43.1% of the vote. The general election of 1997 resulted in a majority of 11,814 and a 54.5% of the vote, taking the seat from the Conservatives. He retained the seat at the 2001 (52%), 2005 (49.5%) and 2010 (48.8%) general elections.[4]","title":"Member of Parliament, 1997–2015"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:From_left_to_right_Neil_O%27Brien_and_Andrew_Stunell_OBE_MP.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neil O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Paddy Ashdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Ashdown"},{"link_name":"Chief Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Whip"},{"link_name":"Nick Clegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Clegg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"}],"sub_title":"Liberal Democrat Frontbench","text":"Stunell (right) with Neil O'Brien at Conservative Party conference in 2011On entering parliament in 1997 Stunell was appointed the Shadow Energy minister under Paddy Ashdown, a role he performed until 2005. At the same time Stunell operated as the party's deputy chief whip, only stepping down from that position in 2001 when he was elected to the position of Chief Whip, a position he was re-elected to in 2005. He stood down from the role in March 2006 to serve as the Shadow Secretary of State for communities and local government which concluded in December 2007 when Nick Clegg asked him to become chair of the Liberal Democrat local elections team. In January 2009 Stunell was appointed to be the Liberal Democrat representative on the International Development Select Committee and in August 2009 he was asked to take on the role of vice-chair of the general election campaign.[5]","title":"Member of Parliament, 1997–2015"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Private Members' Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Members%27_Bill"},{"link_name":"Act of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Sustainable and Secure Buildings Act 2004","text":"In 2003 Stunell came top in the regular ballot of Private Members' Bills and was successful in having his Sustainable and Secure Buildings Bill become an Act of Parliament in 2004.[6] As part of the bill Stunell wanted to see all new and existing homes either built or renovated with security and energy saving features with Stunell saying that he wanted the bill to promote \"greener and safer buildings\".[5][7]","title":"Member of Parliament, 1997–2015"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Chris Huhne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Huhne"},{"link_name":"David Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Laws"},{"link_name":"William Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hague"},{"link_name":"Oliver Letwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Letwin"},{"link_name":"George Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Edward Llewellyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Llewellyn,_Baron_Llewellyn_of_Steep"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Coalition negotiations","text":"Following the general election of 2010, no one political party was able to secure a majority in the House of Commons. As a result, the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats entered into negotiations with each other to form the United Kingdom's first coalition government since the Second World War.Stunell along with Danny Alexander, Chris Huhne and David Laws acted as the negotiating team for the Liberal Democrats with William Hague, Oliver Letwin, George Osborne and Edward Llewellyn acting for the Conservatives.[8]","title":"Member of Parliament, 1997–2015"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parliamentary Under Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Under_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Department for Communities and Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"Eric Pickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Pickles"},{"link_name":"Big Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Privy Council of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Honorific Prefix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)"},{"link_name":"The Right Honourable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Honourable"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"2013 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaz31712-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HM_Birthday_Honours_2013-12"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Coalition Government","text":"Following the formation of the coalition, Stunell was appointed a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Communities and Local Government under Secretary of State Eric Pickles. His responsibilities in the role were community cohesion, race equality, building regulations and the implementation of the Big Society particularly with regard to housing and regeneration.[9]He was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 7 November 2012 at Buckingham Palace.[10] This entitled him to the Honorific Prefix \"The Right Honourable\" for life.Stunell was knighted for public and political service in the 2013 Birthday Honours.[11][12] receiving the accolade from the Prince of Wales on 24 January 2014.[13]In 2013 he announced that he would be stepping down at the next general election.[14]","title":"Member of Parliament, 1997–2015"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Life Peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Peer"},{"link_name":"Hazel Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Grove"},{"link_name":"County of Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Stunell was created a Life Peer taking the title Baron Stunell, of Hazel Grove in the County of Greater Manchester on 26 October 2015.[15]Stunell died on 29 April 2024, at the age of 81.[16]","title":"Life peerage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84954-080-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-080-3"}],"text":"Laws, David (2010). 22 Days in May. Biteback. ISBN 978-1-84954-080-3.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Insignia of a Knight Bachelor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Knights_Bachelor_Insignia.png/80px-Knights_Bachelor_Insignia.png"},{"image_text":"Stunell (right) with Neil O'Brien at Conservative Party conference in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/From_left_to_right_Neil_O%27Brien_and_Andrew_Stunell_OBE_MP.jpg/220px-From_left_to_right_Neil_O%27Brien_and_Andrew_Stunell_OBE_MP.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulmurod_Khalimov
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Gulmurod Khalimov
|
["1 History","1.1 Early life","1.2 Service with the Tajik security forces","1.3 Disappearance","2 Islamic State","2.1 Tajik reaction","2.2 US and UN sanctions","2.3 Reported death and disputes about his fate","3 References","3.1 Works cited"]
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Tajikistani military personnel (1975–2017)
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Salimovich and the family name is Khalimov.
Gulmurod KhalimovBirth nameGulmurod Salimovich Khalimov (Гулмурод Салимович Халимов)Born(1975-05-14)14 May 1975Varzob, Tajik SSR, Soviet UnionDied8 September 2017(2017-09-08) (aged 42)Near Deir ez-Zor, SyriaAllegiance Tajikistan (1993–2015) Islamic State (2015–17)Service/branchMinistry of Internal Affairs (Tajikistan)RankLieutenant colonel (Tajikistan)War minister (ISIL)Commands heldOMON (Tajikistan)Military of ISILBattles/warsTajikistan insurgencySyrian Civil War
Gulmurod Salimovich Khalimov (Tajik: Гулмурод Салимович Ҳалимов, Russian: Гулмурод Салимович Халимов) (1975–2017) was a Tajik and Islamist military commander. He was a lieutenant-colonel and commander of the police special forces of the Interior Ministry of Tajikistan until 2015, when he defected to the Islamic State. In September 2016, he was reported to have been appointed as the minister of war of IS in place of Abu Omar al-Shishani; his appointment had not been announced by IS for fears that he might be targeted in airstrikes by the anti-IS coalition. On 8 September 2017, Khalimov was allegedly killed during a Russian airstrike near Deir ez-Zor, Syria. However, the Tajik government, United Nations, and the United States believed that he was still alive by 2019, though his exact fate remained disputed. By 2020, Islamist militants claimed he had died at some point; this source was considered unreliable by the Tajik government. Regardless, the United States had removed Khalimov from their Rewards for Justice Program by 2021.
History
Early life
He was born on 14 May 1975 in Varzob, Tajikistan, then part of the Soviet Union.
Service with the Tajik security forces
Khalimov eventually joined the Tajik security forces and was trained as sniper and rose to lead the Tajik OMON special forces; in this position, he was considered to be "one of the best-trained officers in the country". He helped the government to repress Islamist extremists during the Tajikistan insurgency. From 2003 to 2014, Khalimov participated in five counterterrorism training courses in the United States and in Tajikistan, through the United States Department of State's Diplomatic Security/Anti-Terrorism Assistance program. There exist no sources that indicate that Khalimov ever received religious training or engaged in preaching.
Disappearance
Khalimov disappeared in late April 2015 He was notably absent from a 6 May meeting of Interior Minister Ramazon Rahimzoda with leading police officers at OMON's headquarters in Dushanbe. According to his brother Nazir, both his phone and social media accounts had been deactivated. According to family members, Khalimov left home on 13 April after giving his wife around $200 in spending money, less than the amount he frequently gave her before departing on business trips. Meanwhile, Tajik media quoted unnamed sources in law enforcement as saying Khalimov left Dushanbe on May 1 along with 10 other men, later being seen at Moscow's Sheremetyevo International Airport, Asia-Plus news agency reported.
Islamic State
Khalimov resurfaced on 28 May 2015 in an IS video. Although hundreds of Tajiks had already joined IS by this point, Khalimov's defection was an "unprecedented case" due to his being a successful, high profile officer and part of the establishment rather than the poor, from whom Islamist groups mostly recruit. According to regional expert Deirdre Tynan, Khalimov's defection was nevertheless symptomatic, as "there is an element of doubt in people within the civil and security services about what is the trajectory of their countries" and increasing support for radical religious ideologies. Khalimov was the most prominent of the more than 2,000 Tajiks reported to have joined IS.
After joining IS, Khalimov travelled to Syria, where he was war minister and became an important recruiter for the group. Tajik security authorities claimed that Khalimov personally led a unit of 200 militants, including 50 Europeans in Syria, and was involved in planning terrorist attacks in Central Asia as well as Europe. In July 2017, four of his relatives in Tajikistan were killed and three arrested by security forces; according to the government, they were IS supporters.
In a 10-minute IS propaganda video clip posted in social networks, he vowed to "bring jihad to Russia", while also lambasting Tajik guest workers in Russia, referring to them as "slaves of infidels".
Tajik reaction
Tajik Prosecutor-General Manuchehr Makhmudzod announced on 29 May 2015 that a probe had been opened into Khalimov's activities. The Prosecutor-General's Office said on June 3 that Colonel Gulmurod Khalimov was wanted for crimes including high treason and illegal participation in military actions abroad. "Acting for mercenary means, he joined the international terrorist organization calling itself Islamic State," the statement said.
US and UN sanctions
On 29 September 2015, he was made subject to sanctions by the United States Department of State. He was also made subject to sanctions by the United Nations Security Council Al-Qaeda Sanctions Committee on 29 February 2016.
In August 2016, the United States Department of State issued a $3 million USD bounty on Khalimov under its Rewards for Justice program.
Reported death and disputes about his fate
On 8 September 2017, Khalimov was allegedly killed during a Russian airstrike near Deir ez-Zor, along with Abu Muhammad al-Shimali, with unconfirmed reports of the attack using Russia's precision BETAB-500 bunker-busting bombs. The United Nations and the Tajik government continued to believe that Khalimov was still alive, albeit not necessarily as a member of IS. In 2019, Tajik authorities stated that Khalimov had relocated to Badakhshan Province in northern Afghanistan. In contrast, the United Nations claimed that he was still in Syria, leading a unit of 600 Tajik militants in Idlib Governorate after losing his position as IS war minister.
On 3 August 2020, Tajikistan's Minister of Internal Affairs Ramazon Rahimov declared that Tajik IS fighters had revealed that Khalimov as well as his family had been killed in an airstrike in Syria, although he later qualified his statement, arguing that these sources were not necessarily trustworthy. Without further proof of his demise, the Tajik government continued to regard him as alive.
References
^ a b c Roth, Andrew (30 May 2015). "Police Commander From Tajikistan Appears in ISIS Video". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
^ a b c "Tajikistan special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov 'joins IS'". BBC News. BBC. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
^ Tharoor, Ishaan (28 May 2015). "The U.S.-trained commander of Tajikistan's special forces has joined the Islamic State". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ International Business Times (6 September 2016). "Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis 'war minister'". Yahoo! News. Yahoo!. Retrieved 18 January 2017. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ "Russia says its air strike kills several top Islamic State commanders in Syria". Reuters. 8 September 2017.
^ a b Soliev 2021, pp. 32–33.
^ "Rewards for Justice - Wanted for Terrorism". Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
^ "Counter Terrorism Designations". U.S. Department of the Treasury. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ a b c Soliev 2021, p. 33.
^ a b c "IS 'minister of war' killed in Syria air attack, claims Russia". Middle East Eye. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
^ Najibullah, Farangis (12 May 2015). "Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
^ "Tajik officer's defection to Isis highlights US support for repressive regime". TheGuardian.com. 2 June 2015.
^ McConnell, Dugald; Todd, Brian (30 May 2015). "Man who joined ISIS trained in the US". CNN. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ Najibullah, Farangis; Ahmadi, Mumin (12 May 2015). "Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
^ "The US trained commander of Tajikistans special forces has joined the Islamic State". The Washington Post. 28 May 2015. (subscription required)
^ Najibullah, Farangis; Ahmadi, Mumin (12 May 2015). "Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
^ Najibullah, Farangis; Ahmadi, Mumin (12 May 2015). "Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
^ Solovyov, Dmitry (28 May 2015). "Commander of elite Tajik police force defects to Islamic State". Reuters. Almaty. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ "Tajikistan's crackdown on observant Muslims intensifies". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 21 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
^ a b c d e Soliev 2021, p. 32.
^ Solovyov, Dmitry. "The US-trained commander of Tajikistan's elite police force just defected to ISIS". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
^ "U.S. Confirms Training Tajik Ex-Police Commander Who Joined IS". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ "Tajik OMON Commander Wanted For Treason". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ "Designations of Foreign Terrorist Fighters". U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ "Gulmurod Khalimov". United Nations Security Council. United Nations and the Security Council Affairs Division. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ Ernst, Douglas (31 August 2016). "State Dept. offers $3M reward for U.S.-trained Tajik officer who went rogue for ISIS". Washington Times. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
^ "Gulmurod Khalimov". Rewards for Justice. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
^ a b Suchkov, Maxim A. (11 September 2017). "Don't let Islamic State slip the noose in Syria". Al-Monitor. Jamal Daniel News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ a b Sergey Sukhankin (4 November 2020). "The Phenomenon of Gulmurod Khalimov: Is Islamic State's War Minister Really Dead?". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
^ "S/2019/570 - e - S/2019/570".
Works cited
Soliev, Nodirbek (2021). "The April 2020 Islamic State Terror Plot Against U.S. and NATO Military Bases in Germany: The Tajik Connection" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 14 (1). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 30–38.
vteIslamic StateNames of the Islamic StateMembers(List of leaders)Current
Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari
Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi
Abu Yusaf
Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi
Abu Habib al-Libi
Abu Jandal al-Masri
Abu Rumaysah
Zulfi Hoxha
Bajro Ikanović
Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani
Fatiha Mejjati
Ahlam al-Nasr
Issam Abuanza
Hayat Boumeddiene
† Former
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi
Abu Ahmad al-Alwani
Haji Bakr
Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi
Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi
Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi
Abdul Rauf Aliza
Abu Sayyaf
Ali Awni al-Harzi
Tariq al-Harzi
Abu Khattab al-Tunisi
Maher Meshaal
Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
Abu Saleh
Mohammed Emwazi
Abu Nabil al-Anbari
Abu Ali al-Anbari
Abu Waheeb
Ali Aswad al-Jiburi
Abu Omar al-Shishani
Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi
Abu Muhammad al-Furqan
Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti
Abu Bilal al-Harbi
Ahmad Abousamra
Turki al-Binali
Tareq Kamleh
Lavdrim Muhaxheri
Abu Osama al-Masri
Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir
Abu Muhammad al-Shimali
Gulmurod Khalimov
Abdul Nasser Qardash (captured)
Abu Yasser al-Issawi
Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi
Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi
Yusuf al-Hindi
Abu Omar al-Muhajir (captured)
Othman al-Nazih
Jamal Udeen Al-Harith
Aine Davis (captured)
Alexanda Kotey (captured)
El Shafee Elsheikh (captured)
Denis Cuspert
Abdelhamid Abaaoud
History
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004)
Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2006)
Mujahideen Shura Council (2006)
Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013)
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014)
Islamic State (2014–present)
Timeline of events
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
GroupsInternational branches
Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan)
Libyan Provinces (Libya)
Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia)
Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt)
Algeria Province (Algeria)
Yemen Province (Yemen)
Abnaa ul-Calipha (Somalia and Somaliland)
Bengal Province (Bangladesh)
Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali) (2015–2016)
West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger)
Central Africa Province (DR Congo, Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania)
Greater Sahara Province (Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso)
Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria) (2016–2018)
Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza)
Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) (1991–2024)
Ansar Khalifa (Philippines) (2014–2021)
Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil) (2016–2018)
East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia) (2014–2022)
Unorganized cells
Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan)
Hind Province (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh)
Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir)
Pakistan Province (Pakistan)
Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan)
Turkey Province (Turkey)
Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain)
Lebanon Province (Lebanon)
Tunis Province (Tunisia)
Misr Province (Egypt)
Muzambiq Province (Mozambique and Tanzania)
Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium)
Wars
War on terror
Iraq War
Insurgency (2003–2011)
Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)
Insurgency (2011–2013)
War in Iraq (2013–2017)
Insurgency (2017–present)
Syrian civil war
Spillover
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Opposition–Islamic State conflict
Sinai insurgency
Second Libyan Civil War
Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Mozambique
Islamist insurgency in the Sahel
Mali War
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Conflict with Taliban
Moro conflict (1968–2019)
al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
Boko Haram insurgency
Military intervention against IS
US-led intervention in Iraq
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Russian intervention in Syria
Turkish operation
Somalia
Battles2013
Akashat
Hawija
Raqqa
Al-Shabah
Ras al-Ayn
Tell Abyad
Latakia
Menagh
Sidi Ali Ben Aoun
Sadad
Qalamoun
Aleppo
Al-Yaarubiyah
Tell Hamis and Tell Brak
Anbar
2014
Fallujah
N Aleppo
Markada
N Iraq (Jun)
Mosul
Salahuddin
Baiji (Jun)
Tikrit
N Iraq (Aug)
Kobanî
Sinjar (Aug)
Derna
Ramadi
Deir ez-Zor
Baiji (14–15)
Sinjar (Dec)
Zumar
Amirli
2015
Nofaliya
W Africa
Egyptian airstrikes in Libya
Niger raid
E al-Hasakah
Tikrit
Sirte
Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr)
Sarrin (Mar–Apr)
Yarmouk
Qalamoun
Palmyra (May)
W al-Hasakah
Al-Hasakah city
Tell Abyad
Sarrin (Jun–Jul)
Al-Hasakah
Kobani
Palmyra (Jul–Aug)
Ramadi (15–16)
Al-Qaryatayn
Al-Hawl
Homs (Nov–Dec)
Sinjar
E Aleppo (15–16)
Niveneh Plains
Tishrin Dam
2016
Deir ez-Zor (Jan)
Fallujah (Feb–May)
Nangarhar
Ben Guerdane
Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar)
Al-Shaddadi
Khanasir
Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr)
Palmyra (Mar)
N Aleppo (Mar–Jun)
Hīt
Tipo-Tipo
Sirte
Ar-Rutbah
N Raqqa
Fallujah (May–Jun)
Manbij
Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun)
Abu Kamal
al-Rai (Aug)
N al-Bab (Sep)
W al-Bab (Sep)
Dabiq
W al-Bab (Oct–Nov)
Al-Bab
Aleppo
Palmyra
2017
Mosul (16–17)
Raqqa (16–17)
Palmyra
Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb)
E Aleppo (Jan–Apr)
E Homs
Hama
W Nineveh
Tabqa
Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17)
Syrian Desert (May–Jul)
Maskanah
Marawi
Raqqa
S Raqqa
C Syria
Tal Afar
Deir ez-Zor (17–19)
Hawija
E Syria (Sep–Dec)
NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18)
Abu Kamal
W Iraq
2018
As-Suwayda (Jun)
S Syria
As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov)
2019
Hajin
Baghuz Fawqani
Barisha raid
2020
Chinagodrar
Danag
Mocímboa da Praia
Al Bayda
2021
Tessit
Palma
Sambisa
Dangarous
2022
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist"},{"link_name":"lieutenant-colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel"},{"link_name":"Interior Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Tajikistan)"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joins-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Abu Omar al-Shishani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Shishani"},{"link_name":"anti-IS coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ISIL_coalition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Deir ez-Zor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoliev202132%E2%80%9333-6"},{"link_name":"Rewards for Justice Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewards_for_Justice_Program"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Salimovich and the family name is Khalimov.Gulmurod Salimovich Khalimov (Tajik: Гулмурод Салимович Ҳалимов, Russian: Гулмурод Салимович Халимов) (1975–2017) was a Tajik and Islamist military commander. He was a lieutenant-colonel and commander of the police special forces of the Interior Ministry of Tajikistan until 2015, when he defected to the Islamic State.[2][3] In September 2016, he was reported to have been appointed as the minister of war of IS in place of Abu Omar al-Shishani; his appointment had not been announced by IS for fears that he might be targeted in airstrikes by the anti-IS coalition.[4] On 8 September 2017, Khalimov was allegedly killed during a Russian airstrike near Deir ez-Zor, Syria.[5] However, the Tajik government, United Nations, and the United States believed that he was still alive by 2019, though his exact fate remained disputed. By 2020, Islamist militants claimed he had died at some point; this source was considered unreliable by the Tajik government.[6] Regardless, the United States had removed Khalimov from their Rewards for Justice Program by 2021.[7]","title":"Gulmurod Khalimov"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varzob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varzob"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"He was born on 14 May 1975 in Varzob, Tajikistan, then part of the Soviet Union.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoliev202133-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minister_of_war-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"OMON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Tajikistan)#OMON"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Police_Commander-1"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan_insurgency"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joins-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"United States Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoliev202133-9"}],"sub_title":"Service with the Tajik security forces","text":"Khalimov eventually joined the Tajik security forces and was trained as sniper[9][10][11] and rose to lead the Tajik OMON special forces;[1] in this position, he was considered to be \"one of the best-trained officers in the country\". He helped the government to repress Islamist extremists during the Tajikistan insurgency.[2][12] From 2003 to 2014, Khalimov participated in five counterterrorism training courses in the United States and in Tajikistan, through the United States Department of State's Diplomatic Security/Anti-Terrorism Assistance program.[13] There exist no sources that indicate that Khalimov ever received religious training or engaged in preaching.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ramazon Rahimzoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramazon_Rahimzoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dushanbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Sheremetyevo International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheremetyevo_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Disappearance","text":"Khalimov disappeared in late April 2015[14] He was notably absent from a 6 May meeting of Interior Minister Ramazon Rahimzoda with leading police officers at OMON's headquarters in Dushanbe.[15] According to his brother Nazir, both his phone and social media accounts had been deactivated.[16] According to family members, Khalimov left home on 13 April after giving his wife around $200 in spending money, less than the amount he frequently gave her before departing on business trips. Meanwhile, Tajik media quoted unnamed sources in law enforcement as saying Khalimov left Dushanbe on May 1 along with 10 other men, later being seen at Moscow's Sheremetyevo International Airport, Asia-Plus news agency reported.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joins-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Police_Commander-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoliev202132-20"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minister_of_war-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoliev202132-20"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minister_of_war-10"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Khalimov resurfaced on 28 May 2015 in an IS video.[18] Although hundreds of Tajiks had already joined IS by this point, Khalimov's defection was an \"unprecedented case\" due to his being a successful, high profile officer and part of the establishment[2] rather than the poor, from whom Islamist groups mostly recruit. According to regional expert Deirdre Tynan, Khalimov's defection was nevertheless symptomatic, as \"there is an element of doubt in people within the [Tajik] civil and security services about what is the trajectory of their countries\" and increasing support for radical religious ideologies.[1] Khalimov was the most prominent of the more than 2,000 Tajiks reported to have joined IS.[19]After joining IS, Khalimov travelled to Syria, where he was war minister and became an important recruiter for the group.[20][10] Tajik security authorities claimed that Khalimov personally led a unit of 200 militants, including 50 Europeans in Syria, and was involved in planning terrorist attacks in Central Asia as well as Europe.[20] In July 2017, four of his relatives in Tajikistan were killed and three arrested by security forces; according to the government, they were IS supporters.[10]In a 10-minute IS propaganda video clip posted in social networks, he vowed to \"bring jihad to Russia\", while also lambasting Tajik guest workers in Russia, referring to them as \"slaves of infidels\".[21]","title":"Islamic State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Tajik reaction","text":"Tajik Prosecutor-General Manuchehr Makhmudzod announced on 29 May 2015 that a probe had been opened into Khalimov's activities. The Prosecutor-General's Office said on June 3 that Colonel Gulmurod Khalimov was wanted for crimes including high treason and illegal participation in military actions abroad. \"Acting for mercenary means, he joined the international terrorist organization calling itself Islamic State,\" the statement said.[22][23]","title":"Islamic State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Rewards for Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewards_for_Justice"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"US and UN sanctions","text":"On 29 September 2015, he was made subject to sanctions by the United States Department of State.[24] He was also made subject to sanctions by the United Nations Security Council Al-Qaeda Sanctions Committee on 29 February 2016.[25]In August 2016, the United States Department of State issued a $3 million USD bounty on Khalimov under its Rewards for Justice program.[26][27]","title":"Islamic State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deir ez-Zor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor"},{"link_name":"Abu Muhammad al-Shimali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Shimali"},{"link_name":"BETAB-500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BETAB-500"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monitor-28"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoliev202132-20"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sukhankin-29"},{"link_name":"Badakhshan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badakhshan_Province"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoliev202132-20"},{"link_name":"Idlib Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoliev202132-20"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN_Security_Council-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monitor-28"},{"link_name":"Ramazon Rahimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazon_Rahimov"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sukhankin-29"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoliev202132%E2%80%9333-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoliev202133-9"}],"sub_title":"Reported death and disputes about his fate","text":"On 8 September 2017, Khalimov was allegedly killed during a Russian airstrike near Deir ez-Zor, along with Abu Muhammad al-Shimali, with unconfirmed reports of the attack using Russia's precision BETAB-500 bunker-busting bombs.[28] The United Nations[20] and the Tajik government continued to believe that Khalimov was still alive, albeit not necessarily as a member of IS.[29] In 2019, Tajik authorities stated that Khalimov had relocated to Badakhshan Province in northern Afghanistan.[20] In contrast, the United Nations claimed that he was still in Syria, leading a unit of 600 Tajik militants in Idlib Governorate after losing his position as IS war minister.[20][30][28]On 3 August 2020, Tajikistan's Minister of Internal Affairs Ramazon Rahimov declared that Tajik IS fighters had revealed that Khalimov as well as his family had been killed in an airstrike in Syria, although he later qualified his statement, arguing that these sources were not necessarily trustworthy.[29][6] Without further proof of his demise, the Tajik government continued to regard him as alive.[9]","title":"Islamic State"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Roth, Andrew (30 May 2015). \"Police Commander From Tajikistan Appears in ISIS Video\". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Roth","url_text":"Roth, Andrew"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/30/world/asia/police-commander-tajikistan-isis-russia-syria-tajik.html","url_text":"\"Police Commander From Tajikistan Appears in ISIS Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Tajikistan special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov 'joins IS'\". BBC News. BBC. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-32917311","url_text":"\"Tajikistan special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov 'joins IS'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Tharoor, Ishaan (28 May 2015). \"The U.S.-trained commander of Tajikistan's special forces has joined the Islamic State\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907082609/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/28/the-u-s-trained-commander-of-tajikistans-special-forces-has-joined-the-islamic-state/","url_text":"\"The U.S.-trained commander of Tajikistan's special forces has joined the Islamic State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/28/the-u-s-trained-commander-of-tajikistans-special-forces-has-joined-the-islamic-state/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"International Business Times (6 September 2016). \"Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis 'war minister'\". Yahoo! News. Yahoo!. Retrieved 18 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"},{"url":"https://uk.news.yahoo.com/isis-us-trained-tajik-special-150308829.html","url_text":"\"Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis 'war minister'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News","url_text":"Yahoo! News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!","url_text":"Yahoo!"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia says its air strike kills several top Islamic State commanders in Syria\". Reuters. 8 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia/russia-says-its-air-strike-kills-several-top-islamic-state-commanders-in-syria-idUSKCN1BJ0KJ","url_text":"\"Russia says its air strike kills several top Islamic State commanders in Syria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rewards for Justice - Wanted for Terrorism\". Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210627185425/https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/most-wanted/all-regions.html","url_text":"\"Rewards for Justice - Wanted for Terrorism\""},{"url":"https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/most-wanted/all-regions.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Counter Terrorism Designations\". U.S. Department of the Treasury. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20150929.aspx","url_text":"\"Counter Terrorism Designations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury","url_text":"U.S. Department of the Treasury"}]},{"reference":"\"IS 'minister of war' killed in Syria air attack, claims Russia\". Middle East Eye. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/minister-war-killed-syria-air-attack-says-russia-1141444390","url_text":"\"IS 'minister of war' killed in Syria air attack, claims Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Eye","url_text":"Middle East Eye"}]},{"reference":"Najibullah, Farangis (12 May 2015). \"Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports\". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. Retrieved 4 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-top-cop-goes-missing-mysteriously-islamic-state-rumors/27012191.html","url_text":"\"Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tajik officer's defection to Isis highlights US support for repressive regime\". TheGuardian.com. 2 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/02/isis-defection-gulmurod-khalimov-tajikistan","url_text":"\"Tajik officer's defection to Isis highlights US support for repressive regime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com","url_text":"TheGuardian.com"}]},{"reference":"McConnell, Dugald; Todd, Brian (30 May 2015). \"Man who joined ISIS trained in the US\". CNN. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/29/politics/isis-man-trained-in-us/index.html","url_text":"\"Man who joined ISIS trained in the US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Najibullah, Farangis; Ahmadi, Mumin (12 May 2015). \"Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-top-cop-goes-missing-mysteriously-islamic-state-rumors/27012191.html","url_text":"\"Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"The US trained commander of Tajikistans special forces has joined the Islamic State\". The Washington Post. 28 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/28/the-u-s-trained-commander-of-tajikistans-special-forces-has-joined-the-islamic-state/","url_text":"\"The US trained commander of Tajikistans special forces has joined the Islamic State\""}]},{"reference":"Najibullah, Farangis; Ahmadi, Mumin (12 May 2015). \"Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-top-cop-goes-missing-mysteriously-islamic-state-rumors/27012191.html","url_text":"\"Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports\""}]},{"reference":"Najibullah, Farangis; Ahmadi, Mumin (12 May 2015). \"Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-top-cop-goes-missing-mysteriously-islamic-state-rumors/27012191.html","url_text":"\"Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports\""}]},{"reference":"Solovyov, Dmitry (28 May 2015). \"Commander of elite Tajik police force defects to Islamic State\". Reuters. Almaty. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-tajikistan-idUSKBN0OD1AP20150528","url_text":"\"Commander of elite Tajik police force defects to Islamic State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Tajikistan's crackdown on observant Muslims intensifies\". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 21 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21729451-beards-veils-madrassas-and-arabic-sounding-names-are-all-banned-tajikistans-crackdown-observant","url_text":"\"Tajikistan's crackdown on observant Muslims intensifies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist_Newspaper_Limited","url_text":"The Economist Newspaper Limited"}]},{"reference":"Solovyov, Dmitry. \"The US-trained commander of Tajikistan's elite police force just defected to ISIS\". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230529155640/https://www.businessinsider.com/the-us-trained-commander-of-tajikistans-elite-police-force-just-defected-to-isis-2015-5","url_text":"\"The US-trained commander of Tajikistan's elite police force just defected to ISIS\""},{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/the-us-trained-commander-of-tajikistans-elite-police-force-just-defected-to-isis-2015-5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Confirms Training Tajik Ex-Police Commander Who Joined IS\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rferl.org/content/tajikistan-is/27045624.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Confirms Training Tajik Ex-Police Commander Who Joined IS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty","url_text":"Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty"}]},{"reference":"\"Tajik OMON Commander Wanted For Treason\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rferl.org/content/tajikistan-police-commander-islamic-state-treason/27051207.html","url_text":"\"Tajik OMON Commander Wanted For Treason\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty","url_text":"Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty"}]},{"reference":"\"Designations of Foreign Terrorist Fighters\". U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/09/247433.htm","url_text":"\"Designations of Foreign Terrorist Fighters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State","url_text":"U.S. Department of State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Affairs","url_text":"Bureau of Public Affairs"}]},{"reference":"\"Gulmurod Khalimov\". United Nations Security Council. United Nations and the Security Council Affairs Division. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/sc/suborg/en/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/individual/gulmurod-khalimov","url_text":"\"Gulmurod Khalimov\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council","url_text":"United Nations Security Council"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations","url_text":"United Nations"}]},{"reference":"Ernst, Douglas (31 August 2016). \"State Dept. offers $3M reward for U.S.-trained Tajik officer who went rogue for ISIS\". Washington Times. Retrieved 31 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/aug/31/state-dept-offers-3m-reward-for-gulmurod-khalimov-/","url_text":"\"State Dept. offers $3M reward for U.S.-trained Tajik officer who went rogue for ISIS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Times","url_text":"Washington Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Gulmurod Khalimov\". Rewards for Justice. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210421113857/https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/gulmurod_khalimov.html","url_text":"\"Gulmurod Khalimov\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewards_for_Justice","url_text":"Rewards for Justice"},{"url":"https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/gulmurod_khalimov.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Suchkov, Maxim A. (11 September 2017). \"Don't let Islamic State slip the noose in Syria\". Al-Monitor. Jamal Daniel News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170912033518/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/09/russia-offensive-syria-islamic-state-moscow-washington.html","url_text":"\"Don't let Islamic State slip the noose in Syria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Monitor","url_text":"Al-Monitor"},{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/09/russia-offensive-syria-islamic-state-moscow-washington.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sergey Sukhankin (4 November 2020). \"The Phenomenon of Gulmurod Khalimov: Is Islamic State's War Minister Really Dead?\". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 24 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://jamestown.org/program/the-phenomenon-of-gulmurod-khalimov-is-islamic-states-war-minister-really-dead/","url_text":"\"The Phenomenon of Gulmurod Khalimov: Is Islamic State's War Minister Really Dead?\""}]},{"reference":"\"S/2019/570 - e - S/2019/570\".","urls":[{"url":"https://undocs.org/S/2019/570","url_text":"\"S/2019/570 - e - S/2019/570\""}]},{"reference":"Soliev, Nodirbek (2021). \"The April 2020 Islamic State Terror Plot Against U.S. and NATO Military Bases in Germany: The Tajik Connection\" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 14 (1). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 30–38.","urls":[{"url":"https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/CTC-SENTINEL-012021.pdf","url_text":"\"The April 2020 Islamic State Terror Plot Against U.S. and NATO Military Bases in Germany: The Tajik Connection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_New_York","url_text":"West Point, New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center","url_text":"Combating Terrorism Center"}]}]
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Wanted for Terrorism\""},{"Link":"https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/most-wanted/all-regions.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20150929.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Counter Terrorism Designations\""},{"Link":"http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/minister-war-killed-syria-air-attack-says-russia-1141444390","external_links_name":"\"IS 'minister of war' killed in Syria air attack, claims Russia\""},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-top-cop-goes-missing-mysteriously-islamic-state-rumors/27012191.html","external_links_name":"\"Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/02/isis-defection-gulmurod-khalimov-tajikistan","external_links_name":"\"Tajik officer's defection to Isis highlights US support for repressive regime\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/29/politics/isis-man-trained-in-us/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Man who joined ISIS trained in the US\""},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-top-cop-goes-missing-mysteriously-islamic-state-rumors/27012191.html","external_links_name":"\"Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/28/the-u-s-trained-commander-of-tajikistans-special-forces-has-joined-the-islamic-state/","external_links_name":"\"The US trained commander of Tajikistans special forces has joined the Islamic State\""},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-top-cop-goes-missing-mysteriously-islamic-state-rumors/27012191.html","external_links_name":"\"Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports\""},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-top-cop-goes-missing-mysteriously-islamic-state-rumors/27012191.html","external_links_name":"\"Top Tajik Cop Disappears, Sparking Alarming Reports\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-tajikistan-idUSKBN0OD1AP20150528","external_links_name":"\"Commander of elite Tajik police force defects to Islamic State\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21729451-beards-veils-madrassas-and-arabic-sounding-names-are-all-banned-tajikistans-crackdown-observant","external_links_name":"\"Tajikistan's crackdown on observant Muslims intensifies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230529155640/https://www.businessinsider.com/the-us-trained-commander-of-tajikistans-elite-police-force-just-defected-to-isis-2015-5","external_links_name":"\"The US-trained commander of Tajikistan's elite police force just defected to ISIS\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/the-us-trained-commander-of-tajikistans-elite-police-force-just-defected-to-isis-2015-5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rferl.org/content/tajikistan-is/27045624.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Confirms Training Tajik Ex-Police Commander Who Joined IS\""},{"Link":"http://www.rferl.org/content/tajikistan-police-commander-islamic-state-treason/27051207.html","external_links_name":"\"Tajik OMON Commander Wanted For Treason\""},{"Link":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/09/247433.htm","external_links_name":"\"Designations of Foreign Terrorist Fighters\""},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/sc/suborg/en/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/individual/gulmurod-khalimov","external_links_name":"\"Gulmurod Khalimov\""},{"Link":"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/aug/31/state-dept-offers-3m-reward-for-gulmurod-khalimov-/","external_links_name":"\"State Dept. offers $3M reward for U.S.-trained Tajik officer who went rogue for ISIS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210421113857/https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/gulmurod_khalimov.html","external_links_name":"\"Gulmurod Khalimov\""},{"Link":"https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/gulmurod_khalimov.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170912033518/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/09/russia-offensive-syria-islamic-state-moscow-washington.html","external_links_name":"\"Don't let Islamic State slip the noose in Syria\""},{"Link":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/09/russia-offensive-syria-islamic-state-moscow-washington.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://jamestown.org/program/the-phenomenon-of-gulmurod-khalimov-is-islamic-states-war-minister-really-dead/","external_links_name":"\"The Phenomenon of Gulmurod Khalimov: Is Islamic State's War Minister Really Dead?\""},{"Link":"https://undocs.org/S/2019/570","external_links_name":"\"S/2019/570 - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Hockey_Association
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Gibraltar Hockey Association
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["1 History","2 European Hockey Federation","3 Tournaments","4 European history","4.1 Gibraltar Senior Men","4.2 Gibraltar Junior Men","4.3 Gibraltar Youth Girls (U16)","5 Committee members","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Sporting association in GibraltarThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gibraltar Hockey Association" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Gibraltar Hockey Association (GHA) is the governing body of field hockey in Gibraltar. It was initially founded as the Civilian Hockey Association in 1948, although hockey was being played prior to this under the British military forces based in Gibraltar. A year later changed its name to the Gibraltar Hockey Association.
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)
The Association had been a predominantly men's hockey association up until the mid nineties when ladies hockey was introduced and a league competition was established. This Association of approximately 250 hockey players (both men and women) amongst a population of 30000 inhabitants has certainly made its mark in International Hockey.
European Hockey Federation
Gibraltar hockey has a great tradition in European hockey becoming European Hockey Federation (EHF) members in 1969 and participating in the European Club Championship qualifiers that year.
Tournaments
There have been a number of highlights in Gibraltar's European exploits such as Winning the B and C Divisions at club level and playing in the A Division in no less than 4 occasions. The greatest achievement however was in 1978 when Gibraltar qualified for the European Nations Cup Finals held in Hanover and although finishing in 12th position it was a great achievement.
In more recent times also at National level Gibraltar has enjoyed success at the Mediterranean Cups in 1999 and 2001 where Gibraltar won silver and bronze medal respectively. Over the many years, Gibraltar has hosted a good number of European Tournaments and can boast of a National Hockey Stadium with an excellent water based surface. The Gibraltar Hockey Association is also proud to have had and still has a number of FIH International Umpires, Technical Directors, Umpire Managers and Judges but one of our greatest achievements in this area was to have our most prestigious umpire nominated to umpire in the Olympic Games in London 2012. Gibraltar has also a strong junior base which should keep the sport progressing into the future.
European history
Gibraltar Senior Men
Lausanne, Switzerland 2020 Championship III
Catania, Italy 2019 Championship III – 3rd (Bronze)
Bratislava, Slovakia 2013 Challenge II – 1st (Gold - Promoted)
Kazan, Russia 2010 Challenge I - Withdrew (Relegated)
Ukraine 1993 Challenge I – 3rd (Bronze)
Hannover, Germany 1978 Challenge I – 12th
Gibraltar Junior Men
Lisbon, Portugal 2012 Championship III – 4th
Gibraltar 2006 Championship II – 7th (Relegated)
Brest, Bulgaria 2004 Championship III – 2nd (Silver - Promoted)
Cagliari, Italy 2002 Championship II – Withdrew (Relegated)
Oporto, Italy 2000 Championship III – 4th
Padora, Italy 1998 Championship II – 8th (Relegated)
Gibraltar Youth Girls (U16)
Wattignies, France 2012 Championship III – 2nd (Silver - Promoted)
Committee members
Chairman: Eric Abudarham Snr
Secretary: Charles Bonfante
Treasurer: Christian Laguea
Assistant Treasurer: Eric Abudarham Jnr
Fixture Secretary: Vacant
Assistant Fixture Secretary: Heidi Duo
Youth Development Officer: Stephen Valarino
Umpires Manager: Brian Buckley
Press Officer & Website Administrator: Joseph Borg
Gibraltar National Team Coach: Christian Zammit
See also
European Hockey Federation
International Hockey Federation
FIH Hockey World League
References
^ Gibraltar Hockey Association
^ Gibraltar
External links
Gibraltar Hockey Official Website
European Hockey Federation (EHF)
International Hockey Federation (FIH)
vteNational members of the International Hockey FederationAfHF (Africa)
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vteGibraltar topicsHistory
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First Siege of Gibraltar
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GeographyGeneral
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Environment
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isthmus
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WikiProject
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"}],"text":"The Gibraltar Hockey Association[1] (GHA) is the governing body of field hockey in Gibraltar. It was initially founded as the Civilian Hockey Association in 1948, although hockey was being played prior to this under the British military forces based in Gibraltar. A year later changed its name to the Gibraltar Hockey Association.","title":"Gibraltar Hockey Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_association"}],"text":"The Association had been a predominantly men's hockey association up until the mid nineties when ladies hockey was introduced and a league competition was established. This Association of approximately 250 hockey players (both men and women) amongst a population of 30000 inhabitants has certainly made its mark in International Hockey.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Hockey Federation (EHF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hockey_Federation"}],"text":"Gibraltar hockey has a great tradition in European hockey becoming European Hockey Federation (EHF) members in 1969 and participating in the European Club Championship qualifiers that year.","title":"European Hockey Federation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FIH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hockey_Federation"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics"},{"link_name":"London 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Olympics_2012"}],"text":"There have been a number of highlights in Gibraltar's European exploits such as Winning the B and C Divisions at club level and playing in the A Division in no less than 4 occasions. The greatest achievement however was in 1978 when Gibraltar qualified for the European Nations Cup Finals held in Hanover and although finishing in 12th position it was a great achievement.\nIn more recent times also at National level Gibraltar has enjoyed success at the Mediterranean Cups in 1999 and 2001 where Gibraltar[2] won silver and bronze medal respectively. Over the many years, Gibraltar has hosted a good number of European Tournaments and can boast of a National Hockey Stadium with an excellent water based surface. The Gibraltar Hockey Association is also proud to have had and still has a number of FIH International Umpires, Technical Directors, Umpire Managers and Judges but one of our greatest achievements in this area was to have our most prestigious umpire nominated to umpire in the Olympic Games in London 2012. Gibraltar has also a strong junior base which should keep the sport progressing into the future.","title":"Tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"European history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gibraltar Senior Men","text":"Lausanne, Switzerland 2020 Championship III\nCatania, Italy 2019 Championship III – 3rd (Bronze)\nBratislava, Slovakia 2013 Challenge II – 1st (Gold - Promoted)\nKazan, Russia 2010 Challenge I - Withdrew (Relegated)\nUkraine 1993 Challenge I – 3rd (Bronze)Hannover, Germany 1978 Challenge I – 12th","title":"European history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gibraltar Junior Men","text":"Lisbon, Portugal 2012 Championship III – 4th\nGibraltar 2006 Championship II – 7th (Relegated)\nBrest, Bulgaria 2004 Championship III – 2nd (Silver - Promoted)\nCagliari, Italy 2002 Championship II – Withdrew (Relegated)\nOporto, Italy 2000 Championship III – 4th\nPadora, Italy 1998 Championship II – 8th (Relegated)","title":"European history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gibraltar Youth Girls (U16)","text":"Wattignies, France 2012 Championship III – 2nd (Silver - Promoted)","title":"European history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Chairman: Eric Abudarham Snr\nSecretary: Charles Bonfante\nTreasurer: Christian Laguea\nAssistant Treasurer: Eric Abudarham Jnr\nFixture Secretary: Vacant\nAssistant Fixture Secretary: Heidi Duo\nYouth Development Officer: Stephen Valarino\nUmpires Manager: Brian Buckley\nPress Officer & Website Administrator: Joseph Borg\n\nGibraltar National Team Coach: Christian Zammit","title":"Committee members"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"European Hockey Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hockey_Federation"},{"title":"International Hockey Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hockey_Federation"},{"title":"FIH Hockey World League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIH_Hockey_World_League"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gibraltar+Hockey+Association%22","external_links_name":"\"Gibraltar Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gibraltar+Hockey+Association%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gibraltar+Hockey+Association%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gibraltar+Hockey+Association%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gibraltar+Hockey+Association%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gibraltar+Hockey+Association%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibraltar_Hockey_Association&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.gibraltarhockey.gi/","external_links_name":"Gibraltar Hockey Official Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190330213139/https://eurohockey.org/","external_links_name":"European Hockey Federation (EHF)"},{"Link":"http://www.fih.ch/","external_links_name":"International Hockey Federation (FIH)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Henningsen
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Erik Henningsen
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["1 Biography","2 Artistic career","3 Illustrations and decorative works","4 Selected works","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References"]
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Danish painter and illustrator
Erik HenningsenHenningsen photographed by Peter ElfeltBorn(1855-08-29)29 August 1855Hjørring, DenmarkDied28 November 1930(1930-11-28) (aged 75)CopenhagenNationalityDanishEducationRoyal Danish Academy of Fine ArtsKnown forPaintingMovementRealism
Erik Ludvig Henningsen (29 August 1855 – 28 November 1930) was a Danish painter and illustrator. He is best known for his Social Realist paintings of poor and exposed groups in the 1880s and 1890s. He was the younger brother of Frants Henningsen who was also a painter.
Biography
Erik Henningsen was born on 29 August 1855 in Copenhagen to Frants Ludvig Henningsen (1820–1869), a grocer, and Hilda Charlotte Christine née Schou (1824–1880). He showed an early artistic talent and was articled to decorative painter A. Hellesen. He also took drawing lessons privately with Christian Nielsen and was admitted to the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in 1873. He graduated in 1877 and won several awards and distinctions, including the Academy's Annual Medal in 1887 and 1890, the Ancher Prize in 1889, and in 1892 a travel scholarship of DKK 100.
His travels took him to Germany, Italy, France and the Netherlands.
Artistic career
A meeting at Bogstaveligheden on 1 March 1882, drawing by Henningsen from 1910
Henningsen became part of the group Bogstaveligheden, a forum for the Realists' humanitarian ideals about creating a better society through illumination and debate.
In his paintings from the 1880s and 1890s, Henningsen was preoccupied with the rights and living conditions of groups such as the unemployed, women, workers, children and the elderly. Examples are Summum jus, summa injuria. The infanticide (1886, The Hirschsprung Collection and Evicted (1892, Danish National Gallery).
He also depicted the lighter aspects of human life, as in his paintings of street life in Copenhagen.
Henningsen's mural in the aula of the University of Copenhagen: Hans Christian Ørsted, the president of the meeting, is speaking. Other people seen in the picture are Christopher Hansteen standing in front of him, and Japetus Steenstrup standing to the left
Towards the turn of the century Henningsen mainly painted historical scenes. An example is his mural in the banquet hall of the University of Copenhagen's main building on Vor Frue Plads in Copenhagen. It depicts the banquet at the Scandinavian Scientist Conference held in Roskilde in 1847. It completed a series of murals depicting the history of the university of which the earlier painting had been created by Vilhelm Marstrand, Carl Bloch and Vilhelm Rosenstand.
During the two first decades of the 20th century he mainly painted genre works from the lives of the bourgeoisie.
Illustrations and decorative works
Tuborg poster. The Thirsty Man, 1900
Henningsen also worked as an illustrator, both for the weekly magazine Ude og Hjemme and books such as Pietro Krohns Peters Jul (1914).
In 1900, the Tuborg Breweries announced a competition for a "decorative advertisement poster" to mark its 25 years jubilee. The first prize, which was rewarded with a sum of DKK 10,000, was taken by Jens Ferdinand Willumsen, but it was ultimately Henningsen's entry, known as The Thirsty Man, which was put into production by the brewery. It has since obtained iconic status and become one of the most immediately recognizable posters in Denmark.
Selected works
Morning in Adressekontorets Gaard (1881)
A snowy day at Gammeltorv (1886)
Summum jus, summa injuria. The infanticide (1886, The Hirschsprung Collection)
Break at Efterslægten School (1887)
Parade of the Infantry (1888, Danish National Gallery)
A constitutional celebration in the country (1891)
Woman at the Grøndalshuset (1892)
Evicted (1892, Danish National Gallery)
A wounded worker (1895, Danish National Gallery)
A lecture in the Dagmar Hall, Askov Folk High School (1903, Ribe Art Museum)
Gallery
Morning in the courtyard of the Adressecontoir, Copenhagen (1881)
Summum jus, summa injuria. The infanticide (1886)
Farmers in the capital (1887)
Parade of the Infantry (1888)
The dance pavilion (1891)
Evicted (1892)
A wounded worker (1895)
An agitator (1899)
Askov Folk High School (1903)
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erik Henningsen.
Art of Denmark
References
^ "Erik Henningsen". Gyldendal. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
^ "Festsalen". University of Copenhagen. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
^ "Erik Henningsen". Svendborg Gymnasium. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
^ "Erik Henningsen 1855-1930". Danish Design Museum. Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
vteModern Breakthrough in Denmark (c. 1879–1910)Context
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Painting
Anna Ancher
Michael Ancher
Otto Bache
Mogens Ballin
Carl Bloch
Paul Fischer
Vilhelm Hammershøi
Otto Haslund
Erik Henningsen
Frants Henningsen
August Jerndorff
Peder Severin Krøyer
Ejnar Nielsen
Edvard Petersen
Theodor Philipsen
L. A. Ring
Joakim Skovgaard
Agnes Slott-Møller
Harald Slott-Møller
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Vilhelm Bissen
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Social Realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism"},{"link_name":"Frants Henningsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frants_Henningsen"}],"text":"Erik Ludvig Henningsen (29 August 1855 – 28 November 1930) was a Danish painter and illustrator. He is best known for his Social Realist paintings of poor and exposed groups in the 1880s and 1890s. He was the younger brother of Frants Henningsen who was also a painter.","title":"Erik Henningsen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Annual Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckersberg_Medal"},{"link_name":"DKK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_krone"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"}],"text":"Erik Henningsen was born on 29 August 1855 in Copenhagen to Frants Ludvig Henningsen (1820–1869), a grocer, and Hilda Charlotte Christine née Schou (1824–1880). He showed an early artistic talent and was articled to decorative painter A. Hellesen. He also took drawing lessons privately with Christian Nielsen and was admitted to the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in 1873. He graduated in 1877 and won several awards and distinctions, including the Academy's Annual Medal in 1887 and 1890, the Ancher Prize in 1889, and in 1892 a travel scholarship of DKK 100.His travels took him to Germany, Italy, France and the Netherlands.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bogstaveligheden.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Hirschsprung Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hirschsprung_Collection"},{"link_name":"Danish National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statens_Museum_for_Kunst"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ErikHenningsen-NordiskeNaturforskermode-1847.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Hans Christian Ørsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hansteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hansteen"},{"link_name":"Japetus Steenstrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japetus_Steenstrup"},{"link_name":"University of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Scientist Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Scientist_Conference"},{"link_name":"Roskilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskilde"},{"link_name":"Vilhelm Marstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Marstrand"},{"link_name":"Carl Bloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bloch"},{"link_name":"Vilhelm Rosenstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Rosenstand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"genre works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_works"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A meeting at Bogstaveligheden on 1 March 1882, drawing by Henningsen from 1910Henningsen became part of the group Bogstaveligheden, a forum for the Realists' humanitarian ideals about creating a better society through illumination and debate.[1]In his paintings from the 1880s and 1890s, Henningsen was preoccupied with the rights and living conditions of groups such as the unemployed, women, workers, children and the elderly. Examples are Summum jus, summa injuria. The infanticide (1886, The Hirschsprung Collection and Evicted (1892, Danish National Gallery).He also depicted the lighter aspects of human life, as in his paintings of street life in Copenhagen.Henningsen's mural in the aula of the University of Copenhagen: Hans Christian Ørsted, the president of the meeting, is speaking. Other people seen in the picture are Christopher Hansteen standing in front of him, and Japetus Steenstrup standing to the leftTowards the turn of the century Henningsen mainly painted historical scenes. An example is his mural in the banquet hall of the University of Copenhagen's main building on Vor Frue Plads in Copenhagen. It depicts the banquet at the Scandinavian Scientist Conference held in Roskilde in 1847. It completed a series of murals depicting the history of the university of which the earlier painting had been created by Vilhelm Marstrand, Carl Bloch and Vilhelm Rosenstand.[2]During the two first decades of the 20th century he mainly painted genre works from the lives of the bourgeoisie.[3]","title":"Artistic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuborg-%C3%98l_af_Erik_Henningsen.png"},{"link_name":"Ude og Hjemme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ude_og_Hjemme"},{"link_name":"Pietro Krohns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Krohn"},{"link_name":"Tuborg Breweries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuborg"},{"link_name":"Jens Ferdinand Willumsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Ferdinand_Willumsen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Tuborg poster. The Thirsty Man, 1900Henningsen also worked as an illustrator, both for the weekly magazine Ude og Hjemme and books such as Pietro Krohns Peters Jul (1914).In 1900, the Tuborg Breweries announced a competition for a \"decorative advertisement poster\" to mark its 25 years jubilee. The first prize, which was rewarded with a sum of DKK 10,000, was taken by Jens Ferdinand Willumsen, but it was ultimately Henningsen's entry, known as The Thirsty Man, which was put into production by the brewery. It has since obtained iconic status and become one of the most immediately recognizable posters in Denmark.[4]","title":"Illustrations and decorative works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hirschsprung Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hirschsprung_Collection"},{"link_name":"Danish National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statens_Museum_for_Kunst"},{"link_name":"Danish National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statens_Museum_for_Kunst"},{"link_name":"Danish National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statens_Museum_for_Kunst"}],"text":"Morning in Adressekontorets Gaard (1881)\nA snowy day at Gammeltorv (1886)\nSummum jus, summa injuria. The infanticide (1886, The Hirschsprung Collection)\nBreak at Efterslægten School (1887)\nParade of the Infantry (1888, Danish National Gallery)\nA constitutional celebration in the country (1891)\nWoman at the Grøndalshuset (1892)\nEvicted (1892, Danish National Gallery)\nA wounded worker (1895, Danish National Gallery)\nA lecture in the Dagmar Hall, Askov Folk High School (1903, Ribe Art Museum)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erik_Henningsen_-_Morgen_i_Adressecontoirets_Gaard_-_1881.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henningsen,_Erik-Summum_jus,_summa_injuris._Barnemordet.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%B8nder_i_Hovedstaden_(Henningsen).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vagtparade_(Henningsen).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erik_Henningsen,_1891_-_The_Dance_Pavilion.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sat_ud_(Henningsen).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En_s%C3%A5ret_arbejder_(Henningsen).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En_agitator_(Henningsen).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Askov_H%C3%B8jskole_(Henningsen).jpg"},{"link_name":"Askov Folk High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askov_Folk_High_School"}],"text":"Morning in the courtyard of the Adressecontoir, Copenhagen (1881)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSummum jus, summa injuria. The infanticide (1886)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFarmers in the capital (1887)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParade of the Infantry (1888)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe dance pavilion (1891)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEvicted (1892)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA wounded worker (1895)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn agitator (1899)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAskov Folk High School (1903)","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"A meeting at Bogstaveligheden on 1 March 1882, drawing by Henningsen from 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bogstaveligheden.jpg/200px-Bogstaveligheden.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henningsen's mural in the aula of the University of Copenhagen: Hans Christian Ørsted, the president of the meeting, is speaking. Other people seen in the picture are Christopher Hansteen standing in front of him, and Japetus Steenstrup standing to the left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ErikHenningsen-NordiskeNaturforskermode-1847.jpg/200px-ErikHenningsen-NordiskeNaturforskermode-1847.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tuborg poster. The Thirsty Man, 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tuborg-%C3%98l_af_Erik_Henningsen.png/200px-Tuborg-%C3%98l_af_Erik_Henningsen.png"}]
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[{"title":"Erik Henningsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Erik_Henningsen"},{"title":"Art of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Denmark"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Musique
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France Musique
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["1 History","2 Programming","3 References","4 External links"]
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French public radio station
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France MusiqueBroadcast areaFranceProgrammingLanguage(s)FrenchFormatClassicalJazzOwnershipOwnerRadio FranceSister stationsfranceinfoFrance BleuFrance InterFrance CultureFipMouv'HistoryFormer call signsChaîne Haute-Fidélité (1954–1958)France IV Haute Fidélité (1958–1963)France Musique (1963–1999)France Musiques (1999–2005)LinksWebsitewww.francemusique.fr
France Musique is a French national public radio channel owned and operated by Radio France. It is devoted to the broadcasting of music, both live and recorded, with particular emphasis on classical music and jazz.
History
The channel was launched by Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (RTF) in 1954 as La Chaîne Haute-Fidélité, then renamed in 1958 as France IV Haute Fidélité, as RTF Haute Fidélité in 1963, and finally as France Musique later in the same year. It was known between 1999 and 2005 as France Musiques. The conductor André Jouve was coordinator of programming and music services at France Musique during the 1980s.
Programming
The channel's schedules feature the transmission of many live and "as live" concerts (that is to say, those recorded live for broadcast at a later date), including the majority of the concerts given by the Orchestre National de France. Many of the concerts organized by France Musique are also broadcast in Canada by CBC Radio 2 as well as being relayed by other European classical music radio channels, such as BBC Radio 3 in the United Kingdom, and filmed for Arte television.
Live programmes begin at 7am each morning with Musique Matin.
Jazz is an important part of the output with two programmes each weekday evening: Open Jazz and Banzzaï.
Weekend shows include a request show, France Musique est à vous, specialist programmes on guitars, cinema and musicals (42e Rue).
France Musique also has a number of genre-specific internet radio streams: 'Classique Easy' (popular classical pieces/movements), 'Opéra' (operas and excerpts), 'La Baroque' (Baroque and early music), 'Classique Plus' (a broad range of classical works), 'Concerts Radio France' (classical concerts recorded mostly in France), 'La Jazz' (jazz), 'La Contemporaine' (contemporary classical music), 'Ocora Musiques du monde' (world music), 'La B.O. Musiques de films' (music from film soundtracks). The day's programming is available via the web page of each stream. The recorded announcement between the pieces broadcast is often a stream-specific variation on '... Radio France sur francemusique.fr '.
References
^ Mort d'André Jouve, figure musicale de Radio France Obituary for André Jouve on France Musique website, accessed 18 December 2019.
^ https://www.francemusique.fr/ Accessed 19 April 2023
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to France Musique.
Official website (in French)
https://www.radiofrance.fr/data/streams Archived 2023-11-02 at the Wayback Machine XMLHttpRequest Live Streams (in French)
France Musique transmitters map (in French)
vteRadio FranceNetworks and stations
France Inter
France Info
France Bleu
France Culture
France Musique
FIP
Mouv'
Local networks
France Bleu Paris
France Bleu Alsace
France Bleu Armorique
France Bleu Auxerre
France Bleu Azur
France Bleu Béarn Bigorre
France Bleu Belfort Montbéliard
France Bleu Berry
France Bleu Besançon
France Bleu Bourgogne
France Bleu Breizh Izel
France Bleu Champagne
France Bleu Cotentin
France Bleu Creuse
France Bleu Drôme Ardèche
France Bleu Elsass
France Bleu Gard Lozère
France Bleu Gascogne
France Bleu Gironde
France Bleu Hérault
France Bleu Isère
France Bleu La Rochelle
France Bleu Limousin
France Bleu Loire Océan
France Bleu Lorraine Nord
France Bleu Maine
France Bleu Mayenne
France Bleu Nord
France Bleu Normandie (Caen)
France Bleu Normandie (Rouen)
France Bleu Occitanie
France Bleu Orléans
France Bleu Pays Basque
France Bleu Pays d'Auvergne
France Bleu Pays de Savoie
France Bleu Périgord
France Bleu Picardie
France Bleu Poitou
France Bleu Provence
France Bleu Roussillon
France Bleu RCFM
France Bleu Saint-Étienne Loire
France Bleu Sud Lorraine
France Bleu Touraine
France Bleu Vaucluse
Orchestras and choirs
Orchestre National de France
Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France
Maîtrise de Radio France
Other
Maison de la Radio
Radio France Sport
Radio France Multimédia
Radio France Publicité
Musée de Radio France
vteRadio stations in FranceRadio France (public)
France Inter
France Info
France Bleu
France Bleu Paris
France Culture
France Musique
FIP
Mouv'
Outre-Mer 1ère
RFI
RadioEspace Group
Générations
Jazz Radio
M Radio
Radio Espace
HPI Groupe
Chante France
Évasion FM
ISA Media Development
Radio ISA
Lagardère Active
Europe 1
RFM
Europe 2
Les Indés Radios (GIE)
Jordanne FM
Radio Alfa
Radio Dreyeckland
Radio Orient
NextRadioTV
BFM Business
RMC
Nova Press
Radio Nova
TSF Jazz
NRJ Group
Chérie FM
Nostalgie
NRJ
Rire & Chansons
RTL Group
Fun Radio
RTL
RTL 2
Groupe 1981
Oüi FM
Vibration
Wit FM
Voltage
BlackBox
Ado FM
Latina
Forum
Other private
Beur FM
Radio Classique
Radio Courtoisie
Radio FG
Skyrock
Local stations
Radio BIP
Radio Libertaire
Radio Soleil
See also
List of radio stations in France
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Other
IdRef
This article about a radio station in France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Radio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Radio.svg/80px-Radio.svg.png"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Education_of_Sonny_Carson
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The Education of Sonny Carson
|
["1 Plot","2 Background","3 In popular culture","4 References","5 External links"]
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1974 film directed by Michael Campus
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Education of Sonny Carson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Education of Sonny CarsonOriginal theatrical posterDirected byMichael CampusWritten bySonny CarsonFred HudsonProduced byDavid GoldenIrwin YablansStarringRony ClantonDon GordonJoyce WalkerPaul BenjaminMary AliceCinematographyEdward R. BrownEdited byMoe HowardEdward WarschilkaMusic byColeridge-Taylor Perkinson
Song lyrics by Bob KesslerDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date
July 17, 1974 (1974-07-17)
Running time104 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1,000,000
The Education of Sonny Carson is a 1974 American blaxploitation drama film based on the best-selling autobiography of Sonny Carson. The film was directed by The Mack director Michael Campus, and starring Rony Clanton, Don Gordon, Joyce Walker, Paul Benjamin, and Mary Alice.
The film was released on July 17, 1974, by Paramount Pictures.
Plot
A young African-American teenager and three of his friends are in the process of breaking into a local market to steal food and money. Sonny is subdued by police and soon finds himself, at the age of thirteen, serving a sentence of three months. While incarcerated, Sonny meets Willie, the leader of a local gang called the Lords and is initiated into the gang.
Years later an older Sonny, who is now heavily involved in gang activities is part of the rivalry between The Lords and a fellow gang, the Tomahawks, also known as the Hawks. Sonny is deeply entrenched in the lifestyle of a Lord, which includes frequent brawls with the Hawks. During one of these fights, one of Sonny's friends, a Lord named Li'l Boy, is fatally wounded by a stiletto. Sonny and the rest of the gang arrive at Li'l Boy's wake. As they are leaving, the other gang members notice Sonny who is attempting to purchase a bouquet of flowers from a nearby shop. However, he is unable to afford it.
Sonny then robs a white man, who is carrying a telegram with change of $100 in it. With the money Sonny purchases the flowers and places them on Li'l Boy's casket. For his crime Sonny is arrested and later brutalized by police during interrogation. He is sentenced to between one and three years in prison. While incarcerated Sonny unexpectedly reunites with Willie, who teaches Sonny about the harsh realities of prison life. Sonny's father visits him in prison, letting Sonny know that he is still being supported by his family.
The brutality of the guards and the harshness of prison life quickly become evident to Sonny. In one instance Willie is beaten nearly to death by the guards as Sonny watches. Willie tells Sonny that he can no longer endure such treatment. That night, Willie is forcibly dragged from his cell by the guards. They toss him over the railing, causing him to fall to his death. Sonny, who is deeply affected by his time in prison, serves out the remainder of his time and returns to his family.
While trying to reestablish connections with his former gang members, Sonny learns that the drug trade has claimed the lives of many of his former friends. With a renewed purpose in life, Sonny fights the drug trade under a new alias, Mwlina Lmiri Abubadika. The film ends in the 1970s, long before Abubadika's controversial involvement in New York City politics.
Background
The Education of Sonny Carson was produced on a budget of $1 million. Director Michael Campus was therefore forced to improvise in order to save money, such as obscuring the layout of a room with darkness, allowing the same room to be used for multiple settings. In order to film Sonny Carson's violent gang initiation, during which Sonny is beaten by gang members as he runs through them, the camera was placed in a metal cage and filmed from two separate points of view: one, in which Sonny is shown running through the gauntlet, and the other, which is shot from a first-person perspective.
The film explores challenges facing the African American population during their struggle to obtain civil rights, and sheds light on both political and social issues of the time such as poverty, drug abuse, and police discrimination and brutality.
In popular culture
Wu-Tang Clan, Prodigy of Mobb Deep, AZ, Common, Ghostface Killah, Pete Rock, Lauryn Hill, Roc Marciano, 2 Chainz, Kur and DJ Rob Swift have sampled dialogue from the film in their music.
Rapper 21 Savage sampled "Flashbulbs" from the Soundtrack album on his hit single "Bank Account" from his debut album Issa Album.
Travis Scott sampled the same track on "Oh, My Dis Side" (with Quavo) from his debut album Rodeo in 2015.
Meek Mill sampled dialogue from the film in his reply "Wanna Know" to Drake's diss track "Back 2 Back".
Italian rapper Sfera Ebbasta also sampled "Exercise Run", a song from the film's soundtrack, in his song "XNX".
Netflix's The Get Down uses the quotation "What you doing on our turf, punk?" in episode six.
One Be Lo mentioned the movie in his song “The G Gap.”
References
^ "The Education of Sonny Carson(1974)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 2015-08-03. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
^ a b "THE EDUCATION OF SONNY CARSON « Lexluthor34". Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
External links
The Education of Sonny Carson at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Michael Campus
Z.P.G. (1972)
The Mack (1973)
The Education of Sonny Carson (1974)
The Passover Plot (1976)
Christmas Cottage (2008)
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During one of these fights, one of Sonny's friends, a Lord named Li'l Boy, is fatally wounded by a stiletto. Sonny and the rest of the gang arrive at Li'l Boy's wake. As they are leaving, the other gang members notice Sonny who is attempting to purchase a bouquet of flowers from a nearby shop. However, he is unable to afford it.Sonny then robs a white man, who is carrying a telegram with change of $100 in it. With the money Sonny purchases the flowers and places them on Li'l Boy's casket. For his crime Sonny is arrested and later brutalized by police during interrogation. He is sentenced to between one and three years in prison. While incarcerated Sonny unexpectedly reunites with Willie, who teaches Sonny about the harsh realities of prison life. Sonny's father visits him in prison, letting Sonny know that he is still being supported by his family.The brutality of the guards and the harshness of prison life quickly become evident to Sonny. In one instance Willie is beaten nearly to death by the guards as Sonny watches. Willie tells Sonny that he can no longer endure such treatment. That night, Willie is forcibly dragged from his cell by the guards. They toss him over the railing, causing him to fall to his death. Sonny, who is deeply affected by his time in prison, serves out the remainder of his time and returns to his family.While trying to reestablish connections with his former gang members, Sonny learns that the drug trade has claimed the lives of many of his former friends. With a renewed purpose in life, Sonny fights the drug trade under a new alias, Mwlina Lmiri Abubadika. The film ends in the 1970s, long before Abubadika's controversial involvement in New York City politics.[1]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lexluthor1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lexluthor1-2"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"}],"text":"The Education of Sonny Carson was produced on a budget of $1 million.[2] Director Michael Campus was therefore forced to improvise in order to save money, such as obscuring the layout of a room with darkness, allowing the same room to be used for multiple settings.[2] In order to film Sonny Carson's violent gang initiation, during which Sonny is beaten by gang members as he runs through them, the camera was placed in a metal cage and filmed from two separate points of view: one, in which Sonny is shown running through the gauntlet, and the other, which is shot from a first-person perspective.The film explores challenges facing the African American population during their struggle to obtain civil rights, and sheds light on both political and social issues of the time such as poverty, drug abuse, and police discrimination and brutality.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wu-Tang Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan"},{"link_name":"Prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodigy_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Mobb Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobb_Deep"},{"link_name":"AZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZ_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Ghostface Killah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostface_Killah"},{"link_name":"Pete Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock"},{"link_name":"Lauryn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauryn_Hill"},{"link_name":"Roc Marciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc_Marciano"},{"link_name":"2 Chainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chainz"},{"link_name":"DJ Rob Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Swift"},{"link_name":"21 Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Savage"},{"link_name":"Bank Account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Account_(song)"},{"link_name":"Issa Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(album)"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Quavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quavo"},{"link_name":"Rodeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeo_(Travis_Scott_album)"},{"link_name":"Meek Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meek_Mill_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"The Get Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Get_Down"}],"text":"Wu-Tang Clan, Prodigy of Mobb Deep, AZ, Common, Ghostface Killah, Pete Rock, Lauryn Hill, Roc Marciano, 2 Chainz, Kur and DJ Rob Swift have sampled dialogue from the film in their music.Rapper 21 Savage sampled \"Flashbulbs\" from the Soundtrack album on his hit single \"Bank Account\" from his debut album Issa Album.Travis Scott sampled the same track on \"Oh, My Dis Side\" (with Quavo) from his debut album Rodeo in 2015.Meek Mill sampled dialogue from the film in his reply \"Wanna Know\" to Drake's diss track \"Back 2 Back\".Italian rapper Sfera Ebbasta also sampled \"Exercise Run\", a song from the film's soundtrack, in his song \"XNX\".Netflix's The Get Down uses the quotation \"What you doing on our turf, punk?\" in episode six.One Be Lo mentioned the movie in his song “The G Gap.”","title":"In popular culture"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Siegler
|
Robert S. Siegler
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Robert S. Siegler (born 12 May 1949) is an American psychologist and professor of psychology at Columbia University. He is a recipient of the American Psychological Association's 2005 Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award.
He specializes in the cognitive development of problem solving and reasoning in children. Three areas of particular interest to his research are strategy choices, long-term learning, and educational applications of cognitive-developmental theory. He proposed the 'overlapping waves' model of cognitive development in 1996.
Siegler received a B.A. in psychology from the University of Illinois in 1970 and a Ph.D. in psychology from SUNY Stony Brook in 1974, and he has been employed at Carnegie Mellon University until 2018, where he was a colleague of Herbert A. Simon. In 2018, he started a faculty position at the Teachers College, Columbia University as the Jacob H Schiff Foundations Professor of Psychology & Education.
Siegler has authored and co-authored several books on cognitive development, including How Children Discover New Strategies, How Children Develop, Children’s Thinking: 4th Edition, and Emerging Minds, which was chosen as one of the Best Psychology Books of 1996 by the Association of American Publishers.
He has also served as associate editor of the journal Developmental Psychology. He was a member of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel.
References
^ "APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
^ "Ending the Fractions Fade-Out: Robert Siegler". www.tc.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
^ National Mathematics Advisory Panel: Strengthening Math Education Through Research Archived 2009-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Bob Siegler's Homepage
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Korea
Croatia
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
ORCID
Scopus
Other
SNAC
IdRef
This biography of an American psychologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Donald_Schaefer_Handicap
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William Donald Schaefer Memorial Stakes
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["1 Namesake","2 Race info","3 Records","4 Winners","5 See also","6 References"]
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Horse race in Baltimore, Maryland
Horse race
William Donald Schaefer Memorial HandicapGrade III raceLocationPimlico Race Course,Baltimore, Maryland, United StatesInaugurated1987Race typeThoroughbred - Flat racingRace informationDistance1+1⁄8 miles 9 furlongSurfaceDirtTrackLeft-handedQualificationThree-year-olds & up, openWeightAssignedPurse$100,000
The William Donald Schaefer Memorial Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually during the third week of May at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. A Grade III event open to three-year-old horses and up, it is contested on dirt over a distance of 1+1⁄8 miles (nine furlongs). This race had been run as the Never Bend Handicap from its inception in 1987 through 1993.
Namesake
The race was named in honor of former Maryland Governor and industry advocate William Donald Schaefer (1921-2011). Schaefer was an American politician who served in public office for 50 years at both the state and local level in Maryland. A Democrat, he served as mayor of Baltimore from 1971 to 1987, the 58th Governor of Maryland from 1987 to 1995, and the Comptroller of Maryland from 1999 to 2007.
Race info
The William Donald Schaefer Handicap became an American graded stakes race in 2001. In 2007, the race was won by West Point Thoroughbred's Flashy Bull a multiple grade one winner including a win in the Stephen Foster Handicap. The stakes record was held by Tidal Surge who won the race in 1995 in a time of 1:48.19.
Records
Speed record:
1+1⁄8 miles - 1:47.10 - Private Terms (1989)
1+1⁄16 miles - 1:42.20 - Senator to Be (1991)
Most wins by an owner:
2 - West Point Thoroughbreds (2004, 2007)
Most wins by a jockey:
3 - Jerry Bailey (1998, 2001, 2005)
3 - Pat Day (1991, 1992, 2000)
Most wins by a trainer:
3 - Nick Zito (1991, 1992, 1998)
Winners
Year
Winner
Age
Jockey
Trainer
Owner
Distance
Time
Purse
Grade
2011
Apart
5
Garrett Gomez
Albert Stall Jr.
Adele B. Dilschneider
1-1/16
1:43.70
$100,000
III
2010
Blame
4
Garrett Gomez
Albert Stall Jr.
Dlschneider/Claiborne Farm
1-1/16
1:43.40
$100,000
III
2009
No Advantage
4
J. D. Acosta
Stephanie Beattie
Joe Besecker & Kirk Wycoff
1-1/16
1:42.79
$100,000
III
2008
No Race
-
No Race
No Race
No Race
no race
0:00.00
no race
III
2007
Flashy Bull
4
Alan Garcia
Kiaran McLaughlin
West Point Thoroughbreds
1-1/8
1:47.20
$100,000
III
2006
Master Command
4
Garrett Gomez
Todd A. Pletcher
Aaron & Marie Jones
1-1/8
1:49.42
$100,000
III
2005
Zakocity
4
Jerry Bailey
Patrick L. Reynolds
Paul Pompa, Jr.
1-1/8
1:49.19
$100,000
III
2004
Seattle Fitz
5
Richard Migliore
Kiaran McLaughlin
West Point Thoroughbreds
1-1/8
1:49.43
$100,000
III
2003
Windsor Castle
5
José A. Santos
Frank A. Alexander
Dogwood Stable
1-1/8
1:50.08
$100,000
III
2002
Tenpins
4
Robby Albarado
Donald R. Winfree
Joseph Vitello
1-1/8
1:50.20
$100,000
III
2001
Perfect Cat
4
Jerry Bailey
Mark A. Hennig
Edward P. Evans
1-1/8
1:49.55
$100,000
III
2000
Ecton Park
4
Pat Day
W. Elliott Walden
Mark H. Stanley
1-1/8
1:49.21
$100,000
III
1999
Perfect to a Tee
7
A. C. Cortez
Linda L. Albert
Nonsequitur Stable
1-1/8
1:49.20
$100,000
III
1998
Acceptable
4
Jerry Bailey
Nick Zito
Kinsman Stable
1-1/8
1:48.76
$100,000
III
1997
Western Echo
5
Edgar Prado
Bud Delp
Harry C. & Tom O. Meyerhoff
1-1/8
1:49.41
$100,000
III
1996
Canaveral
5
Shane Sellers
H. Graham Motion
Morven Stud
1-1/8
1:49.03
$100,000
III
1995
Tidal Surge
5
Jeff D. Carle
Timothy F. Ritchey
not found
1-1/8
1:48.19
$100,000
III
1994
Taking Risks
4
Mark T. Johnston
King T. Leatherbury
Lakeville Stables
1-1/8
1:49.53
$75,000
III
1993
Root Boy
5
Herb McCauley
Louis D. Bernier, Jr.
Richard F. Blue, Jr.
1-1/16
1:42.60
$75,000
III
1992
Senator to Be
6
Pat Day
Nick Zito
BCC Stable
1-1/16
1:42.60
$51,000
III
1991
Senator to Be
5
Pat Day
Nick Zito
BCC Stable
1-1/16
1:42.20
$50,000
III
1990
Flaming Emperor
4
"Jo Jo" Ladner
Kenny Cox
Hideaway Farms
1-1/8
1:49.60
$50,000
III
1989
Private Terms
4
Kent Desormeaux
Charles Hadry
Stuart Janney, Jr.
1-1/8
1:47.10
$50,000
III
1988
Little Bold John
6
Donnie Miller Jr.
Jerry Robb
John E. Owens
1-1/8
1:50.20
$55,000
1987
Brilliant Stepper
5
Allen Stacy
King T. Leatherbury
Cot Campbell
1-3/16
1:58.20
$55,000
See also
William Donald Schaefer Handicap top three finishers
References
^ a b 2007 Maryland Jockey Club Media Guide, page 47 on March 3, 2007.
|
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|
[]
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[{"title":"William Donald Schaefer Handicap top three finishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Donald_Schaefer_Handicap_top_three_finishers"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antyllus
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Antyllus
|
["1 References"]
|
This article is about the ancient Greek surgeon. For the son of Mark Antony, see Marcus Antonius Antyllus.
Antyllus (Ancient Greek: Ἄντυλλος) was a Greek surgeon, who lived in the 2nd century AD in Rome. He is most notable for his method of treatment of aneurysms. He described the types of aneurysms, and created a taxonomy related to the lesions' potential for rupture.
He lived in the same era as Galen, and as Galen was dominant figure in the field of medicine, Antyllus excelled in surgery. His works have been lost, though some are reflected in the writings of Oribasius and Paul of Aegina. He developed specific instructions for a number of operations. He also listed the indications and contraindications and described the complications that could arise from the operations. His operation for aneurysm remained the standard procedure until the 19th century. Antyllus is also said to have developed a procedure to extract cataracts from the eye via suction, later improved by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi in the 10th century. Additionally, Antyllus has also been referenced by Paul of Aegina regarding the surgical procedure known today as a tracheotomy.
References
^ Fortner G, Johansen K (January 1984). "Abdominal aortic aneurysms". West. J. Med. 140 (1): 50–9. PMC 1011036. PMID 6702193.
^ Nutton, Vivian (2013). Ancient Medicine. Routledge. ISBN 9780415520942. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
^ DeBakey ME (June 1991). "A surgical perspective". Ann. Surg. 213 (6): 499–531. doi:10.1097/00000658-199106000-00001. PMC 1358568. PMID 2039282.
^ Emilie Savage-Smith (2000). "The Practice of Surgery in Islamic Lands: Myth and Reality". Social History of Medicine. 13 (2): 307–21 . doi:10.1093/shm/13.2.307. PMID 14535259.
^ Myers, Eugene N.; Lascaratos, John; Assimakopoulos, Dimitrios (2016-09-01). "Surgery on the larynx and pharynx in Byzantium (AD 324–1453): Early scientific descriptions of these operations". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 122 (4): 579–583. doi:10.1067/mhn.2000.94249. PMID 10740184. S2CID 208202905.
vteMedicine in ancient RomeTools
Cimolian earth
Speculum
Spoon of Diocles
Strigil
Physicians
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Soranus of Ephesus
Galen
Asclepiades of Bithynia
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Food and diet in ancient medicine
Gynecology in ancient Rome
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Theories
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Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Antonius Antyllus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Antyllus"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"aneurysms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Galen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"Oribasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oribasius"},{"link_name":"Paul of Aegina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Aegina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nutton2013-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ess-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This article is about the ancient Greek surgeon. For the son of Mark Antony, see Marcus Antonius Antyllus.Antyllus (Ancient Greek: Ἄντυλλος) was a Greek surgeon, who lived in the 2nd century AD in Rome. He is most notable for his method of treatment of aneurysms. He described the types of aneurysms, and created a taxonomy related to the lesions' potential for rupture.[1]\nHe lived in the same era as Galen, and as Galen was dominant figure in the field of medicine, Antyllus excelled in surgery. His works have been lost, though some are reflected in the writings of Oribasius and Paul of Aegina.[2] He developed specific instructions for a number of operations. He also listed the indications and contraindications and described the complications that could arise from the operations. His operation for aneurysm remained the standard procedure until the 19th century.[3] Antyllus is also said to have developed a procedure to extract cataracts from the eye via suction, later improved by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi in the 10th century.[4] Additionally, Antyllus has also been referenced by Paul of Aegina regarding the surgical procedure known today as a tracheotomy.[5]","title":"Antyllus"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Fortner G, Johansen K (January 1984). \"Abdominal aortic aneurysms\". West. J. Med. 140 (1): 50–9. PMC 1011036. PMID 6702193.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1011036","url_text":"\"Abdominal aortic aneurysms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1011036","url_text":"1011036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6702193","url_text":"6702193"}]},{"reference":"Nutton, Vivian (2013). Ancient Medicine. Routledge. ISBN 9780415520942. Retrieved 17 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uWGr2Be9NjMC","url_text":"Ancient Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415520942","url_text":"9780415520942"}]},{"reference":"DeBakey ME (June 1991). \"A surgical perspective\". Ann. Surg. 213 (6): 499–531. doi:10.1097/00000658-199106000-00001. PMC 1358568. PMID 2039282.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1358568","url_text":"\"A surgical perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000658-199106000-00001","url_text":"10.1097/00000658-199106000-00001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1358568","url_text":"1358568"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2039282","url_text":"2039282"}]},{"reference":"Emilie Savage-Smith (2000). \"The Practice of Surgery in Islamic Lands: Myth and Reality\". Social History of Medicine. 13 (2): 307–21 [318–9]. doi:10.1093/shm/13.2.307. PMID 14535259.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Savage-Smith","url_text":"Emilie Savage-Smith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fshm%2F13.2.307","url_text":"10.1093/shm/13.2.307"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14535259","url_text":"14535259"}]},{"reference":"Myers, Eugene N.; Lascaratos, John; Assimakopoulos, Dimitrios (2016-09-01). \"Surgery on the larynx and pharynx in Byzantium (AD 324–1453): Early scientific descriptions of these operations\". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 122 (4): 579–583. doi:10.1067/mhn.2000.94249. PMID 10740184. S2CID 208202905.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1067/mhn.2000.94249","url_text":"\"Surgery on the larynx and pharynx in Byzantium (AD 324–1453): Early scientific descriptions of these operations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmhn.2000.94249","url_text":"10.1067/mhn.2000.94249"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10740184","url_text":"10740184"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208202905","url_text":"208202905"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1011036","external_links_name":"\"Abdominal aortic aneurysms\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1011036","external_links_name":"1011036"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6702193","external_links_name":"6702193"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uWGr2Be9NjMC","external_links_name":"Ancient Medicine"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1358568","external_links_name":"\"A surgical perspective\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000658-199106000-00001","external_links_name":"10.1097/00000658-199106000-00001"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1358568","external_links_name":"1358568"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2039282","external_links_name":"2039282"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fshm%2F13.2.307","external_links_name":"10.1093/shm/13.2.307"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14535259","external_links_name":"14535259"},{"Link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1067/mhn.2000.94249","external_links_name":"\"Surgery on the larynx and pharynx in Byzantium (AD 324–1453): Early scientific descriptions of these operations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmhn.2000.94249","external_links_name":"10.1067/mhn.2000.94249"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10740184","external_links_name":"10740184"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208202905","external_links_name":"208202905"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/47152463","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfX3VYPY33kRmmdDc6R8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10238035X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069806403","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd10238035X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You%27re_Smiling_(Regis_Philbin_album)
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When You're Smiling (Regis Philbin album)
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["1 Track listing","2 Musicians","3 References","4 External links"]
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2004 studio album by Regis PhilbinWhen You're SmilingStudio album by Regis PhilbinReleasedSeptember 28, 2004GenreEasy listeningLength36:51LabelHollywoodProducerSteve TyrellBob MannRegis Philbin chronology
It's Time for Regis!(1968)
When You're Smiling(2004)
Just You. Just Me.(2009)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
When You're Smiling is Regis Philbin's second studio album, his first in more than 30 years. In his own words, "When I grew up, it was the age of the great crooners. So, as a New York City kid, I wanted to be a singer. When I was 5, I knew every song Bing Crosby sang."
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."You Make Me Feel So Young"Josef MyrowMack Gordon3:222."Pennies From Heaven"Arthur JohnstonJohnny Burke3:173."It Had To Be You"Isham JonesGus Kahn3:074."When You're Smiling"Larry ShayMark FisherJoe Goodwin3:135."I Can't Give You Anything But Love"Dorothy FieldsJimmy McHugh2:436."They Can't Take That Away From Me"George GershwinIra Gershwin2:427."The Very Thought Of You"Ray Noble3:548."Cheek To Cheek"Irving Berlin3:549."What'll I Do"Irving Berlin3:0510."You're Nobody 'Til Somebody Loves You"James CavanaughRuss MorganLarry Stock2:3711."Exactly Like You"Dorothy FieldsJimmy McHugh2:2112."Too Ra Loo Ra Loo Ral" (with Ronan Tynan)James Royce Shannon2:36Total length:36:51
Musicians
Regis Philbin: Vocals
Allan Schwartzberg: Drums
Kenny Ascher: Keyboards
Bob Mann: Guitar
Charles "Chip" Jackson: Bass (tracks 1, 2, 4, 11)
Ed Howard: Bass (tracks 3, 5, 8, 9, 10)
David Finck: Bass (tracks 6, 7)
Warren Vaché: Trumpet solos (tracks 1, 3, 5)
Warren Luening: Trumpet solos (tracks 7, 8, 11)
Robert Sheppard: Saxophone solos (tracks 4, 10)
Background vocals: Dorian Holley, Mortinette Jenkins, Marlena Jeter, Steve Tyrell
All track information and credits were taken from the CD liner notes.
References
^ a b Jeffries, David. When You're Smiling at AllMusic
^ "GET YOUR PHILBIN – REGIS CROONS THE CLASSICS". New York Post. September 26, 2004.
^ Philbin, Regis. "When You're Smiling". Hollywood. 2004.
External links
Hollywood Records Official Site
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regis Philbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Philbin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-1"},{"link_name":"crooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooners"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"When You're Smiling is Regis Philbin's second studio album, his first in more than 30 years.[1] In his own words, \"When I grew up, it was the age of the great crooners. So, as a New York City kid, I wanted to be a singer. When I was 5, I knew every song Bing Crosby sang.\"[2]","title":"When You're Smiling (Regis Philbin album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"You Make Me Feel So Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Make_Me_Feel_So_Young"},{"link_name":"Josef Myrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Myrow"},{"link_name":"Mack Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Pennies From Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennies_from_Heaven_(song)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Johnston_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Burke_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"It Had To Be You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Had_to_Be_You_(song)"},{"link_name":"Isham Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isham_Jones"},{"link_name":"Gus Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Kahn"},{"link_name":"When You're Smiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You%27re_Smiling"},{"link_name":"Larry Shay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Shay"},{"link_name":"Mark Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Fisher_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"I Can't Give You Anything But Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Give_You_Anything_but_Love,_Baby"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Fields"},{"link_name":"Jimmy McHugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McHugh"},{"link_name":"They Can't Take That Away From Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Can%27t_Take_That_Away_From_Me"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Ira Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"The Very Thought Of You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Very_Thought_Of_You"},{"link_name":"Ray Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Noble"},{"link_name":"Cheek To Cheek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheek_To_Cheek"},{"link_name":"Irving Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin"},{"link_name":"What'll I Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27ll_I_Do"},{"link_name":"Irving Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin"},{"link_name":"You're Nobody 'Til Somebody Loves You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Nobody_till_Somebody_Loves_You"},{"link_name":"Russ Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Larry Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Stock"},{"link_name":"Exactly Like You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exactly_Like_You_(song)"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Fields"},{"link_name":"Jimmy McHugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McHugh"},{"link_name":"Too Ra Loo Ra Loo Ral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Ra_Loo_Ra_Loo_Ral"},{"link_name":"Ronan Tynan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_Tynan"},{"link_name":"James Royce Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Royce_Shannon"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"You Make Me Feel So Young\"Josef MyrowMack Gordon3:222.\"Pennies From Heaven\"Arthur JohnstonJohnny Burke3:173.\"It Had To Be You\"Isham JonesGus Kahn3:074.\"When You're Smiling\"Larry ShayMark FisherJoe Goodwin3:135.\"I Can't Give You Anything But Love\"Dorothy FieldsJimmy McHugh2:436.\"They Can't Take That Away From Me\"George GershwinIra Gershwin2:427.\"The Very Thought Of You\"Ray Noble3:548.\"Cheek To Cheek\"Irving Berlin3:549.\"What'll I Do\"Irving Berlin3:0510.\"You're Nobody 'Til Somebody Loves You\"James CavanaughRuss MorganLarry Stock2:3711.\"Exactly Like You\"Dorothy FieldsJimmy McHugh2:2112.\"Too Ra Loo Ra Loo Ral\" (with Ronan Tynan)James Royce Shannon2:36Total length:36:51","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regis Philbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Philbin"},{"link_name":"Allan Schwartzberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Schwartzberg"},{"link_name":"Kenny Ascher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Ascher"},{"link_name":"Bob Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mann_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Charles \"Chip\" Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Jackson"},{"link_name":"David Finck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Finck"},{"link_name":"Warren Vaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Vach%C3%A9_Jr."},{"link_name":"Warren Luening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Luening"},{"link_name":"Robert Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Sheppard_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dorian Holley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Holley"},{"link_name":"Steve Tyrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Tyrell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RP-3"}],"text":"Regis Philbin: Vocals\nAllan Schwartzberg: Drums\nKenny Ascher: Keyboards\nBob Mann: Guitar\nCharles \"Chip\" Jackson: Bass (tracks 1, 2, 4, 11)\nEd Howard: Bass (tracks 3, 5, 8, 9, 10)\nDavid Finck: Bass (tracks 6, 7)\nWarren Vaché: Trumpet solos (tracks 1, 3, 5)\nWarren Luening: Trumpet solos (tracks 7, 8, 11)\nRobert Sheppard: Saxophone solos (tracks 4, 10)\nBackground vocals: Dorian Holley, Mortinette Jenkins, Marlena Jeter, Steve TyrellAll track information and credits were taken from the CD liner notes.[3]","title":"Musicians"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"GET YOUR PHILBIN – REGIS CROONS THE CLASSICS\". New York Post. September 26, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2004/09/26/get-your-philbin-regis-croons-the-classics/","url_text":"\"GET YOUR PHILBIN – REGIS CROONS THE CLASSICS\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000687351","external_links_name":"When You're Smiling"},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2004/09/26/get-your-philbin-regis-croons-the-classics/","external_links_name":"\"GET YOUR PHILBIN – REGIS CROONS THE CLASSICS\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodrecords.com/artists/","external_links_name":"Hollywood Records Official Site"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/e911c1a3-9755-4185-8718-1ad6c614bee9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylloge_of_Coins_of_the_British_Isles
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Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles
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["1 History","2 Committee","3 Volumes","4 Notes","5 External links"]
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The Sylloge of the Coins of the British Isles (SCBI) is an ongoing project to publish all major museum collections and certain important private collections of British coins. Catalogues in the series contain full details and illustrations of each and every specimen. Every Anglo-Saxon and Norman coin included in the project can be viewed on the SCBI Database, based at the Department of Coins and Medals, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.
History
The project was first suggested in the early 1950s by Christopher Blunt and other members of the British and Royal Numismatic Societies. In 1956, its unofficial committee secured recognition as a committee of the British Academy through the good offices of its first chairman, Sir Frank Stenton. The first volume, on Anglo-Saxon Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (prepared by Philip Grierson), was published two years later in 1958.
Since that date over sixty additional volumes have been published, covering both museum and some significant private collections in Britain, the United States, Germany, Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Poland, Latvia and more. Further volumes are in preparation or projected for the future. The key gaps in the series remain the British Museum and the Royal Coin Collection in Stockholm. Both of which present massive undertakings and have only recently begun to be tackled comprehensively. Some of the early volumes, such as that covering the Cambridge collection, are also now in need of substantial updating. Nonetheless, British numismatics has been extremely well served by the project, and it continues to publish volumes almost every year.
Committee
Since its inception, the policy of the Sylloge Project has been to keep an eminent Anglo-Saxon historian as its chairman. This reflects the emphasis on Anglo-Saxon material in the published volumes, and the need to keep an educated outside perspective on the project. Chairmen have included:
Sir Frank Stenton, FBA (1956–1966)
Professor Dorothy Whitelock, CBE, FBA (1966–1979)
Professor H. R. Loyn, FBA (1979–1993)
The Rt Hon. Lord Stewartby, FBA, FRSE (1993–2003)
Professor S. D. Keynes, FBA (2003–)
General Editors of the project have included:
Christopher Blunt, OBE, FBA (1956–1987)
Professor R. H. M. Dolley, MRIA (1956–1983)
Dr M. A. S. Blackburn (1980–2011)
Other current members of the Sylloge Committee are:
Dr B. J. Cook
C. S. S. Lyon
Dr R. G. R. Naismith
H. E. Pagan
Dr V. Smart
Professor P. Spufford, FBA
Volumes
Current volumes of the Sylloge are:
1. FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, CAMBRIDGE.
Ancient British and Anglo-Saxon Coins.
By P. Grierson. 32 plates, 1958.
2. HUNTERIAN MUSEUM, GLASGOW.
Anglo-Saxon Coins.
By A.S. Robertson. 42 plates, 1961.
3. COINS OF THE CORITANI.
By D.F. Allen. 8 plates, 1963.
4. ROYAL COLLECTION, COPENHAGEN.
Part I. Ancient British and Anglo-Saxon Coins.
By G. Galster. 30 plates, 1964.
5. GROSVENOR MUSEUM, CHESTER.
Coins with the Chester Mint-Signature.
By E.J.E. Pirie. 16 plates, 1964.
6. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES OF SCOTLAND, EDINBURGH.
Anglo-Saxon Coins.
By R.B.K. Stevenson. 29 plates, 1966.
7. ROYAL COLLECTION, COPENHAGEN.
Part II. Anglo-Saxon Coins: Æthelred II.
By G. Galster. 71 plates, 1966.
(Published jointly with the Carlsberg Foundation)
8. BRITISH MUSEUM.
Hiberno-Norse Coins.
By R.H.M. Dolley. 8 plates, 1966.
(Published by the trustees of the British Museum)
9. ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD.
Part I. Anglo-Saxon Pennies.
By J.D.A. Thompson. 42 plates, 1967.
10. ULSTER MUSEUM, BELFAST.
Part I. Anglo-Irish Coins, John - Edward III.
By M. Dolley and W. Seaby. 20 plates, 1968.
(Published jointly with the trustees of the Ulster Museum)
11. READING UNIVERSITY.
Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coins;
ROYAL COIN CABINET, STOCKHOLM.
Anglo-Norman Pennies.
By C.E. Blunt and M. Dolley. 20 plates, 1969.
(Published jointly with the Swedish Royal Academy)
12. ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD.
Part II. English Coins 1066–1279.
By D.M. Metcalf. 36 plates, 1969.
13-15. ROYAL COLLECTION, COPENHAGEN.
Part III. A, B, and C. Anglo-Saxon Coins: Cnut.
By G. Galster. 158 plates, 1970. (3 vols.)
(Published jointly with the Carlsberg Foundation)
16. NORWEB COLLECTION.
Ancient British and English Coins to 1180.
By C.E. Blunt, F. Elmore-Jones and R.P. Mack. 17 plates, 1971.
(Published by Spink & Son Limited)
17. MIDLAND MUSEUMS.
Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coins.
By A.J.H. Gunstone. 30 plates, 1971.
18. ROYAL COLLECTION, COPENHAGEN.
Part IV. Anglo-Saxon Coins from Harold I and Anglo-Norman Coins.
By G. Galster. 54 plates, 1972.
(Published jointly with the Carlsberg Foundation)
19. BRISTOL AND GLOUCESTER MUSEUMS.
Ancient British Coins and Coins of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Mints.
By L.V. Grinsell, C.E. Blunt and M. Dolley. 27 plates, 1972.
20. MACK COLLECTION.
Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coins.
By R.P. Mack. 56 plates, 1973.
21. YORKSHIRE COLLECTIONS.
Coins from Northumbrian mints, c.895-1279; Ancient British and Later Coins from Other Mints to 1279.
By E.J.E. Pirie. 54 plates, 1975.
22. ROYAL COLLECTION, COPENHAGEN.
Part V. Hiberno-Norse and Anglo-Irish Coins.
By G. Galster with M. Dolley and J. Steen Jensen. 22 plates, 1975.
23. ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD.
Part III. Coins of Henry VII.
By D.M. Metcalf. 53 plates, 1976.
24. WEST COUNTRY MUSEUMS.
Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman Coins.
By A.J.H. Gunstone. 30 plates, 1977.
25. NATIONAL MUSEUM, HELSINKI.
Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman Coins.
By T. Talvio. 41 plates, 1978.
26. MUSEUMS IN EAST ANGLIA.
Morley St Peter Hoard, and Anglo-Saxon, Norman, and Angevin Coins, and Later Coins of the Norwich Mint.
By T.H.McK. Clough. 52 plates, 1980.
27. LINCOLNSHIRE COLLECTIONS.
Coins from Lincolnshire mints, and Ancient British and Later Coins to 1272.
By A.J.H. Gunstone. 68 plates, 1981.
28. CUMULATIVE INDEX OF VOLS. 1-20.
By V. Smart. 1981.
29. MERSEYSIDE COUNTY MUSEUMS.
Ancient British and Later Coins to 1279.
By M. Warhurst. 39 plates, 1982.
30. AMERICAN COLLECTIONS.
Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coins.
By J.D. Brady. 30 plates, 1982.
31. NORWEB COLLECTION.
Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part I. Bedfordshire to Devon.
By R.H. Thompson. 35 plates, 1984.
(Published by Spink & Son Limited)
32. ULSTER MUSEUM, BELFAST.
Part II. Hiberno-Norse Coins.
By W. Seaby. 16 plates, 1984.
(Published jointly with the trustees of the Ulster Museum)
33. BROOKER COLLECTION.
Coins of Charles I.
By J.J. North and P.J. Preston-Morley. 130 plates, 1984.
(Published by Spink & Son Limited)
34. BRITISH MUSEUM.
Anglo-Saxon Coins, Part V: Athelstan to Edgar's Reform.
By M.M. Archibald and C.E. Blunt. 56 plates, 1986.
(Published by the trustees of the British Museum)
35. ASHMOLEAN AND HUNTERIAN MUSEUMS.
Scottish Coins.
By J.D. Bateson and N.J. Mayhew. 116 plates, 1987.
36. STATE MUSEUM, BERLIN.
Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, and Hiberno-Norse Coins.
By B. Kluge. 41 plates, 1987.
(Published jointly with the State Museum, Berlin)
37. POLISH MUSEUMS.
Anglo-Saxon and Later Medieval British Coins.
By A. Mikolajczyk. 20 plates, 1987.
(Published jointly with the Archaeological and Ethnographical Museum in Lódz)
38. NORWEB COLLECTION.
Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part II. Dorset to Gloucestershire.
By R.H. Thompson. 41 plates, 1988.
(Published by Spink & Son Limited)
39. NORTH COLLECTION.
Edwardian English Silver Coins, 1279–1351.
By J.J. North. 46 plates, 1989.
40. ROYAL COIN CABINET, STOCKHOLM.
Part IV. Anglo-Saxon Coins: Harold I and Harthacnut.
By T. Talvio. 74 plates, 1991.
41. CUMULATIVE INDEX OF VOLS. 21-40.
By V. Smart. 1992.
42. SOUTH-EASTERN MUSEUMS.
Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon and Later Coins to 1279.
By A.J.H. Gunstone. 78 plates, 1992.
43. NORWEB COLLECTION.
Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part III. Hampshire to Lincolnshire.
By R.H. Thompson and M.J. Dickinson. 51 plates, 1992.
(Published by Spink & Son Limited)
44. NORWEB COLLECTION.
Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part IV. Norfolk to Somerset.
By R.H. Thompson and M.J. Dickinson. 50 plates, 1993.
(Published by Spink & Son Limited)
45. LATVIAN COLLECTIONS.
Anglo-Saxon and Later British Coins.
By T. Berga. 12 plates, 1996.
46. NORWEB COLLECTION.
Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part V. Staffordshire to Westmorland.
By R.H. Thompson and M.J. Dickinson. 51 plates, 1996.
(Published by Spink & Son Limited)
47. SCHNEIDER COLLECTION.
English Gold Coins and their Imitations. Part I.
By P. Woodhead. 83 plates, 1996.
(Published by Spink & Son Limited)
48. NORTHERN MUSEUMS.
Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon, Norman and Plantagenet Coins to 1279.
By J. Booth. 64 plates, 1997.
49. NORWEB COLLECTION.
Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part VI. Wiltshire to Yorkshire, Ireland to Wales.
By R.H. Thompson and M.J. Dickinson. 43 plates, 1999.
(Published by Spink & Son Limited)
50. HERMITAGE MUSEUM, ST PETERSBURG.
Part I. Anglo-Saxon Coins to 1016
By V. M. Potin.
54 plates. 1999.
51. ESTONIAN COLLECTIONS.
Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman and later British Coins.
By I. Leimus and A. Molvõgin.
54 plates. 2001.
52. UPPSALA UNIVERSITY COIN CABINET.
Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman Coins
By E. Lindberger. (Publ. jointly with the University of Uppsala.)
37 plates. 2006.
53. SCOTTISH MUSEUMS.
English Coins, 1066–1279.
By J. D. Bateson.
38 plates. 2001.
54. ROYAL COIN CABINET, STOCKHOLM.
Part V: Anglo-Saxon Coins, Edward the Confessor and Harold II.
Part VI: Supplement. Anglo-Norman Pennies.
Part V by F. Colman; Part VI by M. Blackburn and K. Jonsson.
55. HERMITAGE MUSEUM, ST PETERSBURG.
Part IV. English, Irish and Scottish Coins, 1066–1485.
By M. Mucha.
23 plates. 2003.
56. MASS COLLECTION.
English Short Cross Coins, 1180–1247.
By J. P. Mass.
82 plates. 2001.
57. SCHNEIDER COLLECTION.
Part II. English Gold Coins, 1603 to the 20th Century.
By P. Woodhead.
58 plates. 2002.
(Published by Spink & Son Limited)
58. NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF SCOTLAND, EDINBURGH.
Scottish Coins. Part I. 1526–1603.
By M. C. Q. Holmes.
99 plates. 2006.
59. NORWEB COLLECTION.
Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750.
Part VII. City of London.
By R. H. Thompson and M. J. Dickinson.
61 plates. 2007.
60 HERMITAGE MUSEUM
Part II. Anglo-Saxon Coins 1016–1066.
By V.M. Potin.
2011
61 SCHNEIDER COLLECTION
Part III. Anglo-Gallic, Flemish and Brantine Gold Coins 1330–1794.
By P. Woodhead
2011
62 NORWEB COLLECTION
Tokens of the British Isles 1575-1750
Part VIII. Middlesex and Uncertain Pieces.
By R.H. Thompson and M.J. Dickinson
2011
63 BRITISH MUSEUM
Anglo-Saxon Coins
Part I. Early Silver and Gold Coins
By A. Gannon
2011
64 GROSVENOR MUSEUM, CHESTER
Part II. Anglo-Saxon and Post-Conquest Coins to 1180.
By H.E. Pagan
2012
65 NORWEGIAN COLLECTIONS
Part I. Anglo-Saxon Coins to 1016.
By ELINA SCREEN
2013
66. NORWEGIAN COLLECTIONS
Part II. Anglo-Saxon and Later British Coins, 1016–1279.
By ELINA SCREEN
2015
67 BRITISH MUSEUM
Anglo-Saxon Coins II. Southern English Coinage from Offa to Alfred c. 760–880.
By R. NAISMITH
2016.
68 THE LYON COLLECTION OF ANGLO-SAXON COINS
By S. LYON.
69 THE ABRAMSON COLLECTION
Coins of Early Anglo-Saxon England and the North Sea Area.
By T. ABRAMSON
70. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF SCOTLAND
Scottish Coins and Dies 1603–1709.
By J. D. BATESON and N. HOLMES
Notes
^ Although the original idea to catalogue the great Lockett collection, sold over five years between 1955 and 1960, was never developed.
^ SCBI 8 covering Anglo-Norse coins and SCBI 34 some 10th century coins were early attempts to tackle the British Museum collection. SCBI 63 has recently been published covering the earliest holdings of Anglo-Saxon coins in the and volumes are planned for Southern England between the reigns of Offa and Alfred and for Henry II. SCBI 11, 40 and 54 covered Stockholm's holdings from Harold I to the early Normans but the huge holdings of the coins of Aethelred II and Cnut, last systematically listed by Hildebrand in 1881, have yet to be tackled.
^ Although the pre-10th century material was updated in Medieval European Coinage Volume I - The Early Middle Ages (5th to 10th Centuries - by P Grierson and M Blackburn when it was published in 1986.
External links
Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles, Fitzwilliam Museum
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Blunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Evelyn_Blunt"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Numismatic_Society"},{"link_name":"Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Numismatic_Society"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"Frank Stenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Stenton"},{"link_name":"Fitzwilliam Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum"},{"link_name":"Philip Grierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Grierson"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Royal Coin Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Coin_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"numismatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The project was first suggested in the early 1950s by Christopher Blunt and other members of the British and Royal Numismatic Societies. In 1956, its unofficial committee secured recognition as a committee of the British Academy through the good offices of its first chairman, Sir Frank Stenton. The first volume, on Anglo-Saxon Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (prepared by Philip Grierson), was published two years later in 1958.[citation needed]Since that date over sixty additional volumes have been published, covering both museum and some significant private collections in Britain,[1] the United States, Germany, Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Poland, Latvia and more. Further volumes are in preparation or projected for the future. The key gaps in the series remain the British Museum and the Royal Coin Collection in Stockholm. Both of which present massive undertakings and have only recently begun to be tackled comprehensively.[2] Some of the early volumes, such as that covering the Cambridge collection, are also now in need of substantial updating.[3] Nonetheless, British numismatics has been extremely well served by the project, and it continues to publish volumes almost every year.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Stenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Stenton"},{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Whitelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Whitelock"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBE"},{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"H. R. Loyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._Loyn"},{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"Lord Stewartby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Stewartby"},{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"S. D. Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Keynes"},{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"Christopher Blunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Evelyn_Blunt"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBE"},{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"R. H. M. Dolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Dolley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MRIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy"},{"link_name":"M. A. S. Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._S._Blackburn"},{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"}],"text":"Since its inception, the policy of the Sylloge Project has been to keep an eminent Anglo-Saxon historian as its chairman. This reflects the emphasis on Anglo-Saxon material in the published volumes, and the need to keep an educated outside perspective on the project. Chairmen have included:Sir Frank Stenton, FBA (1956–1966)\nProfessor Dorothy Whitelock, CBE, FBA (1966–1979)\nProfessor H. R. Loyn, FBA (1979–1993)\nThe Rt Hon. Lord Stewartby, FBA, FRSE (1993–2003)\nProfessor S. D. Keynes, FBA (2003–)General Editors of the project have included:Christopher Blunt, OBE, FBA (1956–1987)\nProfessor R. H. M. Dolley, MRIA (1956–1983)\nDr M. A. S. Blackburn (1980–2011)Other current members of the Sylloge Committee are:Dr B. J. Cook\nC. S. S. Lyon\nDr R. G. R. Naismith\nH. E. Pagan\nDr V. Smart\nProfessor P. Spufford, FBA","title":"Committee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P. Grierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Grierson"},{"link_name":"Spink & Son Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spink_%26_Son_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T. Berga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatjana_Berga"}],"text":"Current volumes of the Sylloge are:1. FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, CAMBRIDGE.Ancient British and Anglo-Saxon Coins.\nBy P. Grierson. 32 plates, 1958.2. HUNTERIAN MUSEUM, GLASGOW.Anglo-Saxon Coins.\nBy A.S. Robertson. 42 plates, 1961.3. COINS OF THE CORITANI.By D.F. Allen. 8 plates, 1963.4. ROYAL COLLECTION, COPENHAGEN.Part I. Ancient British and Anglo-Saxon Coins.\nBy G. Galster. 30 plates, 1964.5. GROSVENOR MUSEUM, CHESTER.Coins with the Chester Mint-Signature.\nBy E.J.E. Pirie. 16 plates, 1964.6. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES OF SCOTLAND, EDINBURGH.Anglo-Saxon Coins.\nBy R.B.K. Stevenson. 29 plates, 1966.7. ROYAL COLLECTION, COPENHAGEN.Part II. Anglo-Saxon Coins: Æthelred II.\nBy G. Galster. 71 plates, 1966.\n(Published jointly with the Carlsberg Foundation)8. BRITISH MUSEUM.Hiberno-Norse Coins.\nBy R.H.M. Dolley. 8 plates, 1966.\n(Published by the trustees of the British Museum)9. ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD.Part I. Anglo-Saxon Pennies.\nBy J.D.A. Thompson. 42 plates, 1967.10. ULSTER MUSEUM, BELFAST.Part I. Anglo-Irish Coins, John - Edward III.\nBy M. Dolley and W. Seaby. 20 plates, 1968.\n(Published jointly with the trustees of the Ulster Museum)11. READING UNIVERSITY.Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coins; \nROYAL COIN CABINET, STOCKHOLM. \n[Part VI.] Anglo-Norman Pennies. \nBy C.E. Blunt and M. Dolley. 20 plates, 1969.\n(Published jointly with the Swedish Royal Academy)12. ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD.Part II. English Coins 1066–1279. \nBy D.M. Metcalf. 36 plates, 1969.13-15. ROYAL COLLECTION, COPENHAGEN.Part III. A, B, and C. Anglo-Saxon Coins: Cnut. \nBy G. Galster. 158 plates, 1970. (3 vols.)\n(Published jointly with the Carlsberg Foundation)16. NORWEB COLLECTION.Ancient British and English Coins to 1180. \nBy C.E. Blunt, F. Elmore-Jones and R.P. Mack. 17 plates, 1971.\n(Published by Spink & Son Limited)17. MIDLAND MUSEUMS.Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coins. \nBy A.J.H. Gunstone. 30 plates, 1971.18. ROYAL COLLECTION, COPENHAGEN.Part IV. Anglo-Saxon Coins from Harold I and Anglo-Norman Coins. \nBy G. Galster. 54 plates, 1972.\n(Published jointly with the Carlsberg Foundation)19. BRISTOL AND GLOUCESTER MUSEUMS.Ancient British Coins and Coins of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Mints. \nBy L.V. Grinsell, C.E. Blunt and M. Dolley. 27 plates, 1972.20. MACK COLLECTION.Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coins. \nBy R.P. Mack. 56 plates, 1973.21. YORKSHIRE COLLECTIONS.Coins from Northumbrian mints, c.895-1279; Ancient British and Later Coins from Other Mints to 1279. \nBy E.J.E. Pirie. 54 plates, 1975.22. ROYAL COLLECTION, COPENHAGEN.Part V. Hiberno-Norse and Anglo-Irish Coins. \nBy G. Galster with M. Dolley and J. Steen Jensen. 22 plates, 1975.23. ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD.Part III. Coins of Henry VII. \nBy D.M. Metcalf. 53 plates, 1976.24. WEST COUNTRY MUSEUMS.Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman Coins. \nBy A.J.H. Gunstone. 30 plates, 1977.25. NATIONAL MUSEUM, HELSINKI.Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman Coins. \nBy T. Talvio. 41 plates, 1978.26. MUSEUMS IN EAST ANGLIA.Morley St Peter Hoard, and Anglo-Saxon, Norman, and Angevin Coins, and Later Coins of the Norwich Mint.\nBy T.H.McK. Clough. 52 plates, 1980.27. LINCOLNSHIRE COLLECTIONS.Coins from Lincolnshire mints, and Ancient British and Later Coins to 1272. \nBy A.J.H. Gunstone. 68 plates, 1981.28. CUMULATIVE INDEX OF VOLS. 1-20.By V. Smart. 1981.29. MERSEYSIDE COUNTY MUSEUMS.Ancient British and Later Coins to 1279. \nBy M. Warhurst. 39 plates, 1982.30. AMERICAN COLLECTIONS.Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coins. \nBy J.D. Brady. 30 plates, 1982.31. NORWEB COLLECTION.Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part I. Bedfordshire to Devon. \nBy R.H. Thompson. 35 plates, 1984.\n(Published by Spink & Son Limited)32. ULSTER MUSEUM, BELFAST.Part II. Hiberno-Norse Coins.\nBy W. Seaby. 16 plates, 1984.\n(Published jointly with the trustees of the Ulster Museum)33. BROOKER COLLECTION.Coins of Charles I. \nBy J.J. North and P.J. Preston-Morley. 130 plates, 1984.\n(Published by Spink & Son Limited)34. BRITISH MUSEUM.Anglo-Saxon Coins, Part V: Athelstan to Edgar's Reform. \nBy M.M. Archibald and C.E. Blunt. 56 plates, 1986.\n(Published by the trustees of the British Museum)35. ASHMOLEAN AND HUNTERIAN MUSEUMS.Scottish Coins. \nBy J.D. Bateson and N.J. Mayhew. 116 plates, 1987.36. STATE MUSEUM, BERLIN.Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, and Hiberno-Norse Coins. \nBy B. Kluge. 41 plates, 1987.\n(Published jointly with the State Museum, Berlin)37. POLISH MUSEUMS.Anglo-Saxon and Later Medieval British Coins. \nBy A. Mikolajczyk. 20 plates, 1987.\n(Published jointly with the Archaeological and Ethnographical Museum in Lódz)38. NORWEB COLLECTION.Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part II. Dorset to Gloucestershire. \nBy R.H. Thompson. 41 plates, 1988.\n(Published by Spink & Son Limited)39. NORTH COLLECTION.Edwardian English Silver Coins, 1279–1351. \nBy J.J. North. 46 plates, 1989.40. ROYAL COIN CABINET, STOCKHOLM.Part IV. Anglo-Saxon Coins: Harold I and Harthacnut. \nBy T. Talvio. 74 plates, 1991.41. CUMULATIVE INDEX OF VOLS. 21-40.By V. Smart. 1992.42. SOUTH-EASTERN MUSEUMS.Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon and Later Coins to 1279. \nBy A.J.H. Gunstone. 78 plates, 1992.43. NORWEB COLLECTION.Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part III. Hampshire to Lincolnshire. \nBy R.H. Thompson and M.J. Dickinson. 51 plates, 1992.\n(Published by Spink & Son Limited)44. NORWEB COLLECTION.Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part IV. Norfolk to Somerset. \nBy R.H. Thompson and M.J. Dickinson. 50 plates, 1993.\n(Published by Spink & Son Limited)45. LATVIAN COLLECTIONS.Anglo-Saxon and Later British Coins.\nBy T. Berga. 12 plates, 1996.46. NORWEB COLLECTION.Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part V. Staffordshire to Westmorland. \nBy R.H. Thompson and M.J. Dickinson. 51 plates, 1996.\n(Published by Spink & Son Limited)47. SCHNEIDER COLLECTION.English Gold Coins and their Imitations. Part I. \nBy P. Woodhead. 83 plates, 1996.\n(Published by Spink & Son Limited)48. NORTHERN MUSEUMS.Ancient British, Anglo-Saxon, Norman and Plantagenet Coins to 1279. \nBy J. Booth. 64 plates, 1997.49. NORWEB COLLECTION.Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part VI. Wiltshire to Yorkshire, Ireland to Wales. \nBy R.H. Thompson and M.J. Dickinson. 43 plates, 1999.\n(Published by Spink & Son Limited)50. HERMITAGE MUSEUM, ST PETERSBURG.Part I. Anglo-Saxon Coins to 1016\nBy V. M. Potin.\n54 plates. 1999.51. ESTONIAN COLLECTIONS.Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman and later British Coins.\nBy I. Leimus and A. Molvõgin.\n54 plates. 2001.52. UPPSALA UNIVERSITY COIN CABINET.Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman Coins\nBy E. Lindberger. (Publ. jointly with the University of Uppsala.)\n37 plates. 2006.53. SCOTTISH MUSEUMS.English Coins, 1066–1279.\nBy J. D. Bateson.\n38 plates. 2001.54. ROYAL COIN CABINET, STOCKHOLM.Part V: Anglo-Saxon Coins, Edward the Confessor and Harold II.\nPart VI: Supplement. Anglo-Norman Pennies.\nPart V by F. Colman; Part VI by M. Blackburn and K. Jonsson.55. HERMITAGE MUSEUM, ST PETERSBURG.Part IV. English, Irish and Scottish Coins, 1066–1485.\nBy M. Mucha.\n23 plates. 2003.56. MASS COLLECTION.English Short Cross Coins, 1180–1247.\nBy J. P. Mass.\n82 plates. 2001.57. SCHNEIDER COLLECTION.Part II. English Gold Coins, 1603 to the 20th Century.\nBy P. Woodhead.\n58 plates. 2002.\n(Published by Spink & Son Limited)58. NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF SCOTLAND, EDINBURGH.Scottish Coins. Part I. 1526–1603.\nBy M. C. Q. Holmes.\n99 plates. 2006.59. NORWEB COLLECTION.Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750.\nPart VII. City of London.\nBy R. H. Thompson and M. J. Dickinson.\n61 plates. 2007.60 HERMITAGE MUSEUMPart II. Anglo-Saxon Coins 1016–1066.\nBy V.M. Potin.\n201161 SCHNEIDER COLLECTIONPart III. Anglo-Gallic, Flemish and Brantine Gold Coins 1330–1794.\nBy P. Woodhead\n201162 NORWEB COLLECTIONTokens of the British Isles 1575-1750\nPart VIII. Middlesex and Uncertain Pieces.\nBy R.H. Thompson and M.J. Dickinson\n201163 BRITISH MUSEUMAnglo-Saxon Coins\nPart I. Early Silver and Gold Coins\nBy A. Gannon\n201164 GROSVENOR MUSEUM, CHESTERPart II. Anglo-Saxon and Post-Conquest Coins to 1180.\nBy H.E. Pagan\n201265 NORWEGIAN COLLECTIONSPart I. Anglo-Saxon Coins to 1016. \nBy ELINA SCREEN\n201366. NORWEGIAN COLLECTIONSPart II. Anglo-Saxon and Later British Coins, 1016–1279. \nBy ELINA SCREEN\n201567 BRITISH MUSEUMAnglo-Saxon Coins II. Southern English Coinage from Offa to Alfred c. 760–880. \nBy R. NAISMITH\n2016.68 THE LYON COLLECTION OF ANGLO-SAXON COINSBy S. LYON.69 THE ABRAMSON COLLECTIONCoins of Early Anglo-Saxon England and the North Sea Area. \nBy T. ABRAMSON70. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF SCOTLANDScottish Coins and Dies 1603–1709.\nBy J. D. BATESON and N. HOLMES","title":"Volumes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Although the original idea to catalogue the great Lockett collection, sold over five years between 1955 and 1960, was never developed.\n\n^ SCBI 8 covering Anglo-Norse coins and SCBI 34 some 10th century coins were early attempts to tackle the British Museum collection. SCBI 63 has recently been published covering the earliest holdings of Anglo-Saxon coins in the [when?] and volumes are planned for Southern England between the reigns of Offa and Alfred and for Henry II. SCBI 11, 40 and 54 covered Stockholm's holdings from Harold I to the early Normans but the huge holdings of the coins of Aethelred II and Cnut, last systematically listed by Hildebrand in 1881, have yet to be tackled.\n\n^ Although the pre-10th century material was updated in Medieval European Coinage Volume I - The Early Middle Ages (5th to 10th Centuries - by P Grierson and M Blackburn when it was published in 1986.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/dept/coins/projects/scbi/","external_links_name":"Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles, Fitzwilliam Museum"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_Enzo
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Ferrari Enzo
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["1 Production and development","2 Specifications","2.1 Engine","2.2 Suspension, gearbox and brakes","2.3 Performance","3 Accolades","4 Other media","5 Gallery","6 Related cars","6.1 Ferrari FXX","6.2 Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina","6.3 Maserati MC12","6.4 Maserati Birdcage 75th","6.5 Maserati MC12 Versione Corse","6.6 Ferrari Millechili","6.7 Ferrari FXX Evoluzione","7 References","8 External links"]
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Italian flagship sports car
This article is about the car. For the person, see Enzo Ferrari. For other uses, see Enzo Ferrari (disambiguation).
Motor vehicle
Ferrari EnzoOverviewManufacturerFerrari S.p.A.Production2002–2004AssemblyMaranello, ItalyDesignerKen Okuyama at PininfarinaFrank Stephenson (FXX)Body and chassisClassSports car (S)Body style2-door berlinettaLayoutRear mid-engine, rear-wheel driveDoorsButterflyRelatedFerrari FXXMaserati MC12Ferrari P4/5Maserati Birdcage 75thPowertrainEngine6.0 L Tipo F140 B V12Power output660 PS (485 kW; 651 hp)Transmission6-speed F1 Graziano automated manualDimensionsWheelbase2,650 mm (104.3 in)Length4,702 mm (185.1 in)Width2,035 mm (80.1 in)Height1,147 mm (45.2 in)Curb weight1,480 kg (3,263 lb) 1,255 kg (2,767 lb) dry ChronologyPredecessorFerrari F50SuccessorLaFerrari
Ferrari Enzo
The Ferrari Enzo (Type F140), officially marketed as Enzo Ferrari, is a mid-engine sports car manufactured by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari and named after the company's founder, Enzo Ferrari. It was developed in 2002 using Formula One technology, such as a carbon-fibre body, F1-style automated-shift manual transmission, and carbon fibre-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) ceramic composite disc brakes, as well as technologies not allowed in F1, such as active aerodynamics. The Enzo generates substantial amounts of downforce through its front underbody flaps, small adjustable rear spoiler and rear diffuser, which work in conjunction to produce 343 kilograms (756 lb) of downforce at 200 km/h (124 mph) and 775 kilograms (1,709 lb) of downforce at 300 km/h (186 mph), before decreasing to 585 kilograms (1,290 lb) at top speed.
The Enzo's F140 B V12 engine was the first of a new generation for Ferrari.
Production and development
The Enzo was designed by Ken Okuyama, the then Pininfarina head of design, and initially announced at the 2002 Paris Motor Show with a limited production run of 399 units. The company sent invitations to existing customers, specifically, those who had previously bought the F40 and F50. In 2004, the 400th production car was built and donated to the Vatican for charity, which was later sold at a Sotheby's auction for US$1.1 million. A total of 498 units were built.
Three development mules were built: M1, M2, and M3. Each mule utilised the bodywork of a 348, a model which had been succeeded by two generations of mid-engined V8 sports cars—the F355 and the 360 Modena—by the time the mules were built. The third mule was offered for auction alongside the 400th Enzo in June 2005, selling for €195,500 (US$236,300).
Specifications
Ferrari Enzo
Engine
The F140B V12 engine
The engine in the Enzo is longitudinally mounted, and the car has a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout with a 44%/56% front/rear weight distribution. The powerplant is Ferrari's F140B naturally aspirated 65° V12 engine with DOHC 4 valves per cylinder, variable valve timing and Bosch Motronic ME7 fuel injection with a displacement of 5,998.80 cc (6.0 L; 366.1 cu in) generating a power output of 660 PS (485 kW; 651 hp) at 7,800 rpm and 657 N⋅m (485 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,500 rpm. The redline is 8,200 rpm.
Suspension, gearbox and brakes
The Ferrari Enzo used the F1 transmission and had a gear shift indicator on the steering wheel telling the driver when to change gears.
The Enzo has an automated manual transmission (known as the F1 gearbox) using paddle-shifters to control an automatically actuated electrohydraulic clutch and shifting mechanism, with LED lights on the steering wheel telling the driver when to change gears. The gearbox has a shift time of 150 milliseconds and was built by Graziano Trasmissioni. The transmission was a first-generation "clutchless" design from the late 1990s, and there have been complaints about its abrupt shifting.
The Enzo has four-wheel independent suspension with push-rod-actuated shock absorbers, which can be adjusted from the cabin, complemented with anti-roll bars at the front and rear.
The Ferrari Enzo used carbon-ceramic brake discs, a first for a Ferrari road car.
The Enzo uses 19-inch (482.6 mm) wheels and has 15-inch (381.0 mm) Brembo disc brakes. The wheels are held by a single lug nut and fitted with Bridgestone Potenza Scuderia RE050A tyres.
Gear
1
2
3
4
5
6
Final drive
Ratio
3.15:1
2.18:1
1.57:1
1.19:1
0.94:1
0.76:1
4.1:1
Performance
One-way downhill with 1-foot rollout the Enzo can accelerate to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 3.14 seconds and can reach 161 km/h (100 mph) in 6.6 seconds. The ¼-mile (~400 m) time is about 11 seconds, on skidpad it has reached 1.05g, and the top speed has been recorded to be as high as 355 km/h (221 mph). It is rated at 34 litres per 100 kilometres (6.9 mpg‑US) in the city, 20 L/100 km (12 mpg‑US) on the highway and 29 L/100 km (8.1 mpg‑US) combined.
Evo tested the Enzo on the famed Nordschleife Circuit and ran a 7:25.21 lap time. The Enzo in the test had a broken electronic damper. They also tested it at Bedford Autodrome West circuit, where it recorded a 1:21.3 lap time, which is 1.1 seconds slower than the Porsche Carrera GT, but faster than the Litchfield Type-25.
Accolades
In 2004, American magazine Sports Car International named the Ferrari Enzo number three on their list of Top Sports Cars of the 2000s. American magazine Motor Trend Classic named the Enzo as number four in their list of the ten "Greatest Ferraris of all time".
However, the Ferrari Enzo was described as one of the "Fifty Ugliest Cars of the Past 50 Years", as Bloomberg Businessweek cited its superfluous curves and angles as too flashy, particularly the V-shaped hood, scooped-out doors, and bulbous windshield.
Other media
Before being unveiled at the Paris Motor Show, the show car was flown from Italy to the U.S. to be filmed in Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle. It was driven on a beach by actress Demi Moore. After filming was complete, the Enzo was flown to France to be at the Motor Show.
Gallery
Giallo Modena
Nero
Bianco Fuji
Argento Nurburgring
Grigio Titanio
Related cars
Ferrari FXX
Ferrari FXX
Ferrari decided to use some of the technology developed for the Enzo in a small-scale program to get more feedback from certain customers for use in future car design as well as their racing program. The core of this program is the Ferrari FXX, introduced in 2005. It was loosely based on the Enzo's design with a highly tuned 6.3-liter version of the Enzo's engine generating a power output of approximately 800 PS (588 kW; 789 hp). The gearbox is specially developed for the car as well as the tires (custom-designed for this car by Bridgestone) along with the brakes (developed by Brembo). In addition, the car is fitted with extensive data-recording and telemetry systems to allow Ferrari to record the car's behavior. This information is used by Ferrari to develop their future sports cars. The FXX can do 0 to 97 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in 2.8 seconds.
Like the Enzo, the car was sold to specially selected existing clients of Ferrari only. The initial price was €1.3 million. Unlike the Enzo, the clients did not take delivery of the car themselves. Rather, it is maintained and kept by Ferrari and available for the client's use on various circuits as arranged by Ferrari and also during private track sessions. A famous example of this is when Ferrari allowed Top Gear to send it around their test track in 2009. However, as Ben Collins (then portraying The Stig) wasn't a specially selected client, Michael Schumacher was selected to wear the white race suit. In the FXX, he set a then new lap record of 1:10.7, a record which was then immediately taken off as the car is not expected to be suitable for road use.
The Ferrari FXX program was continued until 2009 with the Ferrari FXX Evoluzione.
Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina
Main article: Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina
Ferrari P4/5
Italian design studio Pininfarina had wanted to make a special one-off sports car based on the Enzo Ferrari flagship and was looking for a backer. After sending out feelers to its clients, American Ferrari collector James Glickenhaus eventually agreed to back the project by commissioning his car as a modern homage to great Ferrari sports racing cars such as the 330 P3/4, 512 S, 312 P, and 333 SP on the last unregistered U.S.-spec Enzo chassis. The car was named the Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina, and retains the Enzo's drivetrain and vehicle identification number. The car was unveiled at the 2006 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance and appeared in the September issue of Car and Driver. After its unveiling at Pebble Beach, the P4/5 returned to Europe for high-speed testing, press days, and an appearance at the Paris Auto Show in September 2006.
Upon seeing the P4/5, the president of Ferrari Luca di Montezemolo felt that the car deserved to be officially badged as a Ferrari and along with Andrea Pininfarina and James Glickenhaus agreed that its official name would be "Ferrari P 4/5 by Pininfarina". Ted West wrote an article in Car and Driver about how this came to be: "The Beast of Turin".
Maserati MC12
Main article: Maserati MC12
Maserati MC12
The Maserati MC12 is a two-seat mid-engine sports car that is a derivative of the Enzo Ferrari developed by Maserati while under the control of Ferrari. It was developed specifically to be homologated for racing in the FIA GT Championship, with a minimum requirement of 25 road versions to be produced before the car could be allowed to compete. Maserati built 50 units, all of which were presold to selected customers. A track-only variation, the MC12 Corsa was later developed, similar to the Ferrari FXX.
The Maserati MC12 has the same engine, chassis, and gearbox as the Enzo but the only externally visible component from the Enzo is the windshield. Due to this, the Maserati MC12 is sometimes nicknamed the "Second Generation Ferrari Enzo". The MC12 is slower in acceleration (0–100 km/h or 0–62 mph being achieved in 3.8 seconds), has a lower top speed of 330 km/h (205 mph) due to engine tuning and less drag coefficient (due to a sharper nose and smoother curves) than the Enzo Ferrari. However, the MC12 has lapped race tracks faster than the Enzo before, specifically on the UK motoring show Top Gear, and the Nurbürgring Nordschleife (at colder outside temperatures). However, this could be attributed to the MC12's Pirelli P-Zero Corsa tires which have more grip than the Enzo's Bridgestone Scuderia tires.
Maserati Birdcage 75th
Main article: Maserati Birdcage 75th
The Maserati Birdcage 75th at the 2006 LA Auto Show
The Maserati Birdcage 75th is a concept car created by automobile manufacturer Maserati and designed by Pininfarina, as a celebration of Pininfarina's 75th anniversary, and was introduced at the 2005 Geneva Auto Show. It is an evolution of the MC12 and draws inspiration from the Maserati Tipo Birdcages of the 1960s. There were rumors that Maserati was going to produce the car as the MC13, for which Maserati confirmed to have plans, but they were cancelled due to problems with Pininfarina giving Maserati total control over the design of the car.
Maserati MC12 Versione Corse
Maserati MC12 Versione Corse at the IAA 2007
The Maserati MC12 Versione Corse is a variant of the MC12 intended for racetrack use. In contrast to the race version of the MC12, of which street-legal versions were produced for homologation purposes, the MC12 Versione Corse is intended for private use, albeit restricted to the track, as the Versione Corse's modifications make it illegal to drive on the road.
The Versione Corse was developed directly from the MC12 GT1, which won the 2005 FIA GT Manufacturers Cup. The car was released in mid-2006, "in response to the customer demand to own the MC12 racing car and fueled by the growth in track days, where owners can drive their cars at high speeds in the safety of a race track", as stated by Edward Butler, General Manager for Maserati in Australia and New Zealand. In similar fashion to the Ferrari FXX, although the owners are private individuals, Maserati is responsible for the storage, upkeep, and maintenance of the cars, and they are only driven on specially organized track days. Unlike the FXX, the MC12 Corsa is not intended for research and development, and is used only for entertainment. A single MC12 Versione Corse has been modified by its owner to make it street-legal the conversion was carried out by German tuning firm Edo Competition.
Only twelve MC12 Versione Corses were sold to selected customers, each of whom paid €1 million (US$1.47 million) for the privilege. Another three vehicles were produced for testing and publicity purposes. The Versione Corse shares its engine with the MC12 GT1; the power plant produces 755 PS (555 kW; 745 hp) at 8,000 rpm, 122 PS (90 kW; 120 hp) more than the road-legal MC12. The MC12 Versione Corse shares the GT1's shortened nose, which was a requirement for entry into the American Le Mans Series. The car was available in a single standard colour, named "Blue Victory", though the car's paint could be customized upon request. The MC12 Versione Corse possesses steel/carbon racing brakes, but is not fitted with an anti-lock braking system.
Ferrari Millechili
Main article: Ferrari Millechili
Millechili, Italian for one thousand (mille) kilograms (chili), is the code name for a prototype sports car to be manufactured by Ferrari. It was a lightweight version of the Enzo Ferrari that would borrow features from Formula One race cars, using the F430's aluminium space frame on a 104.3-inch (2,650 mm) wheelbase. The hybrid power train utilising a V10 engine used in the car would exceed 610 PS (449 kW; 602 hp). The car was mainly a technological concept with no intention of production.
The Millechili was developed in collaboration with the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Millechili Lab is a cross-project in which students are working on light-weight car design.
Ferrari FXX Evoluzione
Ferrari FXX Evoluzione
The Ferrari FXX program continued until 2009. The car continued to be improved under the Evoluzione kit, which continually adjusts specifics to generate more power and quicker gear changes, along with reducing the car's aerodynamic drag. The V12 engine under the Evoluzione kit generates 860 PS (633 kW; 848 hp) at 9,500 rpm and enables the car to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62 mph) in 2.5 seconds. Certain changes were made to the gearbox in order to reduce the shift time to 60 milliseconds per shift, a reduction of 20 milliseconds over the original FXX. The car also underwent aerodynamic changes and improvements to the traction control system were made in order to make the car more responsive around the track. The modifications also allow the Evoluzione to reach a top speed of 365 km/h (227 mph).
References
^ a b "Enzo Ferrari". Auto.Ferrari.com. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
^ Autoblog on Ferrari FXX Evoluzione.
^ "Ken Okuyama". red-dot.org. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
^ a b Newbury, Stephen (2003). The Car Design Yearbook 2. Merrell. ISBN 1-85894-196-2.
^ "Ferrari Enzo Road Test" (PDF).
^ Robinson, Peter (September 2002). "First Drive Review, Ferrari Enzo – It goes like never before. In fact, they're all gone". Car and Driver. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
^ "Ferrari donates proceeds of 400th Enzo to Pope". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 8 December 2005.
^ "$1M Ferrari Enzo donated to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital". luxurylaunches.com. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2006.
^ Marcel Massini, Enzo discussion, ferrarichat.com, 10 February 2024.
^ "Ferrari M3 348 for sale". Supercars.net. Retrieved 11 August 2006.
^ "Enzo Ferrari". Auto.ferrari.com. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
^ "2002 Ferrari Enzo". RSsportscars.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ "Ferrari Enzo (2002) - Ferrari.com". www.ferrari.com. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
^ "Tested: 2004 Ferrari Enzo". September 2002.
^ "Used Ferrari Enzo for Sale Near Me".
^ Grabianowski, Edward (14 August 2004). "Turning Point". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
^ "Ferrari Enzo – Auto Shows". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
^ "2003 Ferrari Enzo Engine, Chassis, Dimensions, Price & Performance Data – Road Test Review". Motor Trend. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
^ Grabianowski, Edward (14 August 2004). "Power and Glory". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
^ "Ferrari Enzo – First Drive Review". Car and Driver. September 2002.
^ "Ferrari Enzo". Car and Driver. July 2003. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ "The 300 km/h elite" (in German). Auto-Motor-Sport. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
^ "fueleconomy.gov". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
^ "Litchfield Type-25 v Caterham CSR 260 v Lotus Exige S v Radical SR3 1300 v Ariel Atom v Porsche Carrera GT v Ford GT v Ferrari Enzo v McLaren F1". Evo.
^ "Fifty Ugliest Cars of the Past 50 Years: Chevrolet Avalanche - BusinessWeek". Images.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
^ According to Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle director McG. Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle DVD, special feature.
^ Arthur St. Antoine; Mark Bramley (Photographer) (1 January 2006). "First Drive: 2006 Ferrari FXX".
^ Ferrari FXX | The Stig's Power Lap | Top Gear. Retrieved 6 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com.
^ a b "The Beast of Turin". Car and Driver (September 2006): 86–93.
^ "Ferrari 612 P4/5". Auto Express. Archived from the original on 11 August 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2006.
^ "Ferrari P 4/5 by Pininfarina and James Glickenhaus". FerrariP45.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2006.
^ "World Car Fans test drive MC12". World Car Fans. Retrieved 28 September 2006.
^ "Motor Trend Road Test". Motor Trend. 19 July 2005. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
^ "Carfolio: Maserati MC12". Carfolio. Retrieved 28 September 2006.
^ "The Stig's lap times". Top Gear website. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
^ "Maserati's bird of paradise". Top Gear. 1 June 2005. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2006.
^ "Maserati MC12 Versione Corse". Maserati Heritage. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ a b c d "Maserati Launches its Ultimate Super car". Maserati. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
^ a b c "RSportsCars: Maserati MC12 Corsa". RSportsCars. Archived from the original on 21 October 2006. Retrieved 28 September 2006.
^ "IGN: Maserati MC12 Corsa". IGN. 9 June 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
^ "Ultimate Car Page: Maserati MC12 Corsa". Ultimate Car Page. Retrieved 29 September 2006.
^ "Vorstellung Maserati MC12 Corsa". Autobild. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2007.
^ "2010 Ferrari Millechili". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
^ "RM Sotheby's - 2005 Ferrari FXX Evoluzione | Arizona 2015". RM Sotheby's. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
^ "Ferrari FXX Evoluzione" (in Italian). Topcarnews.splinder.com. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
^ "28.10.2007 FXX programme extended". italiaspeed.com. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
^ "Ferrari FXX Development". Carautoportal.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
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For the person, see Enzo Ferrari. For other uses, see Enzo Ferrari (disambiguation).Motor vehicleFerrari EnzoThe Ferrari Enzo (Type F140), officially marketed as Enzo Ferrari, is a mid-engine sports car manufactured by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari and named after the company's founder, Enzo Ferrari.[4] It was developed in 2002 using Formula One technology, such as a carbon-fibre body, F1-style automated-shift manual transmission, and carbon fibre-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) ceramic composite disc brakes, as well as technologies not allowed in F1, such as active aerodynamics. The Enzo generates substantial amounts of downforce through its front underbody flaps, small adjustable rear spoiler and rear diffuser, which work in conjunction to produce 343 kilograms (756 lb) of downforce at 200 km/h (124 mph) and 775 kilograms (1,709 lb) of downforce at 300 km/h (186 mph), before decreasing to 585 kilograms (1,290 lb) at top speed.[6]The Enzo's F140 B V12 engine was the first of a new generation for Ferrari.","title":"Ferrari Enzo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Okuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Okuyama"},{"link_name":"Pininfarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininfarina"},{"link_name":"2002 Paris Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Paris_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"F40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_F40"},{"link_name":"F50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_F50"},{"link_name":"Sotheby's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotheby%27s"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-massini-9"},{"link_name":"development mules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_mule"},{"link_name":"348","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_348"},{"link_name":"F355","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_F355"},{"link_name":"360 Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_360_Modena"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Enzo was designed by Ken Okuyama, the then Pininfarina head of design, and initially announced at the 2002 Paris Motor Show with a limited production run of 399 units. The company sent invitations to existing customers, specifically, those who had previously bought the F40 and F50. In 2004, the 400th production car was built and donated to the Vatican for charity, which was later sold at a Sotheby's auction for US$1.1 million.[7][8] A total of 498 units were built.[9]Three development mules were built: M1, M2, and M3. Each mule utilised the bodywork of a 348, a model which had been succeeded by two generations of mid-engined V8 sports cars—the F355 and the 360 Modena—by the time the mules were built. The third mule was offered for auction alongside the 400th Enzo in June 2005, selling for €195,500 (US$236,300).[10]","title":"Production and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enzo_Red.jpg"}],"text":"Ferrari Enzo","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferrari_Enzo_Engine.jpg"},{"link_name":"longitudinally mounted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_engine"},{"link_name":"rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout"},{"link_name":"F140B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_F140_engine#Road_engines"},{"link_name":"naturally aspirated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturally_aspirated"},{"link_name":"DOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_camshaft#Dual_overhead_camshaft"},{"link_name":"4 valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-valve#Four-valve_cylinder_head"},{"link_name":"Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Motronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motronic"},{"link_name":"fuel injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto.ferrari.com-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Engine","text":"The F140B V12 engineThe engine in the Enzo is longitudinally mounted, and the car has a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout with a 44%/56% front/rear weight distribution. The powerplant is Ferrari's F140B naturally aspirated 65° V12 engine with DOHC 4 valves per cylinder, variable valve timing and Bosch Motronic ME7 fuel injection with a displacement of 5,998.80 cc (6.0 L; 366.1 cu in) generating a power output of 660 PS (485 kW; 651 hp) at 7,800 rpm and 657 N⋅m (485 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,500 rpm.[11] The redline is 8,200 rpm.[12]","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_RM_Sotheby%E2%80%99s_2016_-_Ferrari_Enzo_-_2004_-_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"automated manual transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Graziano Trasmissioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graziano_Trasmissioni"},{"link_name":"anti-roll bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-roll_bar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franschhoek_Motor_Museum_(30437578821).jpg"},{"link_name":"Brembo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brembo"},{"link_name":"Bridgestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgestone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Suspension, gearbox and brakes","text":"The Ferrari Enzo used the F1 transmission and had a gear shift indicator on the steering wheel telling the driver when to change gears.The Enzo has an automated manual transmission (known as the F1 gearbox) using paddle-shifters to control an automatically actuated electrohydraulic clutch and shifting mechanism,[13] with LED lights on the steering wheel telling the driver when to change gears.[14][15] The gearbox has a shift time of 150 milliseconds and was built by Graziano Trasmissioni. The transmission was a first-generation \"clutchless\" design from the late 1990s, and there have been complaints about its abrupt shifting.The Enzo has four-wheel independent suspension with push-rod-actuated shock absorbers, which can be adjusted from the cabin, complemented with anti-roll bars at the front and rear.[16]The Ferrari Enzo used carbon-ceramic brake discs, a first for a Ferrari road car.The Enzo uses 19-inch (482.6 mm) wheels and has 15-inch (381.0 mm) Brembo disc brakes. The wheels are held by a single lug nut and fitted with Bridgestone Potenza Scuderia RE050A tyres.[17]","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-How_engine_works-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Evo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evo_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Nordschleife Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Performance","text":"One-way downhill with 1-foot rollout the Enzo can accelerate to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 3.14 seconds[18] and can reach 161 km/h (100 mph) in 6.6 seconds.[19] The ¼-mile (~400 m) time is about 11 seconds,[20] on skidpad it has reached 1.05g,[21] and the top speed has been recorded to be as high as 355 km/h (221 mph).[22] It is rated at 34 litres per 100 kilometres (6.9 mpg‑US) in the city, 20 L/100 km (12 mpg‑US) on the highway and 29 L/100 km (8.1 mpg‑US) combined.[23]Evo tested the Enzo on the famed Nordschleife Circuit and ran a 7:25.21 lap time. The Enzo in the test had a broken electronic damper. They also tested it at Bedford Autodrome West circuit, where it recorded a 1:21.3 lap time, which is 1.1 seconds slower than the Porsche Carrera GT, but faster than the Litchfield Type-25.[24]","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sports Car International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Car_International"},{"link_name":"Top Sports Cars of the 2000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Car_International_Top_Sports_Cars"},{"link_name":"Motor Trend Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trend"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg Businessweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In 2004, American magazine Sports Car International named the Ferrari Enzo number three on their list of Top Sports Cars of the 2000s. American magazine Motor Trend Classic named the Enzo as number four in their list of the ten \"Greatest Ferraris of all time\".However, the Ferrari Enzo was described as one of the \"Fifty Ugliest Cars of the Past 50 Years\", as Bloomberg Businessweek cited its superfluous curves and angles as too flashy, particularly the V-shaped hood, scooped-out doors, and bulbous windshield.[25]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels:_Full_Throttle"},{"link_name":"Demi Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Moore"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Before being unveiled at the Paris Motor Show, the show car was flown from Italy to the U.S. to be filmed in Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle. It was driven on a beach by actress Demi Moore. After filming was complete, the Enzo was flown to France to be at the Motor Show.[26]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2002_Ferrari_Enzo_(37977907432)_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_Enzo._(4470518115).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferrari_Enzo_Omotesando_Tokyo_Japan.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferrari_enzo-terabass.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferrari_Enzo_in_dark_grey_Stanford_Hall_07-07-13.jpg"}],"text":"Giallo Modena\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNero\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBianco Fuji\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArgento Nurburgring\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrigio Titanio","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferrari_FXX_No.31_(18649132729).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bridgestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgestone"},{"link_name":"Brembo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brembo"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ben Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Collins_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"The Stig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stig"},{"link_name":"Michael Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schumacher"}],"sub_title":"Ferrari FXX","text":"Ferrari FXXFerrari decided to use some of the technology developed for the Enzo in a small-scale program to get more feedback from certain customers for use in future car design as well as their racing program. The core of this program is the Ferrari FXX, introduced in 2005. It was loosely based on the Enzo's design with a highly tuned 6.3-liter version of the Enzo's engine generating a power output of approximately 800 PS (588 kW; 789 hp). The gearbox is specially developed for the car as well as the tires (custom-designed for this car by Bridgestone) along with the brakes (developed by Brembo). In addition, the car is fitted with extensive data-recording and telemetry systems to allow Ferrari to record the car's behavior. This information is used by Ferrari to develop their future sports cars. The FXX can do 0 to 97 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in 2.8 seconds.[27]Like the Enzo, the car was sold to specially selected existing clients of Ferrari only. The initial price was €1.3 million. Unlike the Enzo, the clients did not take delivery of the car themselves. Rather, it is maintained and kept by Ferrari and available for the client's use on various circuits as arranged by Ferrari and also during private track sessions. A famous example of this is when Ferrari allowed Top Gear to send it around their test track in 2009.[28] However, as Ben Collins (then portraying The Stig) wasn't a specially selected client, Michael Schumacher was selected to wear the white race suit. In the FXX, he set a then new lap record of 1:10.7, a record which was then immediately taken off as the car is not expected to be suitable for road use.The Ferrari FXX program was continued until 2009 with the Ferrari FXX Evoluzione.","title":"Related cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferrari_P4-5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pininfarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininfarina"},{"link_name":"James Glickenhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Glickenhaus"},{"link_name":"330 P3/4, 512 S, 312 P, and 333 SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_P"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Beast_of_Turin-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"vehicle identification number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_identification_number"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble_Beach_Concours_d%27Elegance"},{"link_name":"Car and Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_and_Driver"},{"link_name":"Paris Auto Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Auto_Show"},{"link_name":"Luca di Montezemolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_di_Montezemolo"},{"link_name":"Car and Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_and_Driver"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Beast_of_Turin-29"}],"sub_title":"Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina","text":"Ferrari P4/5Italian design studio Pininfarina had wanted to make a special one-off sports car based on the Enzo Ferrari flagship and was looking for a backer. After sending out feelers to its clients, American Ferrari collector James Glickenhaus eventually agreed to back the project by commissioning his car as a modern homage to great Ferrari sports racing cars such as the 330 P3/4, 512 S, 312 P, and 333 SP on the last unregistered U.S.-spec Enzo chassis.[29] The car was named the Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina,[30] and retains the Enzo's drivetrain and vehicle identification number.[31] The car was unveiled at the 2006 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance and appeared in the September issue of Car and Driver. After its unveiling at Pebble Beach, the P4/5 returned to Europe for high-speed testing, press days, and an appearance at the Paris Auto Show in September 2006.Upon seeing the P4/5, the president of Ferrari Luca di Montezemolo felt that the car deserved to be officially badged as a Ferrari and along with Andrea Pininfarina and James Glickenhaus agreed that its official name would be \"Ferrari P 4/5 by Pininfarina\". Ted West wrote an article in Car and Driver about how this came to be: \"The Beast of Turin\".[29]","title":"Related cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maserati_MC12_(8675041842)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"mid-engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMR_layout"},{"link_name":"Maserati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati"},{"link_name":"homologated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologation"},{"link_name":"FIA GT Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"MC12 Corsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_MC12_Corsa"},{"link_name":"Ferrari FXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_FXX"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Top Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_(current_format)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Maserati MC12","text":"Maserati MC12The Maserati MC12 is a two-seat mid-engine sports car that is a derivative of the Enzo Ferrari developed by Maserati while under the control of Ferrari. It was developed specifically to be homologated for racing in the FIA GT Championship, with a minimum requirement of 25 road versions to be produced before the car could be allowed to compete. Maserati built 50 units, all of which were presold to selected customers. A track-only variation, the MC12 Corsa was later developed, similar to the Ferrari FXX.The Maserati MC12 has the same engine, chassis, and gearbox as the Enzo but the only externally visible component from the Enzo is the windshield.[32][33] Due to this, the Maserati MC12 is sometimes nicknamed the \"Second Generation Ferrari Enzo\".[citation needed] The MC12 is slower in acceleration (0–100 km/h or 0–62 mph being achieved in 3.8 seconds), has a lower top speed of 330 km/h (205 mph) due to engine tuning and less drag coefficient (due to a sharper nose and smoother curves) than the Enzo Ferrari.[34] However, the MC12 has lapped race tracks faster than the Enzo before, specifically on the UK motoring show Top Gear, and the Nurbürgring Nordschleife (at colder outside temperatures). However, this could be attributed to the MC12's Pirelli P-Zero Corsa tires which have more grip than the Enzo's Bridgestone Scuderia tires.[35]","title":"Related cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maseratibirdcage.jpg"},{"link_name":"2006 LA Auto Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Auto_Show#2006"},{"link_name":"concept car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_car"},{"link_name":"Maserati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati"},{"link_name":"Pininfarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininfarina"},{"link_name":"Pininfarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininfarina"},{"link_name":"anniversary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniversary"},{"link_name":"2005 Geneva Auto Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Auto_Show#2005"},{"link_name":"Maserati Tipo Birdcages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_Tipo_61"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Maserati Birdcage 75th","text":"The Maserati Birdcage 75th at the 2006 LA Auto ShowThe Maserati Birdcage 75th is a concept car created by automobile manufacturer Maserati and designed by Pininfarina, as a celebration of Pininfarina's 75th anniversary, and was introduced at the 2005 Geneva Auto Show. It is an evolution of the MC12 and draws inspiration from the Maserati Tipo Birdcages of the 1960s.[36] There were rumors that Maserati was going to produce the car as the MC13, for which Maserati confirmed to have plans, but they were cancelled due to problems with Pininfarina giving Maserati total control over the design of the car.","title":"Related cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maserati_MC12_Corsa.jpg"},{"link_name":"racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racetrack"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maserati_ultimate-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maserati_ultimate-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSportsCars-39"},{"link_name":"Ferrari FXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_FXX"},{"link_name":"track days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_day"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Corsa-40"},{"link_name":"street-legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street-legal_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maserati_ultimate-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSportsCars-39"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimatecarpage-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autobild-42"},{"link_name":"American Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSportsCars-39"},{"link_name":"anti-lock braking system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maserati_ultimate-38"}],"sub_title":"Maserati MC12 Versione Corse","text":"Maserati MC12 Versione Corse at the IAA 2007The Maserati MC12 Versione Corse is a variant of the MC12 intended for racetrack use. In contrast to the race version of the MC12, of which street-legal versions were produced for homologation purposes, the MC12 Versione Corse is intended for private use, albeit restricted to the track, as the Versione Corse's modifications make it illegal to drive on the road.[37]The Versione Corse was developed directly from the MC12 GT1, which won the 2005 FIA GT Manufacturers Cup.[38] The car was released in mid-2006, \"in response to the customer demand to own the MC12 racing car and fueled by the growth in track days, where owners can drive their cars at high speeds in the safety of a race track\", as stated by Edward Butler, General Manager for Maserati in Australia and New Zealand.[38][39] In similar fashion to the Ferrari FXX, although the owners are private individuals, Maserati is responsible for the storage, upkeep, and maintenance of the cars, and they are only driven on specially organized track days. Unlike the FXX, the MC12 Corsa is not intended for research and development, and is used only for entertainment.[40] A single MC12 Versione Corse has been modified by its owner to make it street-legal the conversion was carried out by German tuning firm Edo Competition.[38]Only twelve MC12 Versione Corses were sold to selected customers, each of whom paid €1 million (US$1.47 million) for the privilege. Another three vehicles were produced for testing and publicity purposes.[39][41] The Versione Corse shares its engine with the MC12 GT1; the power plant produces 755 PS (555 kW; 745 hp) at 8,000 rpm, 122 PS (90 kW; 120 hp) more than the road-legal MC12.[42] The MC12 Versione Corse shares the GT1's shortened nose, which was a requirement for entry into the American Le Mans Series. The car was available in a single standard colour, named \"Blue Victory\", though the car's paint could be customized upon request.[39] The MC12 Versione Corse possesses steel/carbon racing brakes, but is not fitted with an anti-lock braking system.[38]","title":"Related cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"F430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_F430"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Millechili Lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millechili_Lab"}],"sub_title":"Ferrari Millechili","text":"Millechili, Italian for one thousand (mille) kilograms (chili), is the code name for a prototype sports car to be manufactured by Ferrari. It was a lightweight version of the Enzo Ferrari that would borrow features from Formula One race cars, using the F430's aluminium space frame on a 104.3-inch (2,650 mm) wheelbase. The hybrid power train utilising a V10 engine used in the car would exceed 610 PS (449 kW; 602 hp). The car was mainly a technological concept with no intention of production.[43]The Millechili was developed in collaboration with the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Millechili Lab is a cross-project in which students are working on light-weight car design.","title":"Related cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Bonhams_2015_-_Ferrari_FXX_Evoluzione_Berlinetta_-_2007_-_004.jpg"},{"link_name":"aerodynamic drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag"},{"link_name":"V12 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12_engine"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"gearbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearbox"},{"link_name":"traction control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_control"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italiaspeed.com2-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Ferrari FXX Evoluzione","text":"Ferrari FXX EvoluzioneThe Ferrari FXX program continued until 2009. The car continued to be improved under the Evoluzione kit, which continually adjusts specifics to generate more power and quicker gear changes, along with reducing the car's aerodynamic drag. The V12 engine under the Evoluzione kit generates 860 PS (633 kW; 848 hp) at 9,500 rpm[44] and enables the car to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62 mph) in 2.5 seconds.[45] Certain changes were made to the gearbox in order to reduce the shift time to 60 milliseconds per shift, a reduction of 20 milliseconds over the original FXX. The car also underwent aerodynamic changes and improvements to the traction control system were made in order to make the car more responsive around the track.[46] The modifications also allow the Evoluzione to reach a top speed of 365 km/h (227 mph).[47]","title":"Related cars"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Ferrari Enzo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Enzo_Ferrari_x_2_%287262861958%29.jpg/220px-Enzo_Ferrari_x_2_%287262861958%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ferrari Enzo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Enzo_Red.jpg/220px-Enzo_Red.jpg"},{"image_text":"The F140B V12 engine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ferrari_Enzo_Engine.jpg/220px-Ferrari_Enzo_Engine.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ferrari Enzo used the F1 transmission and had a gear shift indicator on the steering wheel telling the driver when to change gears.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Paris_-_RM_Sotheby%E2%80%99s_2016_-_Ferrari_Enzo_-_2004_-_003.jpg/220px-Paris_-_RM_Sotheby%E2%80%99s_2016_-_Ferrari_Enzo_-_2004_-_003.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ferrari Enzo used carbon-ceramic brake discs, a first for a Ferrari road car.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Franschhoek_Motor_Museum_%2830437578821%29.jpg/220px-Franschhoek_Motor_Museum_%2830437578821%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ferrari FXX","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ferrari_FXX_No.31_%2818649132729%29.jpg/220px-Ferrari_FXX_No.31_%2818649132729%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ferrari P4/5","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ferrari_P4-5.jpg/220px-Ferrari_P4-5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maserati MC12","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Maserati_MC12_%288675041842%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Maserati_MC12_%288675041842%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Maserati Birdcage 75th at the 2006 LA Auto Show","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Maseratibirdcage.jpg/220px-Maseratibirdcage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maserati MC12 Versione Corse at the IAA 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Maserati_MC12_Corsa.jpg/220px-Maserati_MC12_Corsa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ferrari FXX Evoluzione","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paris_-_Bonhams_2015_-_Ferrari_FXX_Evoluzione_Berlinetta_-_2007_-_004.jpg/220px-Paris_-_Bonhams_2015_-_Ferrari_FXX_Evoluzione_Berlinetta_-_2007_-_004.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Enzo Ferrari\". Auto.Ferrari.com. Retrieved 19 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://auto.ferrari.com/en_US/sports-cars-models/past-models/enzo-ferrari/","url_text":"\"Enzo Ferrari\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ken Okuyama\". red-dot.org. Retrieved 13 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.red-dot.org/pd/red-dot-jury/ken-okuyama/?r=1","url_text":"\"Ken Okuyama\""}]},{"reference":"Newbury, Stephen (2003). The Car Design Yearbook 2. Merrell. ISBN 1-85894-196-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85894-196-2","url_text":"1-85894-196-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Ferrari Enzo Road Test\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://media.caranddriver.com/files/ferrari-enzo.pdf","url_text":"\"Ferrari Enzo Road Test\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Peter (September 2002). \"First Drive Review, Ferrari Enzo – It goes like never before. In fact, they're all gone\". Car and Driver. Retrieved 27 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/ferrari-enzo-first-drive-review","url_text":"\"First Drive Review, Ferrari Enzo – It goes like never before. In fact, they're all gone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ferrari donates proceeds of 400th Enzo to Pope\". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 8 December 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoblog.com/2005/12/08/ferrari-donates-proceeds-of-400th-enzo-to-pope","url_text":"\"Ferrari donates proceeds of 400th Enzo to Pope\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoblog.com","url_text":"Autoblog.com"}]},{"reference":"\"$1M Ferrari Enzo donated to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital\". luxurylaunches.com. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.luxurylaunches.com/auctions/1m_ferrari_enzo_donated_to_st_jude_childrens_research_hospital.php","url_text":"\"$1M Ferrari Enzo donated to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ferrari M3 348 for sale\". Supercars.net. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scout
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Scout (Scouting)
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["1 Foundation","1.1 Age groups and sections","2 Activities","2.1 Fellowship","2.2 Personal progression","3 Unit affiliation","3.1 Troop","3.2 Patrol","3.3 Group","4 Uniforms","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Member of the Scouting movement
"Boy Scout" redirects here. For other uses, see Boy Scout (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Scout (disambiguation).
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Scouts coming from various nations sing at the European Jamboree 2005.
A Scout (in some countries a Boy Scout, Girl Scout, or Pathfinder) is a child, usually 10–18 years of age, participating in the worldwide Scouting movement. Because of the large age and development span, many Scouting associations have split this age group into a junior and a senior section. Scouts are organized into troops averaging 20–30 Scouts under the guidance of one or more Scout Leaders or Scoutmasters. Troops subdivide into patrols of about 6–8 Scouts and engage in outdoor and special interest activities. Troops may affiliate with local, national, and international organizations. Some national Scouting associations have special interest programs such as Air Scouts, Sea Scouts, outdoor high adventure, Scouting bands, and rider Scouts. In the USA there was around 6 million scouts in 2011.
Foundation
Main article: Scouting
After the Second Boer War boys showed considerable interest in Aids to Scouting, a book about military scouting and wilderness survival written by a hero from that war, Robert Baden-Powell. The book was also used by teachers and youth organizations for instruction and play. Inspired by that interest Baden-Powell wrote Scouting for Boys for boy readership, which describes the Scout method of outdoor activities aiming at developing character, citizenship training, and personal fitness qualities among youth. At the time, Baden-Powell intended that the scheme would be used by established organizations, in particular the Boys' Brigade. However, because of the popularity of his person and the adventurous outdoor games he wrote about, boys spontaneously formed Scout patrols.
Over time, the Scout programme has been reviewed and updated in many of the countries where it is run, and special interest programmes developed such as Air Scouts, Sea Scouts, outdoor high adventure, Scouting bands and rider Scouts, but the same core values and principles as Baden-Powell originally envisaged still apply.
Age groups and sections
Main article: Age Groups in Scouting and Guiding
Originally, the Scout program was aimed at 11- to 16-year-old boys. However, the younger brothers of Scouts started to attend Troop meetings, and so the Wolf Cub section was started. It was also evident that young girls wanted to participate in similar activities, but the Edwardian values at the time would not allow young boys and girls to "rough and tumble" together, causing the Guide Movement to be created.
While most Scouts may join a troop after finishing Cub Scouts, this is not required. As Scouts get older, they often seek more challenging and diverse activities. A Scout may later join another affiliated program for older children, such as Exploring, Venturing, or Rovering.
Activities
Main article: Scout method
Scouts at a campfire ring at summer camp.
A Scout learns the cornerstones of the Scout method, Scout Promise, and Scout Law. These are designed to instill character, citizenship, personal fitness, and leadership in boys through a structured program of outdoor activities. Common ways to implement the Scout method include spending time together in small groups with shared experiences, rituals, and activities, as well as emphasizing good citizenship and decision-making that are age-level appropriate. Cultivating a love and appreciation of the outdoors and outdoor activities are key elements. Primary activities include camping, woodcraft, first aid, aquatics, hiking, backpacking, and sports.
Fellowship
Camping most often occurs on a unit level, such as in the troop, but there are periodic camporees and jamborees. Camporees are events where units from a local area camp together for a weekend. These often occur a couple times a year and usually have a theme, such as pioneering. Jamborees are large events on a national or international level held every four years where thousands of Scouts camp together for one to two weeks. Activities at these events include games, Scoutcraft competitions, patch trading, aquatics, woodcarving, archery, and rifle and shotgun shooting.
For many Scouts, the highlight of the year is spending at least a week in the summer as part of an outdoor activity. This can be a long event such as camping, hiking, sailing, canoeing, or kayaking with the unit or a summer camp operated on a council, state, or provincial level. Scouts attending a summer camp, generally one week during the summer, work on merit badges, advancement, and perfecting Scoutcraft skills. Some summer camps operate specialty programs, such as sailing, backpacking, canoeing and whitewater, caving, and fishing.
Personal progression
A large part, compared to younger and older sections, of the activities are related to personal progression. All Scouting organizations have an advancement program, whereby the Scout learns Scoutcraft, community service, leadership, and explores areas of interest to him. This Badge system or Personal Progressive Scheme is based on two complementary elements:
Proficiency (Merit) badges, which are intended to encourage the Scout to learn a subject which could be his work or hobby, so cover many different types of activities, not always related to Scouting.
Class badges or Progress system, which symbolize increasingly difficult levels or successive stages.
Most Scouting associations have a highest badge that require mastering Scoutcraft, leadership, and performing community service. Only a small percentage of Scouts attain them.
Unit affiliation
Troop
Main article: Scout troop
A group of Australian Scouts hike along a fire trail in a national park.
The troop is the fundamental unit of the Scouts. This is the group a Scout joins and via which he participates in Scouting activities, such as camping, backpacking, and canoeing. The troop leadership, youth and adult, organizes and provides support for these activities. It may include as few as a half-dozen Scouts, or as many as seventy or more. Troops usually meet weekly.
Patrol
Each troop is divided into patrols of around five to ten Scouts. A patrol's independence from the troop varies among troops and between activities. For instance, a troop typically holds ordinary meetings as a unit. Patrols' autonomy becomes more visible at campouts, where each patrol may set up its own area for cooking and camping. However, on a high adventure trip which only a small part of the troop attends, divisions between patrols may disappear entirely. Patrols may hold meetings and even excursions separately from the rest of the troop, but this is more common in some troops than in others. Each patrol has a Patrol Leader (PL) and Patrol Second (PS), or Assistant Patrol Leader (APL). Some troops mix older and younger Scouts in the same patrols, so that the older Scouts can teach the younger ones more effectively, other troops group Scouts by age, so that the members of one patrol have more in common.
Group
Main article: Scout Group
In most countries a local organisation, a "Scout Group", combines different sections together into a single body. Scout Groups can consist of any number of sections of the different Age Groups in Scouting and Guiding. Scout Groups can be single sex or have boys and girls in separate and/or mixed-sex sections depending on the group and the national organization. In some countries, the different sections are independent of each other, although they might be sponsored or chartered by the same organisation, such as a church.
Uniforms
Alfonso XIII wearing a boy scout uniform, c. 1920
The Scout uniform is a specific characteristic of Scouting, and is worn at most events. The original uniform, which has created a familiar image in the public eye and had a very military appearance, consisted of a khaki button-up shirt, shorts, and a broad-brimmed campaign hat.
Uniforms have become much more functional and colorful since the beginning and are now frequently blue, orange, red, or green, and shorts are replaced by long trousers in areas where the culture calls for modesty, and in colder weather. T-shirts and other more casual wear have also replaced the more formal button-up uniforms in many Scouting regions. In some countries Scouts can display their various proficiency (merit) badges on their uniform, while in other countries they can display them on a green sash.
To show the unity of all Scouts, the World Membership Badge (World Crest) or another badge with a fleur-de-lis is a part of all uniforms. Neckerchiefs and Woggles (slides) are still quite common, but not all Scouting associations use them. Patches for leadership positions, ranks, special achievements, patrol- animals, colors or names, troop- or group- numbers or names, and country or regional affiliation are widely used.
See also
Scouting portal
Girl Guide and Girl Scout
References
^ Stewart, Natalie (10 May 2014). "Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts: An Organizational and Historical Approach to Understanding Socialization and Gendered Leadership". ScholarWorks @Georgia State University. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
^ "First Scouting Handbook". Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ Boehmer, Elleke (2004). Notes to 2004 edition of Scouting for Boys. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ Peterson, Robert (October 2003). "Another youth organization, the Boys' Brigade, was flourishing when the first official troops of the Boy Scouts of America appeared in 1910". Scouting Magazine. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
^ Baden-Powell, Olave (1973). Mary Drewery (ed.). Chapter Eleven | The Girl Guides Years: 1916—1918. Window on My Heart. Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
^ "Constitution and By-Laws of the World Organization of the Scout Movement". World Organization of the Scout Movement. January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2012., p. 3-7
^ "Scouting: An Educational System". World Organization of the Scout Movement. 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2006., p. 9
^ "Troop Organization". US Scouts.org. April 2000. Retrieved 26 July 2006., p. 2-15
^ "The Patrol". Troop Leader Resources. Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019.
^ Walton, Mike. "Hats and More Hats for Scouts and Scouters!". The Badge and Uniform Site.
^ Walton, Mike. "Merit Badge Sash". The Badge and Uniform Site.
^ Walton, Mike (1999). "The World Crest Badge...(and why do we *all* wear it?)". Retrieved 21 December 2006.
^ "World Scout Scarf Day". www.scoutscarfday.com. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
^ "The Origins of the Woggle" (PDF). Archives Department. The Scout Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
^ Walton, Mike. "Badges of Office". The Badge and Uniform Site.
External links
Media related to Scouting at Wikimedia Commons
vte Scouting and Guiding topicsMovement
Scouting
Scouting for Boys
Scouting Round the World
Scout method
Scout Law
Scout Promise
Scout Motto
Wood Badge
Girl Guides
Jamboree
World Scout Jamboree
World Scout Moot
Scout Leader
Non-aligned organisations
Scouting controversy and conflict
Traditional Scouting
Scouting in popular culture
List of Scouts
List of highest awards in Scouting
Sections
Age groups in Scouting and Guiding
Beavers
Cub Scout
Scout
Venture Scout
Rover Scout
Rainbow Guides
Brownie Guides
Girl Guides
Ranger Guides
Air Scouts
Extension Scouting
Lone Scouts
Lone Guides
Sea Scout
Pioneers
Robert Baden-Powell
Olave Baden-Powell
Agnes Baden-Powell
Daniel Carter Beard
Frederick Russell Burnham
Lawrie Dring
Charles Eastman
Bear Grylls
William Hillcourt
László Nagy
Ernest Thompson Seton
Jacques Sevin
Francis Fletcher-Vane
J. S. Wilson
Places
Baden-Powell House
Brownsea Island
Edith Macy Conference Center
Foxlease
Gilwell Park
Kandersteg
Pax Hill
Philmont
Scouting memorials
Baden-Powell grave
Scouting museums
WAGGGS World Centres
Kusafiri
Nuestra Cabaña
Our Chalet
Pax Lodge
Sangam
Internationalorganisations
Confederation of European Scouts
International Catholic Conference of Scouting
International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe
International Scout and Guide Fellowship
Order of World Scouts
World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts
World Federation of Independent Scouts
World Organization of Independent Scouts
World Organization of the Scout Movement
Other
B-P's footprint
Ging Gang Goolie
International Scouting Collectors Association
Oldest Scout groups
Outdoor Code
Leave No Trace
Religion in Scouting
Scout handshake
Scout prayers
Scout sign and salute
Scout Spirit
Scouting memorabilia collecting
The Handbook for Girl Guides
The Hackney Scout Song Book
The Jungle Book and Scouting
The Wolf Cub's Handbook
SPICES
A Boy Scout Around the World
World Scout Emblem
Scouting portal
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
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Inspired by that interest Baden-Powell wrote Scouting for Boys for boy readership, which describes the Scout method of outdoor activities aiming at developing character, citizenship training, and personal fitness qualities among youth.[3] At the time, Baden-Powell intended that the scheme would be used by established organizations, in particular the Boys' Brigade.[4] However, because of the popularity of his person and the adventurous outdoor games he wrote about, boys spontaneously formed Scout patrols.Over time, the Scout programme has been reviewed and updated in many of the countries where it is run, and special interest programmes developed such as Air Scouts, Sea Scouts, outdoor high adventure, Scouting bands and rider Scouts, but the same core values and principles as Baden-Powell originally envisaged still apply.[citation needed]","title":"Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wolf Cub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cub_Scout"},{"link_name":"Guide Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Guide_and_Girl_Scout"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pinetreeweb-5"},{"link_name":"Rovering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_Scouts"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Age groups and sections","text":"Originally, the Scout program was aimed at 11- to 16-year-old boys. However, the younger brothers of Scouts started to attend Troop meetings, and so the Wolf Cub section was started. It was also evident that young girls wanted to participate in similar activities, but the Edwardian values at the time would not allow young boys and girls to \"rough and tumble\" together, causing the Guide Movement to be created.[5]While most Scouts may join a troop after finishing Cub Scouts, this is not required. As Scouts get older, they often seek more challenging and diverse activities. A Scout may later join another affiliated program for older children, such as Exploring, Venturing, or Rovering.[citation needed]","title":"Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Boy_Scouts_sitting_around_a_campfire_ring_at_a_week_long_summer_camp.png"},{"link_name":"Scout Promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_Promise"},{"link_name":"Scout Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_Law"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitution-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goodturn-7"},{"link_name":"camping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping"},{"link_name":"woodcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcraft"},{"link_name":"first aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid"},{"link_name":"aquatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_water_sports"},{"link_name":"hiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking"},{"link_name":"backpacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)"},{"link_name":"sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports"}],"text":"Scouts at a campfire ring at summer camp.A Scout learns the cornerstones of the Scout method, Scout Promise, and Scout Law. These are designed to instill character, citizenship, personal fitness, and leadership in boys through a structured program of outdoor activities.[6][7] Common ways to implement the Scout method include spending time together in small groups with shared experiences, rituals, and activities, as well as emphasizing good citizenship and decision-making that are age-level appropriate. Cultivating a love and appreciation of the outdoors and outdoor activities are key elements. Primary activities include camping, woodcraft, first aid, aquatics, hiking, backpacking, and sports.","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"camporees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camporee"},{"link_name":"jamborees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamboree_(Scouting)"},{"link_name":"pioneering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneering_(Scout_Movement)"},{"link_name":"patch trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting_memorabilia_collecting"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing"},{"link_name":"canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing"},{"link_name":"whitewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater"},{"link_name":"caving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caving"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Fellowship","text":"Camping most often occurs on a unit level, such as in the troop, but there are periodic camporees and jamborees. Camporees are events where units from a local area camp together for a weekend. These often occur a couple times a year and usually have a theme, such as pioneering. Jamborees are large events on a national or international level held every four years where thousands of Scouts camp together for one to two weeks. Activities at these events include games, Scoutcraft competitions, patch trading, aquatics, woodcarving, archery, and rifle and shotgun shooting.[citation needed]For many Scouts, the highlight of the year is spending at least a week in the summer as part of an outdoor activity. This can be a long event such as camping, hiking, sailing, canoeing, or kayaking with the unit or a summer camp operated on a council, state, or provincial level. Scouts attending a summer camp, generally one week during the summer, work on merit badges, advancement, and perfecting Scoutcraft skills. Some summer camps operate specialty programs, such as sailing, backpacking, canoeing and whitewater, caving, and fishing.[citation needed]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scoutcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoutcraft"},{"link_name":"highest badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_awards_in_Scouting"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Personal progression","text":"A large part, compared to younger and older sections, of the activities are related to personal progression. All Scouting organizations have an advancement program, whereby the Scout learns Scoutcraft, community service, leadership, and explores areas of interest to him. This Badge system or Personal Progressive Scheme is based on two complementary elements:Proficiency (Merit) badges, which are intended to encourage the Scout to learn a subject which could be his work or hobby, so cover many different types of activities, not always related to Scouting.\nClass badges or Progress system, which symbolize increasingly difficult levels or successive stages.Most Scouting associations have a highest badge that require mastering Scoutcraft, leadership, and performing community service. Only a small percentage of Scouts attain them.[citation needed]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Unit affiliation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hike_fire_trail.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Troop","text":"A group of Australian Scouts hike along a fire trail in a national park.The troop is the fundamental unit of the Scouts. This is the group a Scout joins and via which he participates in Scouting activities, such as camping, backpacking, and canoeing. The troop leadership, youth and adult, organizes and provides support for these activities. It may include as few as a half-dozen Scouts, or as many as seventy or more. Troops usually meet weekly.[citation needed]","title":"Unit affiliation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trooporg-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Patrol-9"}],"sub_title":"Patrol","text":"Each troop is divided into patrols of around five to ten Scouts. A patrol's independence from the troop varies among troops and between activities. For instance, a troop typically holds ordinary meetings as a unit. Patrols' autonomy becomes more visible at campouts, where each patrol may set up its own area for cooking and camping. However, on a high adventure trip which only a small part of the troop attends, divisions between patrols may disappear entirely. Patrols may hold meetings and even excursions separately from the rest of the troop, but this is more common in some troops than in others.[8] Each patrol has a Patrol Leader (PL) and Patrol Second (PS), or Assistant Patrol Leader (APL). Some troops mix older and younger Scouts in the same patrols, so that the older Scouts can teach the younger ones more effectively, other troops group Scouts by age, so that the members of one patrol have more in common.[9]","title":"Unit affiliation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Age Groups in Scouting and Guiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_Groups_in_Scouting_and_Guiding"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Group","text":"In most countries a local organisation, a \"Scout Group\", combines different sections together into a single body. Scout Groups can consist of any number of sections of the different Age Groups in Scouting and Guiding. Scout Groups can be single sex or have boys and girls in separate and/or mixed-sex sections depending on the group and the national organization. In some countries, the different sections are independent of each other, although they might be sponsored or chartered by the same organisation, such as a church.[citation needed]","title":"Unit affiliation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_of_Spain_%26_Boy_Scouts_LOC_22118002268.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walton_3-10"},{"link_name":"button-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirt"},{"link_name":"campaign hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_hat"},{"link_name":"button-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walton_4-11"},{"link_name":"World Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Crest"},{"link_name":"fleur-de-lis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur-de-lis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walton-12"},{"link_name":"Neckerchiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckerchief"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scoutscarfday-13"},{"link_name":"Woggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woggle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scoutbase-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walton_2-15"}],"text":"Alfonso XIII wearing a boy scout uniform, c. 1920The Scout uniform is a specific characteristic of Scouting, and is worn at most events.[10] The original uniform, which has created a familiar image in the public eye and had a very military appearance, consisted of a khaki button-up shirt, shorts, and a broad-brimmed campaign hat.Uniforms have become much more functional and colorful since the beginning and are now frequently blue, orange, red, or green, and shorts are replaced by long trousers in areas where the culture calls for modesty, and in colder weather. T-shirts and other more casual wear have also replaced the more formal button-up uniforms in many Scouting regions. In some countries Scouts can display their various proficiency (merit) badges on their uniform, while in other countries they can display them on a green sash.[11]To show the unity of all Scouts, the World Membership Badge (World Crest) or another badge with a fleur-de-lis is a part of all uniforms.[12] Neckerchiefs[13] and Woggles (slides) are still quite common,[14] but not all Scouting associations use them. Patches for leadership positions, ranks, special achievements, patrol- animals, colors or names, troop- or group- numbers or names, and country or regional affiliation are widely used.[15]","title":"Uniforms"}]
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[{"image_text":"Scouts coming from various nations sing at the European Jamboree 2005.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Eurojam_song.jpg/300px-Eurojam_song.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scouts at a campfire ring at summer camp.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/American_Boy_Scouts_sitting_around_a_campfire_ring_at_a_week_long_summer_camp.png/200px-American_Boy_Scouts_sitting_around_a_campfire_ring_at_a_week_long_summer_camp.png"},{"image_text":"A group of Australian Scouts hike along a fire trail in a national park.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hike_fire_trail.jpg/200px-Hike_fire_trail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alfonso XIII wearing a boy scout uniform, c. 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/King_of_Spain_%26_Boy_Scouts_LOC_22118002268.jpg/220px-King_of_Spain_%26_Boy_Scouts_LOC_22118002268.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg"},{"title":"Scouting portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Scouting"},{"title":"Girl Guide and Girl Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Guide_and_Girl_Scout"}]
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[{"reference":"Stewart, Natalie (10 May 2014). \"Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts: An Organizational and Historical Approach to Understanding Socialization and Gendered Leadership\". ScholarWorks @Georgia State University. Retrieved 23 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=sociology_theses","url_text":"\"Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts: An Organizational and Historical Approach to Understanding Socialization and Gendered Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Scouting Handbook\". Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 24 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.oa-bsa.org/node/3019","url_text":"\"First Scouting Handbook\""}]},{"reference":"Boehmer, Elleke (2004). Notes to 2004 edition of Scouting for Boys. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford","url_text":"Oxford"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Robert (October 2003). \"Another youth organization, the Boys' Brigade, was flourishing when the first official troops of the Boy Scouts of America appeared in 1910\". Scouting Magazine. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 22 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0310/d-wwas.html","url_text":"\"Another youth organization, the Boys' Brigade, was flourishing when the first official troops of the Boy Scouts of America appeared in 1910\""}]},{"reference":"Baden-Powell, Olave (1973). Mary Drewery (ed.). Chapter Eleven | The Girl Guides Years: 1916—1918. Window on My Heart. Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olave_Baden-Powell","url_text":"Baden-Powell, Olave"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070418002246/http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-olave-11.htm","url_text":"Chapter Eleven | The Girl Guides Years: 1916—1918"},{"url":"http://pinetreeweb.com/bp-olave-10.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution and By-Laws of the World Organization of the Scout Movement\". World Organization of the Scout Movement. January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120401124300/http://scout.org/en/information_events/library/fundamentals_of_scouting/constitution_of_w_o_s_m_jan_2011","url_text":"\"Constitution and By-Laws of the World Organization of the Scout Movement\""},{"url":"http://www.scout.org/en/information_events/library/fundamentals_of_scouting/constitution_of_w_o_s_m_jan_2011","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scouting: An Educational System\". World Organization of the Scout Movement. 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203643/http://www.scout.org/en/information_events/resource_centre/library/the_scout_library/adult_resources_and_management/scouting_an_educational_system","url_text":"\"Scouting: An Educational System\""},{"url":"http://www.scout.org/en/information_events/resource_centre/library/the_scout_library/adult_resources_and_management/scouting_an_educational_system","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Troop Organization\". US Scouts.org. April 2000. Retrieved 26 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://usscouts.org/boyscouts/bstroop.html","url_text":"\"Troop Organization\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Patrol\". Troop Leader Resources. Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191227085502/https://troopleader.scouting.org/the-patrol/","url_text":"\"The Patrol\""},{"url":"https://troopleader.scouting.org/the-patrol/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walton, Mike. \"Hats and More Hats for Scouts and Scouters!\". The Badge and Uniform Site.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoutinsignia.com/hats.htm","url_text":"\"Hats and More Hats for Scouts and Scouters!\""}]},{"reference":"Walton, Mike. \"Merit Badge Sash\". The Badge and Uniform Site.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scoutinsignia.com/sash.htm","url_text":"\"Merit Badge Sash\""}]},{"reference":"Walton, Mike (1999). \"The World Crest Badge...(and why do we *all* wear it?)\". Retrieved 21 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scoutinsignia.com/wcrest.htm","url_text":"\"The World Crest Badge...(and why do we *all* wear it?)\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Scout Scarf Day\". www.scoutscarfday.com. Retrieved 20 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoutscarfday.com/","url_text":"\"World Scout Scarf Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Origins of the Woggle\" (PDF). Archives Department. The Scout Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140426003655/http://members.scouts.org.uk/factsheets/FS145003.pdf","url_text":"\"The Origins of the Woggle\""},{"url":"http://members.scouts.org.uk/factsheets/FS145003.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walton, Mike. \"Badges of Office\". The Badge and Uniform Site.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoutinsignia.com/position.htm","url_text":"\"Badges of Office\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rosati
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James Rosati
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["1 Life","2 Public collections","3 Selected works","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
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American artist
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Untitled (Three Forms), stainless steel sculpture by James Rosati, 1975-1976, Honolulu Museum of Art
Bust of Paul Tillich by James Rosati in New Harmony, Indiana, U.S.A.
James Rosati (1911 in Washington, Pennsylvania 1911 – 1988 in New York City) was an American abstract sculptor. He is best known for creating an outdoor sculpture in New York: a stainless steel Ideogram.
Life
Born near Pittsburgh, Rosati moved to New York in 1944, where he befriended fellow sculptor Phillip Pavia. He was a charter member of the Eighth Street Club (the Club) and the New York School of abstract expressionists. Rosati was among the participants in the 9th Street Art Exhibition and the subsequent Stable Gallery shows. He met and became friends with painters Willem de Kooning and Franz Kline, and sculptor David Smith. He was awarded the Mr and Mrs Frank G. Logan Art Institute Prize for sculpture in 1962 and a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship in 1964. A 1969 show at Brandeis University lifted his career to new heights. He had other solo exhibitions and was in numerous group shows.
Rosati is perhaps best known for his sculptures in stone from the 1960s, and the 1972 stainless steel Ideogram. that stood over 23-foot (7.0 m) tall on the plaza between Towers 1 and 2 of the World Trade Center in New York City. Rosati created many monumental pieces of sculpture which are located in the United States and around the world.
After his death in 1988, he was interred at Immaculate Conception Cemetery in Washington, Pennsylvania.
Public collections
Public collections holding work by James Rosati include:
Albright-Knox Art Gallery (Buffalo, New York)
Carnegie Museum of Art (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection (Albany, New York)
Grounds for Sculpture (Hamilton, New Jersey)
Honolulu Museum of Art (Honolulu, Hawaii)
Museo della Scultural Contemporanea - Matera (Matera, Italy)
National Gallery of Art (Washington, D. C.)
Whitney Museum of American Art (New York City)
Yale University Art Gallery (New Haven, Connecticut)
Selected works
Column I, Stanford University
Loo Wit, Seattle University
Upright Form V, 1982, Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, Blount Cultural Park, Montgomery, Alabama
References
^ Senie, Harriet (2016). Memorials to shattered myths : Vietnam to 9/11. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190248406. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
^ "James Rosati (1911-1988) - Find A Grave Memorial". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
^ "James Rosati". Albright Knox. Albright-Knox Art Gallery. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "James Rosati". collection cmoa. Carnegie Museum of Art, Carnegie Institute. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "Empire State Plaza Art Collection".
^ "James Rosati". Grounds For Sculpture. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
Sources
Marika Herskovic, American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless (New York School Press, 2009.) ISBN 978-0-9677994-2-1. p. 204-207
Marika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine (New York School Press, 2000.) ISBN 0-9677994-0-6. p. 16; p. 25; p. 38; p. 314-317
External links
James Rosati - American Artist (1911-1988)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
Museum of Modern Art
RKD Artists
ULAN
People
Trove
Other
SNAC
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Untitled_(Three_Forms),_stainless_steel_sculpture_by_--James_Rosati--,_1975-1976,_--Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts--.JPG"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Paul_Johannes_Tillich_(daylight).JPG"},{"link_name":"Paul Tillich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tillich"},{"link_name":"New Harmony, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Washington, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Ideogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideogram_(sculpture)"}],"text":"Untitled (Three Forms), stainless steel sculpture by James Rosati, 1975-1976, Honolulu Museum of ArtBust of Paul Tillich by James Rosati in New Harmony, Indiana, U.S.A.James Rosati (1911 in Washington, Pennsylvania 1911 – 1988 in New York City) was an American abstract sculptor. He is best known for creating an outdoor sculpture in New York: a stainless steel Ideogram.","title":"James Rosati"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Phillip Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Pavia"},{"link_name":"Eighth Street Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Street_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_School_(art)"},{"link_name":"abstract expressionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionists"},{"link_name":"9th Street Art Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Street_Art_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Willem de Kooning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning"},{"link_name":"Franz Kline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kline"},{"link_name":"David Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Smith_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Mr and Mrs Frank G. Logan Art Institute Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Medal_of_the_arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senie-1"},{"link_name":"World Trade Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Born near Pittsburgh, Rosati moved to New York in 1944, where he befriended fellow sculptor Phillip Pavia. He was a charter member of the Eighth Street Club (the Club) and the New York School of abstract expressionists. Rosati was among the participants in the 9th Street Art Exhibition and the subsequent Stable Gallery shows. He met and became friends with painters Willem de Kooning and Franz Kline, and sculptor David Smith. He was awarded the Mr and Mrs Frank G. Logan Art Institute Prize for sculpture in 1962 and a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship in 1964. A 1969 show at Brandeis University lifted his career to new heights. He had other solo exhibitions and was in numerous group shows.Rosati is perhaps best known for his sculptures in stone from the 1960s, and the 1972 stainless steel Ideogram.[1] that stood over 23-foot (7.0 m) tall on the plaza between Towers 1 and 2 of the World Trade Center in New York City. Rosati created many monumental pieces of sculpture which are located in the United States and around the world.After his death in 1988, he was interred at Immaculate Conception Cemetery in Washington, Pennsylvania.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albright-Knox Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albright-3"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmoa-4"},{"link_name":"Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Plaza#Art_collection"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Grounds for Sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounds_for_Sculpture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grounds-6"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Museo della Scultural Contemporanea - Matera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUSMA"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Whitney Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"Yale University Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery"}],"text":"Public collections holding work by James Rosati include:Albright-Knox Art Gallery (Buffalo, New York)[3]\nCarnegie Museum of Art (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)[4]\nGovernor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection (Albany, New York)[5]\nGrounds for Sculpture (Hamilton, New Jersey)[6]\nHonolulu Museum of Art (Honolulu, Hawaii)\nMuseo della Scultural Contemporanea - Matera (Matera, Italy)\nNational Gallery of Art (Washington, D. C.)\nWhitney Museum of American Art (New York City)\nYale University Art Gallery (New Haven, Connecticut)","title":"Public collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Column I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_I"},{"link_name":"Loo Wit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loo_Wit"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Museum_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Blount Cultural Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blount_Cultural_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.blountculturalpark.org/grounds.html"}],"text":"Column I, Stanford University\nLoo Wit, Seattle University\nUpright Form V, 1982, Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, Blount Cultural Park, Montgomery, Alabama[1]","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_bks&q=9780967799421&fq=dt%3Abks"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9677994-2-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9677994-2-1"},{"link_name":"New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50666793&tab=holdings"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070929103229/http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50666793%26tab%3Dholdings"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9677994-0-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9677994-0-6"}],"text":"Marika Herskovic, American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless (New York School Press, 2009.) ISBN 978-0-9677994-2-1. p. 204-207\nMarika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine (New York School Press, 2000.) ISBN 0-9677994-0-6. p. 16; p. 25; p. 38; p. 314-317","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Untitled (Three Forms), stainless steel sculpture by James Rosati, 1975-1976, Honolulu Museum of Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Untitled_%28Three_Forms%29%2C_stainless_steel_sculpture_by_--James_Rosati--%2C_1975-1976%2C_--Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts--.JPG/200px-Untitled_%28Three_Forms%29%2C_stainless_steel_sculpture_by_--James_Rosati--%2C_1975-1976%2C_--Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts--.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bust of Paul Tillich by James Rosati in New Harmony, Indiana, U.S.A.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bust_of_Paul_Johannes_Tillich_%28daylight%29.JPG/200px-Bust_of_Paul_Johannes_Tillich_%28daylight%29.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"Senie, Harriet (2016). Memorials to shattered myths : Vietnam to 9/11. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190248406. Retrieved 28 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b6vnCgAAQBAJ&dq=James+Rosati+Ideogram,+1972&pg=PT124","url_text":"Memorials to shattered myths : Vietnam to 9/11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190248406","url_text":"978-0190248406"}]},{"reference":"\"James Rosati (1911-1988) - Find A Grave Memorial\". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 2021-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/228177532/james-rosati","url_text":"\"James Rosati (1911-1988) - Find A Grave Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Rosati\". Albright Knox. Albright-Knox Art Gallery. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.albrightknox.org/person/james-rosati","url_text":"\"James Rosati\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Rosati\". collection cmoa. Carnegie Museum of Art, Carnegie Institute. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://collection.cmoa.org/?creator=James%20Rosati&page=1&perPage=10","url_text":"\"James Rosati\""}]},{"reference":"\"Empire State Plaza Art Collection\".","urls":[{"url":"https://empirestateplaza.ny.gov/art","url_text":"\"Empire State Plaza Art Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Rosati\". Grounds For Sculpture. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.groundsforsculpture.org/artists/james-rosati/","url_text":"\"James Rosati\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22James+Rosati%22","external_links_name":"\"James Rosati\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22James+Rosati%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22James+Rosati%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22James+Rosati%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22James+Rosati%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22James+Rosati%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.blountculturalpark.org/grounds.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b6vnCgAAQBAJ&dq=James+Rosati+Ideogram,+1972&pg=PT124","external_links_name":"Memorials to shattered myths : Vietnam to 9/11"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/228177532/james-rosati","external_links_name":"\"James Rosati (1911-1988) - Find A Grave Memorial\""},{"Link":"https://www.albrightknox.org/person/james-rosati","external_links_name":"\"James Rosati\""},{"Link":"https://collection.cmoa.org/?creator=James%20Rosati&page=1&perPage=10","external_links_name":"\"James Rosati\""},{"Link":"https://empirestateplaza.ny.gov/art","external_links_name":"\"Empire State Plaza Art Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.groundsforsculpture.org/artists/james-rosati/","external_links_name":"\"James Rosati\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_bks&q=9780967799421&fq=dt%3Abks","external_links_name":"American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless"},{"Link":"http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50666793&tab=holdings","external_links_name":"New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists,"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103229/http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50666793%26tab%3Dholdings","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://jamesrosati.org/","external_links_name":"James Rosati - American Artist (1911-1988)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/146724/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114974488","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/118289398","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjKv8mpqVrWgvtkk33gJCP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119410923","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007507953005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85007870","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.moma.org/artists/5016","external_links_name":"Museum of Modern Art"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/108677","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500099155","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/961209","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6806z22","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzansi_Magic
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Mzansi Magic
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["1 History","2 Programming","2.1 Soapies, Dramas and Telenovelas","2.2 Reality, Talk and Magazine","2.3 Sports","2.4 Music","2.5 Movies","3 References"]
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South Africa satellite channel
Television channel
Mzansi MagicCountrySouth AfricaBroadcast areaSouth Africa, AfricaHeadquartersJohannesburgProgrammingLanguage(s)English(and 11 official languages of South Africa)Picture format576i (SDTV, 16:9) - DStv, 1080i (HDTV, 16:9) - DStvOwnershipOwnerNaspersSister channelsM-Net City VuzuSuperSportChannel OM-NetKykNetAfrica MagicMaisha MagicZambezi MagicPearl MagicMzansi WethuManingue MagicHistoryLaunched12 July 2010; 13 years ago (2010-07-12)LinksWebsitehttp://mzansimagic.dstv.com/
Mzansi Magic is a South African digital satellite and general entertainment channel created by Multichoice and run by M-Net's local interest division, and is broadcast on DStv.
History
The channel launched in mid-July 2010 on channel 107 as M-Net's platform to boost local production and showcase entertainment in South Africa. Through the channels development, M-Net would engage with local producers, partnering with South African filmmakers to create gripping content with universal appeal while empowering new and upcoming talent and ensuring that key skills are transferred to the industry.
The channel launched with a six-hour programming block with a mix of original local series and international movies. It was headed by film veteran Lebone Maema. The channel began broadcasting in HD on 24 July 2015.
Programming
Main article: List of programs broadcast by Mzansi MagicMzansi Magic primarily focuses on original local productions and feature films from South Africa, with a few additions of international content.
Soapies, Dramas and Telenovelas
The channel carries original drama series and telenovelas. Titles include The Queen, Gomora, Isibaya, Umbuso, Shaka Ilembe, Housekeepers, DiepCity, Gqeberha: The Empire and Umkhoka: The Curse. The channel also carries drama series from its sister channels and co-productions from Showmax like Jacob's Cross, The River, Grassroots and Trackers.
Reality, Talk and Magazine
The channel has a strong focus on highly popular reality series, most notably Date My Family SA, Our Perfect Wedding South Africa, Mnakwethu, Idols South Africa, Big Brother Mzansi, Living The Dream with Somizi and Being Bonang amongst others. It also includes international talk shows like The Talk and The Doctors.
Sports
The carries some content which is simulcasted with SuperSport. This includes highlights of WWE Raw and SmackDown, as well as the Nedbank Ke Yona Team Search.
Music
The channel has music specials and interviews with local artists.
Movies
Initially, the channel carried several international movie titles and gradually worked with new upcoming producers and veterans in the industry. The channel has come to categories these made-for-TV movie titles as 'Lokshin Bioskop' and proved to be popular amongst DStv subscribers.
References
^ "Mzansi Magic | TVSA". www.tvsa.co.za.
^ "Mzansi Magic to boost local production". Gauteng Film Commission. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
^ "TV with Thinus: TOLDJA. M-Net and MultiChoice launches new TV channel, Mzansi Magic aimed at black viewers; set to start broadcasting in July on DStv". TV with Thinus. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
^ "Mzansi Magic on DStv goes HD". Channel. 23 July 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
^ "1Magic announces new local drama, Grassroots". Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ "Deon Meyer's Trackers original series coming to M-Net". www.dstv.co.za. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ "Date my Family - Series with DStv". www.dstv.co.za. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
This article is about an African television station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_satellite"},{"link_name":"general entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_entertainment"},{"link_name":"Multichoice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multichoice"},{"link_name":"M-Net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Net"},{"link_name":"DStv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DStv"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Television channelMzansi Magic is a South African digital satellite and general entertainment channel created by Multichoice and run by M-Net's local interest division, and is broadcast on DStv.[1]","title":"Mzansi Magic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The channel launched in mid-July 2010 on channel 107 as M-Net's platform to boost local production and showcase entertainment in South Africa. Through the channels development, M-Net would engage with local producers, partnering with South African filmmakers to create gripping content with universal appeal while empowering new and upcoming talent and ensuring that key skills are transferred to the industry.[2][3]The channel launched with a six-hour programming block with a mix of original local series and international movies. It was headed by film veteran Lebone Maema. The channel began broadcasting in HD on 24 July 2015.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mzansi Magic primarily focuses on original local productions and feature films from South Africa, with a few additions of international content.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_(South_African_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gomora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomora_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Isibaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isibaya"},{"link_name":"Shaka Ilembe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaka_Ilembe"},{"link_name":"DiepCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiepCity"},{"link_name":"Showmax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showmax"},{"link_name":"Jacob's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"The River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_River_(South_African_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Grassroots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Trackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Soapies, Dramas and Telenovelas","text":"The channel carries original drama series and telenovelas. Titles include The Queen, Gomora, Isibaya, Umbuso, Shaka Ilembe, Housekeepers, DiepCity, Gqeberha: The Empire and Umkhoka: The Curse. The channel also carries drama series from its sister channels and co-productions from Showmax like Jacob's Cross, The River, Grassroots and Trackers.[5][6]","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Date My Family SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_My_Family"},{"link_name":"Our Perfect Wedding South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Perfect_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Idols South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idols_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Big Brother Mzansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"The Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Talk_(talk_show)"},{"link_name":"The Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctors_(talk_show)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Reality, Talk and Magazine","text":"The channel has a strong focus on highly popular reality series, most notably Date My Family SA, Our Perfect Wedding South Africa, Mnakwethu, Idols South Africa, Big Brother Mzansi, Living The Dream with Somizi and Being Bonang amongst others. It also includes international talk shows like The Talk and The Doctors.[7]","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SuperSport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperSport_(South_African_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"WWE Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw"},{"link_name":"SmackDown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_SmackDown"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"The carries some content which is simulcasted with SuperSport. This includes highlights of WWE Raw and SmackDown, as well as the Nedbank Ke Yona Team Search.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The channel has music specials and interviews with local artists.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Movies","text":"Initially, the channel carried several international movie titles and gradually worked with new upcoming producers and veterans in the industry. The channel has come to categories these made-for-TV movie titles as 'Lokshin Bioskop' and proved to be popular amongst DStv subscribers.","title":"Programming"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Marchjuly
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User talk:Marchjuly
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["1 Question from Cyb3rstarzzz (09:36, 14 June 2024)","2 Question from Cyb3rstarzzz (10:42, 14 June 2024)","3 A barnstar for you!","4 Question from Toolman97130 (23:50, 14 June 2024)","5 Question from Toolman97130 (11:14, 15 June 2024)","6 How to reduce image resolution for I Think I"]
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Question from Cyb3rstarzzz (09:36, 14 June 2024)
what if i change an image in an article, but is still related to the topic? im not sure how to word it, i hope it makes sense. --Cyb3rstarzzz (talk) 09:36, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
Hi Cyb3rstarzzz. Since you did not provide the name of the article where you want to change the image or any information why the image needs to be changed, it's hard for me to give you a more specific answer other than images are, in principle, like text content in that you can either WP:BOLD or you can be WP:CAUTIOUS when adding or changing them. If you decide to be BOLD and someone reverts the change you make, you should then try to engage the person in article talk page discussion as explained in WP:DISPUTERESOLUTION to try to see what their concerns are and figure out whether there's a way to address them. Before being BOLD, though, it's often a good idea to check the article's talk page (including any archives) to see whether changing the image has been something that was previously discussed. In some cases, the images being used in an article are the result of a WP:CONSENUS established through article talk page discussion. If that's the case, you shouldn't really try to unilaterally change the image, but instead propose changing it on the article's talk page instead. You can find out some more specific information about images in Wikipedia:Image use policy. -- Marchjuly (talk) 22:05, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
Question from Cyb3rstarzzz (10:42, 14 June 2024)
hello, also how do you add a new section in a section to a wikipedia article? i apologize if my questions and wording are bothering you. --Cyb3rstarzzz (talk) 10:42, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
@Cyb3rstarzzz: Your questions are fine. Just try to remember that every WP:WIKIPEDIAN (yourself included) is a WP:VOLUNTEER which means questions mightn't get answered right a way or even at all. If you're in need of a quick response, it sometimes help to ask for help at one of Wikipedia's various noticeboards. You can find out some more general information about "sections" and how to add them to articles at Help:Section. -- Marchjuly (talk) 22:12, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
A barnstar for you!
The Tireless Contributor Barnstar
For all your patient guidance on why we can't have that nice picture.
-Can I add a picture of this person?
-Is xhe dead?
-Yes?
-Oh good! Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 19:10, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
Question from Toolman97130 (23:50, 14 June 2024)
Hi, First hour of editing Wikipedia!! Is there a way to add photos to my personal Wikipedia user page? --Toolman97130 (talk) 23:50, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
Hi Toolman97130. Two things: (1) only files (i.e. photos) uploaded to Wikipedia or Wikimedia Commons can be added to Wikipedia pages and (2) only free licensed or public domain files can be added to (i.e. displayed on) Wikipedia user pages (see WP:UP#Non-free files for more details). If the file you want to add has been already uploaded to Wikipedia or Commons, then you should go to the file's page and look to see how the file is licensed. Any file that is licensed as non-free content cannot be added to (i.e. displayed on) to your user page; you may, however, as a link to the file's page if you want. If the file you want use is licensed as public domain or otherwise released under a free license, you can display it on your user page if you want; you can find out how to do that at Help:Files. Finally, if the file you want to add to your user page hasn't already been uploaded to Wikipedia or Commons, you will need to uploaded it first. Before you upload anything, though, I strongly suggest you read through Wikipedia:Image use policy and c:Commons:Licensing because only certain type of files can be uploaded and trying to upload copyrighted content created by others will only end with the file being deleted if the file doesn't meet certain conditions. -- Marchjuly (talk) 06:19, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
Question from Toolman97130 (11:14, 15 June 2024)
I created a user page but it got speedy deleted. What should I put on my user page? The one that got deleted was like an ad about myself. What is the purpose of the user page? --Toolman97130 (talk) 11:14, 15 June 2024 (
@Toolman97130: When someone's userpage gets deleted per speedy deletion criterion U5, it's almost always because of Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not and Wikipedia:User pages#What may I not have in my user pages?. If that's what happened in your case, don't worry about because it happens to lots of new users. You can find out more about what user pages are at Wikipedia:User pages. It's important to remember that while you'll be given a bit of latitude with respect to your user page, it's not really yours in the sense that you own the page and can do whatever you want with it. It's more like a rental that you're being allowed to use free of charge as long as you do so in accordance with relevant Wikipedia policies and guidelines. -- Marchjuly (talk) 13:39, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
How to reduce image resolution for I Think I
Hello Marchjuly, I saw you put a warning on I Think I album cover about reducing the image with a smaller version. Actually, this is the first time I tried to upload a non-free image for an album cover. Could you explain to me what I should do next? I am worried about copyrights and all. Should I just delete the original file immediately and try to upload with lower resolution or wait for the bot? Thanks! Ghazlan-airplanes (talk) 04:33, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
@Ghazlan-airplanes: You don't need to do anything. There are WP:BOTs that look for such images, tag them and then other bots resize them accordingly, I just sped things up a bit. If you want to resize the image yourself, however, you can. For reference, this is related to WP:IMAGERES and generally 250px by 400px is what bots resize album covers to. -- Marchjuly (talk) 07:04, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
@Marchjuly: I wanted to learn how to do it myself so that I know how to do this in the future. Regarding the "Summary (author, source, URL, fair use rationale if applicable, extra tags , etc.)", should I copy the credentials from the original file and would a 300x300 dimension satisfy the Non-free content's fair use? Ghazlan-airplanes (talk) 09:57, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
It's hard to tell how big is too big for the bots that reduce such files. You might want to ask about that at WT:NFCC. You don't need to reupload a smaller version of the same cover art; in fact, doing might just create confusion and extra things to clean up. You can just scroll to the bottom of the file's page and click "Upload a new version of this file". You won't need to change anything in the non-free use rationale as long as none of the information in the rationale changes. There are probably a number of ways to reduce the size of a file. I'm not sure how the bots do it. You could try asking someone running one of the bots that do that kind of thing (for example, User:DatBot). You could also try asking at WP:VP/T or WP:GL. -- Marchjuly (talk) 11:24, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
The bot reduce the file from 500 by 500 to 316 by 316, for reference. -- Marchjuly (talk) 00:14, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
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from Cyb3rstarzzz (09:36, 14 June 2024)[edit]what if i change an image in an article, but is still related to the topic? im not sure how to word it, i hope it makes sense. --Cyb3rstarzzz (talk) 09:36, 14 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Hi Cyb3rstarzzz. Since you did not provide the name of the article where you want to change the image or any information why the image needs to be changed, it's hard for me to give you a more specific answer other than images are, in principle, like text content in that you can either WP:BOLD or you can be WP:CAUTIOUS when adding or changing them. If you decide to be BOLD and someone reverts the change you make, you should then try to engage the person in article talk page discussion as explained in WP:DISPUTERESOLUTION to try to see what their concerns are and figure out whether there's a way to address them. Before being BOLD, though, it's often a good idea to check the article's talk page (including any archives) to see whether changing the image has been something that was previously discussed. In some cases, the images being used in an article are the result of a WP:CONSENUS established through article talk page discussion. If that's the case, you shouldn't really try to unilaterally change the image, but instead propose changing it on the article's talk page instead. You can find out some more specific information about images in Wikipedia:Image use policy. -- Marchjuly (talk) 22:05, 14 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Question from Cyb3rstarzzz (10:42, 14 June 2024)[edit]hello, also how do you add a new section in a section to a wikipedia article? i apologize if my questions and wording are bothering you. --Cyb3rstarzzz (talk) 10:42, 14 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]@Cyb3rstarzzz: Your questions are fine. Just try to remember that every WP:WIKIPEDIAN (yourself included) is a WP:VOLUNTEER which means questions mightn't get answered right a way or even at all. If you're in need of a quick response, it sometimes help to ask for help at one of Wikipedia's various noticeboards. You can find out some more general information about \"sections\" and how to add them to articles at Help:Section. -- Marchjuly (talk) 22:12, 14 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]A barnstar for you![edit]Question from Toolman97130 (23:50, 14 June 2024)[edit]Hi, First hour of editing Wikipedia!! Is there a way to add photos to my personal Wikipedia user page? --Toolman97130 (talk) 23:50, 14 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Hi Toolman97130. Two things: (1) only files (i.e. photos) uploaded to Wikipedia or Wikimedia Commons can be added to Wikipedia pages and (2) only free licensed or public domain files can be added to (i.e. displayed on) Wikipedia user pages (see WP:UP#Non-free files for more details). If the file you want to add has been already uploaded to Wikipedia or Commons, then you should go to the file's page and look to see how the file is licensed. Any file that is licensed as non-free content cannot be added to (i.e. displayed on) to your user page; you may, however, as a link to the file's page if you want. If the file you want use is licensed as public domain or otherwise released under a free license, you can display it on your user page if you want; you can find out how to do that at Help:Files. Finally, if the file you want to add to your user page hasn't already been uploaded to Wikipedia or Commons, you will need to uploaded it first. Before you upload anything, though, I strongly suggest you read through Wikipedia:Image use policy and c:Commons:Licensing because only certain type of files can be uploaded and trying to upload copyrighted content created by others will only end with the file being deleted if the file doesn't meet certain conditions. -- Marchjuly (talk) 06:19, 15 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Question from Toolman97130 (11:14, 15 June 2024)[edit]I created a user page but it got speedy deleted. What should I put on my user page? The one that got deleted was like an ad about myself. What is the purpose of the user page? --Toolman97130 (talk) 11:14, 15 June 2024 (@Toolman97130: When someone's userpage gets deleted per speedy deletion criterion U5, it's almost always because of Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not and Wikipedia:User pages#What may I not have in my user pages?. If that's what happened in your case, don't worry about because it happens to lots of new users. You can find out more about what user pages are at Wikipedia:User pages. It's important to remember that while you'll be given a bit of latitude with respect to your user page, it's not really yours in the sense that you own the page and can do whatever you want with it. It's more like a rental that you're being allowed to use free of charge as long as you do so in accordance with relevant Wikipedia policies and guidelines. -- Marchjuly (talk) 13:39, 15 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]How to reduce image resolution for I Think I[edit]Hello Marchjuly, I saw you put a warning on I Think I album cover about reducing the image with a smaller version. Actually, this is the first time I tried to upload a non-free image for an album cover. Could you explain to me what I should do next? I am worried about copyrights and all. Should I just delete the original file immediately and try to upload with lower resolution or wait for the bot? Thanks! Ghazlan-airplanes (talk) 04:33, 18 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]@Ghazlan-airplanes: You don't need to do anything. There are WP:BOTs that look for such images, tag them and then other bots resize them accordingly, I just sped things up a bit. If you want to resize the image yourself, however, you can. For reference, this is related to WP:IMAGERES and generally 250px by 400px is what bots resize album covers to. -- Marchjuly (talk) 07:04, 18 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]\n@Marchjuly: I wanted to learn how to do it myself so that I know how to do this in the future. Regarding the \"Summary (author, source, URL, fair use rationale if applicable, extra tags , etc.)\", should I copy the credentials from the original file and would a 300x300 dimension satisfy the Non-free content's fair use? Ghazlan-airplanes (talk) 09:57, 18 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nIt's hard to tell how big is too big for the bots that reduce such files. You might want to ask about that at WT:NFCC. You don't need to reupload a smaller version of the same cover art; in fact, doing might just create confusion and extra things to clean up. You can just scroll to the bottom of the file's page and click \"Upload a new version of this file\". You won't need to change anything in the non-free use rationale as long as none of the information in the rationale changes. There are probably a number of ways to reduce the size of a file. I'm not sure how the bots do it. You could try asking someone running one of the bots that do that kind of thing (for example, User:DatBot). You could also try asking at WP:VP/T or WP:GL. -- Marchjuly (talk) 11:24, 18 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nThe bot reduce the file from 500 by 500 to 316 by 316, for reference. -- Marchjuly (talk) 00:14, 19 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Marchjuly"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDRS-5
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TDRS-5
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["1 History","1.1 Deployment","2 See also","3 References"]
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American communications satellite
TDRS-5TDRS-E aboard Atlantis during deploymentMission typeCommunicationOperatorNASACOSPAR ID1991-054B SATCAT no.21639Mission durationPlanned: 10 yearsElapsed: 32 years, 10 months, 12 days
Spacecraft propertiesBusTDRSManufacturerTRWLaunch mass2,108 kg (4,647 lb)Dimensions17.3 × 14.2 m (57 × 47 ft)Power1700 watts
Start of missionLaunch date2 August 1991, 15:01:59 (1991-08-02UTC15:01:59) UTCRocketSpace Shuttle AtlantisSTS-43 / IUSLaunch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39AContractorRockwell International
Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentric orbitRegimeGeostationary orbitLongitude174° West (1991–) Epoch3 August 1991
TDRS-5, known before launch as TDRS-E, is an American communications satellite, of first generation, which is operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. It was constructed by TRW is based on a custom satellite bus which was used for all seven first generation TDRS satellites.
History
The launch of STS-43, carrying TDRS-E
It was launched aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis during the STS-43 mission. Atlantis launched from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center on 2 August 1991 at 15:01:59 UTC (11:01:59 EDT). TDRS-E was deployed from Atlantis around six hours after launch, and was raised to geostationary orbit by means of an Inertial Upper Stage. It was the only TDRS satellite to be deployed from Atlantis.
Deployment
The twin-stage solid-propellent Inertial Upper Stage made two burns. The first stage burn occurred shortly after deployment, from Atlantis, and placed the satellite into a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). Around six hours later, it reached apogee, and the second stage fired, placing TDRS-E into geosynchronous orbit. At this point, it received its operational designation, TDRS-5. It was placed at a position over the equator, 174.0° West of the Greenwich Meridian, from where it provides communications services to spacecraft in Earth orbit, including the Space Shuttle and International Space Station.
Location of TDRS as of 26 May 2020
Location of TDRS as of 18 March 2019
See also
Spaceflight portal
List of TDRS satellites
References
^ a b "The TDRS-J satellite". Spaceflight Now. 1 December 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
^ Krebs, Gunter. "TDRS 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
^ a b McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
vteTracking and Data Relay Satellite System
Tracking and data relay satellite
List of TDRS satellites
First generation
TDRS-1
TDRS-B
TDRS-3
TDRS-4
TDRS-5
TDRS-6
TDRS-7
Second generation
TDRS-8
TDRS-9
TDRS-10
Third generation
TDRS-11
TDRS-12
TDRS-13
Italics denotes launch failure.
vte← 1990Orbital launches in 19911992 →January
NATO 4A
Progress M-6
Italsat 1, Eutelsat-2 F2
Kosmos 2121
Kosmos 2122
Informator No.1
February
Kosmos 2123
Kosmos 2124
Kosmos 2125, Kosmos 2126, Kosmos 2127, Kosmos 2128, Kosmos 2129, Kosmos 2130, Kosmos 2131, Kosmos 2132
Kosmos 2133
Kosmos 2134
Molniya 1-80
Kosmos 2135
Gran' No.38L
March
Astra 1B, Meteosat 5
Kosmos 2136
USA-69
Inmarsat-2 F2
Nadezhda No.409
Progress M-7
Kosmos 2137
Molniya-3 No.55
Kosmos 2138
Almaz 1
April
Kosmos 2139, Kosmos 2140, Kosmos 2141
Anik E2
STS-37 (Compton GRO)
ASC-2
Kosmos 2142
BS-3h
Meteor-3 No.6
STS-39 (IBSS/SPAS (CRO-A, CRO-B, CRO-C), USA-70)
May
NOAA-12
Kosmos 2143, Kosmos 2144, Kosmos 2145, Kosmos 2146, Kosmos 2147, Kosmos 2148
Soyuz TM-12
Resurs-F2 No.6
Kosmos 2149
Satcom C5
Progress M-8
June
Okean-O1 No.6
STS-40
Kosmos 2150
Kosmos 2151
Molniya 1-81
Unnamed
Resurs-F1 No.52
REX
July
Gorizont No.34L
USA-71, Losat-X
Kosmos 2152
Kosmos 2153
ERS-1, Orbcomm-X, SARA , Tubsat-A, UoSAT-5
Microsat 1, Microsat 2, Microsat 3, Microsat 4, Microsat 5, Microsat 6, Microsat 7
Resurs-F1 No.53
August
Molniya 1-82
STS-43 (TDRS-5)
Intelsat VI F5
Meteor-3 No.5
Progress M-9
Resurs-F2 No.7
Kosmos 2154
Yuri 3b
IRS-1B
Yohkoh
Unnamed
September
STS-48 (UARS)
Kosmos 2155
Molniya-3 No.48
Kosmos 2156
Anik E1
Kosmos 2157, Kosmos 2158, Kosmos 2159, Kosmos 2160, Kosmos 2161, Kosmos 2162
October
Soyuz TM-13
Foton No.7L
Kosmos 2163
Kosmos 2164
Progress M-10
Gorizont No.35L
Intelsat VI F1
November
USA-72, USA-74, USA-76, USA-77
Kosmos 2165, Kosmos 2166, Kosmos 2167, Kosmos 2168, Kosmos 2169, Kosmos 2170
Kosmos 2171
Kosmos 2172
STS-44 (USA-75)
Kosmos 2173
USA-73
December
Eutelsat-2 F3
Telecom 2A, Inmarsat-2 F3
Kosmos 2174
Interkosmos 25, Magion 3
Gran' No.39L
Zhongxing-4
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"communications satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite_System"},{"link_name":"TRW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRW_Inc."},{"link_name":"satellite bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_bus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP-2"}],"text":"TDRS-5, known before launch as TDRS-E, is an American communications satellite, of first generation, which is operated by NASA as part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. It was constructed by TRW is based on a custom satellite bus which was used for all seven first generation TDRS satellites.[2]","title":"TDRS-5"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS-43_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000731.jpg"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"STS-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-43"},{"link_name":"Launch Complex 39A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"EDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSR-3"},{"link_name":"geostationary orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit"},{"link_name":"Inertial Upper Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSR-3"}],"text":"The launch of STS-43, carrying TDRS-EIt was launched aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis during the STS-43 mission. Atlantis launched from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center on 2 August 1991 at 15:01:59 UTC (11:01:59 EDT).[3] TDRS-E was deployed from Atlantis around six hours after launch, and was raised to geostationary orbit by means of an Inertial Upper Stage. It was the only TDRS satellite to be deployed from Atlantis.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geostationary transfer orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit"},{"link_name":"apogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis"},{"link_name":"geosynchronous orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit"},{"link_name":"equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_meridian_(Greenwich)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFN-TDRSJ-1"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_TDRS.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_TDRS.png"}],"sub_title":"Deployment","text":"The twin-stage solid-propellent Inertial Upper Stage made two burns. The first stage burn occurred shortly after deployment, from Atlantis, and placed the satellite into a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). Around six hours later, it reached apogee, and the second stage fired, placing TDRS-E into geosynchronous orbit. At this point, it received its operational designation, TDRS-5. It was placed at a position over the equator, 174.0° West of the Greenwich Meridian,[1] from where it provides communications services to spacecraft in Earth orbit, including the Space Shuttle and International Space Station.Location of TDRS as of 26 May 2020Location of TDRS as of 18 March 2019","title":"History"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The launch of STS-43, carrying TDRS-E","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/STS-43_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000731.jpg/150px-STS-43_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000731.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location of TDRS as of 26 May 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Location_of_TDRS.svg/220px-Location_of_TDRS.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of TDRS as of 18 March 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_TDRS.png/220px-Map_of_TDRS.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Spaceflight portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight"},{"title":"List of TDRS satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TDRS_satellites"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"The TDRS-J satellite\". Spaceflight Now. 1 December 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/ac144/021201tdrs.html","url_text":"\"The TDRS-J satellite\""}]},{"reference":"Krebs, Gunter. \"TDRS 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/tdrs-1.htm","url_text":"\"TDRS 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\""}]},{"reference":"McDowell, Jonathan. \"Launch Log\". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 2 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt","url_text":"\"Launch Log\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1991-054B","external_links_name":"1991-054B"},{"Link":"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/ac144/021201tdrs.html","external_links_name":"\"The TDRS-J satellite\""},{"Link":"http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/tdrs-1.htm","external_links_name":"\"TDRS 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\""},{"Link":"http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt","external_links_name":"\"Launch Log\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Daly
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Miriam Daly
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["1 Background and personal life","2 Civil rights activist","3 Assassination","4 Political views","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Irish republican and communist activist
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Miriam DalyDaly, c. 1970sBornMiriam McDonnell(1928-05-06)May 6, 1928The Curragh, County Kildare, IrelandDiedJune 26, 1980(1980-06-26) (aged 52)Belfast, Northern IrelandResting placeSwords, Dublin, IrelandOther namesMiriam Lee (1953 to 1963)EducationLoreto College, St Stephen's GreenAlma materUniversity College DublinKnown forPolitical activismPolitical partyFine Gael (c. 1950s)National Democratic Party (1969)Social Democratic and Labour Party (1970 to 1972)Sinn Féin (1972 to 1977)Irish Republican Socialist Party (1977 until her death in 1980)
Miriam Daly (née McDonnell; 6 May 1928 – 26 June 1980) was an Irish republican and communist activist as well as a university lecturer who was assassinated by the loyalist Ulster Defence Association (UDA) in 1980.
Background and personal life
She was born Miriam Annette McDonnell in the Curragh Irish Army camp, County Kildare, Ireland, one of the two daughters of Commandant Daniel McDonnell and Anne McDonnell (née Cummins). Her father had served under Michael Collins in the War of Independence and as part of the pro-treaty National Army during the Irish Civil War. Afterwards, he developed pro-Labour views.
She grew up in Hatch Street, Dublin, where she attended Loreto College on St Stephen's Green and then University College, Dublin. While at UCD, Daly was a member of Young Fine Gael. She graduated BA in 1948 with first-class honours in history and economics, a Higher Diploma in Education in 1949, and then a first-class honours MA, with a dissertation on Irish labour in England in the first half of the nineteenth century. Between 1950 and 1953 she taught economic history as an assistant lecturer in University College Dublin alongside Robert Dudley Edwards, who sexually harassed her until one day her father arrived with a gun and confronted Edwards.
In 1953 she married the psychiatrist Joseph Lee and together the two moved to Southampton University where she became an active member of the Association of University Teachers and a campaigner against the Vietnam War. Lee died of a heart attack in 1963.
In 1965 she married philosopher and social activist James Daly. They moved to Ireland in 1968 and were appointed lecturers in the departments of scholastic philosophy and of economic and social history at Queen's University, Belfast.
Civil rights activist
A mural in Northern Ireland depicting a quote of Daly: "History is written by the winners."
Apart from her set course, Daly taught an extramural course on labour history whose students included numerous Protestant trade unionists. She also lectured both republican and loyalist prisoners in Long Kesh and cooperated with both on prisoner welfare work. She contributed regularly to RTÉ Radio's Thomas Davis lectures in 1972–3. She was a founding member of the Irish Labour History Society, served on its committee for several years and co-edited its journal Saothar. She was a co-founder of the Economic and Social History Society of Ireland, a committee member of the Ulster Society for Irish Historical Studies, a member of the editorial board of Irish Historical Studies, and organised the first conference on Irish labour history held at an Irish university in 1974.
Daly became active in the Northern Ireland civil rights movement following the introduction of internment without trial of suspected IRA members in 1972 by Westminster officials at the request of Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Brian Faulkner. She was active in the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) and the Northern Resistance Movement (NRA), becoming involved in the former when she moved to Belfast; Daly subsequently joined the National Democratic Party (NDP), and its successor, the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). As a member of the SDLP she butted heads with John Hume and opposed advocacy for increased private home ownership rather than extended state housing. At the first SDLP annual conference, Daly led opposition to a motion condemning all political violence that was proposed by Hume.
The rapid escalation of violence in Northern Ireland during this period, in particular, the killing of 14 civil rights marchers by members of 1 PARA in Derry on 14 January 1972 in what later became known as "Bloody Sunday" further radicalised her. After Bloody Sunday, she left the SDLP and joined Sinn Féin.
During her political career, Daly, in line with many Irish republicans, opposed the two nations theory which held that Ulster Protestants constituted a distinct Irish nation. She also joined the Prisoners' Relatives Action Committee (PRAC), the National Hunger Strike Committee (NHSC) and the Murray Defence Committee (MDC), the latter of which successfully prevented the anarchist couple Marie and Noel Murray from being executed after they were convicted of murder and sentenced to death in June 1976 for murdering Garda Síochána officer Michael Reynolds. During the campaign to prevent the Murrays from being executed, Daly worked with Seamus Costello.
In 1977, Daly and her partner left Sinn Féin over the party's advocacy of an Irish federation of four self-governing provinces. They were recruited in August 1977 to the IRSP by Costello, and co-opted to its Árd Chomhairle or governing body just before Costello's assassination on 5 October 1977, allegedly by the Official IRA. In February 1978 Miriam Daly was elected chair of the IRSP. Some later IRSP/INLA material describes Daly as a 'volunteer', but she was never a member of the Irish National Liberation Army, the IRSP's military wing.
In 1974 the Dalys, who had received death threats, moved from their home in Stranmillis, close to Queen's University and working-class Protestant loyalist districts, to the Andersonstown Road, deep within the west Belfast Catholic ghetto.
From 1978 onwards Daly campaigned for political status for paramilitary prisoners.
Assassination
On 26 June 1980, Daly was shot dead at home, in the Andersonstown area of west Belfast. At the time of her assassination, she was in charge of the INLA prisoners' welfare.
According to reports in The Irish Times, members of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) had gained entry to her home with the intention of killing her husband. They tied up Daly and waited for him to return home. Her husband was in Dublin at the time and so did not arrive. After a considerable time, the UDA men decided to kill Daly instead. Muffling the sound of the gun with a pillow, they shot her in the head and cut the phone lines before fleeing. Her body was discovered when her ten-year-old daughter arrived home from school. However, The Irish Times also referred to Daly as a "housewife".
Daly's death occurred soon after Conservative Party politician and incumbent Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Airey Neave was assassinated in Westminster Palace, London by members of the INLA, and some have speculated that the UDA's killing of Daly (along with the murder and attempted murder of other Irish Republican Socialist Party (ISRP) and National H-Block Committee members such as Ronnie Bunting, John Turnley and Bernadette Devlin McAliskey during this period) was in retaliation for Neave's murder. Solicitor Michael Brentnall claimed in an interview that "There are compelling circumstances which indicate that the killings were either committed by the British security services or facilitated by them and these killings are connected in proximity and organisational terms to the killing of Airey Neave."
Daly was buried in Swords, County Dublin with her first husband, after a paramilitary funeral. Mourners included Seán Mac Stíofáin and Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, but also old friends such as Supreme Court of Ireland (and later European Court of Justice) judge Donal Barrington and UCD historian F.X. Martin. In the graveside oration, Osgur Breatnach said that Daly stood for a peaceful, socialist united Ireland. She is included as a volunteer on the INLA monument in Milltown Cemetery and is one of several commemorated by an IRSP mural on the Springfield Road, Belfast.
In 2021 her commemoration held by the IRSP in Belfast was attended by her son and husband at the time of her death.
Political views
Daly was an advocate of State Socialism based on the nation-state, with government control of credit and industry. She rejected capitalism and free trade on the basis of her belief that free trade was overwhelmingly biased in the favour of the already-developed countries. Daly developed this view from her academic research into 19th-century Ireland and in particular her analysis of the deindustrialising effect of improved transport links.
Daly considered the 1916 Easter Rising and the 1917 Russian Revolution to be twin revolutions against the "capitalist world order", and generally held pro-Soviet views.
Daly rejected the view that Ulster Protestants form a distinct "nation" within the geography of Ireland, dismissing them as "a product of British colonial manipulation and native collaboration".
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Maume, Patrick (December 2015). "Daly, Miriam". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
^ {{1. James P. Daly appointed lecturer in Scholastic Philosophy,1968. Vice-Chancellors report for year 1967-1968, page 12. QUB
2. James P. Daly. BA, LP Maynooth, MPhil S'ton- Lecturer in Scholastic Philosophy, 1968. page 46 of The Queen's University Calendar, 1968-1969.
3. Mrs Miriam A. Daly. M.A. (NUI). Appointed Assistant lecturer to Department of Economic and Social History in 1969, page 42 of The Queen's University of Belfast Calendar for 1969-70.
4. Daly, Miriam A., lecturer in economic and social history since 1969; died 26 June 1980, as the result of a terrorist shooting, page 68, The Annual Review for 1980. The Queen's University Association. Belfast 1980.
}}
^ Unveiling of Memorial for Miriam Daly Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine 3 June 2003
^ "IRSM Roll of Honour". Irsm.org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". Cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^ a b c d David McKittrick et al, Lost Lives, Mainstream Publishing, 208, p. 830
^ The Irish Times 9 July 1980
^ Young, Connla (19 March 2018). "INLA man's shooting may be linked to Tory MP's murder". The Irish News.
^ Funeral of Dr Miriam Daly, Irish Times 30 June 1980
^ "Mni02542 :: Murals of Northern Ireland". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
External links
Straight from the Heart - an interview with Miriam Daly's widower, Jim Daly Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine accessed 24 April 2008
IRSP: Miriam Daly Commemoration Speech 25 June 2005 Archived 17 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine accessed 24 April 2008
Unveiling of Daly/McNamee Plaque 22 June 2003 accessed 24 April 2008
vteINLA and the IRSPGeneral
The Troubles
Official Sinn Féin
Official IRA
Irish Republican Socialist Movement
The Starry Plough
Marxism–Leninism
Blanket protest
Dirty protest
HM Prison Maze
Anti H-Block
1981 Irish hunger strike
July 1997 riots
Northern Ireland peace process
Good Friday Agreement
Organized crime
INLA Belfast Brigade
Attacks
Central Bar bombing
Assassination of Airey Neave
1982 Divis Flats bombing
Droppin Well bombing
Darkley killings (denied)
1994 Shankill Road killings
Newtownhamilton bombing
Personalities
Jimmy Brown
Ronnie Bunting
Patrick Campbell
Seamus Costello
Miriam Daly
Mickey Devine
Bernadette Devlin
Gino Gallagher
Raymond Gilmour
Tony Gregory
Dessie Grew
Seamus Grew
Stephen King
Harry Kirkpatrick
Kevin Lynch
Dominic McGlinchey
Christopher "Crip" McWilliams
Colm Murphy
Patsy O'Hara
Dessie O'Hare
Martin "Rook" O'Prey
Michael Plunkett
Thomas "Ta" Power
Mary Reid
Gerard Steenson
Hugh Torney
Sammy Ward
Johnnie White
Associates
Irish Republican Socialist Committees of North America
Derivatives
Independent Socialist Party
Irish People's Liberation Organisation
Republican Socialist Collective
Prominent killings
Billy McMillen
Henry Byrne
John Morley
William McCullough
John McKeague
Patrick Joseph Morrissey
Trevor King
Billy Wright
vteUlster Defence Associationduring the TroublesChairmen of the UDA
Charles Harding Smith (1971-1973)
Andy Tyrie (1973-1988)
position abolished (1988)
East Belfast Brigade
Albert "Ginger" Baker
Jimmy Birch
Billy Elliot
Jim "Doris Day" Gray
Tommy Herron
Sammy McCormick
Ned McCreery
Michael Stone
North Belfast Brigade
John Boreland
John Bunting
Sammy Duddy
Tommy English
Davy Payne
Andre & Ihab Shoukri
Jimbo Simpson
South Belfast Brigade
David Adams
Joe Bratty
James Craig
Raymond Elder
Alex Kerr
Jackie McDonald
John McMichael
Ray Smallwoods
Michael Stone
West Belfast Brigade
Johnny Adair
Ken Barrett
Jackie Coulter
Mo Courtney
James Craig
Frankie Curry
William "Winkie" Dodds
Hester Dunn
Ernie Elliott
Davy Fogel
Donald Hodgen
Billy Hull
Matt Kincaid
Tommy Lyttle
Kenny McClinton
Sam McCrory
Alan McCullough
William "Bucky" McCullough
Stephen "Top Gun" McKeag
Billy "Twister" McQuiston
James "Sham" Millar
Wendy Millar
Brian Nelson
Charles Harding Smith
Gary "Smickers" Smyth
Sammy Smyth
Jim Spence
William Stobie
"Fat" Jackie Thompson
Andy Tyrie
John White
South East Antrim Brigade
Joe English
John Gregg
North Antrim & Londonderry Brigade
Glenn Barr
Ken Kerr
Torrens Knight
Billy McFarland
Andy Robinson
Mid-Ulster Brigade
Robert John Kerr
Eddie Sayers
Michael Stone
Actions
Benny's Bar bombing (1972)
Top of the Hill bar shooting (1972)
New Lodge Six shooting (1973)
Paddy Wilson and Irene Andrews killings (1973)
Murder of Ann Ogilby (1974)
Dublin Airport bombing (1975)
Biddy Mulligan's pub bombing (1975)
Milltown Cemetery attack (1988)
Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting (1992)
Attack on James Murray's bookmakers (1992)
Castlerock killings (1993)
Greysteel massacre (1993)
Prominent victims
Paddy Wilson (1973)
John Turnley (1980)
Miriam Daly (1980)
Ronnie Bunting (1980)
James Craig (1988)
Pat Finucane (1989)
Gerard Casey (1989)
Eddie Fullerton (1991)
Ned McCreery (1992)
Frankie Curry (1999)
Related articles
Combined Loyalist Military Command
Loyalist Association of Workers
Loyalist feud
Quis separabit?
Real Ulster Freedom Fighters
Red Hand Defenders
Shankill Defence Association
Ulster Army Council
Ulster Democratic Party
Ulster loyalism
Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee
Ulster nationalism
Ulster Political Research Group
Ulster Workers' Council strike
Ulster Young Militants
Volunteer (Ulster loyalist)
Woodvale Defence Association
bold indicates brigadiers
Authority control databases: People
Ireland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism"},{"link_name":"loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association"}],"text":"Miriam Daly (née McDonnell; 6 May 1928 – 26 June 1980) was an Irish republican and communist activist as well as a university lecturer who was assassinated by the loyalist Ulster Defence Association (UDA) in 1980.","title":"Miriam Daly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curragh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curragh"},{"link_name":"Irish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Army"},{"link_name":"County Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kildare"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Michael Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)"},{"link_name":"War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Army_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Irish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"St Stephen's Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green"},{"link_name":"University College, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Young Fine Gael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Fine_Gael"},{"link_name":"economic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history"},{"link_name":"Robert Dudley Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dudley_Edwards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Southampton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_University"},{"link_name":"Association of University Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_University_Teachers"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Queen's University, Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"She was born Miriam Annette McDonnell in the Curragh Irish Army camp, County Kildare, Ireland, one of the two daughters of Commandant Daniel McDonnell and Anne McDonnell (née Cummins).[1] Her father had served under Michael Collins in the War of Independence and as part of the pro-treaty National Army during the Irish Civil War. Afterwards, he developed pro-Labour views.[1]She grew up in Hatch Street, Dublin, where she attended Loreto College on St Stephen's Green and then University College, Dublin. While at UCD, Daly was a member of Young Fine Gael. She graduated BA in 1948 with first-class honours in history and economics, a Higher Diploma in Education in 1949, and then a first-class honours MA, with a dissertation on Irish labour in England in the first half of the nineteenth century. Between 1950 and 1953 she taught economic history as an assistant lecturer in University College Dublin alongside Robert Dudley Edwards, who sexually harassed her until one day her father arrived with a gun and confronted Edwards.[1]In 1953 she married the psychiatrist Joseph Lee and together the two moved to Southampton University where she became an active member of the Association of University Teachers and a campaigner against the Vietnam War. Lee died of a heart attack in 1963.[1]In 1965 she married philosopher and social activist James Daly. They moved to Ireland in 1968 and were appointed lecturers in the departments of scholastic philosophy and of economic and social history at Queen's University, Belfast.[2]","title":"Background and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:History_is_written_by_the_winner.jpg"},{"link_name":"mural in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Long Kesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Kesh"},{"link_name":"RTÉ Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Radio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"internment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment"},{"link_name":"IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Brian Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Faulkner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association"},{"link_name":"Northern Resistance Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Resistance_Movement"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"National Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic and Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"John Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hume"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"1 PARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Battalion,_Parachute_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"Bloody Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"two nations theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_nations_theory_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ulster Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Protestants"},{"link_name":"nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation"},{"link_name":"anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism"},{"link_name":"Marie and Noel Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_and_Noel_Murray"},{"link_name":"sentenced to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Garda Síochána","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na"},{"link_name":"Seamus Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Costello"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"self-governing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-governance"},{"link_name":"Official IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Stranmillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranmillis"},{"link_name":"loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism"},{"link_name":"Andersonstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andersonstown"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"A mural in Northern Ireland depicting a quote of Daly: \"History is written by the winners.\"Apart from her set course, Daly taught an extramural course on labour history whose students included numerous Protestant trade unionists. She also lectured both republican and loyalist prisoners in Long Kesh and cooperated with both on prisoner welfare work. She contributed regularly to RTÉ Radio's Thomas Davis lectures in 1972–3. She was a founding member of the Irish Labour History Society, served on its committee for several years and co-edited its journal Saothar. She was a co-founder of the Economic and Social History Society of Ireland, a committee member of the Ulster Society for Irish Historical Studies, a member of the editorial board of Irish Historical Studies, and organised the first conference on Irish labour history held at an Irish university in 1974.[1]Daly became active in the Northern Ireland civil rights movement following the introduction of internment without trial of suspected IRA members in 1972 by Westminster officials at the request of Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Brian Faulkner.[1] She was active in the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) and the Northern Resistance Movement (NRA), becoming involved in the former when she moved to Belfast; Daly subsequently joined the National Democratic Party (NDP), and its successor, the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). As a member of the SDLP she butted heads with John Hume and opposed advocacy for increased private home ownership rather than extended state housing. At the first SDLP annual conference, Daly led opposition to a motion condemning all political violence that was proposed by Hume.[1]The rapid escalation of violence in Northern Ireland during this period, in particular, the killing of 14 civil rights marchers by members of 1 PARA in Derry on 14 January 1972 in what later became known as \"Bloody Sunday\" further radicalised her. After Bloody Sunday, she left the SDLP and joined Sinn Féin.[1]During her political career, Daly, in line with many Irish republicans, opposed the two nations theory which held that Ulster Protestants constituted a distinct Irish nation. She also joined the Prisoners' Relatives Action Committee (PRAC), the National Hunger Strike Committee (NHSC) and the Murray Defence Committee (MDC), the latter of which successfully prevented the anarchist couple Marie and Noel Murray from being executed after they were convicted of murder and sentenced to death in June 1976 for murdering Garda Síochána officer Michael Reynolds. During the campaign to prevent the Murrays from being executed, Daly worked with Seamus Costello.[1]In 1977, Daly and her partner left Sinn Féin over the party's advocacy of an Irish federation of four self-governing provinces. They were recruited in August 1977 to the IRSP by Costello, and co-opted to its Árd Chomhairle or governing body just before Costello's assassination on 5 October 1977, allegedly by the Official IRA. In February 1978 Miriam Daly was elected chair of the IRSP. Some later IRSP/INLA material describes Daly as a 'volunteer', but she was never a member of the Irish National Liberation Army, the IRSP's military wing.[3][1]In 1974 the Dalys, who had received death threats, moved from their home in Stranmillis, close to Queen's University and working-class Protestant loyalist districts, to the Andersonstown Road, deep within the west Belfast Catholic ghetto.[1]From 1978 onwards Daly campaigned for political status for paramilitary prisoners.[1]","title":"Civil rights activist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Andersonstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andersonstown"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Airey Neave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airey_Neave"},{"link_name":"Westminster Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Palace"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"National H-Block Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_H-Block"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Bunting"},{"link_name":"John Turnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turnley"},{"link_name":"Bernadette Devlin McAliskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette_Devlin_McAliskey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Swords, County Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords,_County_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Seán Mac Stíofáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Ruairí Ó Brádaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"European Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Donal Barrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donal_Barrington"},{"link_name":"F.X. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.X._Martin"},{"link_name":"Osgur Breatnach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgur_Breatnach"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"volunteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"Milltown Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-6"},{"link_name":"Springfield Road, Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Road,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On 26 June 1980,[4][5] Daly was shot dead at home, in the Andersonstown area of west Belfast. At the time of her assassination, she was in charge of the INLA prisoners' welfare.[citation needed]According to reports in The Irish Times, members of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) had gained entry to her home with the intention of killing her husband.[6] They tied up Daly and waited for him to return home. Her husband was in Dublin at the time and so did not arrive.[6] After a considerable time, the UDA men decided to kill Daly instead. Muffling the sound of the gun with a pillow, they shot her in the head and cut the phone lines before fleeing. Her body was discovered when her ten-year-old daughter arrived home from school.[6] However, The Irish Times also referred to Daly as a \"housewife\".[7]Daly's death occurred soon after Conservative Party politician and incumbent Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Airey Neave was assassinated in Westminster Palace, London by members of the INLA, and some have speculated that the UDA's killing of Daly (along with the murder and attempted murder of other Irish Republican Socialist Party (ISRP) and National H-Block Committee members such as Ronnie Bunting, John Turnley and Bernadette Devlin McAliskey during this period) was in retaliation for Neave's murder. Solicitor Michael Brentnall claimed in an interview that \"There are compelling circumstances which indicate that the killings were either committed by the British security services or facilitated by them and these killings are connected in proximity and organisational terms to the killing of Airey Neave.\"[8]Daly was buried in Swords, County Dublin with her first husband, after a paramilitary funeral. Mourners included Seán Mac Stíofáin and Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, but also old friends such as Supreme Court of Ireland (and later European Court of Justice) judge Donal Barrington and UCD historian F.X. Martin. In the graveside oration, Osgur Breatnach said that Daly stood for a peaceful, socialist united Ireland.[9] She is included as a volunteer on the INLA monument in Milltown Cemetery[6] and is one of several commemorated by an IRSP mural on the Springfield Road, Belfast.[10]In 2021 her commemoration held by the IRSP in Belfast was attended by her son and husband at the time of her death.","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Socialism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"1916 Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"},{"link_name":"1917 Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Ulster Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Protestants"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"Daly was an advocate of State Socialism based on the nation-state, with government control of credit and industry. She rejected capitalism and free trade on the basis of her belief that free trade was overwhelmingly biased in the favour of the already-developed countries. Daly developed this view from her academic research into 19th-century Ireland and in particular her analysis of the deindustrialising effect of improved transport links.[1]Daly considered the 1916 Easter Rising and the 1917 Russian Revolution to be twin revolutions against the \"capitalist world order\", and generally held pro-Soviet views.[1]Daly rejected the view that Ulster Protestants form a distinct \"nation\" within the geography of Ireland, dismissing them as \"a product of British colonial manipulation and native collaboration\".[1]","title":"Political views"}]
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[{"image_text":"A mural in Northern Ireland depicting a quote of Daly: \"History is written by the winners.\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/History_is_written_by_the_winner.jpg/220px-History_is_written_by_the_winner.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Maume, Patrick (December 2015). \"Daly, Miriam\". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 18 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dib.ie/biography/daly-miriam-a9757","url_text":"\"Daly, Miriam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Irish_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Irish Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"IRSM Roll of Honour\". Irsm.org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160916050619/http://www.irsm.org/fallen/daly/","url_text":"\"IRSM Roll of Honour\""},{"url":"http://www.irsm.org/fallen/daly/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". Cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=date&day=26&month=06&year=1980","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Connla (19 March 2018). \"INLA man's shooting may be linked to Tory MP's murder\". The Irish News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2018/03/19/news/advocate-general-to-make-inla-men-inquest-decision-1281557/","url_text":"\"INLA man's shooting may be linked to Tory MP's murder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mni02542 :: Murals of Northern Ireland\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074316/http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/mni/id/2759/rec/5","url_text":"\"Mni02542 :: Murals of Northern Ireland\""},{"url":"http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/mni/id/2759/rec/5","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.dib.ie/biography/daly-miriam-a9757","external_links_name":"\"Daly, Miriam\""},{"Link":"http://irsm.org/statements/irsp/current/030603.html","external_links_name":"Unveiling of Memorial for Miriam Daly"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180730/http://irsm.org/statements/irsp/current/030603.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160916050619/http://www.irsm.org/fallen/daly/","external_links_name":"\"IRSM Roll of Honour\""},{"Link":"http://www.irsm.org/fallen/daly/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=date&day=26&month=06&year=1980","external_links_name":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2018/03/19/news/advocate-general-to-make-inla-men-inquest-decision-1281557/","external_links_name":"\"INLA man's shooting may be linked to Tory MP's murder\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074316/http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/mni/id/2759/rec/5","external_links_name":"\"Mni02542 :: Murals of Northern Ireland\""},{"Link":"http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/mni/id/2759/rec/5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/Irelandclick/jdaly11-22-01.htm","external_links_name":"Straight from the Heart - an interview with Miriam Daly's widower, Jim Daly"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520072854/http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/Irelandclick/jdaly11-22-01.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://irsm.org/statements/irsp/current/050625.html","external_links_name":"IRSP: Miriam Daly Commemoration Speech 25 June 2005"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084843/http://irsm.org/statements/irsp/current/050625.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070817222441/http://irsm.org/statements/irsp/current/030622.html","external_links_name":"Unveiling of Daly/McNamee Plaque 22 June 2003"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.009757.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwer_fixed_point_theorem
|
Brouwer fixed-point theorem
|
["1 Statement","2 Importance of the pre-conditions","2.1 The function f as an endomorphism","2.2 Boundedness","2.3 Closedness","2.4 Convexity","2.5 Notes","3 Illustrations","4 Intuitive approach","4.1 Explanations attributed to Brouwer","4.2 One-dimensional case","5 History","5.1 Before discovery","5.2 First proofs","5.3 Reception","6 Proof outlines","6.1 A proof using degree","6.2 A proof using the hairy ball theorem","6.3 A proof using homology or cohomology","6.4 A proof using Stokes' theorem","6.5 A combinatorial proof","6.6 A proof by Hirsch","6.7 A proof using oriented area","6.8 A proof using the game Hex","6.9 A proof using the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem","6.10 A proof in a weak logical system","7 Generalizations","8 Equivalent results","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]
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Theorem in topology
Brouwer's fixed-point theorem is a fixed-point theorem in topology, named after L. E. J. (Bertus) Brouwer. It states that for any continuous function
f
{\displaystyle f}
mapping a nonempty compact convex set to itself, there is a point
x
0
{\displaystyle x_{0}}
such that
f
(
x
0
)
=
x
0
{\displaystyle f(x_{0})=x_{0}}
. The simplest forms of Brouwer's theorem are for continuous functions
f
{\displaystyle f}
from a closed interval
I
{\displaystyle I}
in the real numbers to itself or from a closed disk
D
{\displaystyle D}
to itself. A more general form than the latter is for continuous functions from a nonempty convex compact subset
K
{\displaystyle K}
of Euclidean space to itself.
Among hundreds of fixed-point theorems, Brouwer's is particularly well known, due in part to its use across numerous fields of mathematics. In its original field, this result is one of the key theorems characterizing the topology of Euclidean spaces, along with the Jordan curve theorem, the hairy ball theorem, the invariance of dimension and the Borsuk–Ulam theorem. This gives it a place among the fundamental theorems of topology. The theorem is also used for proving deep results about differential equations and is covered in most introductory courses on differential geometry. It appears in unlikely fields such as game theory. In economics, Brouwer's fixed-point theorem and its extension, the Kakutani fixed-point theorem, play a central role in the proof of existence of general equilibrium in market economies as developed in the 1950s by economics Nobel prize winners Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu.
The theorem was first studied in view of work on differential equations by the French mathematicians around Henri Poincaré and Charles Émile Picard. Proving results such as the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem requires the use of topological methods. This work at the end of the 19th century opened into several successive versions of the theorem. The case of differentiable mappings of the n-dimensional closed ball was first proved in 1910 by Jacques Hadamard and the general case for continuous mappings by Brouwer in 1911.
Statement
The theorem has several formulations, depending on the context in which it is used and its degree of generalization. The simplest is sometimes given as follows:
In the plane
Every continuous function from a closed disk to itself has at least one fixed point.
This can be generalized to an arbitrary finite dimension:
In Euclidean space
Every continuous function from a closed ball of a Euclidean space into itself has a fixed point.
A slightly more general version is as follows:
Convex compact set
Every continuous function from a nonempty convex compact subset K of a Euclidean space to K itself has a fixed point.
An even more general form is better known under a different name:
Schauder fixed point theorem
Every continuous function from a nonempty convex compact subset K of a Banach space to K itself has a fixed point.
Importance of the pre-conditions
The theorem holds only for functions that are endomorphisms (functions that have the same set as the domain and codomain) and for nonempty sets that are compact (thus, in particular, bounded and closed) and convex (or homeomorphic to convex). The following examples show why the pre-conditions are important.
The function f as an endomorphism
Consider the function
f
(
x
)
=
x
+
1
{\displaystyle f(x)=x+1}
with domain . The range of the function is . Thus, f is not an endomorphism.
Boundedness
Consider the function
f
(
x
)
=
x
+
1
,
{\displaystyle f(x)=x+1,}
which is a continuous function from
R
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
to itself. As it shifts every point to the right, it cannot have a fixed point. The space
R
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
is convex and closed, but not bounded.
Closedness
Consider the function
f
(
x
)
=
x
+
1
2
,
{\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {x+1}{2}},}
which is a continuous function from the open interval (−1,1) to itself. Since x = 1 is not part of the interval, there is not a fixed point of f(x) = x. The space (−1,1) is convex and bounded, but not closed. On the other hand, the function f does have a fixed point for the closed interval , namely f(1) = 1.
Convexity
Convexity is not strictly necessary for Brouwer's fixed-point theorem. Because the properties involved (continuity, being a fixed point) are invariant under homeomorphisms, Brouwer's fixed-point theorem is equivalent to forms in which the domain is required to be a closed unit ball
D
n
{\displaystyle D^{n}}
. For the same reason it holds for every set that is homeomorphic to a closed ball (and therefore also closed, bounded, connected, without holes, etc.).
The following example shows that Brouwer's fixed-point theorem does not work for domains with holes. Consider the function
f
(
x
)
=
−
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=-x}
, which is a continuous function from the unit circle to itself. Since -x≠x holds for any point of the unit circle, f has no fixed point. The analogous example works for the n-dimensional sphere (or any symmetric domain that does not contain the origin). The unit circle is closed and bounded, but it has a hole (and so it is not convex) . The function f does have a fixed point for the unit disc, since it takes the origin to itself.
A formal generalization of Brouwer's fixed-point theorem for "hole-free" domains can be derived from the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem.
Notes
The continuous function in this theorem is not required to be bijective or surjective.
Illustrations
The theorem has several "real world" illustrations. Here are some examples.
Take two sheets of graph paper of equal size with coordinate systems on them, lay one flat on the table and crumple up (without ripping or tearing) the other one and place it, in any fashion, on top of the first so that the crumpled paper does not reach outside the flat one. There will then be at least one point of the crumpled sheet that lies directly above its corresponding point (i.e. the point with the same coordinates) of the flat sheet. This is a consequence of the n = 2 case of Brouwer's theorem applied to the continuous map that assigns to the coordinates of every point of the crumpled sheet the coordinates of the point of the flat sheet immediately beneath it.
Take an ordinary map of a country, and suppose that that map is laid out on a table inside that country. There will always be a "You are Here" point on the map which represents that same point in the country.
In three dimensions a consequence of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem is that, no matter how much you stir a delicious cocktail in a glass (or think about milk shake), when the liquid has come to rest, some point in the liquid will end up in exactly the same place in the glass as before you took any action, assuming that the final position of each point is a continuous function of its original position, that the liquid after stirring is contained within the space originally taken up by it, and that the glass (and stirred surface shape) maintain a convex volume. Ordering a cocktail shaken, not stirred defeats the convexity condition ("shaking" being defined as a dynamic series of non-convex inertial containment states in the vacant headspace under a lid). In that case, the theorem would not apply, and thus all points of the liquid disposition are potentially displaced from the original state.
Intuitive approach
Explanations attributed to Brouwer
The theorem is supposed to have originated from Brouwer's observation of a cup of gourmet coffee.
If one stirs to dissolve a lump of sugar, it appears there is always a point without motion.
He drew the conclusion that at any moment, there is a point on the surface that is not moving.
The fixed point is not necessarily the point that seems to be motionless, since the centre of the turbulence moves a little bit.
The result is not intuitive, since the original fixed point may become mobile when another fixed point appears.
Brouwer is said to have added: "I can formulate this splendid result different, I take a horizontal sheet, and another identical one which I crumple, flatten and place on the other. Then a point of the crumpled sheet is in the same place as on the other sheet."
Brouwer "flattens" his sheet as with a flat iron, without removing the folds and wrinkles. Unlike the coffee cup example, the crumpled paper example also demonstrates that more than one fixed point may exist. This distinguishes Brouwer's result from other fixed-point theorems, such as Stefan Banach's, that guarantee uniqueness.
One-dimensional case
In one dimension, the result is intuitive and easy to prove. The continuous function f is defined on a closed interval and takes values in the same interval. Saying that this function has a fixed point amounts to saying that its graph (dark green in the figure on the right) intersects that of the function defined on the same interval which maps x to x (light green).
Intuitively, any continuous line from the left edge of the square to the right edge must necessarily intersect the green diagonal. To prove this, consider the function g which maps x to f(x) − x. It is ≥ 0 on a and ≤ 0 on b. By the intermediate value theorem, g has a zero in ; this zero is a fixed point.
Brouwer is said to have expressed this as follows: "Instead of examining a surface, we will prove the theorem about a piece of string. Let us begin with the string in an unfolded state, then refold it. Let us flatten the refolded string. Again a point of the string has not changed its position with respect to its original position on the unfolded string."
History
The Brouwer fixed point theorem was one of the early achievements of algebraic topology, and is the basis of more general fixed point theorems which are important in functional analysis. The case n = 3 first was proved by Piers Bohl in 1904 (published in Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik). It was later proved by L. E. J. Brouwer in 1909. Jacques Hadamard proved the general case in 1910, and Brouwer found a different proof in the same year. Since these early proofs were all non-constructive indirect proofs, they ran contrary to Brouwer's intuitionist ideals. Although the existence of a fixed point is not constructive in the sense of constructivism in mathematics, methods to approximate fixed points guaranteed by Brouwer's theorem are now known.
Before discovery
For flows in an unbounded area, or in an area with a "hole", the theorem is not applicable.
The theorem applies to any disk-shaped area, where it guarantees the existence of a fixed point.
At the end of the 19th century, the old problem of the stability of the solar system returned into the focus of the mathematical community.
Its solution required new methods. As noted by Henri Poincaré, who worked on the three-body problem, there is no hope to find an exact solution: "Nothing is more proper to give us an idea of the hardness of the three-body problem, and generally of all problems of Dynamics where there is no uniform integral and the Bohlin series diverge."
He also noted that the search for an approximate solution is no more efficient: "the more we seek to obtain precise approximations, the more the result will diverge towards an increasing imprecision".
He studied a question analogous to that of the surface movement in a cup of coffee. What can we say, in general, about the trajectories on a surface animated by a constant flow? Poincaré discovered that the answer can be found in what we now call the topological properties in the area containing the trajectory. If this area is compact, i.e. both closed and bounded, then the trajectory either becomes stationary, or it approaches a limit cycle. Poincaré went further; if the area is of the same kind as a disk, as is the case for the cup of coffee, there must necessarily be a fixed point. This fixed point is invariant under all functions which associate to each point of the original surface its position after a short time interval t. If the area is a circular band, or if it is not closed, then this is not necessarily the case.
To understand differential equations better, a new branch of mathematics was born. Poincaré called it analysis situs. The French Encyclopædia Universalis defines it as the branch which "treats the properties of an object that are invariant if it is deformed in any continuous way, without tearing". In 1886, Poincaré proved a result that is equivalent to Brouwer's fixed-point theorem, although the connection with the subject of this article was not yet apparent. A little later, he developed one of the fundamental tools for better understanding the analysis situs, now known as the fundamental group or sometimes the Poincaré group. This method can be used for a very compact proof of the theorem under discussion.
Poincaré's method was analogous to that of Émile Picard, a contemporary mathematician who generalized the Cauchy–Lipschitz theorem. Picard's approach is based on a result that would later be formalised by another fixed-point theorem, named after Banach. Instead of the topological properties of the domain, this theorem uses the fact that the function in question is a contraction.
First proofs
Jacques Hadamard helped Brouwer to formalize his ideas.
At the dawn of the 20th century, the interest in analysis situs did not stay unnoticed. However, the necessity of a theorem equivalent to the one discussed in this article was not yet evident. Piers Bohl, a Latvian mathematician, applied topological methods to the study of differential equations. In 1904 he proved the three-dimensional case of our theorem, but his publication was not noticed.
It was Brouwer, finally, who gave the theorem its first patent of nobility. His goals were different from those of Poincaré. This mathematician was inspired by the foundations of mathematics, especially mathematical logic and topology. His initial interest lay in an attempt to solve Hilbert's fifth problem. In 1909, during a voyage to Paris, he met Henri Poincaré, Jacques Hadamard, and Émile Borel. The ensuing discussions convinced Brouwer of the importance of a better understanding of Euclidean spaces, and were the origin of a fruitful exchange of letters with Hadamard. For the next four years, he concentrated on the proof of certain great theorems on this question. In 1912 he proved the hairy ball theorem for the two-dimensional sphere, as well as the fact that every continuous map from the two-dimensional ball to itself has a fixed point. These two results in themselves were not really new. As Hadamard observed, Poincaré had shown a theorem equivalent to the hairy ball theorem. The revolutionary aspect of Brouwer's approach was his systematic use of recently developed tools such as homotopy, the underlying concept of the Poincaré group. In the following year, Hadamard generalised the theorem under discussion to an arbitrary finite dimension, but he employed different methods. Hans Freudenthal comments on the respective roles as follows: "Compared to Brouwer's revolutionary methods, those of Hadamard were very traditional, but Hadamard's participation in the birth of Brouwer's ideas resembles that of a midwife more than that of a mere spectator."
Brouwer's approach yielded its fruits, and in 1910 he also found a proof that was valid for any finite dimension, as well as other key theorems such as the invariance of dimension. In the context of this work, Brouwer also generalized the Jordan curve theorem to arbitrary dimension and established the properties connected with the degree of a continuous mapping. This branch of mathematics, originally envisioned by Poincaré and developed by Brouwer, changed its name. In the 1930s, analysis situs became algebraic topology.
Reception
John Nash used the theorem in game theory to prove the existence of an equilibrium strategy profile.
The theorem proved its worth in more than one way. During the 20th century numerous fixed-point theorems were developed, and even a branch of mathematics called fixed-point theory.
Brouwer's theorem is probably the most important. It is also among the foundational theorems on the topology of topological manifolds and is often used to prove other important results such as the Jordan curve theorem.
Besides the fixed-point theorems for more or less contracting functions, there are many that have emerged directly or indirectly from the result under discussion. A continuous map from a closed ball of Euclidean space to its boundary cannot be the identity on the boundary. Similarly, the Borsuk–Ulam theorem says that a continuous map from the n-dimensional sphere to Rn has a pair of antipodal points that are mapped to the same point. In the finite-dimensional case, the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem provided from 1926 a method for counting fixed points. In 1930, Brouwer's fixed-point theorem was generalized to Banach spaces. This generalization is known as Schauder's fixed-point theorem, a result generalized further by S. Kakutani to set-valued functions. One also meets the theorem and its variants outside topology. It can be used to prove the Hartman-Grobman theorem, which describes the qualitative behaviour of certain differential equations near certain equilibria. Similarly, Brouwer's theorem is used for the proof of the Central Limit Theorem. The theorem can also be found in existence proofs for the solutions of certain partial differential equations.
Other areas are also touched. In game theory, John Nash used the theorem to prove that in the game of Hex there is a winning strategy for white. In economics, P. Bich explains that certain generalizations of the theorem show that its use is helpful for certain classical problems in game theory and generally for equilibria (Hotelling's law), financial equilibria and incomplete markets.
Brouwer's celebrity is not exclusively due to his topological work. The proofs of his great topological theorems are not constructive, and Brouwer's dissatisfaction with this is partly what led him to articulate the idea of constructivity. He became the originator and zealous defender of a way of formalising mathematics that is known as intuitionism, which at the time made a stand against set theory. Brouwer disavowed his original proof of the fixed-point theorem.
Proof outlines
A proof using degree
Brouwer's original 1911 proof relied on the notion of the degree of a continuous mapping, stemming from ideas in differential topology. Several modern accounts of the proof can be found in the literature, notably Milnor (1965).
Let
K
=
B
(
0
)
¯
{\displaystyle K={\overline {B(0)}}}
denote the closed unit ball in
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
centered at the origin. Suppose for simplicity that
f
:
K
→
K
{\displaystyle f:K\to K}
is continuously differentiable. A regular value of
f
{\displaystyle f}
is a point
p
∈
B
(
0
)
{\displaystyle p\in B(0)}
such that the Jacobian of
f
{\displaystyle f}
is non-singular at every point of the preimage of
p
{\displaystyle p}
. In particular, by the inverse function theorem, every point of the preimage of
f
{\displaystyle f}
lies in
B
(
0
)
{\displaystyle B(0)}
(the interior of
K
{\displaystyle K}
). The degree of
f
{\displaystyle f}
at a regular value
p
∈
B
(
0
)
{\displaystyle p\in B(0)}
is defined as the sum of the signs of the Jacobian determinant of
f
{\displaystyle f}
over the preimages of
p
{\displaystyle p}
under
f
{\displaystyle f}
:
deg
p
(
f
)
=
∑
x
∈
f
−
1
(
p
)
sign
det
(
d
f
x
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {deg} _{p}(f)=\sum _{x\in f^{-1}(p)}\operatorname {sign} \,\det(df_{x}).}
The degree is, roughly speaking, the number of "sheets" of the preimage f lying over a small open set around p, with sheets counted oppositely if they are oppositely oriented. This is thus a generalization of winding number to higher dimensions.
The degree satisfies the property of homotopy invariance: let
f
{\displaystyle f}
and
g
{\displaystyle g}
be two continuously differentiable functions, and
H
t
(
x
)
=
t
f
+
(
1
−
t
)
g
{\displaystyle H_{t}(x)=tf+(1-t)g}
for
0
≤
t
≤
1
{\displaystyle 0\leq t\leq 1}
. Suppose that the point
p
{\displaystyle p}
is a regular value of
H
t
{\displaystyle H_{t}}
for all t. Then
deg
p
f
=
deg
p
g
{\displaystyle \deg _{p}f=\deg _{p}g}
.
If there is no fixed point of the boundary of
K
{\displaystyle K}
, then the function
g
(
x
)
=
x
−
f
(
x
)
sup
y
∈
K
|
y
−
f
(
y
)
|
{\displaystyle g(x)={\frac {x-f(x)}{\sup _{y\in K}\left|y-f(y)\right|}}}
is well-defined, and
H
(
t
,
x
)
=
x
−
t
f
(
x
)
sup
y
∈
K
|
y
−
t
f
(
y
)
|
{\displaystyle H(t,x)={\frac {x-tf(x)}{\sup _{y\in K}\left|y-tf(y)\right|}}}
defines a homotopy from the identity function to it. The identity function has degree one at every point. In particular, the identity function has degree one at the origin, so
g
{\displaystyle g}
also has degree one at the origin. As a consequence, the preimage
g
−
1
(
0
)
{\displaystyle g^{-1}(0)}
is not empty. The elements of
g
−
1
(
0
)
{\displaystyle g^{-1}(0)}
are precisely the fixed points of the original function f.
This requires some work to make fully general. The definition of degree must be extended to singular values of f, and then to continuous functions. The more modern advent of homology theory simplifies the construction of the degree, and so has become a standard proof in the literature.
A proof using the hairy ball theorem
The hairy ball theorem states that on the unit sphere S in an odd-dimensional Euclidean space, there is no nowhere-vanishing continuous tangent vector field w on S. (The tangency condition means that w(x) ⋅ x = 0 for every unit vector x.) Sometimes the theorem is expressed by the statement that "there is always a place on the globe with no wind". An elementary proof of the hairy ball theorem can be found in Milnor (1978).
In fact, suppose first that w is continuously differentiable. By scaling, it can be assumed that w is a continuously differentiable unit tangent vector on S. It can be extended radially to a small spherical shell A of S. For t sufficiently small, a routine computation shows that the mapping ft(x) = x + t w(x) is a contraction mapping on A and that the volume of its image is a polynomial in t. On the other hand, as a contraction mapping, ft must restrict to a homeomorphism of S onto (1 + t2)1/2 S and A onto (1 + t2)1/2 A. This gives a contradiction, because, if the dimension n of the Euclidean space is odd, (1 + t2)n/2 is not a polynomial.
If w is only a continuous unit tangent vector on S, by the Weierstrass approximation theorem, it can be uniformly approximated by a polynomial map u of A into Euclidean space. The orthogonal projection on to the tangent space is given by v(x) = u(x) - u(x) ⋅ x. Thus v is polynomial and nowhere vanishing on A; by construction v/||v|| is a smooth unit tangent vector field on S, a contradiction.
The continuous version of the hairy ball theorem can now be used to prove the Brouwer fixed point theorem. First suppose that n is even. If there were a fixed-point-free continuous self-mapping f of the closed unit ball B of the n-dimensional Euclidean space V, set
w
(
x
)
=
(
1
−
x
⋅
f
(
x
)
)
x
−
(
1
−
x
⋅
x
)
f
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle {\mathbf {w} }({\mathbf {x} })=(1-{\mathbf {x} }\cdot {\mathbf {f} }({\mathbf {x} }))\,{\mathbf {x} }-(1-{\mathbf {x} }\cdot {\mathbf {x} })\,{\mathbf {f} }({\mathbf {x} }).}
Since f has no fixed points, it follows that, for x in the interior of B, the vector w(x) is non-zero; and for x in S, the scalar product x ⋅ w(x) = 1 – x ⋅ f(x) is strictly positive. From the original n-dimensional space Euclidean space V, construct a new auxiliary (n + 1)-dimensional space W = V x R, with coordinates y = (x, t). Set
X
(
x
,
t
)
=
(
−
t
w
(
x
)
,
x
⋅
w
(
x
)
)
.
{\displaystyle {\mathbf {X} }({\mathbf {x} },t)=(-t\,{\mathbf {w} }({\mathbf {x} }),{\mathbf {x} }\cdot {\mathbf {w} }({\mathbf {x} })).}
By construction X is a continuous vector field on the unit sphere of W, satisfying the tangency condition y ⋅ X(y) = 0. Moreover, X(y) is nowhere vanishing (because, if x has norm 1, then x ⋅ w(x) is non-zero; while if x has norm strictly less than 1, then t and w(x) are both non-zero). This contradiction proves the fixed point theorem when n is even. For n odd, one can apply the fixed point theorem to the closed unit ball B in n + 1 dimensions and the mapping F(x,y) = (f(x),0).
The advantage of this proof is that it uses only elementary techniques; more general results like the Borsuk-Ulam theorem require tools from algebraic topology.
A proof using homology or cohomology
The proof uses the observation that the boundary of the n-disk Dn is Sn−1, the (n − 1)-sphere.
Illustration of the retraction F
Suppose, for contradiction, that a continuous function f : Dn → Dn has no fixed point. This means that, for every point x in Dn, the points x and f(x) are distinct. Because they are distinct, for every point x in Dn, we can construct a unique ray from f(x) to x and follow the ray until it intersects the boundary Sn−1 (see illustration). By calling this intersection point F(x), we define a function F : Dn → Sn−1 sending each point in the disk to its corresponding intersection point on the boundary. As a special case, whenever x itself is on the boundary, then the intersection point F(x) must be x.
Consequently, F is a special type of continuous function known as a retraction: every point of the codomain (in this case Sn−1) is a fixed point of F.
Intuitively it seems unlikely that there could be a retraction of Dn onto Sn−1, and in the case n = 1, the impossibility is more basic, because S0 (i.e., the endpoints of the closed interval D1) is not even connected. The case n = 2 is less obvious, but can be proven by using basic arguments involving the fundamental groups of the respective spaces: the retraction would induce a surjective group homomorphism from the fundamental group of D2 to that of S1, but the latter group is isomorphic to Z while the first group is trivial, so this is impossible. The case n = 2 can also be proven by contradiction based on a theorem about non-vanishing vector fields.
For n > 2, however, proving the impossibility of the retraction is more difficult. One way is to make use of homology groups: the homology Hn−1(Dn) is trivial, while Hn−1(Sn−1) is infinite cyclic. This shows that the retraction is impossible, because again the retraction would induce an injective group homomorphism from the latter to the former group.
The impossibility of a retraction can also be shown using the de Rham cohomology of open subsets of Euclidean space En. For n ≥ 2, the de Rham cohomology of U = En – (0) is one-dimensional in degree 0 and n - 1, and vanishes otherwise. If a retraction existed, then U would have to be contractible and its de Rham cohomology in degree n - 1 would have to vanish, a contradiction.
A proof using Stokes' theorem
As in the proof of Brouwer's fixed-point theorem for continuous maps using homology, it is reduced to proving that there is no continuous retraction F from the ball B onto its boundary ∂B. In that case it can be assumed that F is smooth, since it can be approximated using the Weierstrass approximation theorem or by convolving with non-negative smooth bump functions of sufficiently small support and integral one (i.e. mollifying). If ω is a volume form on the boundary then by Stokes' theorem,
0
<
∫
∂
B
ω
=
∫
∂
B
F
∗
(
ω
)
=
∫
B
d
F
∗
(
ω
)
=
∫
B
F
∗
(
d
ω
)
=
∫
B
F
∗
(
0
)
=
0
,
{\displaystyle 0<\int _{\partial B}\omega =\int _{\partial B}F^{*}(\omega )=\int _{B}dF^{*}(\omega )=\int _{B}F^{*}(d\omega )=\int _{B}F^{*}(0)=0,}
giving a contradiction.
More generally, this shows that there is no smooth retraction from any non-empty smooth oriented compact manifold M onto its boundary. The proof using Stokes' theorem is closely related to the proof using homology, because the form ω generates the de Rham cohomology group Hn-1(∂M) which is isomorphic to the homology group Hn-1(∂M) by de Rham's theorem.
A combinatorial proof
The BFPT can be proved using Sperner's lemma. We now give an outline of the proof for the special case in which f is a function from the standard n-simplex,
Δ
n
,
{\displaystyle \Delta ^{n},}
to itself, where
Δ
n
=
{
P
∈
R
n
+
1
∣
∑
i
=
0
n
P
i
=
1
and
P
i
≥
0
for all
i
}
.
{\displaystyle \Delta ^{n}=\left\{P\in \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}\mid \sum _{i=0}^{n}{P_{i}}=1{\text{ and }}P_{i}\geq 0{\text{ for all }}i\right\}.}
For every point
P
∈
Δ
n
,
{\displaystyle P\in \Delta ^{n},}
also
f
(
P
)
∈
Δ
n
.
{\displaystyle f(P)\in \Delta ^{n}.}
Hence the sum of their coordinates is equal:
∑
i
=
0
n
P
i
=
1
=
∑
i
=
0
n
f
(
P
)
i
{\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{n}{P_{i}}=1=\sum _{i=0}^{n}{f(P)_{i}}}
Hence, by the pigeonhole principle, for every
P
∈
Δ
n
,
{\displaystyle P\in \Delta ^{n},}
there must be an index
j
∈
{
0
,
…
,
n
}
{\displaystyle j\in \{0,\ldots ,n\}}
such that the
j
{\displaystyle j}
th coordinate of
P
{\displaystyle P}
is greater than or equal to the
j
{\displaystyle j}
th coordinate of its image under f:
P
j
≥
f
(
P
)
j
.
{\displaystyle P_{j}\geq f(P)_{j}.}
Moreover, if
P
{\displaystyle P}
lies on a k-dimensional sub-face of
Δ
n
,
{\displaystyle \Delta ^{n},}
then by the same argument, the index
j
{\displaystyle j}
can be selected from among the k + 1 coordinates which are not zero on this sub-face.
We now use this fact to construct a Sperner coloring. For every triangulation of
Δ
n
,
{\displaystyle \Delta ^{n},}
the color of every vertex
P
{\displaystyle P}
is an index
j
{\displaystyle j}
such that
f
(
P
)
j
≤
P
j
.
{\displaystyle f(P)_{j}\leq P_{j}.}
By construction, this is a Sperner coloring. Hence, by Sperner's lemma, there is an n-dimensional simplex whose vertices are colored with the entire set of n + 1 available colors.
Because f is continuous, this simplex can be made arbitrarily small by choosing an arbitrarily fine triangulation. Hence, there must be a point
P
{\displaystyle P}
which satisfies the labeling condition in all coordinates:
f
(
P
)
j
≤
P
j
{\displaystyle f(P)_{j}\leq P_{j}}
for all
j
.
{\displaystyle j.}
Because the sum of the coordinates of
P
{\displaystyle P}
and
f
(
P
)
{\displaystyle f(P)}
must be equal, all these inequalities must actually be equalities. But this means that:
f
(
P
)
=
P
.
{\displaystyle f(P)=P.}
That is,
P
{\displaystyle P}
is a fixed point of
f
.
{\displaystyle f.}
A proof by Hirsch
There is also a quick proof, by Morris Hirsch, based on the impossibility of a differentiable retraction. The indirect proof starts by noting that the map f can be approximated by a smooth map retaining the property of not fixing a point; this can be done by using the Weierstrass approximation theorem or by convolving with smooth bump functions. One then defines a retraction as above which must now be differentiable. Such a retraction must have a non-singular value, by Sard's theorem, which is also non-singular for the restriction to the boundary (which is just the identity). Thus the inverse image would be a 1-manifold with boundary. The boundary would have to contain at least two end points, both of which would have to lie on the boundary of the original ball—which is impossible in a retraction.
R. Bruce Kellogg, Tien-Yien Li, and James A. Yorke turned Hirsch's proof into a computable proof by observing that the retract is in fact defined everywhere except at the fixed points. For almost any point, q, on the boundary, (assuming it is not a fixed point) the one manifold with boundary mentioned above does exist and the only possibility is that it leads from q to a fixed point. It is an easy numerical task to follow such a path from q to the fixed point so the method is essentially computable. gave a conceptually similar path-following version of the homotopy proof which extends to a wide variety of related problems.
A proof using oriented area
A variation of the preceding proof does not employ the Sard's theorem, and goes as follows. If
r
:
B
→
∂
B
{\displaystyle r\colon B\to \partial B}
is a smooth retraction, one considers the smooth deformation
g
t
(
x
)
:=
t
r
(
x
)
+
(
1
−
t
)
x
,
{\displaystyle g^{t}(x):=tr(x)+(1-t)x,}
and the smooth function
φ
(
t
)
:=
∫
B
det
D
g
t
(
x
)
d
x
.
{\displaystyle \varphi (t):=\int _{B}\det Dg^{t}(x)\,dx.}
Differentiating under the sign of integral it is not difficult to check that φ′(t) = 0 for all t, so φ is a constant function, which is a contradiction because φ(0) is the n-dimensional volume of the ball, while φ(1) is zero. The geometric idea is that φ(t) is the oriented area of gt(B) (that is, the Lebesgue measure of the image of the ball via gt, taking into account multiplicity and orientation), and should remain constant (as it is very clear in the one-dimensional case). On the other hand, as the parameter t passes from 0 to 1 the map gt transforms continuously from the identity map of the ball, to the retraction r, which is a contradiction since the oriented area of the identity coincides with the volume of the ball, while the oriented area of r is necessarily 0, as its image is the boundary of the ball, a set of null measure.
A proof using the game Hex
A quite different proof given by David Gale is based on the game of Hex. The basic theorem regarding Hex, first proven by John Nash, is that no game of Hex can end in a draw; the first player always has a winning strategy (although this theorem is nonconstructive, and explicit strategies have not been fully developed for board sizes of dimensions 10 x 10 or greater). This turns out to be equivalent to the Brouwer fixed-point theorem for dimension 2. By considering n-dimensional versions of Hex, one can prove in general that Brouwer's theorem is equivalent to the determinacy theorem for Hex.
A proof using the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem
The Lefschetz fixed-point theorem says that if a continuous map f from a finite simplicial complex B to itself has only isolated fixed points, then the number of fixed points counted with multiplicities (which may be negative) is equal to the Lefschetz number
∑
n
(
−
1
)
n
Tr
(
f
|
H
n
(
B
)
)
{\displaystyle \displaystyle \sum _{n}(-1)^{n}\operatorname {Tr} (f|H_{n}(B))}
and in particular if the Lefschetz number is nonzero then f must have a fixed point. If B is a ball (or more generally is contractible) then the Lefschetz number is one because the only non-zero simplicial homology group is:
H
0
(
B
)
{\displaystyle H_{0}(B)}
and f acts as the identity on this group, so f has a fixed point.
A proof in a weak logical system
In reverse mathematics, Brouwer's theorem can be proved in the system WKL0, and conversely over the base system RCA0 Brouwer's theorem for a square implies the weak Kőnig's lemma, so this gives a precise description of the strength of Brouwer's theorem.
Generalizations
The Brouwer fixed-point theorem forms the starting point of a number of more general fixed-point theorems.
The straightforward generalization to infinite dimensions, i.e. using the unit ball of an arbitrary Hilbert space instead of Euclidean space, is not true. The main problem here is that the unit balls of infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces are not compact. For example, in the Hilbert space ℓ2 of square-summable real (or complex) sequences, consider the map f : ℓ2 → ℓ2 which sends a sequence (xn) from the closed unit ball of ℓ2 to the sequence (yn) defined by
y
0
=
1
−
‖
x
‖
2
2
and
y
n
=
x
n
−
1
for
n
≥
1.
{\displaystyle y_{0}={\sqrt {1-\|x\|_{2}^{2}}}\quad {\text{ and}}\quad y_{n}=x_{n-1}{\text{ for }}n\geq 1.}
It is not difficult to check that this map is continuous, has its image in the unit sphere of ℓ2, but does not have a fixed point.
The generalizations of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem to infinite dimensional spaces therefore all include a compactness assumption of some sort, and also often an assumption of convexity. See fixed-point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces for a discussion of these theorems.
There is also finite-dimensional generalization to a larger class of spaces: If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a product of finitely many chainable continua, then every continuous function
f
:
X
→
X
{\displaystyle f:X\rightarrow X}
has a fixed point, where a chainable continuum is a (usually but in this case not necessarily metric) compact Hausdorff space of which every open cover has a finite open refinement
{
U
1
,
…
,
U
m
}
{\displaystyle \{U_{1},\ldots ,U_{m}\}}
, such that
U
i
∩
U
j
≠
∅
{\displaystyle U_{i}\cap U_{j}\neq \emptyset }
if and only if
|
i
−
j
|
≤
1
{\displaystyle |i-j|\leq 1}
. Examples of chainable continua include compact connected linearly ordered spaces and in particular closed intervals of real numbers.
The Kakutani fixed point theorem generalizes the Brouwer fixed-point theorem in a different direction: it stays in Rn, but considers upper hemi-continuous set-valued functions (functions that assign to each point of the set a subset of the set). It also requires compactness and convexity of the set.
The Lefschetz fixed-point theorem applies to (almost) arbitrary compact topological spaces, and gives a condition in terms of singular homology that guarantees the existence of fixed points; this condition is trivially satisfied for any map in the case of Dn.
Equivalent results
There are several fixed-point theorems which come in three equivalent variants: an algebraic topology variant, a combinatorial variant and a set-covering variant. Each variant can be proved separately using totally different arguments, but each variant can also be reduced to the other variants in its row. Additionally, each result in
the top row can be deduced from the one below it in the same column.
Algebraic topology
Combinatorics
Set covering
Brouwer fixed-point theorem
Sperner's lemma
Knaster–Kuratowski–Mazurkiewicz lemma
Borsuk–Ulam theorem
Tucker's lemma
Lusternik–Schnirelmann theorem
See also
Banach fixed-point theorem
Fixed-point computation
Infinite compositions of analytic functions
Nash equilibrium
Poincaré–Miranda theorem – equivalent to the Brouwer fixed-point theorem
Topological combinatorics
Notes
^ E.g. F & V Bayart Théorèmes du point fixe on [email protected] Archived December 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ See page 15 of: D. Leborgne Calcul différentiel et géométrie Puf (1982) ISBN 2-13-037495-6
^ More exactly, according to Encyclopédie Universalis: Il en a démontré l'un des plus beaux théorèmes, le théorème du point fixe, dont les applications et généralisations, de la théorie des jeux aux équations différentielles, se sont révélées fondamentales. Luizen Brouwer by G. Sabbagh
^ a b Jacques Hadamard: Note sur quelques applications de l'indice de Kronecker in Jules Tannery: Introduction à la théorie des fonctions d'une variable (Volume 2), 2nd edition, A. Hermann & Fils, Paris 1910, pp. 437–477 (French)
^ a b c Brouwer, L. E. J. (1911). "Über Abbildungen von Mannigfaltigkeiten". Mathematische Annalen (in German). 71: 97–115. doi:10.1007/BF01456931. S2CID 177796823.
^ D. Violette Applications du lemme de Sperner pour les triangles Bulletin AMQ, V. XLVI N° 4, (2006) p 17. Archived June 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ Page 15 of: D. Leborgne Calcul différentiel et géométrie Puf (1982) ISBN 2-13-037495-6.
^ This version follows directly from the previous one because every convex compact subset of a Euclidean space is homeomorphic to a closed ball of the same dimension as the subset; see Florenzano, Monique (2003). General Equilibrium Analysis: Existence and Optimality Properties of Equilibria. Springer. p. 7. ISBN 9781402075124. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
^ V. & F. Bayart Point fixe, et théorèmes du point fixe on Bibmath.net. Archived December 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ C. Minazzo K. Rider Théorèmes du Point Fixe et Applications aux Equations Différentielles Archived 2018-04-04 at the Wayback Machine Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis.
^ Belk, Jim. "Why is convexity a requirement for Brouwer fixed points?". Math StackExchange. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
^ The interest of this anecdote rests in its intuitive and didactic character, but its accuracy is dubious. As the history section shows, the origin of the theorem is not Brouwer's work. More than 20 years earlier Henri Poincaré had proved an equivalent result, and 5 years before Brouwer P. Bohl had proved the three-dimensional case.
^ a b c This citation comes originally from a television broadcast: Archimède, Arte, 21 septembre 1999
^ a b Bohl, P. (1904). "Über die Bewegung eines mechanischen Systems in der Nähe einer Gleichgewichtslage". J. Reine Angew. Math. 127 (3/4): 179–276.
^ Karamardian, Stephan (1977). Fixed points: algorithms and applications. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-398050-2.
^ Istrăţescu, Vasile (1981). Fixed point theory. Dordrecht-Boston, Mass.: D. Reidel Publishing Co. ISBN 978-90-277-1224-0.
^ See F. Brechenmacher L'identité algébrique d'une pratique portée par la discussion sur l'équation à l'aide de laquelle on détermine les inégalités séculaires des planètes CNRS Fédération de Recherche Mathématique du Nord-Pas-de-Calais
^ Henri Poincaré won the King of Sweden's mathematical competition in 1889 for his work on the related three-body problem: Jacques Tits Célébrations nationales 2004 Site du Ministère Culture et Communication
^ Henri Poincaré Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste T Gauthier-Villars, Vol 3 p 389 (1892) new edition Paris: Blanchard, 1987.
^ Quotation from Henri Poincaré taken from: P. A. Miquel La catégorie de désordre Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, on the website of l'Association roumaine des chercheurs francophones en sciences humaines
^ This question was studied in: Poincaré, H. (1886). "Sur les courbes définies par les équations différentielles". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. 2 (4): 167–244.
^ This follows from the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem.
^ Multiplication by 1/2 on ]0, 1[2 has no fixed point.
^ "concerne les propriétés invariantes d'une figure lorsqu'on la déforme de manière continue quelconque, sans déchirure (par exemple, dans le cas de la déformation de la sphère, les propriétés corrélatives des objets tracés sur sa surface". From C. Houzel M. Paty Poincaré, Henri (1854–1912) Archived 2010-10-08 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Universalis Albin Michel, Paris, 1999, p. 696–706
^ Poincaré's theorem is stated in: V. I. Istratescu Fixed Point Theory an Introduction Kluwer Academic Publishers (réédition de 2001) p 113 ISBN 1-4020-0301-3
^ Voitsekhovskii, M.I. (2001) , "Brouwer theorem", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, ISBN 1-4020-0609-8
^ Dieudonné, Jean (1989). A History of Algebraic and Differential Topology, 1900–1960. Boston: Birkhäuser. pp. 17–24. ISBN 978-0-8176-3388-2.
^ See for example: Émile Picard Sur l'application des méthodes d'approximations successives à l'étude de certaines équations différentielles ordinaires Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine Journal de Mathématiques p 217 (1893)
^ J. J. O'Connor E. F. Robertson Piers Bohl
^ Myskis, A. D.; Rabinovic, I. M. (1955). "Первое доказательство теоремы о неподвижной точке при непрерывном отображении шара в себя, данное латышским математиком П.Г.Болем" . Успехи математических наук (in Russian). 10 (3): 188–192.
^ J. J. O'Connor E. F. Robertson Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer
^ Freudenthal, Hans (1975). "The cradle of modern topology, according to Brouwer's inedita". Historia Mathematica. 2 (4): 495–502 . doi:10.1016/0315-0860(75)90111-1.
^ Freudenthal, Hans (1975). "The cradle of modern topology, according to Brouwer's inedita". Historia Mathematica. 2 (4): 495–502 . doi:10.1016/0315-0860(75)90111-1. ... cette dernière propriété, bien que sous des hypothèses plus grossières, ait été démontré par H. Poincaré
^ Freudenthal, Hans (1975). "The cradle of modern topology, according to Brouwer's inedita". Historia Mathematica. 2 (4): 495–502 . doi:10.1016/0315-0860(75)90111-1.
^ If an open subset of a manifold is homeomorphic to an open subset of a Euclidean space of dimension n, and if p is a positive integer other than n, then the open set is never homeomorphic to an open subset of a Euclidean space of dimension p.
^ J. J. O'Connor E. F. Robertson Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer.
^ The term algebraic topology first appeared 1931 under the pen of David van Dantzig: J. Miller Topological algebra on the site Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (2007)
^ V. I. Istratescu Fixed Point Theory. An Introduction Kluwer Academic Publishers (new edition 2001) ISBN 1-4020-0301-3.
^ "... Brouwer's fixed point theorem, perhaps the most important fixed point theorem." p xiii V. I. Istratescu Fixed Point Theory an Introduction Kluwer Academic Publishers (new edition 2001) ISBN 1-4020-0301-3.
^ E.g.: S. Greenwood J. Cao Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem and the Jordan Curve Theorem University of Auckland, New Zealand.
^ Schauder, J. (1930). "Der Fixpunktsatz in Funktionsräumen". Studia Mathematica. 2: 171–180. doi:10.4064/sm-2-1-171-180.
^ Kakutani, S. (1941). "A generalization of Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem". Duke Mathematical Journal. 8 (3): 457–459. doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-41-00838-4.
^ These examples are taken from: F. Boyer Théorèmes de point fixe et applications CMI Université Paul Cézanne (2008–2009) Archived copy at WebCite (August 1, 2010).
^ For context and references see the article Hex (board game).
^ P. Bich Une extension discontinue du théorème du point fixe de Schauder, et quelques applications en économie Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris (2007)
^ For a long explanation, see: Dubucs, J. P. (1988). "L. J. E. Brouwer : Topologie et constructivisme". Revue d'Histoire des Sciences. 41 (2): 133–155. doi:10.3406/rhs.1988.4094.
^ Later it would be shown that the formalism that was combatted by Brouwer can also serve to formalise intuitionism, with some modifications. For further details see constructive set theory.
^ Milnor 1965, pp. 1–19
^ Teschl, Gerald (2019). "10. The Brouwer mapping degree". Topics in Linear and Nonlinear Functional Analysis (PDF). Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
^ Milnor 1978
^ Madsen & Tornehave 1997, pp. 39–48
^ Boothby 1971
^ Boothby 1986
^ Dieudonné 1982
^ Hirsch 1988
^ Kellogg, Li & Yorke 1976.
^ Chow, Mallet-Paret & Yorke 1978.
^ Kulpa 1989
^ David Gale (1979). "The Game of Hex and Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem". The American Mathematical Monthly. 86 (10): 818–827. doi:10.2307/2320146. JSTOR 2320146.
^ Hilton & Wylie 1960
^ Spanier 1966
^ Eldon Dyer (1956). "A fixed point theorem". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 7 (4): 662–672. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1956-0078693-4.
^ Nyman, Kathryn L.; Su, Francis Edward (2013), "A Borsuk–Ulam equivalent that directly implies Sperner's lemma", The American Mathematical Monthly, 120 (4): 346–354, doi:10.4169/amer.math.monthly.120.04.346, JSTOR 10.4169/amer.math.monthly.120.04.346, MR 3035127
References
Boothby, William M. (1971). "On two classical theorems of algebraic topology". Amer. Math. Monthly. 78 (3): 237–249. doi:10.2307/2317520. JSTOR 2317520. MR 0283792.
Boothby, William M. (1986). An introduction to differentiable manifolds and Riemannian geometry. Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 120 (Second ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-116052-1. MR 0861409.
Bredon, Glen E. (1993). Topology and geometry. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 139. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97926-3. MR 1224675.
Chow, Shui Nee; Mallet-Paret, John; Yorke, James A. (1978). "Finding zeroes of maps: Homotopy methods that are constructive with probability one". Mathematics of Computation. 32 (143): 887–899. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1978-0492046-9. MR 0492046.
Dieudonné, Jean (1982). "8. Les théorèmes de Brouwer". Éléments d'analyse. Cahiers Scientifiques (in French). Vol. IX. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. pp. 44–47. ISBN 2-04-011499-8. MR 0658305.
Dieudonné, Jean (1989). A history of algebraic and differential topology, 1900–1960. Birkhäuser. pp. 166–203. ISBN 0-8176-3388-X. MR 0995842.
Gale, D. (1979). "The Game of Hex and Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem". The American Mathematical Monthly. 86 (10): 818–827. doi:10.2307/2320146. JSTOR 2320146.
Hirsch, Morris W. (1988). Differential Topology. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-90148-0. (see p. 72–73 for Hirsch's proof utilizing non-existence of a differentiable retraction)
Hilton, Peter J.; Wylie, Sean (1960). Homology theory: An introduction to algebraic topology. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521094224. MR 0115161.
Istrăţescu, Vasile I. (1981). Fixed Point Theory. Mathematics and its Applications. Vol. 7. Dordrecht–Boston, MA: D. Reidel. ISBN 978-90-277-1224-0. MR 0620639.
Karamardian, S., ed. (1977). Fixed Points: Algorithms and Applications. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-398050-2.
Kellogg, R. Bruce; Li, Tien-Yien; Yorke, James A. (1976). "A constructive proof of the Brouwer fixed point theorem and computational results". SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis. 13 (4): 473–483. Bibcode:1976SJNA...13..473K. doi:10.1137/0713041. MR 0416010.
Kulpa, Władysław (1989). "An integral theorem and its applications to coincidence theorems". Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Mathematica et Physica. 30 (2): 83–90.
Leoni, Giovanni (2017). A First Course in Sobolev Spaces: Second Edition. Graduate Studies in Mathematics. 181. American Mathematical Society. pp. 734. ISBN 978-1-4704-2921-8
Madsen, Ib; Tornehave, Jørgen (1997). From calculus to cohomology: de Rham cohomology and characteristic classes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58059-5. MR 1454127.
Milnor, John W. (1965). Topology from the differentiable viewpoint. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. MR 0226651.
Milnor, John W. (1978). "Analytic proofs of the 'hairy ball theorem' and the Brouwer fixed-point theorem" (PDF). Amer. Math. Monthly. 85 (7): 521–524. JSTOR 2320860. MR 0505523. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Sobolev, Vladimir I. (2001) , "Brouwer theorem", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
Spanier, Edwin H. (1966). Algebraic topology. New York-Toronto-London: McGraw-Hill.
External links
Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem for Triangles at cut-the-knot
Brouwer theorem Archived 2007-03-19 at the Wayback Machine, from PlanetMath with attached proof.
Reconstructing Brouwer at MathPages
Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem at Math Images.
Authority control databases: National
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E. J. (Bertus) Brouwer. It states that for any continuous function \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n mapping a nonempty compact convex set to itself, there is a point \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{0}}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n =\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x_{0})=x_{0}}\n \n. The simplest forms of Brouwer's theorem are for continuous functions \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n from a closed interval \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n in the real numbers to itself or from a closed disk \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D}\n \n to itself. A more general form than the latter is for continuous functions from a nonempty convex compact subset \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n of Euclidean space to itself.Among hundreds of fixed-point theorems,[1] Brouwer's is particularly well known, due in part to its use across numerous fields of mathematics. In its original field, this result is one of the key theorems characterizing the topology of Euclidean spaces, along with the Jordan curve theorem, the hairy ball theorem, the invariance of dimension and the Borsuk–Ulam theorem.[2] This gives it a place among the fundamental theorems of topology.[3] The theorem is also used for proving deep results about differential equations and is covered in most introductory courses on differential geometry. It appears in unlikely fields such as game theory. In economics, Brouwer's fixed-point theorem and its extension, the Kakutani fixed-point theorem, play a central role in the proof of existence of general equilibrium in market economies as developed in the 1950s by economics Nobel prize winners Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu.The theorem was first studied in view of work on differential equations by the French mathematicians around Henri Poincaré and Charles Émile Picard. Proving results such as the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem requires the use of topological methods. This work at the end of the 19th century opened into several successive versions of the theorem. The case of differentiable mappings of the n-dimensional closed ball was first proved in 1910 by Jacques Hadamard[4] and the general case for continuous mappings by Brouwer in 1911.[5]","title":"Brouwer fixed-point theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"continuous function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function_(topology)"},{"link_name":"closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_set"},{"link_name":"disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"closed ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_ball"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"convex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_set"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Schauder fixed point theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauder_fixed_point_theorem"},{"link_name":"Banach space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_space"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The theorem has several formulations, depending on the context in which it is used and its degree of generalization. The simplest is sometimes given as follows:In the plane\nEvery continuous function from a closed disk to itself has at least one fixed point.[6]This can be generalized to an arbitrary finite dimension:In Euclidean space\nEvery continuous function from a closed ball of a Euclidean space into itself has a fixed point.[7]A slightly more general version is as follows:[8]Convex compact set\nEvery continuous function from a nonempty convex compact subset K of a Euclidean space to K itself has a fixed point.[9]An even more general form is better known under a different name:Schauder fixed point theorem\nEvery continuous function from a nonempty convex compact subset K of a Banach space to K itself has a fixed point.[10]","title":"Statement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homeomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism"}],"text":"The theorem holds only for functions that are endomorphisms (functions that have the same set as the domain and codomain) and for nonempty sets that are compact (thus, in particular, bounded and closed) and convex (or homeomorphic to convex). The following examples show why the pre-conditions are important.","title":"Importance of the pre-conditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The function f as an endomorphism","text":"Consider the functionf\n (\n x\n )\n =\n x\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=x+1}with domain [-1,1]. The range of the function is [0,2]. Thus, f is not an endomorphism.","title":"Importance of the pre-conditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Boundedness","text":"Consider the functionf\n (\n x\n )\n =\n x\n +\n 1\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=x+1,}which is a continuous function from \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n \n to itself. As it shifts every point to the right, it cannot have a fixed point. The space \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n \n is convex and closed, but not bounded.","title":"Importance of the pre-conditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Closedness","text":"Consider the functionf\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n \n x\n +\n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)={\\frac {x+1}{2}},}which is a continuous function from the open interval (−1,1) to itself. Since x = 1 is not part of the interval, there is not a fixed point of f(x) = x. The space (−1,1) is convex and bounded, but not closed. On the other hand, the function f does have a fixed point for the closed interval [−1,1], namely f(1) = 1.","title":"Importance of the pre-conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homeomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism"},{"link_name":"closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_set"},{"link_name":"connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_space"},{"link_name":"without holes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_connected"},{"link_name":"Lefschetz fixed-point theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefschetz_fixed-point_theorem"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Convexity","text":"Convexity is not strictly necessary for Brouwer's fixed-point theorem. Because the properties involved (continuity, being a fixed point) are invariant under homeomorphisms, Brouwer's fixed-point theorem is equivalent to forms in which the domain is required to be a closed unit ball \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D^{n}}\n \n. For the same reason it holds for every set that is homeomorphic to a closed ball (and therefore also closed, bounded, connected, without holes, etc.).The following example shows that Brouwer's fixed-point theorem does not work for domains with holes. Consider the function \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n −\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=-x}\n \n, which is a continuous function from the unit circle to itself. Since -x≠x holds for any point of the unit circle, f has no fixed point. The analogous example works for the n-dimensional sphere (or any symmetric domain that does not contain the origin). The unit circle is closed and bounded, but it has a hole (and so it is not convex) . The function f does have a fixed point for the unit disc, since it takes the origin to itself.A formal generalization of Brouwer's fixed-point theorem for \"hole-free\" domains can be derived from the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem.[11]","title":"Importance of the pre-conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bijective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijective"},{"link_name":"surjective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surjective"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"The continuous function in this theorem is not required to be bijective or surjective.","title":"Importance of the pre-conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shaken, not stirred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken,_not_stirred"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The theorem has several \"real world\" illustrations. Here are some examples.Take two sheets of graph paper of equal size with coordinate systems on them, lay one flat on the table and crumple up (without ripping or tearing) the other one and place it, in any fashion, on top of the first so that the crumpled paper does not reach outside the flat one. There will then be at least one point of the crumpled sheet that lies directly above its corresponding point (i.e. the point with the same coordinates) of the flat sheet. This is a consequence of the n = 2 case of Brouwer's theorem applied to the continuous map that assigns to the coordinates of every point of the crumpled sheet the coordinates of the point of the flat sheet immediately beneath it.\nTake an ordinary map of a country, and suppose that that map is laid out on a table inside that country. There will always be a \"You are Here\" point on the map which represents that same point in the country.\nIn three dimensions a consequence of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem is that, no matter how much you stir a delicious cocktail in a glass (or think about milk shake), when the liquid has come to rest, some point in the liquid will end up in exactly the same place in the glass as before you took any action, assuming that the final position of each point is a continuous function of its original position, that the liquid after stirring is contained within the space originally taken up by it, and that the glass (and stirred surface shape) maintain a convex volume. Ordering a cocktail shaken, not stirred defeats the convexity condition (\"shaking\" being defined as a dynamic series of non-convex inertial containment states in the vacant headspace under a lid). In that case, the theorem would not apply, and thus all points of the liquid disposition are potentially displaced from the original state. [citation needed]","title":"Illustrations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Intuitive approach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arte-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arte-13"},{"link_name":"Stefan Banach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Banach"}],"sub_title":"Explanations attributed to Brouwer","text":"The theorem is supposed to have originated from Brouwer's observation of a cup of gourmet coffee.[12]\nIf one stirs to dissolve a lump of sugar, it appears there is always a point without motion.\nHe drew the conclusion that at any moment, there is a point on the surface that is not moving.[13]\nThe fixed point is not necessarily the point that seems to be motionless, since the centre of the turbulence moves a little bit.\nThe result is not intuitive, since the original fixed point may become mobile when another fixed point appears.Brouwer is said to have added: \"I can formulate this splendid result different, I take a horizontal sheet, and another identical one which I crumple, flatten and place on the other. Then a point of the crumpled sheet is in the same place as on the other sheet.\"[13]\nBrouwer \"flattens\" his sheet as with a flat iron, without removing the folds and wrinkles. Unlike the coffee cup example, the crumpled paper example also demonstrates that more than one fixed point may exist. This distinguishes Brouwer's result from other fixed-point theorems, such as Stefan Banach's, that guarantee uniqueness.","title":"Intuitive approach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intermediate value theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_value_theorem"},{"link_name":"zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arte-13"}],"sub_title":"One-dimensional case","text":"In one dimension, the result is intuitive and easy to prove. The continuous function f is defined on a closed interval [a, b] and takes values in the same interval. Saying that this function has a fixed point amounts to saying that its graph (dark green in the figure on the right) intersects that of the function defined on the same interval [a, b] which maps x to x (light green).Intuitively, any continuous line from the left edge of the square to the right edge must necessarily intersect the green diagonal. To prove this, consider the function g which maps x to f(x) − x. It is ≥ 0 on a and ≤ 0 on b. By the intermediate value theorem, g has a zero in [a, b]; this zero is a fixed point.Brouwer is said to have expressed this as follows: \"Instead of examining a surface, we will prove the theorem about a piece of string. Let us begin with the string in an unfolded state, then refold it. Let us flatten the refolded string. Again a point of the string has not changed its position with respect to its original position on the unfolded string.\"[13]","title":"Intuitive approach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algebraic topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology"},{"link_name":"fixed point theorems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_point_theorem"},{"link_name":"functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"Piers Bohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Bohl"},{"link_name":"Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_f%C3%BCr_die_reine_und_angewandte_Mathematik"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bohl1904-14"},{"link_name":"L. E. J. Brouwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitzen_Egbertus_Jan_Brouwer"},{"link_name":"Jacques Hadamard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Hadamard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hadamard-1910-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brouwer-1910-5"},{"link_name":"non-constructive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_proof"},{"link_name":"indirect proofs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_proof"},{"link_name":"intuitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionist"},{"link_name":"constructivism in mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"approximate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximation_theory"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karamardian1977-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Istratescu1981-16"}],"text":"The Brouwer fixed point theorem was one of the early achievements of algebraic topology, and is the basis of more general fixed point theorems which are important in functional analysis. The case n = 3 first was proved by Piers Bohl in 1904 (published in Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik).[14] It was later proved by L. E. J. Brouwer in 1909. Jacques Hadamard proved the general case in 1910,[4] and Brouwer found a different proof in the same year.[5] Since these early proofs were all non-constructive indirect proofs, they ran contrary to Brouwer's intuitionist ideals. Although the existence of a fixed point is not constructive in the sense of constructivism in mathematics, methods to approximate fixed points guaranteed by Brouwer's theorem are now known.[15][16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me-de-Brouwer-(cond-1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me-de-Brouwer-(cond-2).jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"stability of the solar system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability_of_the_solar_system"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Henri Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"three-body problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-body_problem"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-methodes-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"topological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_set"},{"link_name":"bounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_set"},{"link_name":"limit cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_cycle"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Universalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Universalis"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"fundamental group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_group"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Émile Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%C3%89mile_Picard"},{"link_name":"Cauchy–Lipschitz theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Lipschitz_theorem"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"another fixed-point theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_fixed-point_theorem"},{"link_name":"Banach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Banach"},{"link_name":"contraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_mapping"}],"sub_title":"Before discovery","text":"For flows in an unbounded area, or in an area with a \"hole\", the theorem is not applicable.The theorem applies to any disk-shaped area, where it guarantees the existence of a fixed point.At the end of the 19th century, the old problem[17] of the stability of the solar system returned into the focus of the mathematical community.[18]\nIts solution required new methods. As noted by Henri Poincaré, who worked on the three-body problem, there is no hope to find an exact solution: \"Nothing is more proper to give us an idea of the hardness of the three-body problem, and generally of all problems of Dynamics where there is no uniform integral and the Bohlin series diverge.\"[19]\nHe also noted that the search for an approximate solution is no more efficient: \"the more we seek to obtain precise approximations, the more the result will diverge towards an increasing imprecision\".[20]He studied a question analogous to that of the surface movement in a cup of coffee. What can we say, in general, about the trajectories on a surface animated by a constant flow?[21] Poincaré discovered that the answer can be found in what we now call the topological properties in the area containing the trajectory. If this area is compact, i.e. both closed and bounded, then the trajectory either becomes stationary, or it approaches a limit cycle.[22] Poincaré went further; if the area is of the same kind as a disk, as is the case for the cup of coffee, there must necessarily be a fixed point. This fixed point is invariant under all functions which associate to each point of the original surface its position after a short time interval t. If the area is a circular band, or if it is not closed,[23] then this is not necessarily the case.To understand differential equations better, a new branch of mathematics was born. Poincaré called it analysis situs. The French Encyclopædia Universalis defines it as the branch which \"treats the properties of an object that are invariant if it is deformed in any continuous way, without tearing\".[24] In 1886, Poincaré proved a result that is equivalent to Brouwer's fixed-point theorem,[25] although the connection with the subject of this article was not yet apparent.[26] A little later, he developed one of the fundamental tools for better understanding the analysis situs, now known as the fundamental group or sometimes the Poincaré group.[27] This method can be used for a very compact proof of the theorem under discussion.Poincaré's method was analogous to that of Émile Picard, a contemporary mathematician who generalized the Cauchy–Lipschitz theorem.[28] Picard's approach is based on a result that would later be formalised by another fixed-point theorem, named after Banach. Instead of the topological properties of the domain, this theorem uses the fact that the function in question is a contraction.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hadamard2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacques Hadamard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Hadamard"},{"link_name":"Piers Bohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Bohl"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bohl1904-14"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"Hilbert's fifth problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s_fifth_problem"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Henri Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Jacques Hadamard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Hadamard"},{"link_name":"Émile Borel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Borel"},{"link_name":"hairy ball theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_ball_theorem"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"homotopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy"},{"link_name":"Hans Freudenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Freudenthal"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brouwer-1910-5"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Jordan curve theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_curve_theorem"},{"link_name":"degree of a continuous mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_continuous_mapping"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"algebraic topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"First proofs","text":"Jacques Hadamard helped Brouwer to formalize his ideas.At the dawn of the 20th century, the interest in analysis situs did not stay unnoticed. However, the necessity of a theorem equivalent to the one discussed in this article was not yet evident. Piers Bohl, a Latvian mathematician, applied topological methods to the study of differential equations.[29] In 1904 he proved the three-dimensional case of our theorem,[14] but his publication was not noticed.[30]It was Brouwer, finally, who gave the theorem its first patent of nobility. His goals were different from those of Poincaré. This mathematician was inspired by the foundations of mathematics, especially mathematical logic and topology. His initial interest lay in an attempt to solve Hilbert's fifth problem.[31] In 1909, during a voyage to Paris, he met Henri Poincaré, Jacques Hadamard, and Émile Borel. The ensuing discussions convinced Brouwer of the importance of a better understanding of Euclidean spaces, and were the origin of a fruitful exchange of letters with Hadamard. For the next four years, he concentrated on the proof of certain great theorems on this question. In 1912 he proved the hairy ball theorem for the two-dimensional sphere, as well as the fact that every continuous map from the two-dimensional ball to itself has a fixed point.[32] These two results in themselves were not really new. As Hadamard observed, Poincaré had shown a theorem equivalent to the hairy ball theorem.[33] The revolutionary aspect of Brouwer's approach was his systematic use of recently developed tools such as homotopy, the underlying concept of the Poincaré group. In the following year, Hadamard generalised the theorem under discussion to an arbitrary finite dimension, but he employed different methods. Hans Freudenthal comments on the respective roles as follows: \"Compared to Brouwer's revolutionary methods, those of Hadamard were very traditional, but Hadamard's participation in the birth of Brouwer's ideas resembles that of a midwife more than that of a mere spectator.\"[34]Brouwer's approach yielded its fruits, and in 1910 he also found a proof that was valid for any finite dimension,[5] as well as other key theorems such as the invariance of dimension.[35] In the context of this work, Brouwer also generalized the Jordan curve theorem to arbitrary dimension and established the properties connected with the degree of a continuous mapping.[36] This branch of mathematics, originally envisioned by Poincaré and developed by Brouwer, changed its name. In the 1930s, analysis situs became algebraic topology.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_f_nash_20061102_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash"},{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"fixed-point theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_theory"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"topological manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_manifold"},{"link_name":"Jordan curve theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_curve_theorem"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"contracting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_mapping"},{"link_name":"Borsuk–Ulam theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsuk%E2%80%93Ulam_theorem"},{"link_name":"Lefschetz fixed-point theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefschetz_fixed-point_theorem"},{"link_name":"Banach spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_space"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Schauder's fixed-point theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_theorems_in_infinite-dimensional_spaces"},{"link_name":"set-valued functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-valued_function"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Hartman-Grobman theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartman-Grobman_theorem"},{"link_name":"Central Limit Theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Limit_Theorem"},{"link_name":"partial differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equation"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"John Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash"},{"link_name":"Hex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Hotelling's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotelling%27s_law"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"not constructive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_proof"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"constructivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"intuitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionistic_logic"},{"link_name":"set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"John Nash used the theorem in game theory to prove the existence of an equilibrium strategy profile.The theorem proved its worth in more than one way. During the 20th century numerous fixed-point theorems were developed, and even a branch of mathematics called fixed-point theory.[38]\nBrouwer's theorem is probably the most important.[39] It is also among the foundational theorems on the topology of topological manifolds and is often used to prove other important results such as the Jordan curve theorem.[40]Besides the fixed-point theorems for more or less contracting functions, there are many that have emerged directly or indirectly from the result under discussion. A continuous map from a closed ball of Euclidean space to its boundary cannot be the identity on the boundary. Similarly, the Borsuk–Ulam theorem says that a continuous map from the n-dimensional sphere to Rn has a pair of antipodal points that are mapped to the same point. In the finite-dimensional case, the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem provided from 1926 a method for counting fixed points. In 1930, Brouwer's fixed-point theorem was generalized to Banach spaces.[41] This generalization is known as Schauder's fixed-point theorem, a result generalized further by S. Kakutani to set-valued functions.[42] One also meets the theorem and its variants outside topology. It can be used to prove the Hartman-Grobman theorem, which describes the qualitative behaviour of certain differential equations near certain equilibria. Similarly, Brouwer's theorem is used for the proof of the Central Limit Theorem. The theorem can also be found in existence proofs for the solutions of certain partial differential equations.[43]Other areas are also touched. In game theory, John Nash used the theorem to prove that in the game of Hex there is a winning strategy for white.[44] In economics, P. Bich explains that certain generalizations of the theorem show that its use is helpful for certain classical problems in game theory and generally for equilibria (Hotelling's law), financial equilibria and incomplete markets.[45]Brouwer's celebrity is not exclusively due to his topological work. The proofs of his great topological theorems are not constructive,[46] and Brouwer's dissatisfaction with this is partly what led him to articulate the idea of constructivity. He became the originator and zealous defender of a way of formalising mathematics that is known as intuitionism, which at the time made a stand against set theory.[47] Brouwer disavowed his original proof of the fixed-point theorem.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Proof outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"degree of a continuous mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_continuous_mapping"},{"link_name":"differential topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_topology"},{"link_name":"Milnor (1965)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMilnor1965"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milnor-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"regular value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_value"},{"link_name":"Jacobian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobian_matrix_and_determinant"},{"link_name":"inverse function theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_function_theorem"},{"link_name":"Jacobian determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobian_determinant"},{"link_name":"winding number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winding_number"},{"link_name":"homology theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_theory"}],"sub_title":"A proof using degree","text":"Brouwer's original 1911 proof relied on the notion of the degree of a continuous mapping, stemming from ideas in differential topology. Several modern accounts of the proof can be found in the literature, notably Milnor (1965).[48][49]Let \n \n \n \n K\n =\n \n \n \n B\n (\n 0\n )\n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle K={\\overline {B(0)}}}\n \n denote the closed unit ball in \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n centered at the origin. Suppose for simplicity that \n \n \n \n f\n :\n K\n →\n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:K\\to K}\n \n is continuously differentiable. A regular value of \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is a point \n \n \n \n p\n ∈\n B\n (\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p\\in B(0)}\n \n such that the Jacobian of \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is non-singular at every point of the preimage of \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n. In particular, by the inverse function theorem, every point of the preimage of \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n lies in \n \n \n \n B\n (\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B(0)}\n \n (the interior of \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n). The degree of \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n at a regular value \n \n \n \n p\n ∈\n B\n (\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p\\in B(0)}\n \n is defined as the sum of the signs of the Jacobian determinant of \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n over the preimages of \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n under \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n:deg\n \n p\n \n \n \n (\n f\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n x\n ∈\n \n f\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n p\n )\n \n \n sign\n \n det\n (\n d\n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {deg} _{p}(f)=\\sum _{x\\in f^{-1}(p)}\\operatorname {sign} \\,\\det(df_{x}).}The degree is, roughly speaking, the number of \"sheets\" of the preimage f lying over a small open set around p, with sheets counted oppositely if they are oppositely oriented. This is thus a generalization of winding number to higher dimensions.The degree satisfies the property of homotopy invariance: let \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n and \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n be two continuously differentiable functions, and \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n t\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n t\n f\n +\n (\n 1\n −\n t\n )\n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{t}(x)=tf+(1-t)g}\n \n for \n \n \n \n 0\n ≤\n t\n ≤\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0\\leq t\\leq 1}\n \n. Suppose that the point \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n is a regular value of \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{t}}\n \n for all t. Then \n \n \n \n \n deg\n \n p\n \n \n \n f\n =\n \n deg\n \n p\n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\deg _{p}f=\\deg _{p}g}\n \n.If there is no fixed point of the boundary of \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n, then the functiong\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n \n x\n −\n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n sup\n \n y\n ∈\n K\n \n \n \n |\n \n y\n −\n f\n (\n y\n )\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g(x)={\\frac {x-f(x)}{\\sup _{y\\in K}\\left|y-f(y)\\right|}}}is well-defined, andH\n (\n t\n ,\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n \n x\n −\n t\n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n sup\n \n y\n ∈\n K\n \n \n \n |\n \n y\n −\n t\n f\n (\n y\n )\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H(t,x)={\\frac {x-tf(x)}{\\sup _{y\\in K}\\left|y-tf(y)\\right|}}}defines a homotopy from the identity function to it. The identity function has degree one at every point. In particular, the identity function has degree one at the origin, so \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n also has degree one at the origin. As a consequence, the preimage \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g^{-1}(0)}\n \n is not empty. The elements of \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g^{-1}(0)}\n \n are precisely the fixed points of the original function f.This requires some work to make fully general. The definition of degree must be extended to singular values of f, and then to continuous functions. The more modern advent of homology theory simplifies the construction of the degree, and so has become a standard proof in the literature.","title":"Proof outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hairy ball theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_ball_theorem"},{"link_name":"Milnor (1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMilnor1978"},{"link_name":"contraction mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_mapping"},{"link_name":"Weierstrass approximation theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass_approximation_theorem"},{"link_name":"interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_(topology)"},{"link_name":"Borsuk-Ulam theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsuk-Ulam_theorem"},{"link_name":"algebraic topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milnor78-50"}],"sub_title":"A proof using the hairy ball theorem","text":"The hairy ball theorem states that on the unit sphere S in an odd-dimensional Euclidean space, there is no nowhere-vanishing continuous tangent vector field w on S. (The tangency condition means that w(x) ⋅ x = 0 for every unit vector x.) Sometimes the theorem is expressed by the statement that \"there is always a place on the globe with no wind\". An elementary proof of the hairy ball theorem can be found in Milnor (1978).In fact, suppose first that w is continuously differentiable. By scaling, it can be assumed that w is a continuously differentiable unit tangent vector on S. It can be extended radially to a small spherical shell A of S. For t sufficiently small, a routine computation shows that the mapping ft(x) = x + t w(x) is a contraction mapping on A and that the volume of its image is a polynomial in t. On the other hand, as a contraction mapping, ft must restrict to a homeomorphism of S onto (1 + t2)1/2 S and A onto (1 + t2)1/2 A. This gives a contradiction, because, if the dimension n of the Euclidean space is odd, (1 + t2)n/2 is not a polynomial.If w is only a continuous unit tangent vector on S, by the Weierstrass approximation theorem, it can be uniformly approximated by a polynomial map u of A into Euclidean space. The orthogonal projection on to the tangent space is given by v(x) = u(x) - u(x) ⋅ x. Thus v is polynomial and nowhere vanishing on A; by construction v/||v|| is a smooth unit tangent vector field on S, a contradiction.The continuous version of the hairy ball theorem can now be used to prove the Brouwer fixed point theorem. First suppose that n is even. If there were a fixed-point-free continuous self-mapping f of the closed unit ball B of the n-dimensional Euclidean space V, setw\n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n \n )\n =\n (\n 1\n −\n \n \n x\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n f\n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n \n )\n )\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n −\n (\n 1\n −\n \n \n x\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n x\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathbf {w} }({\\mathbf {x} })=(1-{\\mathbf {x} }\\cdot {\\mathbf {f} }({\\mathbf {x} }))\\,{\\mathbf {x} }-(1-{\\mathbf {x} }\\cdot {\\mathbf {x} })\\,{\\mathbf {f} }({\\mathbf {x} }).}Since f has no fixed points, it follows that, for x in the interior of B, the vector w(x) is non-zero; and for x in S, the scalar product x ⋅ w(x) = 1 – x ⋅ f(x) is strictly positive. From the original n-dimensional space Euclidean space V, construct a new auxiliary (n + 1)-dimensional space W = V x R, with coordinates y = (x, t). SetX\n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n \n ,\n t\n )\n =\n (\n −\n t\n \n \n \n w\n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n x\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n w\n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n \n )\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathbf {X} }({\\mathbf {x} },t)=(-t\\,{\\mathbf {w} }({\\mathbf {x} }),{\\mathbf {x} }\\cdot {\\mathbf {w} }({\\mathbf {x} })).}By construction X is a continuous vector field on the unit sphere of W, satisfying the tangency condition y ⋅ X(y) = 0. Moreover, X(y) is nowhere vanishing (because, if x has norm 1, then x ⋅ w(x) is non-zero; while if x has norm strictly less than 1, then t and w(x) are both non-zero). This contradiction proves the fixed point theorem when n is even. For n odd, one can apply the fixed point theorem to the closed unit ball B in n + 1 dimensions and the mapping F(x,y) = (f(x),0).\nThe advantage of this proof is that it uses only elementary techniques; more general results like the Borsuk-Ulam theorem require tools from algebraic topology.[50]","title":"Proof outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_(topology)"},{"link_name":"sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brouwer_fixed_point_theorem_retraction.svg"},{"link_name":"retraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraction_(topology)"},{"link_name":"codomain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codomain"},{"link_name":"fundamental groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_group"},{"link_name":"group homomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism"},{"link_name":"vector fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_field"},{"link_name":"homology groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"cyclic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group"},{"link_name":"de Rham cohomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rham_cohomology"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"A proof using homology or cohomology","text":"The proof uses the observation that the boundary of the n-disk Dn is Sn−1, the (n − 1)-sphere.Illustration of the retraction FSuppose, for contradiction, that a continuous function f : Dn → Dn has no fixed point. This means that, for every point x in Dn, the points x and f(x) are distinct. Because they are distinct, for every point x in Dn, we can construct a unique ray from f(x) to x and follow the ray until it intersects the boundary Sn−1 (see illustration). By calling this intersection point F(x), we define a function F : Dn → Sn−1 sending each point in the disk to its corresponding intersection point on the boundary. As a special case, whenever x itself is on the boundary, then the intersection point F(x) must be x.Consequently, F is a special type of continuous function known as a retraction: every point of the codomain (in this case Sn−1) is a fixed point of F.Intuitively it seems unlikely that there could be a retraction of Dn onto Sn−1, and in the case n = 1, the impossibility is more basic, because S0 (i.e., the endpoints of the closed interval D1) is not even connected. The case n = 2 is less obvious, but can be proven by using basic arguments involving the fundamental groups of the respective spaces: the retraction would induce a surjective group homomorphism from the fundamental group of D2 to that of S1, but the latter group is isomorphic to Z while the first group is trivial, so this is impossible. The case n = 2 can also be proven by contradiction based on a theorem about non-vanishing vector fields.For n > 2, however, proving the impossibility of the retraction is more difficult. One way is to make use of homology groups: the homology Hn−1(Dn) is trivial, while Hn−1(Sn−1) is infinite cyclic. This shows that the retraction is impossible, because again the retraction would induce an injective group homomorphism from the latter to the former group.The impossibility of a retraction can also be shown using the de Rham cohomology of open subsets of Euclidean space En. For n ≥ 2, the de Rham cohomology of U = En – (0) is one-dimensional in degree 0 and n - 1, and vanishes otherwise. If a retraction existed, then U would have to be contractible and its de Rham cohomology in degree n - 1 would have to vanish, a contradiction.[51]","title":"Proof outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weierstrass approximation theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass_approximation_theorem"},{"link_name":"convolving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution"},{"link_name":"bump functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_function"},{"link_name":"mollifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollifier"},{"link_name":"volume form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_form"},{"link_name":"Stokes' theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%27_theorem"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"de Rham cohomology group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rham_cohomology"},{"link_name":"de Rham's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rham_cohomology#De_Rham's_theorem"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"A proof using Stokes' theorem","text":"As in the proof of Brouwer's fixed-point theorem for continuous maps using homology, it is reduced to proving that there is no continuous retraction F from the ball B onto its boundary ∂B. In that case it can be assumed that F is smooth, since it can be approximated using the Weierstrass approximation theorem or by convolving with non-negative smooth bump functions of sufficiently small support and integral one (i.e. mollifying). If ω is a volume form on the boundary then by Stokes' theorem,0\n <\n \n ∫\n \n ∂\n B\n \n \n ω\n =\n \n ∫\n \n ∂\n B\n \n \n \n F\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n ω\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n B\n \n \n d\n \n F\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n ω\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n B\n \n \n \n F\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n d\n ω\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n B\n \n \n \n F\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n 0\n )\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<\\int _{\\partial B}\\omega =\\int _{\\partial B}F^{*}(\\omega )=\\int _{B}dF^{*}(\\omega )=\\int _{B}F^{*}(d\\omega )=\\int _{B}F^{*}(0)=0,}giving a contradiction.[52][53]More generally, this shows that there is no smooth retraction from any non-empty smooth oriented compact manifold M onto its boundary. The proof using Stokes' theorem is closely related to the proof using homology, because the form ω generates the de Rham cohomology group Hn-1(∂M) which is isomorphic to the homology group Hn-1(∂M) by de Rham's theorem.[54]","title":"Proof outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sperner's lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperner%27s_lemma"},{"link_name":"simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"}],"sub_title":"A combinatorial proof","text":"The BFPT can be proved using Sperner's lemma. We now give an outline of the proof for the special case in which f is a function from the standard n-simplex, \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta ^{n},}\n \n to itself, whereΔ\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n {\n \n P\n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n ∣\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n i\n \n \n \n =\n 1\n \n and \n \n \n P\n \n i\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n for all \n \n i\n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta ^{n}=\\left\\{P\\in \\mathbb {R} ^{n+1}\\mid \\sum _{i=0}^{n}{P_{i}}=1{\\text{ and }}P_{i}\\geq 0{\\text{ for all }}i\\right\\}.}For every point \n \n \n \n P\n ∈\n \n Δ\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P\\in \\Delta ^{n},}\n \n also \n \n \n \n f\n (\n P\n )\n ∈\n \n Δ\n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(P)\\in \\Delta ^{n}.}\n \n Hence the sum of their coordinates is equal:∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n i\n \n \n \n =\n 1\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n f\n (\n P\n \n )\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{i=0}^{n}{P_{i}}=1=\\sum _{i=0}^{n}{f(P)_{i}}}Hence, by the pigeonhole principle, for every \n \n \n \n P\n ∈\n \n Δ\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P\\in \\Delta ^{n},}\n \n there must be an index \n \n \n \n j\n ∈\n {\n 0\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j\\in \\{0,\\ldots ,n\\}}\n \n such that the \n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \nth coordinate of \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n is greater than or equal to the \n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \nth coordinate of its image under f:P\n \n j\n \n \n ≥\n f\n (\n P\n \n )\n \n j\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{j}\\geq f(P)_{j}.}Moreover, if \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n lies on a k-dimensional sub-face of \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta ^{n},}\n \n then by the same argument, the index \n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \n can be selected from among the k + 1 coordinates which are not zero on this sub-face.We now use this fact to construct a Sperner coloring. For every triangulation of \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta ^{n},}\n \n the color of every vertex \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n is an index \n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n f\n (\n P\n \n )\n \n j\n \n \n ≤\n \n P\n \n j\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(P)_{j}\\leq P_{j}.}By construction, this is a Sperner coloring. Hence, by Sperner's lemma, there is an n-dimensional simplex whose vertices are colored with the entire set of n + 1 available colors.Because f is continuous, this simplex can be made arbitrarily small by choosing an arbitrarily fine triangulation. Hence, there must be a point \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n which satisfies the labeling condition in all coordinates: \n \n \n \n f\n (\n P\n \n )\n \n j\n \n \n ≤\n \n P\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(P)_{j}\\leq P_{j}}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n j\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j.}Because the sum of the coordinates of \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n and \n \n \n \n f\n (\n P\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(P)}\n \n must be equal, all these inequalities must actually be equalities. But this means that:f\n (\n P\n )\n =\n P\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(P)=P.}That is, \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n is a fixed point of \n \n \n \n f\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f.}","title":"Proof outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morris Hirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Hirsch"},{"link_name":"indirect proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_proof"},{"link_name":"Weierstrass approximation theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass_approximation_theorem"},{"link_name":"convolving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution"},{"link_name":"bump functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_function"},{"link_name":"Sard's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"James A. Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Yorke"},{"link_name":"computable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelloggLiYorke1976-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChowMallet-ParetYorke1978-57"}],"sub_title":"A proof by Hirsch","text":"There is also a quick proof, by Morris Hirsch, based on the impossibility of a differentiable retraction. The indirect proof starts by noting that the map f can be approximated by a smooth map retaining the property of not fixing a point; this can be done by using the Weierstrass approximation theorem or by convolving with smooth bump functions. One then defines a retraction as above which must now be differentiable. Such a retraction must have a non-singular value, by Sard's theorem, which is also non-singular for the restriction to the boundary (which is just the identity). Thus the inverse image would be a 1-manifold with boundary. The boundary would have to contain at least two end points, both of which would have to lie on the boundary of the original ball—which is impossible in a retraction.[55]R. Bruce Kellogg, Tien-Yien Li, and James A. Yorke turned Hirsch's proof into a computable proof by observing that the retract is in fact defined everywhere except at the fixed points.[56] For almost any point, q, on the boundary, (assuming it is not a fixed point) the one manifold with boundary mentioned above does exist and the only possibility is that it leads from q to a fixed point. It is an easy numerical task to follow such a path from q to the fixed point so the method is essentially computable.[57] gave a conceptually similar path-following version of the homotopy proof which extends to a wide variety of related problems.","title":"Proof outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"A proof using oriented area","text":"A variation of the preceding proof does not employ the Sard's theorem, and goes as follows. If \n \n \n \n r\n :\n B\n →\n ∂\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r\\colon B\\to \\partial B}\n \n is a smooth retraction, one considers the smooth deformation \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n t\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n :=\n t\n r\n (\n x\n )\n +\n (\n 1\n −\n t\n )\n x\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g^{t}(x):=tr(x)+(1-t)x,}\n \n and the smooth functionφ\n (\n t\n )\n :=\n \n ∫\n \n B\n \n \n det\n D\n \n g\n \n t\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi (t):=\\int _{B}\\det Dg^{t}(x)\\,dx.}Differentiating under the sign of integral it is not difficult to check that φ′(t) = 0 for all t, so φ is a constant function, which is a contradiction because φ(0) is the n-dimensional volume of the ball, while φ(1) is zero. The geometric idea is that φ(t) is the oriented area of gt(B) (that is, the Lebesgue measure of the image of the ball via gt, taking into account multiplicity and orientation), and should remain constant (as it is very clear in the one-dimensional case). On the other hand, as the parameter t passes from 0 to 1 the map gt transforms continuously from the identity map of the ball, to the retraction r, which is a contradiction since the oriented area of the identity coincides with the volume of the ball, while the oriented area of r is necessarily 0, as its image is the boundary of the ball, a set of null measure.[58]","title":"Proof outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gale"},{"link_name":"Hex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"determinacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinacy"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"A proof using the game Hex","text":"A quite different proof given by David Gale is based on the game of Hex. The basic theorem regarding Hex, first proven by John Nash, is that no game of Hex can end in a draw; the first player always has a winning strategy (although this theorem is nonconstructive, and explicit strategies have not been fully developed for board sizes of dimensions 10 x 10 or greater). This turns out to be equivalent to the Brouwer fixed-point theorem for dimension 2. By considering n-dimensional versions of Hex, one can prove in general that Brouwer's theorem is equivalent to the determinacy theorem for Hex.[59]","title":"Proof outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplicial homology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_homology"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"A proof using the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem","text":"The Lefschetz fixed-point theorem says that if a continuous map f from a finite simplicial complex B to itself has only isolated fixed points, then the number of fixed points counted with multiplicities (which may be negative) is equal to the Lefschetz number∑\n \n n\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n Tr\n \n (\n f\n \n |\n \n \n H\n \n n\n \n \n (\n B\n )\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle \\sum _{n}(-1)^{n}\\operatorname {Tr} (f|H_{n}(B))}and in particular if the Lefschetz number is nonzero then f must have a fixed point. If B is a ball (or more generally is contractible) then the Lefschetz number is one because the only non-zero simplicial homology group is: \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{0}(B)}\n \n and f acts as the identity on this group, so f has a fixed point.[60][61]","title":"Proof outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reverse mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_mathematics"},{"link_name":"WKL0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_K%C5%91nig%27s_lemma"},{"link_name":"RCA0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_mathematics"},{"link_name":"weak Kőnig's lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_K%C5%91nig%27s_lemma"}],"sub_title":"A proof in a weak logical system","text":"In reverse mathematics, Brouwer's theorem can be proved in the system WKL0, and conversely over the base system RCA0 Brouwer's theorem for a square implies the weak Kőnig's lemma, so this gives a precise description of the strength of Brouwer's theorem.","title":"Proof outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fixed-point theorems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_theorem"},{"link_name":"Hilbert space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"ℓ2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lp_space"},{"link_name":"convexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_set"},{"link_name":"fixed-point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_theorems_in_infinite-dimensional_spaces"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_space"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"Hausdorff space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_space"},{"link_name":"open cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_cover"},{"link_name":"Kakutani fixed point theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakutani_fixed_point_theorem"},{"link_name":"hemi-continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemi-continuous"},{"link_name":"set-valued functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-valued_function"},{"link_name":"Lefschetz fixed-point theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefschetz_fixed-point_theorem"},{"link_name":"singular homology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_homology"}],"text":"The Brouwer fixed-point theorem forms the starting point of a number of more general fixed-point theorems.The straightforward generalization to infinite dimensions, i.e. using the unit ball of an arbitrary Hilbert space instead of Euclidean space, is not true. The main problem here is that the unit balls of infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces are not compact. For example, in the Hilbert space ℓ2 of square-summable real (or complex) sequences, consider the map f : ℓ2 → ℓ2 which sends a sequence (xn) from the closed unit ball of ℓ2 to the sequence (yn) defined byy\n \n 0\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n −\n ‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n and\n \n \n \n y\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n for \n \n n\n ≥\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y_{0}={\\sqrt {1-\\|x\\|_{2}^{2}}}\\quad {\\text{ and}}\\quad y_{n}=x_{n-1}{\\text{ for }}n\\geq 1.}It is not difficult to check that this map is continuous, has its image in the unit sphere of ℓ2, but does not have a fixed point.The generalizations of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem to infinite dimensional spaces therefore all include a compactness assumption of some sort, and also often an assumption of convexity. See fixed-point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces for a discussion of these theorems.There is also finite-dimensional generalization to a larger class of spaces: If \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n is a product of finitely many chainable continua, then every continuous function \n \n \n \n f\n :\n X\n →\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:X\\rightarrow X}\n \n has a fixed point,[62] where a chainable continuum is a (usually but in this case not necessarily metric) compact Hausdorff space of which every open cover has a finite open refinement \n \n \n \n {\n \n U\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n U\n \n m\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{U_{1},\\ldots ,U_{m}\\}}\n \n, such that \n \n \n \n \n U\n \n i\n \n \n ∩\n \n U\n \n j\n \n \n ≠\n ∅\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U_{i}\\cap U_{j}\\neq \\emptyset }\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n i\n −\n j\n \n |\n \n ≤\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |i-j|\\leq 1}\n \n. Examples of chainable continua include compact connected linearly ordered spaces and in particular closed intervals of real numbers.The Kakutani fixed point theorem generalizes the Brouwer fixed-point theorem in a different direction: it stays in Rn, but considers upper hemi-continuous set-valued functions (functions that assign to each point of the set a subset of the set). It also requires compactness and convexity of the set.The Lefschetz fixed-point theorem applies to (almost) arbitrary compact topological spaces, and gives a condition in terms of singular homology that guarantees the existence of fixed points; this condition is trivially satisfied for any map in the case of Dn.","title":"Generalizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algebraic topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"There are several fixed-point theorems which come in three equivalent variants: an algebraic topology variant, a combinatorial variant and a set-covering variant. Each variant can be proved separately using totally different arguments, but each variant can also be reduced to the other variants in its row. Additionally, each result in \nthe top row can be deduced from the one below it in the same column.[63]","title":"Equivalent results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Théorèmes du point fixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bibmath.net/dico/index.php3?action=affiche&quoi=./p/pointfixe.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081226200755/http://www.bibmath.net/dico/index.php3?action=affiche&quoi=.%2Fp%2Fpointfixe.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-13-037495-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-13-037495-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Luizen Brouwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/T705705/BROUWER_L.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hadamard-1910_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hadamard-1910_4-1"},{"link_name":"Jacques Hadamard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Hadamard"},{"link_name":"Note sur quelques applications de l'indice de Kronecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/introductionla02tannuoft#page/436/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Jules Tannery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Tannery"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brouwer-1910_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brouwer-1910_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brouwer-1910_5-2"},{"link_name":"Brouwer, L. 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F & V Bayart Théorèmes du point fixe on [email protected] Archived December 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ See page 15 of: D. Leborgne Calcul différentiel et géométrie Puf (1982) ISBN 2-13-037495-6\n\n^ More exactly, according to Encyclopédie Universalis: Il en a démontré l'un des plus beaux théorèmes, le théorème du point fixe, dont les applications et généralisations, de la théorie des jeux aux équations différentielles, se sont révélées fondamentales. Luizen Brouwer by G. Sabbagh\n\n^ a b Jacques Hadamard: Note sur quelques applications de l'indice de Kronecker in Jules Tannery: Introduction à la théorie des fonctions d'une variable (Volume 2), 2nd edition, A. Hermann & Fils, Paris 1910, pp. 437–477 (French)\n\n^ a b c Brouwer, L. E. J. (1911). \"Über Abbildungen von Mannigfaltigkeiten\". Mathematische Annalen (in German). 71: 97–115. doi:10.1007/BF01456931. S2CID 177796823.\n\n^ D. Violette Applications du lemme de Sperner pour les triangles Bulletin AMQ, V. XLVI N° 4, (2006) p 17. Archived June 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Page 15 of: D. Leborgne Calcul différentiel et géométrie Puf (1982) ISBN 2-13-037495-6.\n\n^ This version follows directly from the previous one because every convex compact subset of a Euclidean space is homeomorphic to a closed ball of the same dimension as the subset; see Florenzano, Monique (2003). General Equilibrium Analysis: Existence and Optimality Properties of Equilibria. Springer. p. 7. ISBN 9781402075124. Retrieved 2016-03-08.\n\n^ V. & F. Bayart Point fixe, et théorèmes du point fixe on Bibmath.net. Archived December 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ C. Minazzo K. Rider Théorèmes du Point Fixe et Applications aux Equations Différentielles Archived 2018-04-04 at the Wayback Machine Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis.\n\n^ Belk, Jim. \"Why is convexity a requirement for Brouwer fixed points?\". Math StackExchange. Retrieved 22 May 2015.\n\n^ The interest of this anecdote rests in its intuitive and didactic character, but its accuracy is dubious. As the history section shows, the origin of the theorem is not Brouwer's work. More than 20 years earlier Henri Poincaré had proved an equivalent result, and 5 years before Brouwer P. Bohl had proved the three-dimensional case.\n\n^ a b c This citation comes originally from a television broadcast: Archimède, Arte, 21 septembre 1999\n\n^ a b Bohl, P. (1904). \"Über die Bewegung eines mechanischen Systems in der Nähe einer Gleichgewichtslage\". J. Reine Angew. Math. 127 (3/4): 179–276.\n\n^ Karamardian, Stephan (1977). Fixed points: algorithms and applications. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-398050-2.\n\n^ Istrăţescu, Vasile (1981). Fixed point theory. Dordrecht-Boston, Mass.: D. Reidel Publishing Co. ISBN 978-90-277-1224-0.\n\n^ See F. Brechenmacher L'identité algébrique d'une pratique portée par la discussion sur l'équation à l'aide de laquelle on détermine les inégalités séculaires des planètes CNRS Fédération de Recherche Mathématique du Nord-Pas-de-Calais\n\n^ Henri Poincaré won the King of Sweden's mathematical competition in 1889 for his work on the related three-body problem: Jacques Tits Célébrations nationales 2004 Site du Ministère Culture et Communication\n\n^ Henri Poincaré Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste T Gauthier-Villars, Vol 3 p 389 (1892) new edition Paris: Blanchard, 1987.\n\n^ Quotation from Henri Poincaré taken from: P. A. Miquel La catégorie de désordre Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, on the website of l'Association roumaine des chercheurs francophones en sciences humaines\n\n^ This question was studied in: Poincaré, H. (1886). \"Sur les courbes définies par les équations différentielles\". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. 2 (4): 167–244.\n\n^ This follows from the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem.\n\n^ Multiplication by 1/2 on ]0, 1[2 has no fixed point.\n\n^ \"concerne les propriétés invariantes d'une figure lorsqu'on la déforme de manière continue quelconque, sans déchirure (par exemple, dans le cas de la déformation de la sphère, les propriétés corrélatives des objets tracés sur sa surface\". From C. Houzel M. Paty Poincaré, Henri (1854–1912) Archived 2010-10-08 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Universalis Albin Michel, Paris, 1999, p. 696–706\n\n^ Poincaré's theorem is stated in: V. I. Istratescu Fixed Point Theory an Introduction Kluwer Academic Publishers (réédition de 2001) p 113 ISBN 1-4020-0301-3\n\n^ Voitsekhovskii, M.I. (2001) [1994], \"Brouwer theorem\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, ISBN 1-4020-0609-8\n\n^ Dieudonné, Jean (1989). A History of Algebraic and Differential Topology, 1900–1960. Boston: Birkhäuser. pp. 17–24. ISBN 978-0-8176-3388-2.\n\n^ See for example: Émile Picard Sur l'application des méthodes d'approximations successives à l'étude de certaines équations différentielles ordinaires Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine Journal de Mathématiques p 217 (1893)\n\n^ J. J. O'Connor E. F. Robertson Piers Bohl\n\n^ Myskis, A. D.; Rabinovic, I. M. (1955). \"Первое доказательство теоремы о неподвижной точке при непрерывном отображении шара в себя, данное латышским математиком П.Г.Болем\" [The first proof of a fixed-point theorem for a continuous mapping of a sphere into itself, given by the Latvian mathematician P. G. Bohl]. Успехи математических наук (in Russian). 10 (3): 188–192.\n\n^ J. J. O'Connor E. F. Robertson Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer\n\n^ Freudenthal, Hans (1975). \"The cradle of modern topology, according to Brouwer's inedita\". Historia Mathematica. 2 (4): 495–502 [p. 495]. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(75)90111-1.\n\n^ Freudenthal, Hans (1975). \"The cradle of modern topology, according to Brouwer's inedita\". Historia Mathematica. 2 (4): 495–502 [p. 495]. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(75)90111-1. ... cette dernière propriété, bien que sous des hypothèses plus grossières, ait été démontré par H. Poincaré\n\n^ Freudenthal, Hans (1975). \"The cradle of modern topology, according to Brouwer's inedita\". Historia Mathematica. 2 (4): 495–502 [p. 501]. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(75)90111-1.\n\n^ If an open subset of a manifold is homeomorphic to an open subset of a Euclidean space of dimension n, and if p is a positive integer other than n, then the open set is never homeomorphic to an open subset of a Euclidean space of dimension p.\n\n^ J. J. O'Connor E. F. Robertson Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer.\n\n^ The term algebraic topology first appeared 1931 under the pen of David van Dantzig: J. Miller Topological algebra on the site Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (2007)\n\n^ V. I. Istratescu Fixed Point Theory. An Introduction Kluwer Academic Publishers (new edition 2001) ISBN 1-4020-0301-3.\n\n^ \"... Brouwer's fixed point theorem, perhaps the most important fixed point theorem.\" p xiii V. I. Istratescu Fixed Point Theory an Introduction Kluwer Academic Publishers (new edition 2001) ISBN 1-4020-0301-3.\n\n^ E.g.: S. Greenwood J. Cao Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem and the Jordan Curve Theorem University of Auckland, New Zealand.\n\n^ Schauder, J. (1930). \"Der Fixpunktsatz in Funktionsräumen\". Studia Mathematica. 2: 171–180. doi:10.4064/sm-2-1-171-180.\n\n^ Kakutani, S. (1941). \"A generalization of Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem\". Duke Mathematical Journal. 8 (3): 457–459. doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-41-00838-4.\n\n^ These examples are taken from: F. Boyer Théorèmes de point fixe et applications CMI Université Paul Cézanne (2008–2009) Archived copy at WebCite (August 1, 2010).\n\n^ For context and references see the article Hex (board game).\n\n^ P. Bich Une extension discontinue du théorème du point fixe de Schauder, et quelques applications en économie Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris (2007)\n\n^ For a long explanation, see: Dubucs, J. P. (1988). \"L. J. E. Brouwer : Topologie et constructivisme\". Revue d'Histoire des Sciences. 41 (2): 133–155. doi:10.3406/rhs.1988.4094.\n\n^ Later it would be shown that the formalism that was combatted by Brouwer can also serve to formalise intuitionism, with some modifications. For further details see constructive set theory.\n\n^ Milnor 1965, pp. 1–19\n\n^ Teschl, Gerald (2019). \"10. The Brouwer mapping degree\". Topics in Linear and Nonlinear Functional Analysis (PDF). Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 1 February 2022.\n\n^ Milnor 1978\n\n^ Madsen & Tornehave 1997, pp. 39–48\n\n^ Boothby 1971\n\n^ Boothby 1986\n\n^ Dieudonné 1982\n\n^ Hirsch 1988\n\n^ Kellogg, Li & Yorke 1976.\n\n^ Chow, Mallet-Paret & Yorke 1978.\n\n^ Kulpa 1989\n\n^ David Gale (1979). \"The Game of Hex and Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem\". The American Mathematical Monthly. 86 (10): 818–827. doi:10.2307/2320146. JSTOR 2320146.\n\n^ Hilton & Wylie 1960\n\n^ Spanier 1966\n\n^ Eldon Dyer (1956). \"A fixed point theorem\". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 7 (4): 662–672. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1956-0078693-4.\n\n^ Nyman, Kathryn L.; Su, Francis Edward (2013), \"A Borsuk–Ulam equivalent that directly implies Sperner's lemma\", The American Mathematical Monthly, 120 (4): 346–354, doi:10.4169/amer.math.monthly.120.04.346, JSTOR 10.4169/amer.math.monthly.120.04.346, MR 3035127","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me-de-Brouwer-dim-1.svg/200px-Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me-de-Brouwer-dim-1.svg.png"},{"image_text":"For flows in an unbounded area, or in an area with a \"hole\", the theorem is not applicable.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me-de-Brouwer-%28cond-1%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The theorem applies to any disk-shaped area, where it guarantees the existence of a fixed point.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me-de-Brouwer-%28cond-2%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jacques Hadamard helped Brouwer to formalize his ideas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hadamard2.jpg/220px-Hadamard2.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Nash used the theorem in game theory to prove the existence of an equilibrium strategy profile.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/John_f_nash_20061102_2.jpg/220px-John_f_nash_20061102_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of the retraction F","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Brouwer_fixed_point_theorem_retraction.svg/220px-Brouwer_fixed_point_theorem_retraction.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Banach fixed-point theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_fixed-point_theorem"},{"title":"Fixed-point computation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_computation"},{"title":"Infinite compositions of analytic functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_compositions_of_analytic_functions"},{"title":"Nash equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_equilibrium#Alternate_proof_using_the_Brouwer_fixed-point_theorem"},{"title":"Poincaré–Miranda theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%E2%80%93Miranda_theorem"},{"title":"Topological combinatorics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_combinatorics"}]
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Retrieved 2016-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cNBMfxPQlvEC&pg=PA7","url_text":"General Equilibrium Analysis: Existence and Optimality Properties of Equilibria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402075124","url_text":"9781402075124"}]},{"reference":"Belk, Jim. \"Why is convexity a requirement for Brouwer fixed points?\". Math StackExchange. Retrieved 22 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://math.stackexchange.com/q/323841","url_text":"\"Why is convexity a requirement for Brouwer fixed points?\""}]},{"reference":"Bohl, P. (1904). \"Über die Bewegung eines mechanischen Systems in der Nähe einer Gleichgewichtslage\". J. Reine Angew. Math. 127 (3/4): 179–276.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Karamardian, Stephan (1977). Fixed points: algorithms and applications. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-398050-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-398050-2","url_text":"978-0-12-398050-2"}]},{"reference":"Istrăţescu, Vasile (1981). Fixed point theory. Dordrecht-Boston, Mass.: D. Reidel Publishing Co. ISBN 978-90-277-1224-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1224-0","url_text":"978-90-277-1224-0"}]},{"reference":"Poincaré, H. (1886). \"Sur les courbes définies par les équations différentielles\". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. 2 (4): 167–244.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_de_Math%C3%A9matiques_Pures_et_Appliqu%C3%A9es","url_text":"Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées"}]},{"reference":"Voitsekhovskii, M.I. (2001) [1994], \"Brouwer theorem\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, ISBN 1-4020-0609-8","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Brouwer_theorem","url_text":"\"Brouwer theorem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-0609-8","url_text":"1-4020-0609-8"}]},{"reference":"Dieudonné, Jean (1989). A History of Algebraic and Differential Topology, 1900–1960. Boston: Birkhäuser. pp. 17–24. ISBN 978-0-8176-3388-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dieudonn%C3%A9","url_text":"Dieudonné, Jean"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofalgebra0000dieu_g9a3/page/17","url_text":"A History of Algebraic and Differential Topology, 1900–1960"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofalgebra0000dieu_g9a3/page/17","url_text":"17–24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3388-2","url_text":"978-0-8176-3388-2"}]},{"reference":"Myskis, A. D.; Rabinovic, I. M. (1955). \"Первое доказательство теоремы о неподвижной точке при непрерывном отображении шара в себя, данное латышским математиком П.Г.Болем\" [The first proof of a fixed-point theorem for a continuous mapping of a sphere into itself, given by the Latvian mathematician P. G. Bohl]. Успехи математических наук (in Russian). 10 (3): 188–192.","urls":[{"url":"https://mi.mathnet.ru/eng/umn/v10/i3/p179","url_text":"\"Первое доказательство теоремы о неподвижной точке при непрерывном отображении шара в себя, данное латышским математиком П.Г.Болем\""}]},{"reference":"Freudenthal, Hans (1975). \"The cradle of modern topology, according to Brouwer's inedita\". Historia Mathematica. 2 (4): 495–502 [p. 495]. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(75)90111-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Freudenthal","url_text":"Freudenthal, Hans"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2875%2990111-1","url_text":"\"The cradle of modern topology, according to Brouwer's inedita\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Mathematica","url_text":"Historia Mathematica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2875%2990111-1","url_text":"10.1016/0315-0860(75)90111-1"}]},{"reference":"Freudenthal, Hans (1975). \"The cradle of modern topology, according to Brouwer's inedita\". Historia Mathematica. 2 (4): 495–502 [p. 495]. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(75)90111-1. ... cette dernière propriété, bien que sous des hypothèses plus grossières, ait été démontré par H. Poincaré","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Freudenthal","url_text":"Freudenthal, Hans"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2875%2990111-1","url_text":"\"The cradle of modern topology, according to Brouwer's inedita\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Mathematica","url_text":"Historia Mathematica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2875%2990111-1","url_text":"10.1016/0315-0860(75)90111-1"}]},{"reference":"Freudenthal, Hans (1975). \"The cradle of modern topology, according to Brouwer's inedita\". Historia Mathematica. 2 (4): 495–502 [p. 501]. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(75)90111-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Freudenthal","url_text":"Freudenthal, Hans"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2875%2990111-1","url_text":"\"The cradle of modern topology, according to Brouwer's inedita\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Mathematica","url_text":"Historia Mathematica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2875%2990111-1","url_text":"10.1016/0315-0860(75)90111-1"}]},{"reference":"Schauder, J. (1930). \"Der Fixpunktsatz in Funktionsräumen\". Studia Mathematica. 2: 171–180. doi:10.4064/sm-2-1-171-180.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4064%2Fsm-2-1-171-180","url_text":"\"Der Fixpunktsatz in Funktionsräumen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studia_Mathematica","url_text":"Studia Mathematica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4064%2Fsm-2-1-171-180","url_text":"10.4064/sm-2-1-171-180"}]},{"reference":"Kakutani, S. (1941). \"A generalization of Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem\". Duke Mathematical Journal. 8 (3): 457–459. doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-41-00838-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2FS0012-7094-41-00838-4","url_text":"10.1215/S0012-7094-41-00838-4"}]},{"reference":"Dubucs, J. P. (1988). \"L. J. E. Brouwer : Topologie et constructivisme\". Revue d'Histoire des Sciences. 41 (2): 133–155. doi:10.3406/rhs.1988.4094.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhs_0151-4105_1988_num_41_2_4094","url_text":"\"L. J. E. Brouwer : Topologie et constructivisme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frhs.1988.4094","url_text":"10.3406/rhs.1988.4094"}]},{"reference":"Teschl, Gerald (2019). \"10. The Brouwer mapping degree\". Topics in Linear and Nonlinear Functional Analysis (PDF). Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. 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(1971). \"On two classical theorems of algebraic topology\". Amer. Math. Monthly. 78 (3): 237–249. doi:10.2307/2317520. JSTOR 2317520. MR 0283792.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amer._Math._Monthly","url_text":"Amer. Math. Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2317520","url_text":"10.2307/2317520"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2317520","url_text":"2317520"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0283792","url_text":"0283792"}]},{"reference":"Boothby, William M. (1986). An introduction to differentiable manifolds and Riemannian geometry. Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 120 (Second ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-116052-1. MR 0861409.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-116052-1","url_text":"0-12-116052-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0861409","url_text":"0861409"}]},{"reference":"Bredon, Glen E. (1993). Topology and geometry. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 139. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97926-3. MR 1224675.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag","url_text":"Springer-Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-97926-3","url_text":"0-387-97926-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1224675","url_text":"1224675"}]},{"reference":"Chow, Shui Nee; Mallet-Paret, John; Yorke, James A. (1978). \"Finding zeroes of maps: Homotopy methods that are constructive with probability one\". Mathematics of Computation. 32 (143): 887–899. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1978-0492046-9. MR 0492046.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Yorke","url_text":"Yorke, James A."},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-1978-0492046-9","url_text":"\"Finding zeroes of maps: Homotopy methods that are constructive with probability one\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_Computation","url_text":"Mathematics of Computation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-1978-0492046-9","url_text":"10.1090/S0025-5718-1978-0492046-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0492046","url_text":"0492046"}]},{"reference":"Dieudonné, Jean (1982). \"8. Les théorèmes de Brouwer\". Éléments d'analyse. Cahiers Scientifiques (in French). Vol. IX. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. pp. 44–47. ISBN 2-04-011499-8. MR 0658305.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-04-011499-8","url_text":"2-04-011499-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0658305","url_text":"0658305"}]},{"reference":"Dieudonné, Jean (1989). A history of algebraic and differential topology, 1900–1960. Birkhäuser. pp. 166–203. ISBN 0-8176-3388-X. MR 0995842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user","url_text":"Birkhäuser"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8176-3388-X","url_text":"0-8176-3388-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0995842","url_text":"0995842"}]},{"reference":"Gale, D. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Prefecture_of_the_United_States
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Apostolic Prefecture of the United States
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["1 Previous British jurisdiction and American independence","2 Nomination of John Carroll","3 Approval by the Holy See","4 See also","5 References"]
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Gilbert Stuart's portrait of John Carroll, first leader of the Apostolic Prefecture of the United States.
The Apostolic Prefecture of the United States (Latin: Praefectura Apostolica Civitatum Foederatarum Americae Septentrionalis) was the earliest Roman Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction to be officially recognized after the United States declared independence in 1776.
Previous British jurisdiction and American independence
Before and during the American Revolutionary War, the Catholics in the Thirteen Colonies (not including French Canada) were under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of the London District in England.
The war was formally ended by the Treaty of Paris, which was signed on September 3, 1783, and was ratified by the Congress of the Confederation (of the newly independent United States of America) on January 14, 1784, and by King George III of Great Britain on April 9, 1784. The ratification documents were exchanged in Paris on May 12, 1784. A petition was sent by the Maryland clergy to the Holy See, on November 6, 1783, for permission for the missionaries in the United States to nominate a superior who would have some of the powers of a bishop.
Nomination of John Carroll
In response to that, Father John Carroll—having been elected by his brother priests—was confirmed by Pope Pius VI, on June 6, 1784, as Superior of the Missions in the thirteen United States of North America, with power to give the sacrament of confirmation. This act established a hierarchy in the United States and removed the Catholic Church in the United States from the authority of the Vicar Apostolic of the London District.
Approval by the Holy See
The Holy See then established the Apostolic Prefecture of the United States on November 26, 1784.
See also
Apostolic Nunciature to the United States
Holy See–United States relations
References
^ a b Finn, Robert W. "Welcome to the United States, Holy Father!", The Catholic Key, April 11, 2008. Accessed October 14, 2009.
^ Baum, Geraldine. "Catholics Mark U.S. Church Birth Prelates to make plans for future", Newsday, November 5, 1989. Accessed October 14, 2009.
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|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Argentina
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Historiography of Argentina
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["1 History","1.1 1910","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","4.1 In Spanish"]
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Part of a series on the
History of Argentina
Pre-Columbian
Indigenous peoples in Argentina
Inca Empire
Colonial Argentina
Governorate of New Andalusia(1534-1542)
Governorate of the Río de la Plata(1549-1776)
Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires(1661-1671), (1759-1788)
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata(1776–1814)
Independence
May Revolution
War of Independence
United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
Congress of Tucumán
Civil Wars
Bernardino Rivadavia
Confederation
Juan Manuel de Rosas
French blockade of the Río de la Plata
Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata
Rise of Argentine Republic
1853 Constitution
British investment in Argentina
Conquest of the Desert
Generation of '80
Radical Phase (1916–30)
The Infamous Decade
Peronism
Juan Perón and Eva Perón
General Confederation of Labour
Post-WW II (1955 to 1976)
Revolución Libertadora
Arturo Frondizi
1963 Argentine Navy revolt
Arturo Umberto Illia
Argentine Revolution
Montoneros and ERP
National Reorganization Process
Dirty War
Falklands War(Guerra de las Malvinas)
Return to democracy
Trial of the Juntas
Raúl Alfonsín
December 2001 riots
Kirchnerism
Topics
Corruption
Economy
Etymology
LGBT
Jewish Argentines
Military
Nationality
Postal
Rail transport
Science and technology
See also
Timeline
Years in Argentina
Argentina portalvte
The Historiography of Argentina is composed of the works of the authors that have written about the History of Argentina. The first historiographical works are usually considered to be those by Bartolomé Mitre and other authors from the middle 19th century.
History
Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina, one of the first books about the History of Argentina
The pre-Columbian indigenous populations of Argentina did not develop writing, and had no written records of events. There have been written records of events since the time of the first European arrivals to Argentine territory, but most of them were referred to ongoing events or very close ones and are not considered to be real historiographical works.
The first authors to write about events long past were the members of the "'37 Generation", romantic authors born by the time of the May Revolution, who were educated in the time of the unitarian government of Bernardino Rivadavia. By that time they received a secular education and shared studies with students from other provinces, which promoted in them a national view over a localist one. At first they tried to act as an enlightened influence beyond the unitarian-federalist dichotomy, but the increased strengthening of the policies of Juan Manuel de Rosas made most of them flee into exile to foreign countries. Thus, those authors are considered with care, as they were distant enough from the events of the Argentine War of Independence but still contemporary of the Argentine Civil War and the government of Rosas, making their opinions about the later to be of a political nature. Those authors tried to adapt the European Romantic nationalism to the Argentine context, and develop a national identity. As they despised both Rosas and the Spanish heritage, they aimed their efforts in glorifying the events and peoples of the Revolution.
One of the first works done for this purpose was Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina (Spanish: History of Belgrano and of the Independence of Argentina), by Bartolomé Mitre. This book was criticized by Vicente Fidel López, Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield or Juan Bautista Alberdi, who would wrote other books in answer, and Mitre would reply with more books strengthening his perspectives. Rómulo Carbia described this dispute in 1925 as a dispute between "philosophists" and "erudits", with Vicente López, Lucio López and José Manuel Estrada in the first group and Mitre, Luis Domínguez, Paul Groussac the new historical school and Carbia himself. Such book was used for self-affiliation and legitimization, but became canonical afterwards.
1910
The first centennial of the May Revolution was a period of transition. Three new concerns were added to the historiographical view: the social, political and national issue:
Social issues were motivated by the massive immigration wave of the time and the rise of leftist, socialist and anarchist movements; and influenced a bigger concern about the role of society itself in the events of history, which so far had been described around key figures.
The national issue was the need to define, in a time when the majority of the population was foreign immigrants, the identity of the country and its role in the world.
The political concern derives from the fact that none of the historians from this periods works exclusively in the historiographical fields, and had steady political works at the same time. Despite keeping a rigorous scientific approach, their works were marked by their political views: when Ramos Mejía rote about the popular participation and how it led to either the May Revolution or the tyranny of Rosas, he was indirectly pointing his opinions about popular participation in his own context. This period ends by 1920, with the creation of the New Historical School.
Historiography would take two main divergent paths since then. On one side, the state would sponsor Ricardo Levene and the National Academy of History into writing a definitive and unquestionable version of national history, which follows the most important basic features of the one designed by Mitre and was deemed as "official history" because of its state-sponsored nature. The opposing viewpoint was held by a number of revisionist authors, who wrote the history of Argentina from a nationalist and anti-liberalist perspective. Those authors restored the image of Juan Manuel de Rosas, rejected by previous authors, considering him an example of defense of national sovereignty. Former national heroes like Bernardino Rivadavia, Justo José de Urquiza, Bartolomé Mitre and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento were accused instead of favoring foreign imperialism. The concepts about the revolutionary period, on the other hand, weren't modified very much, and José de San Martín was exalted as strongly as by their historiographical adversaries.
See also
Historiography#Latin America
History of Argentina
Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas
References
^ Devoto, p. 14
^ Devoto, p. 14
^ Devoto, p. 14-15
Further reading
Goebel, Michael. Argentina's Partisan Past: Nationalism and the politics of history (Liverpool University Press, 2011). online review
Leonard, Thomas M. "United States-Latin American Relations: Recent Historiography." Journal of Third World Studies 16.2 (1999): 163-79.
In Spanish
Adamovsky, Ezequiel, Andrés Bisso, and Gabriel Di Meglio. "Mesa de Debate:“¿Hay nuevos relatos históricos para la Argentina actual?”." Sociohistórica (2012). online
Azzolini, Nicolás. "Democracia, sufragio universal e yrigoyenismo. Un ensayo sobre la historiografía y la historia política argentina de principios del siglo XX." Prohistoria 22 (2014) pp107–126.
Gelman, Jorge; Raúl Fradkin (2010). Doscientos años pensando la Revolución de Mayo. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-3179-9.
Devoto, Fernando; Nora Pagano (2009). Historia de la Historiografía Argentina. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-3076-1.
Molina, Eugenia. "Relatos sobre los orígenes de la nación. Un balance historiográfico de la producción argentina sobre el proceso revolucionario desde el Bicentenario." Iberoamericana 12.46 (2012): 185-203. online
Tato, María Inés. "La Gran Guerra en la historiografía argentina. Balance y perspectivas de investigación." Iberoamericana 14.53 (2014): 91-101. covers World War I era.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"History of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Historiography of Argentina is composed of the works of the authors that have written about the History of Argentina. The first historiographical works are usually considered to be those by Bartolomé Mitre and other authors from the middle 19th century.[1]","title":"Historiography of Argentina"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Historia_de_Belgrano.jpg"},{"link_name":"Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Belgrano_y_de_la_Independencia_Argentina"},{"link_name":"History of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing"},{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"May Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Bernardino Rivadavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia"},{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel de Rosas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas"},{"link_name":"Argentine War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Argentine Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Romantic nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Belgrano_y_de_la_Independencia_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre"},{"link_name":"Vicente Fidel López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Fidel_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmacio_V%C3%A9lez_S%C3%A1rsfield"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista Alberdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alberdi"},{"link_name":"Rómulo Carbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B3mulo_Carbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina, one of the first books about the History of ArgentinaThe pre-Columbian indigenous populations of Argentina did not develop writing, and had no written records of events. There have been written records of events since the time of the first European arrivals to Argentine territory, but most of them were referred to ongoing events or very close ones and are not considered to be real historiographical works.The first authors to write about events long past were the members of the \"'37 Generation\", romantic authors born by the time of the May Revolution, who were educated in the time of the unitarian government of Bernardino Rivadavia. By that time they received a secular education and shared studies with students from other provinces, which promoted in them a national view over a localist one. At first they tried to act as an enlightened influence beyond the unitarian-federalist dichotomy, but the increased strengthening of the policies of Juan Manuel de Rosas made most of them flee into exile to foreign countries. Thus, those authors are considered with care, as they were distant enough from the events of the Argentine War of Independence but still contemporary of the Argentine Civil War and the government of Rosas, making their opinions about the later to be of a political nature. Those authors tried to adapt the European Romantic nationalism to the Argentine context, and develop a national identity. As they despised both Rosas and the Spanish heritage, they aimed their efforts in glorifying the events and peoples of the Revolution.One of the first works done for this purpose was Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina (Spanish: History of Belgrano and of the Independence of Argentina), by Bartolomé Mitre. This book was criticized by Vicente Fidel López, Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield or Juan Bautista Alberdi, who would wrote other books in answer, and Mitre would reply with more books strengthening his perspectives. Rómulo Carbia described this dispute in 1925 as a dispute between \"philosophists\" and \"erudits\", with Vicente López, Lucio López and José Manuel Estrada in the first group and Mitre, Luis Domínguez, Paul Groussac the new historical school and Carbia himself.[2] Such book was used for self-affiliation and legitimization, but became canonical afterwards.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramos Mejía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramos_Mej%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"New Historical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Historical_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Levene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_Levene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Academy of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_History"},{"link_name":"revisionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionism"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"anti-liberalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism#Criticism_and_support"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel de Rosas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas"},{"link_name":"Bernardino Rivadavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia"},{"link_name":"Justo José de Urquiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre"},{"link_name":"Domingo Faustino Sarmiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento"},{"link_name":"José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn"}],"sub_title":"1910","text":"The first centennial of the May Revolution was a period of transition. Three new concerns were added to the historiographical view: the social, political and national issue:Social issues were motivated by the massive immigration wave of the time and the rise of leftist, socialist and anarchist movements; and influenced a bigger concern about the role of society itself in the events of history, which so far had been described around key figures.\nThe national issue was the need to define, in a time when the majority of the population was foreign immigrants, the identity of the country and its role in the world.\nThe political concern derives from the fact that none of the historians from this periods works exclusively in the historiographical fields, and had steady political works at the same time. Despite keeping a rigorous scientific approach, their works were marked by their political views: when Ramos Mejía rote about the popular participation and how it led to either the May Revolution or the tyranny of Rosas, he was indirectly pointing his opinions about popular participation in his own context. This period ends by 1920, with the creation of the New Historical School.Historiography would take two main divergent paths since then. On one side, the state would sponsor Ricardo Levene and the National Academy of History into writing a definitive and unquestionable version of national history, which follows the most important basic features of the one designed by Mitre and was deemed as \"official history\" because of its state-sponsored nature. The opposing viewpoint was held by a number of revisionist authors, who wrote the history of Argentina from a nationalist and anti-liberalist perspective. Those authors restored the image of Juan Manuel de Rosas, rejected by previous authors, considering him an example of defense of national sovereignty. Former national heroes like Bernardino Rivadavia, Justo José de Urquiza, Bartolomé Mitre and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento were accused instead of favoring foreign imperialism. The concepts about the revolutionary period, on the other hand, weren't modified very much, and José de San Martín was exalted as strongly as by their historiographical adversaries.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//muse.jhu.edu/article/547208/summary"}],"text":"Goebel, Michael. Argentina's Partisan Past: Nationalism and the politics of history (Liverpool University Press, 2011). online review\nLeonard, Thomas M. \"United States-Latin American Relations: Recent Historiography.\" Journal of Third World Studies 16.2 (1999): 163-79.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/27438/07-Mesa+de+Debate.pdf?sequence=1"},{"link_name":"Gelman, Jorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Gelman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-950-07-3179-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-07-3179-9"},{"link_name":"Devoto, Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Devoto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-950-07-3076-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-07-3076-1"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//journals.iai.spk-berlin.de/index.php/iberoamericana/article/download/1213/871"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historiography"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Historiography"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historiography"},{"link_name":"Historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"Historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historians"},{"link_name":"by area of study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historians_by_area_of_study"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historians"},{"link_name":"historicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historicity"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History"},{"link_name":"theories of history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Theories_of_history"},{"link_name":"Historical sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_source"},{"link_name":"Primary sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_source"},{"link_name":"Secondary sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_source"},{"link_name":"Tertiary sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_source"},{"link_name":"Annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals"},{"link_name":"Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive"},{"link_name":"Artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Codices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex"},{"link_name":"Deeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed"},{"link_name":"Facsimiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facsimile"},{"link_name":"Features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Hieroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph"},{"link_name":"Historical 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plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_plaque"},{"link_name":"Documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Hagiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography"},{"link_name":"Historical fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fiction"},{"link_name":"Historical realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_realism"},{"link_name":"Historiographic metafiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographic_metafiction"},{"link_name":"Historical geographic information system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_geographic_information_system"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historiography"},{"link_name":"Multimedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Historiography"}],"sub_title":"In Spanish","text":"Adamovsky, Ezequiel, Andrés Bisso, and Gabriel Di Meglio. \"Mesa de Debate:“¿Hay nuevos relatos históricos para la Argentina actual?”.\" Sociohistórica (2012). online\nAzzolini, Nicolás. \"Democracia, sufragio universal e yrigoyenismo. Un ensayo sobre la historiografía y la historia política argentina de principios del siglo XX.\" Prohistoria 22 (2014) pp107–126.\nGelman, Jorge; Raúl Fradkin (2010). Doscientos años pensando la Revolución de Mayo. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-3179-9.\nDevoto, Fernando; Nora Pagano (2009). Historia de la Historiografía Argentina. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-3076-1.\nMolina, Eugenia. \"Relatos sobre los orígenes de la nación. Un balance historiográfico de la producción argentina sobre el proceso revolucionario desde el Bicentenario.\" Iberoamericana 12.46 (2012): 185-203. online\nTato, María Inés. \"La Gran Guerra en la historiografía argentina. Balance y perspectivas de investigación.\" Iberoamericana 14.53 (2014): 91-101. covers World War I era.vteHistoriography\nHistorians\nlist / by area of study\nHistory\nhistorians\nhistoricity\nhistory\ntheories of history\nHistorical sourcesTypes\nPrimary sources\nSecondary sources\nTertiary sources\nSources\nAnnals\nArchives\nArtifacts\nArchaeological site\nChronicles\nCodices\nDeeds\nFacsimiles\nFeatures\nHieroglyphs\nHistorical documents\nLogbooks\nManuscripts\nIlluminated\nOral tradition\nPapyri\nReligious texts\nScrolls\nWar diaries\nService records\nFields of studyBy scale\nBig History\nWorld history\nHuman history\nLocal history\nMicrohistory\nBy source\nArchival science / Library and information science (template)\nBooks / Writing systems\nChorography\nChronology\ndating\nDiplomatics\nEncyclopaedistics\nEpigraphy\nGenealogy\nHeraldry\nNumismatics (Money)\nOnomastics\nOral history\npreservation\nPhaleristics\nPhilology\nPostage stamps\nProsopography\nSigillography\nToponymy\nVexillology\nBy topic\nAnthropology / Paleoanthropology\nCultural\nEcology / Environment / Geography\nEconomic\nBusiness\nCapitalism\nPerspectives on capitalism by school of thought\nThought\nIntellectual\nGeistesgeschichte\nLinguistics\nMedieval churches\nMilitary\nPolitical\nConstitutional\nDiplomatic\nSocial\nFeminism\nGender\nIndigenous\nLabour\nLGBT\nRural\nQuantitative\nUrban\nWomen\nMethodology\nCase study\nPeriodization\nHistorical eras\nTarikh\nThree-age system\nApproaches, schools\nAnnales school\nHistory of mentalities\nNouvelle histoire\nHistoriometry / Cliometrics\nComparative historical research\nCritical\nDecoloniality\nFeminist\nHistorical anthropology\nHistorical determinism\nHistorism\nHistorical-critical method\nHumanistic\nIndiscipline of history [pt]\nLeninist\nMarxist\nHistorical materialism\nNationalist\nAncestral civilisation\nNationalization of history\nPeople's history\nSubaltern Studies\nPop history\nQuantitative history\nRevisionist\nTransnational\nWhig\nGreat Man theory\n\nConceptsGeneral\nChange and continuity\nHistoric preservation\nHistoric recurrence\nHistorical significance\nHistoricity\nHistoriology [es]\nTheory of history [de]\nPhilosophy\nSpecific\nBlack legend\nColoniality and decolonization of knowledge\nDark Ages\nHistorical negationism\nHistorian's fallacy / Presentism\nInvented tradition\nModernisation theory\nNarratives\nParadigm shift\nPax\nlist\nThirty-year rule\nTranshistoricity\nTranslatio imperii / Translatio studii\nVaticinium ex eventu\nPeriodization ofmodern history\nAge of Discovery\nAge of Enlightenment\nEuropean Civil War / Second Thirty Years' War\nLong 18th / 19th century\nRenaissance\nContinuity thesis\n\nBy country or regionAfrica\nEgypt\nPyramid construction techniques\nBlack Egypt Thesis [es]\nEthiopia\nMorocco\nGreater Morocco\nRwanda\nDouble genocide theory\nMaafa\nAmericas\nCanada\nMetropolitan-hinterland thesis\nResidential schools\nStaples thesis\nIndigenous population history\nLatin America\nArgentina\nMay Revolution / Causes\nRevisionist [es]\nPeru\nIquicha Royalism\nColonial Spanish America\nCasta\nUnited States\nAfrican-American history\nNadir of American race relations\nNeoabolitionism\nReconstruction era\nConsensus history\nCyclical theory\nFrontier thesis\nPolitical history\nEras\nProgressive-era historians\n\nEurasia\nAlbania\nDealbanisation\nAustria\nHabsburg Myth\nBalhae\nBelarus\nLitvinism\nBulgaria\nByzantine Empire [de]\nEarly [ru]\nCroatia\nEurope\nAncient [ru]\nMedieval [ru]\nNew Age [ru]\nGeorgia\nAryan Kartli\nGreek\nAges of Man\nIran\n2,500-year celebration\nItaly\nRisorgimento\nSouthern Question\nNeo-Bourbonism\nJapan\nKorea\nNationalist\nGoguryeo controversies\nNorth Macedonia\nPhilippines\nEarly settlements\nPortugal [pt]\nLusotropicalism\nRomania\nGreat Union\nSerbia\nKosovo Myth\nSweden\nGötaland theory\nSwitzerland\nTaiwan\nUkraine\nExecuted Renaissance\nVietnam\nNam tiến\nTrưng sisters\nAncient Rome\nCatilinarian conspiracy\nChristianization\nConstantinian shift\nExpansion\nFall of Western Rome\nProsopography\nSuccession\nByzantine succession\nMoscow, third Rome\nOttoman claim\nProblem of two emperors\nChina\nArchaeology\nWunu School [zh]\nCentury of humiliation\nConquest dynasty\n\"Chineseness\" debate\nNew Qing History\nGolden ages\nHua–Yi distinction\nFour Barbarians\nSinocentrism\nSelf-Strengthening Movement\nSprouts of capitalism\nTibetan sovereignty debate\nFrance\nCordon sanitaire\nFrankish Interregnum [fr]\nGrand Siècle\nLegendary Saracen [fr]\nLocation of Alésia [fr]\nLyon [fr]\nGermany\nAlltagsgeschichte\nBorussian myth\nHistorikerstreit\nSonderweg\nStrukturgeschichte [de]\nSybel-Ficker controversy\nVergangenheitsbewältigung\nIndia\nGreater Magadha\nIndocentrism\nIndigenous Aryanism\nIreland\nGreat Famine\n\"More Irish than the Irish themselves\"\nRevisionism\nRevolutionary period\nPoland\nGolden Liberty\nSarmatism\nDeluge\nPartitions\nPolish People's Republic [pl]\nRussia\nAnti-Normanism\nPre-Revolutionary Russia [ru]\nSkeptic School [ru]\nSoviet Union\nOctober Revolution\nSoviet famine of 1930–1933\nCauses of the Holodomor\nHolodomor genocide question\nHolodomor in modern politics\nSpain\nBlack legend / White legend\nHispanism\nCarlism in the Francoist era\nConvivencia\nInquisition\nLimpieza de sangre controversy [es]\nReconquista\nIslamic revolution of Spain [es]\nRevisionist\nColonies or Provinces\nSpanish decline [es]\nSer de España [es]\nTurkey\nKemalist\nOttoman Empire\nGhaza thesis\nDecline thesis\nUnitedKingdom\nPoor Laws\nScotland\nKingdom of Alba\nWestminster Stone\nStorm over the gentry\nSuffragette Campaign\nTudor myth\nRicardians\nWinter of Discontent\nBritishEmpire\nCambridge School\nPorter–MacKenzie debate\nSecond colonial occupation\n\n\nOceania\nColonial Australia\nBy war, conflictvteMilitary historiography\nMilitary history\nList of military museums\npre-18th centuryconflicts\nAlbigensian Crusade\nCatharism debate\nCrusades\nIslamic views\nEighty Years' War\nOrigins\nFall of Babylon\nGallic Wars\nLate Bronze Age collapse\nDorian invasion\nSea Peoples\nPeloponnesian War\n18th and 19thcentury conflictsCoalition Wars(1792–1815)\nFrench Revolution\nPre-revolution [fr]\nCauses\nNew Russian School [ru]\nWar in the Vendée\nNapoleonic era\nInvasion of Russia\nWaterloo\n\nAmerican Civil War\nOrigins\nTurning point\nFranco-Prussian War\nCauses\nParis Commune\nGreat Game\nIndian Rebellion of 1857\nCauses\nParaguayan War\nWar of 1812\nOrigins\nWar of the Pacific\nCauses\nMyth of English aid [es]World War I\nCauses (Color books / Fischer thesis)\nLate Ottoman genocides (Causes of the Armenian genocide)\nPatriotic consent [fr]\nPersian famine of 1917–1919\nPowder keg of Europe\nSchlieffen Plan\nSpirit of 1914 / 1917\nTreaty of Brest-Litovsk [ru]\nTreaty ofVersailles\nReparations\nWar guilt question\nArticle 231\nReichstag inquiry\n\nInterwar period\nBurning of Smyrna\nPolish–Soviet War\nCauses\nSpanish Civil War\nBackground\nWorld War II\nCauses\n\"Blitzkrieg\" concept\nBroad vs. narrow front\nGerman resistance to Nazism\nNazi foreign policy debate\nEastern Front\nMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact\nSoviet offensive plans\nSoviets and the Warsaw Uprising\nMassacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia\nWinter War\nBackground\nSpirit\nThe Holocaust\nAuschwitz bombing debate\nAwareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe\nFunctionalism–intentionalism debate\nIn relation to the Armenian genocide / Nakba\nPope Pius XII and the Holocaust\nPius Wars\n\"Polish death camp\"\nResponsibility\nSlovakia\nUniqueness\nPacific War\nAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\n\"Battle for Australia\"\nBengal famine\nSecond Sino-Japanese War\nNanjing Massacre\nWestern Front\nBattle of France\nGuilty Men\nRésistancialisme\nVichy France [fr]\n\nCold War\nOrigins\n1948 Palestine war\nPalestinian expulsion and flight / Ongoing Nakba\nZionism as settler colonialism\nNew Historians\nMalayan Emergency\nCauses\nAlgerian War\nSix-Day War\nOrigins\nIranian Revolution\nCauses\nIran–Iraq War\nFalklands War\nSovereignty dispute\nSri Lankan Civil War\nOrigins\nPost-Cold War\nRusso-Georgian War\nBackground\nResponsibility\nSyrian revolution\nCauses\nRelated\nConflict thesis\nGunpowder and gun transmission\nTorsion mangonel myth\nWar and genocide\n\n Category\nBy personPoliticalleaders\nAdolf Hitler\nAlexander the Great\nAmin al-Husseini\nAurangzeb\nCato the Younger\nChe Guevara\nChiang Ching-kuo [zh]\nChiang Kai Shek [zh]\nConstantine the Great\nGregory Palamas\nHoratio Nelson\nHypatia\nJiang Zemin [zh]\nJoseph Stalin [ru]\nJosé de San Martín\nJuan Manuel de Rosas\nKlemens von Metternich\nLeonid Brezhnev\nLouis Riel\nMao Zedong [zh]\nMuammar Gaddafi\nNapoleon\nNeville Chamberlain\nPedro II of Brazil\nSimon Bolivar\nCult of personality [es]\nBolivarianism\nSaladin\nSun Yat Tse [zh]\nThomas Aquinas\nThomas Jefferson\nUlysses S. Grant\nWarren G. Harding\nYuan Shikai [zh]\nZhou Enlai [zh]\nZhuge Liang [zh]\nHistoricalrankings\nAustralia\nCanada\nModern Germany\nNetherlands\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\n\nOthers\nThe Beatles\nCharles Darwin\nFriedrich Nietzsche\nH. P. Lovecraft\nJane Austen\nMuhammed\nHistoricity of Muhammad\nJudaism's view of Muhammad\nMedieval Christian views on Muhammad\nJesus\nHistoricity of Jesus\nResurrection of Jesus\nReligious perspectives on Jesus\nJesus in Christianity\nJudaism's view of Jesus\nJesus in Islam\nJ. R. R. Tolkien\nThe Lord of the Rings\nMadonna\nRobert Falcon Scott\nSocrates\nSøren Kierkegaard\nWilliam Shakespeare\nOther topics\nBears in antiquity\nCrisis of historiography [pt]\nFeudalism\nLibrary of Alexandria\nNationalism in the Middle Ages\nProfessionalization and institutionalization of history\nSalons\nThe Simpsons\nWestern European colonialism and colonization\nDesacralization of knowledge\nEconomics\nIndustrial Revolution\nGreat Recession\nGreat Depression\nSchool of Thoughts\nHistorical school of economics\nEnglish historical school of economics\nReligion\nAvestan geography\nEarly Christianity\nBackground\nHistorical reliability of the Gospels\nPrimacy of Peter\nOpposition to Papal supremacy\nProto-orthodox Christianity\nEarly Islam\nCriticism of the Quran\nSuccession to Muhammad\nIslamic golden age\nKharijites\nEcclesiastical history of the Catholic Church\nSecond Vatican Council\nHermeneutics of Vatican Council II [it]\nHesychast controversy\nProtestant Reformation\nProto-Protestantism\nCriticism of Protestantism\nProtestant work ethic\nJesuit historiography\nModern Jewish history\nWissenschaft des Judentums\nSchools of thought\nBiblical criticism\nCatholic theology\nPanbabylonism\nUrreligion\nPerennial\nReligionsgeschichtliche Schule\nRoman\nRevisionist school of Islamic studies\nScience /Technology\nMerton thesis\nProtestant Ethic and Capitalism\nHeroic theory of invention and scientific development\nGunpowder and gun transmission\nTorsion mangonel myth\n\nOrganizations, publications\nHeritage registers\nHistorical society (list)\nHistory institutes\nHistory journals\ntemplate\nRelated\nCommemorative plaque\nDocumentary film\nHagiography\nHistorical fiction\nHistorical realism\nHistoriographic metafiction\nHistorical geographic information system\n\n Category\n Multimedia","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina, one of the first books about the History of Argentina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Historia_de_Belgrano.jpg/220px-Historia_de_Belgrano.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Historiography#Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography#Latin_America"},{"title":"History of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Argentina"},{"title":"Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas"}]
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[{"reference":"Gelman, Jorge; Raúl Fradkin (2010). Doscientos años pensando la Revolución de Mayo. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-3179-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Gelman&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Gelman, Jorge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-07-3179-9","url_text":"978-950-07-3179-9"}]},{"reference":"Devoto, Fernando; Nora Pagano (2009). Historia de la Historiografía Argentina. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-3076-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Devoto&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Devoto, Fernando"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-07-3076-1","url_text":"978-950-07-3076-1"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/547208/summary","external_links_name":"online review"},{"Link":"http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/27438/07-Mesa+de+Debate.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"http://journals.iai.spk-berlin.de/index.php/iberoamericana/article/download/1213/871","external_links_name":"online"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_Libris_Group
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Ex Libris Group
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["1 History","2 Key people","3 Products","4 References","5 External links"]
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Global bibliographic services company
Ex Libris Group Ltd.Company typePrivate; subsidiaryIndustryLibrary automation softwareFounded1986 (1986)HeadquartersLondon, United KingdomNumber of locations11Area servedWorldwideKey peopleYariv Kursh (GM & SVP Clarivate)OwnerClarivateNumber of employees950Websitewww.exlibrisgroup.com
Clarivate Headquarters in London United Kingdom
Ex Libris Group is a software company that develops integrated library systems and other library software. It has ten offices around the world. In October 2015, Ex Libris was acquired by ProQuest which in turn was acquired by the British-American analytics company Clarivate in December 2021.
History
Ex Libris started as an internal project at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1980 to develop a new library management system, as no system at the time was able to handle both Hebrew and Latin character sets as required by the university. The software was called Automated Library Expandable Program or ALEPH-100 ("Aleph" is also the name of the first letter of many Semitic alphabets). In 1983, Yissum (the technology transfer company of the Hebrew University) founded Aleph-Yissum Ltd., a new company to commercialize the software. Yohanan Spruch, the original developer of ALEPH, became the company's chief technology officer. Between 1983 and 1988, all eight Israeli universities bought the program and linked up in a network.
In 1986 Ex Libris Ltd. was founded by technology entrepreneur Azriel Morag to market the software overseas. In 1993, ALEPH was deployed by the seventeen libraries of the Vatican
and 200 libraries in 27 countries had bought it by 1995.
In 1995 Aleph-Yissum merged with Ex Libris Ltd. and reorganized as the Ex Libris Group, headed by Azriel Morag as the group's chief executive officer.
In July 1997, Ex Libris acquired Dabis, a leading vendor of automated library systems in the German speaking countries.
In 1998, venture capital funds Walden Israel and Tamar Ventures invested over $4m in Ex Libris.
In February 2000, Ex Libris acquired the rights to SFX, an OpenURL link server software, from the University of Ghent. Ex Libris popularized OpenURL, which later became the ANSI/NISO Z39.88 standard in the information industry.
In July 2000, Ex Libris launched MetaLib, a federated search system that conducts simultaneous searches in multiple information resources such as library catalogs, journal articles, newspapers.
In August 2002, Ex Libris launched DigiTool, a full function, digital asset management system designed for libraries and information centers.
In 2004, Ex Libris launched Verde, an electronic resource management system that manages the acquisition and licensing of electronic resources.
In July 2006, Francisco Partners became the sole owner of Ex Libris Group. In November of that year, Endeavor, the developer of the Voyager integrated library system, was merged into Ex Libris.
In May 2007, Ex Libris launched the Primo library discovery and delivery service.
In August 2008, Leeds Equity Partners acquired Ex Libris Group.
In May 2009, Ex Libris launched the bX recommender service, which provides library users with recommendations for scholarly articles. Also in 2009, Rosetta was introduced as a digital preservation and asset management application.
In January 2011, in collaboration with four development partners, the company released the Ex Libris Alma library management system, the first SaaS cloud-based library services platform, representing the company's shift from an on-premise to a SaaS technology provider.
Golden Gate Capital acquired Ex Libris in 2012.
Ex Libris acquired oMbiel and its product campusM, a mobile campus platform, in April 2015, marking the company's expansion to educational technology outside libraries.
Leganto, the company's reading list management application, built on the Alma cloud platform, was launched in 2015, and was Ex Libris' entry into the teaching and learning domain.
In December 2015, ProQuest acquired Ex Libris. It was announced at that time that Ex Libris would also manage the products of the Workflow Solutions division of ProQuest, such as Intota, Summon, and 360 Link.
In February 2018, Ex Libris partnered with five universities across the US to collaborate on the development of a new research services platform, Ex Libris Esploro. It was the company's first step into the research services market. The company provides services to thousands of customers in more than 90 countries. As of 2015, Ex Libris served 43 of the 50 top universities in the world. Over 40 national libraries use Ex Libris solutions.
In August 2018, Ex Libris acquired Research Research Limited (known as *Research), which offers coverage of funding opportunities and publishes news and analysis of research politics and funding in the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.
In June 2019, Ex Libris acquired RapidILL, which had been developed by Colorado State University. In December 2019, Ex Libris agreed to acquire Innovative Interfaces (III).
Looking at academic libraries in the United States, by 2020 Ex Libris held a 49 percent market share of that domain, with that share consisting of its Alma, Voyager, and Aleph ILS products.
In May 2021, Clarivate acquired ProQuest/Ex Libris.
Key people
Matti Shem Tov was the president and CEO of Ex Libris from 2003 to 2017. He was appointed as CEO of ProQuest in November 2017, and Bar Veinstein took over as president of Ex Libris at that time. In late 2021 Oded Scharfstein was appointed President of Ex Libris. In January 2022 Ofer Mosseri replaced Sharfstein as the General Manager of Ex Libris.In August 2022, Yariv Kursh replaced Ofer Mosseri as SVP, General Manager of Clarivate Library Software Group, which unified Ex Libris and Innovative Interfaces Inc. (iii) under a single leadership, as part of Clarivate's A&G segment
Products
Alma: A SaaS Library Services Platform (LSP), released by company in 2012
Primo: Discovery service released in 2006
Summon: Index-based discovery service. Launched in January 2009
Rosetta: Digital preservation and asset management platform, launched in 2009
Leganto: Reading list management application launched in 2015
campusM: Mobile campus app platform for academic institutions, acquired in 2015
Esploro: Research services platform launched in February 2018
360 Link: Link resolver and knowledge base product
360 Resource Manager: Library content management
Refworks: Citation and reference management software
Pivot: Comprehensive resource for finding funding opportunities available to researchers
Aleph: Original integrated library system (ILS)
Voyager: Integrated library services platform (ILS), acquired by Ex Libris in November 2006
DigiTool: Digital asset management system
bX: Scholarly article recommender service
Verde: E system
SFX: OpenURL link resolver software
MetaDoor - The Open Metadata Platform, in development as of 2022
References
^ Ennis, Matt (16 November 2012). "Ex Libris Group acquired by Golden Gate Capital". The Digital Shift. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
^ "ProQuest to buy Israeli co Ex Libris for $500m - Globes". Globes (in Hebrew). 6 October 2015. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ a b c Flusfeder, Helena (13 November 1995). "Instant access, distant library". Times Higher Education.
^ "Aleph computerizes the Vatican". Israel Business Today. 22 October 1993. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014.
^ "Walden Israel Venture Capital portfolio". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
^ "Ex Libris purchases Dabis". Library Systems Newsletter. 17 (7): 57. July 1997.
^ "Ex Libris buys US competitor Endeavor - Globes". Globes (in Hebrew). 31 December 2006. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ a b "ProQuest to Acquire Ex Libris | American Libraries Magazine". American Libraries Magazine. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ "Ex Libris acquires SFX linking software". Computers in Libraries. 20 (4): 12. April 2000. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07.
^ "Library Journal". lj.libraryjournal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ Flett, Margaret. "Implementing cross-search tools: challenges and opportunities" (PDF). UCL Library Services.
^ a b "1992-2001: Library management systems". john.curtin.edu.au. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ Sadeh, Tamar (2004). "Developing an Electronic Resource Management System: Verde from Ex Libris". LIBER Quarterly. 14 (3/4). doi:10.18352/lq.7783.
^ "Francisco Partners Buying Ex Libris for $62 Million". Haaretz. 2006-07-25. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ "Ex Libris company profile". librarytechnology.org. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ Pagliero, Popp, Mary (2012-06-30). Planning and Implementing Resource Discovery Tools in Academic Libraries. IGI Global. ISBN 9781466618220.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Ex Libris bought by New York private equity firm - Globes". Globes (in Hebrew). 6 August 2008. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ Breeding, Marshall (2009-06-01). "bX Recommender Service Now Available from Ex Libris". Smart Libraries Newsletter. 29 (6).
^ a b c d "Library Systems Report 2018 | American Libraries Magazine". American Libraries Magazine. 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ "ידעטק | Ex Libris חושפת את ALMA - פתרון מבוסס ענן לניהול ספריות". www.yedatech.co.il. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ Hane, Paula J. (2012-11-19). "Golden Gate Capital Acquires Ex Libris Group". newsbreaks.infotoday.com. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
^ "Library Journal". lj.libraryjournal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ a b "Library Systems Report 2018 | American Libraries Magazine". American Libraries Magazine. 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ "ProQuest and Ex Libris Join to Accelerate Innovation for Libraries Worldwide". Informazione - Comunicati Stampa (in Italian). 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ "ProQuest Buys Israeli Ex Libris For $500M | Technology News". NoCamels - Israeli Innovation News. 2015-10-07. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ Breeding, Marshall (6 October 2015). "ProQuest to Acquire Ex Libris". American Libraries. Chicago: American Library Association.
^ Sanford, Kurt (15 December 2015). "ProQuest and Ex Libris Join to Bring More Choices to Libraries". ProQuest Blog. Retrieved 23 February 2016 – via ProQuest.
^ GmbH, finanzen.net. "Five Partners Join Ex Libris in Developing New Research Services Platform | Markets Insider". markets.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ a b אורפז, ענבל (2015-10-06). "עסקת ענק: פרוקווסט האמריקאית רוכשת את אקס ליבריס הישראלית בכחצי מיליארד דולר". TheMarker. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ "ProQuest acquires Israeli company Ex Libris for $500 million". Geektime. 2015-10-08. Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ Breeding, Marshall (2018-09-01). "Ex Libris Expands Learning and Research Division". Smart Libraries Newsletter. 38 (9).
^ "Ex Libris Acquires RapidILL, Provider of Leading Resource-Sharing Solutions". Ex Libris. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
^ "Ex Libris Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire Innovative". Innovative Interfaces Inc. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
^ Breeding, Marshall (June 2020). "Market Share Dynamics: US Public and Academic Libraries". Smart Libraries Newsletter.
^ "Clarivate to Acquire ProQuest, Creating a Leading Global Provider of Mission Critical Information and Data-Driven Solutions for Science and Research". Ex Libris. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
^ "insource:"primo.exlibrisgroup.com"". en.wikipedia.org - Search results - Wikipedia. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
External links
Library Technology Guides profile
Authority control databases: National
Finland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clarivate_HeadQuarters_London.jpg"},{"link_name":"London United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"integrated library systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_library_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Clarivate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarivate"}],"text":"Clarivate Headquarters in London United KingdomEx Libris Group is a software company that develops integrated library systems and other library software. It has ten offices around the world.[1] In October 2015, Ex Libris was acquired by ProQuest[2] which in turn was acquired by the British-American analytics company Clarivate in December 2021.","title":"Ex Libris Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Aleph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THE-3"},{"link_name":"Yissum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yissum_Research_Development_Company_of_the_Hebrew_University"},{"link_name":"technology transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer"},{"link_name":"chief technology officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technology_officer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THE-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THE-3"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walden-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"SFX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFX_(software)"},{"link_name":"OpenURL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenURL"},{"link_name":"University of Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"MetaLib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetaLib"},{"link_name":"federated search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_search"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"electronic resource management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_resource_management"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Voyager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_(library_program)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"SaaS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Capital"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%96-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%96-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Innovative Interfaces (III)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovative_Interfaces"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sln-jun2020-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Ex Libris started as an internal project at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1980 to develop a new library management system, as no system at the time was able to handle both Hebrew and Latin character sets as required by the university. The software was called Automated Library Expandable Program or ALEPH-100 (\"Aleph\" is also the name of the first letter of many Semitic alphabets).[3] In 1983, Yissum (the technology transfer company of the Hebrew University) founded Aleph-Yissum Ltd., a new company to commercialize the software. Yohanan Spruch, the original developer of ALEPH, became the company's chief technology officer. Between 1983 and 1988, all eight Israeli universities bought the program and linked up in a network.[3]In 1986 Ex Libris Ltd. was founded by technology entrepreneur Azriel Morag to market the software overseas. In 1993, ALEPH was deployed by the seventeen libraries of the Vatican[4]\nand 200 libraries in 27 countries had bought it by 1995.[3]In 1995 Aleph-Yissum merged with Ex Libris Ltd. and reorganized as the Ex Libris Group, headed by Azriel Morag as the group's chief executive officer.[5]In July 1997, Ex Libris acquired Dabis, a leading vendor of automated library systems in the German speaking countries.[6]In 1998, venture capital funds Walden Israel and Tamar Ventures invested over $4m in Ex Libris.[7]In February 2000, Ex Libris acquired the rights to SFX, an OpenURL link server software, from the University of Ghent.[8][9] Ex Libris popularized OpenURL, which later became the ANSI/NISO Z39.88 standard in the information industry.[10]In July 2000, Ex Libris launched MetaLib, a federated search system that conducts simultaneous searches in multiple information resources such as library catalogs, journal articles, newspapers.[11]In August 2002, Ex Libris launched DigiTool, a full function, digital asset management system designed for libraries and information centers.[12]In 2004, Ex Libris launched Verde, an electronic resource management system that manages the acquisition and licensing of electronic resources.[13]In July 2006, Francisco Partners became the sole owner of Ex Libris Group.[14] In November of that year, Endeavor, the developer of the Voyager integrated library system, was merged into Ex Libris.[15]In May 2007, Ex Libris launched the Primo library discovery and delivery service.[16]In August 2008, Leeds Equity Partners acquired Ex Libris Group.[17]In May 2009, Ex Libris launched the bX recommender service, which provides library users with recommendations for scholarly articles.[18] Also in 2009, Rosetta was introduced as a digital preservation and asset management application.[19]In January 2011, in collaboration with four development partners, the company released the Ex Libris Alma library management system, the first SaaS cloud-based library services platform, representing the company's shift from an on-premise to a SaaS technology provider.[20]Golden Gate Capital acquired Ex Libris in 2012.[21]Ex Libris acquired oMbiel and its product campusM, a mobile campus platform, in April 2015, marking the company's expansion to educational technology outside libraries.[22]Leganto, the company's reading list management application, built on the Alma cloud platform, was launched in 2015, and was Ex Libris' entry into the teaching and learning domain.[23][24]In December 2015, ProQuest acquired Ex Libris.[25][19] It was announced at that time that Ex Libris would also manage the products of the Workflow Solutions division of ProQuest,[26] such as Intota, Summon, and 360 Link.[27]In February 2018, Ex Libris partnered with five universities across the US to collaborate on the development of a new research services platform, Ex Libris Esploro. It was the company's first step into the research services market.[28] The company provides services to thousands of customers in more than 90 countries.[29] As of 2015, Ex Libris served 43 of the 50 top universities in the world.[29] Over 40 national libraries use Ex Libris solutions.[30]In August 2018, Ex Libris acquired Research Research Limited (known as *Research), which offers coverage of funding opportunities and publishes news and analysis of research politics and funding in the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.[31]In June 2019, Ex Libris acquired RapidILL, which had been developed by Colorado State University.[32] In December 2019, Ex Libris agreed to acquire Innovative Interfaces (III).[33]Looking at academic libraries in the United States, by 2020 Ex Libris held a 49 percent market share of that domain, with that share consisting of its Alma, Voyager, and Aleph ILS products.[34]In May 2021, Clarivate acquired ProQuest/Ex Libris.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"}],"text":"Matti Shem Tov was the president and CEO of Ex Libris from 2003 to 2017. He was appointed as CEO of ProQuest in November 2017, and Bar Veinstein took over as president of Ex Libris at that time. In late 2021 Oded Scharfstein was appointed President of Ex Libris. In January 2022 Ofer Mosseri replaced Sharfstein as the General Manager of Ex Libris.In August 2022, Yariv Kursh replaced Ofer Mosseri as SVP, General Manager of Clarivate Library Software Group, which unified Ex Libris and Innovative Interfaces Inc. (iii) under a single leadership, as part of Clarivate's A&G segment[19]","title":"Key people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wikipedia/primo.exlibrisgroup.com-36"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-23"}],"text":"Alma: A SaaS Library Services Platform (LSP), released by company in 2012\nPrimo: Discovery service released in 2006[36]\nSummon: Index-based discovery service. Launched in January 2009\nRosetta: Digital preservation and asset management platform, launched in 2009\nLeganto: Reading list management application launched in 2015\ncampusM: Mobile campus app platform for academic institutions, acquired in 2015\nEsploro: Research services platform launched in February 2018\n360 Link: Link resolver and knowledge base product\n360 Resource Manager: Library content management\nRefworks: Citation and reference management software\nPivot: Comprehensive resource for finding funding opportunities available to researchers\nAleph: Original integrated library system (ILS)\nVoyager: Integrated library services platform (ILS), acquired by Ex Libris in November 2006\nDigiTool: Digital asset management system\nbX: Scholarly article recommender service\nVerde: E system\nSFX: OpenURL link resolver software[8][12][19][23]\nMetaDoor - The Open Metadata Platform, in development as of 2022","title":"Products"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Clarivate Headquarters in London United Kingdom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Clarivate_HeadQuarters_London.jpg/250px-Clarivate_HeadQuarters_London.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ennis, Matt (16 November 2012). \"Ex Libris Group acquired by Golden Gate Capital\". The Digital Shift. Retrieved 19 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2012/11/ils/ex-libris-group-acquired-by-golden-gate-capital/","url_text":"\"Ex Libris Group acquired by Golden Gate Capital\""}]},{"reference":"\"ProQuest to buy Israeli co Ex Libris for $500m - Globes\". Globes (in Hebrew). 6 October 2015. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-proquest-to-buy-israeli-ex-libris-for-500m-1001071691","url_text":"\"ProQuest to buy Israeli co Ex Libris for $500m - Globes\""}]},{"reference":"Flusfeder, Helena (13 November 1995). \"Instant access, distant library\". Times Higher Education.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/features/instant-access-distant-library/98933.article","url_text":"\"Instant access, distant library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aleph computerizes the Vatican\". Israel Business Today. 22 October 1993. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140611111214/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14668043.html","url_text":"\"Aleph computerizes the Vatican\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14668043.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Walden Israel Venture Capital portfolio\". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084851/http://www.walden.co.il/pages/ShowPort.asp?Id=152","url_text":"\"Walden Israel Venture Capital portfolio\""},{"url":"http://www.walden.co.il/pages/ShowPort.asp?Id=152","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex Libris purchases Dabis\". Library Systems Newsletter. 17 (7): 57. July 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.librarytechnology.org/ltg-displaytext.pl?RC=5577","url_text":"\"Ex Libris purchases Dabis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex Libris buys US competitor Endeavor - Globes\". Globes (in Hebrew). 31 December 2006. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-1000167917","url_text":"\"Ex Libris buys US competitor Endeavor - Globes\""}]},{"reference":"\"ProQuest to Acquire Ex Libris | American Libraries Magazine\". American Libraries Magazine. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/proquest-to-acquire-ex-libris/","url_text":"\"ProQuest to Acquire Ex Libris | American Libraries Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex Libris acquires SFX linking software\". Computers in Libraries. 20 (4): 12. April 2000. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084820/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/2957396/ex-libris-acquires-sfx-linking-software","url_text":"\"Ex Libris acquires SFX linking software\""},{"url":"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/2957396/ex-libris-acquires-sfx-linking-software","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Library Journal\". lj.libraryjournal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://lj.libraryjournal.com/2004/04/ljarchives/the-lure-of-linking/#_","url_text":"\"Library Journal\""}]},{"reference":"Flett, Margaret. \"Implementing cross-search tools: challenges and opportunities\" (PDF). UCL Library Services.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/4310/1/4310.pdf","url_text":"\"Implementing cross-search tools: challenges and opportunities\""}]},{"reference":"\"1992-2001: Library management systems\". john.curtin.edu.au. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://john.curtin.edu.au/40thanniversary/2002-2012_operations2.html","url_text":"\"1992-2001: Library management systems\""}]},{"reference":"Sadeh, Tamar (2004). \"Developing an Electronic Resource Management System: Verde from Ex Libris\". LIBER Quarterly. 14 (3/4). doi:10.18352/lq.7783.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18352%2Flq.7783","url_text":"\"Developing an Electronic Resource Management System: Verde from Ex Libris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18352%2Flq.7783","url_text":"10.18352/lq.7783"}]},{"reference":"\"Francisco Partners Buying Ex Libris for $62 Million\". Haaretz. 2006-07-25. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/1.4869414","url_text":"\"Francisco Partners Buying Ex Libris for $62 Million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex Libris company profile\". librarytechnology.org. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://librarytechnology.org/vendors/exlibris/","url_text":"\"Ex Libris company profile\""}]},{"reference":"Pagliero, Popp, Mary (2012-06-30). Planning and Implementing Resource Discovery Tools in Academic Libraries. IGI Global. ISBN 9781466618220.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-NmWY0NiMMcC&q=ex+libris+primo+2007&pg=PA254","url_text":"Planning and Implementing Resource Discovery Tools in Academic Libraries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466618220","url_text":"9781466618220"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex Libris bought by New York private equity firm - Globes\". Globes (in Hebrew). 6 August 2008. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.globes.co.il/en/article-1000369127","url_text":"\"Ex Libris bought by New York private equity firm - Globes\""}]},{"reference":"Breeding, Marshall (2009-06-01). \"bX Recommender Service Now Available from Ex Libris\". Smart Libraries Newsletter. 29 (6).","urls":[{"url":"https://librarytechnology.org/document/14580","url_text":"\"bX Recommender Service Now Available from Ex Libris\""}]},{"reference":"\"Library Systems Report 2018 | American Libraries Magazine\". American Libraries Magazine. 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2018/05/01/library-systems-report-2018/","url_text":"\"Library Systems Report 2018 | American Libraries Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"ידעטק | Ex Libris חושפת את ALMA - פתרון מבוסס ענן לניהול ספריות\". www.yedatech.co.il. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yedatech.co.il/yt/news.jhtml?value=9878","url_text":"\"ידעטק | Ex Libris חושפת את ALMA - פתרון מבוסס ענן לניהול ספריות\""}]},{"reference":"Hane, Paula J. (2012-11-19). \"Golden Gate Capital Acquires Ex Libris Group\". newsbreaks.infotoday.com. Retrieved 2021-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Golden-Gate-Capital-Acquires-Ex-Libris-Group-86231.asp","url_text":"\"Golden Gate Capital Acquires Ex Libris Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Library Journal\". lj.libraryjournal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://lj.libraryjournal.com/2015/04/technology/ex-libris-acquires-ombiel-establishes-mobile-campus-solutions-division/","url_text":"\"Library Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Library Systems Report 2018 | American Libraries Magazine\". American Libraries Magazine. 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2018/05/01/library-systems-report-2018/","url_text":"\"Library Systems Report 2018 | American Libraries Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"ProQuest and Ex Libris Join to Accelerate Innovation for Libraries Worldwide\". Informazione - Comunicati Stampa (in Italian). 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.informazione.it/c/E194DAA8-A338-4628-BF9E-76C8206CF8EA/ProQuest-and-Ex-Libris-Join-to-Accelerate-Innovation-for-Libraries-Worldwide","url_text":"\"ProQuest and Ex Libris Join to Accelerate Innovation for Libraries Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"ProQuest Buys Israeli Ex Libris For $500M | Technology News\". NoCamels - Israeli Innovation News. 2015-10-07. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://nocamels.com/2015/10/proquest-acquires-israeli-firm-ex-libris/","url_text":"\"ProQuest Buys Israeli Ex Libris For $500M | Technology News\""}]},{"reference":"Breeding, Marshall (6 October 2015). \"ProQuest to Acquire Ex Libris\". American Libraries. Chicago: American Library Association.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/proquest-to-acquire-ex-libris/","url_text":"\"ProQuest to Acquire Ex Libris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Libraries","url_text":"American Libraries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Association","url_text":"American Library Association"}]},{"reference":"Sanford, Kurt (15 December 2015). \"ProQuest and Ex Libris Join to Bring More Choices to Libraries\". ProQuest Blog. Retrieved 23 February 2016 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.proquest.com/blog/pqblog/2015/ProQuest-and-Ex-Libris-Join-to-Bring-More-Choices-to-Libraries.html?WT.dcsvid=MzU0Njg2Mzg1ODAS1&","url_text":"\"ProQuest and Ex Libris Join to Bring More Choices to Libraries\""}]},{"reference":"GmbH, finanzen.net. \"Five Partners Join Ex Libris in Developing New Research Services Platform | Markets Insider\". markets.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/five-partners-join-ex-libris-in-developing-new-research-services-platform-1015123216","url_text":"\"Five Partners Join Ex Libris in Developing New Research Services Platform | Markets Insider\""}]},{"reference":"אורפז, ענבל (2015-10-06). \"עסקת ענק: פרוקווסט האמריקאית רוכשת את אקס ליבריס הישראלית בכחצי מיליארד דולר\". TheMarker. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themarker.com/technation/1.2745495","url_text":"\"עסקת ענק: פרוקווסט האמריקאית רוכשת את אקס ליבריס הישראלית בכחצי מיליארד דולר\""}]},{"reference":"\"ProQuest acquires Israeli company Ex Libris for $500 million\". Geektime. 2015-10-08. Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190704110256/https://www.geektime.com/2015/10/08/proquest-acquires-israeli-company-ex-libris-for-500-million/","url_text":"\"ProQuest acquires Israeli company Ex Libris for $500 million\""},{"url":"https://www.geektime.com/2015/10/08/proquest-acquires-israeli-company-ex-libris-for-500-million/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Breeding, Marshall (2018-09-01). \"Ex Libris Expands Learning and Research Division\". Smart Libraries Newsletter. 38 (9).","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.ala.org/index.php/sln","url_text":"\"Ex Libris Expands Learning and Research Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex Libris Acquires RapidILL, Provider of Leading Resource-Sharing Solutions\". Ex Libris. Retrieved 2019-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.exlibrisgroup.com/press-release/ex-libris-acquires-rapidill-provider-of-leading-resource-sharing-solutions/","url_text":"\"Ex Libris Acquires RapidILL, Provider of Leading Resource-Sharing Solutions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex Libris Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire Innovative\". Innovative Interfaces Inc. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iii.com/media/ex-libris-signs-definitive-agreement-to-acquire-innovative/","url_text":"\"Ex Libris Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire Innovative\""}]},{"reference":"Breeding, Marshall (June 2020). \"Market Share Dynamics: US Public and Academic Libraries\". Smart Libraries Newsletter.","urls":[{"url":"https://librarytechnology.org/document/25243","url_text":"\"Market Share Dynamics: US Public and Academic Libraries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clarivate to Acquire ProQuest, Creating a Leading Global Provider of Mission Critical Information and Data-Driven Solutions for Science and Research\". Ex Libris. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://exlibrisgroup.com/press-release/clarivate-to-acquire-proquest/","url_text":"\"Clarivate to Acquire ProQuest, Creating a Leading Global Provider of Mission Critical Information and Data-Driven Solutions for Science and Research\""}]},{"reference":"\"insource:\"primo.exlibrisgroup.com\"\". en.wikipedia.org - Search results - Wikipedia. Retrieved 6 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=insource%3A%22primo.exlibrisgroup.com%22","url_text":"\"insource:\"primo.exlibrisgroup.com\"\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.exlibrisgroup.com/","external_links_name":"www.exlibrisgroup.com"},{"Link":"http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2012/11/ils/ex-libris-group-acquired-by-golden-gate-capital/","external_links_name":"\"Ex Libris Group acquired by Golden Gate Capital\""},{"Link":"https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-proquest-to-buy-israeli-ex-libris-for-500m-1001071691","external_links_name":"\"ProQuest to buy Israeli co Ex Libris for $500m - Globes\""},{"Link":"http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/features/instant-access-distant-library/98933.article","external_links_name":"\"Instant access, distant library\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140611111214/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14668043.html","external_links_name":"\"Aleph computerizes the Vatican\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14668043.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084851/http://www.walden.co.il/pages/ShowPort.asp?Id=152","external_links_name":"\"Walden Israel Venture Capital portfolio\""},{"Link":"http://www.walden.co.il/pages/ShowPort.asp?Id=152","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.librarytechnology.org/ltg-displaytext.pl?RC=5577","external_links_name":"\"Ex Libris purchases Dabis\""},{"Link":"https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-1000167917","external_links_name":"\"Ex Libris buys US competitor Endeavor - Globes\""},{"Link":"https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/proquest-to-acquire-ex-libris/","external_links_name":"\"ProQuest to Acquire Ex Libris | American Libraries Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084820/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/2957396/ex-libris-acquires-sfx-linking-software","external_links_name":"\"Ex Libris acquires SFX linking software\""},{"Link":"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/2957396/ex-libris-acquires-sfx-linking-software","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://lj.libraryjournal.com/2004/04/ljarchives/the-lure-of-linking/#_","external_links_name":"\"Library Journal\""},{"Link":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/4310/1/4310.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Implementing cross-search tools: challenges and opportunities\""},{"Link":"http://john.curtin.edu.au/40thanniversary/2002-2012_operations2.html","external_links_name":"\"1992-2001: Library management systems\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18352%2Flq.7783","external_links_name":"\"Developing an Electronic Resource Management System: Verde from Ex Libris\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18352%2Flq.7783","external_links_name":"10.18352/lq.7783"},{"Link":"https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/1.4869414","external_links_name":"\"Francisco Partners Buying Ex Libris for $62 Million\""},{"Link":"https://librarytechnology.org/vendors/exlibris/","external_links_name":"\"Ex Libris company profile\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-NmWY0NiMMcC&q=ex+libris+primo+2007&pg=PA254","external_links_name":"Planning and Implementing Resource Discovery Tools in Academic Libraries"},{"Link":"http://en.globes.co.il/en/article-1000369127","external_links_name":"\"Ex Libris bought by New York private equity firm - Globes\""},{"Link":"https://librarytechnology.org/document/14580","external_links_name":"\"bX Recommender Service Now Available from Ex Libris\""},{"Link":"https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2018/05/01/library-systems-report-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Library Systems Report 2018 | American Libraries Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.yedatech.co.il/yt/news.jhtml?value=9878","external_links_name":"\"ידעטק | Ex Libris חושפת את ALMA - פתרון מבוסס ענן לניהול ספריות\""},{"Link":"http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Golden-Gate-Capital-Acquires-Ex-Libris-Group-86231.asp","external_links_name":"\"Golden Gate Capital Acquires Ex Libris Group\""},{"Link":"https://lj.libraryjournal.com/2015/04/technology/ex-libris-acquires-ombiel-establishes-mobile-campus-solutions-division/","external_links_name":"\"Library Journal\""},{"Link":"https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2018/05/01/library-systems-report-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Library Systems Report 2018 | American Libraries Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.informazione.it/c/E194DAA8-A338-4628-BF9E-76C8206CF8EA/ProQuest-and-Ex-Libris-Join-to-Accelerate-Innovation-for-Libraries-Worldwide","external_links_name":"\"ProQuest and Ex Libris Join to Accelerate Innovation for Libraries Worldwide\""},{"Link":"http://nocamels.com/2015/10/proquest-acquires-israeli-firm-ex-libris/","external_links_name":"\"ProQuest Buys Israeli Ex Libris For $500M | Technology News\""},{"Link":"http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/proquest-to-acquire-ex-libris/","external_links_name":"\"ProQuest to Acquire Ex Libris\""},{"Link":"http://www.proquest.com/blog/pqblog/2015/ProQuest-and-Ex-Libris-Join-to-Bring-More-Choices-to-Libraries.html?WT.dcsvid=MzU0Njg2Mzg1ODAS1&","external_links_name":"\"ProQuest and Ex Libris Join to Bring More Choices to Libraries\""},{"Link":"http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/five-partners-join-ex-libris-in-developing-new-research-services-platform-1015123216","external_links_name":"\"Five Partners Join Ex Libris in Developing New Research Services Platform | Markets Insider\""},{"Link":"https://www.themarker.com/technation/1.2745495","external_links_name":"\"עסקת ענק: פרוקווסט האמריקאית רוכשת את אקס ליבריס הישראלית בכחצי מיליארד דולר\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190704110256/https://www.geektime.com/2015/10/08/proquest-acquires-israeli-company-ex-libris-for-500-million/","external_links_name":"\"ProQuest acquires Israeli company Ex Libris for $500 million\""},{"Link":"https://www.geektime.com/2015/10/08/proquest-acquires-israeli-company-ex-libris-for-500-million/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://journals.ala.org/index.php/sln","external_links_name":"\"Ex Libris Expands Learning and Research Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.exlibrisgroup.com/press-release/ex-libris-acquires-rapidill-provider-of-leading-resource-sharing-solutions/","external_links_name":"\"Ex Libris Acquires RapidILL, Provider of Leading Resource-Sharing Solutions\""},{"Link":"https://www.iii.com/media/ex-libris-signs-definitive-agreement-to-acquire-innovative/","external_links_name":"\"Ex Libris Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire Innovative\""},{"Link":"https://librarytechnology.org/document/25243","external_links_name":"\"Market Share Dynamics: US Public and Academic Libraries\""},{"Link":"https://exlibrisgroup.com/press-release/clarivate-to-acquire-proquest/","external_links_name":"\"Clarivate to Acquire ProQuest, Creating a Leading Global Provider of Mission Critical Information and Data-Driven Solutions for Science and Research\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=insource%3A%22primo.exlibrisgroup.com%22","external_links_name":"\"insource:\"primo.exlibrisgroup.com\"\""},{"Link":"https://librarytechnology.org/vendors/exlibris/","external_links_name":"Library Technology Guides profile"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000029276","external_links_name":"Finland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise-O-Matic
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Cruise-O-Matic
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["1 Ford-O-Matic","1.1 Merc-O-Matic \"Keyboard Control/Multi-Drive\"","2 MX/FX","3 Ford-O-Matic two-speed","4 FMX","4.1 Gear ratios","5 XT-LOD","6 GAZ copy","7 See also","8 References"]
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Motor vehicle
Ford "X" TransmissionOverviewManufacturerFord Motor CompanyAlso calledFord-O-MaticCruise-O-MaticMerc-O-MaticTurbo-Drive (Lincoln)Production1958–19811950–1964 (Ford-O-Matic)Body and chassisClass3-speed automatic transmissionRelatedC-4/C-5C-6C-3ChronologySuccessorAOD
Ford-O-Matic was the first automatic transmission widely used by Ford Motor Company. It was designed by the Warner Gear division of Borg Warner Corporation and introduced in 1951 model year cars, and was called the Merc-O-Matic when installed in Mercury branded cars and Turbo-Drive when installed in Lincoln branded cars. In contrast to Detroit Gear Division's three band automatic originally designed for Studebaker which became superseded by this unit, a variation of Warner Gear's three-speed unit named Ford-O-Matic continued to evolve later into Cruise-O-Matic named transmissions in 1958 and finally the FMX named transmissions in 1968. This line continued in production until 1980, when the AOD was introduced. Like Ford, variations of this same Borg Warner design were used by other automobile manufacturers as well, such as AMC, International Harvester, Studebaker, Volvo and Jaguar, each of them having the necessary unique adaptations required for the individual applications.
Ford-O-Matic
In 1948, Ford realized it was late in introducing a fully automatic transmission to its automobile lineup. Ford initially approached Studebaker to purchase rights to use the DG-series automatic developed by the Detroit Gear division of Borg-Warner. The Studebaker board of directors was agreeable, but stipulated that Studebaker would have one year exclusive use of the design before Ford could use it. Since the DG was available in Studebaker cars in mid-1950, this meant that Ford would have to wait until mid-1951 to introduce an automatic. The wait was unacceptable, so Ford went a different direction.
Ford Engineering Vice President Harold Youngren, recently hired away from Borg-Warner, recommended that Ford license and build a transmission using a design he was working on at his previous employer. Ford and the Warner Gear division of Borg-Warner signed a contract in 1948 which entered B-W into a supply agreement wherein they would build half of Ford's transmissions for five years, with the other half either being built by Ford or by a different supplier. Because of this agreement, Ford licensed the design themselves and broke ground immediately on an assembly plant to build the remaining transmissions. The new plant, called Fairfax Transmission Plant, was dedicated in 1950.
The original Ford-O-Matic accomplished two things that Ford's two previous automatic transmissions failed to do: Through the use of an integrated torque converter and planetary gearset, Ford's automatic shifted smoothly without an interruption in torque from the engine. The other was the shifting pattern, revised from PNDLR to PRNDL, which served to reduce "shift shock" when changing gears and reduce "torque shock" when trying to rock a stuck car back and forth.
The original Ford-O-Matic, while capable of three forward speeds, started out in second and shifted to third, with first only being used when selecting L on the gear shift column. However, if floored from a standing start, it would immediately shift from second to low then shift back to second and then third as the vehicle accelerated.
The Ford-O-Matic was manufactured from 1951 until it was replaced by the C4 in 1964. Ultimately the transmission Ford licensed to build from Warner Gear/B-W was less expensive to build than the Detroit Gear/B-W unit that Ford had initially sought to license from Studebaker. When Studebaker ran into financial difficulty in the mid-1950s, Studebaker turned to Ford and licensed the less expensive Ford-O-Matic, rebranded it as the Flight-O-Matic, and dropped the DG transmission from its line-up.
Merc-O-Matic "Keyboard Control/Multi-Drive"
1958 Mercury Park Lane with "Multi-Drive" transmission controls to the left of the steering wheel
For 1957, Mercury offered mechanically activated pushbutton transmission controls in response to the Chrysler TorqueFlite pushbutton controls introduced in 1956. The Mercury control buttons initially offered five buttons and was called "Keyboard Control", with a long button on top labeled "Drive" with four smaller buttons below labeled "Brake", "Neutral Start" which would allow the engine to start with the ignition key, "Hill Control" and "Reverse" with later versions separating the "Drive" button to "Performance" and "Cruising" for 1958 and relabeled as "Multi-Drive Keyboard Control". A separate push/pull lever was included below the control buttons labeled "Park" which would lock out the control buttons until the Park button was pulled to release it. The control panel was installed to the left of the steering wheel. In 1959 the keyboard control was discontinued and used a steering column gear selector lever.
MX/FX
In the mid-1950s, cars began to grow in size, and in response to heavier vehicles, more powerful engines were being developed. The original Ford-O-Matic was used as a template when developing the next automatic transmissions for Ford; in fact, many of the gear sets are interchangeable. The new transmissions arrived for model year 1958 which coincided with the release of Ford's new FE and MEL engines. Although marketed as Cruise-O-Matic, the new transmissions were known internally as the MX (larger) and the FX (smaller). They were a three-speed design using a Ravigneaux planetary gearset like the original, but moved the pump from the rear to the front of the transmission, while also using a different valve body so the transmission would start in first gear as opposed to second. The MX was built in the Livonia Transmission Plant in Livonia, Michigan and was placed behind the more powerful engines in Mercury, Lincoln, and select Ford models. The smaller FX was built alongside the Ford-O-Matic at the Fairfax Transmission Plant and was put in midrange Ford and Mercury models. Because the original Ford-O-Matic started in second rather than first, it was marketed as a two-speed after the new three-speed transmissions were introduced. Production continued until it was replaced by the C4 in 1964 in smaller Ford and Mercury vehicles.
Ford-O-Matic two-speed
The Ford-O-Matic two-speed transmission was introduced in 1959. A simplified version of the Cruise-O-Matic, it combined a torque connector and a compound planetary gear set. A front unit (multiple-disc) clutch provided high gear, a front band on the clutch drum provided low gear, and a band on the rear unit internal gear drum provided reverse. This transmission was offered on Ford models Falcon, Fairlane, and Galaxie, Mercury models Comet, and Meteor and Edsel cars with differences in the torque converter, valve bodies and clutch plates to accommodate differing engine torques.
FMX
Ravigneaux planet carrier from a Ford FMX, with a dinner fork to show scale
In 1966, Ford introduced the C6 automatic, which left them with three heavy-duty automatic transmissions and crowded conditions at Livonia Transmission plant. Ford decided to combine the best attributes of the MX and FX transmissions and ended up with an improved version of the "X" called FMX. This transmission used the stronger MX-type rotating parts in the smaller FX style case. This cut down on both weight and the number of transmission components Ford needed to make. This transmission was manufactured at the Fairfax Transmission Plant, freeing up capacity at Livonia for the new C6. The FMX was manufactured from 1968 to 1979, when the Fairfax Transmission plant was closed.
Although the FMX was phased out in the United States in 1979 in favor of Ford's then-revolutionary Automatic OverDrive (AOD) transmission, the FMX was sold for another four years for use in V8 Ford Falcons built in Australia. The FMX ceased production when Ford Australia phased out the V8 engine in 1983.
Gear ratios
First: 2.40:1
Second: 1.47:1
Third: 1.00:1
Reverse: 2.00:1
XT-LOD
In 1962, Ford began working on a new type of automatic transmission to emphasize fuel economy and driveability. The new transmission was built around the Ravigneaux planetary of the "X" transmissions. Where many transmissions had a fourth gear added as an afterthought, Ford's new transmission was designed with a fourth gear already integrated into the gearset. Because it was based on the X transmissions, its gear ratios from 1-3 were the same, with the fourth being .67:1. The transmission featured a split-torque application for third gear, as well as a lockup in the torque converter. The project was shelved with a design that initially lacked a dampener in the torque converter, but after the project was revisited, a dampener ultimately made its way into the final design before Job 1. The XT-LOD was initially abandoned in 1966, but revisited in 1974 as a result of rising gas prices. The transmission was introduced when Ford downsized its full size line for 1979. Initially called XT-LOD (Extension Lock-Up Overdrive), its name was changed when revisited in 1974 to FIOD (Ford Integrated Overdrive) and then to its final name in 1979, the Ford AOD transmission.
GAZ copy
Despite the Cold War, the Soviet Union, in developing its automotive industry, would often base its products on western technology, from whom it would either purchase a full licence (the GAZ factory was designed by the Ford Motor Company, later the Lada factory would be built by Fiat etc.) or make an indigenous copy by reverse engineering. In the 1950s, as the GAZ plant was preparing to launch its new generation of cars, that comprised the mid-size GAZ-21 Volga sedan and the full-size GAZ-13 Chaika limousine, it was specified that both vehicles feature the automatic transmission. Having evaluated many models, Borg-Warner's Ford-O-Matic and Cruise-O-Matic were selected.
Despite very closely resembling the American transmissions, GAZ's copies did have distinctive differences. First of all – their components were adopted to the metric units. Their gear ratios – to the car's engines. Both cars' handbrake actuated a central drum between the housing and the drive shaft, instead of the rear wheels. Thus a parking pawl was deemed redundant. Volga's transmission, based on the Ford-O-Matic, required additional adaptation to the air-cooled torque converter, as it was driven by a 65 hp 4 cylinder engine. Controlled by a steering column mounted lever, it had four regimes: Зх-Н-Д-П (R-N-D-L). In Drive the car would start in second and automatically shift to third depending on throttle position (the valve was regulated by a lever linked to the accelerator pedal). A kick-down feature was also present. First gear could only be engaged manually in Low (though it could be engaged if the car was in motion, but would only downshift) and was used for engine braking or rapid starts. Gear ratios were: 2.4 – 1.0 for the torque converter, 2.84 for first gear, 1.68 for second, third was direct and reverse was 1.72.
Chaika's Cruise-O-Matic copy required fewer adaptations, due to its mating with a 195 hp V8 engine. The transmission was controlled by a dial-button panel with four regimes: Зх, Н, Д, Т corresponding to Reverse, Neutral, Drive and "Braking". In Drive the car was would start in first and sequentially shift to third and back. In "Braking" (i.e. engine braking), third gear would be locked out, and the first gear would be engaged by the rear band immobilizing the planetary carrier, rather than the one-way sprag clutch (absent on Volga's transmission). The more powerful engine and thus torque required a liquid cooling system. Gear ratios were identical to GAZ-21, except for the torque converter, which had a maximum multiplication of 2.5.
Both transmissions made a début in 1958 and 1959 respectively. Initially, it was planned that all of the privately owned Volgas be produced with the automatic, whilst a more Spartan trimmed taxi version featured the three-speed manual. However, most of these cars were given as prizes to workers of distant regions for excellent results, instead of being kept in large cities, where they would be more practical. The "lucky" customers had great difficulty in obtaining adequate spare parts, qualified service and most of all, transmission fluid. As a result, many chose to simply convert their transmission to the common three speed manual (that was a common universal model used in the GAZ-69 jeep and Volga's predecessor, the GAZ-M20 Pobeda). Although the option was formally discontinued in 1964, most of the 700 cars were produced in the 1958 MY. As of 2017, only six such survivors were known.
Chaikas, on the other hand, were available only with the transmission, and in 1962 it received a slight upgrade in number of clutch packs and piston shapes. Never available for private ownership, the car was produced in small scale all the way until 1981. In 1963, GAZ introduced the third Soviet type of a KGB Q-car, the GAZ-23, by transplanting the large V8 engine and the powertrain of the Chaika into the unibody Volga. This car was used as a motorcade escort by the KGB's ninth directive (responsible for personal security of the party leadership) as well as surveillance teams of the 7th directorate.
In 1970 GAZ-21 Volga was replaced by GAZ-24 and the V8 adoption followed soon, dubbed GAZ-24-24. As the sedan's standard gearbox was now a four on the floor manual, the selector lever was accordingly altered. Unofficially these cars were called "Chasers", and despite their novelty, the engine torque was disproportional to the chassis ability. This meant a low service life and also required very professional driving. For concealment reasons the select indicator externally resembled a manual transmission gearshift lever, and the cars even lacked a single brake pedal, instead having the "clutch"/brake pedal layout that dubbed each other. The GAZ-24 had the common cord-actuated parking brakes, thus the central shaft brake was removed and replaced by an extension housing to fit the shorter driveshaft of the GAZ-24. GAZ-24-24 would be produced alongside standard GAZ-24 until 1985. That year the car got a major facelift and internal modernisation with engine and chassis elements from the GAZ-3102 Volga, resulting in the GAZ-24-10 model. The Chaser became GAZ-24-34 and was produced until 1993.
In 1977 GAZ launched its successor to the GAZ-13, the GAZ-14 Chaika. The new limousine had a more powerful engine, 220 hp, and its transmission was revised. Like for the GAZ-24, the central transmission brake was removed, but unlike the sedan, it now had a parking pin. The floor-mounted selector got an international P-R-N-D-2-1 lettering. Regime "1" now operated first gear only, via the rear band, whilst regime "2" locked out the first gear (like on the original GAZ-21 Volga). Gear ratios were now 2.35 – 1.0 for torque converter, 2.64 for first gear, 1.55 for second, third remained direct, and reverse became 2.0. The car was produced from 1977 until 1989. In 1981 GAZ launched what was to be a successor to the GAZ-24, but separated into a separate model and built alongside the -24, the GAZ-3102 Volga. It too gained a "chaser" modification – GAZ-31013 with the 220 hp engine from the GAZ-14, and its transmission, adapted to Volga's body. This model was built until 1996 in tiny numbers, for the VIP security detail only.
As only partial statistics have been published, it is difficult to count the total number of transmissions built (including replacements). What is known that 3189 GAZ-13 Chaikas, 1120 GAZ-14 Chaikas, 608 GAZ-23 Chasers were built, in addition to the ~700 original GAZ-21 Volgas. Anywhere between 2 and 2.5 thousand GAZ-24-24, 24-34 and 31013 Chasers can be added. Thus approximately 8000 vehicles were manufactured by the plant from 1958 to 1996 featuring a Cruis-O-Matic based transmission.
See also
List of Ford transmissions
References
^ https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hmn/2013/04/Ford-O-Matic-Transmission/3724601.html
^ a b c d Flory, Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008). American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-3229-5.
^ "A Brief History of Ford Automatic Transmissions". Baumann Engineering. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^ "Differences Between Cruise-O-Matic and C-4 Automatic Transmission".
^ "Ford Automatic Transmissions: An Anecdotal History" (PDF). ATEO Communicators. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
|
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This line continued in production until 1980, when the AOD was introduced. Like Ford, variations of this same Borg Warner design were used by other automobile manufacturers as well, such as AMC, International Harvester, Studebaker, Volvo and Jaguar, each of them having the necessary unique adaptations required for the individual applications.","title":"Cruise-O-Matic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"torque converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_converter"},{"link_name":"planetary gearset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_gear"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flory2008-2"}],"text":"In 1948, Ford realized it was late in introducing a fully automatic transmission to its automobile lineup. Ford initially approached Studebaker to purchase rights to use the DG-series automatic developed by the Detroit Gear division of Borg-Warner. The Studebaker board of directors was agreeable, but stipulated that Studebaker would have one year exclusive use of the design before Ford could use it. Since the DG was available in Studebaker cars in mid-1950, this meant that Ford would have to wait until mid-1951 to introduce an automatic. The wait was unacceptable, so Ford went a different direction.Ford Engineering Vice President Harold Youngren, recently hired away from Borg-Warner, recommended that Ford license and build a transmission using a design he was working on at his previous employer. Ford and the Warner Gear division of Borg-Warner signed a contract in 1948 which entered B-W into a supply agreement wherein they would build half of Ford's transmissions for five years, with the other half either being built by Ford or by a different supplier. Because of this agreement, Ford licensed the design themselves and broke ground immediately on an assembly plant to build the remaining transmissions. The new plant, called Fairfax Transmission Plant, was dedicated in 1950.The original Ford-O-Matic accomplished two things that Ford's two previous automatic transmissions failed to do: Through the use of an integrated torque converter and planetary gearset, Ford's automatic shifted smoothly without an interruption in torque from the engine. The other was the shifting pattern, revised from PNDLR to PRNDL, which served to reduce \"shift shock\" when changing gears and reduce \"torque shock\" when trying to rock a stuck car back and forth.The original Ford-O-Matic, while capable of three forward speeds, started out in second and shifted to third, with first only being used when selecting L on the gear shift column.[4] However, if floored from a standing start, it would immediately shift from second to low then shift back to second and then third as the vehicle accelerated.The Ford-O-Matic was manufactured from 1951 until it was replaced by the C4 in 1964.[2] Ultimately the transmission Ford licensed to build from Warner Gear/B-W was less expensive to build than the Detroit Gear/B-W unit that Ford had initially sought to license from Studebaker. When Studebaker ran into financial difficulty in the mid-1950s, Studebaker turned to Ford and licensed the less expensive Ford-O-Matic, rebranded it as the Flight-O-Matic, and dropped the DG transmission from its line-up.","title":"Ford-O-Matic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercury_Park_Lane,_1958_cockpit_(6980144112).jpg"},{"link_name":"TorqueFlite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TorqueFlite"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flory2008-2"}],"sub_title":"Merc-O-Matic \"Keyboard Control/Multi-Drive\"","text":"1958 Mercury Park Lane with \"Multi-Drive\" transmission controls to the left of the steering wheelFor 1957, Mercury offered mechanically activated pushbutton transmission controls in response to the Chrysler TorqueFlite pushbutton controls introduced in 1956. The Mercury control buttons initially offered five buttons and was called \"Keyboard Control\", with a long button on top labeled \"Drive\" with four smaller buttons below labeled \"Brake\", \"Neutral Start\" which would allow the engine to start with the ignition key, \"Hill Control\" and \"Reverse\" with later versions separating the \"Drive\" button to \"Performance\" and \"Cruising\" for 1958 and relabeled as \"Multi-Drive Keyboard Control\". A separate push/pull lever was included below the control buttons labeled \"Park\" which would lock out the control buttons until the Park button was pulled to release it. The control panel was installed to the left of the steering wheel. In 1959 the keyboard control was discontinued and used a steering column gear selector lever.[2]","title":"Ford-O-Matic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ravigneaux planetary gearset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravigneaux_planetary_gearset"},{"link_name":"Livonia Transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia_Transmission"},{"link_name":"Livonia, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia,_Michigan"}],"text":"In the mid-1950s, cars began to grow in size, and in response to heavier vehicles, more powerful engines were being developed. The original Ford-O-Matic was used as a template when developing the next automatic transmissions for Ford; in fact, many of the gear sets are interchangeable. The new transmissions arrived for model year 1958 which coincided with the release of Ford's new FE and MEL engines. Although marketed as Cruise-O-Matic, the new transmissions were known internally as the MX (larger) and the FX (smaller). They were a three-speed design using a Ravigneaux planetary gearset like the original, but moved the pump from the rear to the front of the transmission, while also using a different valve body so the transmission would start in first gear as opposed to second. The MX was built in the Livonia Transmission Plant in Livonia, Michigan and was placed behind the more powerful engines in Mercury, Lincoln, and select Ford models. The smaller FX was built alongside the Ford-O-Matic at the Fairfax Transmission Plant and was put in midrange Ford and Mercury models. Because the original Ford-O-Matic started in second rather than first, it was marketed as a two-speed after the new three-speed transmissions were introduced. Production continued until it was replaced by the C4 in 1964 in smaller Ford and Mercury vehicles.","title":"MX/FX"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Ford-O-Matic two-speed transmission was introduced in 1959. A simplified version of the Cruise-O-Matic, it combined a torque connector and a compound planetary gear set. A front unit (multiple-disc) clutch provided high gear, a front band on the clutch drum provided low gear, and a band on the rear unit internal gear drum provided reverse. This transmission was offered on Ford models Falcon, Fairlane, and Galaxie, Mercury models Comet, and Meteor and Edsel cars with differences in the torque converter, valve bodies and clutch plates to accommodate differing engine torques.","title":"Ford-O-Matic two-speed"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_transmission_planet_carrier.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ravigneaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravigneaux_planetary_gearset"},{"link_name":"Automatic OverDrive (AOD) transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_AOD_transmission"},{"link_name":"Ford Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Falcon_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Ford Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Australia"}],"text":"Ravigneaux planet carrier from a Ford FMX, with a dinner fork to show scaleIn 1966, Ford introduced the C6 automatic, which left them with three heavy-duty automatic transmissions and crowded conditions at Livonia Transmission plant. Ford decided to combine the best attributes of the MX and FX transmissions and ended up with an improved version of the \"X\" called FMX. This transmission used the stronger MX-type rotating parts in the smaller FX style case. This cut down on both weight and the number of transmission components Ford needed to make. This transmission was manufactured at the Fairfax Transmission Plant, freeing up capacity at Livonia for the new C6. The FMX was manufactured from 1968 to 1979, when the Fairfax Transmission plant was closed.Although the FMX was phased out in the United States in 1979 in favor of Ford's then-revolutionary Automatic OverDrive (AOD) transmission, the FMX was sold for another four years for use in V8 Ford Falcons built in Australia. The FMX ceased production when Ford Australia phased out the V8 engine in 1983.","title":"FMX"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gear ratios","text":"First: 2.40:1\nSecond: 1.47:1\nThird: 1.00:1\nReverse: 2.00:1","title":"FMX"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Ford AOD transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_AOD_transmission"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1962, Ford began working on a new type of automatic transmission to emphasize fuel economy and driveability. The new transmission was built around the Ravigneaux planetary of the \"X\" transmissions. Where many transmissions had a fourth gear added as an afterthought, Ford's new transmission was designed with a fourth gear already integrated into the gearset. Because it was based on the X transmissions, its gear ratios from 1-3 were the same, with the fourth being .67:1. The transmission featured a split-torque application for third gear, as well as a lockup in the torque converter. The project was shelved with a design that initially lacked a dampener in the torque converter, but after the project was revisited, a dampener ultimately made its way into the final design before Job 1.[clarification needed] The XT-LOD was initially abandoned in 1966, but revisited in 1974 as a result of rising gas prices. The transmission was introduced when Ford downsized its full size line for 1979. Initially called XT-LOD (Extension Lock-Up Overdrive), its name was changed when revisited in 1974 to FIOD (Ford Integrated Overdrive) and then to its final name in 1979, the Ford AOD transmission.[5]","title":"XT-LOD"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"GAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Lada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lada"},{"link_name":"Fiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat"},{"link_name":"GAZ-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ-21"},{"link_name":"GAZ-13 Chaika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ-13"},{"link_name":"GAZ-69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ-69"},{"link_name":"GAZ-M20 Pobeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ-M20_Pobeda"},{"link_name":"Q-car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-car"},{"link_name":"KGB's ninth directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Chief_Directorate"},{"link_name":"GAZ-14 Chaika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ-14"}],"text":"Despite the Cold War, the Soviet Union, in developing its automotive industry, would often base its products on western technology, from whom it would either purchase a full licence (the GAZ factory was designed by the Ford Motor Company, later the Lada factory would be built by Fiat etc.) or make an indigenous copy by reverse engineering. In the 1950s, as the GAZ plant was preparing to launch its new generation of cars, that comprised the mid-size GAZ-21 Volga sedan and the full-size GAZ-13 Chaika limousine, it was specified that both vehicles feature the automatic transmission. Having evaluated many models, Borg-Warner's Ford-O-Matic and Cruise-O-Matic were selected.Despite very closely resembling the American transmissions, GAZ's copies did have distinctive differences. First of all – their components were adopted to the metric units. Their gear ratios – to the car's engines. Both cars' handbrake actuated a central drum between the housing and the drive shaft, instead of the rear wheels. Thus a parking pawl was deemed redundant. Volga's transmission, based on the Ford-O-Matic, required additional adaptation to the air-cooled torque converter, as it was driven by a 65 hp 4 cylinder engine. Controlled by a steering column mounted lever, it had four regimes: Зх-Н-Д-П (R-N-D-L). In Drive the car would start in second and automatically shift to third depending on throttle position (the valve was regulated by a lever linked to the accelerator pedal). A kick-down feature was also present. First gear could only be engaged manually in Low (though it could be engaged if the car was in motion, but would only downshift) and was used for engine braking or rapid starts. Gear ratios were: 2.4 – 1.0 for the torque converter, 2.84 for first gear, 1.68 for second, third was direct and reverse was 1.72.Chaika's Cruise-O-Matic copy required fewer adaptations, due to its mating with a 195 hp V8 engine. The transmission was controlled by a dial-button panel with four regimes: Зх, Н, Д, Т corresponding to Reverse, Neutral, Drive and \"Braking\". In Drive the car was would start in first and sequentially shift to third and back. In \"Braking\" (i.e. engine braking), third gear would be locked out, and the first gear would be engaged by the rear band immobilizing the planetary carrier, rather than the one-way sprag clutch (absent on Volga's transmission). The more powerful engine and thus torque required a liquid cooling system. Gear ratios were identical to GAZ-21, except for the torque converter, which had a maximum multiplication of 2.5.Both transmissions made a début in 1958 and 1959 respectively. Initially, it was planned that all of the privately owned Volgas be produced with the automatic, whilst a more Spartan trimmed taxi version featured the three-speed manual. However, most of these cars were given as prizes to workers of distant regions for excellent results, instead of being kept in large cities, where they would be more practical. The \"lucky\" customers had great difficulty in obtaining adequate spare parts, qualified service and most of all, transmission fluid. As a result, many chose to simply convert their transmission to the common three speed manual (that was a common universal model used in the GAZ-69 jeep and Volga's predecessor, the GAZ-M20 Pobeda). Although the option was formally discontinued in 1964, most of the 700 cars were produced in the 1958 MY. As of 2017, only six such survivors were known.Chaikas, on the other hand, were available only with the transmission, and in 1962 it received a slight upgrade in number of clutch packs and piston shapes. Never available for private ownership, the car was produced in small scale all the way until 1981. In 1963, GAZ introduced the third Soviet type of a KGB Q-car, the GAZ-23, by transplanting the large V8 engine and the powertrain of the Chaika into the unibody Volga. This car was used as a motorcade escort by the KGB's ninth directive (responsible for personal security of the party leadership) as well as surveillance teams of the 7th directorate.In 1970 GAZ-21 Volga was replaced by GAZ-24 and the V8 adoption followed soon, dubbed GAZ-24-24. As the sedan's standard gearbox was now a four on the floor manual, the selector lever was accordingly altered. Unofficially these cars were called \"Chasers\", and despite their novelty, the engine torque was disproportional to the chassis ability. This meant a low service life and also required very professional driving. For concealment reasons the select indicator externally resembled a manual transmission gearshift lever, and the cars even lacked a single brake pedal, instead having the \"clutch\"/brake pedal layout that dubbed each other. The GAZ-24 had the common cord-actuated parking brakes, thus the central shaft brake was removed and replaced by an extension housing to fit the shorter driveshaft of the GAZ-24. GAZ-24-24 would be produced alongside standard GAZ-24 until 1985. That year the car got a major facelift and internal modernisation with engine and chassis elements from the GAZ-3102 Volga, resulting in the GAZ-24-10 model. The Chaser became GAZ-24-34 and was produced until 1993.In 1977 GAZ launched its successor to the GAZ-13, the GAZ-14 Chaika. The new limousine had a more powerful engine, 220 hp, and its transmission was revised. Like for the GAZ-24, the central transmission brake was removed, but unlike the sedan, it now had a parking pin. The floor-mounted selector got an international P-R-N-D-2-1 lettering. Regime \"1\" now operated first gear only, via the rear band, whilst regime \"2\" locked out the first gear (like on the original GAZ-21 Volga). Gear ratios were now 2.35 – 1.0 for torque converter, 2.64 for first gear, 1.55 for second, third remained direct, and reverse became 2.0. The car was produced from 1977 until 1989. In 1981 GAZ launched what was to be a successor to the GAZ-24, but separated into a separate model and built alongside the -24, the GAZ-3102 Volga. It too gained a \"chaser\" modification – GAZ-31013 with the 220 hp engine from the GAZ-14, and its transmission, adapted to Volga's body. This model was built until 1996 in tiny numbers, for the VIP security detail only.As only partial statistics have been published, it is difficult to count the total number of transmissions built (including replacements). What is known that 3189 GAZ-13 Chaikas, 1120 GAZ-14 Chaikas, 608 GAZ-23 Chasers were built, in addition to the ~700 original GAZ-21 Volgas. Anywhere between 2 and 2.5 thousand GAZ-24-24, 24-34 and 31013 Chasers can be added. Thus approximately 8000 vehicles were manufactured by the plant from 1958 to 1996 featuring a Cruis-O-Matic based transmission.","title":"GAZ copy"}]
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[{"image_text":"1958 Mercury Park Lane with \"Multi-Drive\" transmission controls to the left of the steering wheel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mercury_Park_Lane%2C_1958_cockpit_%286980144112%29.jpg/220px-Mercury_Park_Lane%2C_1958_cockpit_%286980144112%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ravigneaux planet carrier from a Ford FMX, with a dinner fork to show scale","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ford_transmission_planet_carrier.JPG/220px-Ford_transmission_planet_carrier.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"List of Ford transmissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ford_transmissions"}]
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[{"reference":"Flory, Jr., J. \"Kelly\" (2008). American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-3229-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3229-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-3229-5"}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of Ford Automatic Transmissions\". Baumann Engineering. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111021021544/http://www.baumannengineering.com/alphabet.htm","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Ford Automatic Transmissions\""},{"url":"http://www.baumannengineering.com/alphabet.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Differences Between Cruise-O-Matic and C-4 Automatic Transmission\".","urls":[{"url":"https://itstillruns.com/differences-between-cruisomatic-c4-automatic-transmission-12155025.html","url_text":"\"Differences Between Cruise-O-Matic and C-4 Automatic Transmission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ford Automatic Transmissions: An Anecdotal History\" (PDF). ATEO Communicators. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110915202329/http://www.wordsmithllc.org/uploads/Ford_Transmission_Anniversary.pdf","url_text":"\"Ford Automatic Transmissions: An Anecdotal History\""},{"url":"http://www.wordsmithllc.org/uploads/Ford_Transmission_Anniversary.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingtian_dialect
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Qingtian dialect
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Dialect of Chinese
Qingtian青田話Native toPeople's Republic of ChinaRegionQingtian county, Lishui prefecture, Zhejiang provinceLanguage familySino-Tibetan
SiniticWuChuquQingtianLanguage codesISO 639-3–GlottologNoneqing1241 QingtianThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
The Qingtian dialect (simplified Chinese: 青田话; traditional Chinese: 青田話; pinyin: Qīngtiánhuà) is a dialect of the Chinese language. It is spoken in Qingtian county of Lishui prefecture in Zhejiang, China. The Qingtian dialect is one of the Chuqu dialects of Wu Chinese spoken in Quzhou and Lishui prefectures of Zhejiang.
References
^ Tolchinsky, Liliana; Salas, Naymé (2009). "Written Representations of Nominal Morphology by Chinese and Moroccan Children Learning a Romance Language". In Bazerman, Charles; et al. (eds.). Traditions of Writing Research (illustrated ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 154. doi:10.4324/9780203892329-19. ISBN 978-0-415-99337-1. Eighty-four children participate in the study: 28 Chinese children, mostly from Zhejiang—a province south to Shanghai, speakers of Qing Tian Hua; 26 Moroccan children mostly from North Morocco, speakers of Darija—i.e., Moroccan Arabic...
External links
A Study on the Phonetics of the Qingtian Dialect
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This China-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Qingtian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingtian"},{"link_name":"Lishui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lishui,_Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Chuqu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuqu_Wu_dialects"},{"link_name":"Wu Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Quzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quzhou"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Qingtian dialect (simplified Chinese: 青田话; traditional Chinese: 青田話; pinyin: Qīngtiánhuà) is a dialect of the Chinese language. It is spoken in Qingtian county of Lishui prefecture in Zhejiang, China. The Qingtian dialect is one of the Chuqu dialects of Wu Chinese spoken in Quzhou and Lishui prefectures of Zhejiang.[1]","title":"Qingtian dialect"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Tolchinsky, Liliana; Salas, Naymé (2009). \"Written Representations of Nominal Morphology by Chinese and Moroccan Children Learning a Romance Language\". In Bazerman, Charles; et al. (eds.). Traditions of Writing Research (illustrated ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 154. doi:10.4324/9780203892329-19. ISBN 978-0-415-99337-1. Eighty-four children participate in the study: 28 Chinese children, mostly from Zhejiang—a province south to Shanghai, speakers of Qing Tian Hua; 26 Moroccan children mostly from North Morocco, speakers of Darija—i.e., Moroccan Arabic...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3qYxCjtvb24C&q=qing+tian+hua+zhejiang","url_text":"Traditions of Writing Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203892329-19","url_text":"10.4324/9780203892329-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99337-1","url_text":"978-0-415-99337-1"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/qing1241","external_links_name":"qing1241"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3qYxCjtvb24C&q=qing+tian+hua+zhejiang","external_links_name":"Traditions of Writing Research"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203892329-19","external_links_name":"10.4324/9780203892329-19"},{"Link":"http://mt.china-papers.com/2/?p=153370","external_links_name":"A Study on the Phonetics of the Qingtian Dialect"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qingtian_dialect&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qingtian_dialect&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Santee_(CVE-29)
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USS Santee (CVE-29)
|
["1 World War II","1.1 1942","1.2 1943","1.3 1944","1.4 1945","2 Post-war","3 Awards","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
|
Oiler of the United States Navy
For other ships with the same name, see USS Santee.
USS Santee
History
United States
NameSS Esso Seakay
OwnerStandard Oil Company of New Jersey
BuilderSun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Chester, Pennsylvania
Laid down31 May 1938
Launched4 March 1939
Sponsored byMrs. Charles Kurz
FatePurchased by the US Navy
U.S. Navy
NameUSS Santee
NamesakeSantee River in South Carolina
Acquired18 October 1940
Commissioned30 October 1940, as AO-29
DecommissionedEarly 1942
Recommissioned24 August 1942, as ACV-29
Decommissioned21 October 1946
ReclassifiedCVHE-29, 12 June 1955
Stricken1 March 1959
Fate
Sold, 5 December 1959
Scrapped in Hamburg in May 1960.
General characteristics as escort carrier
Class and typeSangamon-class escort carrier
Displacement6,534 long tons (6,639 t)
Length559 ft (170 m)
Beam
75 ft (23 m)
114 ft 3 in (34.82 m) (extreme width)
Draft32 ft 4 in (9.86 m)
Propulsion
2 × steam turbines
2 × shafts
Speed18 kn (21 mph; 33 km/h)
Complement860 officers and men
Armament2 × 5 in (127 mm)/51 cal guns
Aircraft carried31
Aviation facilities2 × elevators
Service record
Commanders:
William Sample (1942–44)Operations:
World War IIAwards:
9 battle stars
USS Santee (CVE-29) (originally launched as AO-29, then ACV-29) was an American escort carrier. The second ship with this name, it was launched on 4 March 1939 as Esso Seakay under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 3) by the Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company at Chester, Pennsylvania, sponsored by Mrs. Charles Kurz. It was acquired by the United States Navy on 18 October 1940 and commissioned on 30 October 1940 as AO-29.
Prior to her acquisition by the Navy, Esso Seakay had been operated by Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso) on the west coast. During her commercial service, she set several records for fast oil hauling. Her original model was a type T3-S2-A1 tanker.
World War II
After commissioning, Santee served in the Atlantic. When American neutrality ended on 7 December 1941, Santee was carrying oil for a secret airdrome at NS Argentia, Newfoundland. In the spring of 1942, Santee's conversion to an aircraft carrier was begun at the Norfolk Navy Yard.
1942
On 24 August 1942, Santee was commissioned as an escort carrier with designation ACV-29, with Commander William Sample in command. The ACV was fitted with such haste that workmen from Norfolk were still on board during her shakedown training and her decks were piled high with stores. After conversion, nominally completed on 8 September, Santee reported to Task Force 22 (TF 22) and the first plane landed on her flight deck on 24 September.
SBD bombers on Santee during convoy duty in the Atlantic.
After shakedown, Santee departed Bermuda on 25 October and headed for the coast of Africa. While the escort carrier was en route on 30 October, an SBD Dauntless being launched from a catapult dropped a 325 lb (147 kg) depth bomb onto the flight deck. It rolled off the deck and detonated close to the port bow shaking the entire ship, carrying away the rangefinder and a searchlight base, and damaging radar antennas.
Nevertheless, Santee continued steaming with Task Group 34.2 (TG 34.2). On 7 November, the escort carrier, with Rodman and Emmons and Monadnock, left the formation and, the following morning, took positions off Safi, French Morocco. Santee launched planes and fueled ships until 13 November, when she rejoined TG 34.2 and returned to Bermuda. The group departed that island on 22 November and anchored in Hampton Roads, Virginia two days later.
1943
After voyage repairs and drydock, Santee got underway with destroyer Eberle, on 26 December. On 1 January 1943, Santee anchored at Port of Spain, Trinidad. Two days later, with Eberle and Livermore, she headed for the coast of Brazil. After disembarking passengers at Recife, she sailed to join Task Unit 23.1.6 (TU 23.1.6) at sea in tightening the noose on enemy merchant shipping and naval activity in the South Atlantic.
For a month, her planes flew anti-submarine missions and regular patrols. On 15 February, the escort carrier put in at Recife, remaining until 21 February. Back conducting routine sorties in the same manner, Santee operated from 21 February – 2 March when she again put into Recife.
Her next period at sea, which began on 4 March, brought action. On 10 March, light cruiser Savannah and destroyer Eberle were investigating a cargo liner which had been spotted by Santee's aircraft and which had been tentatively identified as the Karin, a Dutch merchantman. It turned out to be the German blockade runner Kota Nopan (ex-Dutch Kota Pinang). As the Eberle boarding party drew alongside, explosives placed by the abandoning crew detonated, killing eight boarders. On 15 March, Santee set out for Norfolk and anchored at Hampton Roads on 28 March.
Underway again on 13 June, with destroyers Bainbridge, Overton, and MacLeish, Santee reached Casablanca on 3 July. Four days later, the escort carrier departed the harbor with a convoy of homeward-bound empties. No submarines were sighted, but one of her Avengers made a forced landing in Spain, and its crew was interned. Santee's small task group left the convoy on 12 July with orders to operate independently against Nazi submarine concentrations south of the Azores. She remained at this anti-submarine work until 25 July and managed to attack seven surfaced U-boats, at the price of two Dauntlesses.
On the 25th, she joined a west-bound convoy, which reached the Virginia coast on 6 August. On 26 August, Santee, with Bainbridge and Greer, again headed into the Atlantic; and two days steaming brought them to Bermuda.
Santee made another convoy run from Bermuda to Casablanca and back to Hampton Roads from 29 August – 13 October. On 25 October, the escort carrier departed the east coast for Casablanca, reaching Basin Delpit on 13 November. Standing out of Casablanca the next day, she rendezvoused on 17 November with battleship Iowa, carrying President Franklin D. Roosevelt. After providing air cover for the battleship and her escorts for several days, Santee was ordered to the Bay of Biscay, where she engaged in anti-submarine work until the end of November.
As TG 21.11, Santee and a trio of four-stackers patrolled the North Atlantic from 1–9 December. The group was dissolved upon arrival at the Norfolk Navy Yard on 10 December, and Santee, minus her aircraft, stood out of Norfolk on 21 December, and headed for New York in company with battleship Texas, and several destroyers. From 22 to 28 December, the escort carrier packed her hangar and flight decks with P-38 Lightning fighter planes at Staten Island. Getting underway in convoy on 29 December, she steamed unchallenged across the North Atlantic, reaching Glasgow on 9 January 1944.
1944
Emptied of her P-38 cargo, Santee departed Glasgow in convoy on 13 January and returned to Norfolk on 24 January. She stood out of Norfolk on 13 February with destroyer escort Tatum, transited the Panama Canal on 18–19 February and moored at San Diego, California, on 28 February. There, she embarked 300 Navy and Marine Corps personnel and 31 aircraft for delivery to Pearl Harbor. She also took on 24 Grumman F4F Wildcats and Grumman TBF Avengers as her own air group.
Standing out of San Diego Bay on 2 March, Santee unloaded her ferried aircraft and personnel at Pearl Harbor upon her arrival on 9 March.
Sangamon, Suwannee, Chenango and Santee, all former oilers, swarmed out of Pearl Harbor with a flock of destroyers on 15 March, heading southwest. Designated Carrier Division 22 (CarDiv 22), they joined the fast carriers of the United States Fifth Fleet on 27 March and sped west to the Palaus. There, their planes of CarDiv 22 flew patrols over vulnerable tankers before setting course for Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides on 4 April.
In this, the closing phase of the New Guinea campaign, Santee fueled and provisioned near Espiritu Santo from 7–10 April; then sailed to Purvis Bay, Solomons on 13 April. CarDiv 22 joined CarDiv 24 and a destroyer squadron on 16 April and set course for New Guinea.
Santee's air group aircraft aided in destroying 100 enemy aircraft and ripping up enemy airfields before the landings, prior to departing for Manus Island, Admiralties, on 24 April. Arriving at Seeadler Harbor the next day, she and her sister ships took on fuel and food; then sailed again on 26 April for Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura). From 12 May – 1 June, she traded in her own air arm for 66 F4U Corsairs and 15 F6F Hellcats and personnel of Marine Air Group 21 (MAG 21). On 2 June, CarDiv 22 started north for Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshalls. On 4 August, Santee reached newly won Guam. The 81 aircraft of MAG 21 became the first planes to operate from the reconquered island.
After training exercises and the re-embarkment of her own planes at Manus, Santee got underway on 10 September and rendezvoused with TF 77 near Mapia Island. At Morotai in the Moluccas, her Avengers bombed ground installations. One plane was lost to the enemy, but Santee herself had no contact with the Japanese. By 1 October, she was back in Seeadler Harbor.
Sailing from Manus on 12 October, Santee and accompanying combatants reached Philippine waters on 20 October. Her gunners shot down an enemy plane during an air attack that morning, and her aircraft splashed two more.
An FM-2 flying over Santee in October 1944.
At 07:36 on 25 October, Santee launched five Avengers and eight Wildcats for an attack against Japanese surface units some 120 mi (190 km) to the north. At 07:40, a kamikaze – carrying what was estimated to be a 138 lb (63 kg) bomb – crashed through the flight deck and damaged the hangar deck. At 07:56, a torpedo fired from a Japanese submarine struck the ship, causing flooding of several compartments and creating a 6° list. Emergency repairs were completed by 09:35.
Between 18 and 27 October, Santee planes shot down 31 Japanese planes and sank one 5,000 long tons (5,080 t) ammunition ship, in addition to damage inflicted by strafing during their 377 sorties. On 31 October, she anchored in Seeadler Harbor for temporary repairs.
Underway again on 9 November, she moored at Pearl Harbor on 19 November. Following more repairs, she embarked 98 Marines for transportation to the U.S. and entered Los Angeles Harbor on 5 December. Santee completed the year undergoing repairs to battle damage and general overhaul.
1945
After post repair trials at San Diego, the escort carrier headed toward Hawaii on 31 January 1945, and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 8 February. On 7 March, she got underway for Ulithi in the Western Carolines, altering her course en route to assist in the search for the B-24 Liberator which had disappeared while carrying Army Lieutenant General Millard F. Harmon, before anchoring on 19 March. Two days later Santee steamed toward Leyte Gulf.
On 27 March, Santee departed the Philippines to provide air coverage for southern transport groups Dog and Easy en route to the objective area at Okinawa Gunto for the invasion of Okinawa Jima, the largest combined operation of the Pacific war.
On Easter Sunday, 1 April 1945, Santee provided direct support to the American ground forces landing on Okinawa and she continued this duty until 8 April, when she turned to aid British carriers in denying the use of Sakishima Gunto airfields to the enemy. For 42 consecutive dawns, Santee's aircraft winged over target sectors in the East China Sea, with daily returns to Okinawa itself for routine ground support. On 16 June, Santee launched a fighter bomber mission against specified targets on Kyūshū, Japan.
Pulling out of the Okinawa area that day, Santee reached Leyte Gulf on 19 June, where minor repairs were made. Out again on 1 July, she operated west of Okinawa from 5–14 July, covering minesweeping operations. On 7 July, a tail hook broke on a landing aircraft, allowing it to clear all barriers, crash among parked planes, and cause a fire. Four fighters and two torpedo bombers were jettisoned, six torpedo bombers were rendered non-flyable duds, and one of the pilots of the parked aircraft was killed.
Santee was detached from the task unit on 15 July and proceeded to Guam, arriving at Apra Harbor four days later. Following flight deck repairs and general upkeep, the escort carrier got underway on 5 August for Saipan, engaging in carrier aircraft training for squadrons flown from that island en route. Anchoring in Saipan Harbor on 9 August, the CVE got underway for the Philippines on 13 August. Santee received word of the cessation of the hostilities against Japan on 15 August and anchored in San Pedro Bay, Leyte, two days later.
On 4 September, while en route to Korea to support occupation forces there, Santee was ordered to northern Formosa to evacuate ex-prisoners of war. On 5 September, the escort carrier received 155 officers and men of the British and Indian Armies from destroyer escort Kretchmer. These soldiers had been captured by the Japanese in Malaya in 1942. They were given medical aid and berthed on the hangar deck. The next day, Santee picked up additional men from Finch and Brister, making a total of 322 officers and men. They included 30 American Army and Navy officers and men who had been taken on Bataan and Corregidor, and 10 officers and men from the Dutch Army and Merchant Marine, captured in Java. On 9 September, Santee disembarked the 477 evacuees at Manila Bay.
Five days later, Santee stood out of Manila Bay and steamed for Okinawa, anchoring at Buckner Bay on 19 September. Underway again the next day, Santee reached Wakanoura Wan, Honshū, Japan, on 22 September. From 24 to 26 September, Santee steamed along the coast, providing air coverage for occupation forces landing at Wakayama.
Post-war
Santee departed Wakanoura Wan on 3 October, leaving her formation on 6 October to search for a missing PBM Mariner flying boat carrying Rear Admiral William D. Sample, the ship's first commanding officer after her conversion to an escort carrier.
On 20 October, Santee got underway for Okinawa, arriving two days later at Buckner Bay. On 23 October, Santee got underway for Pearl Harbor, disembarking 375 passengers there on 4 November. The next day, Santee continued her role in "Operation Magic Carpet" by embarking 18 Marines bound for the west coast.
Anchoring at San Diego on 11 November, Santee remained there until 26 November, when she got underway for Guam on additional "Magic Carpet" duty.
On 27 February 1946, Santee departed San Diego and arrived at Boston Harbor on 25 March, via the Panama Canal. The CVE was placed in reserve on 21 October. Santee was reclassified on 12 June 1955 as an escort helicopter aircraft carrier, CVHE-29, and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1959. On 5 December, she was sold to the Master Metals Company for scrap.
Awards
Santee received nine battle stars and the Presidential Unit Citation for her World War II service.
References
^ Friedman 1983 p. 407
^ a b Smith, Peter C (2014). Kamikaze To Die for the Emperor. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. 14–18. ISBN 9781781593134.
Sources
Friedman, Norman (1983). U.S. Aircraft Carriers. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-739-9.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
External links
navsource.org: USS Santee
hazegray.org: USS Santee
t2tanker.org
vteSangamon-class escort carriers
Sangamon
Suwannee
Chenango
Santee
Preceded by: Bogue class
Followed by: Casablanca class
List of escort aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
vteCimarron-class oilersStandard
Cimarron
Neosho
Platte
Sabine
Salamonie
Kaskaskia
Chemung
Guadalupe
Cacapon
Caliente
Chikaskia
Elokomin
Aucilla
Marias
Manatee
Mississinewa
Nantahala
Severn
Taluga
Chipola
Tolovana
Allagash
Chukawan
"Jumboized" groupAshtabula class
Ashtabula
Caloosahatchee
Canisteo
"Jumboized" groupMispillion class
Mispillion
Navasota
Passumpsic
Pawcatuck
Waccamaw
Converted to escort carriersSangamon class
Sangamon
Suwannee
Chenango
Santee
List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy
United States Navy oiler
vteType T3-S2-A tankersType T3-S2-A1
Allagash
Ashtabula
Aucilla
Cacapon
Caliente
Caloosahatchee
Canisteo
Chikaskia
Chipola
Chukawan
Cimarron
Elokomin
Esso Albany
Esso Annapolis
Esso Columbia
Esso New Orleans
Esso Raleigh
Esso Richmond
Esso Trenton
Manatee
Marias
Markay
Mississinewa
Nantahala
Neosho
Platte
Seakay
Severn
Taluga
Tolovana
Type T3-S2-A3
Mispillion
Navasota
Passumpsic
Pawcatuck
Waccamaw
|
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The second ship with this name, it was launched on 4 March 1939 as Esso Seakay under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 3) by the Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company at Chester, Pennsylvania, sponsored by Mrs. Charles Kurz. It was acquired by the United States Navy on 18 October 1940 and commissioned on 30 October 1940 as AO-29.Prior to her acquisition by the Navy, Esso Seakay had been operated by Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso) on the west coast. During her commercial service, she set several records for fast oil hauling. Her original model was a type T3-S2-A1 tanker.","title":"USS Santee (CVE-29)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NS Argentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Argentia"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Navy_Yard"}],"text":"After commissioning, Santee served in the Atlantic. When American neutrality ended on 7 December 1941, Santee was carrying oil for a secret airdrome at NS Argentia, Newfoundland. In the spring of 1942, Santee's conversion to an aircraft carrier was begun at the Norfolk Navy Yard.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sample"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Task Force 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Task_Force_22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBDs_on_USS_Santee_1942-43.jpg"},{"link_name":"SBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"SBD Dauntless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBD_Dauntless"},{"link_name":"flight deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_deck"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"rangefinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Rodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Rodman"},{"link_name":"Emmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Emmons"},{"link_name":"Monadnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monadnock_(ACM-10)"},{"link_name":"Safi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safi,_Morocco"},{"link_name":"French Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads,_Virginia"}],"sub_title":"1942","text":"On 24 August 1942, Santee was commissioned as an escort carrier with designation ACV-29, with Commander William Sample in command. The ACV was fitted with such haste that workmen from Norfolk were still on board during her shakedown training and her decks were piled high with stores. After conversion, nominally completed on 8 September, Santee reported to Task Force 22 (TF 22) and the first plane landed on her flight deck on 24 September.SBD bombers on Santee during convoy duty in the Atlantic.After shakedown, Santee departed Bermuda on 25 October and headed for the coast of Africa. While the escort carrier was en route on 30 October, an SBD Dauntless being launched from a catapult dropped a 325 lb (147 kg) depth bomb onto the flight deck. It rolled off the deck and detonated close to the port bow shaking the entire ship, carrying away the rangefinder and a searchlight base, and damaging radar antennas.Nevertheless, Santee continued steaming with Task Group 34.2 (TG 34.2). On 7 November, the escort carrier, with Rodman and Emmons and Monadnock, left the formation and, the following morning, took positions off Safi, French Morocco. Santee launched planes and fueled ships until 13 November, when she rejoined TG 34.2 and returned to Bermuda. 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Two days later, with Eberle and Livermore, she headed for the coast of Brazil. After disembarking passengers at Recife, she sailed to join Task Unit 23.1.6 (TU 23.1.6) at sea in tightening the noose on enemy merchant shipping and naval activity in the South Atlantic.For a month, her planes flew anti-submarine missions and regular patrols. On 15 February, the escort carrier put in at Recife, remaining until 21 February. Back conducting routine sorties in the same manner, Santee operated from 21 February – 2 March when she again put into Recife.Her next period at sea, which began on 4 March, brought action. On 10 March, light cruiser Savannah and destroyer Eberle were investigating a cargo liner which had been spotted by Santee's aircraft and which had been tentatively identified as the Karin, a Dutch merchantman. It turned out to be the German blockade runner Kota Nopan (ex-Dutch Kota Pinang). As the Eberle boarding party drew alongside, explosives placed by the abandoning crew detonated, killing eight boarders. On 15 March, Santee set out for Norfolk and anchored at Hampton Roads on 28 March.Underway again on 13 June, with destroyers Bainbridge, Overton, and MacLeish, Santee reached Casablanca on 3 July. Four days later, the escort carrier departed the harbor with a convoy of homeward-bound empties. No submarines were sighted, but one of her Avengers made a forced landing in Spain, and its crew was interned. Santee's small task group left the convoy on 12 July with orders to operate independently against Nazi submarine concentrations south of the Azores. She remained at this anti-submarine work until 25 July and managed to attack seven surfaced U-boats, at the price of two Dauntlesses.On the 25th, she joined a west-bound convoy, which reached the Virginia coast on 6 August. On 26 August, Santee, with Bainbridge and Greer, again headed into the Atlantic; and two days steaming brought them to Bermuda.Santee made another convoy run from Bermuda to Casablanca and back to Hampton Roads from 29 August – 13 October. On 25 October, the escort carrier departed the east coast for Casablanca, reaching Basin Delpit on 13 November. Standing out of Casablanca the next day, she rendezvoused on 17 November with battleship Iowa, carrying President Franklin D. Roosevelt. After providing air cover for the battleship and her escorts for several days, Santee was ordered to the Bay of Biscay, where she engaged in anti-submarine work until the end of November.As TG 21.11, Santee and a trio of four-stackers patrolled the North Atlantic from 1–9 December. The group was dissolved upon arrival at the Norfolk Navy Yard on 10 December, and Santee, minus her aircraft, stood out of Norfolk on 21 December, and headed for New York in company with battleship Texas, and several destroyers. From 22 to 28 December, the escort carrier packed her hangar and flight decks with P-38 Lightning fighter planes at Staten Island. Getting underway in convoy on 29 December, she steamed unchallenged across the North Atlantic, reaching Glasgow on 9 January 1944.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"destroyer escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"Tatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tatum"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Grumman F4F Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat"},{"link_name":"Grumman TBF Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger"},{"link_name":"San Diego Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Bay"},{"link_name":"Sangamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sangamon_(CVE-26)"},{"link_name":"Suwannee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Suwannee_(CVE-27)"},{"link_name":"Chenango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chenango_(CVE-28)"},{"link_name":"Carrier Division 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrier_Division_22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States Fifth Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Palaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"Espiritu Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritu_Santo"},{"link_name":"New Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hebrides"},{"link_name":"New Guinea campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign"},{"link_name":"Purvis Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purvis_Bay"},{"link_name":"Solomons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Manus Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manus_Island"},{"link_name":"Admiralties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralties"},{"link_name":"Seeadler Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeadler_Harbor"},{"link_name":"sister ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayapura"},{"link_name":"F4U Corsairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"F6F Hellcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F6F_Hellcat"},{"link_name":"Marine Air Group 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Aviation_Training_Support_Group_21"},{"link_name":"Kwajalein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein"},{"link_name":"Marshalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Mapia Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapia_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morotai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morotai"},{"link_name":"Moluccas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molucca"},{"link_name":"Philippine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FM-2_CVE-29_Oct1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"FM-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat"},{"link_name":"kamikaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze"},{"link_name":"hangar deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar_deck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2"},{"link_name":"strafing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafing"},{"link_name":"Seeadler Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeadler_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"sub_title":"1944","text":"Emptied of her P-38 cargo, Santee departed Glasgow in convoy on 13 January and returned to Norfolk on 24 January. She stood out of Norfolk on 13 February with destroyer escort Tatum, transited the Panama Canal on 18–19 February and moored at San Diego, California, on 28 February. There, she embarked 300 Navy and Marine Corps personnel and 31 aircraft for delivery to Pearl Harbor. She also took on 24 Grumman F4F Wildcats and Grumman TBF Avengers as her own air group.\nStanding out of San Diego Bay on 2 March, Santee unloaded her ferried aircraft and personnel at Pearl Harbor upon her arrival on 9 March.Sangamon, Suwannee, Chenango and Santee, all former oilers, swarmed out of Pearl Harbor with a flock of destroyers on 15 March, heading southwest. Designated Carrier Division 22 (CarDiv 22), they joined the fast carriers of the United States Fifth Fleet on 27 March and sped west to the Palaus. There, their planes of CarDiv 22 flew patrols over vulnerable tankers before setting course for Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides on 4 April.In this, the closing phase of the New Guinea campaign, Santee fueled and provisioned near Espiritu Santo from 7–10 April; then sailed to Purvis Bay, Solomons on 13 April. CarDiv 22 joined CarDiv 24 and a destroyer squadron on 16 April and set course for New Guinea.Santee's air group aircraft aided in destroying 100 enemy aircraft and ripping up enemy airfields before the landings, prior to departing for Manus Island, Admiralties, on 24 April. Arriving at Seeadler Harbor the next day, she and her sister ships took on fuel and food; then sailed again on 26 April for Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura). From 12 May – 1 June, she traded in her own air arm for 66 F4U Corsairs and 15 F6F Hellcats and personnel of Marine Air Group 21 (MAG 21). On 2 June, CarDiv 22 started north for Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshalls. On 4 August, Santee reached newly won Guam. The 81 aircraft of MAG 21 became the first planes to operate from the reconquered island.After training exercises and the re-embarkment of her own planes at Manus, Santee got underway on 10 September and rendezvoused with TF 77 near Mapia Island. At Morotai in the Moluccas, her Avengers bombed ground installations. One plane was lost to the enemy, but Santee herself had no contact with the Japanese. By 1 October, she was back in Seeadler Harbor.Sailing from Manus on 12 October, Santee and accompanying combatants reached Philippine waters on 20 October. Her gunners shot down an enemy plane during an air attack that morning, and her aircraft splashed two more.An FM-2 flying over Santee in October 1944.At 07:36 on 25 October, Santee launched five Avengers and eight Wildcats for an attack against Japanese surface units some 120 mi (190 km) to the north. At 07:40, a kamikaze – carrying what was estimated to be a 138 lb (63 kg) bomb – crashed through the flight deck and damaged the hangar deck.[2] At 07:56, a torpedo fired from a Japanese submarine struck the ship, causing flooding of several compartments and creating a 6° list.[2] Emergency repairs were completed by 09:35.Between 18 and 27 October, Santee planes shot down 31 Japanese planes and sank one 5,000 long tons (5,080 t) ammunition ship, in addition to damage inflicted by strafing during their 377 sorties. On 31 October, she anchored in Seeadler Harbor for temporary repairs.Underway again on 9 November, she moored at Pearl Harbor on 19 November. Following more repairs, she embarked 98 Marines for transportation to the U.S. and entered Los Angeles Harbor on 5 December. Santee completed the year undergoing repairs to battle damage and general overhaul.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Ulithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithi"},{"link_name":"Western Carolines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Carolines"},{"link_name":"B-24 Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-24_Liberator"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Millard F. Harmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_F._Harmon"},{"link_name":"Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Gunto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Gunto"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Jima"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Sakishima Gunto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakishima_Gunto"},{"link_name":"airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfield"},{"link_name":"East China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Apra Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apra_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Indian Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"Kretchmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kretchmer"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Finch_(DE-328)"},{"link_name":"Brister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Brister"},{"link_name":"Bataan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan"},{"link_name":"Corregidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corregidor"},{"link_name":"Merchant Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Marine"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(island)"},{"link_name":"Manila Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bay"},{"link_name":"Manila Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bay"},{"link_name":"Buckner Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckner_Bay"},{"link_name":"Wakanoura Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakanoura_Wan"},{"link_name":"Honshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Wakayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakayama,_Wakayama"}],"sub_title":"1945","text":"After post repair trials at San Diego, the escort carrier headed toward Hawaii on 31 January 1945, and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 8 February. On 7 March, she got underway for Ulithi in the Western Carolines, altering her course en route to assist in the search for the B-24 Liberator which had disappeared while carrying Army Lieutenant General Millard F. Harmon, before anchoring on 19 March. Two days later Santee steamed toward Leyte Gulf.On 27 March, Santee departed the Philippines to provide air coverage for southern transport groups Dog and Easy en route to the objective area at Okinawa Gunto for the invasion of Okinawa Jima, the largest combined operation of the Pacific war.On Easter Sunday, 1 April 1945, Santee provided direct support to the American ground forces landing on Okinawa and she continued this duty until 8 April, when she turned to aid British carriers in denying the use of Sakishima Gunto airfields to the enemy. For 42 consecutive dawns, Santee's aircraft winged over target sectors in the East China Sea, with daily returns to Okinawa itself for routine ground support. On 16 June, Santee launched a fighter bomber mission against specified targets on Kyūshū, Japan.Pulling out of the Okinawa area that day, Santee reached Leyte Gulf on 19 June, where minor repairs were made. Out again on 1 July, she operated west of Okinawa from 5–14 July, covering minesweeping operations. On 7 July, a tail hook broke on a landing aircraft, allowing it to clear all barriers, crash among parked planes, and cause a fire. Four fighters and two torpedo bombers were jettisoned, six torpedo bombers were rendered non-flyable duds, and one of the pilots of the parked aircraft was killed.Santee was detached from the task unit on 15 July and proceeded to Guam, arriving at Apra Harbor four days later. Following flight deck repairs and general upkeep, the escort carrier got underway on 5 August for Saipan, engaging in carrier aircraft training for squadrons flown from that island en route. Anchoring in Saipan Harbor on 9 August, the CVE got underway for the Philippines on 13 August. Santee received word of the cessation of the hostilities against Japan on 15 August and anchored in San Pedro Bay, Leyte, two days later.On 4 September, while en route to Korea to support occupation forces there, Santee was ordered to northern Formosa to evacuate ex-prisoners of war. On 5 September, the escort carrier received 155 officers and men of the British and Indian Armies from destroyer escort Kretchmer. These soldiers had been captured by the Japanese in Malaya in 1942. They were given medical aid and berthed on the hangar deck. The next day, Santee picked up additional men from Finch and Brister, making a total of 322 officers and men. They included 30 American Army and Navy officers and men who had been taken on Bataan and Corregidor, and 10 officers and men from the Dutch Army and Merchant Marine, captured in Java. On 9 September, Santee disembarked the 477 evacuees at Manila Bay.Five days later, Santee stood out of Manila Bay and steamed for Okinawa, anchoring at Buckner Bay on 19 September. Underway again the next day, Santee reached Wakanoura Wan, Honshū, Japan, on 22 September. From 24 to 26 September, Santee steamed along the coast, providing air coverage for occupation forces landing at Wakayama.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wakanoura Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakanoura_Wan"},{"link_name":"PBM Mariner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBM_Mariner"},{"link_name":"flying boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_boat"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William D. Sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sample"},{"link_name":"commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"Master Metals Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_Metals_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Santee departed Wakanoura Wan on 3 October, leaving her formation on 6 October to search for a missing PBM Mariner flying boat carrying Rear Admiral William D. Sample, the ship's first commanding officer after her conversion to an escort carrier.On 20 October, Santee got underway for Okinawa, arriving two days later at Buckner Bay. On 23 October, Santee got underway for Pearl Harbor, disembarking 375 passengers there on 4 November. The next day, Santee continued her role in \"Operation Magic Carpet\" by embarking 18 Marines bound for the west coast.Anchoring at San Diego on 11 November, Santee remained there until 26 November, when she got underway for Guam on additional \"Magic Carpet\" duty.On 27 February 1946, Santee departed San Diego and arrived at Boston Harbor on 25 March, via the Panama Canal. The CVE was placed in reserve on 21 October. Santee was reclassified on 12 June 1955 as an escort helicopter aircraft carrier, CVHE-29, and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1959. On 5 December, she was sold to the Master Metals Company for scrap.","title":"Post-war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Star_Awards"},{"link_name":"Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)"}],"text":"Santee received nine battle stars and the Presidential Unit Citation for her World War II service.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-739-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-739-9"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20041031234516/https://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s5/santee-ii.htm"}],"text":"Friedman, Norman (1983). U.S. Aircraft Carriers. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-739-9.\n This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"SBD bombers on Santee during convoy duty in the Atlantic.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SBDs_on_USS_Santee_1942-43.jpg/220px-SBDs_on_USS_Santee_1942-43.jpg"},{"image_text":"An FM-2 flying over Santee in October 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/FM-2_CVE-29_Oct1944.jpg/220px-FM-2_CVE-29_Oct1944.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Smith, Peter C (2014). Kamikaze To Die for the Emperor. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. 14–18. ISBN 9781781593134.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781593134","url_text":"9781781593134"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (1983). U.S. Aircraft Carriers. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-739-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-739-9","url_text":"0-87021-739-9"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041031234516/https://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s5/santee-ii.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/03/029.htm","external_links_name":"navsource.org: USS Santee"},{"Link":"http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/auxil/ao29.txt","external_links_name":"hazegray.org: USS Santee"},{"Link":"http://www.t2tanker.org/","external_links_name":"t2tanker.org"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Schubert)
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Symphony No. 3 (Schubert)
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Symphony No. 3" Schubert – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 3 in D major, D 200, was written between 24 May and 19 July 1815, a few months after his eighteenth birthday. Like the other early symphonies (the six written before the "Unfinished" Symphony of 1822), it was not published during Schubert's lifetime. It appeared many years later, in the first Schubert complete works edition in 1884. It is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani and strings.
The length of this symphony is approximately 21 to 23 minutes. It is in four movements:
Adagio maestoso – Allegro con brio (222 bars)Allegretto in G major (124 bars)Menuetto. Vivace (56 bars + Trio 28 bars)Presto vivace (410 bars)
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The symphony opens with a broad introduction in a form which is reminiscent of the French overture in two parts, the first slow and dramatic, the second more lyrical. This leads into the Allegro con brio, which is remarkable for its charm and the interplay of solo clarinet with syncopated strings, which developed pp from within the bounds of the style of chamber music to the larger sphere of the symphonic form. This is an extremely dramatic movement in sonata form. It owes much, as Michael Trapp points out in the liner notes of Günter Wand's recording, to the influence of Rossini, whose music was quite popular at the time, particularly evident in the overture-like structure. According to Blair Johnston, this symphony also shows Haydn's influence on the young Schubert, mainly in the introduction: "long-sustained octaves, complete with timpani roll, precede gradually shifting harmonies that, in true late Haydn fashion, migrate into a sullen D minor."
A delightful Allegretto in ternary form follows, full of grace and humor. The tune that unfolds has the character of a peasant's dance and its rhythms spread to the subsidiary melody as well.
Then comes a high-spirited Minuet, which, with its accented up-beats, suggests a scherzo and a popular flavor due to this low and popular gesture, and is contrasted by a graceful Ländler-like trio.
The concluding Presto in tarantella rhythm is remarkable for its bold harmonic progressions and for its wealth of dynamic contrast. This movement is in sonata form with a looser conception. Some musicologists, such as Mosco Carner, cite a strong resemblance to the music of Rossini in terms of rhythm, dynamics and harmonic relationships among the different sections.
References
^ a b c Blair Johnston. Franz Schubert – Symphony No. 3 in D major, D. 200 at AllMusic
External links
Symphony No. 3: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
vteSymphonies by Franz SchubertCompleted symphonies
No. 1 in D major
No. 2 in B♭ major
No. 3 in D major
No. 4 in C minor (Tragic)
No. 5 in B♭ major
No. 6 in C major (Little)
No. 9 in C major (Great)
Incomplete/unfinished
D 2B in D major
D 615 in D major
D 708A in D major
No. 7 in E major
No. 8 in B minor (Unfinished)
No. 10 in D major
List of compositions
by genre
Portal: Classical music
Authority control databases International
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This article about a symphony is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Like the other early symphonies (the six written before the \"Unfinished\" Symphony of 1822), it was not published during Schubert's lifetime. It appeared many years later, in the first Schubert complete works edition in 1884.[1] It is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani and strings.The length of this symphony is approximately 21 to 23 minutes. It is in four movements:Adagio maestoso – Allegro con brio (222 bars)Allegretto in G major (124 bars)Menuetto. Vivace (56 bars + Trio 28 bars)Presto vivace (410 bars)Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file.The symphony opens with a broad introduction in a form which is reminiscent of the French overture in two parts, the first slow and dramatic, the second more lyrical. This leads into the Allegro con brio, which is remarkable for its charm and the interplay of solo clarinet with syncopated strings, which developed pp from within the bounds of the style of chamber music to the larger sphere of the symphonic form. This is an extremely dramatic movement in sonata form. It owes much, as Michael Trapp points out in the liner notes of Günter Wand's recording, to the influence of Rossini, whose music was quite popular at the time, particularly evident in the overture-like structure.[This quote needs a citation] According to Blair Johnston, this symphony also shows Haydn's influence on the young Schubert, mainly in the introduction: \"long-sustained octaves, complete with timpani roll, precede gradually shifting harmonies that, in true late Haydn fashion, migrate into a sullen D minor.\"[1]A delightful Allegretto in ternary form follows, full of grace and humor. The tune that unfolds has the character of a peasant's dance and its rhythms spread to the subsidiary melody as well.[1]Then comes a high-spirited Minuet, which, with its accented up-beats, suggests a scherzo and a popular flavor due to this low and popular gesture, and is contrasted by a graceful Ländler-like trio.The concluding Presto in tarantella rhythm is remarkable for its bold harmonic progressions and for its wealth of dynamic contrast. This movement is in sonata form with a looser conception. Some musicologists, such as Mosco Carner, cite a strong resemblance to the music of Rossini in terms of rhythm, dynamics and harmonic relationships among the different sections.[This quote needs a citation]","title":"Symphony No. 3 (Schubert)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meilahti
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Meilahti
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 60°11′N 24°54′E / 60.183°N 24.900°E / 60.183; 24.900This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Helsinki Subdivision in Uusimaa, FinlandMeilahti
MejlansHelsinki SubdivisionView along Mannerheimintie with apartment buildings of Meilahti to the left, and those of Laakso to the rightPosition of Meilahti within HelsinkiCountry FinlandRegionUusimaaSub-regionGreater HelsinkiMunicipalityHelsinkiDistrictWesternArea2.12 km2 (0.82 sq mi)Population6,792 • Density3,090/km2 (8,000/sq mi)Postal codes00270, 00250Subdivision number15Neighbouring subdivisionsVanha Munkkiniemi, Laakso, Ruskeasuo, Kuusisaari, Lehtisaari, Taka-Töölö, Etu-Töölö
Meilahti (in Swedish Mejlans) is a neighbourhood of Helsinki between Mannerheimintie (the main entrance road to Helsinki) and a bay named Seurasaarenselkä. Most of the houses in Meilahti were built in the 1930s and 1940s. Meilahti is home to over 6700 people. Meilahti is the location of Mäntyniemi, official residence of the President of Finland, as well as Kesäranta, the official residence of Prime Minister of Finland. Near Mäntyniemi is the former presidential residence, Tamminiemi, which is today a museum dedicated to president Urho Kekkonen.
Several hospitals are located in this district, including the Meilahti Hospital of the Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH).
Neighbourhoods surrounding Meilahti are Töölö, Munkkiniemi, Ruskeasuo, Pikku Huopalahti and Laakso.
For the 1952 Summer Olympics, the neighborhood hosted the rowing events.
St. Mary's Church in Meilahti
References
1952 Summer Olympics official report. pp. 54–55.
vteThe official major districts of Helsinki and their subdivision in neighbourhoods (and quarters)SouthernEteläinenSödra
1. Kruununhaka (Kronohagen)
2. Kluuvi (Gloet)
3. Kaartinkaupunki (Gardesstaden)
4. Kamppi (Kampen)
5. Punavuori (Rödbergen)
6. Eira
7. Ullanlinna (Ulrikasborg)
8. Katajanokka (Skatudden)
9. Kaivopuisto (Brunnsparken)
13. Etu-Töölö (Främre Tölö)
14. Taka-Töölö (Bortre Tölö)
20. Länsisatama (Västra hamnen)
Ruoholahti (Gräsviken)
Salmisaari (Sundholmen)
Lapinlahti (Lappviken)
Jätkäsaari (Busholmen)
Hernesaari (Ärtholmen)
31. Lauttasaari (Drumsö)
Koivusaari (Björkholmen)
52. Suomenlinna (Sveaborg)
WesternLäntinenVästra
15. Meilahti (Mejlans)
16. Ruskeasuo (Brunakärr)
18. Laakso (Dal)
29. Haaga (Haga)
Etelä-Haaga (Södra Haga)
Kivihaka (Stenhagen)
Pohjois-Haaga (Norra Haga)
Lassila (Lassas)
30. Munkkiniemi (Munksnäs)
Vanha Munkkiniemi (Gamla Munksnäs)
Kuusisaari (Granö)
Lehtisaari (Lövö)
Munkkivuori (Munkshöjden)
Niemenmäki (Näshöjden)
Talinranta (Talistranden)
32. Konala (Kånala)
33. Kaarela (Kårböle)
Kannelmäki (Gamlas)
Maununneva (Magnuskärr)
Malminkartano (Malmgård)
Hakuninmaa (Håkansåker)
Kuninkaantammi (Kungseken)
46. Pitäjänmäki (Sockenbacka)
Pajamäki (Smedjebacka)
Tali
Reimarla (Reimars)
Marttila (Martas)
Pitäjänmäen teollisuusalue (Sockenbacka industriområde)
CentralKeskinenMellersta
10. Sörnäinen (Sörnäs)
Hanasaari (Hanaholmen)
Kalasatama (Fiskehamnen)
Sompasaari (Sumparn)
11. Kallio (Berghäll)
Siltasaari (Broholmen)
Linjat (Linjerna)
Torkkelinmäki (Torkelsbacken)
12. Alppiharju (Åshöjden)
Harju (Ås)
Alppila (Alphyddan)
17. Pasila (Böle)
Länsi-Pasila (Västra Böle)
Pohjois-Pasila (Norra Böle)
Itä-Pasila (Östra Böle)
Keski-Pasila (Mellersta Böle)
21. Hermanni (Hermanstad)
22. Vallila (Vallgård)
23. Toukola (Majstad)
Toukola (Majstad)
Arabianranta (Arabiastranden)
24. Kumpula (Gumtäkt)
25. Käpylä (Kottby)
26. Koskela (Forsby)
27. Vanhakaupunki (Gammelstaden)
NorthernPohjoinenNorra
28. Oulunkylä (Åggelby)
Pirkkola (Britas)
Maunula (Månsas)
Metsälä (Krämertsskog)
Patola (Dammen)
Veräjämäki (Grindbacka)
Maunulanpuisto (Månsasparken)
Veräjälaakso (Grinddal)
34. Pakila (Baggböle)
Länsi-Pakila (Västra Baggböle)
Itä-Pakila (Östra Baggböle)
35. Tuomarinkylä (Domarby)
Paloheinä (Svedängen)
Torpparinmäki (Torparbacken)
Tuomarinkartano (Domargård)
Haltiala (Tomtbacka)
NortheasternKoillinenNordöstra
36. Viikki (Vik)
Viikinranta (Viksstranden)
Latokartano (Ladugården)
Viikin tiedepuisto (Viks forskarpark)
Viikinmäki (Viksbacka)
37. Pukinmäki (Bocksbacka)
38. Malmi (Malm)
Ylä-Malmi (Övre Malm)
Ala-Malmi (Nedre Malm)
Pihlajamäki (Rönnbacka)
Tattariharju (Tattaråsen)
Malmin lentokenttä (Malms flygfält)
Pihlajisto (Rönninge)
39. Tapaninkylä (Staffansby)
Tapaninvainio (Staffansslätten)
Tapanila (Mosabacka)
40. Suutarila (Skomakarböle)
Siltamäki (Brobacka)
Tapulikaupunki (Stapelstaden)
Töyrynummi (Lidamalmen)
41. Suurmetsä (Storskog)
Alppikylä (Alpbyn)
Puistola (Parkstad)
Heikinlaakso (Henriksdal)
Tattarisuo (Tattarmossen)
Jakomäki (Jakobacka)
SoutheasternKaakkoinenSydöstra
19. Mustikkamaa-Korkeasaari (Blåbärslandet-Högholmen)
42. Kulosaari (Brändö)
43. Herttoniemi (Hertonäs)
Länsi-Herttoniemi (Västra Hertonäs)
Roihuvuori (Kasberget)
Herttoniemen teollisuusalue (Hertonäs industriområde)
Herttoniemenranta (Hertonäs strand)
44. Tammisalo (Tammelund)
48. Vartiosaari (Vårdö)
49. Laajasalo (Degerö)
Yliskylä (Uppby)
Jollas
Tullisaari (Turholm)
Tahvonlahti (Stansvik)
Hevossalmi (Hästnässund)
50. Villinki (Villinge)
51. Santahamina (Sandhamn)
53. Ulkosaaret (Utöarna)
Länsisaaret (Västra holmarna)
Itäsaaret (Östra holmarna)
Aluemeri (Territorialhavet)
EasternItäinenÖstra
45. Vartiokylä (Botby)
Vartioharju (Botbyåsen)
Puotila (Botby gård)
Puotinharju (Botbyhöjden)
Myllypuro (Kvarnbäcken)
Marjaniemi (Marudd)
Roihupellon teollisuusalue (Kasåkers industriområde)
Itäkeskus (Östra centrum)
47. Mellunkylä (Mellungsby)
Kontula (Gårdsbacka)
Vesala (Ärvings)
Mellunmäki (Mellungsbacka)
Kivikko (Stensböle)
Kurkimäki (Tranbacka)
54. Vuosaari (Nordsjö)
Keski-Vuosaari (Mellersta Nordsjö)
Nordsjön kartano (Nordsjö gård)
Uutela (Nybondas)
Meri-Rastila (Havsrastböle)
Kallahti (Kallvik)
Aurinkolahti (Solvik)
Rastila (Rastböle)
Niinisaari (Bastö)
Mustavuori (Svarta backen)
ÖstersundomÖstersundominÖstersundoms
55. Östersundom
56. Salmenkallio (Sundberg)
57. Talosaari (Husö)
58. Karhusaari (Björnsö)
59. Ultuna
Landbo
Puroniitty (Bäckängen)
vte Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics (Helsinki)
Hämeenlinna
Harmaja
Huopalahti
Käpylä
Kotka
Laakso
Lahti
Liuskasaari
Malmi shooting range
Maunula
Meilahti
Messuhalli
Olympic Stadium
Pakila
Ruskeasuo Equestrian Hall
Swimming Stadium
Taivallahti
Tali Race Track
Tampere
Tennis Palace
Töölön Pallokenttä
Turku
Velodrome
Westend Tennis Hall
vteOlympic venues in rowing20th century
1900: Seine
1904: Creve Coeur Lake
1908: Henley Royal Regatta
1912: Djurgårdsbrunnsviken
1920: Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal
1924: Bassin d'Argentuil
1928: Sloten
1932: Long Beach Marine Stadium
1936: Berlin-Grünau Regatta Course
1948: Henley Royal Regatta
1952: Meilahti
1956: Lake Wendouree
1960: Lake Albano
1964: Toda Rowing Course
1968: Virgilio Uribe Rowing and Canoeing Course
1972: Oberschleißheim Regatta Course
1976: Notre Dame Island
1980: Krylatskoye Rowing Canal
1984: Lake Casitas
1988: Han River Regatta Course/Canoeing Site
1992: Lake of Banyoles
1996: Lake Lanier
21st century
2000: Sydney International Regatta Centre
2004: Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre
2008: Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park
2012: Dorney Lake
2016: Lagoa Stadium
2020: Sea Forest Waterway
2024: Vaires-sur-Marne
2028: Long Beach Marine Stadium
60°11′N 24°54′E / 60.183°N 24.900°E / 60.183; 24.900
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meilahti.
This Southern Finland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Summer Olympics venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hollein
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Hans Hollein
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["1 Biography","2 Main works","3 Prizes","4 References","5 External links"]
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Austrian architect and designer (1934–2014)
Hans HolleinHollein in 1976Born30 March 1934 (1934-03-30)Vienna, AustriaDied24 April 2014 (2014-04-25) (aged 80)Vienna, AustriaNationalityAustrianAlma materAcademy of Fine Arts ViennaOccupationArchitect
Hans Hollein (30 March 1934 – 24 April 2014) was an Austrian architect and designer and key figure of postmodern architecture. Some of his most notable works are the Haas House and the Albertina extension in the inner city of Vienna.
Biography
Hollein was born in Vienna, and graduated in 1956 from the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, where he studied in the master class of Clemens Holzmeister. During 1959 he attended the Illinois Institute of Technology and then in 1960, the University of California, Berkeley, where he completed his Master of Architecture degree. During these years he met Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright and Richard Neutra. In 1963 he exhibited, Architecture, along with Walter Pichler at Galerie nächst St. Stephan in St Stephen Vienna, highlighting their ideas for utopian architecture. Afterwards, he worked for various architectural firms in Sweden and the United States before returning to Vienna, founding his own office in 1964.
Hollein's early works were small scale designs, such as the Retti candle shop in Vienna, which notably featured a facade constructed of anodized aluminum.
In 1972, Hollein designed a series of glasses for the American Optical Corps.
Hollein was a guest professor at Washington University in St. Louis on two separate occasions, the first being 1963–64 and the second in 1966. During this period he was also a visiting professor at the Yale School of Architecture. He was a professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf between 1967 and 1976, after which he became a professor at the University of Applied Arts Vienna.
Hollein worked mainly as an architect but also established himself as a designer through his work for the Memphis Group and the Alessi Company. Additionally, he staged various exhibitions, including for the Venice Biennale. In 1980 he designed the stage for a production of Arthur Schnitzler's drama Komödie der Verführung (Comedy of Seduction) at Vienna's Burgtheater. In 1985 Hollein was awarded the Pritzker Prize.
Hollein achieved international fame with his winning competition designs for the Abteiberg Museum in Mönchengladbach (1972–82) and an underground Guggenheim Museum branch in Salzburg (1989). The later hasn't been built, but his ideas for an underground museum still materialised in the Vulcania European Centre of Vulcanology in Auvergne in France (1997–2002).
Starting from the late 1990s, Hollein designed large-scale projects, including bank headquarters in Lichtenstein, Spain and Peru. Starting from 2010 he worked with Ulf Kotz and Christoph Monschein at the Hans Hollein & Partner ZT GmbH.
Hollein died on 24 April 2014 in Vienna, after a long illness, at the age of 80.
His son Max Hollein is the Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Previously he was Director and CEO of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the umbrella organization of the de Young Museum and Legion of Honor Museum. He is the former Director of the Städel Museum, the Liebieghaus and the Schirn Kunsthalle in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Main works
Retti candle shop, Vienna, 1964–65
1964–65 : Retti candle shop, Vienna, Austria
1967–69 : Feigen Gallery, New York
1972–74 : Schullin Jewellery shop, Vienna
1972–82 : Abteiberg Museum Mönchengladbach
1977–78 : Glass and Ceramics house, Teheran, Iran
1979–90 : Ganztagsschule, Vienna
1983–85 : Rauchstrasse apartments in Berlin, part of the International Building Exhibition
1985–90 : Haas-Haus in Vienna
1987–91 : Museum für Moderne Kunst in Frankfurt am Main
1989 : Guggenheim ('Museum im Mönchsberg'), Salzburg, Austria (unbuilt)
1992–2002 : Niederösterreichisches Landesmuseum, St. Pölten, Austria
1994–2000 : Generali Media Tower Donaukanal, Vienna
1996–2001 : Austrian Embassy in Berlin
1996–2000 : Interbank Headquarters, Lima, Peru
1997–2002 : Centrum Bank in Vaduz, Liechtenstein, in collaboration with Bargetze+Partner
1997–2002 : Vulcania – European Centre of Vulcanology in Auvergne, France
2001–03 : Albertina Museum extension, Vienna
2004–08 : Hilton hotel, Vienna
2004–07 : Sea Mio, Apartment-Towers, Taipei, Taiwan
2006–11 : Pezet 515, Lima
Abteiberg Museum, Mönchengladbach, Germany, 1972–82
Haas-Haus in Vienna, 1985–90
Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, 1983–91
Austrian Embassy in Berlin, 1996-2001
Soravia-Wing of the Albertina, Vienna, 2001–03
Car Building, Center for Art and Media, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2011
Prizes
R. S. Reynolds Memorial Award endowed by the American Institute of Architects (1966 and 1984)
Prize for Architecture of the City of Vienna, (1974)
Grand Austrian State Prize for Architecture (1983)
Pritzker Architecture Prize (1985)
Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1990)
Gold Decoration for Services to Vienna (1994)
Grand Merit Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1997)
Officer of the Legion of Honour (France, 2003)
Honorary Medal of the Austrian capital Vienna in Gold (2004)
Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria (2009)
Golden Rathausmann (2009)
References
^ a b c d e f "Architekt Hans Hollein gestorben" Archived 10 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine, in Frankfurter Rundshau, 24 April 2014
^ Weibel, Peter: "Hans Hollein", Hatje Verlag, 2012
^ "Wien trauert um Hans Hollein", ORF, 24 April 2014
^ a b c Czaja, Wojciech: "Architekt Hans Hollein gestorben", in Der Standard, 24 April 2014
^ a b Jaeger, Falk: "Zum Tod von Hans Hollein: Spiel und Form" in Der Tagesspiegel, 24 April 2014
^ a b The Hyatt Foundation: "Hans Hollein Biography", retrieved 24 April 2014
^ "Embarking into the Virtual World | Walter Pichler's Futurist Visions". ArtMag. Deutsche Bank. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
^ a b 032c.com. "HANS HOLLEIN: The Showroom Master". Retrieved 21 July 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b Hans Hollein: "About", retrieved 24 April 2014
^ "American Institute of Architects" (PDF). p. XXXV. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
^ "Preisträgerinnen und Preisträger – Preise der Stadt Wien" (in German). Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
^ "Österreichischer Kunstsenat – Staatspreisträger" (in German). Retrieved 26 April 2014.
^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 881. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
^ a b c Austrian Ministry for Education and Women: "Ein Fest für Hans Hollein", 31 March 2009
^ a b Universalmuseum Joanneum: "Hans Hollein: Biografie", retrieved 26 April 2014
^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 1891. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hans Hollein.
Official website
Pritzker Prize gallery
vtePritzker Architecture Prize laureates
Philip Johnson (1979)
Luis Barragán (1980)
James Stirling (1981)
Kevin Roche (1982)
I. M. Pei (1983)
Richard Meier (1984)
Hans Hollein (1985)
Gottfried Böhm (1986)
Kenzo Tange (1987)
Gordon Bunshaft and Oscar Niemeyer (1988)
Frank Gehry (1989)
Aldo Rossi (1990)
Robert Venturi (1991)
Álvaro Siza Vieira (1992)
Fumihiko Maki (1993)
Christian de Portzamparc (1994)
Tadao Ando (1995)
Rafael Moneo (1996)
Sverre Fehn (1997)
Renzo Piano (1998)
Norman Foster (1999)
Rem Koolhaas (2000)
Herzog & de Meuron (2001)
Glenn Murcutt (2002)
Jørn Utzon (2003)
Zaha Hadid (2004)
Thom Mayne (2005)
Paulo Mendes da Rocha (2006)
Richard Rogers (2007)
Jean Nouvel (2008)
Peter Zumthor (2009)
Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa (2010)
Eduardo Souto de Moura (2011)
Wang Shu (2012)
Toyo Ito (2013)
Shigeru Ban (2014)
Frei Otto (2015)
Alejandro Aravena (2016)
Rafael Aranda, Carme Pigem, and Ramón Vilalta (2017)
B. V. Doshi (2018)
Arata Isozaki (2019)
Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara (2020)
Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal (2021)
Diébédo Francis Kéré (2022)
David Chipperfield (2023)
Riken Yamamoto (2024)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FR_2014-1"},{"link_name":"postmodern architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Haas House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haas_House"},{"link_name":"Albertina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertina,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hans Hollein (30 March 1934 – 24 April 2014) was an Austrian architect and designer[1] and key figure of postmodern architecture.[2] Some of his most notable works are the Haas House and the Albertina extension in the inner city of Vienna.[3]","title":"Hans Hollein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Standard_2014-4"},{"link_name":"Clemens Holzmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Holzmeister"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tagesspiegel_2014-5"},{"link_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritzker_bio-6"},{"link_name":"Mies van der Rohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"Richard Neutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neutra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritzker_bio-6"},{"link_name":"Walter Pichler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pichler_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Galerie nächst St. Stephan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_n%C3%A4chst_St._Stephan"},{"link_name":"utopian architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FR_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-032c.com-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-032c.com-8"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Yale School of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Kunstakademie Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstakademie_D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"University of Applied Arts Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Applied_Arts_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HH_bio-9"},{"link_name":"Memphis Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tagesspiegel_2014-5"},{"link_name":"Alessi Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessi_(company)"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Standard_2014-4"},{"link_name":"Arthur Schnitzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler"},{"link_name":"Burgtheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgtheater"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Standard_2014-4"},{"link_name":"Pritzker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritzker_Prize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FR_2014-1"},{"link_name":"competition designs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_design_competition"},{"link_name":"Abteiberg Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abteiberg_Museum"},{"link_name":"Vulcania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FR_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FR_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HH_bio-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FR_2014-1"},{"link_name":"Max Hollein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hollein"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Arts_Museums_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Städel Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4del_Museum"},{"link_name":"Liebieghaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebieghaus"},{"link_name":"Schirn Kunsthalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schirn_Kunsthalle"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"}],"text":"Hollein was born in Vienna, and graduated in 1956 from the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna,[4] where he studied in the master class of Clemens Holzmeister.[5] During 1959 he attended the Illinois Institute of Technology and then in 1960, the University of California, Berkeley, where he completed his Master of Architecture degree.[6] During these years he met Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright and Richard Neutra.[6] In 1963 he exhibited, Architecture, along with Walter Pichler at Galerie nächst St. Stephan in St Stephen Vienna, highlighting their ideas for utopian architecture.[7] Afterwards, he worked for various architectural firms in Sweden and the United States before returning to Vienna, founding his own office in 1964.[1]Hollein's early works were small scale designs, such as the Retti candle shop in Vienna, which notably featured a facade constructed of anodized aluminum.[8]In 1972, Hollein designed a series of glasses for the American Optical Corps.[8]Hollein was a guest professor at Washington University in St. Louis on two separate occasions, the first being 1963–64 and the second in 1966. During this period he was also a visiting professor at the Yale School of Architecture. He was a professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf between 1967 and 1976, after which he became a professor at the University of Applied Arts Vienna.[9]Hollein worked mainly as an architect but also established himself as a designer through his work for the Memphis Group[5] and the Alessi Company. Additionally, he staged various exhibitions, including for the Venice Biennale.[4] In 1980 he designed the stage for a production of Arthur Schnitzler's drama Komödie der Verführung (Comedy of Seduction) at Vienna's Burgtheater.[4] In 1985 Hollein was awarded the Pritzker Prize.[1]Hollein achieved international fame with his winning competition designs for the Abteiberg Museum in Mönchengladbach (1972–82) and an underground Guggenheim Museum branch in Salzburg (1989). The later hasn't been built, but his ideas for an underground museum still materialised in the Vulcania European Centre of Vulcanology in Auvergne in France (1997–2002).[1]Starting from the late 1990s, Hollein designed large-scale projects, including bank headquarters in Lichtenstein, Spain and Peru.[1] Starting from 2010 he worked with Ulf Kotz and Christoph Monschein at the Hans Hollein & Partner ZT GmbH.[9]Hollein died on 24 April 2014 in Vienna, after a long illness, at the age of 80.[1]His son Max Hollein is the Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Previously he was Director and CEO of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the umbrella organization of the de Young Museum and Legion of Honor Museum. He is the former Director of the Städel Museum, the Liebieghaus and the Schirn Kunsthalle in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kohlmarkt_8-10,_Vienna_Kerzenshop_Retti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Abteiberg Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abteiberg_Museum"},{"link_name":"Teheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teheran"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"International Building Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Building_Exhibition_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Haas-Haus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haas-Haus"},{"link_name":"Museum für Moderne Kunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Moderne_Kunst"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum"},{"link_name":"St. Pölten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._P%C3%B6lten"},{"link_name":"Donaukanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaukanal"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Interbank Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificio_Interbank"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Vaduz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaduz"},{"link_name":"Vulcania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcania"},{"link_name":"Albertina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertina,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Hotels"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%B6nchengladbach_museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abteiberg Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abteiberg_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wien_-_Haas-Haus_(3).JPG"},{"link_name":"Haas-Haus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haas-Haus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_fuer_Moderne_Kunst_Portalseite.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museum für Moderne Kunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Moderne_Kunst"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Be_Austrian_Embassy_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albertina_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Albertina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%A4fer_ZKM_GBA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Center for Art and Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Art_and_Media"}],"text":"Retti candle shop, Vienna, 1964–651964–65 : Retti candle shop, Vienna, Austria\n1967–69 : Feigen Gallery, New York\n1972–74 : Schullin Jewellery shop, Vienna\n1972–82 : Abteiberg Museum Mönchengladbach\n1977–78 : Glass and Ceramics house, Teheran, Iran\n1979–90 : Ganztagsschule, Vienna\n1983–85 : Rauchstrasse apartments in Berlin, part of the International Building Exhibition\n1985–90 : Haas-Haus in Vienna\n1987–91 : Museum für Moderne Kunst in Frankfurt am Main\n1989 : Guggenheim ('Museum im Mönchsberg'), Salzburg, Austria (unbuilt)\n1992–2002 : Niederösterreichisches Landesmuseum, St. Pölten, Austria\n1994–2000 : Generali Media Tower Donaukanal, Vienna\n1996–2001 : Austrian Embassy in Berlin\n1996–2000 : Interbank Headquarters, Lima, Peru\n1997–2002 : Centrum Bank in Vaduz, Liechtenstein, in collaboration with Bargetze+Partner\n1997–2002 : Vulcania – European Centre of Vulcanology in Auvergne, France\n2001–03 : Albertina Museum extension, Vienna\n2004–08 : Hilton hotel, Vienna\n2004–07 : Sea Mio, Apartment-Towers, Taipei, Taiwan\n2006–11 : Pezet 515, LimaAbteiberg Museum, Mönchengladbach, Germany, 1972–82\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHaas-Haus in Vienna, 1985–90\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMuseum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, 1983–91\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAustrian Embassy in Berlin, 1996-2001\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoravia-Wing of the Albertina, Vienna, 2001–03\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCar Building, Center for Art and Media, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2011","title":"Main works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Grand Austrian State Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Austrian_State_Prize"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pritzker Architecture Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize"},{"link_name":"Austrian Decoration for Science and Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Decoration_for_Science_and_Art"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmukk-14"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmukk-14"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmukk-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joanneum-15"},{"link_name":"Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joanneum-15"}],"text":"R. S. Reynolds Memorial Award endowed by the American Institute of Architects (1966[10] and 1984)\nPrize for Architecture of the City of Vienna, (1974)[11]\nGrand Austrian State Prize for Architecture (1983)[12]\nPritzker Architecture Prize (1985)\nAustrian Decoration for Science and Art (1990)[13]\nGold Decoration for Services to Vienna (1994)[14]\nGrand Merit Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1997)[14]\nOfficer of the Legion of Honour (France, 2003)[14]\nHonorary Medal of the Austrian capital Vienna in Gold (2004)[15]\nGrand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria (2009)[16]\nGolden Rathausmann (2009)[15]","title":"Prizes"}]
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| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanted_to_Tell_Her
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I Wanted to Tell Her
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["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Covers","4 Charts","5 Personnel","6 References"]
|
Song by Ministry
"I Wanted to Tell Her"Single by Ministry and Shay Jonesfrom the album With Sympathy B-side"I Wanted to Tell Her" (remix)ReleasedApril 1983RecordedLate 1982 at Syncro Sound Studios, BostonGenreNew waveLength5:29LabelArista, BMGSongwriter(s)Alain Jourgensen, Shay JonesProducer(s)Vince Ely, Ian TaylorMinistry singles chronology
"Work for Love" (1983)
"I Wanted to Tell Her" (1983)
"Revenge" (1983)
"I Wanted to Tell Her" is a single by American industrial band Ministry. Written by frontman Al Jourgensen and guest singer Shay Jones, and co-produced by Vince Ely and Ian Taylor, it was released as the second single from Ministry's debut studio album, With Sympathy (1983). Previously, the song first appeared as "Primental", an instrumental released in 1981 as part of Ministry's debut single, "I'm Falling / Cold Life".
Reception
"I Wanted to Tell Her" is one of the most popular songs from With Sympathy, charting on both the US Dance and NZ charts. The song was picked as an AllMusic reviewer's pick.
Track listing
7" Vinyl (US)
"I Wanted to Tell Her" (edit) – 3:55
"A Walk In the Park" – 4:58
7" Vinyl (US promo)
"I Wanted to Tell Her" (edit) – 3:55
"I Wanted to Tell Her" (mono) – 3:55
12" Maxi-single (US)
"I Wanted to Tell Her" (remix) – 6:57
"I Wanted to Tell Her" (dub) – 4:45
"Effigy" – 3:51
"Revenge" – 3:48
7" Vinyl (UK)
"I Wanted to Tell Her" (remix edit) – 3:57
"I Wanted to Tell Her" (Tongue-Tied remix) – 4:45
12" Vinyl (EU)
"I Wanted to Tell Her" (remix) – 6:57
"I Wanted to Tell Her" (Tongue-Tied remix) – 4:45
12" Maxi-single (EU)
"I Wanted to Tell Her" (remix) – 6:57
"I Wanted to Tell Her" (Tongue-Tied remix) – 4:45
"A Walk In the Park" – 4:58
NOTE: Although not listed as such on the sleeves, all 12" versions (as well as the UK 7") use an alternate performance of the song that differs from the one on With Sympathy.
The Tongue-Tied Mix and Dub version are the same.
Covers
The song was covered in 2011 by electronic duo Holy Ghost!, with support from The Juan MacLean and female vocals handled by Nancy Whang.
Charts
Chart (1983)
Peakposition
New Zealand (RMNZ)
35
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
13
Personnel
Ministry
Al Jourgensen – vocals, guitar, keyboards
Stephen George – drums
Additional personnel
Robert Roberts – keyboards
Shay Jones – feature vocals
John Davis – keyboards
Walter Turbitt – guitar
Martin Sorenson – bass guitar
References
^ a b Carlson, Dean. "With Sympathy - Ministry | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards, | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
^ Robbins, Ira (1991). "Ministry". In Robbins, Ira (ed.). The Trouser Press Record Guide (4th ed.). New York: Collier Books. p. 429. ISBN 0-02-036361-3. LCCN 91-18564. OCLC 298055609 – via the Internet Archive.
^ "Ministry - Singles Page". Prongs.org. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
^ Grisham, Tyler (November 11, 2011). "Holy Ghost!: "I Wanted to Tell Her (Ministry Cover)" ". Pitchfork Media. Archived from the original on November 12, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
^ "Ministry - I Wanted To Tell Her". charts.nz. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
^ "Ministry - Charts & Awards - Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
vteMinistry
Al Jourgensen
John Bechdel
Cesar Soto
Paul D'Amour
Roy Mayorga
Monte Pittman
Martin Atkins
Paul Barker
Max Brody
Tony Campos
Jason Christopher
Chris Connelly
Stephen George
Zlatko Hukic
John Monte
Nivek Ogre
Casey Orr
Paul Raven
Bill Rieflin
Aaron Rossi
Mike Scaccia
Louis Svitek
DJ Swamp
Tommy Victor
Rey Washam
Derek Abrams
Sin Quirin
London May
Studio albums
With Sympathy
Twitch
The Land of Rape and Honey
The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste
Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs
Filth Pig
Dark Side of the Spoon
Animositisomina
Houses of the Molé
Rio Grande Blood
The Last Sucker
Relapse
From Beer to Eternity
AmeriKKKant
Moral Hygiene
Hopiumforthemasses
Live albums
In Case You Didn't Feel Like Showing Up
Sphinctour
Adios... Puta Madres
Toronto 1986
Compilationsand remixes
Twelve Inch Singles (1981–1984)
Tapes of Wrath
Greatest Fits
Early Trax
Side Trax
Rantology
Rio Grande Dub Ya
Cover Up
The Last Dubber
MiXXXes of the Molé
Every Day Is Halloween: The Anthology
Undercover
Singles
"Cold Life"
"I Wanted to Tell Her"
"(Every Day Is) Halloween"
"Over the Shoulder"
"Stigmata"
"Burning Inside"
"Jesus Built My Hotrod"
"N.W.O."
"Just One Fix"
"The Fall"
"Lay Lady Lay"
"Bad Blood"
"No W"
"Keys to the City"
"Thunderstruck"
"99 Percenters"
"Double Tap"
"PermaWar"
Other songs
"Thieves"
"LiesLiesLies"
Related articles
Discography
1000 Homo DJs
Acid Horse
The Blackouts
Defibrillatour
Lard
Lead into Gold
Pailhead
Pigface
PTP
Revolting Cocks
Surgical Meth Machine
Trax! Box
Category
|
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|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakali
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Mahakali
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["1 Meaning","2 Iconography","2.1 Jain Beliefs","2.2 Kashmir Shaivism","3 Literature","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Works cited","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
|
This article is about the goddess of time and death in Shaktism. For the form of Parvati, see Kali. For the consort of Virabhadra, see Bhadrakali.For other uses, see Mahakali (disambiguation).
Hindu goddess
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
MahakaliMother GoddessGoddess of Time and DeathMember of MahavidyaMahakali, National Museum, DelhiDevanagariमहाकालीSanskrit transliterationMahākālīAffiliationParvati, Shaktism, Kali, Lakshmi, Tridevi, SaraswatiAbodeManidvipaMantraॐ क्रीं कालिकायै नमःoṁ krīṁ kālikāyai namaḥॐ काली महाकाली कालिके परमेश्वरी सर्वानंद करे देवी नारायणी नमोस्तुते:om Kali Mahakali Kalike Parameshwari Sarvanand kare Devi Narayani NamostuteWeaponDhāl shield, trishul, sword, dagger, akshay patra, bow and arrow, scimitar, cobra, gada, the Vedas, chakram, noose, vajra, conch
Mahakali (Sanskrit: महाकाली, romanized: Mahākālī) is the Hindu goddess of time and death in the goddess-centric tradition of Shaktism. She is also known as the supreme being in various Tantras and Puranas.
Similar to Kali, Mahakali is a fierce goddess associated with universal power, time, life, death, and both rebirth and liberation. She is the consort of Bhairava, the god of consciousness, the basis of reality and existence. Mahakali, in Sanskrit, is etymologically the feminised variant of Mahakala, or Great Time (which is also interpreted as Death), an epithet of the deities Narasimha and Shiva in Hinduism.
Meaning
Mahakali's origin is contained in various Puranic and Tantric Hindu Scriptures (Shastras). In the texts of Shaktism, she is variously portrayed as the Adi-Shakti, the Primeval Force of the Universe, identical with the Ultimate Reality, or Brahman. She is also known as the (female) Prakriti or World as opposed to the (male) Purusha or Consciousness, or as one of three manifestations of Mahadevi (The Great Goddess) that represent the three Gunas or attributes in Samkhya philosophy. In this interpretation Mahakali represents Tamas or the force of inertia. A common understanding of the Devi Mahatmya ("Greatness of the Goddess") text, a later interpolation into the Markandeya Purana, considered a core text of Shaktism (the branch of Hinduism which considers Durga to be the highest aspect of Godhead), assigns a different form of the Goddess (Mahasaraswati, Mahalakshmi, and Mahakali) to each of the three episodes therein. Here, Mahakali is assigned to the first episode. She is described as an abstract energy, the yoganidra of Vishnu.
Iconography
Mahakali is most often depicted in blue/black complexion in popular Indian art.
Her most common four armed iconographic image shows each hand carrying variously a crescent-shaped khadha,khatval sword, a trishul (trident), a severed head of a demon and a bowl or skull-cup (kapala) catching the blood of the severed head. Her eyes are described as red with intoxication and in absolute rage, her hair is shown disheveled, small fangs sometimes protrude out of her mouth and her tongue is lolling. The blood of the demons she slays drips out of her lolling tongue, having consumed it. She is adorned with a garland consisting of the heads of demons she has slaughtered, variously enumerated at 108 (an auspicious number in Hinduism and the number of countable beads on a Japa Mala, similar to a rosary, for repetition of Mantras) or 50, which represents the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, Devanagari, and wears a skirt made of demon arms.
Mahakali Yantra
Her ten headed (dashamukhi) image is known as the 10 Mahavidyas Mahakali, and in this form she is said to represent the ten Mahavidyas or "Great Wisdom (Goddess)s". She is sometimes shown sitting on a flaming grave or a rotting corpse. Her complexion is described as that of the night sky, devoid of stars. She is depicted in this form as having ten heads, thirty flaming eyes, ten arms, and ten legs but otherwise usually conforms to the four armed icon in other respects. Each of her ten hands is carrying an implement which varies in different accounts, but each of these represent the power of one of the devas, and are often the identifying weapon or ritual item of a given Deva. The implication is that Mahakali subsumes and is responsible for the powers that these deities possess and this is in line with the interpretation that Mahakali is identical with Brahman. While not displaying ten heads, an "ekamukhi" or one headed image may be displayed with ten arms, signifying the same concept: the powers of the various Gods come only through her grace.
In either one of these images she is shown standing on the prone, inert body of Shiva. This is interpreted in various ways but the most common is that Mahakali represents Shakti, the power of pure creation in the universe, and Shiva represents pure Consciousness which is inert in and of itself. While this is an advanced concept in monistic Shaktism, it also agrees with the Nondual Trika philosophy of Kashmir, popularly known as Kashmir Shaivism and associated most famously with Abhinavagupta. There is a colloquial saying that "Shiva without Shakti is Shava" which means that without the power of action (Shakti) that is Mahakali (represented as the short "i" in Devanagari) Shiva (or consciousness itself) is inactive; Shava means corpse in Sanskrit and the play on words is that all Sanskrit consonants are assumed to be followed by a short letter "a" unless otherwise noted. The short letter "i" represents the female power or Shakti that activates Creation. This is often the explanation for why she is standing on Shiva, who is her husband in Shaktism, and also the Supreme Godhead in Shaivism. Another understanding is that the wild destructive Mahakali can only stop her fury in the presence of Shiva the God of Consciousness, so that the balance of life is not completely overrun over by wild nature.
Jain Beliefs
In 10th century CE, the Achalgacch of the Śvetāmbara sect of Jainism was established at Pavagadh by Acharya Aryakashitsuri with blessing from Mahakali. He was unhappy with the wrong practices that had crept into the conduct of Jain monks due to the influence of yatis. He attempted reforms, but failed. Therefore, he ascended the hill to perform Sallekhana. Legend says that demi-goddess Mahakali appeared before him and requested the Acharya to not perform Sallekhana and said that he was the only one who could spread the truth. She asked him to start a new order based on the truth of the Agamas and assured him that she would safeguard the lay-followers of the new order and that they will prosper. Thus, in 1112 CE, Acharya Aryarakshitsuri founded the Achalgacch (or Viddhipaksh) at Pavagadh, and installed demi-goddess Mahakali as the adhishthayika (transl. protecting deity) of the gaccha. The founder Śrāvakas of the gaccha installed the idol of Mahakali on the hill to mark their respects. This is the idol and the shrine which was later encroached upon by Hindus. Under guidance of Acharya Kalyansagarsuri, a monk and reformer of Achalgacch, sravakas Sheth Vardhaman and Sheth Padamshin reconstructed the shrine of Mahakali at Pavagadh in 16th century CE. In a laudatory poem dedicated to Jirawala Parshvanatha and composed by Jain monk Dipvijay Kaviraaj in late 18th century CE, the temples existing in Pavagadh are described in detail. Mahakali has been considered to be the protecting deity of the Achalgaccha and its lay-followers. She is also the sasana-devi of the 5th Tirthankara Sumatinatha.
Jain idol of Mahakali Devi, the adhishthaayika of Achalgaccha and the sasana-devi of the 5th Tirthankara Sumatinatha Bhagwaan
Kashmir Shaivism
In Kashmir Shaivism, the highest form of Kali is Kalasankarshini, who is nirguna, formless and is often shown as a flame above the head of Guhyakali, the highest gross form of Kali. In Nepali Newar arts, both form and formless attributes of Kali are often envisioned in a single art form showing the hierarchy of goddesses in their tradition. In it, the Guhyakali image culminates in flame, with Kalasankarshini, the highest deity in the sequence, who consumes time within herself and is envisioned solely as a flame representing Para Brahman. She is like a divine actress in her own universal play who assumes the form and role of Sristi Kali, Rakta Kali, Yama Kali, Samhara Kali, Mrityu Kali, Rudra Kali, Mahakaala Kali, Paramaraka Kali, Kalagnirudra Kali, Martanda Kali, Sthitinasha Kali and Mahabhairavaghorachanda Kali who is none other than Kalasankarshini Kali.
Literature
This section contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. Please help summarize the quotations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or excerpts to Wikisource. (September 2022)
The Kali Sahasranama Stotra from the Kalika Kulasarvasva Tantra states that she is supreme (paramā) and indeed Durga, Śruti, Smriti, Mahalakshmi, Saraswati, Ātman Vidya and Brahmavidya. In the Mahanirvana Tantra she is called Adya or Primordial Kali, the origin and devourer of all things:
Because Thou devourest Kala, Thou art Kali, the original form of all things, and because Thou art the Origin of and devourest all things Thou art called the Adya Kali. Resuming after Dissolution Thine own form, dark and formless, Thou alone remainest as One ineffable and inconceivable. Though having a form, yet art Thou formless; though Thyself without beginning, multiform by the power of Maya, Thou art the Beginning of all, Creatrix, Protectress, and Destructress.
The Markandeya Purana describes Mahakali as the Unborn, the Eternal, Mahamari and Lakshmi after her slaying of Sumba and Nisumba:
All this egg of Brahmā, O king, is pervaded by her, who is Mahākālī at Māhākāla, and who has the nature of the Great Destroying Goddess. She indeed is Mahāmārī at the fated time; she indeed is creation, the Unborn; she indeed the Eternal gives stability to created beings at their fated time. She indeed is Lakṣmī, bestowing prosperity on the houses of men while she abides with them; and she indeed when she is absent becomes the goddess of Fortune unto their destruction. When hymned and worshipped with flowers, and with incense, perfumes and other offerings, she bestows wealth and sons, and a mind brilliant in righteousness.— Markandeya Purana, Canto XCII
In Devi Bhagavata Purana, the four-armed Vishnu is described as being unable to defeat Madhu-Kaitabha. After getting tired of trying to destroy them, he decides to rest for a while. During this time he came to know that they have been granted the boon of Iccāmrityu, or death at will, by the supreme Śakti. Realizing that he will not be able to kill the two Danavas, he decided to take the refuge of Mahakali:
Then the supreme Yogi, Bhagavān Viṣṇu, of immeasurable spirit began to praise with folded palms that great Bhuvaneśvarī Mahā Kāli, the giver of boons for the destruction of the Dānavas. “O Devī! I bow down to Thee O Mahāmāyā, the Creatrix and Destructrix! Thou beginningless and deathless! O auspicious Chandike! The Bestower of enjoyment and liberation I do not know Thy Saguṇa or Nirguṇa forms; how then can I know Thy glorious deeds, innumerable as they are.”— The Devi Bhagavata Purana, Book 1, Chapter 9
Several other scriptures also state that Mahakali is the primordial being. Some examples of this are the Mahabhagavata Purana, the Rudrayamala and the Kalika Purana. In Chapters 13 and 23 of Nila Tantra she is called the cause of everything, Gayatri, Lakshmi, Mahāmāyā, Parameshwari, omniscient, worshipped by Shiva himself, the great absolute (māhāparā), supreme (paramā), the mother of the highest reality (parāparāmba) and Ātman. The Devyāgama and further Tantra Shastras, assert that her own form is Para Brahman (parabrahmasvarūpiṇī). She is also variously referred to as Soul of the universe, Paramatman, Bīja and Nirguna.
See also
Durga
Kali Puja
Parvati
Tridevi
References
Citations
^ Harding (1993), p. 53.
^ Muni, Ratnaprabhavijay. "Shramana Bhagwaan Mahavira Part 5".
^ a b c Acharya, Jagacchandrasuri. "Pavagadh Tirth ki Aetihasikta".
^ a b Acharya, Kalaprabhasuri. "Aetihasik Tirth Pavagadh Champaner - Arya Kalyan Gautam Smruti Granth".
^ Pal (2004), pp. 29–33.
^ Kalika Kulasarvasva Kalika Sahasranama
^ Avalon (1913a), Chapter 4.
^ Pargiter (1904), Canto XCII.
^ Vijñanananda (1921), Book 1 Chapter 9.
^ Tripathi (1994), Page 173.
^ Kak (1938), .
^ Avalon (1913b), .
Works cited
Harding, Elizabeth Usha (1993). Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar. Nicolas-Hays. ISBN 0-89254-025-7.
Pal, Pratapaditya (2004). Nepal: Old Images, New Insights. India: Marg Publications. ISBN 978-8185026688.
The Markandeya Purana: Translated with Notes. Translated by Pargiter, Frederick Eden. India: Asiatic Society. 1904 – via Wisdomlib.org.
The Devi Bhagavata Purana. Translated by Vijñanananda, Swami. India: Allahabad Panini Office. 1921 – via Wisdomlib.org.
The Great Liberation: Mahanirvana Tantra. Translated by Avalon, Arthur. Madras: Ganesh & Co. 1913a – via Archive.org.
Rudra Yamala Tantra. Translated by Tripathi, Rudradev. New Delhi: Ranjan Publications. 1994 – via Archive.org.
Brihan Nila Tantram. Translated by Kak, Ramachandra. Kashmir: The Kashmir Mercantile Press. 1938 – via Archive.org.
Tantrik Texts (PDF). Translated by Avalon, Arthur. London: Luzac & Co. 1913b – via Archive.org.
Further reading
Chatterji, Shoma A. (2006). The Goddess Kali of Kolkata. UBS Publishers' Distributors. ISBN 81-7476-514-X.
Coburn, Thomas B. (1991). Encountering The Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-0446-3.
Dallapiccola, Anna (2002). Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-51088-1.
Kali, Devadatta (2003). In Praise of The Goddess: The Devimahatmyam and Its Meaning. Nicolas-Hays. ISBN 0-89254-080-X.
Kinsley, David (1977). The Sword and the Flute: Kālī and Kṛṣṇa, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03510-0.
Kinsley, David (1987). Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0379-5.
Kinsley, David (1997). Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20499-9.
McDaniel, June (2004). Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-16791-0.
McDermott, Rachel Fell (2001). Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513435-4.
McDermott, Rachel Fell; Kripal, Jeffrey J., eds. (2003). Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23240-2.
Mookerjee, Ajit (1988). Kali: The Feminine Force. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500275054.
Pintchman, Tracy (1994). The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2112-0.
Pintchman, Tracy, ed. (2001). Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-791-45008-2.
Sena, Rāmaprasāda (1999). Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair: Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess. Hohm Press. ISBN 0-934252-94-7.
Svoboda, Robert E. (1986). Aghora, at the Left Hand of God. Brotherhood of Life. ISBN 0-914732-21-8.
External links
Media related to Mahakali at Wikimedia Commons
Shri Mahakali Chalisa Archived 2020-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaktism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktism"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"Virabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virabhadra"},{"link_name":"Bhadrakali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrakali"},{"link_name":"Mahakali (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakali_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus"},{"link_name":"Shaktism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktism"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"Bhairava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhairava"},{"link_name":"reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality"},{"link_name":"Mahakala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakala"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death"},{"link_name":"Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimha"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"}],"text":"This article is about the goddess of time and death in Shaktism. For the form of Parvati, see Kali. For the consort of Virabhadra, see Bhadrakali.For other uses, see Mahakali (disambiguation).Hindu goddessMahakali (Sanskrit: महाकाली, romanized: Mahākālī) is the Hindu goddess of time and death in the goddess-centric tradition of Shaktism. She is also known as the supreme being in various Tantras and Puranas.Similar to Kali, Mahakali is a fierce goddess associated with universal power, time, life, death, and both rebirth and liberation. She is the consort of Bhairava, the god of consciousness, the basis of reality and existence. Mahakali, in Sanskrit, is etymologically the feminised variant of Mahakala, or Great Time (which is also interpreted as Death), an epithet of the deities Narasimha and Shiva in Hinduism.","title":"Mahakali"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puranic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranic"},{"link_name":"Tantric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra"},{"link_name":"Shastras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastra"},{"link_name":"Shaktism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktism"},{"link_name":"Adi-Shakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi-Shakti"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"Prakriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakriti"},{"link_name":"Purusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purusha"},{"link_name":"Gunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunas"},{"link_name":"Samkhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya"},{"link_name":"Tamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Devi Mahatmya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya"},{"link_name":"Godhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"different form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridevi"},{"link_name":"Mahasaraswati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasaraswati"},{"link_name":"Mahalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"yoganidra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhyavasini"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"}],"text":"Mahakali's origin is contained in various Puranic and Tantric Hindu Scriptures (Shastras). In the texts of Shaktism, she is variously portrayed as the Adi-Shakti, the Primeval Force of the Universe, identical with the Ultimate Reality, or Brahman. She is also known as the (female) Prakriti or World as opposed to the (male) Purusha or Consciousness, or as one of three manifestations of Mahadevi (The Great Goddess) that represent the three Gunas or attributes in Samkhya philosophy. In this interpretation Mahakali represents Tamas or the force of inertia. A common understanding of the Devi Mahatmya (\"Greatness of the Goddess\") text, a later interpolation into the Markandeya Purana, considered a core text of Shaktism (the branch of Hinduism which considers Durga to be the highest aspect of Godhead), assigns a different form of the Goddess (Mahasaraswati, Mahalakshmi, and Mahakali) to each of the three episodes therein. Here, Mahakali is assigned to the first episode. She is described as an abstract energy, the yoganidra of Vishnu.","title":"Meaning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"},{"link_name":"trishul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trishul_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"kapala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapala"},{"link_name":"garland consisting of the heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundamala"},{"link_name":"108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/108_(number)#In_Eastern_religions_&_traditions"},{"link_name":"Japa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japa"},{"link_name":"Mala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_prayer_beads"},{"link_name":"rosary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosary"},{"link_name":"Mantras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantras"},{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahakaliyantra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantra"},{"link_name":"Mahavidyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavidyas"},{"link_name":"devas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_grace"},{"link_name":"Shakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti"},{"link_name":"creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_myth"},{"link_name":"Consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"link_name":"monistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monistic"},{"link_name":"Nondual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondual"},{"link_name":"Trika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trika"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Kashmir Shaivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism"},{"link_name":"Abhinavagupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhinavagupta"},{"link_name":"corpse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpse"},{"link_name":"Shaivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"}],"text":"Mahakali is most often depicted in blue/black complexion in popular Indian art.Her most common four armed iconographic image shows each hand carrying variously a crescent-shaped khadha,khatval sword, a trishul (trident), a severed head of a demon and a bowl or skull-cup (kapala) catching the blood of the severed head. Her eyes are described as red with intoxication and in absolute rage, her hair is shown disheveled, small fangs sometimes protrude out of her mouth and her tongue is lolling. The blood of the demons she slays drips out of her lolling tongue, having consumed it. She is adorned with a garland consisting of the heads of demons she has slaughtered, variously enumerated at 108 (an auspicious number in Hinduism and the number of countable beads on a Japa Mala, similar to a rosary, for repetition of Mantras) or 50, which represents the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, Devanagari, and wears a skirt made of demon arms.Mahakali YantraHer ten headed (dashamukhi) image is known as the 10 Mahavidyas Mahakali, and in this form she is said to represent the ten Mahavidyas or \"Great Wisdom (Goddess)s\". She is sometimes shown sitting on a flaming grave or a rotting corpse. Her complexion is described as that of the night sky, devoid of stars. She is depicted in this form as having ten heads, thirty flaming eyes, ten arms, and ten legs but otherwise usually conforms to the four armed icon in other respects. Each of her ten hands is carrying an implement which varies in different accounts, but each of these represent the power of one of the devas, and are often the identifying weapon or ritual item of a given Deva. The implication is that Mahakali subsumes and is responsible for the powers that these deities possess and this is in line with the interpretation that Mahakali is identical with Brahman. While not displaying ten heads, an \"ekamukhi\" or one headed image may be displayed with ten arms, signifying the same concept: the powers of the various Gods come only through her grace.In either one of these images she is shown standing on the prone, inert body of Shiva. This is interpreted in various ways but the most common is that Mahakali represents Shakti, the power of pure creation in the universe, and Shiva represents pure Consciousness which is inert in and of itself. While this is an advanced concept in monistic Shaktism, it also agrees with the Nondual Trika philosophy of Kashmir, popularly known as Kashmir Shaivism and associated most famously with Abhinavagupta. There is a colloquial saying that \"Shiva without Shakti is Shava\" which means that without the power of action (Shakti) that is Mahakali (represented as the short \"i\" in Devanagari) Shiva (or consciousness itself) is inactive; Shava means corpse in Sanskrit and the play on words is that all Sanskrit consonants are assumed to be followed by a short letter \"a\" unless otherwise noted. The short letter \"i\" represents the female power or Shakti that activates Creation. This is often the explanation for why she is standing on Shiva, who is her husband in Shaktism, and also the Supreme Godhead in Shaivism. Another understanding is that the wild destructive Mahakali can only stop her fury in the presence of Shiva the God of Consciousness, so that the balance of life is not completely overrun over by wild nature.","title":"Iconography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Śvetāmbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara"},{"link_name":"Pavagadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavagadh"},{"link_name":"Mahakali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"yatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yati"},{"link_name":"Sallekhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallekhana"},{"link_name":"Sallekhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallekhana"},{"link_name":"Agamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aagam"},{"link_name":"Mahakali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Śrāvakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka"},{"link_name":"Mahakali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Pavagadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavagadh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Jirawala Parshvanatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirawala_Tirth"},{"link_name":"Pavagadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavagadh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"Mahakali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tirthankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara"},{"link_name":"Sumatinatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatinatha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jain_Idol_of_Mahakali_Devi.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Jain Beliefs","text":"In 10th century CE, the Achalgacch of the Śvetāmbara sect of Jainism was established at Pavagadh by Acharya Aryakashitsuri with blessing from Mahakali. He was unhappy with the wrong practices that had crept into the conduct of Jain monks due to the influence of yatis. He attempted reforms, but failed. Therefore, he ascended the hill to perform Sallekhana. Legend says that demi-goddess Mahakali appeared before him and requested the Acharya to not perform Sallekhana and said that he was the only one who could spread the truth. She asked him to start a new order based on the truth of the Agamas and assured him that she would safeguard the lay-followers of the new order and that they will prosper. Thus, in 1112 CE, Acharya Aryarakshitsuri founded the Achalgacch (or Viddhipaksh) at Pavagadh, and installed demi-goddess Mahakali as the adhishthayika (transl. protecting deity) of the gaccha. The founder Śrāvakas of the gaccha installed the idol of Mahakali on the hill to mark their respects. This is the idol and the shrine which was later encroached upon by Hindus.[2][3][4] Under guidance of Acharya Kalyansagarsuri, a monk and reformer of Achalgacch, sravakas Sheth Vardhaman and Sheth Padamshin reconstructed the shrine of Mahakali at Pavagadh in 16th century CE.[3][4] In a laudatory poem dedicated to Jirawala Parshvanatha and composed by Jain monk Dipvijay Kaviraaj in late 18th century CE, the temples existing in Pavagadh are described in detail.[3] Mahakali has been considered to be the protecting deity of the Achalgaccha and its lay-followers. She is also the sasana-devi of the 5th Tirthankara Sumatinatha.Jain idol of Mahakali Devi, the adhishthaayika of Achalgaccha and the sasana-devi of the 5th Tirthankara Sumatinatha Bhagwaan","title":"Iconography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kashmir Shaivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism"},{"link_name":"Para Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_Brahman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal200429%E2%80%9333-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Kashmir Shaivism","text":"In Kashmir Shaivism, the highest form of Kali is Kalasankarshini, who is nirguna, formless and is often shown as a flame above the head of Guhyakali, the highest gross form of Kali. In Nepali Newar arts, both form and formless attributes of Kali are often envisioned in a single art form showing the hierarchy of goddesses in their tradition. In it, the Guhyakali image culminates in flame, with Kalasankarshini, the highest deity in the sequence, who consumes time within herself and is envisioned solely as a flame representing Para Brahman.[5] She is like a divine actress in her own universal play who assumes the form and role of Sristi Kali, Rakta Kali, Yama Kali, Samhara Kali, Mrityu Kali, Rudra Kali, Mahakaala Kali, Paramaraka Kali, Kalagnirudra Kali, Martanda Kali, Sthitinasha Kali and Mahabhairavaghorachanda Kali who is none other than Kalasankarshini Kali.[citation needed]","title":"Iconography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"Śruti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aruti"},{"link_name":"Smriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smriti"},{"link_name":"Mahalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalakshmi"},{"link_name":"Saraswati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati"},{"link_name":"Ātman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Vidya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidya_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Brahmavidya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmavidya"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Adya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adya"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvalon1913a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheGreatLiberationMahanirvanaTantraArthurAvalonpagen5mode2up_Chapter_4]-7"},{"link_name":"Markandeya Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markandeya_Purana"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"Sumba and Nisumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbha_and_Nisumbha"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPargiter1904[httpswwwwisdomliborghinduismbookthe-markandeya-puranaddoc117173html_Canto_XCII]-8"},{"link_name":"Devi Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana"},{"link_name":"Madhu-Kaitabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhu-Kaitabha"},{"link_name":"Śakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aakti"},{"link_name":"Danavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danavas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVij%C3%B1anananda1921[httpswwwwisdomliborghinduismbookdevi-bhagavata-puranaddoc57108html_Book_1_Chapter_9]-9"},{"link_name":"Mahabhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabhagavata_Purana"},{"link_name":"Rudrayamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudrayamala"},{"link_name":"Kalika Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalika_Purana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1994[httpsarchiveorgdetailswg959pagen173mode2upviewtheater_Page_173]-10"},{"link_name":"Gayatri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayatri"},{"link_name":"Parameshwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameshwari"},{"link_name":"omniscient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscient"},{"link_name":"Ātman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKak1938[httpsarchiveorgdetailsBrihanNilaTantram1938SrinagarRamchandraKakAndHarabhattaShastripagen3mode2upqkaliviewtheater-11"},{"link_name":"Shastras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastras"},{"link_name":"Para Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_Brahman"},{"link_name":"Paramatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramatman"},{"link_name":"Bīja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%ABja"},{"link_name":"Nirguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvalon1913b[httpsia600904usarchiveorg29itemskarpuradistotram00vimauoftkarpuradistotram00vimauoftpdf-12"}],"text":"The Kali Sahasranama Stotra from the Kalika Kulasarvasva Tantra states that she is supreme (paramā) and indeed Durga, Śruti, Smriti, Mahalakshmi, Saraswati, Ātman Vidya and Brahmavidya.[6] In the Mahanirvana Tantra she is called Adya or Primordial Kali, the origin and devourer of all things:Because Thou devourest Kala, Thou art Kali, the original form of all things, and because Thou art the Origin of and devourest all things Thou art called the Adya Kali. Resuming after Dissolution Thine own form, dark and formless, Thou alone remainest as One ineffable and inconceivable. Though having a form, yet art Thou formless; though Thyself without beginning, multiform by the power of Maya, Thou art the Beginning of all, Creatrix, Protectress, and Destructress.[7]The Markandeya Purana describes Mahakali as the Unborn, the Eternal, Mahamari and Lakshmi after her slaying of Sumba and Nisumba:All this egg of Brahmā, O king, is pervaded by her, who is Mahākālī at Māhākāla, and who has the nature of the Great Destroying Goddess. She indeed is Mahāmārī at the fated time; she indeed is creation, the Unborn; she indeed the Eternal gives stability to created beings at their fated time. She indeed is Lakṣmī, bestowing prosperity on the houses of men while she abides with them; and she indeed when she is absent becomes the goddess of Fortune unto their destruction. When hymned and worshipped with flowers, and with incense, perfumes and other offerings, she bestows wealth and sons, and a mind brilliant in righteousness.[8]— Markandeya Purana, Canto XCIIIn Devi Bhagavata Purana, the four-armed Vishnu is described as being unable to defeat Madhu-Kaitabha. After getting tired of trying to destroy them, he decides to rest for a while. During this time he came to know that they have been granted the boon of Iccāmrityu, or death at will, by the supreme Śakti. Realizing that he will not be able to kill the two Danavas, he decided to take the refuge of Mahakali:Then the supreme Yogi, Bhagavān Viṣṇu, of immeasurable spirit began to praise with folded palms that great Bhuvaneśvarī Mahā Kāli, the giver of boons for the destruction of the Dānavas. “O Devī! I bow down to Thee O Mahāmāyā, the Creatrix and Destructrix! Thou beginningless and deathless! O auspicious Chandike! The Bestower of enjoyment and liberation I do not know Thy Saguṇa or Nirguṇa forms; how then can I know Thy glorious deeds, innumerable as they are.”[9]— The Devi Bhagavata Purana, Book 1, Chapter 9Several other scriptures also state that Mahakali is the primordial being. Some examples of this are the Mahabhagavata Purana, the Rudrayamala and the Kalika Purana.[10] In Chapters 13 and 23 of Nila Tantra she is called the cause of everything, Gayatri, Lakshmi, Mahāmāyā, Parameshwari, omniscient, worshipped by Shiva himself, the great absolute (māhāparā), supreme (paramā), the mother of the highest reality (parāparāmba) and Ātman.[11] The Devyāgama and further Tantra Shastras, assert that her own form is Para Brahman (parabrahmasvarūpiṇī). She is also variously referred to as Soul of the universe, Paramatman, Bīja and Nirguna.[12]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-7476-514-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7476-514-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7914-0446-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0446-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-500-51088-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-51088-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89254-080-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89254-080-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-03510-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03510-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-208-0379-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0379-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-20499-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20499-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-195-16791-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-195-16791-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-513435-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513435-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-23240-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23240-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0500275054","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500275054"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7914-2112-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2112-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-791-45008-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-791-45008-2"},{"link_name":"Sena, Rāmaprasāda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-934252-94-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934252-94-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-914732-21-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914732-21-8"}],"text":"Chatterji, Shoma A. (2006). The Goddess Kali of Kolkata. UBS Publishers' Distributors. ISBN 81-7476-514-X.\nCoburn, Thomas B. (1991). Encountering The Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-0446-3.\nDallapiccola, Anna (2002). Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-51088-1.\nKali, Devadatta (2003). In Praise of The Goddess: The Devimahatmyam and Its Meaning. Nicolas-Hays. ISBN 0-89254-080-X.\nKinsley, David (1977). The Sword and the Flute: Kālī and Kṛṣṇa, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03510-0.\nKinsley, David (1987). Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0379-5.\nKinsley, David (1997). Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20499-9.\nMcDaniel, June (2004). Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-16791-0.\nMcDermott, Rachel Fell (2001). Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513435-4.\nMcDermott, Rachel Fell; Kripal, Jeffrey J., eds. (2003). Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23240-2.\nMookerjee, Ajit (1988). Kali: The Feminine Force. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500275054.\nPintchman, Tracy (1994). The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2112-0.\nPintchman, Tracy, ed. (2001). Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-791-45008-2.\nSena, Rāmaprasāda (1999). Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair: Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess. Hohm Press. ISBN 0-934252-94-7.\nSvoboda, Robert E. (1986). Aghora, at the Left Hand of God. Brotherhood of Life. ISBN 0-914732-21-8.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Mahakali Yantra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/Mahakaliyantra.jpg/220px-Mahakaliyantra.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jain idol of Mahakali Devi, the adhishthaayika of Achalgaccha and the sasana-devi of the 5th Tirthankara Sumatinatha Bhagwaan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Jain_Idol_of_Mahakali_Devi.jpg/220px-Jain_Idol_of_Mahakali_Devi.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"title":"Kali Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Puja"},{"title":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"title":"Tridevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridevi"}]
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[{"reference":"Muni, Ratnaprabhavijay. \"Shramana Bhagwaan Mahavira Part 5\".","urls":[{"url":"https://jainqq.org/explore/008006/435","url_text":"\"Shramana Bhagwaan Mahavira Part 5\""}]},{"reference":"Acharya, Jagacchandrasuri. \"Pavagadh Tirth ki Aetihasikta\".","urls":[{"url":"https://jainqq.org/explore/211351/2","url_text":"\"Pavagadh Tirth ki Aetihasikta\""}]},{"reference":"Acharya, Kalaprabhasuri. \"Aetihasik Tirth Pavagadh Champaner - Arya Kalyan Gautam Smruti Granth\".","urls":[{"url":"https://jainqq.org/explore/230048/1","url_text":"\"Aetihasik Tirth Pavagadh Champaner - Arya Kalyan Gautam Smruti Granth\""}]},{"reference":"Harding, Elizabeth Usha (1993). Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar. Nicolas-Hays. ISBN 0-89254-025-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89254-025-7","url_text":"0-89254-025-7"}]},{"reference":"Pal, Pratapaditya (2004). Nepal: Old Images, New Insights. India: Marg Publications. ISBN 978-8185026688.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185026688","url_text":"978-8185026688"}]},{"reference":"The Markandeya Purana: Translated with Notes. Translated by Pargiter, Frederick Eden. India: Asiatic Society. 1904 – via Wisdomlib.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-markandeya-purana/d/doc117022.html","url_text":"The Markandeya Purana: Translated with Notes"}]},{"reference":"The Devi Bhagavata Purana. Translated by Vijñanananda, Swami. India: Allahabad Panini Office. 1921 – via Wisdomlib.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/devi-bhagavata-purana/d/doc57108.html","url_text":"The Devi Bhagavata Purana"}]},{"reference":"The Great Liberation: Mahanirvana Tantra. Translated by Avalon, Arthur. Madras: Ganesh & Co. 1913a – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheGreatLiberationMahanirvanaTantraArthurAvalon/page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"The Great Liberation: Mahanirvana Tantra"}]},{"reference":"Rudra Yamala Tantra. Translated by Tripathi, Rudradev. New Delhi: Ranjan Publications. 1994 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wg959/page/n173/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"Rudra Yamala Tantra"}]},{"reference":"Brihan Nila Tantram. Translated by Kak, Ramachandra. Kashmir: The Kashmir Mercantile Press. 1938 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/BrihanNilaTantram1938SrinagarRamchandraKakAndHarabhattaShastri/page/n3/mode/2up?q=kali&view=theater","url_text":"Brihan Nila Tantram"}]},{"reference":"Tantrik Texts (PDF). Translated by Avalon, Arthur. London: Luzac & Co. 1913b – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://ia600904.us.archive.org/29/items/karpuradistotram00vimauoft/karpuradistotram00vimauoft.pdf","url_text":"Tantrik Texts"}]},{"reference":"Chatterji, Shoma A. (2006). The Goddess Kali of Kolkata. UBS Publishers' Distributors. ISBN 81-7476-514-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7476-514-X","url_text":"81-7476-514-X"}]},{"reference":"Coburn, Thomas B. (1991). Encountering The Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-0446-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0446-3","url_text":"0-7914-0446-3"}]},{"reference":"Dallapiccola, Anna (2002). Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-51088-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-51088-1","url_text":"0-500-51088-1"}]},{"reference":"Kali, Devadatta (2003). In Praise of The Goddess: The Devimahatmyam and Its Meaning. Nicolas-Hays. ISBN 0-89254-080-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89254-080-X","url_text":"0-89254-080-X"}]},{"reference":"Kinsley, David (1977). The Sword and the Flute: Kālī and Kṛṣṇa, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03510-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03510-0","url_text":"0-520-03510-0"}]},{"reference":"Kinsley, David (1987). Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0379-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0379-5","url_text":"81-208-0379-5"}]},{"reference":"Kinsley, David (1997). Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20499-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20499-9","url_text":"0-520-20499-9"}]},{"reference":"McDaniel, June (2004). Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-16791-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-195-16791-0","url_text":"0-195-16791-0"}]},{"reference":"McDermott, Rachel Fell (2001). Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513435-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513435-4","url_text":"0-19-513435-4"}]},{"reference":"McDermott, Rachel Fell; Kripal, Jeffrey J., eds. (2003). Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23240-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23240-2","url_text":"0-520-23240-2"}]},{"reference":"Mookerjee, Ajit (1988). Kali: The Feminine Force. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500275054.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500275054","url_text":"978-0500275054"}]},{"reference":"Pintchman, Tracy (1994). The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2112-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2112-0","url_text":"0-7914-2112-0"}]},{"reference":"Pintchman, Tracy, ed. (2001). Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-791-45008-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-791-45008-2","url_text":"0-791-45008-2"}]},{"reference":"Sena, Rāmaprasāda (1999). Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair: Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess. Hohm Press. ISBN 0-934252-94-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen","url_text":"Sena, Rāmaprasāda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934252-94-7","url_text":"0-934252-94-7"}]},{"reference":"Svoboda, Robert E. (1986). Aghora, at the Left Hand of God. Brotherhood of Life. ISBN 0-914732-21-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914732-21-8","url_text":"0-914732-21-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telmex
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Telmex
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["1 History","2 Cellphone mobile unit","3 Internet","4 Television","5 Long-distance competition","6 Expansion","7 América Móvil takeover","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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Mexican telecommunications company
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Telmex" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Teléfonos de México, S.A.B. de C.V.Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryTelecommunicationsFoundedJanuary 1, 1947; 77 years ago (1947-01-01)HeadquartersMexico City, MexicoKey peopleCarlos Slim (Chairman)Hector Slim Seade (CEO)ProductsTelephone, internet, data, hosted services, televisionNumber of employees52,346 (2010)ParentAmérica MóvilWebsitewww.telmex.com
Teléfonos de México,
S.A.B. de C.V., known as Telmex is a Mexican telecommunications company headquartered in Mexico City that provides telecommunications products and services in Mexico. In 2014, Telmex was the dominant fixed-line phone carrier in Mexico. In addition to traditional fixed-line telephone service, Telmex offers Internet access through their Infinitum brand of Wi-Fi networks, data, hosted services and IT services. Telmex owns 90 percent of the telephone lines in Mexico City and 80 percent of the lines in the country. Telmex is a wholly owned subsidiary of América Móvil.
History
A Telmex public pay phone
Telmex was founded in Mexico the January 1, 1947; 77 years ago (1947-01-01), when a group of Mexican investors bought Swedish Ericsson's Mexican branch. In 1950, the same investors bought the Mexican branch of the ITT Corporation, thus becoming the only telephone provider in the country. In 1972, the Mexican government bought the company.
In 1990, Telmex was bought by a group of investors formed principally by Carlos Slim Helú, France Télécom, and Southwestern Bell Corporation, whose tender was the largest. However, controversially, the payment itself took place over the course of the next several years, using revenues from the phone service.
After privatization, Telmex began investing in new modern infrastructure, creating a partial fiber optic network throughout the nation, thus offering service to 30% of the Mexican territory.
In 1991, the Mexican government sold its remaining stock in Telmex.
Cellphone mobile unit
A Telmex retail store
Telmex advertising - JW Marriott Hotel Lima
In the 1990s, Telmex formed a subsidiary Radio Móvil Dipsa to provide mobile communications under the brand Telcel.
In 2000, Telmex spun off their mobile unit, creating América Móvil, which controls Radio Móvil Dipsa. It started with 80% of the mobile market.
In 2010, America Móvil (an independent company from its former parent company, Telmex) bought 60% of Telmex, paying over 23 billion dollars. In 2011, America Móvil purchased the remaining 40% of Telmex. In August 2012, America Móvil started the process to de-list Telmex from the Mexican Stock Exchange.
Internet
View of the Centro Cultural Telmex, located on Avenida Chapultepec near Metro station Cuauhtemoc in Mexico City
In the mid-1990s, Telmex began providing Internet access as an Internet service provider (ISP) with the brand Uninet. A year later, the brand was changed to Telmex Internet Directo Personal (Telmex Direct Personal Internet). In 1996, Telmex bought Prodigy Communications and took the brand to Mexico, renaming the service Prodigy Internet de Telmex. Thanks to their national coverage, Telmex rapidly became the leading national ISP. As of 2005, Telmex holds more than 80% of the market as an ISP, and is also the leader in broadband access with its brand Prodigy Infinitum (ADSL).
In 2001, Telmex sold the U.S. branch of Prodigy Communications to SBC, which was dubbed SBC Prodigy. However, Telmex continues to own and operate Prodigy in Mexico. In 2004, Telmex claimed that the number of users of Prodigy Internet grew by 190%.
Telmex dropped the Prodigy name from its advertising in 2009, replacing it with the "Infinitum" brand of Telmex internet services since that year. The name Prodigy is still used in the Mexican local site of MSN.
Television
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023)
Telmex owns TV UNO and Claro Sports.
Long-distance competition
In the mid-1990s, AT&T Corporation and WorldCom (MCI), among others, began operating in Mexico, representing for the first time serious competition to Telmex.
Expansion
Telmex Tower, Mexico City.
After spinning off América Móvil, Telmex started an expansion plan, which started with the purchase of Guatemala's Telgua. Later, Telmex bought former state-owned phone companies in Central America, and began operations in the US with Telmex USA.
In 2004, Telmex went into a shopping spree for undervalued operators in South America, including the purchase of AT&T's Latin American operations, giving it presence in Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Paraguay, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, and increased reach in the United States. In the same year, Telmex bought from MCI Brazil's largest and most important long-distance operator, Embratel, acquired Chile's Chilesat, took control of Argentina's Techtel (operating in Argentina and Uruguay), of which it already owned 60%, by purchasing the remaining 40% from the Techint group, and purchased Argentina's Metrored. In the US, Telmex bought 13.4% of bankrupt MCI.
At the same time, sister company America Movil pursued a similar strategy by acquiring cellular operators CTI Movil in Argentina and Uruguay, Claro in Brazil and Peru, Porta in Ecuador and Comcel in Colombia.
In 2005, Telmex sold its holdings in MCI to Verizon.
As of January 2006, Telmex continued buying assets in Latin America and in the USA.
Telmex phone with display to identify calls and send messages.
In March 2006, there were rumors that Telmex was buying Verizon operations in the Caribbean. The reports said that the operation can include the wireless operation on each market. The total amount of this sale was estimated at nearly US$300 million.
In November 2006, an American embassy cable listed Telmex as among "Mexico's monopolists", with a 95% share of landlines. Its sister company Telcel was listed with a market share of 80% of cellular service.
Telmex public telephone, which operates with smart card smart cards prepaid.
In December 2006, Telmex announced agreement to acquire TV Cable and Cable Pacifico in Colombia. TV Cable offers cable television, Internet and Voice over IP services and has been in operation for 20 years. As of 2013, the company serves 164,000 homes in Bogotá and Cali. Cable Pacifico serves nine states and its main operation is in Medellín. As of 2013, Cable Pacifico has approximately 100,000 subscribers.
In January 2007, America Movil bought the Verizon operations in Puerto Rico, and days later Telmex and America Movil announced that their equally owned joint venture had agreed with Verizon Communications Inc. ("Verizon") to terminate the joint venture's agreement to acquire Verizon's indirect equity interests in Compañía Anónima Nacional Teléfonos de Venezuela (CANTV); subsequently, all of Verizon's holdings in CANTV were acquired in May 2007 by the Venezuelan government, reaching 86.2% of its total shares.
In January 2007, Telmex launched Prodigy Media, the first step to offer triple play services to the Mexican market. Days later, Telmex started the first Wi-Max network in Chile, offering local, long-distance and Internet services to 98% of the Chilean population.
In March 2007, Telmex bought Ecutel, a small telecommunications company in Ecuador that offers services to the corporate market.
In April 2007, Telmex announced agreement to acquire CABLECENTRO and SATELCARIBE in Colombia.
CABLECENTRO offers cable TV and Internet access services and has been in operation for 7 years. Currently, the company operates in more than 50 cities in Colombia including Bogota, Cucuta, Bucaramanga, Ibague and Neiva, among others.
SATELCARIBE offers cable TV and Internet access services and has been in operation for 7 years. Currently, the company operates in more than 15 cities in Colombia.
In December 2007, Telmex transferred its Latin American and yellow pages directory businesses to a new, separate entity, Telmex Internacional.
América Móvil takeover
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Telmex" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In January 2010, América Móvil, the largest mobile phone company in Latin America, made an offer to buy Telmex and Telmex International in order to better compete against Spain's Telefonica and Malaysia's Telekom Malaysia. The acquisition was approved by the CFC (Comisión Federal de Competencia) Antitrust Office in Mexico on February 11, 2010.
América Móvil was once the mobile arm of Telmex, but in 2001, América Móvil was split off and grew larger than the former parent company.
See also
List of telephone operating companies
List of telecommunications regulatory bodies
References
^ Telmex reports revenue, net profit drops in 2Q 2011. Telegeography.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-14.
^ "All the things about technology". All About Gadget. 2014-01-21. Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
^ "Information for the World's Business Leaders". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
^ "World's 5 most influential tech tycoons". Rediff.com. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
^ "América Móvil se "empequeñece" para dejar de ser "preponderante"" (in Spanish). Proceso. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
^ "America Movil Pays $4.6 Billion to Boost Control of Telmex". Bloomberg.com. 14 November 2011.
^ "Relevant Events - América Móvil". Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
^ "Grupo Fórmula : Error". www.radioformula.com.mx. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013.
^ "cable 06MEXICO6413, WHO ARE MEXICO'S MONOPOLISTS?". wikileaks.org.
^ Edward Snowden, en entrevista con The Washington Post. "Enlistan los sectores con privilegios — Wikileaks en La Jornada" (in Spanish). Wikileaks.jornada.com.mx. Archived from the original on 2014-04-02. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
^ https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100211-718932.html
External links
Media related to Telmex at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
USA operations
TV Uno
vteAmérica Móvil GroupClaro-branded
Argentina
Brazil (fixed services)
Brazil (mobility services)
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Jamaica
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Uruguay
Telmex-branded
Mexico
United States
A1 Telekom Austria Group (51%)
Austria
Belarus
Bulgaria
Croatia
North Macedonia
Serbia
Slovenia
Other AMX Group brands
Brazil
Embratel
Net
Mexico
Telcel
Executive officers
Carlos Slim
vteMexican mobile network operatorsNational
Telcel (América Móvil)
Movistar (Telefónica)
AT&T Mexico (AT&T)
ALTÁN Redes - Red Compartida (wholesaler network)
MVNOs (virtual)
Unefon (AT&T subsidiary)
Virgin Mobile Mexico
Weex
Simplii
FreedomPop
Maz Tiempo
QboCel
Chedraui Móvil
Axtel
Elektra
Soriana Móvil
Defunct
Movil@ccess
Pegaso PCS
Cedetel/Bajacel/Norcel/Movitel (Motorola)
Megacel
Iusacell
Nextel Mexico
Tuenti
vteMajor telecommunications companiesCompanies with an annual revenue of over US$10 billion
América Móvil
Telmex
AT&T
Axiata
Bell Canada
Bharti Airtel
BT Group
China Mobile
CMHK
China Telecommunications Corporation
China Telecom
China Unicom
Chunghwa Telecom
CK Hutchison Holdings
Three
Hutchison Asia Telecom Group
Comcast
Deutsche Telekom
T-Mobile
Digicel
GoI
Vodafone Idea
DoT
BSNL
MTNL
Globe
Jio
KDDI
KPN
KT Corporation
Liberty Global
Liberty LA
Liberty PR
FLOW
Lumen Technologies
MTN
MTS
NTT
NTT DoCoMo
Oi
Ooredoo
Orange S.A.
PCCW
PLDT
Rogers
Singtel
SK Telecom
SoftBank Mobile
Spark
Swisscom
Tata Teleservices
Telefónica
Movistar
O2
Vivo
Telenor
Telstra
Telus
TIM
TPG Telecom
Trilogy International Partners
True
Türk Telekom
VEON
Verizon
Viettel
Vodafone
Vodacom
|
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It started with 80% of the mobile market.[citation needed]In 2010, America Móvil (an independent company from its former parent company, Telmex) bought 60% of Telmex, paying over 23 billion dollars. In 2011, America Móvil purchased the remaining 40% of Telmex. In August 2012, America Móvil started the process to de-list Telmex from the Mexican Stock Exchange.[6][7]","title":"Cellphone mobile unit"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CentroTelmexCuauhtemocDF.JPG"},{"link_name":"Metro station Cuauhtemoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Chapultepec"},{"link_name":"Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"},{"link_name":"Internet service provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"Prodigy Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodigy_(ISP)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ISP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telmex&action=edit"},{"link_name":"ISP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Prodigy Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodigy_Communications"},{"link_name":"SBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBC_Communications"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"MSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"View of the Centro Cultural Telmex, located on Avenida Chapultepec near Metro station Cuauhtemoc in Mexico CityIn the mid-1990s, Telmex began providing Internet access as an Internet service provider (ISP) with the brand Uninet. A year later, the brand was changed to Telmex Internet Directo Personal (Telmex Direct Personal Internet). In 1996, Telmex bought Prodigy Communications and took the brand to Mexico, renaming the service Prodigy Internet de Telmex.[citation needed] Thanks to their national coverage, Telmex rapidly became the leading national ISP.[citation needed] As of 2005[update], Telmex holds more than 80% of the market as an ISP, and is also the leader in broadband access with its brand Prodigy Infinitum (ADSL).[8]In 2001, Telmex sold the U.S. branch of Prodigy Communications to SBC, which was dubbed SBC Prodigy. However, Telmex continues to own and operate Prodigy in Mexico. In 2004, Telmex claimed that the number of users of Prodigy Internet grew by 190%.[citation needed]Telmex dropped the Prodigy name from its advertising in 2009, replacing it with the \"Infinitum\" brand of Telmex internet services since that year. The name Prodigy is still used in the Mexican local site of MSN.[citation needed]","title":"Internet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Telmex owns TV UNO and Claro Sports.[citation needed]","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AT&T Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation"},{"link_name":"WorldCom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCom"},{"link_name":"MCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCI_Inc."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In the mid-1990s, AT&T Corporation and WorldCom (MCI), among others, began operating in Mexico, representing for the first time serious competition to Telmex.[citation needed]","title":"Long-distance competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torre_de_tel%C3%A9fonos_de_Telmex.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Telgua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telgua"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Embratel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embratel"},{"link_name":"Chile's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TELEFONO_TELMEX.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"American embassy cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak"},{"link_name":"Telcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telcel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telmex_payphone,_Puerto_Vallarta_(2014)_-_02.JPG"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telmex&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Cali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Medellín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telmex&action=edit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Telmex#This_article_is_an_ad"},{"link_name":"Ecutel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecutel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Telmex Tower, Mexico City.After spinning off América Móvil, Telmex started an expansion plan, which started with the purchase of Guatemala's Telgua. Later, Telmex bought former state-owned phone companies in Central America, and began operations in the US with Telmex USA.[citation needed]In 2004, Telmex went into a shopping spree for undervalued operators in South America, including the purchase of AT&T's Latin American operations, giving it presence in Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Paraguay, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, and increased reach in the United States. In the same year, Telmex bought from MCI Brazil's largest and most important[citation needed] long-distance operator, Embratel, acquired Chile's Chilesat, took control of Argentina's Techtel (operating in Argentina and Uruguay), of which it already owned 60%, by purchasing the remaining 40% from the Techint group, and purchased Argentina's Metrored.[citation needed] In the US, Telmex bought 13.4% of bankrupt MCI.[citation needed]At the same time, sister company America Movil pursued a similar strategy by acquiring cellular operators CTI Movil in Argentina and Uruguay, Claro in Brazil and Peru, Porta in Ecuador and Comcel in Colombia.[citation needed]In 2005, Telmex sold its holdings in MCI to Verizon.[citation needed]As of January 2006, Telmex continued buying assets in Latin America and in the USA.[citation needed]Telmex phone with display to identify calls and send messages.In March 2006, there were rumors that Telmex was buying Verizon operations in the Caribbean. The reports said that the operation can include the wireless operation on each market. The total amount of this sale was estimated at nearly US$300 million.[citation needed]In November 2006, an American embassy cable listed Telmex as among \"Mexico's monopolists\", with a 95% share of landlines. Its sister company Telcel was listed with a market share of 80% of cellular service.[9][10]Telmex public telephone, which operates with smart card smart cards prepaid.In December 2006, Telmex announced agreement to acquire TV Cable and Cable Pacifico in Colombia. TV Cable offers cable television, Internet and Voice over IP services and has been in operation for 20 years. As of 2013[update], the company serves 164,000 homes in Bogotá and Cali.[citation needed] Cable Pacifico serves nine states and its main operation is in Medellín. As of 2013[update], Cable Pacifico has approximately 100,000 subscribers.[citation needed]In January 2007, America Movil bought the Verizon operations in Puerto Rico, and days later Telmex and America Movil announced that their equally owned joint venture had agreed with Verizon Communications Inc. (\"Verizon\") to terminate the joint venture's agreement to acquire Verizon's indirect equity interests in Compañía Anónima Nacional Teléfonos de Venezuela (CANTV); subsequently, all of Verizon's holdings in CANTV were acquired in May 2007 by the Venezuelan government, reaching 86.2% of its total shares.[citation needed]In January 2007, Telmex launched Prodigy Media, the first step to offer triple play services to the Mexican market. Days later, Telmex started the first Wi-Max network in Chile, offering local, long-distance and Internet services to 98% of the Chilean population.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]In March 2007, Telmex bought Ecutel,[citation needed] a small telecommunications company in Ecuador that offers services to the corporate market.In April 2007, Telmex announced agreement to acquire CABLECENTRO and SATELCARIBE in Colombia.\nCABLECENTRO offers cable TV and Internet access services and has been in operation for 7 years.[when?] Currently, the company operates in more than 50 cities in Colombia including Bogota, Cucuta, Bucaramanga, Ibague and Neiva, among others.\nSATELCARIBE offers cable TV and Internet access services and has been in operation for 7 years.[citation needed] Currently, the company operates in more than 15 cities in Colombia.[citation needed]In December 2007, Telmex transferred its Latin American and yellow pages directory businesses to a new, separate entity, Telmex Internacional.[citation needed]","title":"Expansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"América Móvil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_M%C3%B3vil"},{"link_name":"Spain's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Telefonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonica"},{"link_name":"Telekom Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekom_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"In January 2010, América Móvil, the largest mobile phone company in Latin America, made an offer to buy Telmex and Telmex International in order to better compete against Spain's Telefonica and Malaysia's Telekom Malaysia. The acquisition was approved by the CFC (Comisión Federal de Competencia) Antitrust Office in Mexico on February 11, 2010.América Móvil was once the mobile arm of Telmex, but in 2001, América Móvil was split off and grew larger than the former parent company.[11][dead link] [dead link]","title":"América Móvil takeover"}]
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[{"image_text":"A Telmex public pay phone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Telmex_payphone.jpg/220px-Telmex_payphone.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Telmex retail store","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Telmexstore.jpg/220px-Telmexstore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Telmex advertising - JW Marriott Hotel Lima","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hotel_Mariott_in_Lima.jpg/220px-Hotel_Mariott_in_Lima.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the Centro Cultural Telmex, located on Avenida Chapultepec near Metro station Cuauhtemoc in Mexico City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CentroTelmexCuauhtemocDF.JPG/220px-CentroTelmexCuauhtemocDF.JPG"},{"image_text":"Telmex Tower, Mexico City.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Torre_de_tel%C3%A9fonos_de_Telmex.jpeg/220px-Torre_de_tel%C3%A9fonos_de_Telmex.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Telmex phone with display to identify calls and send messages.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/TELEFONO_TELMEX.jpg/220px-TELEFONO_TELMEX.jpg"},{"image_text":"Telmex public telephone, which operates with smart card smart cards prepaid.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Telmex_payphone%2C_Puerto_Vallarta_%282014%29_-_02.JPG/220px-Telmex_payphone%2C_Puerto_Vallarta_%282014%29_-_02.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"List of telephone operating companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_telephone_operating_companies"},{"title":"List of telecommunications regulatory bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies"}]
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[{"reference":"\"All the things about technology\". All About Gadget. 2014-01-21. Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2014-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140226124659/http://www.allaboutgadget.com/","url_text":"\"All the things about technology\""},{"url":"http://www.allaboutgadget.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Information for the World's Business Leaders\". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2014-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/","url_text":"\"Information for the World's Business Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"World's 5 most influential tech tycoons\". Rediff.com. Retrieved 2010-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-tech-worlds-most-influential-tech-tycoons/20101213.htm","url_text":"\"World's 5 most influential tech tycoons\""}]},{"reference":"\"América Móvil se \"empequeñece\" para dejar de ser \"preponderante\"\" (in Spanish). Proceso. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=376770","url_text":"\"América Móvil se \"empequeñece\" para dejar de ser \"preponderante\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"America Movil Pays $4.6 Billion to Boost Control of Telmex\". Bloomberg.com. 14 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-11-14/america-movil-pays-4-6-billion-to-boost-control-of-telmex-1-","url_text":"\"America Movil Pays $4.6 Billion to Boost Control of Telmex\""}]},{"reference":"\"Relevant Events - América Móvil\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925132517/http://www.americamovil.com/amx/en/cm/about/events.html?p=28","url_text":"\"Relevant Events - América Móvil\""},{"url":"http://www.americamovil.com/amx/en/cm/about/events.html?p=28","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grupo Fórmula : Error\". www.radioformula.com.mx. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131113134020/http://www.radioformula.com.mx/noticias/finanzas/logra-telmex-precios-mas-bajos-en.html","url_text":"\"Grupo Fórmula : Error\""},{"url":"http://www.radioformula.com.mx/noticias/finanzas/logra-telmex-precios-mas-bajos-en.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"cable 06MEXICO6413, WHO ARE MEXICO'S MONOPOLISTS?\". wikileaks.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://wikileaks.org/cable/2006/11/06MEXICO6413.html","url_text":"\"cable 06MEXICO6413, WHO ARE MEXICO'S MONOPOLISTS?\""}]},{"reference":"Edward Snowden, en entrevista con The Washington Post. \"Enlistan los sectores con privilegios — Wikileaks en La Jornada\" (in Spanish). Wikileaks.jornada.com.mx. Archived from the original on 2014-04-02. Retrieved 2014-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140402102403/http://wikileaks.jornada.com.mx/notas/sectores-clave-con-alto-grado-de-concentracion-del-mercado/","url_text":"\"Enlistan los sectores con privilegios — Wikileaks en La Jornada\""},{"url":"http://wikileaks.jornada.com.mx/notas/sectores-clave-con-alto-grado-de-concentracion-del-mercado","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Telmex%22","external_links_name":"\"Telmex\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Telmex%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Telmex%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Telmex%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Telmex%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Telmex%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.telmex.com/","external_links_name":"www.telmex.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telmex&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telmex&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telmex&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telmex&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Telmex%22","external_links_name":"\"Telmex\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Telmex%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Telmex%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Telmex%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Telmex%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Telmex%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2011/07/20/telmex-reports-revenue-net-profit-drops-in-2q-2011/","external_links_name":"Telmex reports revenue, net profit drops in 2Q 2011"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140226124659/http://www.allaboutgadget.com/","external_links_name":"\"All the things about technology\""},{"Link":"http://www.allaboutgadget.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/","external_links_name":"\"Information for the World's Business Leaders\""},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-tech-worlds-most-influential-tech-tycoons/20101213.htm","external_links_name":"\"World's 5 most influential tech tycoons\""},{"Link":"http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=376770","external_links_name":"\"América Móvil se \"empequeñece\" para dejar de ser \"preponderante\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-11-14/america-movil-pays-4-6-billion-to-boost-control-of-telmex-1-","external_links_name":"\"America Movil Pays $4.6 Billion to Boost Control of Telmex\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925132517/http://www.americamovil.com/amx/en/cm/about/events.html?p=28","external_links_name":"\"Relevant Events - América Móvil\""},{"Link":"http://www.americamovil.com/amx/en/cm/about/events.html?p=28","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131113134020/http://www.radioformula.com.mx/noticias/finanzas/logra-telmex-precios-mas-bajos-en.html","external_links_name":"\"Grupo Fórmula : Error\""},{"Link":"http://www.radioformula.com.mx/noticias/finanzas/logra-telmex-precios-mas-bajos-en.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://wikileaks.org/cable/2006/11/06MEXICO6413.html","external_links_name":"\"cable 06MEXICO6413, WHO ARE MEXICO'S MONOPOLISTS?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140402102403/http://wikileaks.jornada.com.mx/notas/sectores-clave-con-alto-grado-de-concentracion-del-mercado/","external_links_name":"\"Enlistan los sectores con privilegios — Wikileaks en La Jornada\""},{"Link":"http://wikileaks.jornada.com.mx/notas/sectores-clave-con-alto-grado-de-concentracion-del-mercado","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100211-718932.html","external_links_name":"https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100211-718932.html"},{"Link":"http://www.telmex.com/web/hogar","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.telmexusa.com/","external_links_name":"USA operations"},{"Link":"http://www.unotv.com/","external_links_name":"TV Uno"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppSheet
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AppSheet
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["1 Platform","2 Features","2.1 Data Capture","2.2 Data Collaboration","2.3 Data Display","2.4 Declarative Programming Model","3 Security","4 History","5 References","6 External links"]
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No-code development platform
AppSheetCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryPlatform as a serviceDigital transformationEnterprise softwareFounded2014 (2014)HeadquartersSeattle, Washington, U.S.ProductsAppSheet platformNumber of employeesApproximately 35 (2019)ParentGoogle LLCWebsitewww.appsheet.com
AppSheet is an application that provides a no-code development platform for application software, which allows users to create mobile, tablet, and web applications using data sources like Google Drive, DropBox, Office 365, and other cloud-based spreadsheet and database platforms. The platform can be utilized for a broad set of business use cases including project management, customer relationship management, field inspections, and personalized reporting.
AppSheet was acquired by Google in January 2020.
Platform
The AppSheet platform allows users to create mobile apps from cloud-based spreadsheets and databases. Apps can also be created directly as an add-on from spreadsheet platforms like Google Sheets. The platform is available from both a self-service model and a corporate licensing model for larger organizations with more governance, data analytics, and performance options. Compared to low-code development platforms which allow developers to develop with faster iteration cycles, AppSheet is a no-code platform which allows business users familiar with basic spreadsheet and database operations to build apps.
AppSheet compatible data sources include:
Google Sheets
Google Forms
Microsoft Excel on Office 365
Microsoft Excel on Dropbox
Microsoft Excel on Box (company)
Smartsheet
Salesforce
DreamFactory
Microsoft SQL Server
MySQL
PostgreSQL
Amazon DynamoDB
Features
AppSheet Platform
Data Capture
AppSheet apps capture data in the form of images, signatures, geolocation, barcodes, and NFC. Data is automatically synced to the cloud-based, or users can opt to manually sync the data at any time. Common uses for data capture include field or equipment inspections, safety inspections, reporting, and inventory management.
Data Collaboration
Synced, shared data allows users to collaborate across mobile or desktop devices. Workflow rules can also be used to trigger notifications or work-based assignments where appropriate. Offline access is also possible as data storage is localized to the device and synced upon internet connectivity returns.
Data Display
AppSheet data can be displayed in graphical and interactive formats. Common data views include tables, forms, maps, charts, calendars, and dashboards. Each app can hold multiple views consisting of data from various sources.
Declarative Programming Model
AppSheet's platform allows users to declare the logic of the app's activity in order to customize the app's user experience rather than use traditional code. This level of abstraction essentially trades a granular level of customization that would be available through hard code for increased efficiency, scalability, and security that would be available through a declarative model.
Security
Data is stored on a user's device and the user's existing cloud-based storage system. When users sync their app, changes they make are sent to the AppSheet web service over an encrypted protocol (HTTPS). AppSheet then applies the changes to the backend spreadsheet (on Google Drive, Dropbox, etc.). The latest version of the spreadsheet or database is read (from Google Drive, Dropbox, etc.) and sent back to the mobile app.
AppSheet's platform is also verified as SOC2 compliant.
History
AppSheet was originally founded by Praveen Seshadri in March 2014 after several months of developing the product at his home in Seattle, Washington.
In 2015, AppSheet received seed funding from New Enterprise Associates.
In 2018, AppSheet was recognized by TiE as a Tie50 award recipient recognizing innovative tech startups.
In 2018, AppSheet launched SPEC, a natural-language programming tool allowing non-coders to build apps by asking users in plain English what they want to build.
In 2018 and 2019, AppSheet was named a leader by Forrester Research for mobile low-code platforms for business developers.
On January 14, 2020, AppSheet announced they had been acquired by Google and would be joining the Google Cloud team.
References
^ "Startup Spotlight: AppSheet lets non-developers build custom mobile apps". geekwire.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
^ Ron Miller, "Google acquires AppSheet to bring no-code development to Google Cloud", TechCrunch, January 14, 2020
^ Bridgwater, Adrian. "Google Says Yes To No-Code, Acquires AppSheet". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
^ "Google acquires no-code app development platform AppSheet". VentureBeat. 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
^ "An Ode to the Underappreciated Spreadsheet". hbr.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
^ "4 Essential Android Add-Ons for Google Docs and Sheets". pcworld.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
^ "Pricing". appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
^ "What No-Code Software Really Looks Like". forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
^ "How to make an app". appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
^ "How to make an app". appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
^ "Teams and Collaboration". appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
^ "Views". appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
^ "What No-Code Software Really Looks Like". forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
^ "Understanding the Secure Flow of Data". appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
^ "AppSheet Information Security" (PDF). appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
^ "AppSheet". geekwire.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
^ "Startup Spotlight: AppSheet lets non-developers build custom mobile apps". nea.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
^ "TiE Inflect 2018 announces AppSheet as a 2018 TiE50 Winner". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
^ "AppSheet's new 'Spec' feature aims to make apps easier to build using natural language, without code". Geek Wire. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
^ "The Forrester Wave™: Mobile Low-Code Platforms For Business Developers, Q3 2018". Forrester. Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
^ "The Forrester Wave™: Mobile Low-Code Platforms For Business Developers, Q2 2019". Forrester. Retrieved 2019-07-17.
^ Miller, Ron (2020-01-15). "Google acquires AppSheet to bring no-code development to Google Cloud". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
^ Seshadri, Praveen (2020-01-16). "AppSheet Acquired by Google Cloud". AppSheet. Archived from the original on 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"no-code development platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-code_development_platform"},{"link_name":"application software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"web applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application"},{"link_name":"Google Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Drive"},{"link_name":"DropBox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropbox_(service)"},{"link_name":"Office 365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_365"},{"link_name":"project management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management"},{"link_name":"customer relationship management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_management"},{"link_name":"field inspections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspection"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"AppSheet is an application that provides a no-code development platform for application software, which allows users to create mobile, tablet, and web applications using data sources like Google Drive, DropBox, Office 365, and other cloud-based spreadsheet and database platforms. The platform can be utilized for a broad set of business use cases including project management, customer relationship management, field inspections, and personalized reporting.[1]AppSheet was acquired by Google in January 2020.[2][3][4]","title":"AppSheet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spreadsheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet"},{"link_name":"databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Google Sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sheets"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"self-service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-service"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"low-code development platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-code_development_platforms"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Google Sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sheets"},{"link_name":"Google Forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Forms"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Excel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel"},{"link_name":"Office 365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_365"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Excel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel"},{"link_name":"Dropbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropbox_(service)"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Excel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel"},{"link_name":"Box (company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_(company)"},{"link_name":"Smartsheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartsheet"},{"link_name":"Salesforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce"},{"link_name":"DreamFactory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamFactory_(American_company)"},{"link_name":"Microsoft SQL Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server"},{"link_name":"MySQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL"},{"link_name":"PostgreSQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL"},{"link_name":"Amazon DynamoDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The AppSheet platform allows users to create mobile apps from cloud-based spreadsheets and databases.[5] Apps can also be created directly as an add-on from spreadsheet platforms like Google Sheets.[6] The platform is available from both a self-service model and a corporate licensing model for larger organizations with more governance, data analytics, and performance options.[7] Compared to low-code development platforms which allow developers to develop with faster iteration cycles, AppSheet is a no-code platform which allows business users familiar with basic spreadsheet and database operations to build apps.[8]AppSheet compatible data sources include:Google Sheets\nGoogle Forms\nMicrosoft Excel on Office 365\nMicrosoft Excel on Dropbox\nMicrosoft Excel on Box (company)\nSmartsheet\nSalesforce\nDreamFactory\nMicrosoft SQL Server\nMySQL\nPostgreSQL\nAmazon DynamoDB[9]","title":"Platform"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AppSheet_Data_Security.png"}],"text":"AppSheet Platform","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Data Capture","text":"AppSheet apps capture data in the form of images, signatures, geolocation, barcodes, and NFC. Data is automatically synced to the cloud-based, or users can opt to manually sync the data at any time. Common uses for data capture include field or equipment inspections, safety inspections, reporting, and inventory management.[10]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Workflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workflow"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Data Collaboration","text":"Synced, shared data allows users to collaborate across mobile or desktop devices. Workflow rules can also be used to trigger notifications or work-based assignments where appropriate. Offline access is also possible as data storage is localized to the device and synced upon internet connectivity returns.[11]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Data Display","text":"AppSheet data can be displayed in graphical and interactive formats. Common data views include tables, forms, maps, charts, calendars, and dashboards. Each app can hold multiple views consisting of data from various sources.[12]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Declarative Programming Model","text":"AppSheet's platform allows users to declare the logic of the app's activity in order to customize the app's user experience rather than use traditional code. This level of abstraction essentially trades a granular level of customization that would be available through hard code for increased efficiency, scalability, and security that would be available through a declarative model.[13]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"SOC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSAE_16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Data is stored on a user's device and the user's existing cloud-based storage system. When users sync their app, changes they make are sent to the AppSheet web service over an encrypted protocol (HTTPS). AppSheet then applies the changes to the backend spreadsheet (on Google Drive, Dropbox, etc.). The latest version of the spreadsheet or database is read (from Google Drive, Dropbox, etc.) and sent back to the mobile app.[14]AppSheet's platform is also verified as SOC2 compliant.[15]","title":"Security"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"New Enterprise Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Enterprise_Associates"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"TiE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiE"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"natural-language programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-language_programming"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Forrester Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrester_Research"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Google Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"AppSheet was originally founded by Praveen Seshadri in March 2014 after several months of developing the product at his home in Seattle, Washington.[16]In 2015, AppSheet received seed funding from New Enterprise Associates.[17]In 2018, AppSheet was recognized by TiE as a Tie50 award recipient recognizing innovative tech startups.[18]In 2018, AppSheet launched SPEC, a natural-language programming tool allowing non-coders to build apps by asking users in plain English what they want to build.[19]In 2018 and 2019, AppSheet was named a leader by Forrester Research for mobile low-code platforms for business developers.[20][21]On January 14, 2020, AppSheet announced they had been acquired by Google and would be joining the Google Cloud team.[22][23]","title":"History"}]
|
[{"image_text":"AppSheet Platform","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/AppSheet_Data_Security.png/220px-AppSheet_Data_Security.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Startup Spotlight: AppSheet lets non-developers build custom mobile apps\". geekwire.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geekwire.com/2015/appsheet/","url_text":"\"Startup Spotlight: AppSheet lets non-developers build custom mobile apps\""}]},{"reference":"Bridgwater, Adrian. \"Google Says Yes To No-Code, Acquires AppSheet\". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2020/01/17/google-says-yes-to-no-code-acquires-appsheet/","url_text":"\"Google Says Yes To No-Code, Acquires AppSheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google acquires no-code app development platform AppSheet\". VentureBeat. 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2020-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2020/01/14/google-acquires-no-code-app-development-platform-appsheet/","url_text":"\"Google acquires no-code app development platform AppSheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Ode to the Underappreciated Spreadsheet\". hbr.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://hbr.org/2016/10/an-ode-to-the-underappreciated-spreadsheet","url_text":"\"An Ode to the Underappreciated Spreadsheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"4 Essential Android Add-Ons for Google Docs and Sheets\". pcworld.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcworld.com/article/3102185/software-productivity/4-essential-android-add-ons-for-google-docs-and-sheets.html","url_text":"\"4 Essential Android Add-Ons for Google Docs and Sheets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pricing\". appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.appsheet.com/pricing","url_text":"\"Pricing\""}]},{"reference":"\"What No-Code Software Really Looks Like\". forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2019/03/18/what-no-code-software-really-looks-like/#393a8b7f96ce","url_text":"\"What No-Code Software Really Looks Like\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to make an app\". appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.appsheet.com/how_to_make_an_app","url_text":"\"How to make an app\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to make an app\". appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.appsheet.com/how_to_make_an_app","url_text":"\"How to make an app\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teams and Collaboration\". appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://help.appsheet.com/teams-and-collaboration","url_text":"\"Teams and Collaboration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Views\". appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://help.appsheet.com/ux/views/views-the-essentials","url_text":"\"Views\""}]},{"reference":"\"What No-Code Software Really Looks Like\". forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2019/03/18/what-no-code-software-really-looks-like/#393a8b7f96ce","url_text":"\"What No-Code Software Really Looks Like\""}]},{"reference":"\"Understanding the Secure Flow of Data\". appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://help.appsheet.com/security/understanding-the-secure-flow-of-data","url_text":"\"Understanding the Secure Flow of Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"AppSheet Information Security\" (PDF). appsheet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://solutions.appsheet.com/hubfs/AppSheet_Information_Security.pdf","url_text":"\"AppSheet Information Security\""}]},{"reference":"\"AppSheet\". geekwire.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geekwire.com/2015/appsheet/","url_text":"\"AppSheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Startup Spotlight: AppSheet lets non-developers build custom mobile apps\". nea.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nea.com/portfolio/appsheet","url_text":"\"Startup Spotlight: AppSheet lets non-developers build custom mobile apps\""}]},{"reference":"\"TiE Inflect 2018 announces AppSheet as a 2018 TiE50 Winner\". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/tie-inflect-2018-announces-appsheet-as-a-2018-tie50-winner-1023244889","url_text":"\"TiE Inflect 2018 announces AppSheet as a 2018 TiE50 Winner\""}]},{"reference":"\"AppSheet's new 'Spec' feature aims to make apps easier to build using natural language, without code\". Geek Wire. Retrieved 2018-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geekwire.com/2018/appsheets-new-spec-feature-aims-make-apps-easier-build-using-natural-language-without-code/","url_text":"\"AppSheet's new 'Spec' feature aims to make apps easier to build using natural language, without code\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Forrester Wave™: Mobile Low-Code Platforms For Business Developers, Q3 2018\". Forrester. Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. Retrieved 2019-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201231/https://www.forrester.com/report/The+Forrester+Wave+Mobile+LowCode+Platforms+For+Business+Developers+Q3+2018/-/E-RES142469","url_text":"\"The Forrester Wave™: Mobile Low-Code Platforms For Business Developers, Q3 2018\""},{"url":"https://www.forrester.com/report/The+Forrester+Wave+Mobile+LowCode+Platforms+For+Business+Developers+Q3+2018/-/E-RES142469#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Forrester Wave™: Mobile Low-Code Platforms For Business Developers, Q2 2019\". Forrester. Retrieved 2019-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forrester.com/report/The+Forrester+Wave+LowCode+Platforms+For+Business+Developers+Q2+2019/-/E-RES144411","url_text":"\"The Forrester Wave™: Mobile Low-Code Platforms For Business Developers, Q2 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Ron (2020-01-15). \"Google acquires AppSheet to bring no-code development to Google Cloud\". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://social.techcrunch.com/2020/01/14/google-acquires-appsheet-to-bring-no-code-development-to-google-cloud/","url_text":"\"Google acquires AppSheet to bring no-code development to Google Cloud\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200116000134/https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/14/google-acquires-appsheet-to-bring-no-code-development-to-google-cloud/?_guc_consent_skip=1579132924","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Seshadri, Praveen (2020-01-16). \"AppSheet Acquired by Google Cloud\". AppSheet. Archived from the original on 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.appsheet.com/appsheet-acquired-by-google-cloud","url_text":"\"AppSheet Acquired by Google Cloud\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200116001312/https://blog.appsheet.com/appsheet-acquired-by-google-cloud","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.appsheet.com/","external_links_name":"www.appsheet.com"},{"Link":"https://www.geekwire.com/2015/appsheet/","external_links_name":"\"Startup Spotlight: AppSheet lets non-developers build custom mobile apps\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/14/google-acquires-appsheet-to-bring-no-code-development-to-google-cloud/","external_links_name":"January 14, 2020"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2020/01/17/google-says-yes-to-no-code-acquires-appsheet/","external_links_name":"\"Google Says Yes To No-Code, Acquires AppSheet\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2020/01/14/google-acquires-no-code-app-development-platform-appsheet/","external_links_name":"\"Google acquires no-code app development platform AppSheet\""},{"Link":"https://hbr.org/2016/10/an-ode-to-the-underappreciated-spreadsheet","external_links_name":"\"An Ode to the Underappreciated Spreadsheet\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcworld.com/article/3102185/software-productivity/4-essential-android-add-ons-for-google-docs-and-sheets.html","external_links_name":"\"4 Essential Android Add-Ons for Google Docs and Sheets\""},{"Link":"https://www.appsheet.com/pricing","external_links_name":"\"Pricing\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2019/03/18/what-no-code-software-really-looks-like/#393a8b7f96ce","external_links_name":"\"What No-Code Software Really Looks Like\""},{"Link":"https://www.appsheet.com/how_to_make_an_app","external_links_name":"\"How to make an app\""},{"Link":"https://www.appsheet.com/how_to_make_an_app","external_links_name":"\"How to make an app\""},{"Link":"https://help.appsheet.com/teams-and-collaboration","external_links_name":"\"Teams and Collaboration\""},{"Link":"https://help.appsheet.com/ux/views/views-the-essentials","external_links_name":"\"Views\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2019/03/18/what-no-code-software-really-looks-like/#393a8b7f96ce","external_links_name":"\"What No-Code Software Really Looks Like\""},{"Link":"https://help.appsheet.com/security/understanding-the-secure-flow-of-data","external_links_name":"\"Understanding the Secure Flow of Data\""},{"Link":"https://solutions.appsheet.com/hubfs/AppSheet_Information_Security.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AppSheet Information Security\""},{"Link":"https://www.geekwire.com/2015/appsheet/","external_links_name":"\"AppSheet\""},{"Link":"http://www.nea.com/portfolio/appsheet","external_links_name":"\"Startup Spotlight: AppSheet lets non-developers build custom mobile apps\""},{"Link":"http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/tie-inflect-2018-announces-appsheet-as-a-2018-tie50-winner-1023244889","external_links_name":"\"TiE Inflect 2018 announces AppSheet as a 2018 TiE50 Winner\""},{"Link":"https://www.geekwire.com/2018/appsheets-new-spec-feature-aims-make-apps-easier-build-using-natural-language-without-code/","external_links_name":"\"AppSheet's new 'Spec' feature aims to make apps easier to build using natural language, without code\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201231/https://www.forrester.com/report/The+Forrester+Wave+Mobile+LowCode+Platforms+For+Business+Developers+Q3+2018/-/E-RES142469","external_links_name":"\"The Forrester Wave™: Mobile Low-Code Platforms For Business Developers, Q3 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.forrester.com/report/The+Forrester+Wave+Mobile+LowCode+Platforms+For+Business+Developers+Q3+2018/-/E-RES142469#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.forrester.com/report/The+Forrester+Wave+LowCode+Platforms+For+Business+Developers+Q2+2019/-/E-RES144411","external_links_name":"\"The Forrester Wave™: Mobile Low-Code Platforms For Business Developers, Q2 2019\""},{"Link":"http://social.techcrunch.com/2020/01/14/google-acquires-appsheet-to-bring-no-code-development-to-google-cloud/","external_links_name":"\"Google acquires AppSheet to bring no-code development to Google Cloud\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200116000134/https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/14/google-acquires-appsheet-to-bring-no-code-development-to-google-cloud/?_guc_consent_skip=1579132924","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://blog.appsheet.com/appsheet-acquired-by-google-cloud","external_links_name":"\"AppSheet Acquired by Google Cloud\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200116001312/https://blog.appsheet.com/appsheet-acquired-by-google-cloud","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.appsheet.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:JavaHurricane
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User talk:JavaHurricane
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["1 Question from Gentle-Zeee (13:04, 15 June 2024)"]
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This is JavaHurricane's talk page, where you can send him messages and comments.
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Question from Gentle-Zeee (13:04, 15 June 2024)
Hello there how are you there. How do I edit Image in proper way and publish it permanent world wild in Google? --Gentle-Zeee (talk) 13:04, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gentle-Zeee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gentle-Zeee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:JavaHurricane&action=edit§ion=1"},{"link_name":"Gentle-Zeee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gentle-Zeee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gentle-Zeee"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Question from Gentle-Zeee (13:04, 15 June 2024)[edit]Hello there how are you there. How do I edit Image in proper way and publish it permanent world wild in Google? --Gentle-Zeee (talk) 13:04, 15 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:JavaHurricane"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_the_Gopher
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Gordon the Gopher
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["1 Career","1.1 Early work","1.2 Later work","2 Puppeteers","3 Influence","4 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gordon the Gopher" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Fictional character
Gordon the GopherPortrayed byChris Wright (1986–87)
Warrick Brownlow-Pike (2015–present)In-universe informationSpeciesGopherGenderMale
Gordon the Gopher, also known as Gordon T. Gopher, is an English puppet gopher who first appeared on Children's BBC (CBBC) between 1985 and 1987, listed on television shows by Phillip Schofield on the interstitial or in-vision continuity programme The Broom Cupboard. He is a yellow puppet gopher with red paws.
Career
Early work
Gordon's first appearances were on CBBC between 1985 and 1987, presenting television shows with Phillip Schofield on the interstitial programme The Broom Cupboard.
In 1987, Gordon and Schofield, with Sarah Greene, went on to present the Saturday morning show Going Live!. On one occasion, Gordon was famously attacked by a puppy that had been brought on to the show. In 1988, Gordon and Schofield were replaced on The Broom Cupboard by Edd the Duck and Andy Crane.
In 1991, Gordon had a series named after himself which was shown on CBBC on BBC One and BBC Two and ran from 3 January 1991 to 28 March 1991 only lasting a series of 13 episodes, appearing with his friend and colleague Phillip Schofield. The series was shown twice on BBC One, the first time being in January to March 1991 and again from 26 October to 21 December 1992 continuing where BBC Two left off at lunchtime repeats in Summer 1991, BBC Two have also repeated the series at lunchtimes four times from 18 June to 23 July 1991, 20 September to 6 December 1993, 9 March to 1 June 1994, The Christmas season of 1994 from 22 and 23 December 1994 and 17 January 1995 to 28 March 1995. It has not been repeated since 28 March 1995 on the BBC.
In 1990, he appeared on a children's programme called Scrooge – A Christmas Sarah.
Later work
During his 2005 Room 101 appearance, Schofield made an attempt to place Gordon in Room 101 (i.e., consign him to the past), but in an audience vote Gordon was spared.
On 26 February 2006, Gordon briefly appeared at the end of Channel 4's The 100 Greatest Funny Moments.
In December 2006, he returned to the screen in the Going Live! segment of the BBC special It Started With... Swap Shop.
Gordon also made a brief appearance with Schofield during a 1980s-themed edition of Dancing on Ice in February 2009. He also made a brief appearance on 5 February 2012 edition.
Gordon appeared on This Morning on 13 September 2010 to celebrate Schofield's 25th anniversary of first presenting CBBC. Schofield said "I miss him".
In September 2013, Gordon appeared on an episode of Celebrity Juice.
In August 2015, Gordon appeared in an online short where he returned to the BBC and got a job as a cleaner. In this short, he was voiced by Warwick Davis. In the September of that year he made a brief appearance in a special that aired on CBBC (TV channel) called Hacker’s 30th Birthday Bash when Hacker T. Dog interviewed Schofield and reunited the two.
Puppeteers
Gordon was operated by several people in The Broom Cupboard, but the person who did it longest was Chris Wright who also operated Gordon for the whole run of Going Live! Warrick Brownlow-Pike performed him for his appearances on This Morning and Hacker's 30th Birthday Bash.
Influence
Gordon's famous leather jacket was a gift from Adam Ant, who made and decorated the jacket himself. Ant had befriended Gordon while being interviewed on Going Live! in February 1990 to promote his new single, and described Gordon as "one of the most interesting people" he'd met.
Gordon was parodied by comedian Brian Conley as "Larry the Loafer," puppet sidekick of sarcastic children's TV presenter Nick Frisbee. The skit is one of Conley's most widely remembered, along with its catchphrase "It's a puppet!"
In 2006, Gordon was mentioned on Little Britain Abroad in the first Lou and Andy sketch. Lou tells Andy that he's planning to take Andy to Disney World. When Lou asks Andy who he's looking forward to meeting, Andy replies "Gordon the Gopher."
References
^ Khan, Urmee (17 November 2009). "Gordon the Gopher is BBC's head of compliance on £110k a year". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
^ "Resumé – Brownlow-Pike Productions".
^ a b "The CBBC Broom Cupboard – 25 Years of live Children's BBC presentation". BBC. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
^ "Schofield reunited with Gordon the Gopher". UTV. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
^ "Gordon The Gopher surprises Schof". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
^ TV, Guardian (6 August 2015). "Gordon's alive! Phillip Schofield's puppet sidekick is back". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
^ "Gordon the Gopher puppet". BBC. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"puppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet"},{"link_name":"gopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_gopher"},{"link_name":"Children's BBC (CBBC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC"},{"link_name":"television shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_show"},{"link_name":"Phillip Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Schofield"},{"link_name":"interstitial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_program"},{"link_name":"in-vision continuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_(broadcasting)#Usage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_CBBC_Broom_Cupboard-3"},{"link_name":"puppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet"},{"link_name":"gopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_gopher"}],"text":"Fictional characterGordon the Gopher, also known as Gordon T. Gopher, is an English puppet gopher who first appeared on Children's BBC (CBBC) between 1985 and 1987, listed on television shows by Phillip Schofield on the interstitial or in-vision continuity programme The Broom Cupboard.[3] He is a yellow puppet gopher with red paws.","title":"Gordon the Gopher"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phillip Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Schofield"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_CBBC_Broom_Cupboard-3"},{"link_name":"Sarah Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Greene"},{"link_name":"Going Live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_Live!"},{"link_name":"Edd the Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edd_the_Duck"},{"link_name":"Andy Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Crane"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"colleague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comrade"}],"sub_title":"Early work","text":"Gordon's first appearances were on CBBC between 1985 and 1987, presenting television shows with Phillip Schofield on the interstitial programme The Broom Cupboard.[3]In 1987, Gordon and Schofield, with Sarah Greene, went on to present the Saturday morning show Going Live!. On one occasion, Gordon was famously attacked by a puppy that had been brought on to the show. In 1988, Gordon and Schofield were replaced on The Broom Cupboard by Edd the Duck and Andy Crane.In 1991, Gordon had a series named after himself which was shown on CBBC on BBC One and BBC Two and ran from 3 January 1991 to 28 March 1991 only lasting a series of 13 episodes, appearing with his friend and colleague Phillip Schofield. The series was shown twice on BBC One, the first time being in January to March 1991 and again from 26 October to 21 December 1992 continuing where BBC Two left off at lunchtime repeats in Summer 1991, BBC Two have also repeated the series at lunchtimes four times from 18 June to 23 July 1991, 20 September to 6 December 1993, 9 March to 1 June 1994, The Christmas season of 1994 from 22 and 23 December 1994 and 17 January 1995 to 28 March 1995. It has not been repeated since 28 March 1995 on the BBC.In 1990, he appeared on a children's programme called Scrooge – A Christmas Sarah.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Room 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_101_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"It Started With... Swap Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-Coloured_Swap_Shop#It_Started_With_Swap_Shop"},{"link_name":"Dancing on Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_on_Ice"},{"link_name":"CBBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Juice"},{"link_name":"Warwick Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Davis"},{"link_name":"CBBC (TV channel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Hacker T. Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_T._Dog"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Later work","text":"During his 2005 Room 101 appearance, Schofield made an attempt to place Gordon in Room 101 (i.e., consign him to the past), but in an audience vote Gordon was spared.On 26 February 2006, Gordon briefly appeared at the end of Channel 4's The 100 Greatest Funny Moments.In December 2006, he returned to the screen in the Going Live! segment of the BBC special It Started With... Swap Shop.Gordon also made a brief appearance with Schofield during a 1980s-themed edition of Dancing on Ice in February 2009. He also made a brief appearance on 5 February 2012 edition.Gordon appeared on This Morning on 13 September 2010 to celebrate Schofield's 25th anniversary of first presenting CBBC. Schofield said \"I miss him\".[4][5]In September 2013, Gordon appeared on an episode of Celebrity Juice.In August 2015, Gordon appeared in an online short where he returned to the BBC and got a job as a cleaner. In this short, he was voiced by Warwick Davis. In the September of that year he made a brief appearance in a special that aired on CBBC (TV channel) called Hacker’s 30th Birthday Bash when Hacker T. Dog interviewed Schofield and reunited the two.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warrick Brownlow-Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrick_Brownlow-Pike"},{"link_name":"This Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Morning_(TV_programme)"}],"text":"Gordon was operated by several people in The Broom Cupboard, but the person who did it longest was Chris Wright who also operated Gordon for the whole run of Going Live! Warrick Brownlow-Pike performed him for his appearances on This Morning and Hacker's 30th Birthday Bash.","title":"Puppeteers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brian Conley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Conley"},{"link_name":"Little Britain Abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Little_Britain_episodes#Specials"},{"link_name":"Lou and Andy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_and_Andy"},{"link_name":"Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World"}],"text":"Gordon's famous leather jacket was a gift from Adam Ant, who made and decorated the jacket himself.[7] Ant had befriended Gordon while being interviewed on Going Live! in February 1990 to promote his new single, and described Gordon as \"one of the most interesting people\" he'd met.Gordon was parodied by comedian Brian Conley as \"Larry the Loafer,\" puppet sidekick of sarcastic children's TV presenter Nick Frisbee. The skit is one of Conley's most widely remembered, along with its catchphrase \"It's a puppet!\"In 2006, Gordon was mentioned on Little Britain Abroad in the first Lou and Andy sketch. Lou tells Andy that he's planning to take Andy to Disney World. When Lou asks Andy who he's looking forward to meeting, Andy replies \"Gordon the Gopher.\"","title":"Influence"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila
|
Xyroptila
|
["1 Species"]
|
Plume moth genus
Xyroptila
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Pterophoridae
Tribe:
Platyptiliini
Genus:
XyroptilaMeyrick, 1908
Synonyms
Pseudoxyroptila Hori, 1933
Xyroptilia Bigot, 1969 (misspelling)
Xyroptila is a genus of moths in the family Pterophoridae.
Species
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xyroptila.
Wikispecies has information related to Xyroptila.
Xyroptila aenea
Xyroptila africana
Xyroptila caminites
Xyroptila colluceo
Xyroptila dohertyi
Xyroptila elegans
Xyroptila falciformis
Xyroptila fulbae
Xyroptila irina
Xyroptila kuranda
Xyroptila maklaia
Xyroptila marmarias
Xyroptila masaia
Xyroptila monomotapa
Xyroptila naiwasha
Xyroptila oenophanes
Xyroptila oksana
Xyroptila peltastes
Xyroptila ruvenzori
Xyroptila siami
Xyroptila soma
Xyroptila sybylla
Xyroptila uluru
Xyroptila variegata
Xyroptila vaughani
Xyroptila zambesi
Taxon identifiersXyroptila
Wikidata: Q8045589
Wikispecies: Xyroptila
AFD: Xyroptila
BOLD: 324372
ButMoth: 30773.0
CoL: 89N5
EoL: 20388
GBIF: 1860078
iNaturalist: 335586
IRMNG: 1201459
LepIndex: 1825
NCBI: 1558459
Open Tree of Life: 3091677
Plazi: BF137930-FF87-FF94-FF48-9642B9FCFB95
This article on a moth of the family Pterophoridae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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dohertyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_dohertyi"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila elegans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_elegans"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila falciformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_falciformis"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila fulbae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_fulbae"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila irina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_irina"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila kuranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_kuranda"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila maklaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_maklaia"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila marmarias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_marmarias"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila masaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_masaia"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila monomotapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_monomotapa"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila naiwasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_naiwasha"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila oenophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_oenophanes"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila oksana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_oksana"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila peltastes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_peltastes"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila ruvenzori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_ruvenzori"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila siami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_siami"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila soma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_soma"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila sybylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_sybylla"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila uluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_uluru"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila variegata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_variegata"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila vaughani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_vaughani"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila zambesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila_zambesi"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q8045589","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8045589"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Xyroptila"},{"link_name":"AFD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory"},{"link_name":"Xyroptila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Xyroptila"},{"link_name":"BOLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System"},{"link_name":"324372","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=324372"},{"link_name":"30773.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/buttmoth/resource/c1727662-2d1e-426f-818c-d144552a747c?q=30773.0+&view_id=3ae940ca-69b8-430b-9cb8-8b509cac5289&field=Author&value="},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"89N5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/89N5"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"20388","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/20388"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"1860078","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/1860078"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"335586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/335586"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"1201459","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1201459"},{"link_name":"LepIndex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Global_Lepidoptera_Names_Index"},{"link_name":"1825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=1825"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"1558459","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1558459"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"3091677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3091677"},{"link_name":"Plazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazi"},{"link_name":"BF137930-FF87-FF94-FF48-9642B9FCFB95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//treatment.plazi.org/id/BF137930-FF87-FF94-FF48-9642B9FCFB95"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pterophorus_pentadactyla_MHNT.jpg"},{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Pterophoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterophoridae"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xyroptila&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pterophoridae-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pterophoridae-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pterophoridae-stub"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xyroptila.Wikispecies has information related to Xyroptila.Xyroptila aenea \nXyroptila africana \nXyroptila caminites \nXyroptila colluceo \nXyroptila dohertyi \nXyroptila elegans \nXyroptila falciformis \nXyroptila fulbae \nXyroptila irina \nXyroptila kuranda \nXyroptila maklaia \nXyroptila marmarias \nXyroptila masaia \nXyroptila monomotapa \nXyroptila naiwasha \nXyroptila oenophanes \nXyroptila oksana \nXyroptila peltastes \nXyroptila ruvenzori \nXyroptila siami \nXyroptila soma \nXyroptila sybylla \nXyroptila uluru \nXyroptila variegata \nXyroptila vaughani \nXyroptila zambesiTaxon identifiersXyroptila\nWikidata: Q8045589\nWikispecies: Xyroptila\nAFD: Xyroptila\nBOLD: 324372\nButMoth: 30773.0\nCoL: 89N5\nEoL: 20388\nGBIF: 1860078\niNaturalist: 335586\nIRMNG: 1201459\nLepIndex: 1825\nNCBI: 1558459\nOpen Tree of Life: 3091677\nPlazi: BF137930-FF87-FF94-FF48-9642B9FCFB95This article on a moth of the family Pterophoridae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Species"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk_regional_museum
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Vitebsk regional museum
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["1 History","2 Exhibits","2.1 Literary museum","2.2 Vitebsk patriots museum","2.3 The museum of private collections","2.4 \"Zdravnevo\" Manor museum","2.5 Artistic museum","3 References","3.1 External links"]
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Coordinates: 55°11′44″N 30°12′21″E / 55.19556°N 30.20583°E / 55.19556; 30.20583Museum in Vibetsk, Belarus
Vitebsk City Hall, site of the museum
The Vitebsk Regional History Museum (Belarusian: Віцебскі абласны краязнаўчы музей, Russian: Витебский областной краеведческий музей) is a museum in Vitebsk, Belarus.
History
Its history begins in the 19th Century, when in 1868 the city opened its first museum in through the Governmental Statistics Committee. In 1918 the Vitebsk Governmental Museum was created through the donations of the private collection of A. Brodovskiy. In 1924 the Vitebsk Department Belgos museum opened, aggregating the previous collections of the Church Archeology Museum, the Vitebsk Archival Commission's Museum, the History Museum of Vitebsk Statistics Committee, and the private collections of V. Fedorovich and A. Brodovski. Also in 1924, it moved to its current location in the city hall, whose 18th century architecture is a symbol of Vitebsk.
Exhibits
The museum contains over 200000 items, among them exhibits such as: brevets of the 18th century; books of the 17th and 18th centuries; weapons from the Patriotic War of 1812; a collection of local embroidery from the 18th and 19th centuries; as well as many materials from the World War II. Also of interest the collections of numismatics, of ancient weapons, and masonic items. In the art section there are works Ilya Repin, Isaac Levitan, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Khrutski, Makovski, Yehuda Pen as well as modern Vitebsk artists.
Aside from the main museum in the city hall, the museum also includes artistic and literary affiliates, as well as museums of private collections, Ilya Repin's Zdravnevo Manor museum, and an exposition in the former Sicherheitsdienst prison dedicated to Vitebsk's patriots.
Literary museum
The literary museum includes exhibitions of ancient illustrations and books, as well as letters, photographs, portraits, and possessions of various authors. Also exhibited are local legends, as well as known writers whose lives and creativity were connected with Vitebsk.
Vitebsk patriots museum
The Vitebsk patriots museum is located in the cellars of the former Nazi Sicherheitsdienst prison, which was in operation between 1941 and 1944. The photographic documentary and materials tell of Vitebsk in the period of occupation, and the patriots tortured there (such as Vera Khoruzhaya).
The museum of private collections
This museum includes private collections such as Belarusian coins, Russian medals, Soviet memorial medals, as well as awards of various countries.
"Zdravnevo" Manor museum
Repin's country house "Zdravnevo", Belarus.
"Zdravnevo" Manor museum exhibits the life and art of Ilya Repin who, between 1892 and 1902, conducted summer seasons in the country manor "Zdravnevo". Inside the manor are reproductions of paintings by the artist, as well as letters, documents, and a few original specimens belonging to his family.
Artistic museum
The Artistic museum displays a unique and diversified collection consisting of more 7000 exhibits. Included are collections of icons, paintings, sketches, and sculptures of popular and decorative art. The pride of museum are works of Yehuda Pen, the first teacher of Marc Chagall.
References
Shishanov V.A. Vitebsk Museum of Modern Art: a history of creation and a collection. 1918-1941. – Minsk: Medisont, 2007. - 144 p.
90 год Віцебскаму абласному краязнаўчаму музею: матэрыялы навук канф., Віцебск, 30-31 кастр. 2008 г. / рэдкал.: Г.У. Савіцкі . – Мінск: Медысонт, 2009.
External links
Official site
This article was translated from the Russian Wikipedia's corresponding article
55°11′44″N 30°12′21″E / 55.19556°N 30.20583°E / 55.19556; 30.20583
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Other
IdRef
|
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In 1924 the Vitebsk Department Belgos museum opened, aggregating the previous collections of the Church Archeology Museum, the Vitebsk Archival Commission's Museum, the History Museum of Vitebsk Statistics Committee, and the private collections of V. Fedorovich and A. Brodovski. Also in 1924, it moved to its current location in the city hall, whose 18th century architecture is a symbol of Vitebsk.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brevets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)"},{"link_name":"Patriotic War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"numismatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics"},{"link_name":"Ilya Repin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Repin"},{"link_name":"Isaac Levitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Levitan"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shishkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shishkin"},{"link_name":"Ivan Khrutski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Khrutski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Makovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makovski"},{"link_name":"Yehuda Pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Pen"},{"link_name":"Zdravnevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zdravnevo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sicherheitsdienst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst"}],"text":"The museum contains over 200000 items, among them exhibits such as: brevets of the 18th century; books of the 17th and 18th centuries; weapons from the Patriotic War of 1812; a collection of local embroidery from the 18th and 19th centuries; as well as many materials from the World War II. Also of interest the collections of numismatics, of ancient weapons, and masonic items. In the art section there are works Ilya Repin, Isaac Levitan, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Khrutski, Makovski, Yehuda Pen as well as modern Vitebsk artists.Aside from the main museum in the city hall, the museum also includes artistic and literary affiliates, as well as museums of private collections, Ilya Repin's Zdravnevo Manor museum, and an exposition in the former Sicherheitsdienst prison dedicated to Vitebsk's patriots.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Literary museum","text":"The literary museum includes exhibitions of ancient illustrations and books, as well as letters, photographs, portraits, and possessions of various authors. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody%27s_Favorite_Bagman
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Everybody's Favorite Bagman
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["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Inspiration","4 Notes","4.1 References","4.2 Bibliography"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Everybody's Favorite Bagman" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
6th episode of the 1st season of Law & Order
"Everybody's Favorite Bagman"Law & Order episodeEpisode no.Season 1Episode 6Directed byJohn PattersonWritten byDick WolfOriginal air dateOctober 30, 1990 (1990-10-30)Guest appearances
Roy Thinnes as D.A. Alfred Wentworth
Paul Guilfoyle as Anthony Scalisi
William H. Macy as Assistant U.S. Attorney John McCormack
Ron Foster as William Jefferson
Episode chronology
← Previous"Happily Ever After"
Next →"By Hooker, By Crook"
List of episodes
"Everybody's Favorite Bagman" is the sixth episode of the first season of the American police procedural and legal drama Law & Order. The episode was written by Dick Wolf and directed by John Patterson, and originally aired on NBC on October 30, 1990. This episode was produced in 1988 and was the pilot episode of the series, although it is not the first broadcast.
Plot
After local councilman and former bagman Charles Halsey is mugged and his throat slashed, Logan and Greevey investigate the case and the two young black male suspects initially caught. Their suspicion turns to organized crime when they link the victim to Masucci family soldier Tony Scalisi (Paul Guilfoyle).
As Stone and Robinette continue their investigation, they uncover a corruption scandal involving a councilman; the collection of parking meter violation fines has been awarded to a firm connected to organized crime. To avoid the appearance of impropriety, District Attorney Wentworth won't allow Stone to offer Scalisi immunity. However, in order to win their case, their only option might be to make a deal with the mobster.
Stone discovers that the case involves not only organized crime, but also elected city officials and a deputy police commissioner whom he accuses of changing his testimony and doctoring evidence in a past case. Stone is unable to use the police because of suspected corruption within the department, so he consults Assistant U.S. Attorney John McCormack (William H. Macy).
Production
"Everybody's Favorite Bagman" was directed by John Patterson and written by Dick Wolf. It was produced in 1988 and was the pilot of the series. However, NBC decided to air "Prescription for Death" as the premiere episode instead.
For this episode, Roy Thinnes was cast as District Attorney Alfred Wentworth. However, by the time the production of Law & Order began in 1990, Thinnes had already moved on to star in another series, the short-lived (two months / 12 episodes) Dark Shadows, and declined to continue the role. Steven Hill was selected as his replacement, portraying District Attorney Adam Schiff for an 11-year (228 episodes) run.
Steven Zirnkilton, who narrates the opening sequence in every episode of each Law & Order series, makes his sole onscreen appearance in this episode. He has one line of dialogue: "Look at that. Do you believe these guys?"
Inspiration
The episode was loosely based on the 1986 Parking Violations Bureau scandal that resulted in the death (by suicide) of Queens Borough President Donald Manes.
Notes
References
^ "Everybody's Favorite Bagman Episode Summary". www.tv.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014.
^ a b Courrier and Green (1999), p. 25
^ Courrier and Green (1999), p. 26
Bibliography
Courrier, Kevin; Green, Susan (1999). Law & Order: The Unofficial Companion (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, California: Renaissance Books. ISBN 1-58063-108-8.
vteLaw & OrderCharactersPolice
Max Greevey
Mike Logan
Donald Cragen
Phil Cerreta
Lennie Briscoe
Anita Van Buren
Rey Curtis
Ed Green
Joe Fontana
Cyrus Lupo
Kevin Bernard
District attorneys
Benjamin Stone
Paul Robinette
Adam Schiff
Claire Kincaid
Jack McCoy
Jamie Ross
Abbie Carmichael
Nora Lewin
Serena Southerlyn
Arthur Branch
Alexandra Borgia
Connie Rubirosa
Michael Cutter
Recurring
Elizabeth Olivet
Elizabeth Rodgers
Emil Skoda
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Notable episodes
"Prescription for Death"
"Everybody's Favorite Bagman"
"Manhood"
"Sunday in the Park with Jorge"
"Mother's Day"
"The Drowned and the Saved"
"Dignity"
"Fed"
"Blackmail"
"Steel-Eyed Death"
"Rubber Room"
Television film
Exiled: A Law & Order Movie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"police procedural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_procedural"},{"link_name":"legal drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_drama"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"Dick Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Wolf"},{"link_name":"John Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patterson_(director)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"pilot episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_episode"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courrier_and_Green_25-2"}],"text":"6th episode of the 1st season of Law & Order\"Everybody's Favorite Bagman\" is the sixth episode of the first season of the American police procedural and legal drama Law & Order. The episode was written by Dick Wolf and directed by John Patterson, and originally aired on NBC on October 30, 1990. This episode was produced in 1988 and was the pilot episode of the series,[1][2] although it is not the first broadcast.","title":"Everybody's Favorite Bagman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagman"},{"link_name":"Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Logan_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Greevey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Greevey"},{"link_name":"soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldato"},{"link_name":"Paul Guilfoyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Guilfoyle"},{"link_name":"Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Stone_(character)"},{"link_name":"Robinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robinette"},{"link_name":"William H. Macy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Macy"}],"text":"After local councilman and former bagman Charles Halsey is mugged and his throat slashed, Logan and Greevey investigate the case and the two young black male suspects initially caught. Their suspicion turns to organized crime when they link the victim to Masucci family soldier Tony Scalisi (Paul Guilfoyle).As Stone and Robinette continue their investigation, they uncover a corruption scandal involving a councilman; the collection of parking meter violation fines has been awarded to a firm connected to organized crime. To avoid the appearance of impropriety, District Attorney Wentworth won't allow Stone to offer Scalisi immunity. However, in order to win their case, their only option might be to make a deal with the mobster.Stone discovers that the case involves not only organized crime, but also elected city officials and a deputy police commissioner whom he accuses of changing his testimony and doctoring evidence in a past case. Stone is unable to use the police because of suspected corruption within the department, so he consults Assistant U.S. Attorney John McCormack (William H. Macy).","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patterson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Dick Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Wolf"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courrier_and_Green_25-2"},{"link_name":"Prescription for Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_for_Death"},{"link_name":"Roy Thinnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Thinnes"},{"link_name":"Dark Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Shadows_(1991_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Steven Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Hill_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Adam Schiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Schiff_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courrier_and_Green_26-3"},{"link_name":"Steven Zirnkilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Zirnkilton"}],"text":"\"Everybody's Favorite Bagman\" was directed by John Patterson and written by Dick Wolf. It was produced in 1988 and was the pilot of the series.[2] However, NBC decided to air \"Prescription for Death\" as the premiere episode instead.For this episode, Roy Thinnes was cast as District Attorney Alfred Wentworth. However, by the time the production of Law & Order began in 1990, Thinnes had already moved on to star in another series, the short-lived (two months / 12 episodes) Dark Shadows, and declined to continue the role. Steven Hill was selected as his replacement, portraying District Attorney Adam Schiff for an 11-year (228 episodes) run.[3]Steven Zirnkilton, who narrates the opening sequence in every episode of each Law & Order series, makes his sole onscreen appearance in this episode. He has one line of dialogue: \"Look at that. Do you believe these guys?\"","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Manes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Manes"}],"text":"The episode was loosely based on the 1986 Parking Violations Bureau scandal that resulted in the death (by suicide) of Queens Borough President Donald Manes.","title":"Inspiration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Everybody's Favorite Bagman Episode Summary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140404095837/http://www.tv.com/shows/law-order/everybodys-favorite-bagman-9465/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tv.com/shows/law-order/everybodys-favorite-bagman-9465/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Courrier_and_Green_25_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Courrier_and_Green_25_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Courrier_and_Green_26_3-0"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ \"Everybody's Favorite Bagman Episode Summary\". www.tv.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014.\n\n^ a b Courrier and Green (1999), p. 25\n\n^ Courrier and Green (1999), p. 26","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58063-108-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58063-108-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Law_%26_Order_characters"},{"link_name":"Max Greevey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Greevey"},{"link_name":"Mike Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Logan_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Donald Cragen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Cragen"},{"link_name":"Phil Cerreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Cerreta"},{"link_name":"Lennie Briscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennie_Briscoe"},{"link_name":"Anita Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Van_Buren"},{"link_name":"Rey Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Ed Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Green"},{"link_name":"Joe Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Fontana_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Cyrus Lupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Lupo"},{"link_name":"Kevin Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bernard"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Stone_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Paul Robinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robinette"},{"link_name":"Adam Schiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Schiff_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Claire Kincaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Kincaid"},{"link_name":"Jack McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_McCoy"},{"link_name":"Jamie Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Ross_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Abbie Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbie_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"Nora Lewin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Lewin"},{"link_name":"Serena Southerlyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Southerlyn"},{"link_name":"Arthur Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Branch"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Borgia"},{"link_name":"Connie Rubirosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Rubirosa"},{"link_name":"Michael Cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cutter"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Olivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Olivet"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Emil Skoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Skoda_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Law_%26_Order_episodes"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_2"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_4"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_5"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_6"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_7"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_8"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_9"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_10"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_11"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_12"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_13"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_14"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_15"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_16"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_17"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_18"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_19"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_20"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_21"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_22"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_season_23"},{"link_name":"Prescription for Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_for_Death"},{"link_name":"Everybody's Favorite Bagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Manhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhood_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Sunday in the Park with Jorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_in_the_Park_with_Jorge"},{"link_name":"Mother's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"The Drowned and the Saved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drowned_and_the_Saved_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Dignity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignity_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Fed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fed_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Blackmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Steel-Eyed Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel-Eyed_Death"},{"link_name":"Rubber Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_Room_(Law_%26_Order)"},{"link_name":"Exiled: A Law & Order Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiled:_A_Law_%26_Order_Movie"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Courrier, Kevin; Green, Susan (1999). Law & Order: The Unofficial Companion (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, California: Renaissance Books. ISBN 1-58063-108-8.vteLaw & OrderCharactersPolice\nMax Greevey\nMike Logan\nDonald Cragen\nPhil Cerreta\nLennie Briscoe\nAnita Van Buren\nRey Curtis\nEd Green\nJoe Fontana\nCyrus Lupo\nKevin Bernard\nDistrict attorneys\nBenjamin Stone\nPaul Robinette\nAdam Schiff\nClaire Kincaid\nJack McCoy\nJamie Ross\nAbbie Carmichael\nNora Lewin\nSerena Southerlyn\nArthur Branch\nAlexandra Borgia\nConnie Rubirosa\nMichael Cutter\nRecurring\nElizabeth Olivet\nElizabeth Rodgers\nEmil Skoda\nSeasons\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\nNotable episodes\n\"Prescription for Death\"\n\"Everybody's Favorite Bagman\"\n\"Manhood\"\n\"Sunday in the Park with Jorge\"\n\"Mother's Day\"\n\"The Drowned and the Saved\"\n\"Dignity\"\n\"Fed\"\n\"Blackmail\"\n\"Steel-Eyed Death\"\n\"Rubber Room\"\nTelevision film\nExiled: A Law & Order Movie","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_Bay_Bridge
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Pensacola Bay Bridge
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["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 30°23′46″N 87°11′08″W / 30.395983°N 87.185644°W / 30.395983; -87.185644Bridge in Florida, United States of America
Pensacola Bay BridgeThe current bridge, looking northeastCoordinates30°23′46″N 87°11′08″W / 30.395983°N 87.185644°W / 30.395983; -87.185644Carries6 lanes of US 98 / SR 30CrossesPensacola BayLocalePensacola, Florida, and Gulf Breeze, Florida, U.S.Official namePhilip Dane Beall Sr., Memorial Bridge (Previous Bridge)Gen. Daniel "Chappie" James Jr. Bridge (Both Eastbound and Westbound bridges of new project)Maintained byFlorida Department of Transportation (FDOT)ID number480035Websitepensacolabaybridge.comCharacteristicsDesignReinforced concrete girder bridgeTotal length16,140 feet (4,920 meters)Width55 feet (17 meters)Longest span377 feet (115 meters)Clearance below65 feet (20 meters)HistoryOpenedJune 13, 1931 (original bridge)October 31, 1960 (second bridge)September 5, 2019 (current bridge, eastbound span) February 14, 2023 (current bridge, westbound span)StatisticsDaily traffic485,864,334 Location
On the Old Bridge, Heading South
The Pensacola Bay Bridge, also known locally as the Three-Mile Bridge, runs between downtown Pensacola, Florida, and Gulf Breeze, Florida. It carries six lanes of U.S. Highway 98 across Pensacola Bay.
History
The bridge, which is dedicated to General Daniel James Jr., opened to traffic on September 5, 2019, at which time it replaced the Sen. Philip D. Beall Sr. Bridge, a four-lane facility that ran parallel just to the east of the current structure, and on the same footprint of the eventual westbound structure. The original bridge, a narrow two-lane facility, called the Thomas A. Johnson Bridge, was replaced by the Sen. Philip D. Beall Sr. Bridge on October 31, 1960. The original bridge, which had been in service since June 13, 1931, was tolled and was signed as TOLL US 98 until the bridge bonds were paid off. The decommissioned original bridge served as two 1.5-mile-long fishing piers until they were largely destroyed by Hurricane Ivan in 2004. By 2007, the remainder of the northernmost fishing pier was demolished. Demolition has begun on the southernmost part of the fishing pier. In 2010, construction was completed on a northern replacement fishing pier about half as long as the original pier. As of June 1, 2021, however, the northern replacement fishing pier is out of service, sustaining major damage as a result of rogue barges from Hurricane Sally, with damages to the fishing pier alone estimated to be $28 million USD.
In 1989, the bridge was struck by a barge and was out of service for several months. All traffic was diverted to ferries, causing severe backups in both Gulf Breeze and downtown Pensacola. The Florida Department of Transportation took the opportunity to modernize the bridge, adding emergency lanes and replacing barrier walls and lighting.
The Old Pensacola Bay Bridge as viewed from Naval Live Oaks Preserve.
FDOT announced in January 2010, near the end of the bridge's 50-year design life, that the bridge was structurally deficient and would have to be replaced within six years. As of 2011, a study is underway to determine the "feasibility, location, and conceptual design" of a replacement bridge. As of February 2013, plans have begun to replace the bridge with construction beginning within two years, at a cost of $595.6 million, on a course slightly to the west of the existing bridge. The new bridge, like the previous one, will not charge a toll. As of February 2020, construction of the new westbound bridge was completed with only the pedestrian portion to be completed with the old bridge being dismantled to make way for the parallel bridge to begin construction.
The first unofficial crossing of the bridge via the pedestrian walkway occurred on August 13, 2020. This was accomplished by Joe and Steve Evans, brothers from the MidWest. It took approximately 15 minutes of biking each way to fully cover the distance.
However, the bridge was involved in two separate incidents during Hurricane Sally in the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season. On September 15, a barge broke loose and got stuck under the bridge, causing it to temporarily close. Later, during the early morning hours of September 16, a crane was blown down onto on the bridge, knocking almost the entire span into Pensacola Bay, rendering the bridge completely unusable. With the old bridge being closed in preparation for demolition, traffic was detoured onto the tolled Garcon Point Bridge, with tolls being suspended for the time being. After months of delays, the first span of the bridge reopened on May 28, 2021, carrying 2-4 lanes of traffic with full 4 lane use in the following months as construction is completed. The new westbound bridge was opened in early 2023.
See also
Transport portal
Engineering portal
Florida portal
References
^ https://www.pnj.com/story/news/local/2023/02/13/pensacola-bay-bridge-to-gulf-bridge-three-mile-bridge-fully-opens/69899483007/
^ FDOT Florida Traffic Online Archived July 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Accessed May 25, 2011.
^ "Bridge dedication attracts 20,000." The Frisco Employees' Magazine, July 1931. p. 4-5.
^ "Pensacola fishing pier reopens | Fox10tv.com". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
^ Arnold, Madison. "'It was a popular bridge:' Cost to replace fishing pier now estimated at $28 million". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
^ "Pensacola Bay Bridge is 'structurally deficient,' must be replaced." Northwest Florida Daily News, January 21, 2010. Accessed May 24, 2011.
^ Pensacola Bay Bridge PD&E Study Accessed May 24, 2011.
^ Sen. Don Gaetz: No toll for Pensacola Bay Bridge Accessed February 1, 2013.
^ Blanks, Annie. "Construction barge breaks loose, strikes Three Mile Bridge during Hurricane Sally". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
^ Staff Reports (September 16, 2020). "Three Mile Bridge suffers massive damage after Hurricane Sally topples crane, section missing". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
^ WEAR Staff (May 28, 2021). "FDOT reopens the Pensacola Bay Bridge". WEAR. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
^ "Pensacola Bay Bridge on track to reopen next week — maybe sooner — as final steps wrap up". Pensacola News Journal. May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
^ "Westbound span of Pensacola Bay Bridge is open. PPD has already made 21 traffic stops". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
External links
Media related to Pensacola Bay Bridge at Wikimedia Commons
vteBridges and tunnels in FloridaPanhandle
Escambia Bay
Garcon Point
John Gorrie
Mid-Bay
Pensacola Bay
St. George Island
Trammell
Victory
North
Acosta
Bridge of Lions
Main Street
Buckman
Dames Point
Fuller Warren
Hart
Mathews
Memorial
Strauss Trunnion
Little Lake Harris
Herman C. McCray Jr.
L.E. Buie
West Central
Bayside
Clearwater Memorial
Courtney Campbell
Gandy
Howard Frankland
Pinellas Bayway
Sunshine Skyway
Treasure Island
East Central
A. Max Brewer
Alma Lee Loy
Astor
Bennett
Bert Dosh
Broadway
Eau Gallie
Granada
Lake Jesup
Lake Underhill
Melbourne
Merrill P. Barber
Merritt Island
NASA
Osteen
Pete Damon
Pineda
Port Orange
Roosevelt
Sebastian Inlet
Torry Island
Wabasso
Whitehair
South
Blue Heron
Broad
Coral Springs†
Flagler Memorial
Julia Tuttle
John F. Kennedy
Lehman
MacArthur
Rickenbacker
Royal Park
Snow-Reed‡
Thomas B. Manuel
Venetian
Southwest
Blackburn Point Bridge‡
Boca Grande‡
Bonita Beach
Caloosahatchee
Cape Coral
Edison
John Ringling
Matanzas Pass
Midpoint
Sanibel
S.S. Jolley
Stan Gober
Keys
Bahia Honda
Card Sound
Jewfish Creek
Long Key
Overseas Highway
Seven Mile
Tunnels
Henry E. Kinney
Port of Miami
Ferries
Drayton Island
Fort Gates
Mayport
Lists
List of bridges in Florida
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
List of movable bridges in Florida
† – Covered bridge
‡ – Swing bridge
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pensacola_FL_US_98_bridge_south01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Gulf Breeze, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Breeze,_Florida"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_98_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"Pensacola Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_Bay"}],"text":"Bridge in Florida, United States of AmericaOn the Old Bridge, Heading SouthThe Pensacola Bay Bridge, also known locally as the Three-Mile Bridge, runs between downtown Pensacola, Florida, and Gulf Breeze, Florida. It carries six lanes of U.S. Highway 98 across Pensacola Bay.","title":"Pensacola Bay Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Daniel James Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_James_Jr."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"fishing piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_pier"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Ivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"emergency lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_lane"},{"link_name":"barrier walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_barrier"},{"link_name":"lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetlight"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pensacola_Bay_Bridge.JPG"},{"link_name":"design life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_life"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"pedestrian walkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Sally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sally"},{"link_name":"2020 Atlantic hurricane season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pensacola Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_Bay"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pnjsally-10"},{"link_name":"Garcon Point Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcon_Point_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The bridge, which is dedicated to General Daniel James Jr., opened to traffic on September 5, 2019, at which time it replaced the Sen. Philip D. Beall Sr. Bridge, a four-lane facility that ran parallel just to the east of the current structure, and on the same footprint of the eventual westbound structure. The original bridge, a narrow two-lane facility, called the Thomas A. Johnson Bridge, was replaced by the Sen. Philip D. Beall Sr. Bridge on October 31, 1960. The original bridge, which had been in service since June 13, 1931,[3] was tolled and was signed as TOLL US 98 until the bridge bonds were paid off. The decommissioned original bridge served as two 1.5-mile-long fishing piers until they were largely destroyed by Hurricane Ivan in 2004. By 2007, the remainder of the northernmost fishing pier was demolished. Demolition has begun on the southernmost part of the fishing pier. In 2010, construction was completed on a northern replacement fishing pier about half as long as the original pier.[4] As of June 1, 2021, however, the northern replacement fishing pier is out of service, sustaining major damage as a result of rogue barges from Hurricane Sally, with damages to the fishing pier alone estimated to be $28 million USD.[5]In 1989, the bridge was struck by a barge and was out of service for several months. All traffic was diverted to ferries, causing severe backups in both Gulf Breeze and downtown Pensacola. The Florida Department of Transportation took the opportunity to modernize the bridge, adding emergency lanes and replacing barrier walls and lighting.The Old Pensacola Bay Bridge as viewed from Naval Live Oaks Preserve.FDOT announced in January 2010, near the end of the bridge's 50-year design life, that the bridge was structurally deficient and would have to be replaced within six years.[6] As of 2011, a study is underway to determine the \"feasibility, location, and conceptual design\" of a replacement bridge.[7] As of February 2013, plans have begun to replace the bridge with construction beginning within two years, at a cost of $595.6 million, on a course slightly to the west of the existing bridge. The new bridge, like the previous one, will not charge a toll.[8] As of February 2020, construction of the new westbound bridge was completed with only the pedestrian portion to be completed with the old bridge being dismantled to make way for the parallel bridge to begin construction.The first unofficial crossing of the bridge via the pedestrian walkway occurred on August 13, 2020. This was accomplished by Joe and Steve Evans, brothers from the MidWest. It took approximately 15 minutes of biking each way to fully cover the distance.However, the bridge was involved in two separate incidents during Hurricane Sally in the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season. On September 15, a barge broke loose and got stuck under the bridge, causing it to temporarily close.[9] Later, during the early morning hours of September 16, a crane was blown down onto on the bridge, knocking almost the entire span into Pensacola Bay, rendering the bridge completely unusable.[10] With the old bridge being closed in preparation for demolition, traffic was detoured onto the tolled Garcon Point Bridge, with tolls being suspended for the time being. After months of delays, the first span of the bridge reopened on May 28, 2021,[11] carrying 2-4 lanes of traffic with full 4 lane use in the following months as construction is completed.[12] The new westbound bridge was opened in early 2023.[13]","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"On the Old Bridge, Heading South","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pensacola_FL_US_98_bridge_south01.jpg/220px-Pensacola_FL_US_98_bridge_south01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Old Pensacola Bay Bridge as viewed from Naval Live Oaks Preserve.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pensacola_Bay_Bridge.JPG/260px-Pensacola_Bay_Bridge.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Pensacola fishing pier reopens | Fox10tv.com\". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231222/http://www.fox10tv.com/dpp/news/pensacola-fishing-pier-reopens","url_text":"\"Pensacola fishing pier reopens | Fox10tv.com\""},{"url":"http://www.fox10tv.com/dpp/news/pensacola-fishing-pier-reopens","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Madison. \"'It was a popular bridge:' Cost to replace fishing pier now estimated at $28 million\". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved June 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2020/12/10/pensacola-fishing-pier-off-bridge-cost-estimated-28-millionafter-skanska-damage-from-hurricane-sally/3863000001/","url_text":"\"'It was a popular bridge:' Cost to replace fishing pier now estimated at $28 million\""}]},{"reference":"Blanks, Annie. \"Construction barge breaks loose, strikes Three Mile Bridge during Hurricane Sally\". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved September 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2020/09/15/hurricane-sally-winds-close-pensacola-bay-bridge-three-mile-bridge-3-mile/5802732002/","url_text":"\"Construction barge breaks loose, strikes Three Mile Bridge during Hurricane Sally\""}]},{"reference":"Staff Reports (September 16, 2020). \"Three Mile Bridge suffers massive damage after Hurricane Sally topples crane, section missing\". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved September 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2020/09/16/hurricane-sally-three-mile-bridge-damaged-pictures-florida/5816976002/","url_text":"\"Three Mile Bridge suffers massive damage after Hurricane Sally topples crane, section missing\""}]},{"reference":"WEAR Staff (May 28, 2021). \"FDOT reopens the Pensacola Bay Bridge\". WEAR. Retrieved May 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://weartv.com/news/local/fdot-reopens-the-pensacola-bay-bridge","url_text":"\"FDOT reopens the Pensacola Bay Bridge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pensacola Bay Bridge on track to reopen next week — maybe sooner — as final steps wrap up\". Pensacola News Journal. May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2021/05/25/pensacola-bay-bridge-reopen-next-week-sooner-final-steps-finished/7429136002/","url_text":"\"Pensacola Bay Bridge on track to reopen next week — maybe sooner — as final steps wrap up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westbound span of Pensacola Bay Bridge is open. PPD has already made 21 traffic stops\". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved August 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pnj.com/story/news/local/2023/02/13/pensacola-bay-bridge-to-gulf-bridge-three-mile-bridge-fully-opens/69899483007/","url_text":"\"Westbound span of Pensacola Bay Bridge is open. PPD has already made 21 traffic stops\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Duwasir
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Dawasir
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["1 Nomenclature","2 History","2.1 Bahrain","2.2 Saudi Arabia","2.3 Qatar","2.4 UAE","3 Branches of Dawasir","4 Notable people","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Arabian tribe
Al Dawasir (Arabic: الدواسر) (singular: Al Dosari, Arabic: الدوسري) is an Arab tribe in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and other Gulf states. Its main base is in Wadi Al-Dawasir in Saudi Arabia. The Al Dawasir tribe is among the most powerful and influential tribes of Arabia, as they are the maternal uncles of much of the House of Saud family.Al DawasirArabic: الدواسرArab tribeLocation of the Al Dawasir Tribe in the Arabian PeninsulaEthnicityArabNisbaAl Dosari الدوسريLocationSaudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, OmanLanguageArabicReligionSunni Islam
Nomenclature
There are various theories surrounding the definition and origin of the term Dawasir. The two most popular theories are that it was derived from either the name of the tribe's purported forebear Dosser or the eponymous Arabic word which translates to "soldiers". Other sources include other terms such as the Arabic word for Lion or a type of Arabian horse.
History
Bahrain
The Dawasir in Bahrain mainly settled in the towns of Zallaq and Budaiya. The tribe have a long history on the island of Bahrain, and on the surrounding Islands (in Qatar and Saudi Arabia). Many members of the tribe worked in the pearl industry.
The Dawasir tribe is described by Middle Eastern history expert Yitzhak Nakash as being the "second largest and most powerful tribe after the Utub . So powerful were the Dawasir that their members recognized Sheikh 'Isa Al Khalifa as ruler in name only and considered themselves immune from taxation."
The Dawasir tribe opposed the British overthrow of Sheikh Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa (in favour of his son Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa) in 1923. Virtually all members of the tribe left Bahrain for Dammam, Saudi Arabia after suspecting that the new ruler, Sheikh Hamad bin Isa, would attempt to tighten his control over them with British support and force them into submitting to his rule. The Dawasir were officially allowed to return in April 1927 by Sheikh Hamad after being requested by Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia to do so.
Saudi Arabia
The cities of Dammam and Khobar, in Eastern Saudi Arabia, were founded in 1923 by the Al Dawasir tribe that migrated from Bahrain after King Abdul Aziz allowed them to settle within the area. The tribe initially settled in Khobar, which was chosen for its proximity to the island of Bahrain as the tribe had hoped to go back there soon, but the British made it tough for them to maneuver, so they later settled in Dammam.
Qatar
The Dawasir helped determine the maritime border between Qatar and Bahrain. In the beginning of the 20th century, the broken boat of a Dawasir tribesman was repaired with the help of the ruler of Bahrain. The tribesman had laid a fish trap near the Hawar Islands; little did he and his family know that their actions, seen as largely inconsequential at the time, would directly shape the boundaries of the future states of Bahrain and Qatar and result in one of the longest and most complex cases in international law. The Hawar Islands, once claimed by both Qatar and Bahrain, are now internationally recognized as part of Bahrain, to some extent due to the affiliations between the Dawasir tribe and the ruling Khalifa family of Bahrain.
UAE
The Dawasir have a historical presence on Delma Island, Abu Dhabi. Fahad Bin Rashid Al Dosari (born in 1886 in Abu Dhabi) was a leading pearl merchant on the island, known by his name during the reign of Shakhbut Bin Sultan Al Nahyan. A mosque on the island bears his name.
Branches of Dawasir
Al Dawasir is an ancient a tribal confederation of 2 main tribes that allied with each other: the Al Zayed and the Banu Taghlib.
Al Zayed, also known as the 'original' Dawasir, are descendants from Dowsar Al Asad Bin Omran Al Azdi. They immigrated from the south of the Arabian Peninsula to Wadi Al-Aqeeq (now Wadi Al-Dawasir) in Najd, Saudi Arabia. They went to battle against the Beni Aqeel tribe, who were in the valley before the Dawasir. The Dawasir (Al Zayed) left the battle victorious, making Wadi Al-Dawasir their home.
Banu Taghlib were among the most powerful and cohesive nomadic tribes of the pre-Islamic era. They descend from Taghlib bin Wael. This tribe was divided into several sections, including the Banu Taghlib from Al Dawasir.
Notable people
Among the tribe's members are:
Ahmed Al Sudairi Grandfather of King Fahad and King Salman of Saudi Arabia from their mother
Abdallah Ben Abdel Mohsen At-Turki, Secretary General of the Muslim World League and Minister of Minister of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance
Al-Muhallab Ibn Abi Sufra, Arab general and Umayyad governor of Khurasan
Fahad Al-Jalajel Saudi Minister of Health
Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, the mother of King Fahd and King Salman, as well as the mother of Sultan, Abdul Rahman, Nayef, Turki and Ahmed
Noora bint Hathal Al Dosari, Wife of the Emir of Qatar
Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi, Wife of King Salman
Saleh Al-Fawzan, Saudi senior Islamic scholar
Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, mother of King Abdulaziz, founder of the Third Saudi State
Saud al-Dosari, Saudi media personality
Salman bin Yousuf Al Dossary, Saudi Minister of Media
Walid al-Samaani Saudi Minister of Justice
Yasser Al-Dosari Imam of Masjid al-Haram
Yasir Al-Rumayyan Chairman of the Public Investment Fund
See also
Tribes of Arabia
Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad
References
^ بن أحمد بن عبد الله الراشدی, عبد الله; عبد الله بن فالح بن راشد السکران, عبد الله (2018-06-01). "المتطلبات التربویة لتوظیف المنصات التعلیمیة الإلکترونیة فی العملیة التعلیمیة فی المرحلة الثانویة من وجهة نظر المشرفین التربویین والمعلمین بتعلیم الخرج". مجلة البحث العلمى فى التربیة. 19 (الجزء الأول): 557–594. doi:10.21608/jsre.2018.7955. ISSN 2356-8356.
^ al-Zabidi, Murtada (1965). Taj al-Arus Min Jawahir al-Qamus (6 ed.). p. 402.
^ a b Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World. By Yitzhak Nakash, p57.
^ Twaalfhoven, Becky (2020-02-28). "The Ties that Bind: Tribes and Borders in the Gulf". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
^ "Delma Island". Abu Dhabi Culture. 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
External links
Official website
vte Arab tribes in Saudi ArabiaThese prefixes ignored in the alphabetical ordering: Al, Bani, Banu.
Abd al-Qays
Ansar
Al Bin Ali
Ajman
Al Ali
Al-Buainain
Al Blooshi
Al Kathiri
Al Zarqan
Al-Zayani
Al Muqbali
Anizah
Al Jalahma
Ruwallah
Banu Abs
Banu al-Hakam
Banu Thaqif
Banu Tamim
Bani Buhair
Banu Hudhayl
Banu Sulaym
Bani Hareth
Bani Shehr
Bani Sakher
Banu Lam
Al-Dhafeer
Banu Khuza'ah
Banu Yam
Al Murrah
Bani Khalid
Al Thawawida
Bariq
Humaydah
Bajila
Bani Malik
Bali
Bahila
Dawasir
Ghamd
Harb
Mahamid
Howeitat
Juhaynah
Khafaja
Khath'am
Shahran
Mutayr
Otaibah
Quraysh
Banu Hashim
Banu Qatadah
Bani Shaiba
Qahtan
Bani Hajer
Subay'
Suhool
Shammar
Banu Taghlib
Zahran
Part of Arab tribes
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Wadi Al-Dawasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_ad-Dawasir"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"tribes of Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia"},{"link_name":"House of Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Al Dawasir (Arabic: الدواسر) (singular: Al Dosari, Arabic: الدوسري) is an Arab tribe in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and other Gulf states. Its main base is in Wadi Al-Dawasir in Saudi Arabia. The Al Dawasir tribe is among the most powerful and influential tribes of Arabia, as they are the maternal uncles of much of the House of Saud family.[1]","title":"Dawasir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"There are various theories surrounding the definition and origin of the term Dawasir. The two most popular theories are that it was derived from either the name of the tribe's purported forebear Dosser or the eponymous Arabic word which translates to \"soldiers\". Other sources include other terms such as the Arabic word for Lion or a type of Arabian horse.[2]","title":"Nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_ibn_Ali_Al_Khalifa"},{"link_name":"Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa_(1872%E2%80%931942)"},{"link_name":"Dammam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammam,_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Ibn Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"sub_title":"Bahrain","text":"The Dawasir in Bahrain mainly settled in the towns of Zallaq and Budaiya. The tribe have a long history on the island of Bahrain, and on the surrounding Islands (in Qatar and Saudi Arabia). Many members of the tribe worked in the pearl industry.The Dawasir tribe is described by Middle Eastern history expert Yitzhak Nakash as being the \"second largest and most powerful tribe after the Utub [in Bahrain]. So powerful were the Dawasir that their members recognized Sheikh 'Isa Al Khalifa as ruler in name only and considered themselves immune from taxation.\"[3]The Dawasir tribe opposed the British overthrow of Sheikh Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa (in favour of his son Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa) in 1923. Virtually all members of the tribe left Bahrain for Dammam, Saudi Arabia after suspecting that the new ruler, Sheikh Hamad bin Isa, would attempt to tighten his control over them with British support and force them into submitting to his rule. The Dawasir were officially allowed to return in April 1927 by Sheikh Hamad after being requested by Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia to do so.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dammam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammam"},{"link_name":"Khobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khobar"},{"link_name":"Al Dawasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Dawasir"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"King Abdul Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud"},{"link_name":"Khobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khobar"}],"sub_title":"Saudi Arabia","text":"The cities of Dammam and Khobar, in Eastern Saudi Arabia, were founded in 1923 by the Al Dawasir tribe that migrated from Bahrain after King Abdul Aziz allowed them to settle within the area. The tribe initially settled in Khobar, which was chosen for its proximity to the island of Bahrain as the tribe had hoped to go back there soon, but the British made it tough for them to maneuver, so they later settled in Dammam.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Qatar","text":"The Dawasir helped determine the maritime border between Qatar and Bahrain. In the beginning of the 20th century, the broken boat of a Dawasir tribesman was repaired with the help of the ruler of Bahrain. The tribesman had laid a fish trap near the Hawar Islands; little did he and his family know that their actions, seen as largely inconsequential at the time, would directly shape the boundaries of the future states of Bahrain and Qatar and result in one of the longest and most complex cases in international law. The Hawar Islands, once claimed by both Qatar and Bahrain, are now internationally recognized as part of Bahrain, to some extent due to the affiliations between the Dawasir tribe and the ruling Khalifa family of Bahrain.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"UAE","text":"The Dawasir have a historical presence on Delma Island, Abu Dhabi. Fahad Bin Rashid Al Dosari (born in 1886 in Abu Dhabi) was a leading pearl merchant on the island, known by his name during the reign of Shakhbut Bin Sultan Al Nahyan. A mosque on the island bears his name.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beni Aqeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88%20%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%84"},{"link_name":"Taghlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghlib"},{"link_name":"pre-Islamic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia"}],"text":"Al Dawasir is an ancient a tribal confederation of 2 main tribes that allied with each other: the Al Zayed and the Banu Taghlib.Al Zayed, also known as the 'original' Dawasir, are descendants from Dowsar Al Asad Bin Omran Al Azdi. They immigrated from the south of the Arabian Peninsula to Wadi Al-Aqeeq (now Wadi Al-Dawasir) in Najd, Saudi Arabia. They went to battle against the Beni Aqeel tribe, who were in the valley before the Dawasir. The Dawasir (Al Zayed) left the battle victorious, making Wadi Al-Dawasir their home.Banu Taghlib were among the most powerful and cohesive nomadic tribes of the pre-Islamic era. They descend from Taghlib bin Wael. This tribe was divided into several sections, including the Banu Taghlib from Al Dawasir.","title":"Branches of Dawasir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmed Al Sudairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A"},{"link_name":"Abdallah Ben Abdel Mohsen At-Turki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_Ben_Abdel_Mohsen_At-Turki"},{"link_name":"Muslim World League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_World_League"},{"link_name":"Minister of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Islamic_Affairs,_Dawah_and_Guidance"},{"link_name":"Al-Muhallab Ibn Abi Sufra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhallab_Ibn_Abi_Sufra"},{"link_name":"Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Khurasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Fahad Al-Jalajel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahad_Al-Jalajel"},{"link_name":"Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussa_bint_Ahmed_Al_Sudairi"},{"link_name":"Fahd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Salman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_bin_Abdulaziz"},{"link_name":"Abdul Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Nayef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayef_bin_Abdulaziz"},{"link_name":"Turki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki_II_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Noora bint Hathal Al Dosari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noora_bint_Hathal_Al_Dosari"},{"link_name":"Emir of Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar"},{"link_name":"Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana_bint_Turki_Al_Sudairi"},{"link_name":"King Salman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Salman"},{"link_name":"Saleh Al-Fawzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan"},{"link_name":"Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_bint_Ahmed_Al_Sudairi"},{"link_name":"King Abdulaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud"},{"link_name":"Third Saudi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Saudi_State"},{"link_name":"Saud al-Dosari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_al-Dosari"},{"link_name":"Salman bin Yousuf Al Dossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_bin_Yousuf_Al_Dossary"},{"link_name":"Walid al-Samaani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_al-Samaani"},{"link_name":"Yasser Al-Dosari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Al-Dosari"},{"link_name":"Masjid al-Haram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram"},{"link_name":"Yasir Al-Rumayyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasir_Al-Rumayyan"},{"link_name":"Public Investment Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund"}],"text":"Among the tribe's members are:Ahmed Al Sudairi Grandfather of King Fahad and King Salman of Saudi Arabia from their mother\nAbdallah Ben Abdel Mohsen At-Turki, Secretary General of the Muslim World League and Minister of Minister of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance\nAl-Muhallab Ibn Abi Sufra, Arab general and Umayyad governor of Khurasan\nFahad Al-Jalajel Saudi Minister of Health\nHussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, the mother of King Fahd and King Salman, as well as the mother of Sultan, Abdul Rahman, Nayef, Turki and Ahmed\nNoora bint Hathal Al Dosari, Wife of the Emir of Qatar\nSultana bint Turki Al Sudairi, Wife of King Salman\nSaleh Al-Fawzan, Saudi senior Islamic scholar\nSara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, mother of King Abdulaziz, founder of the Third Saudi State\nSaud al-Dosari, Saudi media personality\nSalman bin Yousuf Al Dossary, Saudi Minister of Media\nWalid al-Samaani Saudi Minister of Justice\nYasser Al-Dosari Imam of Masjid al-Haram\nYasir Al-Rumayyan Chairman of the Public Investment Fund","title":"Notable people"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"بن أحمد بن عبد الله الراشدی, عبد الله; عبد الله بن فالح بن راشد السکران, عبد الله (2018-06-01). \"المتطلبات التربویة لتوظیف المنصات التعلیمیة الإلکترونیة فی العملیة التعلیمیة فی المرحلة الثانویة من وجهة نظر المشرفین التربویین والمعلمین بتعلیم الخرج\". مجلة البحث العلمى فى التربیة. 19 (الجزء الأول): 557–594. doi:10.21608/jsre.2018.7955. ISSN 2356-8356.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21608%2Fjsre.2018.7955","url_text":"\"المتطلبات التربویة لتوظیف المنصات التعلیمیة الإلکترونیة فی العملیة التعلیمیة فی المرحلة الثانویة من وجهة نظر المشرفین التربویین والمعلمین بتعلیم الخرج\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21608%2Fjsre.2018.7955","url_text":"10.21608/jsre.2018.7955"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2356-8356","url_text":"2356-8356"}]},{"reference":"al-Zabidi, Murtada (1965). Taj al-Arus Min Jawahir al-Qamus (6 ed.). p. 402.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Twaalfhoven, Becky (2020-02-28). \"The Ties that Bind: Tribes and Borders in the Gulf\". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved 2024-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/02/28/tribes-and-borders-in-the-gulf/","url_text":"\"The Ties that Bind: Tribes and Borders in the Gulf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Delma Island\". Abu Dhabi Culture. 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2024-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://abudhabiculture.ae/en/experience/cultural-landscapes-and-oases/delma-island","url_text":"\"Delma Island\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Afonso
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José Afonso
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["1 Biography","1.1 1929–1940: Early life","1.2 1940–1956: The Coimbra years","1.3 1956–1968: Work as a teacher, first albums and early political action","1.4 1968–1974: Prolific period and anti-regime activities","1.5 1974–1980: Revolutionary period","1.6 1980–1987: Zeca's last years","2 Legacy","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Live albums","3.3 Extended plays","3.4 Posthumous releases","4 References","5 External links"]
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Portuguese singer-songwriter (1929–1987)
José AfonsoJosé AfonsoBackground informationBirth nameJosé Manuel Cerqueira Afonso dos SantosAlso known asZeca AfonsoBorn(1929-08-02)2 August 1929Aveiro, PortugalDied23 February 1987(1987-02-23) (aged 57)Setúbal, PortugalGenres
Folk
Protest song
Coimbra fado
Occupation(s)Singer, songwriter, teacher, activistInstrument(s)Vocals, guitarYears active1953–1987Musical artist
José Manuel Cerqueira Afonso dos Santos (2 August 1929 – 23 February 1987), known professionally as José Afonso and also popularly known as Zeca Afonso, was a Portuguese singer-songwriter. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of Portugal's folk and protest music scene. His music played a significant role in the resistance against the dictatorial Estado Novo regime, making him an icon in Portugal.
Afonso's song "Grândola, Vila Morena" was used as a radio-broadcast signal by the Portuguese Armed Forces during their military coup operation in the morning of 25 April 1974, which led to the Carnation Revolution and the transition to democracy in Portugal. Subsequently, Afonso's music, along with "Grândola, Vila Morena," became emblematic of the revolution, anti-fascism, the Portuguese labor movement, and the political left.
Biography
1929–1940: Early life
José Afonso was born in Aveiro on 2 August 1929. His parents were José Nepomuceno Afonso dos Santos, a magistrate, and Maria das Dores Dantas Cerqueira, a primary school teacher.
In 1930, his parents travelled to Angola, a Portuguese colony at the time, where his father had been placed as a judge in the city of Silva Porto (present-day Cuíto). For health reasons, Afonso stayed in Aveiro, in a house near the Fonte das Cinco Bicas, with his aunt Gigé and his uncle Xico, a "republican and anticlerical" man. In 1933 Afonso travelled to Angola at his mother's request. On the ship he met a missionary who became his companion during the voyage. Afonso stayed for three years in Angola, where he began his primary education.
In 1936, he returned to Aveiro. In 1937 he went to live abroad for the second time, this time to Mozambique, another Portuguese colony in Africa, where his parents were then living with his siblings João and Mariazinha.
He returned to Portugal in 1938, this time to the house of his uncle Filomeno, mayor of the town of Belmonte. There he finished the fourth grade. His uncle, a fierce fascist supporter, made him a join the "Mocidade Portuguesa", a paramilitary style political indoctrination youth organization conceived by the right-wing regime of Salazar and the Estado Novo, to provide regime aligned cadres and future leaders.
1940–1956: The Coimbra years
Homage azulejo at the house where José Afonso lived in CoimbraHe went to Coimbra in 1940 to continue his studies. He studied in the D. João III Lyceum and lived with his aunt Avrilete. His family went from Mozambique to East Timor, also a Portuguese overseas territory at that time, where his father continued his job as a judge. Mariazinha went with them while his brother João returned to Portugal. After the occupation of Timor by the Japanese, Afonso received no news from his parents for three years, until the end of World War II in 1945.
When he was in his 5th year of lyceum studies, Afonso started singing seranades as a bicho (meaning a non-human ugly or scary creature), a rank used in the University of Coimbra praxe for lyceum students. He became known as the "bicho-cantor" (singing creature).
From 1946 to 1948 he worked to finish his lyceum studies, after failing two years. He met Maria Amália de Oliveira, whom he married secretly due to his parents' opposition. He traveled with some of the most important university musical groups, such as Orfeon Académico de Coimbra, and played football for Associação Académica de Coimbra.
In 1949 he started studying History and Philosophy at Coimbra University. With the Orfeon Académico de Coimbra, he travelled to Angola and Mozambique.
In January 1953, his first son José Manuel was born. Later that year, his first recordings were released. These were two 78-rpm records of Coimbra fado songs, of which no copies exist today.
Between 1953 and 1955, he served compulsory military service. He was mobilized to Macau, a Portuguese territory at the time, but due to health problems he was discharged. He was afterwards stationed in Coimbra until completing military service. His daughter Helena was born in 1954. During this time he experienced many economic difficulties and eventually divorced his wife.
1956–1968: Work as a teacher, first albums and early political action
In 1956 Afonso released his first EP, Fados de Coimbra. After his military service, he started working as a teacher. From January to September 1957 he worked at a private school in Mangualde and afterwards worked at the Industrial and Commercial School of Lagos between October 1957 and July 1959. Due to his financial problems, he sent his children to the Portuguese overseas territory of Mozambique in 1958, to live with his parents. In that year he became enthralled by Humberto Delgado's presidential campaign; Delgado lost due to massive electoral fraud perpetrated by the authoritarian Estado Novo regime.
Between October 1959 and July 1960 he worked at the Technical School of Alcobaça. It was during 1959 and 1960 that he started singing in his trademark musical style, coloured with political and social connotations, touring with many popular groups around the country and gradually becoming a favourite among the working class and the rural population. He toured for a month in Angola with the Orfeon Académico de Coimbra. In 1960 he released another EP, Balada do Outono.
From 1961 to 1962 he followed the pro-democracy student strikes and demonstrations demanding the end of the authoritarian Estado Novo regime, which were brutally repressed by the police. He continued releasing many of his songs and introduced important new guitar arrangements. He played in Switzerland, Germany and Sweden, with a fado guitar group that included Adriano Correia de Oliveira, José Niza, Jorge Godinho, Durval Moreirinhas and the singer Esmeralda Amoedo.
He released a new EP, named Baladas de Coimbra, in 1962. He completed his university studies in 1963 with a thesis about Jean-Paul Sartre, which got a grade of 11 out of 20. That year he also finalized his divorce from his wife Maria Amália.
In 1964 he released his first studio album, Baladas e Canções ("Ballads and Songs"). In May 1964, Afonso performed at the Sociedade Musical Fraternidade Operária Grandolense (Workers' Fraternity Musical Society of Grândola) in Grândola, where he found the inspiration to compose his most famous song, "Grândola, Vila Morena". The song would be recorded years later for his album Cantigas do Maio, and would become one of signals for the start of the Carnation Revolution in April 1974.
From 1964 to 1967, Afonso was in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) and Beira, in Mozambique, with his second wife Zélia, where he reunited with his children. In his last two years in the overseas province, he taught in Beira and composed music for the Bertolt Brecht play The Exception and The Rule. In 1965 his daughter Joana was born and by 1967, marked by the colonial reality and the Portuguese Colonial War, he returned to Lisbon. He left his older son, José Manuel, with his grandparents in Mozambique.
Back in Portugal, Afonso took up a secondary school teacher position in Setúbal, where he developed a severe health crisis which left him hospitalized for 20 days. After receiving hospital discharge, he found out that he had been expelled from public school teaching because the regime censors disapproved of his leftist political ideals and considered his songs highly subversive. Later, the book Cantares de José Afonso (Songs of José Afonso) was published. The Portuguese Communist Party leadership invited him to become a party member but Afonso refused. He signed a contract with the record label Orfeu, which would record 70% of his works.
1968–1974: Prolific period and anti-regime activities
In 1968, after being dismissed from the government teaching job, Afonso became a private tutor and started singing more regularly with popular groups from the south bank of the Tagus river, a region which had a stronger influence of the Portuguese Communist Party. Around Christmas, Afonso released the album Cantares do Andarilho ("Songs of the Wanderer"), in collaboration with Rui Pato, the first album recorded for the label Orfeu. Afonso had a special contract with Orfeu, for he was paid 15,000 escudos per month, a princely sum at the time, under the condition that he recorded an album per year.
In 1969, with the replacement of hardliner António de Oliveira Salazar by the more moderate Marcelo Caetano as head of the Estado Novo regime, the nation got a slight taste of democracy, such as permission to rebuild a democratic Labour Union movement. José Afonso joined the movement and supported it by all the means he could while also taking part in the second wave of student rebellion against the regime in the university town of Coimbra. That year, his album Contos Velhos Rumos Novos ("Old Tales New Courses") was released. For the first time an instrument other than the guitar was used on a José Afonso album. For this album he was awarded the prize for best album of the year by Casa da Imprensa, a distinction he would repeat in 1970 and 1971. His fourth and last son, Pedro, was also born in 1969.
In 1970, Afonso released the album Traz Outro Amigo Também ("Bring Another Friend as Well"), which was recorded in London at the Pye Studios. It was the first album without frequent collaborator Rui Pato, who had been forbidden to travel by the Portugal's secret police. On 21 March, Casa da Imprensa (representing the Portuguese press) gave Afonso an honorary award for his "high quality work as a singer and composer and for his decisive influence upon Portuguese popular music". He participated in an international festival in Cuba.
At the end of 1971, the album Cantigas do Maio ("Songs of May") was released. The album was recorded at Château d'Hérouville, near Paris. This album is generally considered the best album of his career. In 1972, he released the album Eu Vou Ser Como a Toupeira ("I Will Be Just Like The Mole"), recorded in Madrid at the Cellada Studios.
In 1973, José Afonso continued his "pilgrimage", singing all over Portugal. Many of his appearances were forcibly cancelled by the PIDE/DGS. In April he was arrested and sentenced to 20 days in the Caxias prison (a facility used mostly to jail political prisoners). In the prison he wrote the poem Era Um Redondo Vocábulo. For Christmas, he released the album Venham Mais Cinco ("Let Five More Come"), recorded in Paris and on which José Mário Branco collaborated. Janine de Waleyne from the Blue Stars of France, a prominent vocalist in French chanson, guested on the title track.
On 29 March 1974, Afonso participated in a concert event at the Coliseu dos Recreios in Lisbon, called "First Meeting of the Portuguese Song" (Portuguese: Primeiro Encontro da Canção Portuguesa). This was an event sponsored by Casa da Imprensa in which several folk singer-songwriters and musicians with anti-Estado Novo inclinations participated. The state censorship still operated in the event, and Afonso was forbidden from performing some of his songs with more political messages, such as "Venham Mais Cinco" and "A Morte Saiu à Rua". "Grândola, Vila Morena", however, was not seen as a subversive song and was allowed to be performed. Almost one month later, on 25 April 1974, the Portuguese Estado Novo regime was overthrown in a nearly bloodless military coup, known as the Carnation Revolution. "Grândola, Vila Morena" was one of the two songs used as a radio-broadcast signal by the Portuguese Armed Forces Movement during their coup operation and is considered ever since the anthem of the revolution.
1974–1980: Revolutionary period
José Afonso (first from the left), alongside Fausto Bordalo Dias, Sérgio Godinho, Vitorino and others, in 1979
In December 1974, Afonso released the album Coro dos Tribunais ("Courthouse Chorus"), which was recorded in London, again at the Pye Studios, with musical arrangements by Fausto Bordalo Dias. The album includes two Brechtian songs, composed in Mozambique in the period between 1964 and 1967: "Coro dos Tribunais" and "Eu Marchava de Dia e de Noite".
From 1974 to 1975 he became directly involved in the popular revolutionary movements. The PREC (Ongoing Revolutionary Process) became his passion. He performed on 11 March 1975 (the day of a failed coup led by António de Spínola) in the RALIS, a leftist military stronghold. Afonso established a collaboration with the far-left movement LUAR (Revolutionary Action and Unity League). LUAR released his single "Viva o Poder Popular" (Hail to the People's Power). In Italy, the revolutionary organizations Lotta Continua, Il Manifesto and Avanguardia Operaia released the album República, recorded in Rome on 30 September and 1 October 1975. The money received from the sales of the album went to support the striking workers of the newspaper República.
In 1976 he supported Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho's presidential candidacy. Otelo was an important commander of the Carnation Revolution military operations, and Afonso would support him again in 1980. He released the album Com as Minhas Tamanquinhas ("With My Little Clogs").
The album Enquanto Há Força ("While There is Strength"), released in 1978, another collaboration with Fausto, shows some of Afonso's concerns about colonialism and imperialism and is also a critique of the Catholic Church. It includes the participation of other Portuguese artists such as Adriano Correia de Oliveira and Sérgio Godinho.
In 1979 the album Fura Fura ("Drill Drill") was released, with the collaboration of Júlio Pereira and the band Trovante. It contains eight songs that were meant for theater plays. He participated in the Anti-Eurovision Festival in Brussels.
1980–1987: Zeca's last years
In 1981, after two years out of the spotlight, Afonso returned to his Coimbra roots with the album Fados de Coimbra e Outras Canções ("Coimbra fados and other songs"). He played in Paris at the Théâtre de la Ville.
In 1982 he started developing the first symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a severe disease that would affect him for the rest of his life. He played in Bruges at the Printemps Festival.
On 23 January 1983, Afonso, already weakened by the disease, played a sold-out show at the Coliseu dos Recreios in Lisbon. This show was recorded and immortalized in the live album Ao Vivo no Coliseu, released later that year. Afonso's last concert was on 25 May 1983, at the Coliseu do Porto, in Porto. At the end of 1983 he released the album Como Se Fora Seu Filho ("As If He Was His Son") The city of Coimbra awarded him its Golden Medal of the City. "Thank you Zeca, come back whenever you wish, this is your home", the mayor of Coimbra, Mendes Silva, told him; to which Afonso replied "I don't want to become an institution, but I feel very grateful for the homage". The President of Portugal Ramalho Eanes wanted to bestow upon him the Order of Liberty, but Afonso refused to fill in the papers. Also in 1983 Afonso was reinstated in his official teaching position, whence he had been expelled in 1968; he was sent to a school in Azeitão to teach History and Portuguese. His disease worsened.
In 1985 his last album, Galinhas do Mato ("Guineafowls"), was released. Afonso was unable to sing all the songs on the album, being replaced by Luís Represas, Helena Vieira, Janita Salomé, José Mário Branco, Né Ladeiras and Marta Salomé. Musical arrangements were done by Júlio Pereira and Fausto.
In 1986 he supported the presidential candidacy of Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo, a progressive Catholic woman; she was not elected.
José Afonso died in Setúbal at 3 a.m. on 23 February 1987, aged 57, a victim of the sclerosis that had been diagnosed in 1982. His funeral in Setúbal occurred the following day and was attended by more than 30,000 people. The procession took two hours to cover 1300 meters. His coffin was covered with a red flag with no symbols, as he had wished, and it was borne by, among others, his fellow musicians Sérgio Godinho, Júlio Pereira, José Mário Branco, Luís Cília and Francisco Fanhais. Afonso is buried in the Nossa Senhora da Piedade cemetery in Setúbal.
Legacy
Monument in homage to Zeca in Grândola
On 18 November 1987, the Associação José Afonso was created with the objective of fulfilling Afonso's intentions in the areas of Portuguese music and art.
In 1991, the city of Amadora inaugurated a 3.7 metres (12 ft) statue of José Afonso in the city's Central Park.
On 30 June 1994, as part of Lisboa-94, European Capital of Culture, a festival in homage to José Afonso took place. Many Portuguese musicians, both veterans and younger artists, joined in the tribute festival, called "Filhos da Madrugada" ("Children of Dawn", the title of one of Afonso's most famous songs). Earlier that year, BMG had released an album with the same title as the festival, and with the same artists performing their own versions of Afonso's songs. Performers at this event included Brigada Victor Jara, Censurados, Delfins, Diva, Entre Aspas, Essa Entente, Frei Fado D'El Rei, GNR, Madredeus, Mão Morta, Opus Ensemble, Peste & Sida, Resistência, Ritual Tejo, Sérgio Godinho, Sétima Legião, Sitiados, Tubarões, UHF, Vozes da Rádio, and Xutos & Pontapés. Thirteen years earlier, Afonso had remarked that "If rock is the musical style that the young prefer, then we should ask for good quality rock music".
In 1995 José Mário Branco, Amélia Muge, and João Afonso, José Afonso's nephew, released another album in homage to Afonso, called Maio, Maduro Maio, that included many of his songs and two previously unreleased ones, "Entre Sodoma e Gomorra" and "Nem Sempre os Dias São Dias Passados".
For the 10th anniversary of Afonso's death, in 1997, EMI released for the first time in CD format the 1964 album Baladas e Canções.
In 1998, Vitorino and Janita Salomé took part in a concert in homage to José Afonso, included in Expo'98's programme.
In 2007 he was elected the 29th Greatest Portuguese.
Discography
Studio albums
Baladas e Canções (1964)
Cantares do Andarilho (1968)
Contos Velhos Rumos Novos (1969)
Traz Outro Amigo Também (1970)
Cantigas do Maio (1971)
Eu Vou Ser Como a Toupeira (1972)
Venham Mais Cinco (1973)
Coro dos Tribunais (1974)
Com as Minhas Tamanquinhas (1976)
Enquanto Há Força (1978)
Fura Fura (1979)
Fados de Coimbra e Outras Canções (1981)
Como Se Fora Seu Filho (1983)
Galinhas do Mato (1985)
Live albums
José Afonso in Hamburg (1982)
Ao Vivo no Coliseu (1983)
Extended plays
Fados de Coimbra (1956)
Balada do Outono (1960)
Baladas de Coimbra (1962)
Dr. José Afonso em Baladas de Coimbra (1963)
Posthumous releases
Os Vampiros (1987)
De Capa e Batina (1996)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "biografia | AJA" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^ a b "BLITZ – 25 de Abril. "Grândola, Vila Morena": a história completa de uma canção com várias vidas". Jornal blitz (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 5 April 2021.
^ J. Leitão, M. Romeiras, Relatório I Encontro da Canção Portuguesa, Secretaria de Estado da Informação e Turismo, 1 April 1974.
^ Huet, Natalie (25 April 2017). "Portugal celebrates Carnation Revolution, warns against populism". euronews. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ "11 de Março de 1975. O dia que fez o PS, o CDS e o PSD tremer". Jornal SOL (in Portuguese). Retrieved 10 April 2021.
^ "O homem que cantou a liberdade morreu há 30 anos". www.jn.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 10 April 2021.
External links
Associação José Afonso (José Afonso Association) (in Portuguese)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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France
BnF data
Catalonia
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IdRef
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He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of Portugal's folk and protest music scene. His music played a significant role in the resistance against the dictatorial Estado Novo regime, making him an icon in Portugal.Afonso's song \"Grândola, Vila Morena\" was used as a radio-broadcast signal by the Portuguese Armed Forces during their military coup operation in the morning of 25 April 1974, which led to the Carnation Revolution and the transition to democracy in Portugal. Subsequently, Afonso's music, along with \"Grândola, Vila Morena,\" became emblematic of the revolution, anti-fascism, the Portuguese labor movement, and the political left.","title":"José Afonso"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aveiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveiro,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"magistrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Angola"},{"link_name":"Cuíto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%C3%ADto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Belmonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmonte_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Mocidade Portuguesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"youth organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_organization"},{"link_name":"Estado Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)"}],"sub_title":"1929–1940: Early life","text":"José Afonso was born in Aveiro on 2 August 1929. His parents were José Nepomuceno Afonso dos Santos, a magistrate, and Maria das Dores Dantas Cerqueira, a primary school teacher.[1]In 1930, his parents travelled to Angola, a Portuguese colony at the time, where his father had been placed as a judge in the city of Silva Porto (present-day Cuíto). For health reasons, Afonso stayed in Aveiro, in a house near the Fonte das Cinco Bicas, with his aunt Gigé and his uncle Xico, a \"republican and anticlerical\" man. In 1933 Afonso travelled to Angola at his mother's request. On the ship he met a missionary who became his companion during the voyage. Afonso stayed for three years in Angola, where he began his primary education.[1]In 1936, he returned to Aveiro. In 1937 he went to live abroad for the second time, this time to Mozambique, another Portuguese colony in Africa, where his parents were then living with his siblings João and Mariazinha.[1]He returned to Portugal in 1938, this time to the house of his uncle Filomeno, mayor of the town of Belmonte. There he finished the fourth grade. His uncle, a fierce fascist supporter, made him a join the \"Mocidade Portuguesa\",[1] a paramilitary style political indoctrination youth organization conceived by the right-wing regime of Salazar and the Estado Novo, to provide regime aligned cadres and future leaders.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jose-afonso-coimbra_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"azulejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azulejo"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Timor"},{"link_name":"the occupation of Timor by the Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"seranades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenade"},{"link_name":"University of Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"praxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Orfeon Académico de Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfeon_Acad%C3%A9mico_de_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Associação Académica de Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Acad%C3%A9mica_de_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"78-rpm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78-rpm"},{"link_name":"Coimbra fado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra_Fado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"1940–1956: The Coimbra years","text":"Homage azulejo at the house where José Afonso lived in CoimbraHe went to Coimbra in 1940 to continue his studies. He studied in the D. João III Lyceum and lived with his aunt Avrilete. His family went from Mozambique to East Timor, also a Portuguese overseas territory at that time, where his father continued his job as a judge. Mariazinha went with them while his brother João returned to Portugal. After the occupation of Timor by the Japanese, Afonso received no news from his parents for three years, until the end of World War II in 1945.[1]When he was in his 5th year of lyceum studies, Afonso started singing seranades as a bicho (meaning a non-human ugly or scary creature), a rank used in the University of Coimbra praxe for lyceum students. He became known as the \"bicho-cantor\" (singing creature).[1]From 1946 to 1948 he worked to finish his lyceum studies, after failing two years. He met Maria Amália de Oliveira, whom he married secretly due to his parents' opposition. He traveled with some of the most important university musical groups, such as Orfeon Académico de Coimbra, and played football for Associação Académica de Coimbra.[1]In 1949 he started studying History and Philosophy at Coimbra University. With the Orfeon Académico de Coimbra, he travelled to Angola and Mozambique.[1]In January 1953, his first son José Manuel was born. Later that year, his first recordings were released. These were two 78-rpm records of Coimbra fado songs, of which no copies exist today.[1]Between 1953 and 1955, he served compulsory military service. He was mobilized to Macau, a Portuguese territory at the time, but due to health problems he was discharged. He was afterwards stationed in Coimbra until completing military service. His daughter Helena was born in 1954. During this time he experienced many economic difficulties and eventually divorced his wife.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mangualde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangualde"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Humberto Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Estado Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Alcobaça","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoba%C3%A7a,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"fado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fado"},{"link_name":"Adriano Correia de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Correia_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Sartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Grândola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A2ndola"},{"link_name":"Grândola, Vila Morena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A2ndola,_Vila_Morena"},{"link_name":"Carnation Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Lourenço Marques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques"},{"link_name":"Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Bertolt Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Colonial War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Setúbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"1956–1968: Work as a teacher, first albums and early political action","text":"In 1956 Afonso released his first EP, Fados de Coimbra. After his military service, he started working as a teacher. From January to September 1957 he worked at a private school in Mangualde and afterwards worked at the Industrial and Commercial School of Lagos between October 1957 and July 1959. Due to his financial problems, he sent his children to the Portuguese overseas territory of Mozambique in 1958, to live with his parents.[1] In that year he became enthralled by Humberto Delgado's presidential campaign; Delgado lost due to massive electoral fraud perpetrated by the authoritarian Estado Novo regime.Between October 1959 and July 1960 he worked at the Technical School of Alcobaça. It was during 1959 and 1960 that he started singing in his trademark musical style, coloured with political and social connotations, touring with many popular groups around the country and gradually becoming a favourite among the working class and the rural population.[citation needed] He toured for a month in Angola with the Orfeon Académico de Coimbra. In 1960 he released another EP, Balada do Outono. [1]From 1961 to 1962 he followed the pro-democracy student strikes and demonstrations demanding the end of the authoritarian Estado Novo regime, which were brutally repressed by the police. He continued releasing many of his songs and introduced important new guitar arrangements. He played in Switzerland, Germany and Sweden, with a fado guitar group that included Adriano Correia de Oliveira, José Niza, Jorge Godinho, Durval Moreirinhas and the singer Esmeralda Amoedo.[1]He released a new EP, named Baladas de Coimbra, in 1962. He completed his university studies in 1963 with a thesis about Jean-Paul Sartre, which got a grade of 11 out of 20. That year he also finalized his divorce from his wife Maria Amália.[1]In 1964 he released his first studio album, Baladas e Canções (\"Ballads and Songs\"). In May 1964, Afonso performed at the Sociedade Musical Fraternidade Operária Grandolense (Workers' Fraternity Musical Society of Grândola) in Grândola, where he found the inspiration to compose his most famous song, \"Grândola, Vila Morena\". The song would be recorded years later for his album Cantigas do Maio, and would become one of signals for the start of the Carnation Revolution in April 1974.[2]From 1964 to 1967, Afonso was in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) and Beira, in Mozambique, with his second wife Zélia, where he reunited with his children. In his last two years in the overseas province, he taught in Beira and composed music for the Bertolt Brecht play The Exception and The Rule. In 1965 his daughter Joana was born and by 1967, marked by the colonial reality and the Portuguese Colonial War, he returned to Lisbon. He left his older son, José Manuel, with his grandparents in Mozambique.[1]Back in Portugal, Afonso took up a secondary school teacher position in Setúbal, where he developed a severe health crisis which left him hospitalized for 20 days. After receiving hospital discharge, he found out that he had been expelled from public school teaching because the regime censors disapproved of his leftist political ideals and considered his songs highly subversive. Later, the book Cantares de José Afonso (Songs of José Afonso) was published. The Portuguese Communist Party leadership invited him to become a party member but Afonso refused. He signed a contract with the record label Orfeu, which would record 70% of his works.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagus"},{"link_name":"escudos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_escudo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"António de Oliveira Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Caetano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano"},{"link_name":"Estado Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"university town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_town"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Pye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pye_Records"},{"link_name":"Portugal's secret police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIDE"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Cantigas do Maio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantigas_do_Maio"},{"link_name":"Château d'Hérouville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27H%C3%A9rouville"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"PIDE/DGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIDE/DGS"},{"link_name":"Caxias prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxias_prison"},{"link_name":"José Mário Branco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M%C3%A1rio_Branco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Coliseu dos Recreios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliseu_dos_Recreios"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Estado Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Carnation Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"1968–1974: Prolific period and anti-regime activities","text":"In 1968, after being dismissed from the government teaching job, Afonso became a private tutor and started singing more regularly with popular groups from the south bank of the Tagus river, a region which had a stronger influence of the Portuguese Communist Party. Around Christmas, Afonso released the album Cantares do Andarilho (\"Songs of the Wanderer\"), in collaboration with Rui Pato, the first album recorded for the label Orfeu. Afonso had a special contract with Orfeu, for he was paid 15,000 escudos per month, a princely sum at the time, under the condition that he recorded an album per year.[1]In 1969, with the replacement of hardliner António de Oliveira Salazar by the more moderate Marcelo Caetano as head of the Estado Novo regime, the nation got a slight taste of democracy, such as permission to rebuild a democratic Labour Union movement. José Afonso joined the movement and supported it by all the means he could while also taking part in the second wave of student rebellion against the regime in the university town of Coimbra. That year, his album Contos Velhos Rumos Novos (\"Old Tales New Courses\") was released. For the first time an instrument other than the guitar was used on a José Afonso album. For this album he was awarded the prize for best album of the year by Casa da Imprensa, a distinction he would repeat in 1970 and 1971. His fourth and last son, Pedro, was also born in 1969.[1]In 1970, Afonso released the album Traz Outro Amigo Também (\"Bring Another Friend as Well\"), which was recorded in London at the Pye Studios. It was the first album without frequent collaborator Rui Pato, who had been forbidden to travel by the Portugal's secret police. On 21 March, Casa da Imprensa (representing the Portuguese press) gave Afonso an honorary award for his \"high quality work as a singer and composer and for his decisive influence upon Portuguese popular music\". He participated in an international festival in Cuba.[1]At the end of 1971, the album Cantigas do Maio (\"Songs of May\") was released. The album was recorded at Château d'Hérouville, near Paris. This album is generally considered the best album of his career. In 1972, he released the album Eu Vou Ser Como a Toupeira (\"I Will Be Just Like The Mole\"), recorded in Madrid at the Cellada Studios.[1]In 1973, José Afonso continued his \"pilgrimage\", singing all over Portugal. Many of his appearances were forcibly cancelled by the PIDE/DGS. In April he was arrested and sentenced to 20 days in the Caxias prison (a facility used mostly to jail political prisoners). In the prison he wrote the poem Era Um Redondo Vocábulo. For Christmas, he released the album Venham Mais Cinco (\"Let Five More Come\"), recorded in Paris and on which José Mário Branco collaborated. Janine de Waleyne from the Blue Stars of France, a prominent vocalist in French chanson, guested on the title track.[1]On 29 March 1974, Afonso participated in a concert event at the Coliseu dos Recreios in Lisbon, called \"First Meeting of the Portuguese Song\" (Portuguese: Primeiro Encontro da Canção Portuguesa). This was an event sponsored by Casa da Imprensa in which several folk singer-songwriters and musicians with anti-Estado Novo inclinations participated.[3] The state censorship still operated in the event, and Afonso was forbidden from performing some of his songs with more political messages, such as \"Venham Mais Cinco\" and \"A Morte Saiu à Rua\". \"Grândola, Vila Morena\", however, was not seen as a subversive song and was allowed to be performed.[2] Almost one month later, on 25 April 1974, the Portuguese Estado Novo regime was overthrown in a nearly bloodless military coup, known as the Carnation Revolution. \"Grândola, Vila Morena\" was one of the two songs used as a radio-broadcast signal by the Portuguese Armed Forces Movement during their coup operation and is considered ever since the anthem of the revolution.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Festival_pela_vida.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fausto Bordalo Dias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Bordalo_Dias"},{"link_name":"Sérgio Godinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Godinho"},{"link_name":"Vitorino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitorino"},{"link_name":"Fausto Bordalo Dias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Bordalo_Dias"},{"link_name":"Brechtian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_Brecht"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"PREC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso"},{"link_name":"António de Spínola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Sp%C3%ADnola"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lotta Continua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta_Continua"},{"link_name":"Il Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otelo_Saraiva_de_Carvalho"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Adriano Correia de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Correia_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Sérgio Godinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Godinho"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"1974–1980: Revolutionary period","text":"José Afonso (first from the left), alongside Fausto Bordalo Dias, Sérgio Godinho, Vitorino and others, in 1979In December 1974, Afonso released the album Coro dos Tribunais (\"Courthouse Chorus\"), which was recorded in London, again at the Pye Studios, with musical arrangements by Fausto Bordalo Dias. The album includes two Brechtian songs, composed in Mozambique in the period between 1964 and 1967: \"Coro dos Tribunais\" and \"Eu Marchava de Dia e de Noite\".[1]From 1974 to 1975 he became directly involved in the popular revolutionary movements. The PREC (Ongoing Revolutionary Process) became his passion. He performed on 11 March 1975 (the day of a failed coup led by António de Spínola)[5] in the RALIS, a leftist military stronghold. Afonso established a collaboration with the far-left movement LUAR (Revolutionary Action and Unity League). LUAR released his single \"Viva o Poder Popular\" (Hail to the People's Power). In Italy, the revolutionary organizations Lotta Continua, Il Manifesto and Avanguardia Operaia released the album República, recorded in Rome on 30 September and 1 October 1975. The money received from the sales of the album went to support the striking workers of the newspaper República.[1]In 1976 he supported Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho's presidential candidacy. Otelo was an important commander of the Carnation Revolution military operations, and Afonso would support him again in 1980. He released the album Com as Minhas Tamanquinhas (\"With My Little Clogs\").[1]The album Enquanto Há Força (\"While There is Strength\"), released in 1978, another collaboration with Fausto, shows some of Afonso's concerns about colonialism and imperialism and is also a critique of the Catholic Church. It includes the participation of other Portuguese artists such as Adriano Correia de Oliveira and Sérgio Godinho.[1]In 1979 the album Fura Fura (\"Drill Drill\") was released, with the collaboration of Júlio Pereira and the band Trovante. It contains eight songs that were meant for theater plays. He participated in the Anti-Eurovision Festival in Brussels.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Théâtre de la Ville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ville"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Coliseu do Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliseu_do_Porto"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ramalho Eanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramalho_Eanes"},{"link_name":"Order of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Azeitão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeit%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_de_Lourdes_Pintasilgo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Setúbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal"},{"link_name":"sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"Sérgio Godinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Godinho"},{"link_name":"José Mário Branco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M%C3%A1rio_Branco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"1980–1987: Zeca's last years","text":"In 1981, after two years out of the spotlight, Afonso returned to his Coimbra roots with the album Fados de Coimbra e Outras Canções (\"Coimbra fados and other songs\"). He played in Paris at the Théâtre de la Ville.[1]In 1982 he started developing the first symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a severe disease that would affect him for the rest of his life. He played in Bruges at the Printemps Festival.[1]On 23 January 1983, Afonso, already weakened by the disease, played a sold-out show at the Coliseu dos Recreios in Lisbon. This show was recorded and immortalized in the live album Ao Vivo no Coliseu, released later that year. Afonso's last concert was on 25 May 1983, at the Coliseu do Porto, in Porto.[1] At the end of 1983 he released the album Como Se Fora Seu Filho (\"As If He Was His Son\") The city of Coimbra awarded him its Golden Medal of the City. \"Thank you Zeca, come back whenever you wish, this is your home\", the mayor of Coimbra, Mendes Silva, told him; to which Afonso replied \"I don't want to become an institution, but I feel very grateful for the homage\". The President of Portugal Ramalho Eanes wanted to bestow upon him the Order of Liberty, but Afonso refused to fill in the papers. Also in 1983 Afonso was reinstated in his official teaching position, whence he had been expelled in 1968; he was sent to a school in Azeitão to teach History and Portuguese. His disease worsened.[1]In 1985 his last album, Galinhas do Mato (\"Guineafowls\"), was released. Afonso was unable to sing all the songs on the album, being replaced by Luís Represas, Helena Vieira, Janita Salomé, José Mário Branco, Né Ladeiras and Marta Salomé. Musical arrangements were done by Júlio Pereira and Fausto.[1]In 1986 he supported the presidential candidacy of Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo, a progressive Catholic woman;[1] she was not elected.José Afonso died in Setúbal at 3 a.m. on 23 February 1987, aged 57, a victim of the sclerosis that had been diagnosed in 1982. His funeral in Setúbal occurred the following day and was attended by more than 30,000 people. The procession took two hours to cover 1300 meters. His coffin was covered with a red flag with no symbols, as he had wished, and it was borne by, among others, his fellow musicians Sérgio Godinho, Júlio Pereira, José Mário Branco, Luís Cília and Francisco Fanhais.[1] Afonso is buried in the Nossa Senhora da Piedade cemetery in Setúbal.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Afonso_-_Monumento_em_Grandola1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Grândola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A2ndola"},{"link_name":"Amadora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadora"},{"link_name":"European Capital of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"Brigada Victor Jara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigada_V%C3%ADctor_Jara"},{"link_name":"Delfins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfins"},{"link_name":"Madredeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madredeus"},{"link_name":"Mão Morta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3o_Morta"},{"link_name":"Sérgio Godinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Godinho"},{"link_name":"Sétima Legião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tima_Legi%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF_(Portuguese_band)"},{"link_name":"Xutos & Pontapés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xutos_%26_Pontap%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Greatest Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_Grandes_Portugueses"}],"text":"Monument in homage to Zeca in GrândolaOn 18 November 1987, the Associação José Afonso was created with the objective of fulfilling Afonso's intentions in the areas of Portuguese music and art.In 1991, the city of Amadora inaugurated a 3.7 metres (12 ft) statue of José Afonso in the city's Central Park.On 30 June 1994, as part of Lisboa-94, European Capital of Culture, a festival in homage to José Afonso took place. Many Portuguese musicians, both veterans and younger artists, joined in the tribute festival, called \"Filhos da Madrugada\" (\"Children of Dawn\", the title of one of Afonso's most famous songs). Earlier that year, BMG had released an album with the same title as the festival, and with the same artists performing their own versions of Afonso's songs. Performers at this event included Brigada Victor Jara, Censurados, Delfins, Diva, Entre Aspas, Essa Entente, Frei Fado D'El Rei, GNR, Madredeus, Mão Morta, Opus Ensemble, Peste & Sida, Resistência, Ritual Tejo, Sérgio Godinho, Sétima Legião, Sitiados, Tubarões, UHF, Vozes da Rádio, and Xutos & Pontapés. Thirteen years earlier, Afonso had remarked that \"If rock is the musical style that the young prefer, then we should ask for good quality rock music\".In 1995 José Mário Branco, Amélia Muge, and João Afonso, José Afonso's nephew, released another album in homage to Afonso, called Maio, Maduro Maio, that included many of his songs and two previously unreleased ones, \"Entre Sodoma e Gomorra\" and \"Nem Sempre os Dias São Dias Passados\".For the 10th anniversary of Afonso's death, in 1997, EMI released for the first time in CD format the 1964 album Baladas e Canções.In 1998, Vitorino and Janita Salomé took part in a concert in homage to José Afonso, included in Expo'98's programme.In 2007 he was elected the 29th Greatest Portuguese.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cantigas do Maio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantigas_do_Maio"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Baladas e Canções (1964)\nCantares do Andarilho (1968)\nContos Velhos Rumos Novos (1969)\nTraz Outro Amigo Também (1970)\nCantigas do Maio (1971)\nEu Vou Ser Como a Toupeira (1972)\nVenham Mais Cinco (1973)\nCoro dos Tribunais (1974)\nCom as Minhas Tamanquinhas (1976)\nEnquanto Há Força (1978)\nFura Fura (1979)\nFados de Coimbra e Outras Canções (1981)\nComo Se Fora Seu Filho (1983)\nGalinhas do Mato (1985)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","text":"José Afonso in Hamburg (1982)\nAo Vivo no Coliseu (1983)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","text":"Fados de Coimbra (1956)\nBalada do Outono (1960)\nBaladas de Coimbra (1962)\nDr. José Afonso em Baladas de Coimbra (1963)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Posthumous releases","text":"Os Vampiros (1987)\nDe Capa e Batina (1996)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Homage azulejo at the house where José Afonso lived in Coimbra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jose-afonso-coimbra_1.JPG/251px-Jose-afonso-coimbra_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"José Afonso (first from the left), alongside Fausto Bordalo Dias, Sérgio Godinho, Vitorino and others, in 1979","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Festival_pela_vida.jpg/300px-Festival_pela_vida.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument in homage to Zeca in Grândola","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jos%C3%A9_Afonso_-_Monumento_em_Grandola1.JPG/220px-Jos%C3%A9_Afonso_-_Monumento_em_Grandola1.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"biografia | AJA\" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aja.pt/biografia/","url_text":"\"biografia | AJA\""}]},{"reference":"\"BLITZ – 25 de Abril. \"Grândola, Vila Morena\": a história completa de uma canção com várias vidas\". Jornal blitz (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 5 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://blitz.pt/principal/update/2020-04-25-25-de-Abril.-Grandola-Vila-Morena-a-historia-completa-de-uma-cancao-com-varias-vidas","url_text":"\"BLITZ – 25 de Abril. \"Grândola, Vila Morena\": a história completa de uma canção com várias vidas\""}]},{"reference":"Huet, Natalie (25 April 2017). \"Portugal celebrates Carnation Revolution, warns against populism\". euronews. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.euronews.com/2017/04/25/portugal-celebrates-carnation-revolution-warns-against-populism","url_text":"\"Portugal celebrates Carnation Revolution, warns against populism\""}]},{"reference":"\"11 de Março de 1975. O dia que fez o PS, o CDS e o PSD tremer\". Jornal SOL (in Portuguese). Retrieved 10 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sol.sapo.pt/artigo/603810/11-de-marco-de-1975-o-dia-que-fez-o-ps-o-cds-e-o-psd-tremer","url_text":"\"11 de Março de 1975. O dia que fez o PS, o CDS e o PSD tremer\""}]},{"reference":"\"O homem que cantou a liberdade morreu há 30 anos\". www.jn.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 10 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jn.pt/nacional/o-homem-que-cantou-a-liberdade-morreu-ha-30-anos-5685467.html","url_text":"\"O homem que cantou a liberdade morreu há 30 anos\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.aja.pt/biografia/","external_links_name":"\"biografia | AJA\""},{"Link":"https://blitz.pt/principal/update/2020-04-25-25-de-Abril.-Grandola-Vila-Morena-a-historia-completa-de-uma-cancao-com-varias-vidas","external_links_name":"\"BLITZ – 25 de Abril. \"Grândola, Vila Morena\": a história completa de uma canção com várias vidas\""},{"Link":"http://www.stec.pt/uploads/25Abril/conteudos/1974_03_29_relatorio_1encontro_cancao_portuguesa.pdf","external_links_name":"Relatório I Encontro da Canção Portuguesa"},{"Link":"https://www.euronews.com/2017/04/25/portugal-celebrates-carnation-revolution-warns-against-populism","external_links_name":"\"Portugal celebrates Carnation Revolution, warns against populism\""},{"Link":"https://sol.sapo.pt/artigo/603810/11-de-marco-de-1975-o-dia-que-fez-o-ps-o-cds-e-o-psd-tremer","external_links_name":"\"11 de Março de 1975. O dia que fez o PS, o CDS e o PSD tremer\""},{"Link":"https://www.jn.pt/nacional/o-homem-que-cantou-a-liberdade-morreu-ha-30-anos-5685467.html","external_links_name":"\"O homem que cantou a liberdade morreu há 30 anos\""},{"Link":"http://www.aja.pt/","external_links_name":"Associação José Afonso (José Afonso Association)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1445953/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116317043","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/44497926","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmVphr76vGhk6vTvDDv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX821429","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14019333w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14019333w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058507922706706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118745832","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV298163","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007324750505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000209239","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80120245","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/sq47cr7b1g7tt7b","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068173040","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810634070005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/2327","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d06e7e71-0178-4e66-8150-044ff6047d64","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118745832.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6km0b5p","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/166970468","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivipary
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Vivipary
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["1 Description","2 Reproduction","3 Pseudovivipary","4 See also","5 References"]
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Plant seeds developing before detachment
Not to be confused with viviparity.
Watsonia meriana, near the end of flowering, has cormlets that eventually drop and root.
Red mangrove seeds germinate while still on the parent tree.
In plants, vivipary occurs when seeds or embryos begin to develop before they detach from the parent. Plants such as some Iridaceae and Agavoideae grow cormlets in the axils of their inflorescences. These fall and in favourable circumstances they have effectively a whole season's start over fallen seeds. Similarly, some Crassulaceae, such as Bryophyllum, develop and drop plantlets from notches in their leaves, ready to grow. Such production of embryos from somatic tissues is asexual vegetative reproduction that amounts to cloning.
Description
Most seed-bearing fruits produce a hormone that suppresses germination until after the fruit or parent plant dies, or the seeds pass through an animal's digestive tract. At this stage, the hormone's effect will dissipate and germination will occur once conditions are suitable. Some species lack this suppressant hormone as a central part of their reproductive strategy. For example, fruits that develop in climates without large seasonal variations. This phenomenon occurs most frequently on ears of corn, tomatoes, strawberries, peppers, pears, citrus fruits, and plants that grow in mangrove environments.
In some species of mangroves, for instance, the seed germinates and grows from its own resources while still attached to its parent. Seedlings of some species are dispersed by currents if they drop into the water, but others develop a heavy, straight taproot that commonly penetrates mud when the seedling drops, thereby effectively planting the seedling. This contrasts with the examples of vegetative reproduction mentioned above, in that the mangrove plantlets are true seedlings produced by sexual reproduction.
In some trees, like jackfruit, some citrus, and avocado, the seeds can be found already germinated while the fruit goes overripe; strictly speaking this condition cannot be described as vivipary, but the moist and humid conditions provided by the fruit mimic a wet soil that encourages germination. However, the seeds also can germinate under moist soil.
In some species of cacti, such as Escobaria vivipara, seeds germinate while still inside of the fruit. When the fruit is broken open, it bears many cacti propagules. This is thought to be an adaptation to rapid photoperiod, or daylight changes, since Escobaria vivipara is one of the few cacti that naturally occurs above the frost line in Canada.
Reproduction
Vivipary includes reproduction via embryos, such as shoots or bulbils, as opposed to germinating externally from a dropped, dormant seed, as is usual in plants;
Pseudovivipary
A few plants are pseudoviviparous – instead of reproducing with seeds, there are Monocots that can reproduce asexually by creating new plantlets in their spikelets. Examples are seagrass species belonging to the genus Posidonia and the alpine meadow-grass, Poa alpina.
See also
False vivipary
References
^ "Vivipary: An Unusual, Unsettling, and Fascinating Phenomenon". The Seed Collection. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
^ "What Is Vivipary". Gardening Know How. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
^ "UCLA: The Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden". ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
^ "Escobaria vivipara". ASU Campus Arboretum. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
^ Cota-Sanchez, Hugo (2002-12-01). Cacti: biology and uses.
^ Kenneth, John H. Henderson's Dictionary of Scientific Terms. Oliver and Boyd 1960 ASIN: B000HG6JE8
^ Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent; Published by Gerald Duckworth & Co. London, 4th ed 1928
^ Ballesteros, Enric; Cebrian, Emma; Garcia-Rubies, Antoni; Alcoverro, Teresa; Romero, Javier; Font, Xavier (2005). "Pseudovivipary, a new form of asexual reproduction in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica". Botanica Marina. 48 (2). doi:10.1515/BOT.2005.026. hdl:10261/2993. S2CID 84864719.
^ Sinclair, Elizabeth A.; Statton, John; Hovey, Renae; Anthony, Janet M.; Dixon, Kingsley W.; Kendrick, Gary A. (2015). "Reproduction at the extremes: Pseudovivipary, hybridization and genetic mosaicism in Posidonia australis(Posidoniaceae)". Annals of Botany. 117 (2): 237–47. doi:10.1093/aob/mcv162. PMC 4724040. PMID 26578720.
^ Simon Pierce; Clare M. Stirling; Robert Baxter. "Pseudoviviparous Reproduction of Poa alpina...During Long-term Exposure to Elevated Atmospheric CO2" (PDF).
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viviparity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watsonia_meriana_near_end_of_flowering_showing_cormlets_on_IMG_6913.JPG"},{"link_name":"Watsonia meriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watsonia_meriana"},{"link_name":"cormlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plody_mangrovnika_(Rhizophora_mangle).jpg"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"Iridaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridaceae"},{"link_name":"Agavoideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agavoideae"},{"link_name":"Crassulaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassulaceae"},{"link_name":"Bryophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyllum"},{"link_name":"vegetative reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction"},{"link_name":"cloning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"}],"text":"Not to be confused with viviparity.Watsonia meriana, near the end of flowering, has cormlets that eventually drop and root.Red mangrove seeds germinate while still on the parent tree.In plants, vivipary occurs when seeds or embryos begin to develop before they detach from the parent. Plants such as some Iridaceae and Agavoideae grow cormlets in the axils of their inflorescences. These fall and in favourable circumstances they have effectively a whole season's start over fallen seeds. Similarly, some Crassulaceae, such as Bryophyllum, develop and drop plantlets from notches in their leaves, ready to grow. Such production of embryos from somatic tissues is asexual vegetative reproduction that amounts to cloning.","title":"Vivipary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"mangroves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"sexual reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"jackfruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Escobaria vivipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escobaria_vivipara"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Most seed-bearing fruits produce a hormone that suppresses germination until after the fruit or parent plant dies, or the seeds pass through an animal's digestive tract. At this stage, the hormone's effect will dissipate and germination will occur once conditions are suitable. Some species lack this suppressant hormone as a central part of their reproductive strategy. For example, fruits that develop in climates without large seasonal variations.[1] This phenomenon occurs most frequently on ears of corn, tomatoes, strawberries, peppers, pears, citrus fruits, and plants that grow in mangrove environments.[2]In some species of mangroves, for instance, the seed germinates and grows from its own resources while still attached to its parent. Seedlings of some species are dispersed by currents if they drop into the water, but others develop a heavy, straight taproot that commonly penetrates mud when the seedling drops, thereby effectively planting the seedling. This contrasts with the examples of vegetative reproduction mentioned above, in that the mangrove plantlets are true seedlings produced by sexual reproduction.[citation needed]In some trees, like jackfruit, some citrus, and avocado, the seeds can be found already germinated while the fruit goes overripe; strictly speaking this condition cannot be described as vivipary[citation needed], but the moist and humid conditions provided by the fruit mimic a wet soil that encourages germination. However, the seeds also can germinate under moist soil.[3]In some species of cacti, such as Escobaria vivipara, seeds germinate while still inside of the fruit.[4] When the fruit is broken open, it bears many cacti propagules. This is thought to be an adaptation to rapid photoperiod, or daylight changes, since Escobaria vivipara is one of the few cacti that naturally occurs above the frost line in Canada.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bulbils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbil"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HendersonKJH-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BotGloss-7"}],"text":"Vivipary includes reproduction via embryos, such as shoots or bulbils, as opposed to germinating externally from a dropped, dormant seed, as is usual in plants;[6][7]","title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monocots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocot"},{"link_name":"plantlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantlet"},{"link_name":"spikelets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spikelet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"seagrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass"},{"link_name":"Posidonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Poa alpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poa_alpina"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A few plants are pseudoviviparous – instead of reproducing with seeds, there are Monocots that can reproduce asexually by creating new plantlets in their spikelets.[8] Examples are seagrass species belonging to the genus Posidonia[9] and the alpine meadow-grass, Poa alpina.[10]","title":"Pseudovivipary"}]
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[{"image_text":"Watsonia meriana, near the end of flowering, has cormlets that eventually drop and root.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Watsonia_meriana_near_end_of_flowering_showing_cormlets_on_IMG_6913.JPG/220px-Watsonia_meriana_near_end_of_flowering_showing_cormlets_on_IMG_6913.JPG"},{"image_text":"Red mangrove seeds germinate while still on the parent tree.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg/220px-Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"False vivipary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_vivipary"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Vivipary: An Unusual, Unsettling, and Fascinating Phenomenon\". The Seed Collection. Retrieved 28 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theseedcollection.com.au/Vivipary-An-Unusual-Unsettling-and-Fascinating-Phenomenon","url_text":"\"Vivipary: An Unusual, Unsettling, and Fascinating Phenomenon\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Is Vivipary\". Gardening Know How. Retrieved 28 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/propagation/seeds/what-is-vivipary.htm","url_text":"\"What Is Vivipary\""}]},{"reference":"\"UCLA: The Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden\". ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2018-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232632/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/worldvegetation/marinewetlands/mangal/a1366tx.html","url_text":"\"UCLA: The Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden\""},{"url":"http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/worldvegetation/marinewetlands/mangal/a1366tx.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Escobaria vivipara\". ASU Campus Arboretum. Retrieved 2022-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.cals.arizona.edu/search","url_text":"\"Escobaria vivipara\""}]},{"reference":"Cota-Sanchez, Hugo (2002-12-01). Cacti: biology and uses.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ballesteros, Enric; Cebrian, Emma; Garcia-Rubies, Antoni; Alcoverro, Teresa; Romero, Javier; Font, Xavier (2005). \"Pseudovivipary, a new form of asexual reproduction in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica\". Botanica Marina. 48 (2). doi:10.1515/BOT.2005.026. hdl:10261/2993. S2CID 84864719.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2FBOT.2005.026","url_text":"10.1515/BOT.2005.026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F2993","url_text":"10261/2993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84864719","url_text":"84864719"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Elizabeth A.; Statton, John; Hovey, Renae; Anthony, Janet M.; Dixon, Kingsley W.; Kendrick, Gary A. (2015). \"Reproduction at the extremes: Pseudovivipary, hybridization and genetic mosaicism in Posidonia australis(Posidoniaceae)\". Annals of Botany. 117 (2): 237–47. doi:10.1093/aob/mcv162. PMC 4724040. PMID 26578720.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724040","url_text":"\"Reproduction at the extremes: Pseudovivipary, hybridization and genetic mosaicism in Posidonia australis(Posidoniaceae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcv162","url_text":"10.1093/aob/mcv162"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724040","url_text":"4724040"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26578720","url_text":"26578720"}]},{"reference":"Simon Pierce; Clare M. Stirling; Robert Baxter. \"Pseudoviviparous Reproduction of Poa alpina...During Long-term Exposure to Elevated Atmospheric CO2\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/91/6/613.full.pdf","url_text":"\"Pseudoviviparous Reproduction of Poa alpina...During Long-term Exposure to Elevated Atmospheric CO2\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattal_Sahu
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Nattal Sahu
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Jain Temple columns reused in the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque at Qutb complex
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Nattal Sahu (नट्टल साहु) of Yoginipur (now Mehrauli, Delhi) is the earliest known Agrawal Jain merchant-prince, who lived during the reign Tomara king, Anangapal. His life's account is described in Apabhramsha text Pasanaha Cariu (Parshvanath Caritra) of poet Vibudh Shridhar, written in Vikrama Samvat 1189 (1132 CE).
Nattal's father was Sahu Joja. He had two older brothers Raghav and Sodhal.
Nattal was the chief of the Jains of Delhi. He controlled a commercial empire spread through Anga, Vanga (Bengal), Kalinga (Odisha), Karnataka, Nepal, Bhot (Tibet), Panchal, Chedi, Gauda, Thakka (Punjab), Kerala, Marahatta (Maharashtra), Bhadanaka (Bayana), Magadh, Gurjar, Sorath (Saurashtra) and Haryana. He was also a minister in the court of Tomar Anangapala.
Poet Vibudh Shridhar, who was also an Agrawal Jain, had migrated from Haryana to Delhi. Nattala, as a patron, urged him to write the Pasanaha Cariu. Shridhara finished the composition in Vikrama Samvat 1189 (1132 CE), and thus became the first known Jain author. He describes his patron thus:
सिरि अयरवाल कुल कमल मित्तु,
सुधम्म कम्म पवियण्य-वित्तु
siri ayaravaala kula kamala mittu,
sudhamma kamma paviyaNya-vittu
Nattala Sahu had built a beautiful temple of Lord Adinath. He had the idol installed with an elaborate ceremony:
जैनं चैत्यमकारि सुन्दरतरं जैनीं प्रतिष्ठां तथा|
स श्रीमान्विदितः सदैव जयतात्पृथ्वीतले नट्टलः||
jainaM chaityamakaari sundarataraM jainii.n pratishhThaa.n tathaa|
sa shreemaanviditaH sadaiv jayataatpR^ithviitale naTTalaH||
It is believed that fragments of this temple were used for the Quwwat-al-Islam mosque near Qutab Minar.
See also
Agrawal Jain
Apabhramsha
Jainism
Qutub complex
References
^ Prominent Historical Jain men and Women, Dr. Jyotiprasad Jain, Bharatiya Jananapith, 1975
^ a b Paramananda Jain Shastri, Agrawalon ka Jain Samskrti mein Yogadan, Anekanta Oct. 1966, p. 277-281
^ An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī, by Richard J. Cohen, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1989, p. 513-519
^ Tirthankar Mahavir Aur Unki Acharya Parampara, Volume IV, Dr. Nemichandra Shastri, Acharya Shantisagara Chhani Granthmala, 1975
^ Vaddhamana Cariu, Edited/translated by Prof. Dr. Rajaram Jain, Bharatiya Jnanapitha, New Delhi, 1975
^ Jain Dharma Ka Prachin Itihas, Vol II, Parmanand Shastri, Gajendra Publications, Delhi, 1980.
^ The Pasnahacariu of Sridhar, An Introduction, Edition and Translation of the Forty Four Sandhis, Richard Cohen, PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsyslvania, 1979
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[{"title":"Agrawal Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrawal_Jain"},{"title":"Apabhramsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhramsha"},{"title":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"title":"Qutub complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutub_complex"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_and_Whitby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
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Scarborough and Whitby (UK Parliament constituency)
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["1 History","1.1 Prominent members","2 Boundaries","2.1 Proposed","3 Constituency profile","4 Members of Parliament","4.1 MPs 1918–1974","4.2 MPs since 1997","5 Elections","5.1 Elections in the 2020s","5.2 Elections in the 2010s","5.3 Elections in the 2000s","5.4 Elections in the 1990s","5.5 Election in the 1970s","5.6 Elections in the 1960s","5.7 Elections in the 1950s","5.8 Elections in the 1940s","5.9 Elections in the 1930s","5.10 Elections in the 1920s","5.11 Elections in the 1910s","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Sources"]
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Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom
Scarborough and WhitbyCounty constituencyfor the House of CommonsBoundary of Scarborough and Whitby in Yorkshire and the HumberCountyNorth YorkshireElectorate72,191 (December 2019)Major settlementsScarborough and WhitbyCurrent constituencyCreated1997Member of ParliamentRobert Goodwill (Conservative)SeatsOneCreated fromScarborough1918–1974 (1974)SeatsOneType of constituencyCounty constituencyCreated fromScarborough and WhitbyReplaced byScarborough
Scarborough and Whitby is a constituency in North Yorkshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2005 by Robert Goodwill, a Conservative.
History
The constituency name has had two separate periods of existence.
1918–1974
A Scarborough and Whitby division of the North Riding of Yorkshire was created by the Representation of the People Act 1918 after the Boundary Commission of 1917 and first elected a Member of Parliament in the 1918 general election. This division took the entirety of the abolished Parliamentary borough of Scarborough together with the majority of the previous Whitby division and a very small part of Cleveland division. It had a population, in the middle of 1914, of 72,979. The Boundary Commission had initially recommended that the division simply be called 'Scarborough' but an amendment moved by the Government during enactment of their recommendations enacted it from the outset as Scarborough and Whitby. Throughout its 56-year first creation which allowed a full franchise for all resident men it was represented by a Conservative, including during the Attlee Ministry and First Wilson Ministry.
Changes to boundaries
The Initial Report of the Boundary Commission in 1947 made minor changes to the constituency, in line with local government changes which had abolished Guisborough Rural District in 1932 and absorbed it into Whitby Rural District. The new constituency again included the whole of Whitby Rural District, and so gained Hinderwell which was previously within Cleveland constituency. It had an electorate of 67,884 on 15 October 1946. No change was made in the First Periodical Report of the Boundary Commission in 1954.
The Second Periodical Report, published in 1969 recommended that the constituency be divided and its recommendations came into effect at the February 1974 general election abolishing the seat. The Scarborough constituency was thereby re-established, and Whitby joined with Guisborough, Loftus, Saltburn and Brotton to form Cleveland and Whitby.
By the beginning of the Third Periodical Report of the Boundary Commission, Cleveland had been created as a new county, which would normally prevent the commission from recommending a constituency crossing the border. Several representations were made to the commission to try to preserve Cleveland and Whitby constituency, but the Commission found itself unable to accept them and recommended putting Scarborough and Whitby together in a new Scarborough despite including the other coastal town, its old name, including Whitby, was finally reinstated in the next review. This constituency did not include Pickering, which was placed in a new Ryedale constituency.
1997–date
In the Fourth Periodical Report of the Boundary Commission for England, published in 1995 and coming into effect at the 1997 general election, the Scarborough constituency was renamed as Scarborough and Whitby with no change in boundaries.
When the constituency was recreated in 1997, the Labour candidate, Lawrie Quinn, defeated John Sykes, the sitting Conservative MP – one of many locally and national press-predicted unlikely gains for Labour in their landslide victory of that year. The current incumbent, Robert Goodwill, defeated Quinn in 2005 to regain the seat for Conservatives.
Prominent members
Sir Herbert Paul Latham was the first sitting Member of Parliament serving in the army to have been court martialled since 1815.
Sir Alexander Spearman served as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the President of the Board of Trade from 1951 to 1952.
Sir Robert Goodwill served in as a junior minister in both the Cameron–Clegg coalition and the second Cameron ministry.
Boundaries
1918–1950: The Municipal Borough of Scarborough, the Urban Districts of Pickering, Scalby, and Whitby, the Rural Districts of Scarborough and Whitby, and parts of the Rural District of Pickering and Guisborough.
1950–1974: The Municipal Borough of Scarborough, the Urban Districts of Pickering, Scalby, and Whitby, and the Rural Districts of Scarborough and Whitby.
1997–2010: The Borough of Scarborough wards of Ayton, Castle, Cayton, Central, Danby, Derwent, Eastfield, Eskdaleside, Falsgrave, Fylingdales, Lindhead, Mayfield, Mulgrave, Newby, Northstead, Scalby, Seamer, Streonshalh, Weaponness, and Woodlands.
2010–present: The Borough of Scarborough wards of Castle, Cayton, Central, Danby, Derwent Valley, Eastfield, Esk Valley, Falsgrave Park, Fylingdales, Lindhead, Mayfield, Mulgrave, Newby, North Bay, Northstead, Ramshill, Scalby Hackness and Staintondale, Seamer, Stepney, Streonshalh, Weaponness, Whitby West Cliff, and Woodlands.
Proposed
Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, the composition of the constituency from the 2024 United Kingdom general election will be unchanged.
With effect from 1 April 2023, the Borough of Scarborough was abolished and absorbed into the new unitary authority of North Yorkshire. The constituency will therefore now comprise the following electoral divisions of North Yorkshire from the 2024 general election:
Castle; Cayton; Danby & Mulgrave; Derwent Valley & Moor; Eastfield; Esk Valley & Coast; Falsgrave & Stepney; Newby; Northstead; Scalby & the Coast; Seamer; Weaponness & Ramshill; Whitby Streonshalh; Whitby West; Woodlands.
Constituency profile
The constituency covers the towns of Scarborough and Whitby. Both of these are seaside towns in North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. However, the constituency is largely rural and semi-rural, such issues tend to influence voting preferences, with Scarborough itself mostly Labour and the rural areas Conservative. At the last two general elections, it was the most marginal seat in North Yorkshire.
In statistics
The constituency consists of Census Output Areas of a Borough with a working population whose income is close to the national average and lower than average reliance upon social housing. At the end of 2012 the unemployment rate in the constituency stood as 4.8% of the population claiming jobseekers allowance, compared to the regional average of 4.7%. The borough has a medium-high 28.8% of its population without a car, a high 26.0% of the population without qualifications and a medium 22.7% with level 4 qualifications or above.
In terms of tenure, a high 75.8% of homes are owned outright or on a mortgage as at the 2011 UK Census across the borough.
Members of Parliament
MPs 1918–1974
Scarborough and Whitby 1918–1950
Year
Member
Party
1918
Gervase Beckett
Unionist
1922
Sidney Herbert
Unionist
1931
Paul Latham
Conservative
1941
Alexander Spearman
Conservative
1966
Michael Shaw
Conservative
1974
constituency abolished
MPs since 1997
Election
Member
Party
1997
Lawrie Quinn
Labour
2005
Robert Goodwill
Conservative
Elections
Elections in the 2020s
General election 2024: Scarborough and Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Reform UK
David Bowes
Yorkshire
Lee Derrick
SDP
Thomas Foster
Green
Annette Hudspeth
Labour
Alison Hume
Social Justice Party
Asa Jones
Liberal Democrats
Robert Graham Lockwood
Conservative
Roberto Weeden-Sanz
Majority
Turnout
Swing
Elections in the 2010s
General election 2019: Scarborough and Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Robert Goodwill
27,593
55.5
+7.1
Labour
Hugo Fearnley
17,323
34.8
-6.8
Liberal Democrats
Robert Lockwood
3,038
6.1
+3.4
Yorkshire
Lee Derrick
1,770
3.6
+2.9
Majority
10,270
20.7
+13.9
Turnout
49,724
66.8
-1.8
Conservative hold
Swing
+6.9
General election 2017: Scarborough and Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Robert Goodwill
24,401
48.4
+5.2
Labour
Eric Broadbent
20,966
41.6
+11.4
UKIP
Sam Cross
1,682
3.3
-13.8
Liberal Democrats
Robert Lockwood
1,354
2.7
-1.8
Green
David Malone
915
1.8
-2.8
Independent
John Freeman
680
1.4
New
Yorkshire
Bill Black
369
0.7
New
Independent
Gordon Johnson
82
0.2
New
Majority
3,435
6.8
-6.2
Turnout
50,523
68.6
+3.7
Conservative hold
Swing
-3.1
General election 2015: Scarborough and Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Robert Goodwill
20,613
43.2
+0.4
Labour
Ian McInnes
14,413
30.2
+3.9
UKIP
Sam Cross
8,162
17.1
+14.1
Green
David Malone
2,185
4.6
+3.1
Liberal Democrats
Michael Beckett
2,159
4.5
-18.0
Alliance for Green Socialism
Juliet Boddington
207
0.4
+0.2
Majority
6,200
13.0
-3.5
Turnout
47,739
64.9
-0.4
Conservative hold
Swing
-1.8
Scarborough & Whitby 1997–
General election 2010: Scarborough and Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Robert Goodwill
21,108
42.8
+1.8
Labour
Annajoy David
12,978
26.3
-12.0
Liberal Democrats
Tania Exley-Moore
11,093
22.5
+6.5
UKIP
Michael James
1,484
3.0
+1.0
BNP
Trisha Scott
1,445
2.9
New
Green
Dilys Cluer
734
1.5
-1.1
Independent
Peter Popple
329
0.7
New
Alliance for Green Socialism
Juliet Boddington
111
0.2
New
Majority
8,130
16.5
+13.9
Turnout
49,282
65.3
+1.8
Conservative hold
Swing
+6.9
Elections in the 2000s
General election 2005: Scarborough and Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Robert Goodwill
19,248
41.0
+1.4
Labour
Lawrie Quinn
18,003
38.4
-8.8
Liberal Democrats
Tania Exley-Moore
7,495
16.0
+7.6
Green
Jonathan Dixon
1,214
2.6
+0.4
UKIP
Paul Abbott
952
2.0
0.0
Majority
1,245
2.6
N/A
Turnout
46.912
71.7
+8.5
Conservative gain from Labour
Swing
+5.1
General election 2001: Scarborough and Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Lawrie Quinn
22,426
47.2
+1.6
Conservative
John Sykes
18,841
39.6
+3.4
Liberal Democrats
Thomas Pearce
3,977
8.4
-5.7
Green
Jonathan Dixon
1,049
2.2
New
UKIP
John Jacob
970
2.0
New
ProLife Alliance
Theresa Murray
260
0.5
New
Majority
3,585
7.6
-1.8
Turnout
47,523
63.2
-8.4
Labour hold
Swing
Elections in the 1990s
General election 1997: Scarborough and Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Lawrie Quinn
24,791
45.6
+15.7
Conservative
John Sykes
19,667
36.2
-13.6
Liberal Democrats
Martin Allinson
7,672
14.1
-4.8
Referendum
Shelagh Murray
2,191
4.0
New
Majority
5,124
9.4
N/A
Turnout
54,321
71.6
-5.6
Labour gain from Conservative
Swing
+14.7
Election in the 1970s
General election 1970: Scarborough & Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Michael Shaw
26,154
49.8
+6.7
Liberal
Michael Ford Pitts
16,517
31.5
-0.3
Labour
Jean B Hewitson
9,802
18.7
-5.5
Majority
9,637
18.3
+7.0
Turnout
52,473
71.5
-2.6
Conservative hold
Swing
Elections in the 1960s
General election 1966: Scarborough & Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Michael Shaw
21,141
43.1
-2.9
Liberal
Richard S Rowntree
15,599
31.8
+1.9
Labour
Jack Goodhand
11,848
24.2
+0.2
Ind. Conservative
Jane Ellis
429
0.9
New
Majority
5,542
11.3
-4.8
Turnout
49,017
74.1
-0.8
Conservative hold
Swing
General election 1964: Scarborough & Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alexander Spearman
22,632
46.0
-8.3
Liberal
Richard S Rowntree
14,725
29.9
+6.7
Labour
Peter Hardy
11,818
24.0
+1.5
Majority
7,907
16.1
-15.0
Turnout
49,175
74.9
+2.3
Conservative hold
Swing
Elections in the 1950s
General election 1959: Scarborough & Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alexander Spearman
25,226
54.3
-3.6
Liberal
Gilbert Gray
10,759
23.2
+3.5
Labour
Guy Barnett
10,468
22.5
+0.1
Majority
14,467
31.1
-4.4
Turnout
46,453
72.6
0.0
Conservative hold
Swing
General election 1955: Scarborough & Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alexander Spearman
27,133
57.9
-8.6
Labour
John Archer
10,488
22.4
-11.1
Liberal
Gilbert Gray
9,215
19.7
New
Majority
16,645
35.5
+2.5
Turnout
46,453
72.6
-3.3
Conservative hold
Swing
General election 1951: Scarborough & Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alexander Spearman
32,988
66.5
+11.3
Labour
Henry Brinton
16,621
33.5
+5.9
Majority
16,367
33.0
+2.4
Turnout
49,609
75.9
-4.9
Conservative hold
Swing
General election 1950: Scarborough & Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alexander Spearman
28,896
55.2
+4.3
Labour
Philip Taylor
14,421
27.6
+4.8
Liberal
Ronald William Sykes
8,989
17.2
-9.1
Majority
14,475
27.6
+3.0
Turnout
52,306
80.8
+11.6
Conservative hold
Swing
Elections in the 1940s
General election 1945: Scarborough & Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alexander Spearman
20,786
50.9
-3.0
Liberal
Humphrey Razzall
10,739
26.3
-12.4
Labour
Douglas H Curry
9,289
22.8
+15.4
Majority
10,047
24.6
+9.4
Turnout
40,814
69.2
-5.5
Conservative hold
Swing
1941 Scarborough and Whitby by-election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alexander Spearman
12,518
60.8
+6.9
Independent Progressive
William Hipwell
8,086
39.2
New
Majority
4,432
21.6
+6.4
Turnout
20,604
35.9
-38.8
Conservative hold
Swing
General Election 1939–40:
Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected;
Conservative: Alexander Spearman
Liberal: Margery Corbett-Ashby
Elections in the 1930s
General election 1935: Scarborough & Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Paul Latham
23,210
53.9
-29.1
Liberal
Ramsay Muir
16,668
38.7
New
Labour
T Wilson Coates
3,195
7.4
-9.6
Majority
6,542
15.19
-50.7
Turnout
43,073
74.7
+5.2
Conservative hold
Swing
General election 1931: Scarborough & Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Paul Latham
32,025
82.97
Labour
Philip Sidney Eastman
6,575
17.03
Majority
25,450
65.94
Turnout
38,600
69.49
Conservative hold
Swing
1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Paul Latham
21,618
52.7
+4.4
Liberal
Ramsay Muir
19,429
47.3
+6.4
Majority
2,189
5.4
-2.0
Turnout
41,047
75.5
-4.2
Conservative hold
Swing
Elections in the 1920s
General election 1929: Scarborough and Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Sidney Herbert
20,710
48.3
-9.2
Liberal
Henry Gisborne
17,549
40.9
+6.7
Labour
Howard Doncaster Rowntree
4,645
10.8
+2.5
Majority
3,161
7.4
-15.9
Turnout
42,899
79.7
+0.8
Unionist hold
Swing
-8.0
General election 1924: Scarborough and Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Sidney Herbert
18,911
57.5
+2.3
Liberal
Ashley Mitchell
11,223
34.2
-14.2
Labour
Howard Doncaster Rowntree
2,713
8.3
New
Majority
7,688
23.3
+20.1
Turnout
32,847
78.9
+2.5
Unionist hold
Swing
General election 1923: Scarborough and Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Sidney Herbert
15,927
51.6
-3.6
Liberal
Ashley Mitchell
14,933
48.4
+3.6
Majority
994
3.2
-7.2
Turnout
30,860
76.4
+0.2
Unionist hold
Swing
-3.6
General election 1922: Scarborough and Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Sidney Herbert
16,358
55.2
-1.6
Liberal
Sydney Peverill Turnball
13,262
44.8
+6.3
Majority
3,096
10.4
-7.7
Turnout
29,620
76.2
+16.1
Unionist hold
Swing
Elections in the 1910s
General election 1918: Scarborough & Whitby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
C
Unionist
Gervase Beckett
11,764
56.6
Liberal
Osbert Sitwell
7,994
38.5
Labour
John Watson Rowntree
1,025
4.9
Majority
3,770
18.1
Turnout
20,783
60.1
Unionist win (new seat)
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.
See also
List of parliamentary constituencies in North Yorkshire
Wayback Machine www.annajoydavid.org.uk
Notes
^ A county constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer).
^ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.
^ The parishes of Westerdale and Commondale
^ Still as a county constituency
References
Specific
^ "Constituency data: electorates – House of Commons Library". Parliament UK. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
^ Statement 45 (County of York, North Riding), Schedule, "Report of the Boundary Commission (England & Wales)", Cd. 8756.
^ Hansard, HC 5ser vol 99 col 2395.
^ "Initial Report of the Boundary Commission for England", Cmd. 7260, p. 52.
^ "First Periodical Report of the Boundary Commission for England", Cmd. 9311, p. 39.
^ "Third Periodical Report", Boundary Commission for England, vol I, Cmnd. 8797-I, p. 130.
^ "Media Guide to the New Parliamentary Constituencies", ed. by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher, BBC/ITN/PA News/Sky, 1995, p. 8 note 1.
^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 9 Yorkshire and the Humber region.
^ "The North Yorkshire (Structural Changes) Order 2022".
^ "New Seat Details – Scarborough and Whitby". www.electoralcalculus.co.uk. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
^ "Local statistics – Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk.
^ Unemployment claimants by constituency The Guardian
^ "2011 census interactive maps". Archived from the original on 29 January 2016.
^ a b Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "S" (part 2)
^ "STATEMENT OF PERSONS NOMINATED, NOTICE OF POLL AND SITUATION OF POLLING STATIONS" (PDF). North Yorkshire Council. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
^ "Scarborough and Whitby Constituency". Reform UK. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
^ "GENERAL ELECTION CANDIDATES". SDP.
^ "Green Party Reveals General Election Candidate for Scarborough and Whitby". This is the Coast. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ "Labour candidate Alison Hume announced to challenge Scarborough and Whitby seat at next general election". The Scarborough News. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
^ https://twitter.com/SocialJParty/status/1772613819589595539
^ "Roberto Weeden-Sanz: Conservative councillor in London selected to stand for election for Scarborough and Whitby". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
^ "Scarborough & Whitby Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ "General Election 2017". Gazette & Herald. 11 May 2017.
^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "Scarborough & Whitby". BBC News. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "Scarborough & Whitby". BBC News. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ Hull Daily Mail, 21 July 1938
^ a b c d e British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949, Craig
General
Craig, F. W. S. (1983). British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3 ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
Sources
Craig, F. W. S. (1983) . British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 509. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
vteConstituencies in Yorkshire and the Humber (54)Labour (30)
Barnsley Central
Barnsley East
Batley and Spen
Bradford East
Bradford South
Bradford West
Doncaster Central
Doncaster North
Halifax
Hemsworth
Huddersfield
Kingston upon Hull East
Kingston upon Hull North
Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle
Leeds Central
Leeds East
Leeds North East
Leeds North West
Leeds West
Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford
Rotherham
Selby and Ainsty
Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough
Sheffield Central
Sheffield Hallam
Sheffield Heeley
Sheffield South East
Wakefield
Wentworth and Dearne
York Central
Conservative (24)
Beverley and Holderness
Brigg and Goole
Calder Valley
Cleethorpes
Colne Valley
Dewsbury
Don Valley
East Yorkshire
Elmet and Rothwell
Great Grimsby
Haltemprice and Howden
Harrogate and Knaresborough
Keighley
Morley and Outwood
Penistone and Stocksbridge
Pudsey
Richmond (Yorks)
Rother Valley
Scarborough and Whitby
Scunthorpe
Shipley
Skipton and Ripon
Thirsk and Malton
York Outer
Not yet contested (24)
Barnsley North
Barnsley North
Bridlington and The Wolds
Brigg and Immingham
Dewsbury and Batley
Doncaster East and the Isle of Axholme
Goole and Pocklington
Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes
Keighley and Ilkley
Kingston upon Hull North and Cottingham
Kingston upon Hull West and Haltemprice
Leeds Central and Headingley
Leeds South
Leeds South West and Morley
Leeds West and Pudsey
Normanton and Hemsworth
Ossett and Denby Dale
Pontefract, Castleford and Knottingley
Rawmarsh and Conisbrough
Richmond and Northallerton
Selby
Spen Valley
Wakefield and Rothwell
Wetherby and Easingwold
East Midlands
East of England
London
North East England
North West England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
South East England
South West England
Wales
West Midlands
Yorkshire and the Humber
Party affiliations are based on the situation as of the dissolution of parliament on 30 May 2024. Technically all seats are now vacant until the general election on 4 July 2024.
Authority control databases: People
UK Parliament
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UK Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Robert Goodwill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goodwill"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Scarborough and Whitby is a constituency[n 1] in North Yorkshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2005 by Robert Goodwill, a Conservative.[n 2]","title":"Scarborough and Whitby (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Representation of the People Act 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918"},{"link_name":"Boundary Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Commission_for_England"},{"link_name":"1918 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Attlee Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attlee_Ministry"},{"link_name":"First Wilson Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Wilson_ministry"},{"link_name":"Boundary Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Commission_for_England"},{"link_name":"Guisborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guisborough"},{"link_name":"Hinderwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinderwell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"February 1974 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Cleveland and Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_and_Whitby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_England"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1997 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"}],"text":"The constituency name has had two separate periods of existence.1918–1974A Scarborough and Whitby division of the North Riding of Yorkshire was created by the Representation of the People Act 1918 after the Boundary Commission of 1917 and first elected a Member of Parliament in the 1918 general election. This division took the entirety of the abolished Parliamentary borough of Scarborough together with the majority of the previous Whitby division and a very small part of Cleveland division[n 3]. It had a population, in the middle of 1914, of 72,979.[2] The Boundary Commission had initially recommended that the division simply be called 'Scarborough' but an amendment moved by the Government during enactment of their recommendations enacted it from the outset as Scarborough and Whitby.[3] Throughout its 56-year first creation which allowed a full franchise for all resident men it was represented by a Conservative, including during the Attlee Ministry and First Wilson Ministry.Changes to boundariesThe Initial Report of the Boundary Commission in 1947 made minor changes to the constituency, in line with local government changes which had abolished Guisborough Rural District in 1932 and absorbed it into Whitby Rural District. The new constituency again included the whole of Whitby Rural District, and so gained Hinderwell which was previously within Cleveland constituency. It had an electorate of 67,884 on 15 October 1946.[4] No change was made in the First Periodical Report of the Boundary Commission in 1954.[5]The Second Periodical Report, published in 1969 recommended that the constituency be divided and its recommendations came into effect at the February 1974 general election abolishing the seat. The Scarborough constituency was thereby re-established, and Whitby joined with Guisborough, Loftus, Saltburn and Brotton to form Cleveland and Whitby.By the beginning of the Third Periodical Report of the Boundary Commission, Cleveland had been created as a new county, which would normally prevent the commission from recommending a constituency crossing the border. Several representations were made to the commission to try to preserve Cleveland and Whitby constituency, but the Commission found itself unable to accept them and recommended putting Scarborough and Whitby together in a new Scarborough despite including the other coastal town, its old name, including Whitby, was finally reinstated in the next review.[n 4] This constituency did not include Pickering, which was placed in a new Ryedale constituency.[6]1997–dateIn the Fourth Periodical Report of the Boundary Commission for England, published in 1995 and coming into effect at the 1997 general election, the Scarborough constituency was renamed as Scarborough and Whitby with no change in boundaries.[7]When the constituency was recreated in 1997, the Labour candidate, Lawrie Quinn, defeated John Sykes, the sitting Conservative MP – one of many locally and national press-predicted unlikely gains for Labour in their landslide victory of that year. The current incumbent, Robert Goodwill, defeated Quinn in 2005 to regain the seat for Conservatives.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Herbert Paul Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Paul_Latham"},{"link_name":"Sir Alexander Spearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Spearman"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Private_Secretary"},{"link_name":"President of the Board of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Goodwill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goodwill"},{"link_name":"Cameron–Clegg coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition"},{"link_name":"second Cameron ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cameron_ministry"}],"sub_title":"Prominent members","text":"Sir Herbert Paul Latham was the first sitting Member of Parliament serving in the army to have been court martialled since 1815.Sir Alexander Spearman served as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the President of the Board of Trade from 1951 to 1952.Sir Robert Goodwill served in as a junior minister in both the Cameron–Clegg coalition and the second Cameron ministry.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falsgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsgrave"}],"text":"1918–1950: The Municipal Borough of Scarborough, the Urban Districts of Pickering, Scalby, and Whitby, the Rural Districts of Scarborough and Whitby, and parts of the Rural District of Pickering and Guisborough.1950–1974: The Municipal Borough of Scarborough, the Urban Districts of Pickering, Scalby, and Whitby, and the Rural Districts of Scarborough and Whitby.1997–2010: The Borough of Scarborough wards of Ayton, Castle, Cayton, Central, Danby, Derwent, Eastfield, Eskdaleside, Falsgrave, Fylingdales, Lindhead, Mayfield, Mulgrave, Newby, Northstead, Scalby, Seamer, Streonshalh, Weaponness, and Woodlands.2010–present: The Borough of Scarborough wards of Castle, Cayton, Central, Danby, Derwent Valley, Eastfield, Esk Valley, Falsgrave Park, Fylingdales, Lindhead, Mayfield, Mulgrave, Newby, North Bay, Northstead, Ramshill, Scalby Hackness and Staintondale, Seamer, Stepney, Streonshalh, Weaponness, Whitby West Cliff, and Woodlands.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"2024 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Proposed","text":"Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, the composition of the constituency from the 2024 United Kingdom general election will be unchanged.[8]With effect from 1 April 2023, the Borough of Scarborough was abolished and absorbed into the new unitary authority of North Yorkshire.[9] The constituency will therefore now comprise the following electoral divisions of North Yorkshire from the 2024 general election:Castle; Cayton; Danby & Mulgrave; Derwent Valley & Moor; Eastfield; Esk Valley & Coast; Falsgrave & Stepney; Newby; Northstead; Scalby & the Coast; Seamer; Weaponness & Ramshill; Whitby Streonshalh; Whitby West; Woodlands.[10]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"social housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_housing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The constituency covers the towns of Scarborough and Whitby. Both of these are seaside towns in North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. However, the constituency is largely rural and semi-rural, such issues tend to influence voting preferences, with Scarborough itself mostly Labour and the rural areas Conservative. At the last two general elections, it was the most marginal seat in North Yorkshire.In statisticsThe constituency consists of Census Output Areas of a Borough with a working population whose income is close to the national average and lower than average reliance upon social housing.[11] At the end of 2012 the unemployment rate in the constituency stood as 4.8% of the population claiming jobseekers allowance, compared to the regional average of 4.7%.[12] The borough has a medium-high 28.8% of its population without a car, a high 26.0% of the population without qualifications and a medium 22.7% with level 4 qualifications or above.In terms of tenure, a high 75.8% of homes are owned outright or on a mortgage as at the 2011 UK Census across the borough.[13]","title":"Constituency profile"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ScarboroughAndWhitbyConstituency1918.gif"}],"sub_title":"MPs 1918–1974","text":"Scarborough and Whitby 1918–1950","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MPs since 1997","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2020s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ScarboroughWhitby2007Constituency.svg"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2010s","text":"Scarborough & Whitby 1997–","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2000s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1990s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Election in the 1970s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1960s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1950s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Spearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Spearman"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Margery Corbett-Ashby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margery_Corbett-Ashby"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1940s","text":"General Election 1939–40:Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected;Conservative: Alexander Spearman[31]\nLiberal: Margery Corbett-Ashby","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1930s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1920s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1910s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"county constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_constituency"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_past_the_post"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Westerdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerdale"},{"link_name":"Commondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commondale"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ A county constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer).\n\n^ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.\n\n^ The parishes of Westerdale and Commondale\n\n^ Still as a county constituency","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craig, F. W. S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-900178-06-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900178-06-X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Constituencies_in_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constituencies_in_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber"},{"link_name":"Constituencies in Yorkshire and the Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Barnsley Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Barnsley East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Batley and Spen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batley_and_Spen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bradford East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bradford South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bradford West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Doncaster North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Hemsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemsworth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Hull East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Hull North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull_West_and_Hessle_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_North_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanton,_Pontefract_and_Castleford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rotherham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Selby and Ainsty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby_and_Ainsty_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Brightside_and_Hillsborough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Hallam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Heeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Heeley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sheffield South East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_South_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wentworth and Dearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_and_Dearne_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"York Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Beverley and Holderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_and_Holderness_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Brigg and Goole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigg_and_Goole_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Calder Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calder_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cleethorpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleethorpes_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Colne Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colne_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewsbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Don Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"East Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Elmet and Rothwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmet_and_Rothwell_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Great Grimsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Grimsby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Haltemprice and Howden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltemprice_and_Howden_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Harrogate and Knaresborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrogate_and_Knaresborough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Keighley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keighley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Morley and Outwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley_and_Outwood_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Penistone and Stocksbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penistone_and_Stocksbridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pudsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudsey_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Richmond (Yorks)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_(Yorks)_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rother Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rother_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Scarborough and Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Scunthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Shipley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Skipton and Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipton_and_Ripon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Thirsk and Malton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirsk_and_Malton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"York Outer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Outer_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Barnsley North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Barnsley North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bridlington and The Wolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridlington_and_The_Wolds_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Brigg and Immingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigg_and_Immingham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dewsbury and Batley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewsbury_and_Batley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Doncaster East and the Isle of Axholme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_East_and_the_Isle_of_Axholme_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Goole and Pocklington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goole_and_Pocklington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Grimsby_and_Cleethorpes_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Keighley and Ilkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keighley_and_Ilkley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Hull North and Cottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull_North_and_Cottingham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Hull West and Haltemprice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull_West_and_Haltemprice_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds Central and Headingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Central_and_Headingley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds South West and Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_South_West_and_Morley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leeds West and Pudsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_West_and_Pudsey_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Normanton and Hemsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanton_and_Hemsworth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ossett and Denby Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossett_and_Denby_Dale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pontefract, Castleford and Knottingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontefract,_Castleford_and_Knottingley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rawmarsh and Conisbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawmarsh_and_Conisbrough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Richmond and Northallerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_and_Northallerton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Selby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Spen Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spen_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wakefield and Rothwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_and_Rothwell_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wetherby and Easingwold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetherby_and_Easingwold_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"East Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_the_East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"East of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_the_East_of_England"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_London"},{"link_name":"North East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_North_East_England"},{"link_name":"North West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_North_West_England"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Current_Westminster_constituencies_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_Scotland_by_Holding_Party"},{"link_name":"South East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_South_East_England"},{"link_name":"South West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_South_West_England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_the_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire and the Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber"},{"link_name":"dissolution of parliament on 30 May 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"general election on 4 July 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_UK_general_election"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1031819#identifiers"},{"link_name":"UK Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.parliament.uk/HkmXbsie"}],"text":"Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 509. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.vteConstituencies in Yorkshire and the Humber (54)Labour (30)\nBarnsley Central\nBarnsley East\nBatley and Spen\nBradford East\nBradford South\nBradford West\nDoncaster Central\nDoncaster North\nHalifax\nHemsworth\nHuddersfield\nKingston upon Hull East\nKingston upon Hull North\nKingston upon Hull West and Hessle\nLeeds Central\nLeeds East\nLeeds North East\nLeeds North West\nLeeds West\nNormanton, Pontefract and Castleford\nRotherham\nSelby and Ainsty\nSheffield Brightside and Hillsborough\nSheffield Central\nSheffield Hallam\nSheffield Heeley\nSheffield South East\nWakefield\nWentworth and Dearne\nYork Central\nConservative (24)\nBeverley and Holderness\nBrigg and Goole\nCalder Valley\nCleethorpes\nColne Valley\nDewsbury\nDon Valley\nEast Yorkshire\nElmet and Rothwell\nGreat Grimsby\nHaltemprice and Howden\nHarrogate and Knaresborough\nKeighley\nMorley and Outwood\nPenistone and Stocksbridge\nPudsey\nRichmond (Yorks)\nRother Valley\nScarborough and Whitby\nScunthorpe\nShipley\nSkipton and Ripon\nThirsk and Malton\nYork Outer\nNot yet contested (24)\nBarnsley North\nBarnsley North\nBridlington and The Wolds\nBrigg and Immingham\nDewsbury and Batley\nDoncaster East and the Isle of Axholme\nGoole and Pocklington\nGreat Grimsby and Cleethorpes\nKeighley and Ilkley\nKingston upon Hull North and Cottingham\nKingston upon Hull West and Haltemprice\nLeeds Central and Headingley\nLeeds South\nLeeds South West and Morley\nLeeds West and Pudsey\nNormanton and Hemsworth\nOssett and Denby Dale\nPontefract, Castleford and Knottingley\nRawmarsh and Conisbrough\nRichmond and Northallerton\nSelby\nSpen Valley\nWakefield and Rothwell\nWetherby and Easingwold\n\nEast Midlands\nEast of England\nLondon\nNorth East England\nNorth West England\nNorthern Ireland\nScotland\nSouth East England\nSouth West England\nWales\nWest Midlands\nYorkshire and the Humber\nParty affiliations are based on the situation as of the dissolution of parliament on 30 May 2024. Technically all seats are now vacant until the general election on 4 July 2024.Authority control databases: People \nUK Parliament","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Scarborough and Whitby 1918–1950","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ScarboroughAndWhitbyConstituency1918.gif/220px-ScarboroughAndWhitbyConstituency1918.gif"},{"image_text":"Scarborough & Whitby 1997–","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ScarboroughWhitby2007Constituency.svg/220px-ScarboroughWhitby2007Constituency.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"List of parliamentary constituencies in North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_North_Yorkshire"},{"title":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100327105428/http://www.annajoydavid.org.uk/"}]
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Retrieved 8 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northyorks.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2024-06/SPN%20Scarborough%20and%20Whitby%2007.06.2024.pdf","url_text":"\"STATEMENT OF PERSONS NOMINATED, NOTICE OF POLL AND SITUATION OF POLLING STATIONS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scarborough and Whitby Constituency\". Reform UK. Retrieved 22 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reformparty.uk/scarborough-and-whitby-constituency","url_text":"\"Scarborough and Whitby Constituency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_UK","url_text":"Reform UK"}]},{"reference":"\"GENERAL ELECTION CANDIDATES\". SDP.","urls":[{"url":"https://sdp.org.uk/general-election-candidates/","url_text":"\"GENERAL ELECTION CANDIDATES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK,_1990%E2%80%93present)","url_text":"SDP"}]},{"reference":"\"Green Party Reveals General Election Candidate for Scarborough and Whitby\". This is the Coast. Retrieved 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thisisthecoast.co.uk/news/local-news/green-party-reveals-general-election-candidate-for-scarborough-and-whitby/","url_text":"\"Green Party Reveals General Election Candidate for Scarborough and Whitby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Labour candidate Alison Hume announced to challenge Scarborough and Whitby seat at next general election\". The Scarborough News. Retrieved 22 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thescarboroughnews.co.uk/news/politics/labour-candidate-alison-hume-announced-to-challenge-scarborough-and-whitby-seat-at-next-general-election-4080571","url_text":"\"Labour candidate Alison Hume announced to challenge Scarborough and Whitby seat at next general election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarborough_News","url_text":"The Scarborough News"}]},{"reference":"\"Roberto Weeden-Sanz: Conservative councillor in London selected to stand for election for Scarborough and Whitby\". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 22 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/politics/roberto-weeden-sanz-conservative-councillor-in-london-selected-to-stand-for-election-for-scarborough-and-whitby-4238608","url_text":"\"Roberto Weeden-Sanz: Conservative councillor in London selected to stand for election for Scarborough and Whitby\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yorkshire_Post","url_text":"The Yorkshire Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Scarborough & Whitby Parliamentary constituency\". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 4 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000913","url_text":"\"Scarborough & Whitby Parliamentary constituency\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Election 2017\". Gazette & Herald. 11 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazetteherald.co.uk/news/15281037.GENERAL_ELECTION_2017__Full_list_of_candidates/","url_text":"\"General Election 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2015\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017112223/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scarborough & Whitby\". BBC News. Retrieved 13 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000913","url_text":"\"Scarborough & Whitby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2010\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130726162034/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2010.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2010.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scarborough & Whitby\". BBC News. Retrieved 7 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/d87.stm","url_text":"\"Scarborough & Whitby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2005\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054249/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2001\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054450/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1997\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054424/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1997.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1997.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 509. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900178-06-X","url_text":"0-900178-06-X"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_nitrite
|
Methyl nitrite
|
["1 Structure","2 Synthesis","3 Properties and uses","4 Environmental impact","5 Safety","6 See also","7 References","8 Cited sources","9 External links"]
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Not to be confused with nitromethane or methyl nitrate.
Methyl nitrite
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Methyl nitrite
Identifiers
CAS Number
624-91-9 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
11730 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.009.882
PubChem CID
12231
UNII
96TLP8RN37 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID8060795
InChI
InChI=1S/CH3NO2/c1-4-2-3/h1H3 YKey: BLLFVUPNHCTMSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/CH3NO2/c1-4-2-3/h1H3Key: BLLFVUPNHCTMSV-UHFFFAOYAL
SMILES
O=NOC
Properties
Chemical formula
CH3NO2
Molar mass
61.040 g·mol−1
Appearance
Yellow gas
Density
0.991 g/cm3
Melting point
−16 °C (3 °F; 257 K)
Boiling point
−12 °C (10 °F; 261 K)
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH⦵298)
-66.1 kJ/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet (SDS)
External MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Methyl nitrite is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3ONO. It is a gas, and is the simplest alkyl nitrite.
Structure
At room temperature, methyl nitrite exists as a mixture of cis and trans conformers. The cis conformer is 3.13 kJ mol−1, more stable than the trans form, with an energy barrier to rotation of 45.3 kJ mol−1. The cis and trans structure have also been determined by microwave spectroscopy (see external links).
cis-methyl nitrite
trans-methyl nitrite
Synthesis
Methyl nitrite can be prepared by the reaction of silver nitrite with iodomethane: Silver nitrite (AgNO2) exists in solution as the silver ion, Ag+ and the nitrite ion, NO2−. One of the lone pairs on an oxygen from nitrite ion attacks the methyl group (—CH3), releasing the iodide ion into solution. Unlike silver nitrite, silver iodide is highly insoluble in water and thus forms a solid. Note that nitrogen is a better nucleophile than oxygen and most nitrites would react via an SN2-like mechanism and the major product would be nitromethane. For example, sodium and potassium nitrite reacting with iodomethane would produce mostly nitromethane, with methyl nitrite as the minor product. However, the presence of the silver ion in solution has a stabilizing effect on the formation of carbocation intermediates, increasing the percent yield of methyl nitrite. In either case, some nitromethane and methyl nitrite are both formed.
The figure shows the two gas-phase structures of methyl nitrite, as determined by IR and microwave spectroscopy.
Methyl nitrite free of nitromethane can be made by reacting iodomethane with nitrogen dioxide:
2
CH
3
I
+
2
NO
2
⟶
2
CH
3
ONO
+
I
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {2CH3I + 2NO2-> 2CH3ONO + I2}}}
Properties and uses
Methyl nitrite is a precursor and intermediate, e.g. during production of phenylpropanolamine.
Methyl nitrite is also present in aged cigarette smoke. Here it is presumably formed from nitrogen dioxide (itself formed by oxidation of nitric oxide) and methanol.
Environmental impact
As one product of the combustion of unleaded petrol in air, methyl nitrite has been proposed as a cause of the decline of insects, and hence that of songbirds in Europe.
Safety
Methyl nitrite is a toxic asphyxiating gas, a potent cyanotic agent. Exposure may result in methemoglobinemia.
Methyl nitrite is an oxidizing agent and a heat-sensitive explosive; its sensitivity increases in presence of metal oxides. With inorganic bases it forms explosive salts. It forms explosive mixtures with air. It is used as a rocket propellant, a monopropellant. It explodes more violently than ethyl nitrite. Lower alkyl nitrites may decompose and burst the container even when stored under refrigeration.
See also
Nitromethane
Organic chemistry
Nucleophilic substitution
References
^ a b c d Haynes, p. 3.382
^ Haynes, p. 5.20
^ Van Der Veken, B. J.; Maas, R.; Guirgis, G. A.; Stidham, H. D.; Sheehan, T. G.; Durig, James R. (1990). "Infrared spectrum, ab initio calculations, barriers to internal rotation and structural parameters for methyl nitrite". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 94 (10): 4029–39. doi:10.1021/j100373a028.
^ a b Pavia, Donald L.; Lampman, Gary M.; Kriz, George S. (2004). Organic Chemistry. Vol. 2. Mason, Ohio: Thompson Custom Publishing. ISBN 978-0-03-014813-2. OCLC 236055357.
^ Darrell D. Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon (2005). General Chemistry (8th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-39941-3.
^ a b METHYL NITRITE – National Library of Medicine HSDB Database. Toxnet.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2019-03-10.
^ Rodgman, Alan; Perfetti, Thomas A. (2016-04-19). The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke. CRC Press. ISBN 9781466515529.
^ Summers-Smith, J. Denis (September 2007). "Is unleaded petrol a factor in urban House Sparrow decline?". British Birds. 100: 558. ISSN 0007-0335.
^ Methyl Nitrite. Cameochemicals.noaa.gov. Retrieved on 2019-03-10.
^ Bretherick, L. (2016-10-27). Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483162508.
Cited sources
Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1439855119.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methyl nitrite.
WebBook page for CH3NO2
Determination of cis and trans structures of methyl nitrite by microwave spectroscopy.
vteNitric oxide signaling modulatorsForms
Nitroxyl anion (NO−; oxonitrate(1-), hyponitrite anion)
Nitric oxide (NO⋅; nitrogen monoxide)
Nitrosonium (NO+; nitrosyl cation)
TargetssGC
Activators/stimulators: Ataciguat
BAY 41-2272
BAY 41-8543
BAY 60-4552
BI-703704
Cinaciguat (BAY 58-2667)
GSK-2181236A
Praliciguat
Riociguat
Vericiguat
Inhibitors: ODQ
NO donors(prodrugs)
Nitrates: Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN)
Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN)
Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN; nitroglycol)
Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN)
Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN)
Itramin tosilate
Mannitol hexanitrate
Naproxcinod (nitronaproxen; AZD-3582, HCT-3012)
NCX-466
NCX-2216
NCX-4016
NCX 4040
NCX-4215
Nicorandil
Nipradilol (K-351)
Nitrate (NO−3)
Nitroatorvastatin (NCX-6560)
Nitroflurbiprofen (HCT-1026)
Nitrofluvastatin
Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate (GTN))
Nitropravastatin (NCX-6550)
Pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN)
Propatylnitrate
Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN)
Sodium trioxodinitrate (Angeli's salt)
Tenitramine
Trolnitrate
Nitroso compounds/nitrites: Nitrite (NO−2); O-Nitroso compounds (alkyl nitrites): Amyl nitrite (isoamyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite)
Cyclohexyl nitrite
Ethyl nitrite
Hexyl nitrite
Isobutyl nitrite (2-methylpropyl nitrite)
Isopropyl nitrite
Methyl nitrite
n-Butyl nitrite
Pentyl nitrite
tert-Butyl nitrite; S-Nitroso compounds (thionitrites): LA810
S-Nitrosoalbumin (SNALB)
S-Nitrosated AR545C
S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC)
S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)
S-Nitroso-N-valerylpenicillamine (SNVP)
S-Nitrosocaptopril (SNO-Cap)
S-Nitrosocysteine (SNC, CysNO, SNO-Cys)
S-Nitrosodiclofenac
S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, SNOG)
SNO-t-PA
SNO-vWF; N-Nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosamines): SIN-1A
Nitrosyl compounds: Metal nitrosyl complexes: Roussin's black salt
Roussin's red salt
Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)
NONOates (diazeniumdiolates): Diethylamine/NO (DEA/NO)
Diethylenetriamine/NO (DETA/NO)
GLO/NO
JS-K
Methylamine hexamethylene methylamine/NO (MAHMA/NO)
PROLI/NO
Spermine/NO (SPER/NO)
V-PYRRO/NO
Heterocyclic compounds: Furoxans: Furoxan
REC15/2739; Sydnonimines: Feprosidnine
Linsidomine (SIN-1)
Molsidomine (SIN-10)
Sydnonimine
Unsorted: Cimlanod
FK-409
FR144220
FR146881
N-Acetyl-N-acetoxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide
Enzyme(inhibitors)NOSnNOS
3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole
3-Chloroindazole
3-Chloro-5-nitroindazole
5-Nitroindazole
6-Nitroindazole
7-Nitroindazole
A-84643
Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
ARL-17477
Indazole
N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (L-NIO)
Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA)
Nω-Propyl-L-arginine (L-NPA)
Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)
Pentamidine isethionate
TRIM
iNOS
1-Amino-2-hydroxyguanidine
2-Ethylaminoguanidine
2-Iminopiperidine
1400W
AEITU
Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
AMT
AR-C 102222
BYK-191023
Canavanine
Cindunistat (SD-6010)
EITU
IPTU
MITU
N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (L-NIO)
N6-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-lysine (L-NIL)
Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA)
Ronopterin (VAS-203)
TRIM
eNOS
Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (L-NIO)
Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA)
Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)
Unsorted
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)
CKD-712
Guanidinoethyldisulfide (GED)
GW-273629
Indospicine
KD-7040
Nitroarginine methyl ester (NAME)
NCX-456
NXN-462
ONO-1714
VAS-2381
Arginase
ABH
Nω-Hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA)
chlorogenic acid
ginseng
epicatechin
ornithine
norvaline
lysine
alpha aminoacids
CAMK
Calmidazolium
W-7
Others
Precursors: L-Arginine
Nω-Hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA)
Cofactors: NADPH
FAD
FMN
Heme
BH4
CaM
O2
Ca2+
Indirect/downstream NO modulators: ACE inhibitors/AT-II receptor antagonists (e.g., captopril, losartan)
ETB receptor antagonists (e.g., bosentan)
L-Type calcium channel blockers (e.g., dihydropyridines: nifedipine)
Nebivolol (beta blocker)
PDE5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil)
non-selective PDE inhibitors (e.g., caffeine)
PDE9 inhibitors (e.g., paraxanthine)
cGMP preferring PDE inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, paraxanthine, tadalafil)
Statins (e.g., simvastatin)
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nitromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitromethane"},{"link_name":"methyl nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_nitrate"},{"link_name":"organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"chemical formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula"},{"link_name":"alkyl nitrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites"}],"text":"Not to be confused with nitromethane or methyl nitrate.Chemical compoundMethyl nitrite is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3ONO. It is a gas, and is the simplest alkyl nitrite.","title":"Methyl nitrite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_isomerism"},{"link_name":"energy barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_energy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"At room temperature, methyl nitrite exists as a mixture of cis and trans conformers. The cis conformer is 3.13 kJ mol−1, more stable than the trans form, with an energy barrier to rotation of 45.3 kJ mol−1.[3] The cis and trans structure have also been determined by microwave spectroscopy (see external links).","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"nitrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrite"},{"link_name":"iodomethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodomethane"},{"link_name":"ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion"},{"link_name":"lone pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_pair"},{"link_name":"attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_attack"},{"link_name":"iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-organic-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"SN2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN2"},{"link_name":"nitromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitromethane"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitrite"},{"link_name":"potassium nitrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrite"},{"link_name":"carbocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocation"},{"link_name":"intermediates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_intermediate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-organic-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Preparation_of_methyl_nitrite.png"},{"link_name":"nitrogen dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide"}],"text":"Methyl nitrite can be prepared by the reaction of silver nitrite with iodomethane: Silver nitrite (AgNO2) exists in solution as the silver ion, Ag+ and the nitrite ion, NO2−. One of the lone pairs on an oxygen from nitrite ion attacks the methyl group (—CH3), releasing the iodide ion into solution.[4] Unlike silver nitrite, silver iodide is highly insoluble in water and thus forms a solid.[5] Note that nitrogen is a better nucleophile than oxygen and most nitrites would react via an SN2-like mechanism and the major product would be nitromethane. For example, sodium and potassium nitrite reacting with iodomethane would produce mostly nitromethane, with methyl nitrite as the minor product. However, the presence of the silver ion in solution has a stabilizing effect on the formation of carbocation intermediates, increasing the percent yield of methyl nitrite. In either case, some nitromethane and methyl nitrite are both formed.[4]The figure shows the two gas-phase structures of methyl nitrite, as determined by IR and microwave spectroscopy.Methyl nitrite free of nitromethane can be made by reacting iodomethane with nitrogen dioxide:2\n \n \n CH\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n I\n +\n 2\n \n \n NO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ⟶\n 2\n \n \n CH\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n ONO\n +\n \n I\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {2CH3I + 2NO2-> 2CH3ONO + I2}}}","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phenylpropanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toxnet-6"},{"link_name":"nitrogen dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide"},{"link_name":"nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"methanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Methyl nitrite is a precursor and intermediate, e.g. during production of phenylpropanolamine.[6]Methyl nitrite is also present in aged cigarette smoke. Here it is presumably formed from nitrogen dioxide (itself formed by oxidation of nitric oxide) and methanol.[7]","title":"Properties and uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unleaded petrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unleaded_petrol"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"songbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songbird"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"As one product of the combustion of unleaded petrol in air, methyl nitrite has been proposed as a cause of the decline of insects, and hence that of songbirds in Europe.[8]","title":"Environmental impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyanotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis"},{"link_name":"methemoglobinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methemoglobinemia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toxnet-6"},{"link_name":"oxidizing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agent"},{"link_name":"rocket propellant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellant"},{"link_name":"monopropellant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopropellant"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Methyl nitrite is a toxic asphyxiating gas, a potent cyanotic agent. Exposure may result in methemoglobinemia.[6]Methyl nitrite is an oxidizing agent and a heat-sensitive explosive; its sensitivity increases in presence of metal oxides. With inorganic bases it forms explosive salts. It forms explosive mixtures with air. It is used as a rocket propellant, a monopropellant.[9] It explodes more violently than ethyl nitrite. Lower alkyl nitrites may decompose and burst the container even when stored under refrigeration.[10]","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics"},{"link_name":"CRC Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1439855119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439855119"}],"text":"Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1439855119.","title":"Cited sources"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Nitromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitromethane"},{"title":"Organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"title":"Nucleophilic substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_substitution"}]
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[{"reference":"Van Der Veken, B. J.; Maas, R.; Guirgis, G. A.; Stidham, H. D.; Sheehan, T. G.; Durig, James R. (1990). \"Infrared spectrum, ab initio calculations, barriers to internal rotation and structural parameters for methyl nitrite\". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 94 (10): 4029–39. doi:10.1021/j100373a028.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Physical_Chemistry","url_text":"Journal of Physical Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fj100373a028","url_text":"10.1021/j100373a028"}]},{"reference":"Pavia, Donald L.; Lampman, Gary M.; Kriz, George S. (2004). Organic Chemistry. Vol. 2. Mason, Ohio: Thompson Custom Publishing. ISBN 978-0-03-014813-2. OCLC 236055357.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-014813-2","url_text":"978-0-03-014813-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/236055357","url_text":"236055357"}]},{"reference":"Darrell D. Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon (2005). General Chemistry (8th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-39941-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/generalchemistr000darr","url_text":"General Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-39941-3","url_text":"978-0-618-39941-3"}]},{"reference":"Rodgman, Alan; Perfetti, Thomas A. (2016-04-19). The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke. CRC Press. ISBN 9781466515529.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D2HvBQAAQBAJ&q=methyl+nitrite&pg=PA827","url_text":"The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466515529","url_text":"9781466515529"}]},{"reference":"Summers-Smith, J. Denis (September 2007). \"Is unleaded petrol a factor in urban House Sparrow decline?\". British Birds. 100: 558. ISSN 0007-0335.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Denis_Summers-Smith","url_text":"Summers-Smith, J. Denis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0335","url_text":"0007-0335"}]},{"reference":"Bretherick, L. (2016-10-27). Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483162508.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4_PJCgAAQBAJ&q=methyl+nitrite&pg=PA1501","url_text":"Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483162508","url_text":"9781483162508"}]},{"reference":"Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1439855119.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics","url_text":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439855119","url_text":"978-1439855119"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=624-91-9","external_links_name":"624-91-9"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DNOC","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.11730.html","external_links_name":"11730"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.009.882","external_links_name":"100.009.882"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12231","external_links_name":"12231"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/96TLP8RN37","external_links_name":"96TLP8RN37"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID8060795","external_links_name":"DTXSID8060795"},{"Link":"http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/ME/methyl_nitrite.html","external_links_name":"External MSDS"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=476992339&page2=Methyl+nitrite","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fj100373a028","external_links_name":"10.1021/j100373a028"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/236055357","external_links_name":"236055357"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/generalchemistr000darr","external_links_name":"General Chemistry"},{"Link":"https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+7197","external_links_name":"METHYL NITRITE – National Library of Medicine HSDB Database"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D2HvBQAAQBAJ&q=methyl+nitrite&pg=PA827","external_links_name":"The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0335","external_links_name":"0007-0335"},{"Link":"https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/3953","external_links_name":"Methyl Nitrite"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4_PJCgAAQBAJ&q=methyl+nitrite&pg=PA1501","external_links_name":"Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards"},{"Link":"http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C624919","external_links_name":"WebBook page for CH3NO2"},{"Link":"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/j100474a023","external_links_name":"Determination of cis and trans structures of methyl nitrite by microwave spectroscopy."}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_of_the_Grande_Honnelle
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Passage of the Grande Honnelle
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["1 Background","2 Battle","2.1 5 November","2.2 6 November","2.3 7 November","3 Analysis","4 Order of Battle","5 References","6 Sources","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 50°22′06″N 03°41′53″E / 50.36833°N 3.69806°E / 50.36833; 3.69806Passage of the Grande HonnellePart of Hundred Days Offensive, World War IBridge over Honnelle River, November 1918.Date5–7 November 1918LocationHonnelles, Hainaut, Belgium50°22′06″N 03°41′53″E / 50.36833°N 3.69806°E / 50.36833; 3.69806Result
Allied victoryBelligerents
United Kingdom Canada
German EmpireHonnellesclass=notpageimage| Location within BelgiumvteHundred Days Offensive
Amiens
Ailette
2nd Somme
3rd Albert
2nd Bapaume
Mont Saint-Quentin
2nd Scarpe
Havrincourt
Drocourt-Quéant
St.-Mihiel
Épehy
Canal du Nord
St. Quentin Canal
Meuse-Argonne
5th Ypres
2nd Cambrai
Courtrai
Burkel
Selle
Sambre
Le Quesnoy
Lys and Escaut
Valenciennes
Honnelles
2nd Mons
vteWestern Front1914
Moresnet
Invasion of Belgium
Liège
Dinant
Namur
Frontiers
Lorraine
Ardennes
Charleroi
Mons
Trouée de Charmes
Great Retreat
Le Cateau
Étreux
1st St. Quentin
Maubeuge
Grand Couronné
1st Marne
1st Aisne
Antwerp
Race to the Sea
Yser
1st Ypres
Winter actions
1st Artois
1915
1st Champagne
Hartmannswillerkopf
Neuve Chapelle
2nd Ypres
2nd Artois
Hébuterne
2nd Champagne
Loos
3rd Artois
Gas: Wieltje
1916
The Bluff
Hohenzollern Redoubt
St Eloi
Hulluch
Wulverghem
Kink Salient
Vimy Ridge 1916
Mont Sorrel
Verdun
Boar's Head
1st Somme
Fromelles
1917
Ancre
Alberich
Nivelle offensive
Arras
Vimy
2nd Aisne
The Hills
Messines
Passchendaele
La Malmaison
Cambrai
1918
German spring offensive
Michael
The Lys
3rd Aisne
Belleau Wood
2nd Marne
Soissons
Amiens
Ailette
2nd Somme
Saint-Mihiel
St Quentin Canal
Meuse-Argonne
5th Ypres
2nd Cambrai
Courtrai
Sambre
Lys and Escaut
Associated articles
1914 Christmas truce
French Army mutinies
Western Front tactics, 1917
The Passage of the Grande Honnelle was a battle between troops of the British First and Third Armies and German Empire forces during the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War. The action took place in and around the Belgian municipality of Honnelles, between 5 and 7 November 1918.
General Horne’s objective was to cross the French border into Belgium and forge a passage through the parallel rivers of the Grand Honnelle and Petite Honnelle, moving the battlefront towards the line between Mons on the left and Aulnois on the right.
Background
In October 1918, the First and Third British Armies had broken through the Hindenburg Line, at the Second Battle of Cambrai. This collapse forced the German High Command to accept that the war had to be ended. Together with the failing German morale, this convinced many Allied commanders and political leaders that the war could be brought to an end in 1918; previously, all efforts had been concentrated on building up forces to mount a decisive attack in 1919.
In the aftermath of the Battle of Valenciennes on 1 November, the German Army was in retreat, to such an extent that Field Marshall Haig ordered a general advance, telling divisions to act vigorously on their own initiative so as to keep the Germans from establishing a firm line.
On 4 November the 3rd and 4th Canadian divisions arrived on both sides of the Valenciennes–Mons road; their front extended from Condé in the north to Marchipont in the south. The 56th (London) Infantry Division and 11th (Northern) Division were further south; their front extended from Rombies to Jenlain, with Third Army on the right.
Battle
5 November
Patrols from the 87th Battalion (Canadian Grenadier Guards), a unit of the 4th Canadian Division, crossed the Aunelle River, marking the liberation by the Canadians of the first part of occupied Belgium.
The 56th (London) Infantry Division attempted to take Honnelles. The 13th and 14th London Regiments failed to clear the area, however, the 1/5th London Regiment successfully secured Angreau in a tough battle along the Grande Honnelle.
To the south, the troops of the 11th (Northern) Division had crossed the Aunelle River at Sebourg the previous day. Four battalions advanced through Roisin: the 9th (Yorkshire Hussars) West Yorkshire Regiment, 6th Lincolnshire Regiment, 7th South Staffordshire Regiment and 9th Sherwood Foresters (Nottingham and Derbyshire Regiment). German artillery shelled the village, "despite the fact that the village was crowded with civilians".
Further south General Byng's Third Army completely cleared the enemy from Forêt de Mormal.
The fighting was conducted in cold conditions and General Horne became concerned that muddy roads would prevent the advance. However, there was to be no let up and both XXII Corps and Canadian Corps were to continue the advance the following day, their objective being the railway line between Mons and Aulnois to the south.
6 November
XXII Corps resumed their attack at 05:30, but immediately ran into strong German resistance. When the 11th (Northern) Infantry Division finally reached the left bank of the Grande Honnelle river they were unable to cross due to heavy enemy fire from the wooded slopes on the opposite bank, the Bois Caillouquibique d'Angre. When troops of the 56th (London) Infantry Division crossed the river to the east of Angreau they were immediately driven back to the left bank by a counterattack from Bois de Beaufort. Further north, men of the 56th Division crossed the Grande Honelle twice at Angre, reaching the high ground between Onnezies and Baisieux; again they were driven back by the enemy but managed to establish a bridgehead on the right bank of the river. During the night the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division came forward from a welcome rest at St. Pol, in relief of the 168th Brigade, 56th Division, west of Bois d'Audregnies. The 56th Division was then on a single brigade front, with the 11th Division on the right and the 63rd on the left.
To the north, the Canadian Corps had more success. The 4th Canadian Division advanced through more favourable terrain, allowing the deployment of artillery that helped in the capture of Quievrechain on the French side of the river. Pushing east, the Canadians crossed the border, forced a passage across the Grand Honelle between Angre and Quivrain, and went on to take part of the village of Baisieux, which lies on the sister river of La Petite Honnelle, about 1.5 miles north of Angre, where the 56th Division had made their bridgehead. Baisieux would be a strategic loss for the Germans, posing a threat to their line of retreat from the attack of XXII Corps in the south. This battle would be the last feat of arms of the 4th Canadian division in the war: during the night of 6–7 November the division was replaced by the 2nd Canadian Division.
Further north, beyond the Mons-Valenciennes railway line, the 3rd Canadian Division continued their advance between the River Escaut and the Mons-Conde canal, reaching the outskirts of the French village of Crespin. Floating footbridges were established on the Aunelle and Honnelle rivers.
Major Dudley Ward describes the action from the perspective of the 56th Division:The German rearguards were only able, on especially favourable positions, to check the advance of a few divisions; on the whole the rearguards were being thrown back on the main retreating force. The roads were packed with enemy troops and transport, and the real modern cavalry, the low-flying aeroplanes, swooped down on them, with bomb and machine gun spreading panic and causing the utmost confusion.
During the night of 6–7 November the 63rd Division was put into line on the front of the 168th Brigade, and the 169th was relieved by the 167th Brigade. The 56th Division was then on a single brigade front, with the 11th Division on the right and the 63rd on the left.
At dawn on the 7th patrols found that the enemy was still in front of them, and at 9 a.m. the brigade attacked with the 8th Middlesex on the right and the 7th Middlesex on the left. They swept on through the northern part of the wood, and by 10.30 a.m. the 7th Middlesex entered the village of Onnezies. The Petite Honnelles River was crossed, and the village of Montignies taken in the afternoon. But after the Bavai-Hensies Road was crossed, opposition stiffened, and both artillery and machine-gun fire became severe. A line of outposts held the east of the road for the night.
7 November
The 7th and 8th Middlesex Regiments advanced through Onnezies, crossing the Petite Honnelle into Montigny.
The 2nd Canadian Division liberated the rest of Baisieux and the village of Elouges. The 2nd and 3rd Canadian Division's released Quiévrain together and captured 500 prisoners. The 3rd Canadian Division continued its progression and liberated La Croix et Hensies, while just before midnight the 2nd Division took the villages of Bois-de-Boussu, Petit Hornu, Bois-de-Epinois and a portion of Bois-de-Leveque. In each village delivered, Canadian soldiers were warmly welcomed as liberators.
The troops then entered a densely populated area, where there were many mining villages. They found themselves facing the German army which was retreating while carrying out delaying actions. Meanwhile, rumours were already circulating that peace was imminent.
Major Dudley Ward continues his description:Explosions and fires, which were continually observed at night behind the enemy lines, were more numerous on the night of 7th/8th, and when the advance was continued at 8 a.m., the two Middlesex battalions occupied the villages of Athis and Fayt-le-Franc with practically no opposition. By nightfall outposts were covering Petit Moranfayt, Trieu Jean Sart, Ferlibray, and Richon.
The road situation was worse than ever. Railhead was at Aubigny-au-Bac, and supply lorries were unable to proceed any farther than the Honnelle River owing to the destruction of the bridges. Rain fell all the time, and cross-country tracts were impassable. All traffic was thrown on the main roads, which, to the west of the river, were now in such a state that all supplies were late. Arrangements were made for aeroplanes to drop food to the advance troops, but fortunately this was found unnecessary.
The enemy was now in full retreat on the whole of the British front. To the south the Guards Division entered Maubeuge, and to the north the Canadians were approaching Mons. The 56th Division marched forward through the villages of Coron, Rieu-de-Bury, Quevy-le-Grand, and Quevy-le-Petit, and by the evening were on the line of the Mons-Maubeuge road behind a line of outposts held by the 1st London Regt.
Analysis
Canadian troops marching through the streets of Mons on the morning of 11 November 1918.
Although the main attack on the 6th had not been a total success for the allied forces, General Horne's First Army had established bridgeheads across the Grande Honnelle and threatened the retreat of the German army via Baisieux. As day became night, the evening patrols soon discovered that the enemy had indeed begun a retreat, meeting little opposition along the length of the First Army's front. During the night, the 56th Division crossed the Grande Honnelle, occupying the high ground northeast of Angre - unlike the actions during the previous day when they were twice forced to retreat from the same region, this advance went unopposed, setting the tone for the next few days.
The advance was now continuous and almost unopposed by enemy infantry; however, isolated machine-gun detachments and sporadic artillery fire continued to cause casualties as what had been a battle became a pursuit. As Horne had predicted, the progress of the advance was mainly governed by the state of the roads, and the ability to get rations to the forward troops. The Canadian troops reached Mons late on the night of 10 November and on the morning of 11 November, having fought seven major battles, Horne's First Army entered Mons, where the first battle of the war had taken place in 1914.
Military campaign during World War I
Order of Battle
The order of battle for this phase of the final advance included units of General Horne's First Army and General Byng's Third Army.
Order of Battle for the Passage of the Grande Honnelle
Army
Corps
Division
First Army
(Horne)
XXII Corps
(Godley)
11th (Northern) Division
56th (1st London) Division
63rd (Royal Naval) Division
Canadian Corps
(Currie)
2nd Canadian Division
4th Canadian Division
Third Army
(Byng)
XVII Corps
(Fergusson)
19th (Western) Division
24th Division
References
^ White (1 Oct 2018). "The Second Battle of Cambrai 1918". Forces War Records. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 7 Jan 2020.
^ Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War 1914-1919 (PDF). Ottawa: Minister of National Defence. p. 475.
^ a b c d e f Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada. "Canadian Route of Remembrance in Belgium, 1918". www.canadainternational.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
^ Farr, Don (2007). Silent General: Horne of the First Army. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited. p. 246. ISBN 9781874622994.
^ a b c Rawson, Andrew (2018). British Expeditionary Force - The Final Advance: September to November 1918. Pen & Sword Military. p. 169. ISBN 9781526723475. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
^ a b c d e f Farr, Don (2007). Silent General: Horne of the First Army. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited. p. 248. ISBN 9781874622994.
^ a b Douglas, Jerrold (1923). The Royal Naval Division. London: Hutchinson. p. 327. Retrieved 28 Jan 2020.
^ a b c Ward, C. H. Dudley (1921). The 56th Division (1st London Territorial Division). London: John Murray. pp. 311, 312. Retrieved 6 Jan 2020.
^ Beckett, Ian (2017). The British Army and the First World War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 345–388. doi:10.1017/9780511794377.011. ISBN 9781107005778. Retrieved 29 Jan 2020.
^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection : The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p. 772. ISBN 978-1851099658. Retrieved 28 Jan 2020.
^ "The Final Advance in Picardy – The Long, Long Trail". Retrieved 2020-01-01.
^ Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada. "Canadian Route of Remembrance in Belgium, 1918". www.canadainternational.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
Sources
Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War 1914-1919 (PDF). Ottawa: Minister of National Defence.
Farr, Don (2007). Silent General: Horne of the First Army. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited. ISBN 9781874622994.
Douglas, Jerrold (1923). The Royal Naval Division. London: Hutchinson. Retrieved 28 Jan 2020.
Ward, C. H. Dudley (1921). The 56th Division (1st London Territorial Division). London: John Murray. Retrieved 6 Jan 2020.
Rawson, Andrew (2018). British Expeditionary Force - The Final Advance: September to November 1918. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 9781526723475. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
Beckett, Ian (2017). The British Army and the First World War. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9780511794377.011. ISBN 9781107005778. Retrieved 29 Jan 2020.
Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection : The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851099658. Retrieved 28 Jan 2020.
External links
The Long, Long Trail: The Final Advance in Picardy
Veterans Affairs Canada: The First World War - The Last Hundred Days
Forces War Records: The Second Battle of Cambrai
Canada's International Gateway: Canadian Route of Remembrance in Belgium, 1918
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|
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Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Honnelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honnelles"},{"link_name":"Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Horne,_1st_Baron_Horne"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"battlefront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_(military)"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Aulnois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulnois,_Belgium"}],"text":"Passage of the Grande HonnellePart of Hundred Days Offensive, World War IBridge over Honnelle River, November 1918.Date5–7 November 1918LocationHonnelles, Hainaut, Belgium50°22′06″N 03°41′53″E / 50.36833°N 3.69806°E / 50.36833; 3.69806Result\nAllied victoryBelligerents\n United Kingdom Canada\n German EmpireHonnellesclass=notpageimage| Location within BelgiumvteHundred Days Offensive\nAmiens\nAilette\n2nd Somme\n3rd Albert\n2nd Bapaume\nMont Saint-Quentin\n2nd Scarpe\nHavrincourt\nDrocourt-Quéant\nSt.-Mihiel\nÉpehy\nCanal du Nord\nSt. Quentin Canal\nMeuse-Argonne\n5th Ypres\n2nd Cambrai\nCourtrai\nBurkel\nSelle\nSambre\nLe Quesnoy\nLys and Escaut\nValenciennes\nHonnelles\n2nd Mons\n\nvteWestern Front1914\nMoresnet\nInvasion of Belgium\nLiège\nDinant\nNamur\nFrontiers\nLorraine\nArdennes\nCharleroi\nMons\nTrouée de Charmes\nGreat Retreat\nLe Cateau\nÉtreux\n1st St. Quentin\nMaubeuge\nGrand Couronné\n1st Marne\n1st Aisne\nAntwerp\nRace to the Sea\nYser\n1st Ypres\nWinter actions\n1st Artois\n1915\n\n1st Champagne\nHartmannswillerkopf\nNeuve Chapelle\n2nd Ypres\n2nd Artois\nHébuterne\n2nd Champagne\nLoos\n3rd Artois\nGas: Wieltje\n1916\n\nThe Bluff\nHohenzollern Redoubt\nSt Eloi\nHulluch\nWulverghem\nKink Salient\nVimy Ridge 1916\nMont Sorrel\nVerdun\nBoar's Head\n1st Somme\nFromelles\n1917\n\nAncre\nAlberich\nNivelle offensive\nArras\nVimy\n2nd Aisne\nThe Hills\nMessines\nPasschendaele\nLa Malmaison\nCambrai\n1918\n\nGerman spring offensive\nMichael\nThe Lys\n3rd Aisne\nBelleau Wood\n2nd Marne\nSoissons\nAmiens\nAilette\n2nd Somme\nSaint-Mihiel\nSt Quentin Canal\nMeuse-Argonne\n5th Ypres\n2nd Cambrai\nCourtrai\nSambre\nLys and Escaut\n\nAssociated articles\n\n1914 Christmas truce\nFrench Army mutinies\nWestern Front tactics, 1917The Passage of the Grande Honnelle was a battle between troops of the British First and Third Armies and German Empire forces during the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War. The action took place in and around the Belgian municipality of Honnelles, between 5 and 7 November 1918.General Horne’s objective was to cross the French border into Belgium and forge a passage through the parallel rivers of the Grand Honnelle and Petite Honnelle, moving the battlefront towards the line between Mons on the left and Aulnois on the right.","title":"Passage of the Grande Honnelle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindenburg Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_Line"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1918)"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division"},{"link_name":"4th Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Canadian_Division"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9-sur-l%27Escaut"},{"link_name":"Marchipont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchipont"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"56th (London) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_(London)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"11th (Northern) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_(Northern)_Division"},{"link_name":"Rombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rombies-et-Marchipont"},{"link_name":"Jenlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenlain"},{"link_name":"Third Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In October 1918, the First and Third British Armies had broken through the Hindenburg Line, at the Second Battle of Cambrai. This collapse forced the German High Command to accept that the war had to be ended. Together with the failing German morale, this convinced many Allied commanders and political leaders that the war could be brought to an end in 1918; previously, all efforts had been concentrated on building up forces to mount a decisive attack in 1919.[1]In the aftermath of the Battle of Valenciennes on 1 November, the German Army was in retreat, to such an extent that Field Marshall Haig ordered a general advance, telling divisions to act vigorously on their own initiative so as to keep the Germans from establishing a firm line.[2]On 4 November the 3rd and 4th Canadian divisions arrived on both sides of the Valenciennes–Mons road; their front extended from Condé in the north to Marchipont in the south.[3] The 56th (London) Infantry Division and 11th (Northern) Division were further south; their front extended from Rombies to Jenlain, with Third Army on the right.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"87th Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87th_Battalion_(Canadian_Grenadier_Guards),_CEF"},{"link_name":"Canadian Grenadier Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Grenadier_Guards"},{"link_name":"4th Canadian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Canadian_Division"},{"link_name":"occupied Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"56th (London) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_(London)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Honnelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honnelles"},{"link_name":"London Regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Regiment_(1908%E2%80%931938)"},{"link_name":"Angreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angreau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"11th (Northern) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_(Northern)_Division"},{"link_name":"Sebourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebourg"},{"link_name":"Roisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roisin_(Honnelles)"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Hussars"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Lincolnshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"South Staffordshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Staffordshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Foresters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Foresters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Byng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Byng_of_Vimy"},{"link_name":"Third Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Forêt de Mormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%AAt_de_Mormal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Horne,_1st_Baron_Horne"},{"link_name":"XXII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Corps"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Aulnois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulnois,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"sub_title":"5 November","text":"Patrols from the 87th Battalion (Canadian Grenadier Guards), a unit of the 4th Canadian Division, crossed the Aunelle River, marking the liberation by the Canadians of the first part of occupied Belgium.[3]The 56th (London) Infantry Division attempted to take Honnelles. The 13th and 14th London Regiments failed to clear the area, however, the 1/5th London Regiment successfully secured Angreau in a tough battle along the Grande Honnelle.[5]To the south, the troops of the 11th (Northern) Division had crossed the Aunelle River at Sebourg the previous day. Four battalions advanced through Roisin: the 9th (Yorkshire Hussars) West Yorkshire Regiment, 6th Lincolnshire Regiment, 7th South Staffordshire Regiment and 9th Sherwood Foresters (Nottingham and Derbyshire Regiment). German artillery shelled the village, \"despite the fact that the village was crowded with civilians\".[5]Further south General Byng's Third Army completely cleared the enemy from Forêt de Mormal.[6]The fighting was conducted in cold conditions and General Horne became concerned that muddy roads would prevent the advance. However, there was to be no let up and both XXII Corps and Canadian Corps were to continue the advance the following day, their objective being the railway line between Mons and Aulnois to the south.[6]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"11th (Northern) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_(Northern)_Division"},{"link_name":"Angre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angre,_Honnelles"},{"link_name":"56th (London) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_(London)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Angreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angreau"},{"link_name":"Angre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angre,_Honnelles"},{"link_name":"Onnezies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onnezies"},{"link_name":"Baisieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baisieux"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"63rd (Royal Naval) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_(Royal_Naval)_Division"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"Quievrechain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qui%C3%A9vrechain"},{"link_name":"Angre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angre,_Honnelles"},{"link_name":"Quivrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qui%C3%A9vrain"},{"link_name":"Baisieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baisieux"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"2nd Canadian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Division"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Crespin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crespin,_Nord"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"Montignies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montignies-sur-Roc"}],"sub_title":"6 November","text":"XXII Corps resumed their attack at 05:30, but immediately ran into strong German resistance. When the 11th (Northern) Infantry Division finally reached the left bank of the Grande Honnelle river they were unable to cross due to heavy enemy fire from the wooded slopes on the opposite bank, the Bois Caillouquibique d'Angre. When troops of the 56th (London) Infantry Division crossed the river to the east of Angreau they were immediately driven back to the left bank by a counterattack from Bois de Beaufort. Further north, men of the 56th Division crossed the Grande Honelle twice at Angre, reaching the high ground between Onnezies and Baisieux; again they were driven back by the enemy but managed to establish a bridgehead on the right bank of the river.[6] During the night the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division came forward from a welcome rest at St. Pol, in relief of the 168th Brigade, 56th Division, west of Bois d'Audregnies.[7] The 56th Division was then on a single brigade front, with the 11th Division on the right and the 63rd on the left.[8]To the north, the Canadian Corps had more success. The 4th Canadian Division advanced through more favourable terrain, allowing the deployment of artillery that helped in the capture of Quievrechain on the French side of the river. Pushing east, the Canadians crossed the border, forced a passage across the Grand Honelle between Angre and Quivrain, and went on to take part of the village of Baisieux, which lies on the sister river of La Petite Honnelle, about 1.5 miles north of Angre, where the 56th Division had made their bridgehead. Baisieux would be a strategic loss for the Germans, posing a threat to their line of retreat from the attack of XXII Corps in the south.[6] This battle would be the last feat of arms of the 4th Canadian division in the war: during the night of 6–7 November the division was replaced by the 2nd Canadian Division.[3]Further north, beyond the Mons-Valenciennes railway line, the 3rd Canadian Division continued their advance between the River Escaut and the Mons-Conde canal, reaching the outskirts of the French village of Crespin. Floating footbridges were established on the Aunelle and Honnelle rivers.[3][6]Major Dudley Ward describes the action from the perspective of the 56th Division:[8]The German rearguards were only able, on especially favourable positions, to check the advance of a few divisions; on the whole the rearguards were being thrown back on the main retreating force. The roads were packed with enemy troops and transport, and the real modern cavalry, the low-flying aeroplanes, swooped down on them, with bomb and machine gun spreading panic and causing the utmost confusion.\nDuring the night of 6–7 November the 63rd Division was put into line on the front of the 168th Brigade, and the 169th was relieved by the 167th Brigade. The 56th Division was then on a single brigade front, with the 11th Division on the right and the 63rd on the left.\n\nAt dawn on the 7th patrols found that the enemy was still in front of them, and at 9 a.m. the brigade attacked with the 8th Middlesex on the right and the 7th Middlesex on the left. They swept on through the northern part of the wood, and by 10.30 a.m. the 7th Middlesex entered the village of Onnezies. The Petite Honnelles River was crossed, and the village of Montignies taken in the afternoon. But after the Bavai-Hensies Road was crossed, opposition stiffened, and both artillery and machine-gun fire became severe. A line of outposts held the east of the road for the night.","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middlesex Regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Onnezies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onnezies"},{"link_name":"Montigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montignies-sur-Roc"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Quiévrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qui%C3%A9vrain"},{"link_name":"Hensies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hensies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"German army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"Athis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athis,_Honnelles"},{"link_name":"Fayt-le-Franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayt-le-Franc"}],"sub_title":"7 November","text":"The 7th and 8th Middlesex Regiments advanced through Onnezies, crossing the Petite Honnelle into Montigny.[5]The 2nd Canadian Division liberated the rest of Baisieux and the village of Elouges. The 2nd and 3rd Canadian Division's released Quiévrain together and captured 500 prisoners. The 3rd Canadian Division continued its progression and liberated La Croix et Hensies, while just before midnight the 2nd Division took the villages of Bois-de-Boussu, Petit Hornu, Bois-de-Epinois and a portion of Bois-de-Leveque. In each village delivered, Canadian soldiers were warmly welcomed as liberators.[3]The troops then entered a densely populated area, where there were many mining villages. They found themselves facing the German army which was retreating while carrying out delaying actions. Meanwhile, rumours were already circulating that peace was imminent.[3]Major Dudley Ward continues his description:[8]Explosions and fires, which were continually observed at night behind the enemy lines, were more numerous on the night of 7th/8th, and when the advance was continued at 8 a.m., the two Middlesex battalions occupied the villages of Athis and Fayt-le-Franc with practically no opposition. By nightfall outposts were covering Petit Moranfayt, Trieu Jean Sart, Ferlibray, and Richon.\nThe road situation was worse than ever. Railhead was at Aubigny-au-Bac, and supply lorries were unable to proceed any farther than the Honnelle River owing to the destruction of the bridges. Rain fell all the time, and cross-country tracts were impassable. All traffic was thrown on the main roads, which, to the west of the river, were now in such a state that all supplies were late. Arrangements were made for aeroplanes to drop food to the advance troops, but fortunately this was found unnecessary.\n\nThe enemy was now in full retreat on the whole of the British front. To the south the Guards Division entered Maubeuge, and to the north the Canadians were approaching Mons. The 56th Division marched forward through the villages of Coron, Rieu-de-Bury, Quevy-le-Grand, and Quevy-le-Petit, and by the evening were on the line of the Mons-Maubeuge road behind a line of outposts held by the 1st London Regt.","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_troops_Mons_11_November_1918_(IWM_CO_3660).jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Canadian troops marching through the streets of Mons on the morning of 11 November 1918.Although the main attack on the 6th had not been a total success for the allied forces, General Horne's First Army had established bridgeheads across the Grande Honnelle and threatened the retreat of the German army via Baisieux. As day became night, the evening patrols soon discovered that the enemy had indeed begun a retreat, meeting little opposition along the length of the First Army's front. During the night, the 56th Division crossed the Grande Honnelle, occupying the high ground northeast of Angre - unlike the actions during the previous day when they were twice forced to retreat from the same region, this advance went unopposed, setting the tone for the next few days.[6]The advance was now continuous and almost unopposed by enemy infantry; however, isolated machine-gun detachments and sporadic artillery fire continued to cause casualties as what had been a battle became a pursuit. As Horne had predicted, the progress of the advance was mainly governed by the state of the roads, and the ability to get rations to the forward troops.[7] The Canadian troops reached Mons late on the night of 10 November[9] and on the morning of 11 November, having fought seven major battles, Horne's First Army entered Mons, where the first battle of the war had taken place in 1914.[10]Military campaign during World War I","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Horne,_1st_Baron_Horne#Western_Front"},{"link_name":"First Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)#First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Byng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Byng_of_Vimy#Commanding_officer_and_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Third Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The order of battle for this phase of the final advance included units of General Horne's First Army and General Byng's Third Army.[11][12]","title":"Order of Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholson, G. W. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._W._L._Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War 1914-1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/defence/caf/militaryhistory/dhh/official/book-1964-expeditionary-en.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781874622994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781874622994"},{"link_name":"The Royal Naval Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/nla.obj-52178355/view?partId=nla.obj-52216065"},{"link_name":"The 56th Division (1st London Territorial Division)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gutenberg.org/files/50379/50379-h/50379-h.htm#illo11"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force - The Final Advance: September to November 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_LW9DwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781526723475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526723475"},{"link_name":"The British Army and the First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/books/british-army-and-the-first-world-war/western-front-1918/66CAD3507484E5695B333E265DD16D81"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/9780511794377.011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2F9780511794377.011"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781107005778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107005778"},{"link_name":"World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DBwTBQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1851099658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851099658"}],"text":"Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War 1914-1919 (PDF). Ottawa: Minister of National Defence.\nFarr, Don (2007). Silent General: Horne of the First Army. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited. ISBN 9781874622994.\nDouglas, Jerrold (1923). The Royal Naval Division. London: Hutchinson. Retrieved 28 Jan 2020.\nWard, C. H. Dudley (1921). The 56th Division (1st London Territorial Division). London: John Murray. Retrieved 6 Jan 2020.\nRawson, Andrew (2018). British Expeditionary Force - The Final Advance: September to November 1918. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 9781526723475. Retrieved 18 January 2020.\nBeckett, Ian (2017). The British Army and the First World War. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9780511794377.011. ISBN 9781107005778. Retrieved 29 Jan 2020.\nTucker, Spencer C. (2014). World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851099658. Retrieved 28 Jan 2020.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Canadian troops marching through the streets of Mons on the morning of 11 November 1918.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canadian_troops_Mons_11_November_1918_%28IWM_CO_3660%29.jpg/220px-Canadian_troops_Mons_11_November_1918_%28IWM_CO_3660%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"White (1 Oct 2018). \"The Second Battle of Cambrai 1918\". Forces War Records. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 7 Jan 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210418094736/https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/blog/2018/10/01/second-battle-of-cambrai-1918","url_text":"\"The Second Battle of Cambrai 1918\""},{"url":"https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/blog/2018/10/01/second-battle-of-cambrai-1918","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War 1914-1919 (PDF). Ottawa: Minister of National Defence. p. 475.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/defence/caf/militaryhistory/dhh/official/book-1964-expeditionary-en.pdf","url_text":"Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War 1914-1919"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada. \"Canadian Route of Remembrance in Belgium, 1918\". www.canadainternational.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201125110921/https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/belgium-belgique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/route1918.aspx?lang=eng","url_text":"\"Canadian Route of Remembrance in Belgium, 1918\""},{"url":"https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/belgium-belgique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/route1918.aspx?lang=eng","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Farr, Don (2007). Silent General: Horne of the First Army. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited. p. 246. ISBN 9781874622994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781874622994","url_text":"9781874622994"}]},{"reference":"Rawson, Andrew (2018). British Expeditionary Force - The Final Advance: September to November 1918. Pen & Sword Military. p. 169. ISBN 9781526723475. Retrieved 18 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_LW9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169","url_text":"British Expeditionary Force - The Final Advance: September to November 1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526723475","url_text":"9781526723475"}]},{"reference":"Farr, Don (2007). Silent General: Horne of the First Army. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited. p. 248. 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Retrieved 29 Jan 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/british-army-and-the-first-world-war/western-front-1918/66CAD3507484E5695B333E265DD16D81","url_text":"The British Army and the First World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9780511794377.011","url_text":"10.1017/9780511794377.011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107005778","url_text":"9781107005778"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p. 772. ISBN 978-1851099658. Retrieved 28 Jan 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DBwTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA772","url_text":"World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851099658","url_text":"978-1851099658"}]},{"reference":"\"The Final Advance in Picardy – The Long, Long Trail\". Retrieved 2020-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/battles/battles-of-the-western-front-in-france-and-flanders/the-final-advance-in-picardy/","url_text":"\"The Final Advance in Picardy – The Long, Long Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada. \"Canadian Route of Remembrance in Belgium, 1918\". www.canadainternational.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181110133834/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/belgium-belgique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/route1918.aspx?lang=eng","url_text":"\"Canadian Route of Remembrance in Belgium, 1918\""},{"url":"https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/belgium-belgique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/route1918.aspx?lang=eng","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War 1914-1919 (PDF). Ottawa: Minister of National Defence.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._W._L._Nicholson","url_text":"Nicholson, G. W. L."},{"url":"https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/defence/caf/militaryhistory/dhh/official/book-1964-expeditionary-en.pdf","url_text":"Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War 1914-1919"}]},{"reference":"Farr, Don (2007). Silent General: Horne of the First Army. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_University
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Portrait of a University
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["1 References"]
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Book by H. B. Charlton
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Portrait of a University" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Portrait of a University 1851–1951; to commemorate the centenary of Manchester University is a book written by H. B. Charlton to celebrate the 100 year anniversary of the founding of Owens College, and published by Manchester University Press. At the time of writing Henry Buckley Charlton (born 1890) had been John Edward Taylor Professor of English Literature since 1921. It includes a chapter by Samuel Alexander and an essay by Edward Fiddes on the admission of women to full university status.
References
^ Charlton, H. B. (1951). Portrait of a University. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 185.
^ Library of Congress name authorities
^ Portrait; pp. 173 & 97-109
^ Portrait; pp. 143-62
This United Kingdom university, college or other education institution article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an education-related book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Charlton, H. B. (1951). Portrait of a University. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 185.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Berm%C3%BAdez
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Jaime Bermúdez
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["1 Career","2 Publications","3 References","4 External links"]
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Colombian lawyer, diplomat and politician
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Bermúdez and the second or maternal family name is Merizalde.
Jaime BermúdezMinister of Foreign AffairsIn office18 July 2008 (2008-07-18) – 7 August 2010 (2010-08-07)PresidentÁlvaro UribePreceded byFernando AraújoSucceeded byMaría Ángela HolguínColombia Ambassador to Argentina In office26 August 2006 (2006-08-26) – 9 July 2008 (2008-07-09)PresidentÁlvaro UribePreceded byRodrigo Holguín LouridoSucceeded byÁlvaro García Jiménez
Personal detailsBornJaime Bermúdez Merizalde1966Bogotá, D.C., ColombiaSpouseCatalina SanintAlma mater
University of the Andes (LLB, 1992)
St Antony's College, Oxford (PhD, 2006)
ProfessionLawyerSignature
Jaime Bermúdez Merizalde (born c. 1966) is a Colombian lawyer and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia from 2008 to 2010.
Career
Jaime Bermúdez graduated from Gimnasio de los Cerros in 1983. He attended University of the Andes, and graduated in Law in 1992. He later obtained a Chevening Scholarship to study for a DPhil degree from St Antony's College, Oxford.
Between 1991 and 1993, Jaime Bermúdez was adviser to the Colombian government's Consejería de Derechos Humanos (Human Rights Committee) and the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Between 1993 and 1994 he was coordinator of the "Good Neighbors Commission". In 1994 he was a UN-appointed observer of the presidential elections in South Africa. In 1996 was executive director of the Consorcio Iberoamericano de Investigaciones de Mercado, CIMA.
Between 2002 and 2006, Bermúdez was a communications adviser to President Álvaro Uribe whom he met around 1998 while they were both students at Oxford University. He was then named as Colombian ambassador to Argentina, a position that he held from August 26, 2006 to July 9, 2008.
Publications
As a member of the "Good Neighbors Commission", Bermúdez edited the book Colombia–Venezuela, un nuevo esquema bilateral (Colombia–Venezuela, A New Bilateral Framework). Together with Cynthia Arnson, he collaborated on the report "Los procesos de paz en Colombia: Múltiples negociaciones, múltiples actores" ("The Peace Process in Colombia: Multiple Negotiations, Multiple Actors").
Bermúdez has been a contributor to the Colombian publications Estrategia y Economía and Revista Diners.
References
^ Noticias - Gimnasio de Los Cerros
^ Press Release "Jaime Bermúdez: Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)".
^ Cynthia J. Arnson, et al. "Los procesos de paz en Colombia: Múltiples negociaciones, múltiples actores Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine" Woodrow Wilson School - Latin American Program Special Report January 2007
External links
"Jaime Bermúdez Sería El Nuevo Canciller". El Tiempo. (June 9, 2008)
"Foreign Minister Araújo resigns". Colombia reports. (July 16, 2008)
"Jaime Bermúdez asume este jueves como nuevo Canciller de Colombia" Secretaria de Prensa, Presidencia de la Republica. July 17, 2008
"Un abogado cercano a Uribe" ABC.
Interview for Argentinian TV
Designation ceremony
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Other
IdRef
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahverdi_Khan
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Allahverdi Khan
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["1 Biography","1.1 Background","1.2 Service under Shah Abbas I","1.3 Death and burial","2 Legacy","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources"]
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Iranian general and statesman (c.1560-1613)
For other uses, see Allahverdi Khan (disambiguation).
Allahverdi KhanAllahverdi Khan (seated center right) with his son Emamqoli Khan (seated center left). From a Jarunnameh of Qadri. Isfahan style, dated 1697Governor of FarsIn office1595-6 – 1613MonarchsAbbas I, SafiPreceded byFarhad Khan QaramanluSucceeded byImam Quli Khan (Safavid governor)
Personal detailsBornca. 1560Died3 June 1613RelativesDaud Khan Undiladze (son) Imam-Quli Khan (son) Safiqoli Khan Undiladze (grandson) Jafarqoli Khan (great-grandson)ClanUndiladzeMilitary serviceAllegiance Safavid IranYears of service1570s(?)–1613Battles/warsOttoman–Safavid War (1603–1618)
Allahverdi Khan (Persian: اللهوردی خان, Georgian: ალავერდი-ხანი; c. 1560 – June 3, 1613) was an Iranian general and statesman of Georgian origin who, initially a gholām ("military slave"), rose to high office in the Safavid state.
Iskandar Beg Munshi, the Safavid court historian at the time, describes him as "one of the most powerful statesman to hold office under this dynasty", and a "man of great forbearance, modest and chaste.” Shah Abbas I demonstrated his genuine respect and affection for him by personally supervising the funeral arrangements, and by going to his house the day after his death to offer his personal condolences to his family.
Biography
Background
Allahverdi was born a Christian Georgian, surnamed Undiladze. Like many of his compatriots and fellow Christian Georgians, Armenians and Circassians, he was taken prisoner in the course of one of the Caucasian campaigns of shah Tahmasp I of Persia and converted to Islam to be trained for service in the gholam army, a special military structure consisting of Christian captives that was created later by Abbas I to counterpoise the power of the Qizilbash, which constituted the nucleus of the Safavid military aristocracy.
Service under Shah Abbas I
In 1589, he took part in the assassination of the powerful minister (vakil) and kingmaker Morshed-Kholi Khan Ostaglu, who was secretly condemned to death by Shah Abbas I. As a result, he was made sultan and a governor of Jorpadagan near Isfahan, the Safavid capital. He then rapidly rose to higher offices and was appointed commander of the gholam army (qollar-aghasi), thus becoming one of the five principal officers in the Safavid administration by 1595/6. In the same year, Shah Abbas I appointed him the governor of Fars, a move that made him the first gholam to attain equal status with the Qizilbash emirs. This act also meant that the large provinces would no longer be administered by semi-autonomous and frequently self-minded Qizilbash emirs, but by officers appointed directly by the Shah.
In 1596/7, he was transferred to the governorship of Kohgiluyeh. In 1597, two clans of the Afshar tribe, the Arsahlu and Gundzulu, together with some Lur and Arab tribes, rebelled at Ramhormoz. However, it was shortly suppressed by Allahverdi Khan.
In August 1598, Allahverdi Khan, as a sardar-e-lashkar (commander-in-chief), was instrumental in recovering Herat from the Uzbek tribes and shortly after this victory was ordered by the shah to put a powerful Qizilbash emir Farhad Khan Qaramanlu to death. This act turned Allahverdi Khan into the most powerful man in the Persian Empire after the shah. From 1600 onwards, counseled by the English gentleman of fortune, Sir Robert Sherley, he reorganized the army and strengthened it by increasing the number of gholam troops from 4,000 to 25,000.
Allahverdi Khan led the Persian armies in a number of successful campaigns on both the eastern and the western frontiers of the Safavid empire, including the 1601-2 conquest of Bahrain. In 1605, during the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603–1618, Allahverdi Khan besieged the Ottoman city of Van. During the siege, he was informed of Ottoman reinforcements under Mehmed Pasha marching towards the city. He then sent an army under Qarachaqay Khan to stop the reinforcements from arriving, which he successfully accomplished. However, Allahverdi Khan later lifted the siege, and returned to Abbas I, who was in Khoy. On 6 November, Allahverdi Khan took part in the battle of Sufiyan, where the Safavids decisively defeated the Ottomans.
Death and burial
Allahverdi Khan died on 3 June 1613, during a visit at Isfahan. His death greatly saddened Abbas I, who accompanied his bier to a place where the corpses of the deceased were ritually washed and prepared for the burial. Abbas I also visited the house of Allahverdi Khan's family in Isfahan, where he offered his condolences. He thereafter appointed Allahverdi Khan's son Imam-Quli Khan as the governor of Fars, thus succeeding his deceased father. Allahverdi Khan was buried in an exquisite tomb at Mashhad. His tomb was built next to the Imam Reza shrine as a unique way of respect, which reflects his standing and status in the Safavid empire. The tomb still stands to this day; it is an elegant two-storied octagonal structure with marble slabs and tiles sheathing the interior.
Allahverdi also had another son named Daud Khan, who would later serve as the governor of Ganja and Karabakh.
Legacy
Si-o-se-pol, also known as the "Allahverdi Khan Bridge"
Allahverdi Khan presided over construction of several public buildings and charitable foundations. The Si-o-se-pol bridge across the Zayandeh River built by the architect Mir Jamal al-Din Muhammad Jabiri in Isfahan under Allahverdi Khan's patronage still bears the general's name. Allahverdi Khan is furthermore credited with several other building works, such as a large double dam near Sarab; a fortification around a village in Fars; a large qaysariyya, or royal market, in Lar, which impressed the Spanish envoy García de Silva Figueroa; and a stately house near Nahavand for Abbas I. Allahverdi Khan also initiated the construction of a large theological college, Madrasa Khan, in Shiraz as a teaching base for the Islamic scholar Mulla Sadra. The project would be completed by his son Imam-Quli Khan.
See also
Georgians in Iran
References
^ a b c Savory 1985, pp. 891–892.
^ Shah ʹAbbas & the arts of Isfahan, by Anthony Welch, pg. 17
^ Potts 2014, p. 233.
^ a b Floor & Herzig 2015, p. 95.
^ Floor & Herzig 2015, pp. 98–100.
^ a b Blow 2009, p. 102.
^ a b Babaie 2004, pp. 92–94.
Sources
Babaie, Sussan (2004). Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–218. ISBN 9781860647215.
Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who became an Iranian Legend. London, UK: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84511-989-8. LCCN 2009464064.
Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund, eds. (2015). Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1780769905.
Matthee, Rudi (1999). "FARHĀD KHAN QARAMĀNLŪ, ROKN-AL-SALṬANA". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Matthee, Rudi (2011). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–371. ISBN 978-0857731814.
Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed., 2007). Allahverdi Khan. Dictionary of Georgian National Biography.
Newman, Andrew J. (2008). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–281. ISBN 9780857716613.
Potts, Daniel T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199330799.
Roemer, H.R. (1986). "The Safavid period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Timurid and Safavid periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–351. ISBN 9780521200943.
Savory, R. M. (1985). "ALLĀHVERDĪ KHAN (1)". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. pp. 891–892.
Savory, Roger (2007). Iran under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–288. ISBN 978-0521042512.
Preceded byFarhad Khan Qaramanlu
Governor of Fars 1595/6 – 1613
Succeeded byImam-Quli Khan
|
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The Si-o-se-pol bridge across the Zayandeh River built by the architect Mir Jamal al-Din Muhammad Jabiri in Isfahan under Allahverdi Khan's patronage still bears the general's name. Allahverdi Khan is furthermore credited with several other building works, such as a large double dam near Sarab; a fortification around a village in Fars; a large qaysariyya, or royal market, in Lar, which impressed the Spanish envoy García de Silva Figueroa; and a stately house near Nahavand for Abbas I. Allahverdi Khan also initiated the construction of a large theological college, Madrasa Khan, in Shiraz as a teaching base for the Islamic scholar Mulla Sadra. The project would be completed by his son Imam-Quli Khan.[7]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2BMVnw9JQh8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781860647215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860647215"},{"link_name":"Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who became an Iranian Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=K_kBAwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84511-989-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-989-8"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2009464064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/2009464064"},{"link_name":"Herzig, Edmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Herzig"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1780769905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780769905"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/farhad-khan-qaramanlu-rokn-al-saltana"},{"link_name":"Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fFaw4od7nfUC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0857731814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857731814"},{"link_name":"Allahverdi Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090215065027/http://georgianbiography.com/bios/a/allahverdikhan.htm"},{"link_name":"Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KPgBAwAAQBAJ&q=false"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780857716613","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857716613"},{"link_name":"Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780199330799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199330799"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Timurid and Safavid periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LZ0-2BIR8BQC&q=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran+safavid"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521200943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521200943"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/allahverdi-khan-d-1"},{"link_name":"Savory, Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Savory"},{"link_name":"Iran under the Safavids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=v4Yr4foWFFgC&q=false"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521042512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521042512"}],"text":"Babaie, Sussan (2004). Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–218. ISBN 9781860647215.\nBlow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who became an Iranian Legend. London, UK: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84511-989-8. LCCN 2009464064.\nFloor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund, eds. (2015). Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1780769905.\nMatthee, Rudi (1999). \"FARHĀD KHAN QARAMĀNLŪ, ROKN-AL-SALṬANA\". Encyclopaedia Iranica.\nMatthee, Rudi (2011). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–371. ISBN 978-0857731814.\nMikaberidze, Alexander (ed., 2007). Allahverdi Khan. Dictionary of Georgian National Biography.\nNewman, Andrew J. (2008). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–281. ISBN 9780857716613.\nPotts, Daniel T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199330799.\nRoemer, H.R. (1986). \"The Safavid period\". The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Timurid and Safavid periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–351. ISBN 9780521200943.\nSavory, R. M. (1985). \"ALLĀHVERDĪ KHAN (1)\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. pp. 891–892.\nSavory, Roger (2007). Iran under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–288. ISBN 978-0521042512.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Si-o-se-pol, also known as the \"Allahverdi Khan Bridge\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Si-o-se-Pol.jpg/300px-Si-o-se-Pol.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Georgians in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians_in_Iran"}]
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[{"reference":"Babaie, Sussan (2004). Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–218. ISBN 9781860647215.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2BMVnw9JQh8C","url_text":"Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860647215","url_text":"9781860647215"}]},{"reference":"Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who became an Iranian Legend. London, UK: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84511-989-8. LCCN 2009464064.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K_kBAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who became an Iranian Legend"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-989-8","url_text":"978-1-84511-989-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2009464064","url_text":"2009464064"}]},{"reference":"Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund, eds. (2015). Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1780769905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Herzig","url_text":"Herzig, Edmund"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780769905","url_text":"978-1780769905"}]},{"reference":"Matthee, Rudi (1999). \"FARHĀD KHAN QARAMĀNLŪ, ROKN-AL-SALṬANA\". Encyclopaedia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/farhad-khan-qaramanlu-rokn-al-saltana","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"Matthee, Rudi (2011). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–371. ISBN 978-0857731814.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fFaw4od7nfUC","url_text":"Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857731814","url_text":"978-0857731814"}]},{"reference":"Newman, Andrew J. (2008). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–281. ISBN 9780857716613.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KPgBAwAAQBAJ&q=false","url_text":"Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857716613","url_text":"9780857716613"}]},{"reference":"Potts, Daniel T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199330799.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199330799","url_text":"9780199330799"}]},{"reference":"Roemer, H.R. (1986). \"The Safavid period\". The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Timurid and Safavid periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–351. ISBN 9780521200943.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ0-2BIR8BQC&q=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran+safavid","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Timurid and Safavid periods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521200943","url_text":"9780521200943"}]},{"reference":"Savory, R. M. (1985). \"ALLĀHVERDĪ KHAN (1)\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. pp. 891–892.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/allahverdi-khan-d-1","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8"}]},{"reference":"Savory, Roger (2007). Iran under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–288. ISBN 978-0521042512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Savory","url_text":"Savory, Roger"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v4Yr4foWFFgC&q=false","url_text":"Iran under the Safavids"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521042512","url_text":"978-0521042512"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2BMVnw9JQh8C","external_links_name":"Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K_kBAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who became an Iranian Legend"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2009464064","external_links_name":"2009464064"},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/farhad-khan-qaramanlu-rokn-al-saltana","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fFaw4od7nfUC","external_links_name":"Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090215065027/http://georgianbiography.com/bios/a/allahverdikhan.htm","external_links_name":"Allahverdi Khan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KPgBAwAAQBAJ&q=false","external_links_name":"Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ0-2BIR8BQC&q=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran+safavid","external_links_name":"The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Timurid and Safavid periods"},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/allahverdi-khan-d-1","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v4Yr4foWFFgC&q=false","external_links_name":"Iran under the Safavids"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Spectaculis
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De spectaculis
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Aerial view of a late second-century Roman amphitheater at Isca Augusta
De Spectaculis, also known as On the Spectacles or The Shows, is a surviving moral and ascetic treatise by Tertullian. Written somewhere between 197 and 202, the work looks at the moral legitimacy and consequences of Christians attending the circus, theatre, or amphitheatre.
Tertullian argues that human enjoyment can be an offence to God. His view of these public entertainments is that they are a misuse of God's creation and a perversion of the gifts God has given to man. He supports his claim by reminding the reader that these shows and spectacles derived from pagan ritual rites (the Liberalia, the Consualia, the Equiria, the Bacchanalia, etc.). This means that the events derive from idolatry. Of key concern was that the "show always leads to spiritual agitation". By attending and partaking in the event, man is subject to strong excitements, which are aroused due to natural lapses, which create passionate desire. Additionally, Tertullian writes that that which is not permissible to say or do should not be permissible to see or hear.
Friedrich Nietzsche, in On the Genealogy of Morality (Essay 1, Section 15), uses Tertullian's words to highlight the resemblance of Christian worship to circus-going: "In place of athletes, we have our martyrs; if we crave blood, we have the blood of Christ..." To those addicted to the pleasure of pagan spectacles Tertullian tried to show that Christianity offers far superior spectacles. For this reason he spoke of the Second Coming, the resurrection of the saints, New Jerusalem, and of “what no eye has seen, nor ear heard, nor the human heart conceived” (1 Cor 2:9), but the spectacle on which he enlarged most was the Last Judgement and the ensuing punishment of the enemies of Christ:
hat last day of judgment, with its everlasting issues; that day unlooked for by the nations, the theme of their derision, when the world hoary with age, and all its many products, shall be consumed in one great flame! How vast a spectacle then bursts upon the eye! What there excites my admiration? what my derision? Which sight gives me joy? which rouses me to exultation?--as I see so many illustrious monarchs, whose reception into the heavens was publicly announced, groaning now in the lowest darkness with great Jove himself, and those, too, who bore witness of their exultation; governors of provinces, too, who persecuted the Christian name, in fires more fierce than those with which in the days of their pride they raged against the followers of Christ. What world's wise men besides, the very philosophers, in fact, who taught their followers that God had no concern in ought that is sublunary, and were wont to assure them that either they had no souls, or that they would never return to the bodies which at death they had left, now covered with shame before the poor deluded ones, as one fire consumes them! Poets also, trembling not before the judgment-seat of Rhadamanthus or Minos, but of the unexpected Christ! I shall have a better opportunity then of hearing the tragedians, louder-voiced in their own calamity; of viewing the play-actors, much more "dissolute" in the dissolving flame; of looking upon the charioteer, all glowing in his chariot of fire; of beholding the wrestlers, not in their gymnasia, but tossing in the fiery billows … What quaestor or priest in his munificence will bestow on you the favour of seeing and exulting in such things as these? And yet even now we in a measure have them by faith in the picturings of imagination.
Such an expression of joy over the ruin of the damned finds no match in the other works of early Christians. However, it must be taken into account that in an earlier chapter of the treatise Tertullian wrote that “the innocent can find no pleasure in another’s sufferings: he rather mourns that a brother has sinned so heinously as to need a punishment so dreadful.” This passage is hard--if not impossible--to reconcile with the one quoted before and it is therefore debatable what Tertullian's real sentiments regarding the damned were.
References
^ see also Antitheatricality
^ De Spectaculis Reginald Melville Chase The Classical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Nov., 1927), pp. 107-120 Published by: The Classical Association of the Middle West and South Article Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3289360
^ "Tertullian, The Shows, Chapter XXX". Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ "Tertullian, The Shows, Chapter XIX". Retrieved 20 October 2018.
Tertullian, Septimus Florens (1869). The Writings of Septimus Florens Tertullianus, Vol. I. Reverend S. Thelwall (trans.). T. & T. Clark.
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
De spectaculis
De spectaculis: Latin text with English translation by Terrot Reaveley Glover, Loeb Classical Library 1931
De spectaculis at the Tertullian Project, including links to text and translations
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tertullian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_circus"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Liberalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalia"},{"link_name":"Consualia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consualia"},{"link_name":"Equiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equiria"},{"link_name":"Bacchanalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchanalia"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"On the Genealogy of Morality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality"},{"link_name":"Christian worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_worship"},{"link_name":"Second Coming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming"},{"link_name":"New Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"1 Cor 2:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%202:9&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Last Judgement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgement"},{"link_name":"Rhadamanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhadamanthus"},{"link_name":"Minos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"the damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnation"},{"link_name":"early Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"De Spectaculis, also known as On the Spectacles or The Shows, is a surviving moral and ascetic treatise by Tertullian. Written somewhere between 197 and 202, the work looks at the moral legitimacy and consequences of Christians attending the circus, theatre, or amphitheatre.[1]Tertullian argues that human enjoyment can be an offence to God.[2] His view of these public entertainments is that they are a misuse of God's creation and a perversion of the gifts God has given to man. He supports his claim by reminding the reader that these shows and spectacles derived from pagan ritual rites (the Liberalia, the Consualia, the Equiria, the Bacchanalia, etc.). This means that the events derive from idolatry. Of key concern was that the \"show always leads to spiritual agitation\". By attending and partaking in the event, man is subject to strong excitements, which are aroused due to natural lapses, which create passionate desire. Additionally, Tertullian writes that that which is not permissible to say or do should not be permissible to see or hear.Friedrich Nietzsche, in On the Genealogy of Morality (Essay 1, Section 15), uses Tertullian's words to highlight the resemblance of Christian worship to circus-going: \"In place of athletes, we have our martyrs; if we crave blood, we have the blood of Christ...\" To those addicted to the pleasure of pagan spectacles Tertullian tried to show that Christianity offers far superior spectacles. For this reason he spoke of the Second Coming, the resurrection of the saints, New Jerusalem, and of “what no eye has seen, nor ear heard, nor the human heart conceived” (1 Cor 2:9), but the spectacle on which he enlarged most was the Last Judgement and the ensuing punishment of the enemies of Christ:[T]hat last day of judgment, with its everlasting issues; that day unlooked for by the nations, the theme of their derision, when the world hoary with age, and all its many products, shall be consumed in one great flame! How vast a spectacle then bursts upon the eye! What there excites my admiration? what my derision? Which sight gives me joy? which rouses me to exultation?--as I see so many illustrious monarchs, whose reception into the heavens was publicly announced, groaning now in the lowest darkness with great Jove himself, and those, too, who bore witness of their exultation; governors of provinces, too, who persecuted the Christian name, in fires more fierce than those with which in the days of their pride they raged against the followers of Christ. What world's wise men besides, the very philosophers, in fact, who taught their followers that God had no concern in ought that is sublunary, and were wont to assure them that either they had no souls, or that they would never return to the bodies which at death they had left, now covered with shame before the poor deluded ones, as one fire consumes them! Poets also, trembling not before the judgment-seat of Rhadamanthus or Minos, but of the unexpected Christ! I shall have a better opportunity then of hearing the tragedians, louder-voiced in their own calamity; of viewing the play-actors, much more \"dissolute\" in the dissolving flame; of looking upon the charioteer, all glowing in his chariot of fire; of beholding the wrestlers, not in their gymnasia, but tossing in the fiery billows … What quaestor or priest in his munificence will bestow on you the favour of seeing and exulting in such things as these? And yet even now we in a measure have them by faith in the picturings of imagination.[3]Such an expression of joy over the ruin of the damned finds no match in the other works of early Christians. However, it must be taken into account that in an earlier chapter of the treatise Tertullian wrote that “the innocent can find no pleasure in another’s sufferings: he rather mourns that a brother has sinned so heinously as to need a punishment so dreadful.”[4] This passage is hard--if not impossible--to reconcile with the one quoted before and it is therefore debatable what Tertullian's real sentiments regarding the damned were.","title":"De spectaculis"}]
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| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/715th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)
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715th Infantry Division
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["1 Composition","2 Unit history","3 Commanders","4 References"]
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715th Infantry DivisionGerman: 715. Infanterie-DivisionInsignia of the German 715th Infantry DivisionActive8 May 1941 – 2 May 1945Country Nazi GermanyBranchArmyTypeInfantrySizeDivisionEngagementsOperation Shingle, Gothic Line, Eastern FrontMilitary unit
The 715th Infantry Division (German: 715. Infanterie-Division) was a German infantry division which fought during World War II.
Composition
As of 1942, the composition of the 715th Infantry Division was as follows:
715th Infantry Regiment
735th Infantry Regiment
671st Artillery Battalion
715th Reconnaissance Company
715th Engineer Battalion
715th Signal Company
715th Divisional Supply Troops
Unit history
A memorial on Patch Barracks
The 715th (Static) Infantry Division was activated on 8 May 1941, and sent to southwestern France that fall. In late summer 1943, it took over the Cannes–Nice sector on the Mediterranean coast when elements of the Italian 4th Army returned home. In January 1944, the 715th was sent to Italy following the allied landings at Anzio and fought there until June, suffering heavy losses when the Allies broke out of the beachhead and took Rome. Sent to the rear, the 715th was rebuilt, largely from troops of the reinforced 1028th Grenadier Regiment and Shadow Division Wildflecken, which it absorbed. The division fought in the Gothic Line battles in September and was transferred to the Adriatic sector soon after. During this time the Italian Bersaglieri battalion "Mameli" fought under the command of the 715th Infantry Division. Rebuilt again in February 1945, it now included the 725th, 735th, and 774th Grenadier Regiments (two battalions each), the 671st Artillery Regiment (three battalions), the 715th Fusilier Battalion, the 715th Engineer Battalion, the 715th Tank Destroyer Battalion, the 715th Signal Company and the 715th Field Replacement Battalion. In early 1945, it was sent to the 1st Panzer Army on the Eastern Front, fought in Upper Silesia and surrendered to the Soviets in the Tábor–Písek area of Czechoslovakia on 2 May.
Commanders
Colonel/Major General Ernst Wening (2 May 1941)
Major General/Lieutenant General Kurt Hoffmann (1 June 1942)
Major General/Lieutenant General Hans-Georg Hildebrandt (5 February 1944)
Colonel/ Major General Hans von Rohr (1 July 1944)
Colonel Hans-Joachim Ehlert (18 September 1944)
Major General Hans von Rohr (30 September 1944 - end)
References
German Order of Battle, Volume Two: 291st 999th Infantry Divisions, Named Infantry Divisions, and Special Divisions in World War II
vteNumbered infantry divisions of the German Army (1935–1945)1st – 99th1st – 9th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10th – 19th
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20th – 29th
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30th – 39th
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
38
39
40th – 49th
41
44
45
46
47
48
49
50th – 59th
50
52
56
57
58
59
60th – 69th
60
61
62
63
64
65
68
69
70th – 79th
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80th – 89th
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90th – 99th
91
92
93
94
95
96
98
100th – 199th100th – 119th
102
106
110
111
112
113
121st – 129th
121
122
123
125
126
129
130th – 149th
131
132
134
137
148
150th – 159th
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160th – 169th
160
161
162
162nd (Turk.)
163
164
166
167
168
169
170th – 189th
170
174
176
180
181
182
183
189
190th – 199th
190
196
197
198
199
200th – 299th200th – 209th
201
203
205
206
207
208
209
210th – 219th
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220th – 229th
221
223
225
226
227
228
230th – 239th
230
231
232
237
239
240th – 249th
240
242
243
244
245
246
249
250th – 259th
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
260th – 269th
260
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270th – 279th
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280th – 289th
280
281
282
286
290th – 299th
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300th – 399th300th – 309th
301
302
303
304
305
306
309
310th – 329th
311
319
320
321
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330th – 339th
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340th – 349th
340
342
343
344
346
347
348
349
350th – 359th
351
352
353
355
356
357
358
359
360th – 369th
361
362
363
364
365
367
369
370th – 379th
370
371
372
373
376
377
379
380th – 389th
383
384
385
387
389
390th – 399th
392
393
395
399
400th – 719th400th – 499th
416
430
462
500th – 599th
521
526
554
555
556
557
600th – 699th
600
606
650
700th – 709th
702
703
704
707
708
709
710th – 719th
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
See also: List of German divisions in World War II, Aufstellungswelle
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Military unitThe 715th Infantry Division (German: 715. Infanterie-Division) was a German infantry division which fought during World War II.","title":"715th Infantry Division"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 1942, the composition of the 715th Infantry Division was as follows:715th Infantry Regiment\n735th Infantry Regiment\n671st Artillery Battalion\n715th Reconnaissance Company\n715th Engineer Battalion\n715th Signal Company\n715th Divisional Supply Troops","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEN_TOTEN_DER_715_ID.JPG"},{"link_name":"Patch Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Cannes–Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Riviera"},{"link_name":"Anzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shingle"},{"link_name":"beachhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachhead"},{"link_name":"Gothic Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line"},{"link_name":"1st Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviets"},{"link_name":"Tábor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1bor"},{"link_name":"Písek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsek"}],"text":"A memorial on Patch BarracksThe 715th (Static) Infantry Division was activated on 8 May 1941, and sent to southwestern France that fall. In late summer 1943, it took over the Cannes–Nice sector on the Mediterranean coast when elements of the Italian 4th Army returned home. In January 1944, the 715th was sent to Italy following the allied landings at Anzio and fought there until June, suffering heavy losses when the Allies broke out of the beachhead and took Rome. Sent to the rear, the 715th was rebuilt, largely from troops of the reinforced 1028th Grenadier Regiment and Shadow Division Wildflecken, which it absorbed. The division fought in the Gothic Line battles in September and was transferred to the Adriatic sector soon after. During this time the Italian Bersaglieri battalion \"Mameli\" fought under the command of the 715th Infantry Division. Rebuilt again in February 1945, it now included the 725th, 735th, and 774th Grenadier Regiments (two battalions each), the 671st Artillery Regiment (three battalions), the 715th Fusilier Battalion, the 715th Engineer Battalion, the 715th Tank Destroyer Battalion, the 715th Signal Company and the 715th Field Replacement Battalion. In early 1945, it was sent to the 1st Panzer Army on the Eastern Front, fought in Upper Silesia and surrendered to the Soviets in the Tábor–Písek area of Czechoslovakia on 2 May.","title":"Unit history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Colonel/Major General Ernst Wening (2 May 1941)\nMajor General/Lieutenant General Kurt Hoffmann (1 June 1942)\nMajor General/Lieutenant General Hans-Georg Hildebrandt (5 February 1944)\nColonel/ Major General Hans von Rohr (1 July 1944)\nColonel Hans-Joachim Ehlert (18 September 1944)\nMajor General Hans von Rohr (30 September 1944 - end)","title":"Commanders"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A memorial on Patch Barracks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DEN_TOTEN_DER_715_ID.JPG/220px-DEN_TOTEN_DER_715_ID.JPG"}]
| null |
[]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncensored_(film)
|
Uncensored (film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
|
1942 British filmUncensoredTheatrical release posterDirected byAnthony AsquithWritten byRodney AcklandTerence Rattigan Wolfgang WilhelmBased onUncensored by Oscar MillardProduced byEdward Black Maurice OstrerStarringEric PortmanPhyllis Calvert Griffith JonesCinematographyArthur CrabtreeEdited byR. E. DearingMusic byLouis Levy Hans MayProductioncompanyGainsborough PicturesDistributed byGeneral Film DistributorsRelease date
24 August 1942 (1942-08-24)
Running time108 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish
Uncensored is a 1942 British war drama film directed by Anthony Asquith starring Eric Portman, Phyllis Calvert and Griffith Jones. The film was produced at Gainsborough Pictures by Edward Black, with cinematography from Arthur Crabtree and screenplay by Rodney Ackland, Wolfgang Wilhelm and Terence Rattigan based on the 1937 novel of the same title by Oscar Millard. The film was shot at the company's Lime Grove Studios in Shepherd's Bush, with sets designed by the art director Alex Vetchinsky.
Uncensored is set in occupied Belgium and shares the propagandistic tone of many British films of its era. While its reception was mainly positive, it was criticised in some quarters for its unrealistic portrayal of the occupying German forces as bungling, incompetent and easily outwitted buffoons.
On its original UK release Uncensored ran for 108 minutes; for overseas distribution, however, it was trimmed to 83 minutes and the cut version subsequently became more widely circulated.
Plot
Before the Nazi occupation of Belgium, Brussels nightclub owner André Delange (Portman) used to publish an anti-Nazi newspaper called La Libre Belgique (Free Belgium) which was distributed secretly. In the aftermath of the German occupation, his underground colleagues in the Belgian resistance suggest reviving the newspaper, to which Delange agrees. With the help of his chief assistant Julie Lanvin (Calvert) and a small band of helpers, La Libre Belgique once more begins to circulate. When the Germans find out of its existence, they offer a reward to anyone who is prepared to identify those responsible for its publication.
Delange's business partner Charles Neels (Peter Glenville), disgruntled with their business relationship and jealous of Delange's relationship with the attractive Julie, betrays the whereabouts of the newspaper's makeshift office. The premises are raided and those present in the building arrested, but Delange and Julie manage to avoid capture. The Germans announce to the populace that La Libre Belgique is no more and its perpetrators are in custody; however Delange and Julie succeed in printing and distributing another edition, making the Germans look foolish and leading them to assume that the information given to them by their informant was false. They release those arrested, who they now believe not to be the people they were looking for, and vow to continue searching for the real culprits. Meanwhile the group led by Delange comes together again, and their work continues.
Cast
Eric Portman as André Delange
Phyllis Calvert as Julie Lanvin
Griffith Jones as Father de Gruyte
Raymond Lovell as von Koerner
Peter Glenville as Charles Neels
Irene Handl as Frau von Koerner
Felix Aylmer as Col. von Hohenstein
Eliot Makeham as Abbé de Moor
John Slater as Théophile
Aubrey Mallalieu as Louis Backer
Frederick Culley as Victor Lanvin
Carl Jaffe as Kohlmeier
Walter Hudd as van Heemskirk
J.H. Roberts as Father Corot
Peter Godfrey as Lou
Ben Williams as Arthur Backer
References
^ "Uncensored - Anthony Asquith's new picture". The Glasgow Herald. 24 July 1942. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
Bibliography
Ryall, Tom. Anthony Asquith. Oxford University Press, 2013.
External links
Uncensored at IMDb
Uncensored at AllMovie
Uncensored at BritMovie (archived)
vteFilms directed by Anthony AsquithFeature films
Shooting Stars (1927)
Underground (1928)
The Runaway Princess (1929)
A Cottage on Dartmoor (1929)
Tell England (1931)
Dance Pretty Lady (1931)
The Lucky Number (1933)
Unfinished Symphony (1934)
Moscow Nights (1935)
Pygmalion (1938)
French Without Tears (1940)
Freedom Radio (1941)
Quiet Wedding (1941)
Cottage to Let (1941)
Uncensored (1942)
We Dive at Dawn (1943)
The Demi-Paradise (1943)
Fanny by Gaslight (1944)
The Way to the Stars (1945)
While the Sun Shines (1947)
The Winslow Boy (1948)
The Woman in Question (1950)
The Browning Version (1951)
The Importance of Being Earnest (1952)
The Net (1953)
The Final Test (1953)
The Young Lovers (1954)
Carrington V.C. (1954)
Orders to Kill (1958)
The Doctor's Dilemma (1958)
Libel (1959)
The Millionairess (1960)
Two Living, One Dead (1961)
Guns of Darkness (1962)
The V.I.P.s (1963)
The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964)
Short films
The Story of Papworth (1935)
Channel Incident (1940)
Rush Hour (1941)
Two Fathers (1944)
On Such a Night (1955)
vteWorks by Terence RattiganPlays
First Episode (1933)
A Tale of Two Cities (1935)
French Without Tears (1936)
After the Dance (1939)
Follow My Leader (1940)
Grey Farm (1940)
Flare Path (1942)
While the Sun Shines (1943)
Love In Idleness (1944)
The Winslow Boy (1946)
The Browning Version (1948)
Harlequinade (1948)
Adventure Story (1949)
Who Is Sylvia? (1950)
The Deep Blue Sea (1952)
The Sleeping Prince (1953)
Separate Tables (1954)
Variation on a Theme (1958)
Ross (1960)
Man and Boy (1963)
A Bequest to the Nation (1970)
In Praise of Love (1973)
Before Dawn (1973)
All on Her Own (1974)
Cause Célèbre (1975/77)
Films and TV
The Belles of St. Clements (1936)
Gypsy (1937)
French Without Tears (1940)
Quiet Wedding (1941)
The Day Will Dawn (1942)
Uncensored (1942)
English Without Tears (1944)
The Way to the Stars (1945)
While the Sun Shines (1947)
Brighton Rock (1947)
Bond Street (1948)
The Winslow Boy (1948)
The Browning Version (1951)
The Sound Barrier (1952)
The Final Test (1953)
The Man Who Loved Redheads (1955)
The Deep Blue Sea (1955)
The Prince and the Showgirl (1957)
Separate Tables (1958)
Adventure Story (1961)
Heart to Heart (1962)
The V.I.P.s (1963)
The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964)
Nelson (1966)
Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969)
Bequest to the Nation (1973)
The Browning Version (1994)
The Winslow Boy (1999)
The Deep Blue Sea (2011)
Related works
Joie de Vivre (1960)
The Girl Who Came to Supper (1963)
vteFilms produced by Gainsborough Pictures"Gainsborough melodramas"
The Man in Grey (1943)
Fanny by Gaslight (1944)
Love Story (1944)
Madonna of the Seven Moons (1944)
The Wicked Lady (1945)
They Were Sisters (1945)
Caravan (1946)
The Magic Bow (1946)
The Root of All Evil (1947)
Jassy (1947)
When the Bough Breaks (1947)
Other
The Passionate Adventure (1924)
The Rat (1925)
The Sea Urchin (1926)
The Triumph of the Rat (1926)
Blighty (1927)
The Constant Nymph (1928)
The First Born (1928)
The Return of the Rat (1929)
Taxi for Two (1929)
A Night in Montmartre (1931)
Hindle Wakes (1931)
Jack's the Boy (1932)
It's a Boy (1933)
Friday the Thirteenth (1933)
Wild Boy (1934)
My Old Dutch (1934)
The Man Who Changed His Mind (1936)
Oh, Mr Porter! (1937)
Doctor Syn (1937)
Strange Boarders (1938)
The Ghost Train (1941)
I Thank You (1941)
Back-Room Boy (1942)
Uncensored (1942)
Dear Octopus (1943)
Bees in Paradise (1944)
Time Flies (1944)
Give Us the Moon (1944)
Two Thousand Women (1944)
Waterloo Road (1945)
A Place of One's Own (1945)
I'll Be Your Sweetheart (1945)
Dear Murderer (1947)
Easy Money (1948)
Miranda (1948)
Broken Journey (1948)
My Brother's Keeper (1948)
Here Come the Huggetts (1948)
Vote for Huggett (1949)
It's Not Cricket (1949)
The Huggetts Abroad (1949)
Marry Me! (1949)
The Bad Lord Byron (1949)
Christopher Columbus (1949)
So Long at the Fair (1950)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Anthony Asquith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Asquith"},{"link_name":"Eric Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Portman"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Calvert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Calvert"},{"link_name":"Griffith Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_Jones_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Gainsborough Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Edward Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Black_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Crabtree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Crabtree"},{"link_name":"Rodney Ackland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Ackland"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Wilhelm_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Terence Rattigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Rattigan"},{"link_name":"novel of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncensored_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Oscar Millard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Millard"},{"link_name":"Lime Grove Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_Grove_Studios"},{"link_name":"Shepherd's Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Alex Vetchinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Vetchinsky"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"propagandistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1942 British filmUncensored is a 1942 British war drama film directed by Anthony Asquith starring Eric Portman, Phyllis Calvert and Griffith Jones. The film was produced at Gainsborough Pictures by Edward Black, with cinematography from Arthur Crabtree and screenplay by Rodney Ackland, Wolfgang Wilhelm and Terence Rattigan based on the 1937 novel of the same title by Oscar Millard. The film was shot at the company's Lime Grove Studios in Shepherd's Bush, with sets designed by the art director Alex Vetchinsky.Uncensored is set in occupied Belgium and shares the propagandistic tone of many British films of its era. While its reception was mainly positive, it was criticised in some quarters for its unrealistic portrayal of the occupying German forces as bungling, incompetent and easily outwitted buffoons.[1]On its original UK release Uncensored ran for 108 minutes; for overseas distribution, however, it was trimmed to 83 minutes and the cut version subsequently became more widely circulated.","title":"Uncensored (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Libre Belgique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Libre_Belgique"},{"link_name":"Peter Glenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Glenville"}],"text":"Before the Nazi occupation of Belgium, Brussels nightclub owner André Delange (Portman) used to publish an anti-Nazi newspaper called La Libre Belgique (Free Belgium) which was distributed secretly. In the aftermath of the German occupation, his underground colleagues in the Belgian resistance suggest reviving the newspaper, to which Delange agrees. With the help of his chief assistant Julie Lanvin (Calvert) and a small band of helpers, La Libre Belgique once more begins to circulate. When the Germans find out of its existence, they offer a reward to anyone who is prepared to identify those responsible for its publication.Delange's business partner Charles Neels (Peter Glenville), disgruntled with their business relationship and jealous of Delange's relationship with the attractive Julie, betrays the whereabouts of the newspaper's makeshift office. The premises are raided and those present in the building arrested, but Delange and Julie manage to avoid capture. The Germans announce to the populace that La Libre Belgique is no more and its perpetrators are in custody; however Delange and Julie succeed in printing and distributing another edition, making the Germans look foolish and leading them to assume that the information given to them by their informant was false. They release those arrested, who they now believe not to be the people they were looking for, and vow to continue searching for the real culprits. Meanwhile the group led by Delange comes together again, and their work continues.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Portman"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Calvert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Calvert"},{"link_name":"Griffith Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_Jones_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Raymond Lovell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Lovell"},{"link_name":"Peter Glenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Glenville"},{"link_name":"Irene Handl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Handl"},{"link_name":"Felix Aylmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Aylmer"},{"link_name":"Eliot Makeham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_Makeham"},{"link_name":"John Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Slater_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Mallalieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Mallalieu"},{"link_name":"Carl Jaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jaffe"},{"link_name":"Walter Hudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hudd"},{"link_name":"Ben Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Williams_(actor)"}],"text":"Eric Portman as André Delange\nPhyllis Calvert as Julie Lanvin\nGriffith Jones as Father de Gruyte\nRaymond Lovell as von Koerner\nPeter Glenville as Charles Neels\nIrene Handl as Frau von Koerner\nFelix Aylmer as Col. von Hohenstein\nEliot Makeham as Abbé de Moor\n\n\nJohn Slater as Théophile\nAubrey Mallalieu as Louis Backer\nFrederick Culley as Victor Lanvin\nCarl Jaffe as Kohlmeier\nWalter Hudd as van Heemskirk\nJ.H. Roberts as Father Corot\nPeter Godfrey as Lou\nBen Williams as Arthur Backer","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ryall, Tom. Anthony Asquith. Oxford University Press, 2013.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Uncensored - Anthony Asquith's new picture\". The Glasgow Herald. 24 July 1942. Retrieved 4 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eRQ1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=3aULAAAAIBAJ&pg=3067,4486917&dq=uncensored+anthony+asquith&hl=en","url_text":"\"Uncensored - Anthony Asquith's new picture\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eRQ1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=3aULAAAAIBAJ&pg=3067,4486917&dq=uncensored+anthony+asquith&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Uncensored - Anthony Asquith's new picture\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0035486/","external_links_name":"Uncensored"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v114978","external_links_name":"Uncensored"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://www.britmovie.co.uk/films/Uncensored","external_links_name":"Uncensored"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Murder
|
C-Murder
|
["1 Early life","2 Music career","3 Other ventures","4 Legal issues","4.1 Steve Thomas case","4.2 Investigation Discovery Reasonable Doubt","5 Discography","5.1 Solo albums","5.2 Collaboration albums","6 Filmography","7 References","8 External links"]
|
American rapper (born 1971)
C-MurderC-Murder in 1999Background informationBirth nameCorey MillerBorn (1971-03-09) March 9, 1971 (age 53)New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.Genres
Southern hip hop
gangsta rap
G-funk
Occupation(s)
Rapper
singer
songwriter
Years active1989–2009Labels
Bossalinie
Rapbay
Urbanlife Distribution (current)
Sony RED
No Limit Records
Priority Records
TRU Global
Venti Uno (former)
Musical artist
Corey Miller (born March 9, 1971), better known by his stage name C-Murder, is an American rapper. He initially gained fame in the mid-1990s as a part of his brother Master P's label No Limit Records, primarily as a member of the label's supergroup, TRU. Miller went on to release several solo albums of his own through the label, including 1998's platinum Life or Death. C-Murder has released nine albums altogether on six different labels, No Limit Records, TRU Records, Koch Records, Asylum Records, RBC Records, and Venti Uno.
In 2002, Miller was arrested in connection with the murder of 16-year-old Steve Thomas, and was sentenced to life in prison on August 14, 2009. Miller is serving his sentence at the Louisiana State Penitentiary. Controversy surrounding witnesses involved in Miller's trial came to light in 2018 when two key witnesses recanted their statements, claiming they had been pressured into testifying against Miller by authorities. Miller maintains his innocence, and he, his brothers, and his nephew have all called for a new trial numerous times.
Early life
Corey Miller was born in Uptown New Orleans, Louisiana on March 9, 1971. He grew up in the Calliope Projects in the 3rd Ward of New Orleans with his brothers Master P and Silkk the Shocker.
Music career
In 1998, Miller released his first album Life or Death which peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and was eventually certified platinum.
In 1999, he released Bossalinie which peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold.
In 2000, he released Trapped in Crime which peaked at No. 9 on the Billboard 200. The album included the single "Down for My N's"
In 2001, he released C-P-3.com, his last album with No Limit Records. It peaked at No. 45 on the Billboard 200 and included the singles "What U Gonna Do" and "Im Not Just".
In 2003, he was convicted of the murder of fan Steve Thomas. He recorded three hit albums while under house arrest awaiting re-trial: The Truest Shit I Ever Said (2005) which reached No. 41 on the Billboard 200, Screamin' 4 Vengeance (2008) which reached No. 130, and Calliope Click (2009) which peaked at No. 68 on the Billboard R&B Albums chart.
In 2009, he lost his appeal and pleaded no contest to two counts of attempted murder in an unrelated incident. While in prison he self-released a mixtape Ricochet (2013) and four albums, Tomorrow (2010), Ain't No Heaven in the Pen (2015), Give Me Freedom Or Give Me Death (2021), and the compilation Oldies but Goodies (2018).
In 2016, he released a diss track accusing rapper 2 Chainz of using the slogan and name style of his former group TRU and record label TRU Global Records.
Other ventures
Miller acted in the No Limit films Da Game of Life, I Got the Hook Up", and Hot Boyz. He is the author of the novel Death Around The Corner, published by Vibe.
Legal issues
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Steve Thomas case
In September 2003, Miller was convicted of second degree murder in connection with the January 12, 2002 beating and fatal shooting of a fan, 16-year-old Steve Thomas, at the Platinum Club, a now-closed nightclub in Harvey, Louisiana. Miller was arrested in the early hours of January 18 for causing a disturbance at the House of Blues in New Orleans, and shortly after charged in Thomas' murder. He was indicted on February 28, 2002. Judge Martha Sassone granted a new trial in April 2004 based on the claim that prosecutors improperly withheld criminal background information on three of their witnesses.
On March 20, 2006, Miller was released on a $500,000 bond and placed under house arrest. Sassone allowed Miller to promote his new, yet-to-be-titled CD and his novel, Death around the Corner, while under house arrest, but ruled that a gag order pertaining to the case would remain in effect. The terms of the house arrest required Sassone's permission for all visitors, including reporters.
On March 13, 2007, Sassone granted Miller's request to work on his music career on a per-request basis, but denied his request for a 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. curfew. Sassone's rulings in the case became an issue in her failed 2008 bid for re-election. Sassone was defeated by Judge Ellen Kovach; prosecutors subsequently renewed a request to have Miller returned to jail. During January 2009, Miller was confined to his residence on house arrest, and could only leave for a documented medical emergency.
On May 27, 2009, Miller pleaded no contest to two counts of attempted second degree murder. These charges stem from a 2001 incident in Baton Rouge in which Miller fired one shot, after which it jammed, from a semi-automatic pistol at the owner and bouncer of a night club who refused to allow Miller to enter the business with the gun. Miller was sentenced to ten years with credit for time served. A surveillance video of the incident was posted on YouTube.
The Louisiana State Penitentiary in November 2009
On August 5, 2009, the murder trial began. The father of the victim spoke of his son being a fan of C-Murder before the incident. A bouncer also testified against Miller, saying he witnessed the shooting. He expressed fear of repercussions for his testimony. Prosecutors also charged C-Murder's associates with witness tampering.
On August 10, 2009, the jury reported being deadlocked, but Judge Hans Liljeberg instructed them to attempt to resolve the deadlock. Three hours later, the jury returned to announce it reached a 10–2 guilty verdict. The judge suspected that, given the deadlock announced earlier followed by the quick reversal, one of the jurors decided to switch under pressure to end the trial and instructed the jury to go back and deliberate on the case longer.
When they returned with the same 10–2 verdict, Miller was convicted of second-degree murder. During sentencing, the victim's father said, "I'm not rejoicing. I feel bad for family. But at least they can see him. What have we got but a gravesite and a photograph?" C-Murder was sentenced on August 14 by District Judge Hans Liljeberg to mandatory life imprisonment.
On August 27, 2009, Ernest Johnson, president of the Louisiana NAACP, requested an investigation into the jury deliberations. C-Murder's financial woes reportedly landed him the help of two Harvard attorneys, one of them Ronald Sullivan, who have agreed to assist with his appeal. One of the jurors, Mary Jacob, said that both she and a fellow juror, a 20-year-old student at Xavier University of Louisiana, were verbally abused by fellow jurors for their decision to acquit. According to Jacob, the abuse resulted in her switching her verdict, saying, "They literally made this 20-year-old girl so violently ill, she was shaking so bad. She ran into the bathroom. She was throwing her guts up. She couldn't function anymore. That's when I decided, the judge don't want to listen to me, doesn't want to listen to us? I told them, 'You want him to be guilty? He's guilty; now let's get the hell out of here.'" This account was partially confirmed by another juror. At the time, a 10–2 consensus was sufficient for conviction in Louisiana but a 9–3 consensus would result in a mistrial.
On December 28, 2011, his conviction was upheld.
On February 19, 2013, the Supreme Court rejected Miller v. Louisiana, which was Miller's final appeal of his conviction. After a jury voted 10–2 to convict Miller, Miller's attorneys argued that because federal juries must reach unanimous verdicts in criminal cases, Miller should have not been convicted in Louisiana.
On April 2, 2014, Miller's attorney, Rachel Conner, filed a post-conviction relief application in state court in Gretna. She raised 10 points to support her assertion that her client received no fair trial. Conner said she plans to raise additional points. Primary among the assertions is what she described as irregularities during the jury's deliberations, stating, "One juror cast a guilty vote not based on the evidence but because she wanted to end deliberations to protect another juror who refused to convict Miller but was targeted by other jurors to change her mind, Conner wrote."
In August 2021, Miller went on hunger strike to protest his conditions, which he feared would result in his getting COVID-19, and the status of his trial, saying he believed the district attorney had withheld evidence. That month, he hired civil rights attorney Benjamin Crump.
Investigation Discovery Reasonable Doubt
In June 2018, Miller's case was featured on Investigation Discovery Reasonable Doubt. It was on this episode that Kenneth Jordan recanted and discussed his false testimony. Jordan stated he was pressured by detectives to testify against Miller or he himself would have faced a 10-year prison sentence for unrelated criminal charges. On July 6, another witness, Darnell Jordan, recanted his testimony, saying he was detained and locked in a hotel room by the police for refusing to testify against Miller.
Discography
Main article: C-Murder discography
See also: 504 Boyz discography and TRU discography
Solo albums
Life or Death (1998)
Bossalinie (1999)
Trapped in Crime (2000)
C-P-3.com (2001)
Tru Dawgs (2002)
The Truest Shit I Ever Said (2005)
Screamin' 4 Vengeance (2008)
Calliope Click Volume 1 (2009)
Tomorrow (2010)
Ain't No Heaven in the Pen (2015)
Give Me Freedom or Give Me Death (2021)
Collaboration albums
Penitentiary Chances (2016) with Boosie Badazz
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1997
I'm Bout It
Q
Support role
1998
MP da Last Don
Cuban Guard
Cameo role
I Got the Hook-Up
T-Lay Boy #1
Cameo role
Da Game of Life
Money
Support role
1999
Hot Boyz
Remo
Support role
No Tomorrow
Himself
Cameo role
2002
Undisputed
Gat Boyz Rapper 3
Cameo role
References
^ a b c Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "C-Murder Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
^ a b c Kaufman, Gil (October 1, 2003). "C-Murder Found Guilty Of Second-Degree Murder, Receives Life Sentence". MTV News. Archived from the original on October 2, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
^ a b "Rapper C-Murder sentenced to life in prison". MSN Music. Associated Press. August 14, 2009. Archived from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
^ a b "C-Murder Witness Recants Testimony, Says He Was Pressured Into Identifying Rapper as Shooter". Billboard. June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
^ "C-Murder's Lawyer Wants Conviction Reversed After 2nd Witness Recants Testimony". HNHH. July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
^ a b c d e "C-Murder > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". allmusic. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
^ https://www.allmusic.com/artist/c-murder-mn0000527773/biography C-Murder Bio] Allmusic. Retrieved 13 May 2023
^ a b Purpura, Paul; Lin, C. J. (August 11, 2009). "C-Murder guilty of second-degree murder after topsy-turvy jury action". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
^ a b Gates, Paul (May 27, 2009). "C-Murder pleads no contest to attempted murder". WAFB. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
^ "C-Murder Disses 2 Chainz On "2 Stainz;" 2 Chainz Responds". YouTube. January 12, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ "@CartoonTutorBabi - C Murder 2 Stainz (2 Chainz Diss)". YouTube.
^ "C-Murder speaks on the return of TRU Records Part 2". YouTube. September 17, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ Nelson, Rob (January 19, 2002). "Gangsta rapper booked in teen killing". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on August 22, 2002. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
^ Darby, Joe (March 1, 2002). "Rapper indicted in Harvey shooting". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Archived from the original on May 6, 2003. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
^ Gil Kaufman (March 21, 2006). "C-Murder Released From Prison, Placed On House Arrest". MTV. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
^ Purpura, Paul (March 2, 2007). "Judge lets rapper promote CD, novel". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
^ Purpura, Paul (March 13, 2007). "Rapper may leave house". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans.
^ Purpura, Paul (August 2, 2009). "C-Murder's retrial in 2002 killing set to open Monday". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
^ AbduSalaam, Ishmael (August 6, 2009). "Bouncer Says C-Murder Guilty of Killing Teen". AllHipHop.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
^ Lin, C.J. (August 11, 2009). "C-Murder guilty verdict not valid, judge says, and sends jury back for more deliberations". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ "Rapper C-Murder Shot 16-Year-Old Fan In Club". Sky News. August 12, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
^ Purpura, Paul (August 27, 2009). "C-Murder jury deliberation needs investigation, Louisiana NAACP president says". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
^ "C-Miller, rap star, kills a young fan". TruTV. August 14, 2009.
^ Kunzelman, Michael. "Rapper C-Murder's Conviction, Sentence Upheld". ABC News.
^ "Supreme Court Rejects C-Murder's Appeal Of Murder Conviction". HipHopDX.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ "Supreme Court rejects appeal from rapper C-Murder". The Times-Picayine. New Orleans. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ "C-Murder Says This Can't Be Life, Wants Another Shot At Freedom". Sohh.com. April 2, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ "TMZ BREAKING". HipHopNews24-7.com. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ "C-Murder Hopes to Escape Prison Through New trial". Hip Hop Weekly. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
^ "Louisiana rapper C-Murder on hunger strike over COVID-19, trial evidence". WDSU. August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
^ "C-Murder Adds Civil Rights Attorney Ben Crump To Legal Counsel". Hot New Hip Hop. August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
^ Michelle Hunter (June 26, 2018). "C-Murder witness recants testimony that rapper fatally shot teen in Harvey nightclub". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
^ "Second Witness Says Detectives 'Tricked' Him Into Identifying C-Murder in Nightclub Shooting". Billboard. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
^ "Aint No Heaven In the Pen by C-Murder on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. March 24, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ ""Penitentiary Chances (Deluxe Edition)" by Boosie Badazz on iTunes". Itunes.apple.com. April 15, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
External links
C-Murder at IMDb
Official Instagram profile
vte504 Boyz
C-Murder
Choppa
Curren$y
Krazy
Mac
Magic
Master P
Mystikal
Silkk the Shocker
T-Bo
Studio albums
Goodfellas
Ballers
Singles
"Wobble Wobble"
Related articles
No Limit Records
vteNo Limit RecordsCompilation releases
West Coast Bad Boyz, Vol. 1 (1994)
High Fo Xmas (1994)
Down South Hustlers (1995)
West Coast Bad Boyz, Vol. II (1997)
Mean Green (1998)
We Can't Be Stopped (1998)
Who U Wit? (1999)
West Coast Bad Boyz, Vol. III (2001)
Soundtrack releases
I'm Bout It (1997)
I Got the Hook-Up (1998)
Foolish (1999)
No Limit Films
I'm Bout It (1997)
Da Game of Life (1998)
I Got the Hook-Up (1998)
MP da Last Don (1998)
Hot Boyz (1999)
No Tomorrow (1999)
Foolish (1999)
Lockdown (2000)
No Limit Comedy
Anthony Johnson
Chris Kennedy
Eddie Griffin
Katt Williams
Michael Blackson
Sheryl Underwood
No Limit Sports
Brandon Jennings
Bonzi Wells
Paul Pierce
Darius Miles
Deion Sanders
Derek Anderson (basketball)
DeMar DeRozan
Dwight Howard
Jason Terry
Kelvin Eafon
Lance Stephenson
Michael Thomas (wide receiver, born 1993)
Paul Miranda
Patrick Mahomes
Quentin Richardson
Ricky Davis
Ricky Williams
Ron Mercer
Lamont Green
Laron Profit
LeBron James
Shaquille O'Neal
Travis Kelce
Tyrone Nesby
Zion Williamson
Related articles
Master P
504 Boyz
List of No Limit Records artists
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Italy
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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He initially gained fame in the mid-1990s as a part of his brother Master P's label No Limit Records, primarily as a member of the label's supergroup, TRU. Miller went on to release several solo albums of his own through the label, including 1998's platinum Life or Death. C-Murder has released nine albums altogether on six different labels, No Limit Records, TRU Records, Koch Records, Asylum Records, RBC Records, and Venti Uno.In 2002, Miller was arrested in connection with the murder of 16-year-old Steve Thomas, and was sentenced to life in prison on August 14, 2009. Miller is serving his sentence at the Louisiana State Penitentiary.[2][3] Controversy surrounding witnesses involved in Miller's trial came to light in 2018 when two key witnesses recanted their statements, claiming they had been pressured into testifying against Miller by authorities. Miller maintains his innocence, and he, his brothers, and his nephew have all called for a new trial numerous times.[4][5]","title":"C-Murder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uptown New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"Calliope Projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliope_Projects"},{"link_name":"3rd Ward of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Ward_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Master P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_P"},{"link_name":"Silkk the Shocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkk_the_Shocker"}],"text":"Corey Miller was born in Uptown New Orleans, Louisiana on March 9, 1971.[1] He grew up in the Calliope Projects in the 3rd Ward of New Orleans with his brothers Master P and Silkk the Shocker.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Life or Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_or_Death_(C-Murder_album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-awards-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bossalinie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossalinie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-awards-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Trapped in Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapped_in_Crime"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-awards-6"},{"link_name":"Down for My N's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_for_My_N%27s"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"C-P-3.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-P-3.com"},{"link_name":"No Limit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Limit_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-awards-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv2003-2"},{"link_name":"The Truest Shit I Ever Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Truest_Shit_I_Ever_Said"},{"link_name":"Screamin' 4 Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamin%27_4_Vengeance"},{"link_name":"Calliope Click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliope_Click_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-awards-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nola-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wafb-9"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_(C-Murder_album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2 Chainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chainz"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1998, Miller released his first album Life or Death[1] which peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard 200[6] and was eventually certified platinum.[citation needed]In 1999, he released Bossalinie which peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200[6] and was certified gold.[citation needed]In 2000, he released Trapped in Crime which peaked at No. 9 on the Billboard 200.[6] The album included the single \"Down for My N's\"[7]In 2001, he released C-P-3.com, his last album with No Limit Records. It peaked at No. 45 on the Billboard 200[6] and included the singles \"What U Gonna Do\" and \"Im Not Just\".[citation needed]In 2003, he was convicted of the murder of fan Steve Thomas.[2] He recorded three hit albums while under house arrest awaiting re-trial: The Truest Shit I Ever Said (2005) which reached No. 41 on the Billboard 200, Screamin' 4 Vengeance (2008) which reached No. 130, and Calliope Click (2009) which peaked at No. 68 on the Billboard R&B Albums chart.[6]In 2009, he lost his appeal[8] and pleaded no contest to two counts of attempted murder in an unrelated incident.[9] While in prison he self-released a mixtape Ricochet (2013) and four albums, Tomorrow (2010), Ain't No Heaven in the Pen (2015), Give Me Freedom Or Give Me Death (2021), and the compilation Oldies but Goodies (2018).[citation needed]In 2016, he released a diss track accusing rapper 2 Chainz of using the slogan and name style of his former group TRU[10][11] and record label TRU Global Records.[12]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"No Limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Limit_Records"},{"link_name":"Da Game of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Game_of_Life_(film)"},{"link_name":"I Got the Hook Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Got_the_Hook_Up"},{"link_name":"Hot Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Boyz_(film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Miller acted in the No Limit films Da Game of Life, I Got the Hook Up\", and Hot Boyz.[citation needed] He is the author of the novel Death Around The Corner, published by Vibe.[citation needed]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvey, 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while under house arrest, but ruled that a gag order pertaining to the case would remain in effect. The terms of the house arrest required Sassone's permission for all visitors, including reporters.[16]On March 13, 2007, Sassone granted Miller's request to work on his music career on a per-request basis, but denied his request for a 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. curfew.[17] Sassone's rulings in the case became an issue in her failed 2008 bid for re-election. Sassone was defeated by Judge Ellen Kovach; prosecutors subsequently renewed a request to have Miller returned to jail.[18] During January 2009, Miller was confined to his residence on house arrest, and could only leave for a documented medical emergency.On May 27, 2009, Miller pleaded no contest to two counts of attempted second degree murder. These charges stem from a 2001 incident in Baton Rouge in which Miller fired one shot, after which it jammed, from a semi-automatic pistol at the owner and bouncer of a night club who refused to allow Miller to enter the business with the gun. Miller was sentenced to ten years with credit for time served.[9] A surveillance video of the incident was posted on YouTube.[citation needed]The Louisiana State Penitentiary in November 2009On August 5, 2009, the murder trial began. The father of the victim spoke of his son being a fan of C-Murder before the incident. A bouncer also testified against Miller, saying he witnessed the shooting. He expressed fear of repercussions for his testimony. Prosecutors also charged C-Murder's associates with witness tampering.[19]On August 10, 2009, the jury reported being deadlocked, but Judge Hans Liljeberg instructed them to attempt to resolve the deadlock. Three hours later, the jury returned to announce it reached a 10–2 guilty verdict. The judge suspected that, given the deadlock announced earlier followed by the quick reversal, one of the jurors decided to switch under pressure to end the trial and instructed the jury to go back and deliberate on the case longer.[20]When they returned with the same 10–2 verdict, Miller was convicted of second-degree murder.[8] During sentencing, the victim's father said, \"I'm not rejoicing. I feel bad for [Miller's] family. But at least they can see him. What have we got but a gravesite and a photograph?\"[21] C-Murder was sentenced on August 14 by District Judge Hans Liljeberg to mandatory life imprisonment.[3]On August 27, 2009, Ernest Johnson, president of the Louisiana NAACP, requested an investigation into the jury deliberations.[22] C-Murder's financial woes reportedly landed him the help of two Harvard attorneys, one of them Ronald Sullivan, who have agreed to assist with his appeal. One of the jurors, Mary Jacob, said that both she and a fellow juror, a 20-year-old student at Xavier University of Louisiana, were verbally abused by fellow jurors for their decision to acquit. According to Jacob, the abuse resulted in her switching her verdict, saying, \"They literally made this 20-year-old girl so violently ill, she was shaking so bad. She ran into the bathroom. She was throwing her guts up. She couldn't function anymore. That's when I decided, the judge don't want to listen to me, doesn't want to listen to us? I told them, 'You want him to be guilty? He's guilty; now let's get the hell out of here.'\" This account was partially confirmed by another juror. At the time, a 10–2 consensus was sufficient for conviction in Louisiana but a 9–3 consensus would result in a mistrial.[23]On December 28, 2011, his conviction was upheld.[24]On February 19, 2013, the Supreme Court rejected Miller v. Louisiana, which was Miller's final appeal of his conviction. After a jury voted 10–2 to convict Miller, Miller's attorneys argued that because federal juries must reach unanimous verdicts in criminal cases, Miller should have not been convicted in Louisiana.[25][26]On April 2, 2014, Miller's attorney, Rachel Conner, filed a post-conviction relief application in state court in Gretna. She raised 10 points to support her assertion that her client received no fair trial. Conner said she plans to raise additional points. Primary among the assertions is what she described as irregularities during the jury's deliberations, stating, \"One juror cast a guilty vote not based on the evidence but because she wanted to end deliberations to protect another juror who refused to convict Miller but was targeted by other jurors to change her mind, Conner wrote.\"[27][28][29]In August 2021, Miller went on hunger strike to protest his conditions, which he feared would result in his getting COVID-19, and the status of his trial, saying he believed the district attorney had withheld evidence.[30] That month, he hired civil rights attorney Benjamin Crump.[31]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-4"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Investigation Discovery Reasonable Doubt","text":"In June 2018, Miller's case was featured on Investigation Discovery Reasonable Doubt. It was on this episode that Kenneth Jordan recanted and discussed his false testimony.[32] Jordan stated he was pressured by detectives to testify against Miller or he himself would have faced a 10-year prison sentence for unrelated criminal charges.[4] On July 6, another witness, Darnell Jordan, recanted his testimony, saying he was detained and locked in a hotel room by the police for refusing to testify against Miller.[33]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"504 Boyz discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/504_Boyz_discography"},{"link_name":"TRU discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRU_discography"}],"text":"See also: 504 Boyz discography and TRU discography","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Life or Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_or_Death_(C-Murder_album)"},{"link_name":"Bossalinie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossalinie"},{"link_name":"Trapped in Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapped_in_Crime"},{"link_name":"C-P-3.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-P-3.com"},{"link_name":"Tru Dawgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tru_Dawgs"},{"link_name":"The Truest Shit I Ever Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Truest_Shit_I_Ever_Said"},{"link_name":"Screamin' 4 Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamin%27_4_Vengeance"},{"link_name":"Calliope Click Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliope_Click_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_(C-Murder_album)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Solo albums","text":"Life or Death (1998)\nBossalinie (1999)\nTrapped in Crime (2000)\nC-P-3.com (2001)\nTru Dawgs (2002)\nThe Truest Shit I Ever Said (2005)\nScreamin' 4 Vengeance (2008)\nCalliope Click Volume 1 (2009)\nTomorrow (2010)\nAin't No Heaven in the Pen (2015)[34]\nGive Me Freedom or Give Me Death (2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Collaboration albums","text":"Penitentiary Chances (2016) with Boosie Badazz[35]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Louisiana State Penitentiary in November 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/LSPEntrance-.jpg/170px-LSPEntrance-.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"C-Murder Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p278648","url_text":"\"C-Murder Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Gil (October 1, 2003). \"C-Murder Found Guilty Of Second-Degree Murder, Receives Life Sentence\". MTV News. Archived from the original on October 2, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031002183849/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1479444/10012003/c_murder.jhtml","url_text":"\"C-Murder Found Guilty Of Second-Degree Murder, Receives Life Sentence\""},{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1479444/c-murder-found-guilty-of-second-degree-murder-receives-life-sentence/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rapper C-Murder sentenced to life in prison\". MSN Music. Associated Press. August 14, 2009. Archived from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191106234634/http://www.today.com/id/32418793","url_text":"\"Rapper C-Murder sentenced to life in prison\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://www.today.com/id/32418793","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"C-Murder Witness Recants Testimony, Says He Was Pressured Into Identifying Rapper as Shooter\". Billboard. June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8462979/c-murder-witness-recants-testimony-pressured-shooter","url_text":"\"C-Murder Witness Recants Testimony, Says He Was Pressured Into Identifying Rapper as Shooter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"C-Murder's Lawyer Wants Conviction Reversed After 2nd Witness Recants Testimony\". HNHH. July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/c-murders-lawyer-wants-conviction-reversed-after-2nd-witness-recants-testimony-news.54311.html","url_text":"\"C-Murder's Lawyer Wants Conviction Reversed After 2nd Witness Recants Testimony\""}]},{"reference":"\"C-Murder > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums\". allmusic. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131031071717/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/c-murder-mn0000527773/awards","url_text":"\"C-Murder > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums\""},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p278648","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Purpura, Paul; Lin, C. J. (August 11, 2009). \"C-Murder guilty of second-degree murder after topsy-turvy jury action\". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved August 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2009/08/cmurder_verdict_1.html","url_text":"\"C-Murder guilty of second-degree murder after topsy-turvy jury action\""}]},{"reference":"Gates, Paul (May 27, 2009). \"C-Murder pleads no contest to attempted murder\". WAFB. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090612104725/http://www.wafb.com/Global/story.asp?s=10431228","url_text":"\"C-Murder pleads no contest to attempted murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAFB","url_text":"WAFB"},{"url":"http://www.wafb.com/Global/story.asp?s=10431228","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"C-Murder Disses 2 Chainz On \"2 Stainz;\" 2 Chainz Responds\". YouTube. January 12, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-jKzjYLyNs","url_text":"\"C-Murder Disses 2 Chainz On \"2 Stainz;\" 2 Chainz Responds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"@CartoonTutorBabi - C Murder 2 Stainz (2 Chainz Diss)\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3fPlX6Ijf8","url_text":"\"@CartoonTutorBabi - C Murder 2 Stainz (2 Chainz Diss)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"C-Murder speaks on the return of TRU Records Part 2\". YouTube. September 17, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKBonE7FZ88","url_text":"\"C-Murder speaks on the return of TRU Records Part 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Rob (January 19, 2002). \"Gangsta rapper booked in teen killing\". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on August 22, 2002. Retrieved June 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020822015138/http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?%2Fnewsstory%2Fcmurder19.html","url_text":"\"Gangsta rapper booked in teen killing\""},{"url":"http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/newsstory/cmurder19.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Darby, Joe (March 1, 2002). \"Rapper indicted in Harvey shooting\". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Archived from the original on May 6, 2003. Retrieved June 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030506160352/http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?%2Fnewsstory%2Fcmurder19.html","url_text":"\"Rapper indicted in Harvey shooting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times-Picayune","url_text":"The Times-Picayune"},{"url":"http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/newsstory/cmurder19.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gil Kaufman (March 21, 2006). \"C-Murder Released From Prison, Placed On House Arrest\". MTV. Retrieved March 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mtv.com/news/mclas7/c-murder-released-from-prison-placed-on-house-arrest","url_text":"\"C-Murder Released From Prison, Placed On House Arrest\""}]},{"reference":"Purpura, Paul (March 2, 2007). \"Judge lets rapper promote CD, novel\". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved June 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CPDB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=117A0F3B27386F90&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420&p_openurl=NewsBank","url_text":"\"Judge lets rapper promote CD, novel\""}]},{"reference":"Purpura, Paul (March 13, 2007). \"Rapper may leave house\". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CPDB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=117E00401DD6AC00&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420&p_openurl=NewsBank","url_text":"\"Rapper may leave house\""}]},{"reference":"Purpura, Paul (August 2, 2009). \"C-Murder's retrial in 2002 killing set to open Monday\". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved June 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2009/08/rapper_being_retried_in_2002_k.html","url_text":"\"C-Murder's retrial in 2002 killing set to open Monday\""}]},{"reference":"AbduSalaam, Ishmael (August 6, 2009). \"Bouncer Says C-Murder Guilty of Killing Teen\". AllHipHop.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101129135231/http://allhiphop.com/stories/news/archive/2009/08/06/21882487.aspx","url_text":"\"Bouncer Says C-Murder Guilty of Killing Teen\""},{"url":"http://allhiphop.com/stories/news/archive/2009/08/06/21882487.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lin, C.J. (August 11, 2009). \"C-Murder guilty verdict not valid, judge says, and sends jury back for more deliberations\". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved December 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2009/08/cmurder_verdict.html","url_text":"\"C-Murder guilty verdict not valid, judge says, and sends jury back for more deliberations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rapper C-Murder Shot 16-Year-Old Fan In Club\". Sky News. August 12, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/US-Rapper-Corey-C-Murder-Miller-Found-Guilty-Of-Second-Degree-Murder/Article/200908215359098?lpos=World_News_First_Home_Article_Teaser_Region_5&lid=ARTICLE_15359098_US_Rapper_Corey_C-Murder_Miller_Found_Guilty_Of_Second_Degree_Murder_","url_text":"\"Rapper C-Murder Shot 16-Year-Old Fan In Club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News","url_text":"Sky News"}]},{"reference":"Purpura, Paul (August 27, 2009). \"C-Murder jury deliberation needs investigation, Louisiana NAACP president says\". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved August 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2009/08/la_naacp_wants_state_supreme_c.html","url_text":"\"C-Murder jury deliberation needs investigation, Louisiana NAACP president says\""}]},{"reference":"\"C-Miller, rap star, kills a young fan\". TruTV. August 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/celebrity/corey_miller/32.html/","url_text":"\"C-Miller, rap star, kills a young fan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TruTV","url_text":"TruTV"}]},{"reference":"Kunzelman, Michael. \"Rapper C-Murder's Conviction, Sentence Upheld\". ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/rapper-murders-conviction-sentence-upheld-15255638#.Tv2EeymNr4s","url_text":"\"Rapper C-Murder's Conviction, Sentence Upheld\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Supreme Court Rejects C-Murder's Appeal Of Murder Conviction\". HipHopDX.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130221162703/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22985/title.supreme-court-rejects-c-murder-s-appeal-of-murder-conviction/","url_text":"\"Supreme Court Rejects C-Murder's Appeal Of Murder Conviction\""},{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22985/title.supreme-court-rejects-c-murder-s-appeal-of-murder-conviction","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Supreme Court rejects appeal from rapper C-Murder\". The Times-Picayine. New Orleans. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2013/02/supreme_court_rejects_appeal_f.html","url_text":"\"Supreme Court rejects appeal from rapper C-Murder\""}]},{"reference":"\"C-Murder Says This Can't Be Life, Wants Another Shot At Freedom\". Sohh.com. April 2, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sohh.com/c-murder-says-this-cant-be-life-wants-another-shot-at-freedom/","url_text":"\"C-Murder Says This Can't Be Life, Wants Another Shot At Freedom\""}]},{"reference":"\"TMZ BREAKING\". HipHopNews24-7.com. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiphopnews24-7.com/profiles/blogs/c-murder-seeks-new-trial-in-teen-s-death-saying-this-can-t-be-lif","url_text":"\"TMZ BREAKING\""}]},{"reference":"\"C-Murder Hopes to Escape Prison Through New trial\". Hip Hop Weekly. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133856/http://www.hiphopweekly.com/c-murder-hopes-to-escape-prison-through-new-trial/","url_text":"\"C-Murder Hopes to Escape Prison Through New trial\""},{"url":"http://www.hiphopweekly.com/c-murder-hopes-to-escape-prison-through-new-trial/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana rapper C-Murder on hunger strike over COVID-19, trial evidence\". WDSU. August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wdsu.com/article/louisiana-rapper-c-murder-on-hunger-strike-over-covid-19-trial-evidence/37243934","url_text":"\"Louisiana rapper C-Murder on hunger strike over COVID-19, trial evidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDSU","url_text":"WDSU"}]},{"reference":"\"C-Murder Adds Civil Rights Attorney Ben Crump To Legal Counsel\". Hot New Hip Hop. August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/c-murder-adds-civil-rights-attorney-ben-crump-to-legal-counsel-news.137112.html","url_text":"\"C-Murder Adds Civil Rights Attorney Ben Crump To Legal Counsel\""}]},{"reference":"Michelle Hunter (June 26, 2018). \"C-Murder witness recants testimony that rapper fatally shot teen in Harvey nightclub\". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved October 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/news/crime_police/article_2a24afd9-f3eb-5ca2-87b9-3bf5d25e66a8.html","url_text":"\"C-Murder witness recants testimony that rapper fatally shot teen in Harvey nightclub\""}]},{"reference":"\"Second Witness Says Detectives 'Tricked' Him Into Identifying C-Murder in Nightclub Shooting\". Billboard. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8464313/c-note-shooting-murder-witness-tricked-testimony","url_text":"\"Second Witness Says Detectives 'Tricked' Him Into Identifying C-Murder in Nightclub Shooting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Aint No Heaven In the Pen by C-Murder on Apple Music\". Itunes.apple.com. March 24, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/aint-no-heaven-in-the-pen/id972403331","url_text":"\"Aint No Heaven In the Pen by C-Murder on Apple Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Penitentiary Chances (Deluxe Edition)\" by Boosie Badazz on iTunes\". Itunes.apple.com. April 15, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/penitentiary-chances-deluxe/id1087166360","url_text":"\"\"Penitentiary Chances (Deluxe Edition)\" by Boosie Badazz on iTunes\""}]}]
|
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action\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090612104725/http://www.wafb.com/Global/story.asp?s=10431228","external_links_name":"\"C-Murder pleads no contest to attempted murder\""},{"Link":"http://www.wafb.com/Global/story.asp?s=10431228","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-jKzjYLyNs","external_links_name":"\"C-Murder Disses 2 Chainz On \"2 Stainz;\" 2 Chainz Responds\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3fPlX6Ijf8","external_links_name":"\"@CartoonTutorBabi - C Murder 2 Stainz (2 Chainz Diss)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKBonE7FZ88","external_links_name":"\"C-Murder speaks on the return of TRU Records Part 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020822015138/http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?%2Fnewsstory%2Fcmurder19.html","external_links_name":"\"Gangsta rapper booked in teen killing\""},{"Link":"http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/newsstory/cmurder19.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030506160352/http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?%2Fnewsstory%2Fcmurder19.html","external_links_name":"\"Rapper indicted in Harvey shooting\""},{"Link":"http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/newsstory/cmurder19.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mtv.com/news/mclas7/c-murder-released-from-prison-placed-on-house-arrest","external_links_name":"\"C-Murder Released From Prison, Placed On House Arrest\""},{"Link":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CPDB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=117A0F3B27386F90&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420&p_openurl=NewsBank","external_links_name":"\"Judge lets rapper promote CD, novel\""},{"Link":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CPDB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=117E00401DD6AC00&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420&p_openurl=NewsBank","external_links_name":"\"Rapper may leave house\""},{"Link":"http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2009/08/rapper_being_retried_in_2002_k.html","external_links_name":"\"C-Murder's retrial in 2002 killing set to open Monday\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101129135231/http://allhiphop.com/stories/news/archive/2009/08/06/21882487.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Bouncer Says C-Murder Guilty of Killing Teen\""},{"Link":"http://allhiphop.com/stories/news/archive/2009/08/06/21882487.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2009/08/cmurder_verdict.html","external_links_name":"\"C-Murder guilty verdict not valid, judge says, and sends jury back for more deliberations\""},{"Link":"http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/US-Rapper-Corey-C-Murder-Miller-Found-Guilty-Of-Second-Degree-Murder/Article/200908215359098?lpos=World_News_First_Home_Article_Teaser_Region_5&lid=ARTICLE_15359098_US_Rapper_Corey_C-Murder_Miller_Found_Guilty_Of_Second_Degree_Murder_","external_links_name":"\"Rapper C-Murder Shot 16-Year-Old Fan In Club\""},{"Link":"http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2009/08/la_naacp_wants_state_supreme_c.html","external_links_name":"\"C-Murder jury deliberation needs investigation, Louisiana NAACP president says\""},{"Link":"http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/celebrity/corey_miller/32.html/","external_links_name":"\"C-Miller, rap star, kills a young fan\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/rapper-murders-conviction-sentence-upheld-15255638#.Tv2EeymNr4s","external_links_name":"\"Rapper C-Murder's Conviction, Sentence Upheld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130221162703/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22985/title.supreme-court-rejects-c-murder-s-appeal-of-murder-conviction/","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court Rejects C-Murder's Appeal Of Murder Conviction\""},{"Link":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22985/title.supreme-court-rejects-c-murder-s-appeal-of-murder-conviction","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2013/02/supreme_court_rejects_appeal_f.html","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court rejects appeal from rapper C-Murder\""},{"Link":"http://www.sohh.com/c-murder-says-this-cant-be-life-wants-another-shot-at-freedom/","external_links_name":"\"C-Murder Says This Can't Be Life, Wants Another Shot At Freedom\""},{"Link":"http://hiphopnews24-7.com/profiles/blogs/c-murder-seeks-new-trial-in-teen-s-death-saying-this-can-t-be-lif","external_links_name":"\"TMZ 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nightclub\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8464313/c-note-shooting-murder-witness-tricked-testimony","external_links_name":"\"Second Witness Says Detectives 'Tricked' Him Into Identifying C-Murder in Nightclub Shooting\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/aint-no-heaven-in-the-pen/id972403331","external_links_name":"\"Aint No Heaven In the Pen by C-Murder on Apple Music\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/penitentiary-chances-deluxe/id1087166360","external_links_name":"\"\"Penitentiary Chances (Deluxe Edition)\" by Boosie Badazz on iTunes\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0127358/","external_links_name":"C-Murder"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/cmurder","external_links_name":"Official Instagram 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas
|
Cellulomonas
|
["1 Species","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Genus of bacteria
Cellulomonas
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Actinomycetota
Class:
Actinomycetia
Order:
Micrococcales
Family:
Cellulomonadaceae
Genus:
CellulomonasBergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)
Type species
Cellulomonas flavigena
Species
See text.
Cellulomonas is a genus of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria. One of their main distinguishing features is their ability to degrade cellulose, using enzymes such as endoglucanase and exoglucanase. They are members of the Actinomycetota.
Species
Cellulomonas comprises the following species:
C. aerilata Lee et al. 2008
C. algicola Yamamura et al. 2019
C. biazotea (Kellerman et al. 1913) Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. bogoriensis Jones et al. 2005
C. carbonis Shi et al. 2012
C. cellasea (Kellerman et al. 1913) Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. chitinilytica Yoon et al. 2008
C. citrea Lee et al. 2020
C. composti Kang et al. 2007
C. denverensis Brown et al. 2005
C. endophytica Li et al. 2020
C. fimi (McBeth and Scales 1913) Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. flavigena (Kellerman and McBeth 1912) Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. fulva Dahal et al. 2022
C. gelida (Kellerman et al. 1913) Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)
"C. gilvus" Christopherson et al. 2013
C. hominis Funke et al. 1996
C. humilata corrig. (Gledhill and Casida 1969) Collins and Pascual 2000
C. iranensis Elberson et al. 2000
"C. macrotermitis" Sun et al. 2018
C. marina Zhang et al. 2013
C. massiliensis Lagier et al. 2015
C. oligotrophica Hatayama et al. 2013
C. pakistanensis Ahmed et al. 2014
C. palmilytica Siriatcharanon et al. 2022
C. persica Elberson et al. 2000
C. phragmiteti Rusznyák et al. 2011
C. rhizosphaerae Tian et al. 2019
C. shaoxiangyii Tian et al. 2020
C. soli Hatayama et al. 2013
"C. taurus" Zhang et al. 2021
C. telluris Shi et al. 2020
C. terrae An et al. 2005
"C. timonensis" Ndongo et al. 2018
C. uda (Kellerman et al. 1913) Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)
C. xylanilytica Rivas et al. 2004
References
^ a b Bergey DH, Harrison FC, Breed RS, Hammer BW, Huntoon FM. (1923). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1st ed.). Baltimore, MD: The Williams & Wilkins Co.
^ Glazer AN, Nikaido H. (2007). Microbial Biotechnology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-72967-3.
^ Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Dunlap PV, Clark DP. (2009). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (12th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson.
^ Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Cellulomonas". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved May 18, 2022.
External links
Data related to Cellulomonas at Wikispecies
Portal: Biology
Taxon identifiersCellulomonas
Wikidata: Q129759
Wikispecies: Cellulomonas
CoL: 3K2T
EoL: 97641
EPPO: 1CELLG
GBIF: 3224279
IRMNG: 1104993
ITIS: 956922
LPSN: cellulomonas.html
NCBI: 1707
NZOR: 1ee96940-2c11-4f1b-8fd4-86fb53d5bd64
WoRMS: 559621
Authority control databases: National
Israel
This Actinomycetota-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gram-positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positive"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergey-1"},{"link_name":"cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose"},{"link_name":"endoglucanase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoglucanase"},{"link_name":"exoglucanase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoglucanase"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Actinomycetota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomycetota"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Cellulomonas is a genus of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria.[1] One of their main distinguishing features is their ability to degrade cellulose, using enzymes such as endoglucanase and exoglucanase.[2] They are members of the Actinomycetota.[3]","title":"Cellulomonas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LPSN-4"},{"link_name":"C. aerilata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_aerilata"},{"link_name":"C. algicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_algicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. biazotea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_biazotea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. bogoriensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_bogoriensis"},{"link_name":"C. carbonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_carbonis"},{"link_name":"C. cellasea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_cellasea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. chitinilytica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_chitinilytica"},{"link_name":"C. citrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_citrea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. composti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_composti"},{"link_name":"C. denverensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_denverensis"},{"link_name":"C. endophytica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_endophytica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. fimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_fimi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. flavigena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_flavigena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. fulva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_fulva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. gelida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_gelida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. gilvus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_gilvus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. hominis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_hominis"},{"link_name":"C. humilata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_humilata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. iranensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_iranensis"},{"link_name":"C. macrotermitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_macrotermitis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_marina"},{"link_name":"C. massiliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_massiliensis"},{"link_name":"C. oligotrophica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_oligotrophica"},{"link_name":"C. pakistanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_pakistanensis"},{"link_name":"C. palmilytica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_palmilytica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. persica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_persica"},{"link_name":"C. phragmiteti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_phragmiteti"},{"link_name":"C. rhizosphaerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_rhizosphaerae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. shaoxiangyii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_shaoxiangyii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. soli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_soli"},{"link_name":"C. taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_taurus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. telluris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_telluris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. terrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_terrae"},{"link_name":"C. timonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_timonensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. uda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas_uda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. xylanilytica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulomonas_xylanilytica"}],"text":"Cellulomonas comprises the following species:[4]C. aerilata Lee et al. 2008\nC. algicola Yamamura et al. 2019\nC. biazotea (Kellerman et al. 1913) Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)\nC. bogoriensis Jones et al. 2005\nC. carbonis Shi et al. 2012\nC. cellasea (Kellerman et al. 1913) Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)\nC. chitinilytica Yoon et al. 2008\nC. citrea Lee et al. 2020\nC. composti Kang et al. 2007\nC. denverensis Brown et al. 2005\nC. endophytica Li et al. 2020\nC. fimi (McBeth and Scales 1913) Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)\nC. flavigena (Kellerman and McBeth 1912) Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)\nC. fulva Dahal et al. 2022\nC. gelida (Kellerman et al. 1913) Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)\n\"C. gilvus\" Christopherson et al. 2013\nC. hominis Funke et al. 1996\nC. humilata corrig. (Gledhill and Casida 1969) Collins and Pascual 2000\nC. iranensis Elberson et al. 2000\n\"C. macrotermitis\" Sun et al. 2018\nC. marina Zhang et al. 2013\nC. massiliensis Lagier et al. 2015\nC. oligotrophica Hatayama et al. 2013\nC. pakistanensis Ahmed et al. 2014\nC. palmilytica Siriatcharanon et al. 2022\nC. persica Elberson et al. 2000\nC. phragmiteti Rusznyák et al. 2011\nC. rhizosphaerae Tian et al. 2019\nC. shaoxiangyii Tian et al. 2020\nC. soli Hatayama et al. 2013\n\"C. taurus\" Zhang et al. 2021\nC. telluris Shi et al. 2020\nC. terrae An et al. 2005\n\"C. timonensis\" Ndongo et al. 2018\nC. uda (Kellerman et al. 1913) Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)\nC. xylanilytica Rivas et al. 2004","title":"Species"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/cellulomonas","external_links_name":"\"Cellulomonas\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3K2T","external_links_name":"3K2T"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/97641","external_links_name":"97641"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CELLG","external_links_name":"1CELLG"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3224279","external_links_name":"3224279"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1104993","external_links_name":"1104993"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=956922","external_links_name":"956922"},{"Link":"http://www.bacterio.net/cellulomonas.html","external_links_name":"cellulomonas.html"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1707","external_links_name":"1707"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/1ee96940-2c11-4f1b-8fd4-86fb53d5bd64","external_links_name":"1ee96940-2c11-4f1b-8fd4-86fb53d5bd64"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=559621","external_links_name":"559621"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284820505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulomonas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Archipelago
|
Eugénie Archipelago
|
["1 Name","2 Geography","3 Gallery","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 42°57′N 131°45′E / 42.950°N 131.750°E / 42.950; 131.750Eugénie de Montijo Archipelago
The Empress Eugénie Archipelago (Russian: Архипелаг императрицы Евгении), commonly known as the Eugénie Archipelago, is an archipelago in Peter the Great Gulf in the Sea of Japan, along the southern coast of Primorsky Krai, Russia. The population of the archipelago is 6,810 (2005), and is administratively part of the city of Vladivostok.
Name
The archipelago was named after Eugénie de Montijo, the wife of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, by a French sailor in the 1850s. The name was not used in the Soviet period for ideological reasons, but began to be used again after 1994.
Geography
The Eugénie Archipelago consists of five large islands: Russky Island, Popov Island, Rikord Island, Reyneke Island and Shkot Island, and a large number of small islands, including Ushi Island and Yelena Island. A number of islets, sea stacks and smaller rocks dot the coastline of the islands. Russky, the largest and northernmost island of the archipelago, is located immediately south of Vladivostok and separated from the city by the Eastern Bosphorus. In 2012, the Russky Bridge was completed to connect Russky Island to the mainland, and in 2013 a new campus of Far Eastern Federal University was opened on the island as part of further development. Shkot is connected to Russky by a thin isthmus which forms a land bridge during low tide.
The highest point in the archipelago is Russkikh Mount (291 m) on Russky Island. Three of the four inhabited islands of Primorsky Krai are in this archipelago.
Gallery
Russky Island
Shkot Island
Popov Island
Reyneke Island
Rikord Island
References
^ Сборник «Муниципальные образования Приморского края»
^ Geonames Gazetteer
42°57′N 131°45′E / 42.950°N 131.750°E / 42.950; 131.750
This Primorsky Krai location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperatritsy_Yevgenii.png"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Sea of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Primorsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOPK-1"}],"text":"Eugénie de Montijo ArchipelagoThe Empress Eugénie Archipelago (Russian: Архипелаг императрицы Евгении), commonly known as the Eugénie Archipelago, is an archipelago in Peter the Great Gulf in the Sea of Japan, along the southern coast of Primorsky Krai, Russia. The population of the archipelago is 6,810 (2005), and is administratively part of the city of Vladivostok.[1]","title":"Eugénie Archipelago"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eugénie de Montijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III, Emperor of the French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III,_Emperor_of_the_French"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Soviet period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_period"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geonames-2"}],"text":"The archipelago was named after Eugénie de Montijo, the wife of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, by a French sailor in the 1850s. The name was not used in the Soviet period for ideological reasons, but began to be used again after 1994.[2]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russky Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russky_Island"},{"link_name":"Popov Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popov_Island"},{"link_name":"Rikord Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikord_Island"},{"link_name":"Reyneke Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyneke_Island"},{"link_name":"Shkot Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkot_Island"},{"link_name":"Ushi Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushi_Island"},{"link_name":"islets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islets"},{"link_name":"sea stacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_stacks"},{"link_name":"rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Eastern Bosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bosphorus"},{"link_name":"Russky Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russky_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern Federal University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_University"},{"link_name":"isthmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus"},{"link_name":"land bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_bridge"}],"text":"The Eugénie Archipelago consists of five large islands: Russky Island, Popov Island, Rikord Island, Reyneke Island and Shkot Island, and a large number of small islands, including Ushi Island and Yelena Island. A number of islets, sea stacks and smaller rocks dot the coastline of the islands. Russky, the largest and northernmost island of the archipelago, is located immediately south of Vladivostok and separated from the city by the Eastern Bosphorus. In 2012, the Russky Bridge was completed to connect Russky Island to the mainland, and in 2013 a new campus of Far Eastern Federal University was opened on the island as part of further development. Shkot is connected to Russky by a thin isthmus which forms a land bridge during low tide.The highest point in the archipelago is Russkikh Mount (291 m) on Russky Island. Three of the four inhabited islands of Primorsky Krai are in this archipelago.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russkiy_island.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russky Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russky_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dotovaya_inlet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shkot Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkot_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moorage_on_Isle_of_Popov.jpg"},{"link_name":"Popov Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popov_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Landscape_of_Reyneke_Island.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reyneke Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyneke_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isle_of_Rikord.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rikord Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikord_Island"}],"text":"Russky Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShkot Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPopov Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReyneke Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRikord Island","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Eugénie de Montijo Archipelago","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Imperatritsy_Yevgenii.png/250px-Imperatritsy_Yevgenii.png"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lettered_Brooklyn_avenues
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List of lettered Brooklyn avenues
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["1 Details","1.1 Avenues A and B","1.2 Avenue C","1.3 Avenue D","1.4 Avenue E","1.5 Avenue F","1.6 Avenue G","1.7 Avenues H and I","1.8 Avenue J","1.9 Avenue K","1.10 Avenues L and M","1.11 Avenue N","1.12 Avenue O","1.13 Avenue P","1.14 Avenue Q (Quentin Road)","1.15 Avenue R","1.16 Avenues S and T","1.17 Avenue U","1.18 Avenue V","1.19 Avenue W","1.20 Avenue X","1.21 Avenue Y","1.22 Avenue Z","2 See also","3 References"]
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The flat south central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn has a set of lettered avenues. Improved public transport brought urban sprawl to this area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, after the hilly areas to its west and north had already been developed. The avenues are oriented east to west and unless specified have two traffic lanes, carrying two-way traffic. Route descriptions are given west to east.
Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but in this portion of Brooklyn, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) east of Dahill Road run east and west, forming a perpendicular grid with numbered streets that have the prefix "East". South of Avenue O, related perpendicular numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the "West" designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108th Street, and the avenues range from A to Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods, notably Albemarle Road, Beverley Road, Cortelyou Road, Clarendon Road, Dorchester Road, Ditmas Avenue, Foster Avenue, Farragut Road, Glenwood Road and Quentin Road.
Details
Avenues A and B
These are less than a mile long, in northern Canarsie. In 1897, at the request of developers, the City of Brooklyn renamed several streets in what is now known as Prospect Park South. Among these are Avenues A and B, and five numbered streets which cross them. Avenue A was renamed Albemarle Road, and a portion of Avenue B between Coney Island Avenue and Flatbush Avenue was renamed Beverley Road. Albemarle Road runs from Church Avenue to Nostrand Avenue, with a short disalignment break at Flatbush Avenue.
After Brooklyn was annexed into the City of Greater New York, three more segments of Avenue B, namely between Church Avenue and Coney Island Avenue, between Flatbush Avenue and Brooklyn Avenue, and between Schenectady Avenue and Ralph Avenue, were renamed with an Americanized spelling: Beverly Road. This explains the spelling discrepancy between the two subway stations along what was once known as Avenue B: the Beverley Road station on the BMT Brighton Line, and the Beverly Road station on the IRT Nostrand Avenue line.
The portion of Avenue B east of Ralph Avenue was not given the name in order to complement an Avenue A which is distinct from what is now known as Albemarle Road (though starts at roughly the same latitude, running from Ralph to the corner of East 96th Street and Linden Boulevard). Avenue B runs to East 98th Street, which Avenue A once did as well before Linden Boulevard was extended and the remaining block, cut off, was absorbed into Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center.
Avenue C
Avenue C is located in Kensington and is less than a mile long. Cortelyou Road, which is one block south, can be easily confused with Avenue C, since Cortelyou starts with the letter "C". Clarendon Road, which begins one block further south from Cortelyou at Flatbush Avenue and also starts with the letter, is the most likely successor as it begins at roughly the same latitude. Clarendon runs to a short block east of Ralph Avenue where it meets Avenue D, which in turn re-assumes the name Ditmas Avenue.
Avenue D
Over a mile in length, Avenue D is located in East Flatbush. Ditmas Avenue and Dorchester Road are sometimes associated with Avenue D, since Ditmas and Dorchester start with the letter "D". However, Cortelyou Road is actually the successor to a portion of Avenue D between Dahill Road and Coney Island Avenue. Ditmas Avenue does intersect the western terminus of Avenue D and Flatbush Avenue, at a 135-degree angle. There is some evidence that the current Avenue D was originally named Ditmas Avenue, and renamed to fit the letter grid; the portion that angled off remained Ditmas.
Avenue E
There is no longer any Avenue E. Late 19th and early 20th century maps depict an Avenue E, which was later renamed Ditmas Avenue (the segment between Dahill Road and Coney Island Avenue) and Foster Avenue (the segments from Foster Avenue to Bank Street, including a small realignment at Kings Highway).
Avenue F
Located in the southern part of Kensington, Avenue F is less than a mile long. It is commonly associated with nearby Foster Avenue and Farragut Road, since Foster and Farragut begin with the letter "F". However, Foster Avenue predates Avenue F and is possibly the successor to Avenue E.
Although Avenue F currently terminates west of Ocean Parkway, it originally continued a few blocks further east, until East 8th Street at 18th Avenue. Farragut Road is in close alignment with the remnant Avenue F, and may have originally been called Avenue F.
Avenue G
There is no longer any Avenue G. It was renamed Glenwood Road in the early 20th century.
Avenues H and I
The Bay Ridge Branch lies between these avenues for most of their length.
Avenue H begins in the west at Ocean Parkway, is interrupted by the BMT Brighton Line at East 16th Street, and again by the Brooklyn College Campus between Campus Rd and Nostrand Avenue. It resumes its run through the East 30's, 40's and 50's before its eastern terminus at Paedergat Avenue South just past East 58th Street.
Avenue I begins at Dahill Rd in the west, It is interrupted by the BMT Brighton line past East 16th Street, and terminates in the East at Flatlands Avenue and East 58th Street.
Avenue J
Avenue J travels through the neighborhoods of Midwood and Flatlands. It begins at Dahill Road and runs to Ralph Avenue in Georgetown, just short of Paerdegat Basin. It resumes across the water in Canarsie and runs from East 80th Street to East 108th Street. The house numbers increase from west to east. The road carries 2 lanes of traffic and has a commercial strip between Coney Island Avenue and East 16th Street. The avenue carries the B6 bus in some places. It is also notoriously home for the famous street gang, The J Boys, which existed from roughly 1979 to 1988.
Avenue K
Avenue K starts off at Ocean Parkway in Midwood. It gets interrupted with a brief concurrency along Flatbush Avenue. It then runs to Bergen Avenue in Bergen Beach, where it is interrupted by Paerdegat Basin. It resumes across the water in Canarsie and runs from East 80th Street to East 108th Street. The house numbers increase from west to east.
Avenues L and M
"Avenue M" redirects here. For the subway station, see Avenue M (BMT Brighton Line).
Avenue L starts off at its western terminus at East 4th Street in Midwood and continues to Flatbush Avenue in Flatlands. It resumes at East 41st Street and Troy Avenue and continues as a one-way street going from west to east to Ralph Avenue, where it becomes a two-way street again until its eastern terminus at Bergen Avenue in Bergen Beach. Across the Paerdegat Basin, it resumes at East 80th Street in Canarsie and runs to its terminus at East 108th Street. The house numbers increase from west to east.
Avenue M starts at Dahill Road in Mapleton. It gets interrupted at Flatlands Avenue, resumes at Flatbush Avenue and is juxtaposed to the south at Ralph Avenue, from which it runs as a two-way street to Bergen Avenue along Paedergat Basin. Across the water, it resumes at East 80th Street in Canarsie and runs to its terminus at East 108th Street. The house numbers increase from west to east. Avenue M is a one-way street westbound from Ralph Avenue to Flatbush Avenue.
Avenue N
Avenue N begins its western terminus at McDonald Avenue. It continues to Ocean Parkway and becomes a one way street with traffic flowing from west to east. It becomes interrupted when intersecting East 35th Street in Marine Park. Avenue N starts up again from an intersection at Flatbush Avenue, continuing east towards Bergen Beach. In this neighborhood, Avenue N branches off Veterans Avenue, traveling northeast. Avenue N ends at Royce Street in Bergen Beach, continuing as Cove Lane, until intersecting Bergen Avenue, along Paedergat Basin. Across the water in Canarsie, Avenue N resumes at East 80th Street and runs to its terminus at East 108th Street and the East Mill Basin.
Avenue O
Avenue O begins its western terminus at Bay Parkway in Bensonhurst. It gets interrupted when intersecting 65th Street. It then picks up again at Dahill Road in Mapleton. It becomes a one way street with traffic flowing from east to west, between Coney Island Avenue and Kings Highway (its eastern terminus).
Avenue P
Avenue P is four lanes wide, with its western terminus at Bay Parkway in Gravesend and its eastern terminus at Flatbush Avenue in Marine Park. It gets interrupted at Kings Highway and again with a short concurrency along Nostrand Avenue.
Avenue Q (Quentin Road)
The entire Avenue Q was renamed Quentin Road after World War II, in honor of Theodore Roosevelt's youngest son Quentin, who was killed in aerial combat over France in 1918 during the first World War. It stretches from Stillwell Avenue in Gravesend, to the west, to Flatbush Avenue in Marine Park. The street is interrupted by the BMT Sea Beach Line subway tracks at West 8th and West 7th Streets in Gravesend and again by Kings Highway in Midwood from East 13th Street to East 16th Street, then continues perpendicular to the railroad tracks for the BMT Brighton Line tracks. In Marine Park the street has a short concurrency along Nostrand Avenue. It then continues towards its eastern terminus at Flatbush Avenue and East 45th Street. The musical Avenue Q takes place on a rundown street, said to be located in an "outer-outer borough" of New York City; but the creators have stated that their Avenue Q is fictional, and not based on Quentin Road or any other actual street.
Avenue R
Avenue R begins its western terminus at Kings Highway and East 5th Street in Gravesend. In Gravesend, Avenue R has a median, between East 7th Street and Coney Island Avenue. In Marine Park, the street has a brief concurrency along Gerritsen Avenue. It then continues towards its eastern terminus at Flatbush Avenue and Avenue O in Marine Park.
Avenue R formerly had a segment further west, despite the interruption of Kings Highway at its current western end. That portion, from Stillwell Avenue on the west to West 3rd on the east, was renamed Highlawn Avenue at the request of an early 20th century developer.
Avenues S and T
These avenues begin their western terminus at Stillwell Avenue in Gravesend and continue past McDonald Avenue, Ocean Parkway, Coney Island Ave, Kelly Park on E 14th Street and Avenue S, Ocean Avenue and Nostrand Avenue until an intersection with Stuart Street in Marine Park. They get interrupted by Marine Park, and then Avenue S continues from East 32nd Street until and Avenue T continues from East 33rd Street. Avenue S has its eastern terminus at Avenue T in the Marine Park section near Kings Plaza Mall. From here, Avenue T resumes until its eastern terminus at Bergen Avenue in Bergen Beach.
Avenue U
Main article: Avenue U
Avenue U is a main thoroughfare throughout its length. Avenue U begins at Stillwell Avenue in Gravesend and ends at Bergen Avenue in Bergen Beach, while serving the other Brooklyn neighborhoods of Homecrest, Sheepshead Bay, Marine Park, and Mill Basin along its route. The B3 bus runs along the entire length of the avenue, except for the one block stretch between Stillwell Avenue and 86th Street.
Avenue V
Avenue V exists in five segments. The first segment runs from Stillwell Avenue to West 8th Street, where its route is blocked by the BMT Sea Beach Line tracks. It resumes its path opposite the tracks at a dead end west of West 7th Street and runs to Van Sicklen Street. The third segment takes Avenue V from Gravesend Neck Road east of East 1st Street to Burnett Street at Marine Park. Over the course of the third segment, the traffic pattern of Avenue V changes four times.
From Gravesend Neck Road to Ocean Avenue the avenue serves two-way traffic on two lanes; after Ocean Avenue, traffic travels one way westbound on two lanes until Gravesend Neck Road. East of Gravesend Neck Road, traffic travels one way eastbound on two lanes until Nostrand Avenue, where traffic once again resumes its regular pattern, ending at Burnett Street. The fourth segment of Avenue V begins on the other side of Marine Park at East 38th Street and runs until Flatbush Avenue. The final segment begins some distance away in Bergen Beach, just east of a dead end at Mill Basin and terminates at Bergen Avenue.
Avenue W
Avenue W exists in four segments. The first segment runs from Stillwell Avenue to West 11th Street, where its path is impeded by the Marlboro housing projects. Its second segment runs from West 7th Street to its intersection with Sheepshead Bay Road and Gravesend Neck Road. During the second segment, traffic patterns on the road change four times. From West 7th Street one block east to 86th Street, traffic travels one way on one lane westbound. On the block between 86th Street and West 6th Street traffic travels two ways on two lanes. On the block between West 6th Street and Van Sicklen Street, traffic travels one way on one lane eastbound. Finally, from Van Sicklen Street to the end of its second segment, traffic on Avenue W travels two ways on two lanes. The third segment runs from East 16th Street to Gerritsen Avenue. The fourth segment begins some distance away in Bergen Beach, across several creeks and two neighborhoods. This last stretch runs from a dead end just east of Mill Basin to Bergen Avenue.
Avenue X
Avenue X exists in four segments. The westernmost segment runs from Stillwell Avenue to West 8th Street, where its path is interrupted by the Coney Island Yards. The second segment begins at a dead end at Boynton Place just east of the yards, and is served by a Culver Line station. It continues to another dead end just east of East 15th Street at the BMT Brighton Beach Line. Avenue X once again resumes its course opposite the train tracks at East 16th Street and ends at Knapp Street. The easternmost segment begins some distance away in Bergen Beach, across several creeks and two neighborhoods, at East 69th Street, to Bergen Avenue.
Avenue Y
Avenue Y exists in three segments. The first segment is a very short segment between Bay 50th Street and West 16th Street in Gravesend. The second segment runs from Shell Road to Knapp Street. The third segment begins some distance away in Bergen Beach, across several creeks and two neighborhoods. This last stretch runs from a dead end just east of Mill Basin to Bergen Avenue.
Avenue Z
Avenue Z exists in two segments. The first segment runs from Cropsey Avenue to West 13th Street, blocked by the Coney Island Yards. The second segment runs from Shell Road to Coyle Street.
See also
List of numbered Brooklyn streets
List of Brooklyn thoroughfares
References
^ "History of Brooklyn New York Street Names". MillerAvenue.org. 2011-05-28. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
^ WNYC.org "Ask the Historian": Post Your Brooklyn Questions Archived 2011-03-19 at the Wayback Machine, in response to Katy from Kensington
^ "List of bus routes in Brooklyn".
^ a b c d e Elisha, Robinson (1890). Robinson's atlas of Kings County, New York. E Robinson.
^ a b c d e Atlas of the Borough of Brooklyn. E. Belcher Hyde Map Company. 1916.
^ "Forgotten NY: Street Scenes". Retrieved 2010-09-05.
^ Lariviere, John. "Avenue Q: The Musical is a musical with love cheer and comedy". Talkin' Broadway. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
vteStreets of BrooklynNorth–south roads
3rd Av
4th Av
8th Av
13th Av
Abolitionist Pl/Duffield St
Bay Pkwy
Bedford Av
Cadman Plz
Conduit Blvd
Coney Island Av
Flatbush Av
Fort Hamilton Pkwy
Fountain Av
Kings Hwy
Manhattan Av
McDonald Av
McGuinness Blvd
Nostrand Av
Ocean Av
Ocean Pkwy
Pennsylvania Av
Rockaway Pkwy
Stillwell Av
Utica Av
Vanderbilt Av
East–west roads
Atlantic Av
Broadway
Cropsey Av
DeKalb Av
Eastern Pkwy
Flatlands Av
Flushing Av
Fulton St
Grand St
Greenpoint Av
Jamaica Av
Liberty Av
Linden Blvd
Metropolitan Av
Myrtle Av
Prospect Av
Avenue U
Eponymous streets in New York City
Numbered streets
Numbered avenues
Lettered avenues
Other thoroughfares
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[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but in this portion of Brooklyn, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) east of Dahill Road run east and west, forming a perpendicular grid with numbered streets that have the prefix \"East\". South of Avenue O, related perpendicular numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the \"West\" designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108th Street, and the avenues range from A to Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods, notably Albemarle Road, Beverley Road, Cortelyou Road, Clarendon Road, Dorchester Road, Ditmas Avenue, Foster Avenue, Farragut Road, Glenwood Road and Quentin Road.","title":"List of lettered Brooklyn avenues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canarsie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarsie,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Prospect Park South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Park_South,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Coney Island Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Flatbush Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbush_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"City of Greater New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Greater_New_York"},{"link_name":"Beverley Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Road_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Beverly Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Road_(IRT_Nostrand_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookdale_University_Hospital_and_Medical_Center"}],"sub_title":"Avenues A and B","text":"These are less than a mile long, in northern Canarsie. In 1897, at the request of developers, the City of Brooklyn renamed several streets in what is now known as Prospect Park South. Among these are Avenues A and B, and five numbered streets which cross them. Avenue A was renamed Albemarle Road, and a portion of Avenue B between Coney Island Avenue and Flatbush Avenue was renamed Beverley Road.[1][2] Albemarle Road runs from Church Avenue to Nostrand Avenue, with a short disalignment break at Flatbush Avenue.After Brooklyn was annexed into the City of Greater New York, three more segments of Avenue B, namely between Church Avenue and Coney Island Avenue, between Flatbush Avenue and Brooklyn Avenue, and between Schenectady Avenue and Ralph Avenue, were renamed with an Americanized spelling: Beverly Road. This explains the spelling discrepancy between the two subway stations along what was once known as Avenue B: the Beverley Road station on the BMT Brighton Line, and the Beverly Road station on the IRT Nostrand Avenue line.The portion of Avenue B east of Ralph Avenue was not given the name in order to complement an Avenue A which is distinct from what is now known as Albemarle Road (though starts at roughly the same latitude, running from Ralph to the corner of East 96th Street and Linden Boulevard). Avenue B runs to East 98th Street, which Avenue A once did as well before Linden Boulevard was extended and the remaining block, cut off, was absorbed into Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"}],"sub_title":"Avenue C","text":"Avenue C is located in Kensington and is less than a mile long. Cortelyou Road, which is one block south, can be easily confused with Avenue C, since Cortelyou starts with the letter \"C\". Clarendon Road, which begins one block further south from Cortelyou at Flatbush Avenue and also starts with the letter, is the most likely successor as it begins at roughly the same latitude. Clarendon runs to a short block east of Ralph Avenue where it meets Avenue D, which in turn re-assumes the name Ditmas Avenue.[3][circular reference]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Flatbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Flatbush,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERobinson-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyde-5"}],"sub_title":"Avenue D","text":"Over a mile in length, Avenue D is located in East Flatbush. Ditmas Avenue and Dorchester Road are sometimes associated with Avenue D, since Ditmas and Dorchester start with the letter \"D\". However, Cortelyou Road is actually the successor to a portion of Avenue D between Dahill Road and Coney Island Avenue. Ditmas Avenue does intersect the western terminus of Avenue D and Flatbush Avenue, at a 135-degree angle. There is some evidence that the current Avenue D was originally named Ditmas Avenue, and renamed to fit the letter grid; the portion that angled off remained Ditmas.[4][5]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERobinson-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyde-5"}],"sub_title":"Avenue E","text":"There is no longer any Avenue E. Late 19th and early 20th century maps depict an Avenue E, which was later renamed Ditmas Avenue (the segment between Dahill Road and Coney Island Avenue) and Foster Avenue (the segments from Foster Avenue to Bank Street, including a small realignment at Kings Highway).[4][5]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERobinson-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyde-5"}],"sub_title":"Avenue F","text":"Located in the southern part of Kensington, Avenue F is less than a mile long. It is commonly associated with nearby Foster Avenue and Farragut Road, since Foster and Farragut begin with the letter \"F\". However, Foster Avenue predates Avenue F and is possibly the successor to Avenue E.Although Avenue F currently terminates west of Ocean Parkway, it originally continued a few blocks further east, until East 8th Street at 18th Avenue. Farragut Road is in close alignment with the remnant Avenue F, and may have originally been called Avenue F.[4][5]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERobinson-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyde-5"}],"sub_title":"Avenue G","text":"There is no longer any Avenue G. It was renamed Glenwood Road in the early 20th century.[4][5]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay Ridge Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Ridge_Branch"}],"sub_title":"Avenues H and I","text":"The Bay Ridge Branch lies between these avenues for most of their length.Avenue H begins in the west at Ocean Parkway, is interrupted by the BMT Brighton Line at East 16th Street, and again by the Brooklyn College Campus between Campus Rd and Nostrand Avenue. It resumes its run through the East 30's, 40's and 50's before its eastern terminus at Paedergat Avenue South just past East 58th Street.Avenue I begins at Dahill Rd in the west, It is interrupted by the BMT Brighton line past East 16th Street, and terminates in the East at Flatlands Avenue and East 58th Street.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwood,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Flatlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatlands,_Brooklyn"}],"sub_title":"Avenue J","text":"Avenue J travels through the neighborhoods of Midwood and Flatlands. It begins at Dahill Road and runs to Ralph Avenue in Georgetown, just short of Paerdegat Basin. It resumes across the water in Canarsie and runs from East 80th Street to East 108th Street. The house numbers increase from west to east. The road carries 2 lanes of traffic and has a commercial strip between Coney Island Avenue and East 16th Street. The avenue carries the B6 bus in some places. It is also notoriously home for the famous street gang, The J Boys, which existed from roughly 1979 to 1988.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ocean Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Parkway_(Brooklyn)"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Flatbush Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbush_Avenue"}],"sub_title":"Avenue K","text":"Avenue K starts off at Ocean Parkway in Midwood. It gets interrupted with a brief concurrency along Flatbush Avenue. It then runs to Bergen Avenue in Bergen Beach, where it is interrupted by Paerdegat Basin. It resumes across the water in Canarsie and runs from East 80th Street to East 108th Street. The house numbers increase from west to east.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avenue M (BMT Brighton Line)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_M_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Bergen Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_Beach,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Mapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapleton,_Brooklyn"}],"sub_title":"Avenues L and M","text":"\"Avenue M\" redirects here. For the subway station, see Avenue M (BMT Brighton Line).Avenue L starts off at its western terminus at East 4th Street in Midwood and continues to Flatbush Avenue in Flatlands. It resumes at East 41st Street and Troy Avenue and continues as a one-way street going from west to east to Ralph Avenue, where it becomes a two-way street again until its eastern terminus at Bergen Avenue in Bergen Beach. Across the Paerdegat Basin, it resumes at East 80th Street in Canarsie and runs to its terminus at East 108th Street. The house numbers increase from west to east.\nAvenue M starts at Dahill Road in Mapleton. It gets interrupted at Flatlands Avenue, resumes at Flatbush Avenue and is juxtaposed to the south at Ralph Avenue, from which it runs as a two-way street to Bergen Avenue along Paedergat Basin. Across the water, it resumes at East 80th Street in Canarsie and runs to its terminus at East 108th Street. The house numbers increase from west to east. Avenue M is a one-way street westbound from Ralph Avenue to Flatbush Avenue.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Avenue N","text":"Avenue N begins its western terminus at McDonald Avenue. It continues to Ocean Parkway and becomes a one way street with traffic flowing from west to east. It becomes interrupted when intersecting East 35th Street in Marine Park. Avenue N starts up again from an intersection at Flatbush Avenue, continuing east towards Bergen Beach. In this neighborhood, Avenue N branches off Veterans Avenue, traveling northeast. Avenue N ends at Royce Street in Bergen Beach, continuing as Cove Lane, until intersecting Bergen Avenue, along Paedergat Basin. Across the water in Canarsie, Avenue N resumes at East 80th Street and runs to its terminus at East 108th Street and the East Mill Basin.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Parkway_(Brooklyn)"},{"link_name":"Bensonhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensonhurst,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Mapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapleton,_Brooklyn"}],"sub_title":"Avenue O","text":"Avenue O begins its western terminus at Bay Parkway in Bensonhurst. It gets interrupted when intersecting 65th Street. It then picks up again at Dahill Road in Mapleton. It becomes a one way street with traffic flowing from east to west, between Coney Island Avenue and Kings Highway (its eastern terminus).","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gravesend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn"}],"sub_title":"Avenue P","text":"Avenue P is four lanes wide, with its western terminus at Bay Parkway in Gravesend and its eastern terminus at Flatbush Avenue in Marine Park. It gets interrupted at Kings Highway and again with a short concurrency along Nostrand Avenue.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"first World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"BMT Sea Beach Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Sea_Beach_Line"},{"link_name":"BMT Brighton Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Brighton_Line"},{"link_name":"Avenue Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Q"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Avenue Q (Quentin Road)","text":"The entire Avenue Q was renamed Quentin Road after World War II, in honor of Theodore Roosevelt's youngest son Quentin, who was killed in aerial combat over France in 1918 during the first World War.[6] It stretches from Stillwell Avenue in Gravesend, to the west, to Flatbush Avenue in Marine Park. The street is interrupted by the BMT Sea Beach Line subway tracks at West 8th and West 7th Streets in Gravesend and again by Kings Highway in Midwood from East 13th Street to East 16th Street, then continues perpendicular to the railroad tracks for the BMT Brighton Line tracks. In Marine Park the street has a short concurrency along Nostrand Avenue. It then continues towards its eastern terminus at Flatbush Avenue and East 45th Street. The musical Avenue Q takes place on a rundown street, said to be located in an \"outer-outer borough\" of New York City; but the creators have stated that their Avenue Q is fictional, and not based on Quentin Road or any other actual street.[7]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_reservation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERobinson-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyde-5"}],"sub_title":"Avenue R","text":"Avenue R begins its western terminus at Kings Highway and East 5th Street in Gravesend. In Gravesend, Avenue R has a median, between East 7th Street and Coney Island Avenue. In Marine Park, the street has a brief concurrency along Gerritsen Avenue. It then continues towards its eastern terminus at Flatbush Avenue and Avenue O in Marine Park.Avenue R formerly had a segment further west, despite the interruption of Kings Highway at its current western end. That portion, from Stillwell Avenue on the west to West 3rd on the east, was renamed Highlawn Avenue at the request of an early 20th century developer.[4][5]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Park,_Brooklyn"}],"sub_title":"Avenues S and T","text":"These avenues begin their western terminus at Stillwell Avenue in Gravesend and continue past McDonald Avenue, Ocean Parkway, Coney Island Ave, Kelly Park on E 14th Street and Avenue S, Ocean Avenue and Nostrand Avenue until an intersection with Stuart Street in Marine Park. They get interrupted by Marine Park, and then Avenue S continues from East 32nd Street until and Avenue T continues from East 33rd Street. Avenue S has its eastern terminus at Avenue T in the Marine Park section near Kings Plaza Mall. From here, Avenue T resumes until its eastern terminus at Bergen Avenue in Bergen Beach.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thoroughfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughfare"},{"link_name":"Stillwell Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillwell_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Gravesend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Bergen Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_Beach,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Homecrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecrest,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Sheepshead Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Marine Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Park,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Mill Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Basin,_Brooklyn"}],"sub_title":"Avenue U","text":"Avenue U is a main thoroughfare throughout its length. Avenue U begins at Stillwell Avenue in Gravesend and ends at Bergen Avenue in Bergen Beach, while serving the other Brooklyn neighborhoods of Homecrest, Sheepshead Bay, Marine Park, and Mill Basin along its route. The B3 bus runs along the entire length of the avenue, except for the one block stretch between Stillwell Avenue and 86th Street.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMT Sea Beach Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Sea_Beach_Line"},{"link_name":"Nostrand Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostrand_Avenue_(Brooklyn)"},{"link_name":"Mill Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Basin,_Brooklyn"}],"sub_title":"Avenue V","text":"Avenue V exists in five segments. The first segment runs from Stillwell Avenue to West 8th Street, where its route is blocked by the BMT Sea Beach Line tracks. It resumes its path opposite the tracks at a dead end west of West 7th Street and runs to Van Sicklen Street. The third segment takes Avenue V from Gravesend Neck Road east of East 1st Street to Burnett Street at Marine Park. Over the course of the third segment, the traffic pattern of Avenue V changes four times.From Gravesend Neck Road to Ocean Avenue the avenue serves two-way traffic on two lanes; after Ocean Avenue, traffic travels one way westbound on two lanes until Gravesend Neck Road. East of Gravesend Neck Road, traffic travels one way eastbound on two lanes until Nostrand Avenue, where traffic once again resumes its regular pattern, ending at Burnett Street. The fourth segment of Avenue V begins on the other side of Marine Park at East 38th Street and runs until Flatbush Avenue. The final segment begins some distance away in Bergen Beach, just east of a dead end at Mill Basin and terminates at Bergen Avenue.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheepshead Bay Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_streets_by_neighborhood"},{"link_name":"Gravesend Neck Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_streets_by_neighborhood"}],"sub_title":"Avenue W","text":"Avenue W exists in four segments. The first segment runs from Stillwell Avenue to West 11th Street, where its path is impeded by the Marlboro housing projects. Its second segment runs from West 7th Street to its intersection with Sheepshead Bay Road and Gravesend Neck Road. During the second segment, traffic patterns on the road change four times. From West 7th Street one block east to 86th Street, traffic travels one way on one lane westbound. On the block between 86th Street and West 6th Street traffic travels two ways on two lanes. On the block between West 6th Street and Van Sicklen Street, traffic travels one way on one lane eastbound. Finally, from Van Sicklen Street to the end of its second segment, traffic on Avenue W travels two ways on two lanes. The third segment runs from East 16th Street to Gerritsen Avenue. The fourth segment begins some distance away in Bergen Beach, across several creeks and two neighborhoods. This last stretch runs from a dead end just east of Mill Basin to Bergen Avenue.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coney Island Yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island_Yards"},{"link_name":"Boynton Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_streets_by_neighborhood"},{"link_name":"Culver Line station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_X_(IND_Culver_Line)"},{"link_name":"BMT Brighton Beach Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Brighton_Beach_Line"}],"sub_title":"Avenue X","text":"Avenue X exists in four segments. The westernmost segment runs from Stillwell Avenue to West 8th Street, where its path is interrupted by the Coney Island Yards. The second segment begins at a dead end at Boynton Place just east of the yards, and is served by a Culver Line station. It continues to another dead end just east of East 15th Street at the BMT Brighton Beach Line. Avenue X once again resumes its course opposite the train tracks at East 16th Street and ends at Knapp Street. The easternmost segment begins some distance away in Bergen Beach, across several creeks and two neighborhoods, at East 69th Street, to Bergen Avenue.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Avenue Y","text":"Avenue Y exists in three segments. The first segment is a very short segment between Bay 50th Street and West 16th Street in Gravesend. The second segment runs from Shell Road to Knapp Street. The third segment begins some distance away in Bergen Beach, across several creeks and two neighborhoods. This last stretch runs from a dead end just east of Mill Basin to Bergen Avenue.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Avenue Z","text":"Avenue Z exists in two segments. The first segment runs from Cropsey Avenue to West 13th Street, blocked by the Coney Island Yards. The second segment runs from Shell Road to Coyle Street.","title":"Details"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of numbered Brooklyn streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numbered_Brooklyn_streets"},{"title":"List of Brooklyn thoroughfares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brooklyn_thoroughfares"}]
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[{"reference":"\"History of Brooklyn New York Street Names\". MillerAvenue.org. 2011-05-28. Retrieved 2012-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milleravenue.org/?page_id=142","url_text":"\"History of Brooklyn New York Street Names\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of bus routes in Brooklyn\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Brooklyn#Former_and_never-operated_routes","url_text":"\"List of bus routes in Brooklyn\""}]},{"reference":"Elisha, Robinson (1890). Robinson's atlas of Kings County, New York. E Robinson.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Atlas of the Borough of Brooklyn. E. Belcher Hyde Map Company. 1916.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Forgotten NY: Street Scenes\". Retrieved 2010-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forgotten-ny.com/STREET%20SCENES/kingshwy/kingshwy.html","url_text":"\"Forgotten NY: Street Scenes\""}]},{"reference":"Lariviere, John. \"Avenue Q: The Musical is a musical with love cheer and comedy\". Talkin' Broadway. Retrieved 2010-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.talkinbroadway.com/regional/sfla/sfla203.html","url_text":"\"Avenue Q: The Musical is a musical with love cheer and comedy\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.milleravenue.org/?page_id=142","external_links_name":"\"History of Brooklyn New York Street Names\""},{"Link":"http://www.wnyc.org/articles/wnyc-news/2010/jul/25/ask-historian-ask-your-brooklyn-questions/","external_links_name":"WNYC.org \"Ask the Historian\": Post Your Brooklyn Questions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110319074442/http://www.wnyc.org/articles/wnyc-news/2010/jul/25/ask-historian-ask-your-brooklyn-questions/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Brooklyn#Former_and_never-operated_routes","external_links_name":"\"List of bus routes in Brooklyn\""},{"Link":"http://www.forgotten-ny.com/STREET%20SCENES/kingshwy/kingshwy.html","external_links_name":"\"Forgotten NY: Street Scenes\""},{"Link":"http://www.talkinbroadway.com/regional/sfla/sfla203.html","external_links_name":"\"Avenue Q: The Musical is a musical with love cheer and comedy\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Roy
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Jules Roy
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["1 Life and work","2 Works","3 Notes","4 References"]
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French writer
Jules Roy (22 October 1907 – 15 June 2000) was a French writer. "Prolific and polemical" Roy, born an Algerian pied noir and sent to a Roman Catholic seminary, used his experiences in the French colony and during his service in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War as inspiration for a number of his works. He began writing in 1946, while still serving in the military, and continued to publish fiction and historical works after his resignation in 1953 in protest of the First Indochina War. He was an outspoken critic of French colonialism and the Algerian War of Independence and later civil war, as well as a strongly religious man.
Life and work
Like his friend Albert Camus and his first editor Edmond Charlot, Roy was a descendant of white settlers in French Algeria. He was born in Rovigo, Algeria, and spent his childhood on the farm of his maternal grandparents, the Pâris, small landholders who lived near the village of Sidi Moussa, about eight kilometres north of the town. Roy was the fruit of an adulterous liaison between Mathilde Roy, the wife of a policeman, and Henri Dematons, a schoolteacher.
During World War II, Roy commanded a Royal Air Force squadron which was engaged in bombing the Ruhr Basin; he described the missions in La Vallée heureuse (Charlot, 1946). In his memoirs, the journalist Walter Lewino states that when Roy first joined the Free French Forces after the Allied invasion of North Africa, he was sent for flight training to Dumfries, whereupon skills testing the British ignored his captain's rank and designated him a second navigator, making Roy junior under British rules to his pilot let alone squadron leadership. In June 1953 Roy resigned from the army, at the rank of colonel, in protest at the government's policies in the First Indochina War.
His Le Voyage en Chine (Julliard, 1965) recounts the story of a visit to Mao Zedong's China during which he planned to make a film portraying what he had imagined to be the successful transformation of the society, only to be disappointed at the lack of access to real conditions. In 1995, Roy, who had been living in France for many years, returned to Algeria and visited his mother's grave in the small pied noir cemetery at Sidi Moussa. Roy spent the last years of his life in Vézelay, following his interest in the life of Mary Magdalene. He was first married to Mirande Grimal with whom he had two children, Jean-Louis and Genevieve. Following a divorce, he married Tatiana Soukoroukoff in 1965 (she died in 2012). Both children survived him.
Works
Novels
Le tonnerre et les anges, Éditions Grasset, 1975.
Le Désert de Retz, Grasset, 1978.
Les Chevaux du soleil, Grasset, 1980, 6 volumes ; one volume edition, Omnibus, 1995.
La Saison des Za, Grasset, 1982.
Non-fiction
Ciel et terre, Alger, Charlot, 1943 (épuisé).
La Vallée heureuse, Charlot, 1946, with a preface by Pierre Jean Jouve ; Gallimard, 1948 ; Éditions Julliard, 1960 ; Albin Michel, 1989.
Le Métier des armes, Gallimard, 1948 ; Julliard, 1960.
Retour de l'enfer, Gallimard, 1953 ; Julliard, 1960.
Le Navigateur, Gallimard, 1954 ; Julliard, 1960.
La Femme infidèle, Gallimard, 1955 ; Julliard, 1960.
Les Flammes de l'été, Gallimard, 1956 ; Julliard, 1960 ; Albin Michel, 1993.
Les Belles Croisades, Gallimard, 1959 ; Julliard, 1960.
La Guerre d'Algérie, Julliard, 1960 ; Christian Bourgois, 1994.
La Bataille de Dien Bien Phu, Julliard, 1963 ; Albin Michel, 1989.
Le Voyage en Chine, Julliard, 1965.
La Mort de Mao, Christian Bourgois, 1969 ; Albin Michel, 1991.
L'Amour fauve, Grasset, 1971.
Danse du ventre au-dessus des canons, Flammarion, 1976.
Pour le lieutenant Karl, Christian Bourgois, 1977.
Pour un chien, Grasset, 1979.
Une affaire d'honneur, Plon, 1983.
Beyrouth viva la muerte, Grasset, 1984.
Guynemer, l'ange de la mort, Albin Michel, 1986.
Mémoires barbares, Albin Michel, 1989.
Amours barbares, Albin Michel, 1993.
Un après-guerre amoureux, Albin Michel, 1995.
Adieu ma mère, adieu mon cœur, Albin Michel, 1996.
Journal, t. 1, Les années déchirement, 1925-1965, Albin Michel, 1997.
Journal, t. 2, Les années cavalières, 1966-1985, Albin Michel, 1998.
Journal, t. 3, Les années de braise, 1986-1996, Albin Michel, 1999.
Lettre à Dieu, Albin Michel, 2001.
Essays
Comme un mauvais ange, Charlot, 1946 ; Gallimard, 1960.
L'Homme à l'épée, Gallimard, 1957 ; Julliard, 1960.
Autour du drame, Julliard, 1961.
Passion et mort de Saint-Exupéry, Gallimard, 1951 ; Julliard, 1960 ; La Manufacture, 1987.
Le Grand Naufrage, Julliard, 1966 ; Albin Michel, 1995.
Turnau, Sienne, 1976 (hors commerce).
Éloge de Max-Pol Fouchet, Actes Sud, 1980.
Étranger pour mes frères, Stock, 1982.
Citoyen Bolis, tambour de village, Avallon, Voillot,1989.
Vézelay ou l'Amour fou, Albin Michel, 1990.
Rostropovitch, Gainsbourg et Dieu, Albin Michel, 1991.
Poetry
Trois Pières pour des pilotes, Alger, Charlot, 1942.
Chants et prières pour des pilotes, Charlot, 1943 ; Gallimard, 1948 ; Julliard, 1960.
Sept Poèmes de ténèbres, Paris, 1957.
Prière à Mademoiselle Sainte-Madeleine, Charlot, 1984 ; Bleu du Ciel, Vézelay, 1986.
Chant d'amour pour Marseille, Jeanne Laffitte, 1988.
Cinq Poèmes, Avallon, Voillot,1991.
La nuit tombe, debout camarades !, Gérard Oberlé, 1991.
Poèmes et prières des années de guerre (1939–1945), Actes Sud, 2001.
Drama
Beau Sang, Gallimard, 1952 ; Julliard, 1960.
Les Cyclones, Gallimard, 1953 ; Julliard, 1960.
Le Fleuve rouge, Gallimard, 1957 ; Julliard, 1960.
La Rue des Zouaves suivi de Sa Majesté Monsieur Constantin, Julliard, 1970.
Lieutenant Karl, dramatique télé (Michel Wyn), INA, 1977.
Mort au champ d'honneur' Albin Michel, 1995.
Pamphlet
J'accuse le général Massu, Seuil, 1972.
Short story
L'Œil de loup du roi de Pharan, Sétif, 1945.
Correspondence
D'une amitié. Correspondance (1937–1962), Édisud, 1985, with the poet Jean Amrouche
Notes
^ a b c d e Riding, Alan (21 June 2000). "Jules Roy, Algerian-Born French Writer, Dies at 92". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
^ Hamid Nacer-Khodja, Guy Degas (13 September 2007). "L'Algérie au cœur -- Entretien. Jules Roy par Guy Degas". El Watan.
^ Catharine Savage Brosman, Guy Degas (October 1988). "Fiction and History in Jules Roy's Le Maitre de la Mitidja". The French Review, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 41-49. JSTOR 394886.
^ Walter Lewino (10 August 2014). "39-45. Souvenirs d'un antihéros du groupe Lorraine (10) : me voilà devenu l'instructeur du pilote-poète Jules Roy". Le Point.
References
Sperber, Manès, Man and His Deeds, McGraw-Hill, 1970.
vteLaureates of the Prix Renaudot1926–1950
1926: Armand Lunel
1927: Bernard Nabonne
1928: André Obey
1929: Marcel Aymé
1930: Germaine Beaumont
1931: Philippe Hériat
1932: Louis-Ferdinand Céline
1933: Charles Braibant
1934: Louis Francis
1935: François de Roux
1936: Louis Aragon
1937: Jean Rogissart
1938: Pierre Jean Launay
1939: Jean Malaquais
1940: Jules Roy
1941: Paul Mousset
1942: Robert Gaillard
1943: André Soubiran
1944: Roger Peyrefitte
1945: Henri Bosco
1946: David Rousset
1947: Jean Cayrol
1948: Pierre Fisson
1949: Louis Guilloux
1950: Pierre Molaine
1951–1975
1951: Robert Margerit
1952: Jacques Perry
1953: Célia Bertin
1954: Jean Reverzy
1955: Georges Govy
1956: André Perrin
1957: Michel Butor
1958: Édouard Glissant
1959: Albert Palle
1960: Alfred Kern
1961: Roger Bordier
1962: Simone Jacquemard
1963: J. M. G. Le Clézio
1964: Jean-Pierre Faye
1965: Georges Perec
1966: José Cabanis
1967: Salvat Etchart
1968: Yambo Ouologuem
1969: Max Olivier-Lacamp
1970: Jean Freustié
1971: Pierre-Jean Rémy
1972: Christopher Frank
1973: Suzanne Prou
1974: Georges Borgeaud
1975: Jean Joubert
1976–2000
1976: Michel Henry
1977: Alphonse Boudard
1978: Conrad Detrez
1979: Jean-Marc Roberts
1980: Danièle Sallenave
1981: Michel del Castillo
1982: Georges-Olivier Châteaureynaud
1983: Jean-Marie Rouart
1984: Annie Ernaux
1985: Raphaële Billetdoux
1986: Christian Giudicelli
1987: René-Jean Clot
1988: René Depestre
1989: Philippe Doumenc
1990: Jean Colombier
1991: Dan Franck
1992: François Weyergans
1993: Nicolas Bréhal
1994: Guillaume Le Touze
1995: Patrick Besson
1996: Boris Schreiber
1997: Pascal Bruckner
1998: Dominique Bona
1999: Daniel Picouly
2000: Ahmadou Kourouma
2001–present
2001: Martine Le Coz
2002: Gérard de Cortanze
2003: Philippe Claudel
2004: Irène Némirovsky
2005: Nina Bouraoui
2006: Alain Mabanckou
2007: Daniel Pennac
2008: Tierno Monénembo
2009: Frédéric Beigbeder
2010: Virginie Despentes
2011: Emmanuel Carrère
2012: Scholastique Mukasonga
2013: Yann Moix
2014: David Foenkinos
2015: Delphine de Vigan
2016: Yasmina Reza
2017: Olivier Guez
2018: Valérie Manteau
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_de_Jules_Roy_%C3%A0_V%C3%A9zelay.JPG"},{"link_name":"Algerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"pied noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_noir"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"First Indochina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"Algerian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"}],"text":"Jules Roy (22 October 1907 – 15 June 2000) was a French writer. \"Prolific and polemical\" Roy, born an Algerian pied noir and sent to a Roman Catholic seminary, used his experiences in the French colony and during his service in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War as inspiration for a number of his works.[1] He began writing in 1946, while still serving in the military, and continued to publish fiction and historical works after his resignation in 1953 in protest of the First Indochina War. He was an outspoken critic of French colonialism and the Algerian War of Independence and later civil war, as well as a strongly religious man.[1]","title":"Jules Roy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Camus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus"},{"link_name":"Edmond Charlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Charlot"},{"link_name":"Rovigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougara"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Sidi Moussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Moussa,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Ruhr Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr"},{"link_name":"Free French Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French_Forces"},{"link_name":"Allied invasion of North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"First Indochina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Vézelay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay"},{"link_name":"Mary Magdalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"}],"text":"Like his friend Albert Camus and his first editor Edmond Charlot, Roy was a descendant of white settlers in French Algeria. He was born in Rovigo, Algeria, and spent his childhood on the farm of his maternal grandparents, the Pâris, small landholders who lived near the village of Sidi Moussa, about eight kilometres north of the town. Roy was the fruit of an adulterous liaison between Mathilde Roy, the wife of a policeman, and Henri Dematons, a schoolteacher.[2][3]During World War II, Roy commanded a Royal Air Force squadron which was engaged in bombing the Ruhr Basin; he described the missions in La Vallée heureuse (Charlot, 1946). In his memoirs, the journalist Walter Lewino states that when Roy first joined the Free French Forces after the Allied invasion of North Africa, he was sent for flight training to Dumfries, whereupon skills testing the British ignored his captain's rank and designated him a second navigator, making Roy junior under British rules to his pilot let alone squadron leadership.[4] In June 1953 Roy resigned from the army, at the rank of colonel, in protest at the government's policies in the First Indochina War.[1]His Le Voyage en Chine (Julliard, 1965) recounts the story of a visit to Mao Zedong's China during which he planned to make a film portraying what he had imagined to be the successful transformation of the society, only to be disappointed at the lack of access to real conditions. In 1995, Roy, who had been living in France for many years, returned to Algeria and visited his mother's grave in the small pied noir cemetery at Sidi Moussa. Roy spent the last years of his life in Vézelay, following his interest in the life of Mary Magdalene.[1] He was first married to Mirande Grimal with whom he had two children, Jean-Louis and Genevieve. Following a divorce, he married Tatiana Soukoroukoff in 1965 (she died in 2012).[1] Both children survived him.","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Éditions Grasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset"},{"link_name":"Le Désert de Retz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_D%C3%A9sert_de_Retz_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre Jean Jouve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Jean_Jouve"},{"link_name":"Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallimard"},{"link_name":"Albin Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Michel"},{"link_name":"Albin Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Michel"},{"link_name":"Actes Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actes_Sud"},{"link_name":"Gérard Oberlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Oberl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Jean Amrouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Amrouche"}],"text":"NovelsLe tonnerre et les anges, Éditions Grasset, 1975.\nLe Désert de Retz, Grasset, 1978.\nLes Chevaux du soleil, Grasset, 1980, 6 volumes ; one volume edition, Omnibus, 1995.\nLa Saison des Za, Grasset, 1982.Non-fictionCiel et terre, Alger, Charlot, 1943 (épuisé).\nLa Vallée heureuse, Charlot, 1946, with a preface by Pierre Jean Jouve ; Gallimard, 1948 ; Éditions Julliard, 1960 ; Albin Michel, 1989.\nLe Métier des armes, Gallimard, 1948 ; Julliard, 1960.\nRetour de l'enfer, Gallimard, 1953 ; Julliard, 1960.\nLe Navigateur, Gallimard, 1954 ; Julliard, 1960.\nLa Femme infidèle, Gallimard, 1955 ; Julliard, 1960.\nLes Flammes de l'été, Gallimard, 1956 ; Julliard, 1960 ; Albin Michel, 1993.\nLes Belles Croisades, Gallimard, 1959 ; Julliard, 1960.\nLa Guerre d'Algérie, Julliard, 1960 ; Christian Bourgois, 1994.\nLa Bataille de Dien Bien Phu, Julliard, 1963 ; Albin Michel, 1989.\nLe Voyage en Chine, Julliard, 1965.\nLa Mort de Mao, Christian Bourgois, 1969 ; Albin Michel, 1991.\nL'Amour fauve, Grasset, 1971.\nDanse du ventre au-dessus des canons, Flammarion, 1976.\nPour le lieutenant Karl, Christian Bourgois, 1977.\nPour un chien, Grasset, 1979.\nUne affaire d'honneur, Plon, 1983.\nBeyrouth viva la muerte, Grasset, 1984.\nGuynemer, l'ange de la mort, Albin Michel, 1986.\nMémoires barbares, Albin Michel, 1989.\nAmours barbares, Albin Michel, 1993.\nUn après-guerre amoureux, Albin Michel, 1995.\nAdieu ma mère, adieu mon cœur, Albin Michel, 1996.\nJournal, t. 1, Les années déchirement, 1925-1965, Albin Michel, 1997.\nJournal, t. 2, Les années cavalières, 1966-1985, Albin Michel, 1998.\nJournal, t. 3, Les années de braise, 1986-1996, Albin Michel, 1999.\nLettre à Dieu, Albin Michel, 2001.EssaysComme un mauvais ange, Charlot, 1946 ; Gallimard, 1960.\nL'Homme à l'épée, Gallimard, 1957 ; Julliard, 1960.\nAutour du drame, Julliard, 1961.\nPassion et mort de Saint-Exupéry, Gallimard, 1951 ; Julliard, 1960 ; La Manufacture, 1987.\nLe Grand Naufrage, Julliard, 1966 ; Albin Michel, 1995.\nTurnau, Sienne, 1976 (hors commerce).\nÉloge de Max-Pol Fouchet, Actes Sud, 1980.\nÉtranger pour mes frères, Stock, 1982.\nCitoyen Bolis, tambour de village, Avallon, Voillot,1989.\nVézelay ou l'Amour fou, Albin Michel, 1990.\nRostropovitch, Gainsbourg et Dieu, Albin Michel, 1991.PoetryTrois Pières pour des pilotes, Alger, Charlot, 1942.\nChants et prières pour des pilotes, Charlot, 1943 ; Gallimard, 1948 ; Julliard, 1960.\nSept Poèmes de ténèbres, Paris, 1957.\nPrière à Mademoiselle Sainte-Madeleine, Charlot, 1984 ; Bleu du Ciel, Vézelay, 1986.\nChant d'amour pour Marseille, Jeanne Laffitte, 1988.\nCinq Poèmes, Avallon, Voillot,1991.\nLa nuit tombe, debout camarades !, Gérard Oberlé, 1991.\nPoèmes et prières des années de guerre (1939–1945), Actes Sud, 2001.DramaBeau Sang, Gallimard, 1952 ; Julliard, 1960.\nLes Cyclones, Gallimard, 1953 ; Julliard, 1960.\nLe Fleuve rouge, Gallimard, 1957 ; Julliard, 1960.\nLa Rue des Zouaves suivi de Sa Majesté Monsieur Constantin, Julliard, 1970.\nLieutenant Karl, dramatique télé (Michel Wyn), INA, 1977.\nMort au champ d'honneur' Albin Michel, 1995.PamphletJ'accuse le général Massu, Seuil, 1972.Short storyL'Œil de loup du roi de Pharan, Sétif, 1945.CorrespondenceD'une amitié. Correspondance (1937–1962), Édisud, 1985, with the poet Jean Amrouche","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nytobit_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nytobit_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nytobit_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nytobit_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nytobit_1-4"},{"link_name":"\"Jules Roy, Algerian-Born French Writer, Dies at 92\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2000/06/21/books/jules-roy-algerian-born-french-writer-dies-at-92.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"L'Algérie au cœur -- Entretien. Jules Roy par Guy Degas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elwatan.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=76152"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The French Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_Review"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"394886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/394886"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"39-45. Souvenirs d'un antihéros du groupe Lorraine (10) : me voilà devenu l'instructeur du pilote-poète Jules Roy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lepoint.fr/culture/39-45-souvenirs-d-un-antiheros-du-groupe-lorraine-10-me-voila-devenu-l-instructeur-du-pilote-poete-jules-roy-10-08-2014-1852723_3.php"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Riding, Alan (21 June 2000). \"Jules Roy, Algerian-Born French Writer, Dies at 92\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2009.\n\n^ Hamid Nacer-Khodja, Guy Degas (13 September 2007). \"L'Algérie au cœur -- Entretien. Jules Roy par Guy Degas\". El Watan.\n\n^ Catharine Savage Brosman, Guy Degas (October 1988). \"Fiction and History in Jules Roy's Le Maitre de la Mitidja\". The French Review, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 41-49. JSTOR 394886.\n\n^ Walter Lewino (10 August 2014). \"39-45. Souvenirs d'un antihéros du groupe Lorraine (10) : me voilà devenu l'instructeur du pilote-poète Jules Roy\". Le Point.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Riding, Alan (21 June 2000). \"Jules Roy, Algerian-Born French Writer, Dies at 92\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/21/books/jules-roy-algerian-born-french-writer-dies-at-92.html","url_text":"\"Jules Roy, Algerian-Born French Writer, Dies at 92\""}]},{"reference":"Hamid Nacer-Khodja, Guy Degas (13 September 2007). \"L'Algérie au cœur -- Entretien. Jules Roy par Guy Degas\". El Watan.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elwatan.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=76152","url_text":"\"L'Algérie au cœur -- Entretien. Jules Roy par Guy Degas\""}]},{"reference":"Catharine Savage Brosman, Guy Degas (October 1988). \"Fiction and History in Jules Roy's Le Maitre de la Mitidja\". The French Review, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 41-49. JSTOR 394886.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_Review","url_text":"The French Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/394886","url_text":"394886"}]},{"reference":"Walter Lewino (10 August 2014). \"39-45. Souvenirs d'un antihéros du groupe Lorraine (10) : me voilà devenu l'instructeur du pilote-poète Jules Roy\". Le Point.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/39-45-souvenirs-d-un-antiheros-du-groupe-lorraine-10-me-voila-devenu-l-instructeur-du-pilote-poete-jules-roy-10-08-2014-1852723_3.php","url_text":"\"39-45. Souvenirs d'un antihéros du groupe Lorraine (10) : me voilà devenu l'instructeur du pilote-poète Jules Roy\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Wingfield
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R. D. Wingfield
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["1 Early life","2 Inspector Frost","3 Other","4 Later years","5 Bibliography","5.1 Inspector Frost novels","6 References"]
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English author and radio dramatist
R. D. WingfieldBorn(1928-06-06)6 June 1928Hackney, London, EnglandDied31 July 2007(2007-07-31) (aged 79)Occupationauthor, playwrightGenreCrime fictionSignature
Rodney David Wingfield (6 June 1928 – 31 July 2007) was an English author and radio dramatist. He is best remembered for creating the character of Detective Inspector Jack Frost, who was later played by Sir David Jason in A Touch of Frost.
Early life
Rodney David Wingfield was born in Hackney, east London in 1928. He was educated at the Coopers' Company School and during the Second World War was evacuated to Frome, Somerset. Wingfield was exempted from National Service due to poor eyesight and had various office jobs in the East End before joining the Petrofina oil company. His first radio play, Our West Ladyton Branch was accepted by the BBC in 1968 and two more were then commissioned, at which point Wingfield resigned from his job.
Inspector Frost
In 1972, Macmillan Publishers invited him to write a book, and he wrote Frost at Christmas. This was rejected and not published until the early 1980s in Canada. Wingfield had originally planned to kill Frost in the first book, but he was persuaded instead to leave it as an open ending. Following this, two more Frost books were written: A Touch of Frost and Night Frost. In 1977 Frost appeared in a radio play called Three Days of Frost, in which Frost was played by Leslie Sands, a friend of Wingfield's. The books were first published in the United Kingdom in early 1989, and in 1992 Frost first appeared on television in A Touch of Frost, played by David Jason. Wingfield was never enthusiastic about the TV adaptation of his detective, once saying he had nothing against David Jason but "he just isn't my Frost".
Hard Frost was published in 1995, followed by Winter Frost in 1999. Wingfield did not enjoy writing books, and much preferred writing radio scripts. In 20 years he wrote over 40 radio mystery plays, but stopped in 1988, with Hate Mail, due to the decline of radio and the success of his Frost books. As well as the many mystery plays, Wingfield also penned a comedy radio series, The Secret Life of Kenneth Williams, starring Kenneth Williams as a secret agent. Wingfield was a very private man, always avoiding book launches and publishing parties, and being rarely photographed.
Other
In 1982, Leslie Sands played Sergeant Fowler in Wingfield's BBC radio thriller Outbreak of Fear, a murder mystery set in the West Country.
In 1987, Bob Peck starred in the Wingfield BBC radio drama Deadfall, about a demolition man whose past catches up with him.
The 'winkle' postcard (sent by Inspector Frost) is most probably based on a Donald McGill seaside postcard.
After a dispute with the BBC in 1984 he submitted a number of radio plays under the pseudonym "Arthur Jefferson", (the real name of Stan Laurel) one such play being The Killing Season broadcast in six-parts that same year and starring Sean Barrett, Michael Jenner, John Hollis, and Allan Cuthbertson; the serial was essentially a palimpsest of his earlier serial Outbreak of Fear. The final of his non-Inspector Frost radio plays was Hate Mail broadcast in 1988.
Later years
In 2002, R. D. Wingfield was diagnosed with prostate cancer. At about the same time he started writing the sixth, and final, Frost book, A Killing Frost. His wife, Phyllis Patten, whom he married in 1952, died in 2004. They had a son, Phillip. Wingfield died from cancer in 2007, and A Killing Frost was published on 7 April 2008.
In 2011, the first of four new Frost books was published with the approval of the Wingfield family. The books – First Frost, Fatal Frost, Morning Frost, and Frost at Midnight – are published under the name James Henry. In the case of First Frost, this pseudonym refers to James Gurbutt and Henry Sutton, but for the others it refers to Gurbutt only. All the books are now available in E-book format.
Bibliography
Inspector Frost novels
Frost at Christmas (1984)
A Touch of Frost (1987)
Night Frost (1992)
Hard Frost (1995)
Winter Frost (1999)
A Killing Frost (2008)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Obituary – RD Wingfield". The Daily Telegraph. London. 8 August 2007. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008.
^ a b c d e f g Ripley, Mike (4 August 2007). "Obituary – RD Wingfield". The Guardian. London.
^ "Obituary – R. D. Wingfield". The Times. 4 August 2007.
^ McGill. "cartoons.ac.uk". D. Constance Ltd. Archived from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
^ Amazon. 2008. ASIN 0593060474.
^ "New Frost Novels from James Gurbutt and Henry Sutton". Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dramatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"Detective Inspector Jack Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Frost_(detective)"},{"link_name":"David Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jason"},{"link_name":"A Touch of Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Touch_of_Frost_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Rodney David Wingfield (6 June 1928 – 31 July 2007) was an English author and radio dramatist. He is best remembered for creating the character of Detective Inspector Jack Frost, who was later played by Sir David Jason in A Touch of Frost.","title":"R. D. Wingfield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Hackney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"Coopers' Company School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coopers%27_Company_and_Coborn_School"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Frome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GU-2"},{"link_name":"National Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_service#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"eyesight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception"},{"link_name":"East End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End_of_London"},{"link_name":"Petrofina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrofina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"}],"text":"Rodney David Wingfield was born in Hackney, east London in 1928.[1] He was educated at the Coopers' Company School and during the Second World War was evacuated to Frome, Somerset.[2] Wingfield was exempted from National Service due to poor eyesight and had various office jobs in the East End before joining the Petrofina oil company.[1] His first radio play, Our West Ladyton Branch was accepted by the BBC in 1968 and two more were then commissioned, at which point Wingfield resigned from his job.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macmillan Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"Frost at Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_at_Christmas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"A Touch of Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Touch_of_Frost_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Night Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Frost"},{"link_name":"Leslie Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Sands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"A Touch of Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Touch_of_Frost_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"David Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jason"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GU-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GU-2"},{"link_name":"Hard Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_Frost&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Winter Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Frost&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GU-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GU-2"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Williams"},{"link_name":"secret agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GU-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"}],"text":"In 1972, Macmillan Publishers invited him to write a book, and he wrote Frost at Christmas. This was rejected and not published until the early 1980s in Canada.[1] Wingfield had originally planned to kill Frost in the first book, but he was persuaded instead to leave it as an open ending.[1] Following this, two more Frost books were written: A Touch of Frost and Night Frost. In 1977 Frost appeared in a radio play called Three Days of Frost, in which Frost was played by Leslie Sands, a friend of Wingfield's.[1] The books were first published in the United Kingdom in early 1989, and in 1992 Frost first appeared on television in A Touch of Frost, played by David Jason.[2] Wingfield was never enthusiastic about the TV adaptation of his detective, once saying he had nothing against David Jason but \"he just isn't my Frost\".[1][2]Hard Frost was published in 1995, followed by Winter Frost in 1999.[2] Wingfield did not enjoy writing books, and much preferred writing radio scripts.[1] In 20 years he wrote over 40 radio mystery plays, but stopped in 1988, with Hate Mail, due to the decline of radio and the success of his Frost books.[1][2] As well as the many mystery plays, Wingfield also penned a comedy radio series, The Secret Life of Kenneth Williams, starring Kenneth Williams as a secret agent.[2] Wingfield was a very private man, always avoiding book launches and publishing parties, and being rarely photographed.[3]","title":"Inspector Frost"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leslie Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Sands"},{"link_name":"Bob Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Peck"},{"link_name":"Donald McGill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_McGill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGill-4"},{"link_name":"Stan Laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Laurel"},{"link_name":"Sean Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Barrett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jenner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Hollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hollis"},{"link_name":"Allan Cuthbertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Cuthbertson"}],"text":"In 1982, Leslie Sands played Sergeant Fowler in Wingfield's BBC radio thriller Outbreak of Fear, a murder mystery set in the West Country.In 1987, Bob Peck starred in the Wingfield BBC radio drama Deadfall, about a demolition man whose past catches up with him.The 'winkle' postcard (sent by Inspector Frost) is most probably based on a Donald McGill seaside postcard.[4]After a dispute with the BBC in 1984 he submitted a number of radio plays under the pseudonym \"Arthur Jefferson\", (the real name of Stan Laurel) one such play being The Killing Season broadcast in six-parts that same year and starring Sean Barrett, Michael Jenner, John Hollis, and Allan Cuthbertson; the serial was essentially a palimpsest of his earlier serial Outbreak of Fear. The final of his non-Inspector Frost radio plays was Hate Mail broadcast in 1988.","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prostate cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"A Killing Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Killing_Frost_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GU-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amazon-5"},{"link_name":"Henry Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"E-book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book"}],"text":"In 2002, R. D. Wingfield was diagnosed with prostate cancer.[1] At about the same time he started writing the sixth, and final, Frost book, A Killing Frost.[1] His wife, Phyllis Patten, whom he married in 1952, died in 2004. They had a son, Phillip.[1] Wingfield died from cancer in 2007,[2] and A Killing Frost was published on 7 April 2008.[5]In 2011, the first of four new Frost books was published with the approval of the Wingfield family. The books – First Frost, Fatal Frost, Morning Frost, and Frost at Midnight – are published under the name James Henry. In the case of First Frost, this pseudonym refers to James Gurbutt and Henry Sutton, but for the others it refers to Gurbutt only.[6] All the books are now available in E-book format.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frost at Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_at_Christmas"},{"link_name":"A Touch of Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Touch_of_Frost_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Night Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Frost"},{"link_name":"Hard Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_Frost&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Winter Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Frost&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A Killing Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Killing_Frost_(novel)"}],"sub_title":"Inspector Frost novels","text":"Frost at Christmas (1984)\nA Touch of Frost (1987)\nNight Frost (1992)\nHard Frost (1995)\nWinter Frost (1999)\nA Killing Frost (2008)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_china
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Bone china
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["1 History","2 Production","3 Mineralogy","4 Production locations","5 Cultural issues","6 References","7 External links"]
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Porcelain composed of bone ash, feldspathic material, and kaolin
Staffordshire bone china covered chocolate cabinet cup, with enamels and gilding, c. 1815–20, Victoria and Albert Museum.
Bone china is a type of vitreous, translucent pottery, the raw materials for which include bone ash, feldspathic material and kaolin. It has been defined as "ware with a translucent body" containing a minimum of 30% of phosphate derived from calcined animal bone or calcium phosphate. Bone china is amongst the strongest of whiteware ceramics, and is known for its high levels of whiteness and translucency. Its high strength allows it to be produced in thinner cross-sections than other types of whiteware. Like stoneware, it is vitrified, but is translucent due to differing mineral properties.
In the mid-18th century, English potters had not succeeded in making hard-paste porcelain (as made in East Asia and Meissen porcelain), but found bone ash a useful addition to their soft-paste porcelain mixtures. This became standard at the Bow porcelain factory in London (operating from around 1747), and spread to some other English factories. The modern product was developed by the Staffordshire potter Josiah Spode in the early 1790s. Spode included kaolin, so his formula, sometimes called "Staffordshire bone-porcelain", was effectively hard-paste, but stronger, and versions were adopted by all the major English factories by around 1815.
From its initial development and up to the latter part of the 20th century, bone china was almost exclusively an English product, with production being very largely localised in Stoke-on-Trent. Most major English firms made or still make it, including Spode, and Royal Worcester, Royal Crown Derby, Royal Doulton, Wedgwood, and Mintons. In the 20th century it began to be made elsewhere, including in Russia, China, and Japan. China is now the world's largest manufacturer.
In the UK, references to "china" or "porcelain" can refer to bone china, and "English porcelain" has been used as a term for it, both in the UK and around the world.
History
The first development of what would become known as bone china was made by Thomas Frye at his Bow porcelain factory near Bow in East London in 1748. His factory was located very close to the cattle markets and slaughterhouses of London and Essex, and hence had easy access to animal bones. Frye used up to 45% bone ash in his formulation to create what he called "fine porcelain".
Plate from Ronald Reagan's state service for the White House, by Lenox.
Later, Josiah Spode in Stoke-on-Trent further developed the concept between 1789 and 1793, introducing his "Stoke China" in 1796. He died suddenly the year later, and his son Josiah Spode II quickly rechristened the ware "bone china". Among his developments was to abandon Frye's procedure of calcining the bone together with some of the other raw body materials, instead calcining just the bone. Bone china quickly proved to be highly popular, leading to its production by other English pottery manufacturers. Both Spode's formulation and his business were successful: his formulation of 6 parts bone ash, 4 parts china stone and 3.5 parts kaolin, remains the basis for all bone china. It was only in 2009 that his company, Spode, went into receivership before eventually being purchased by Portmeirion Pottery.
Production
Main article: Pottery § Production
Raw materials
The traditional formulation for bone china is about 25% kaolin, 25% China stone and 50% bone ash.
The bone ash that is used in bone china has traditionally been made from cattle bones that have a lower iron content. These bones are crushed before being degelatinised and then calcined to around 1,000 °C to produce bone ash. The ash is milled to a fine particle size. The kaolin component of the body is needed to give the unfired body plasticity which allows articles to be shaped. This mixture is then fired at around 1200 °C. The raw materials for bone china are comparatively expensive, and the production is labour-intensive, which is why bone china maintains a luxury status and high pricing.
The use of hydroxyapatite compounds, derived from rock sources, rather than bone ash has seen increased use since the 1990s. If used appropriately the resultant ceramic material conforms to accepted definitions of bone china, and the properties and appearance are indistinguishable from those using naturally derived bone ash.
Mineralogy
Bone china consists of two crystalline phases, anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) and β-tricalcium phosphate/whitlockite (Ca3(PO4)2) embedded in a substantial amount of glass.
Production locations
For almost 200 years from its development bone china was almost exclusively produced in the UK. During the middle part of the 20th century manufacturers in other countries began production, with the first successful ones outside the UK being Japan's Noritake, Nikko and Narumi.
In the Soviet Union, bone china was produced at the Lomonosov Porcelain Factory. Production started in 1969.
In more recent years, production in China has expanded considerably, and the country is now the biggest producer of bone china in the world. Other countries producing considerable amounts of bone china are Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
Rajasthan had become a hub for bone china in India, with production in the state totalling 16-17 tonnes per day in 2003. From the start of the first factory, Bengal Potteries, in 1964, bone china output from Indian factories had risen to 10,000 tonnes per year by 2009.
Lenox was the only major manufacturer of bone china in the United States, and supplied Presidential tableware to the White House. The factory closed in March 2020.
Cultural issues
In the 21st century, so called Islamic or halal bone china has been developed using bone ash from halal animals.
Due to the use of animal bones in the production of bone china vegetarians and vegans may avoid using or purchasing it.
References
^ Dictionary of Ceramics. A. E. Dodd & D. Murfin. The Institute Of Minerals & Maney Publishing. 1994
^ By The British Pottery Manufacturers' Federation, and quoted in Dictionary Of Ceramics. Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals. 1994-1995.
^ a b c Ozgundogdu, Feyza Cakir. “Bone China from Turkey” Ceramics Technical; May2005, Issue 20, p29-32.
^ 'Trading Places.' R.Ware. Asian Ceramics. November,2009, p.35,37-39
^ What is China? As with stoneware, the body becomes vitrified; which means the body fuses, becomes nonabsorbent, and very strong. Unlike stoneware, china becomes very white and translucent. Archived 2015-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
^ Honey, W.B., Old English Porcelain: A Handbook for Collectors, p. 4-5, 410-411, 1977, 3rd edn. revised by Franklin A. Barrett, Faber and Faber, ISBN 0571049028
^ a b c d 'Trading Places.' R.Ware. Asian Ceramics. November,2009, p.35,37-39.
^ Osborne, Harold (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts, p. 130, 1975, OUP, ISBN 0198661134; Faulkner, Charles H., "The Ramseys at Swan Pond: The Archaeology and History of an East Tennessee Farm, p.96, 2008, Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2008, ISBN 1572336099, 9781572336094; Lawrence, Susan, "Archaeologies of the British: Explorations of Identity in the United Kingdom and Its Colonies 1600-1945", p. 196, 2013, Routledge, ISBN 1136801928, 781136801921
^ "Science Of Early English Porcelain." I.C. Freestone. Sixth Conference and Exhibition of the European Ceramic Society. Vol.1 Brighton, 20–24 June 1999, p.11-17
^ "Spode Museum Trust:The First Spode Period 1776-1833". Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
^ Karwatka, Dennis. "Josiah Spode and His World-Famous Pottery." Tech Directions; Apr 2009, Vol. 68 Issue 9, p12-12.
^ "Stoke kilns fired up for Spode again". Staffordshire Sentinel. Nortchliffe. 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ Birks, Steve. “Bone China” The Potteries. 17 Feb. 2003 <http://www.thepotteries.org/types/bonechina.htm>
^ ‘Production Of Bone Ash For The Manufacture Of Bone China.’ Industrial Ceramics. No.843,1989, p.767-770
^ a b Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. W.Ryan & C.Radford. Pergamon Press / Institute Of Ceramics, 1987
^ 'Skeletons In The Cupboard. Asian Ceramics February 2013
^ 'Bones Of Contention. Asian Ceramics. April 2004
^ 'The Case For Synthetic Bone China. Asian Ceramics And Glass, July 2000
^ 'Replacing Bone Ash In China. D.Gratton. Journal Of The Canadian Ceramics Society 65. No.4. 1996
^ ‘Pottery Science – materials, process and products.’ Allen Dinsdale. Ellis Horwood. 1986.
^ a b 'Cup And Sources- Asian Tableware Leads The Way'. Rohan Gunasekera. Asian Ceramics July / August 2013.
^ a b Skeletons In The Cupboard. Asian Ceramics. February 2013.
^ "Костяной фарфор Императорского фарфорового завода" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-03-15. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
^ Bangladesh Tableware. Asian Ceramics February 2012.
^ Bulls In The China Shop. Asian Ceramics. Asian Ceram. February 2003.
^ Indian Bone China - Serving Up Opportunities. Asian Ceramics. March 2009.
^ https://eu.heraldtimesonline.com/story/lifestyle/home-garden/2013/07/06/making-lenox-china-for-the-white-house/47166979/
^ https://www.lenox.com/pages/about-us
^ https://eu.fayobserver.com/story/news/2014/12/01/china-presidents-made-in-n/22168015007/
^ Zisko, Allison (2020-04-21). "Lenox CEO Discusses N.C. Factory Shutdown". Home Furnishing News. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
^ Shirazi, Faegheh, Brand Islam: The Marketing and Commodification of Piety, p. 17, 2016, University of Texas Press, ISBN 1477309462, 9781477309469, google books
^ The Use of Ceramic Product Derived From Non-ḥalal Animal Bone: Is It Permissible From the Perspective of Islamic Law?. Mohd Mahyeddin Mohd Salleh et al. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2017, 7(3): 192-198
^ "Vegetarian Society - Fact Sheet - Veggie Aware A-Z". The Vegetarian Society of the United Kingdom Limited. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
External links
Media related to Bone china at Wikimedia Commons
vtePorcelainChinaGeneral:
Chinese porcelain
Chinese export porcelain
Chinese influences on Islamic pottery
Fonthill Vase (1338)
Types:
Proto-celadon (16th century BCE)
Celadon (1st century)
Yue (2nd century)
Xing (6th century)
Ding (10th century)
Qingbai (12th century)
Jingdezhen (11th century on)
Blue and white (14th century on)
Blanc de Chine (14th century on)
Kraak (16th century)
Swatow (16th century)
Tianqi (17th century)
Kangxi (17th century)
Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte (17th century)
Canton (18th century)
Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns JiangxiMeissen hard porcelain vase 1735JapanGeneral:
Japanese porcelain
Japanese export porcelain
Types:
Arita
Imari
Nabeshima
Kakiemon
Kutani
Hirado
KoreaGeneral:
Korean porcelain
Types:
Goryeo (10th century)
Joseon (14th century)
EuropeGeneral:
List of companies
French porcelain
Chinese porcelain in European painting
Armorial ware
Types:
Medici (1575)
Rouen (1673)
Saint-Cloud (1693)
Meissen (1710)
Vienna (1718)
Rörstrand (1726)
Chantilly (1730)
Doccia (1735)
Vincennes (1740)
Chelsea (1743)
Capodimonte (1743)
Saint Petersburg (1744)
Mennecy (1745)
Bow (1747)
Fürstenberg (1747)
Nymphenburg (1747)
Plymouth (1748)
Villeroy & Boch (1748)
Worcester (1751)
Frankenthal (1755)
Sèvres (1756)
Derby (1757)
Ludwigsburg (1758)
Weesp (1759)
Retiro (1760)
Wedgwood (1759)
Berlin (1763)
Wallendorf (1764)
Revol (1768)
Limoges (1771)
Loosdrechts (1774)
Copenhagen (1775)
Clignancourt (1775)
Hollóháza (1777)
Dihl & Guérhard (1781)
Mintons (1793)
Hutschenreuther (1814)
Doulton (1815)
Lichte (1822)
Herend (1826)
Bing & Grøndahl (1853)
Zsolnay (1853)
Wagner & Apel (1877)
Rosenthal (1879)
Porsgrund (1885)
Augarten (1923)
Technologies
Soft-paste porcelain
Hard-paste porcelain
Bone china
Overglaze decoration
China painting
Biscuit
Factory mark
People
Chinamen
Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
Johann Friedrich Böttger
François Xavier d'Entrecolles
Dmitry Vinogradov
Collections
British Museum (London): Asia Department / Percival David Foundation
The David Collection (Copenhagen)
Dresden Porcelain Collection (Dresden)
Gardiner Museum (Toronto)
Kuskovo State Museum of Ceramics (Moscow)
Sèvres – Cité de la céramique (Paris)
Musée des Arts Décoratifs (Paris)
Palace Museum (Beijing)
Topkapı Palace (Istanbul)
Victoria and Albert Museum (London)
Museum of Royal Worcester (Worcester)
Walters Art Museum (Baltimore)
Ludwigsburg Palace (Ludwigsburg)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BLW_Bone_China_Chocolate_Cup.jpg"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"cabinet cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_cup"},{"link_name":"gilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilding"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"bone ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_ash"},{"link_name":"feldspathic material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspar"},{"link_name":"kaolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinite"},{"link_name":"calcined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcination"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dodd-2"},{"link_name":"ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozgundogdu,_Feyza_Cakir_p29-32-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozgundogdu,_Feyza_Cakir_p29-32-3"},{"link_name":"stoneware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneware"},{"link_name":"vitrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrification#Ceramics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"hard-paste porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-paste_porcelain"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Meissen porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissen_porcelain"},{"link_name":"soft-paste porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-paste_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Bow porcelain factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_porcelain_factory"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Josiah Spode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Spode"},{"link_name":"kaolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinite"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trading_Places_2009,_p.35,37-7"},{"link_name":"Spode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spode"},{"link_name":"Royal Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Royal Crown Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Crown_Derby"},{"link_name":"Royal Doulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Doulton"},{"link_name":"Wedgwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedgwood"},{"link_name":"Mintons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintons"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Staffordshire bone china covered chocolate cabinet cup, with enamels and gilding, c. 1815–20, Victoria and Albert Museum.Bone china is a type of vitreous, translucent pottery,[1] the raw materials for which include bone ash, feldspathic material and kaolin. It has been defined as \"ware with a translucent body\" containing a minimum of 30% of phosphate derived from calcined animal bone or calcium phosphate.[2] Bone china is amongst the strongest of whiteware ceramics, and is known for its high levels of whiteness and translucency.[3][4] Its high strength allows it to be produced in thinner cross-sections than other types of whiteware.[3] Like stoneware, it is vitrified, but is translucent due to differing mineral properties.[5]In the mid-18th century, English potters had not succeeded in making hard-paste porcelain (as made in East Asia and Meissen porcelain), but found bone ash a useful addition to their soft-paste porcelain mixtures. This became standard at the Bow porcelain factory in London (operating from around 1747), and spread to some other English factories. The modern product was developed by the Staffordshire potter Josiah Spode in the early 1790s. Spode included kaolin, so his formula, sometimes called \"Staffordshire bone-porcelain\", was effectively hard-paste, but stronger, and versions were adopted by all the major English factories by around 1815.[6]From its initial development and up to the latter part of the 20th century, bone china was almost exclusively an English product, with production being very largely localised in Stoke-on-Trent.[7] Most major English firms made or still make it, including Spode, and Royal Worcester, Royal Crown Derby, Royal Doulton, Wedgwood, and Mintons. In the 20th century it began to be made elsewhere, including in Russia, China, and Japan. China is now the world's largest manufacturer.In the UK, references to \"china\" or \"porcelain\" can refer to bone china, and \"English porcelain\" has been used as a term for it, both in the UK and around the world.[8]","title":"Bone china"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Frye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Frye"},{"link_name":"Bow porcelain factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_porcelain_factory"},{"link_name":"Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow,_London"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"slaughterhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trading_Places_2009,_p.35,37-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reagan-343.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Lenox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_(company)"},{"link_name":"Josiah Spode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Spode"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"Josiah Spode II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Spode#Successors"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"calcining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcination"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"china stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_stone"},{"link_name":"kaolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinite"},{"link_name":"Spode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spode"},{"link_name":"receivership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receivership"},{"link_name":"Portmeirion Pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmeirion_Pottery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trading_Places_2009,_p.35,37-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Sentinel_2009-04-24-12"}],"text":"The first development of what would become known as bone china was made by Thomas Frye at his Bow porcelain factory near Bow in East London in 1748. His factory was located very close to the cattle markets and slaughterhouses of London and Essex, and hence had easy access to animal bones. Frye used up to 45% bone ash in his formulation to create what he called \"fine porcelain\".[7][9]Plate from Ronald Reagan's state service for the White House, by Lenox.Later, Josiah Spode in Stoke-on-Trent further developed the concept between 1789 and 1793, introducing his \"Stoke China\" in 1796. He died suddenly the year later, and his son Josiah Spode II quickly rechristened the ware \"bone china\".[10] Among his developments was to abandon Frye's procedure of calcining the bone together with some of the other raw body materials, instead calcining just the bone. Bone china quickly proved to be highly popular, leading to its production by other English pottery manufacturers.[11] Both Spode's formulation and his business were successful: his formulation of 6 parts bone ash, 4 parts china stone and 3.5 parts kaolin, remains the basis for all bone china. It was only in 2009 that his company, Spode, went into receivership before eventually being purchased by Portmeirion Pottery.[7][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kaolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinite"},{"link_name":"China stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_stone"},{"link_name":"bone ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_ash"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"calcined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcination"},{"link_name":"bone ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_ash"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozgundogdu,_Feyza_Cakir_p29-32-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trading_Places_2009,_p.35,37-7"},{"link_name":"hydroxyapatite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyapatite"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Raw materialsThe traditional formulation for bone china is about 25% kaolin, 25% China stone and 50% bone ash.[13]The bone ash that is used in bone china has traditionally been made from cattle bones that have a lower iron content. These bones are crushed before being degelatinised and then calcined to around 1,000 °C to produce bone ash.[14] The ash is milled to a fine particle size.[15] The kaolin component of the body is needed to give the unfired body plasticity which allows articles to be shaped.[3] This mixture is then fired at around 1200 °C.[15] The raw materials for bone china are comparatively expensive, and the production is labour-intensive, which is why bone china maintains a luxury status and high pricing.[7]The use of hydroxyapatite compounds, derived from rock sources, rather than bone ash has seen increased use since the 1990s. If used appropriately the resultant ceramic material conforms to accepted definitions of bone china, and the properties and appearance are indistinguishable from those using naturally derived bone ash.[16][17][18][19]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anorthite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorthite"},{"link_name":"tricalcium phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricalcium_phosphate"},{"link_name":"whitlockite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitlockite"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Bone china consists of two crystalline phases, anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) and β-tricalcium phosphate/whitlockite (Ca3(PO4)2) embedded in a substantial amount of glass.[20]","title":"Mineralogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Noritake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noritake"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cup-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skeletons-22"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Lomonosov Porcelain Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Porcelain_Factory,_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramics_industry_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cup-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skeletons-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Lenox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_(company)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"tableware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableware"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KinstonShutdown-30"}],"text":"For almost 200 years from its development bone china was almost exclusively produced in the UK. During the middle part of the 20th century manufacturers in other countries began production, with the first successful ones outside the UK being Japan's Noritake, Nikko and Narumi.[21][22]In the Soviet Union, bone china was produced at the Lomonosov Porcelain Factory. Production started in 1969.[23]In more recent years, production in China has expanded considerably, and the country is now the biggest producer of bone china in the world. Other countries producing considerable amounts of bone china are Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand.[21][22][24]Rajasthan had become a hub for bone china in India, with production in the state totalling 16-17 tonnes per day in 2003.[25] From the start of the first factory, Bengal Potteries, in 1964, bone china output from Indian factories had risen to 10,000 tonnes per year by 2009.[26]Lenox was the only major manufacturer of bone china in the United States,[27] and supplied Presidential tableware to the White House.[28][29] The factory closed in March 2020.[30]","title":"Production locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"halal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halal"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"vegetarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"},{"link_name":"vegans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In the 21st century, so called Islamic or halal bone china has been developed using bone ash from halal animals.[31][32]Due to the use of animal bones in the production of bone china vegetarians and vegans may avoid using or purchasing it.[33]","title":"Cultural issues"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Staffordshire bone china covered chocolate cabinet cup, with enamels and gilding, c. 1815–20, Victoria and Albert Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BLW_Bone_China_Chocolate_Cup.jpg/220px-BLW_Bone_China_Chocolate_Cup.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plate from Ronald Reagan's state service for the White House, by Lenox.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Reagan-343.jpg/220px-Reagan-343.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns Jiangxi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ming_plate_15th_century_Jingdezhen_kilns_Jiangxi.jpg/100px-Ming_plate_15th_century_Jingdezhen_kilns_Jiangxi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Meissen hard porcelain vase 1735","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Meissen_hard_porcelain_vase_1735_%28retouched%29.jpg/100px-Meissen_hard_porcelain_vase_1735_%28retouched%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Spode Museum Trust:The First Spode Period 1776-1833\". Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2014-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130014/http://www.spodemuseumtrust.org/history-of-spode.html","url_text":"\"Spode Museum Trust:The First Spode Period 1776-1833\""},{"url":"http://spodemuseumtrust.org/history-of-spode.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke kilns fired up for Spode again\". Staffordshire Sentinel. Nortchliffe. 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2009-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/news/Stoke-kilns-fired-Spode/article-936167-detail/article.html","url_text":"\"Stoke kilns fired up for Spode again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Костяной фарфор Императорского фарфорового завода\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-03-15. Retrieved 2022-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220315154805/https://www.ipm.ru/upload/file/quick-folder/kostyanoy_farfor_(1).pdf","url_text":"\"Костяной фарфор Императорского фарфорового завода\""},{"url":"http://www.ipm.ru/upload/file/quick-folder/kostyanoy_farfor_%281%29.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zisko, Allison (2020-04-21). \"Lenox CEO Discusses N.C. Factory Shutdown\". Home Furnishing News. Retrieved 2020-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hfndigital.com/tabletop-gifts/lenox-permanently-closes-n-c-factory/","url_text":"\"Lenox CEO Discusses N.C. Factory Shutdown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vegetarian Society - Fact Sheet - Veggie Aware A-Z\". The Vegetarian Society of the United Kingdom Limited. Retrieved March 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vegsoc.org/veggieaware","url_text":"\"Vegetarian Society - Fact Sheet - Veggie Aware A-Z\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://noritakechina.com/what-is-china","external_links_name":"As with stoneware, the body becomes vitrified; which means the body fuses, becomes nonabsorbent, and very strong. Unlike stoneware, china becomes very white and translucent."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150614013744/http://noritakechina.com/what-is-china","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130014/http://www.spodemuseumtrust.org/history-of-spode.html","external_links_name":"\"Spode Museum Trust:The First Spode Period 1776-1833\""},{"Link":"http://spodemuseumtrust.org/history-of-spode.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/news/Stoke-kilns-fired-Spode/article-936167-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"\"Stoke kilns fired up for Spode again\""},{"Link":"http://www.thepotteries.org/types/bonechina.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.thepotteries.org/types/bonechina.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220315154805/https://www.ipm.ru/upload/file/quick-folder/kostyanoy_farfor_(1).pdf","external_links_name":"\"Костяной фарфор Императорского фарфорового завода\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipm.ru/upload/file/quick-folder/kostyanoy_farfor_%281%29.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://eu.heraldtimesonline.com/story/lifestyle/home-garden/2013/07/06/making-lenox-china-for-the-white-house/47166979/","external_links_name":"https://eu.heraldtimesonline.com/story/lifestyle/home-garden/2013/07/06/making-lenox-china-for-the-white-house/47166979/"},{"Link":"https://www.lenox.com/pages/about-us","external_links_name":"https://www.lenox.com/pages/about-us"},{"Link":"https://eu.fayobserver.com/story/news/2014/12/01/china-presidents-made-in-n/22168015007/","external_links_name":"https://eu.fayobserver.com/story/news/2014/12/01/china-presidents-made-in-n/22168015007/"},{"Link":"https://www.hfndigital.com/tabletop-gifts/lenox-permanently-closes-n-c-factory/","external_links_name":"\"Lenox CEO Discusses N.C. Factory Shutdown\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qa6ADAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"google books"},{"Link":"https://www.vegsoc.org/veggieaware","external_links_name":"\"Vegetarian Society - Fact Sheet - Veggie Aware A-Z\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Collegiate_Athletic_Association
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Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association
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["1 Schools","2 Sports","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Atlantic Collegiate Athletic AssociationFounded1967; 57 years ago (1967)No. of teams10Official websitewww.acaa.ca
The Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association (ACAA; French: Association atlantique du Sport collégial) is the governing body for collegiate sports in Atlantic Canada. Founded in 1967 as the Nova Scotia College Conference, the ACAA is represented by ten schools in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island competing in seven sports.
The ACAA is a member of the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association, and conference champions compete for national collegiate titles.
Schools
Crandall University Chargers in Moncton, NB
Holland College Hurricanes in Charlottetown, PE
Mount Allison University Mounties in Sackville, NB
Mount Saint Vincent University Mystics in Halifax, NS
Nova Scotia Agricultural College Rams in Truro, NS
St. Thomas University Tommies in Fredericton, NB
University of King's College Blue Devils in Halifax, NS
UNB Saint John Seawolves in Saint John, NB
Dragons de l'Université Sainte-Anne in Pointe-de-l'Église, NS
UNB Fredericton Reds in Fredericton, NB (as affiliate member for Women's Rugby)
Sports
Badminton
Basketball
Cross Country
Golf
Rugby
Soccer
Volleyball
ACAA Staff
Executive Director and Chair: Ron O'Flaherty
Marketing and Communications Coordinator: Brett Lewis
ACAA Executive Committee
President: Albert Roche, Holland College
VP Eligibility: Andrew Harding, Dalhousie Agricultural Campus
VP Finance: June Lumsden, Mount Saint Vincent University
VP SAFA: Michael Eagles, St. Thomas University
VP Marketing: Neil Hooper, University of King's College
VP Equity, Diversity, Inclusion: Jacques Bellefleur, Mount Allison University
CCAA Director: Neil Hooper, University of King's College
ACAA Sport Convenors
Golf: Albert Roche, Holland College
Women's Rugby: Michael Eagles, St. Thomas University
Soccer: Jim Druart, Crandall University
Cross-Country Running: Andrew Dobson, Holland College
Badminton: Andrew Harding, Dalhousie Agricultural Campus
Volleyball: Eric Moffatt, St. Thomas University
Basketball: Natasha Kelly, UNB Saint John
ACAA Athletic Directors
Crandall University Chargers; Jim Druart
Dalhousie Agricultural College; Andrew Harding
Holland College Hurricanes;Albert Roche
Mount Allison University Mounties; Jacques Bellefleur
Mount St. Vincent University Mystics; Angela Barrett-Jewers
St. Thomas University Tommies; Meaghan Donahue Wies
University of King's College Blue Devils; Neil Hooper
University of New Brunswick Reds; John Richard
UNB-Saint John Seawolves; Natasha Kelly
Universite Sainte-Anne Dragons; Anthony Jacques
See also
Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association
References
^ "Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association - ACAA Member Institutions". Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association (ACAA). Retrieved September 21, 2022.
^ "Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association - About Us". Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association (ACAA). Retrieved September 21, 2022.
External links
Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association
Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"collegiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"}],"text":"The Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association (ACAA; French: Association atlantique du Sport collégial) is the governing body for collegiate sports in Atlantic Canada. Founded in 1967 as the Nova Scotia College Conference,[2] the ACAA is represented by ten schools in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island competing in seven sports.The ACAA is a member of the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association, and conference champions compete for national collegiate titles.","title":"Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crandall University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crandall_University"},{"link_name":"Holland College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_College"},{"link_name":"Mount Allison University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Allison_University"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Vincent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Vincent_University"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia Agricultural College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Agricultural_College"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Thomas_University_(New_Brunswick)"},{"link_name":"University of King's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_King%27s_College"},{"link_name":"UNB Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Université Sainte-Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Sainte-Anne"},{"link_name":"UNB Fredericton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick"}],"text":"Crandall University Chargers in Moncton, NB\nHolland College Hurricanes in Charlottetown, PE\nMount Allison University Mounties in Sackville, NB\nMount Saint Vincent University Mystics in Halifax, NS\nNova Scotia Agricultural College Rams in Truro, NS\nSt. Thomas University Tommies in Fredericton, NB\nUniversity of King's College Blue Devils in Halifax, NS\nUNB Saint John Seawolves in Saint John, NB\nDragons de l'Université Sainte-Anne in Pointe-de-l'Église, NS\nUNB Fredericton Reds in Fredericton, NB (as affiliate member for Women's Rugby)","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"Volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"}],"text":"Badminton\nBasketball\nCross Country\nGolf\nRugby\nSoccer\nVolleyballACAA StaffExecutive Director and Chair: Ron O'Flaherty\nMarketing and Communications Coordinator: Brett LewisACAA Executive CommitteePresident: Albert Roche, Holland College\nVP Eligibility: Andrew Harding, Dalhousie Agricultural Campus\nVP Finance: June Lumsden, Mount Saint Vincent University\nVP SAFA: Michael Eagles, St. Thomas University\nVP Marketing: Neil Hooper, University of King's College\nVP Equity, Diversity, Inclusion: Jacques Bellefleur, Mount Allison University\nCCAA Director: Neil Hooper, University of King's CollegeACAA Sport ConvenorsGolf: Albert Roche, Holland College\nWomen's Rugby: Michael Eagles, St. Thomas University\nSoccer: Jim Druart, Crandall University\nCross-Country Running: Andrew Dobson, Holland College\nBadminton: Andrew Harding, Dalhousie Agricultural Campus\nVolleyball: Eric Moffatt, St. Thomas University\nBasketball: Natasha Kelly, UNB Saint JohnACAA Athletic DirectorsCrandall University Chargers; Jim Druart\nDalhousie Agricultural College; Andrew Harding\nHolland College Hurricanes;Albert Roche\nMount Allison University Mounties; Jacques Bellefleur\nMount St. Vincent University Mystics; Angela Barrett-Jewers\nSt. Thomas University Tommies; Meaghan Donahue Wies\nUniversity of King's College Blue Devils; Neil Hooper\nUniversity of New Brunswick Reds; John Richard\nUNB-Saint John Seawolves; Natasha Kelly\nUniversite Sainte-Anne Dragons; Anthony Jacques","title":"Sports"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association - ACAA Member Institutions\". Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association (ACAA). Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acaa.ca/inside_the_ACAA/members","url_text":"\"Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association - ACAA Member Institutions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association - About Us\". Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association (ACAA). Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acaa.ca/inside_the_ACAA/about_us","url_text":"\"Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association - About Us\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.acaa.ca/","external_links_name":"www.acaa.ca"},{"Link":"https://www.acaa.ca/inside_the_ACAA/members","external_links_name":"\"Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association - ACAA Member Institutions\""},{"Link":"https://www.acaa.ca/inside_the_ACAA/about_us","external_links_name":"\"Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association - About Us\""},{"Link":"http://www.acaa.ca/","external_links_name":"Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association"},{"Link":"http://www.ccaa.ca/","external_links_name":"Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_Institute_of_Psychiatry
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Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (College Street site)
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 43°39′29″N 79°23′56″W / 43.658°N 79.399°W / 43.658; -79.399Hospital in Ontario, CanadaCentre for Addiction and Mental Health (College Street site)Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthCAMH building on College StreetGeographyLocation250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaCoordinates43°39′29″N 79°23′56″W / 43.658°N 79.399°W / 43.658; -79.399OrganizationCare systemPublic Medicare (Canada) (OHIP)TypeSpecialistAffiliated universityUniversity of TorontoServicesEmergency departmentYesSpecialityPsychiatryHistoryOpened1966 (1966) (as the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry)LinksWebsitewww.camh.caListsHospitals in Canada
The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (College Street site) is a psychiatric hospital in Toronto, Ontario. It is located at 250 College Street, just east of Spadina Avenue. Much of its work focuses on forensic psychology, sex addiction, drug addiction, and research designed to shape public policy.
The hospital was originally founded in 1966 as the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, after Charles Kirk Clarke, a pioneer in mental health in Canada. In 1998, it merged with several other Ontario institutions to form the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), and the facility is now called the CAMH College Street site.
CAMH's College Street and Spadina Avenue location is the only 24-hour emergency psychiatric care facility in Ontario.
References
^ "CAMH 24-hour College Street location will likely stay". CBC News. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
External links
Official website
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"CAMH 24-hour College Street location will likely stay\". CBC News. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/camh-stay-college-street-location-1.3326002","url_text":"\"CAMH 24-hour College Street location will likely stay\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health_(College_Street_site)¶ms=43.658_N_79.399_W_type:landmark_region:CA","external_links_name":"43°39′29″N 79°23′56″W / 43.658°N 79.399°W / 43.658; -79.399"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health_(College_Street_site)¶ms=43.658_N_79.399_W_type:landmark_region:CA","external_links_name":"43°39′29″N 79°23′56″W / 43.658°N 79.399°W / 43.658; -79.399"},{"Link":"https://www.camh.ca/","external_links_name":"www.camh.ca"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/camh-stay-college-street-location-1.3326002","external_links_name":"\"CAMH 24-hour College Street location will likely stay\""},{"Link":"https://www.camh.ca/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_University
|
Cameron University
|
["1 History","1.1 Presidents","2 Accreditation","3 Campus life","4 Athletics","5 Notable alumni","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 34°36′31″N 98°26′04″W / 34.6087°N 98.4345°W / 34.6087; -98.4345Public university in Lawton, Oklahoma, US
Cameron UniversityFormer nameCameron State School of Agriculture (1908–1927)Cameron State Agricultural College (1927–1971)Cameron College (1971–1974)TypePublic universityEstablished1908Academic affiliationsSpace-grantPresidentJohn M. McArthurStudents5,589Undergraduates5,202Postgraduates387LocationLawton, Oklahoma, U.S.34°36′31″N 98°26′04″W / 34.6087°N 98.4345°W / 34.6087; -98.4345Colors Gold and blackNicknameAggiesSporting affiliationsNCAA Division II – Lone StarWebsitewww.cameron.edu
Cameron University is a public university in Lawton, Oklahoma. It offers more than 50 degrees through both undergraduate and graduate programs. The degree programs emphasize the liberal arts, science and technology, and graduate and professional studies. It was founded in 1908, soon after Oklahoma was admitted as a state, as one of six agricultural high schools in the largely rural region.
History
The Oklahoma Legislature created six agricultural high schools in each judicial district in 1908, a year after statehood. Lawton was chosen over Anadarko in April 1909 to receive a high school; the town had already set aside a portion of land to develop a higher educational institution. The University Improvement Association, under the auspices of the Lawton Chamber of Commerce, organized the effort to acquire 220 acres (89 ha) of land two miles (three kilometers) west of the town. Its original goal was to secure a private Baptist college. Arrangements with the Baptists fell through in the summer of 1908. The Catholic Church approached the Association with an offer to found an all-male institution on the site. This plan was rejected by the town leaders, who were predominantly Protestant.
What was known as the Cameron State School of Agriculture was named for Rev. Evan Dhu Cameron, a Baptist minister and Oklahoma's first State Superintendent of Schools. The first classes were held on Statehood Day, November 16, 1909, in the basement of a bank building, while a new campus building was being constructed.
In 1927 Cameron added junior college-level classes to the school's offerings, when local higher education needs exceeded what was available in southwest Oklahoma. With this expansion, the institution was renamed as Cameron State Agricultural College. By 1941, the high school preparatory classes were dropped. Cameron was classified solely as a junior college that year, when the Oklahoma State System of Higher Education was formed and joined the group of institutions governed by the Board of Regents of Oklahoma A&M Colleges.
Based on additional development of programs and curriculum, in 1966 the Legislature passed a bill authorizing the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education to allow the college to award Baccalaureate degrees. The institution's name was shortened to Cameron College in 1971 and, with more program expansion, changed to Cameron University in 1974. As the 1970s continued, Cameron demonstrated its dedication to expanded academic offerings through the construction of a fine arts facility designed to serve students in theatre, music, broadcasting, and speech communication.
Dr. Donald J. Owen served as Cameron's president from 1969 to 1980. A Cameron graduate, Owen worked to build academic programs and develop relationships with the Lawton community, as well as the Oklahoma State University system, under which CU fell during his tenure. Cameron's sports teams, particularly football and basketball, excelled during that time. A new President's residence was constructed on Gore Boulevard, west of the campus.
In 1988, State Regents expanded Cameron's functions to include graduate offerings at the master's degree level. This was the first change granted to an Oklahoma institution since Cameron was given the authority to offer bachelor's degrees more than 20 years earlier. In the 1990s, Cameron University came under the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma.
Don Davis was President of Cameron University from 1980 to 2002. His father, Clarence L. Davis, was President of Cameron from 1957 to 1960. As a child, Davis lived in the President's house on campus with his parents and sister. As a former legislator from Lawton, Davis was able to secure funding for Cameron that supported it in developing as the premier institute for higher education in southwestern Oklahoma. Also during Davis' tenure, a classical radio station, KCCU 89.3, was founded. Numerous renowned scholars, including Richard Leakey and Cornel West, have spoken at Cameron's annual Academic Festival.
In May 2004, Cameron took over the Duncan Higher Education Center in Duncan, Oklahoma. It was renamed as Cameron University - Duncan.
Presidents
Since its founding in 1908, Cameron University has had 17 presidents.
J. A. Liner, 1908–1912
Ralph K. Robertson, 1912–1913
E. M. Frost, 1913
Robert P. Short, 1913–1914
A. C. Farley, 1914–1920
A. E. Wickizer, 1920–1923
John G. March, 1923–1927
John Coffey, 1927–1931
Charles M. Conwill, 1931–1946
Clarence H. Breedlove, 1946–1947
C. Vernon Howell, 1947–1957
Clarence L. Davis, 1957–1960
Richard B. Burch, 1960–1969
Don J. Owen, 1969–1980
Don C. Davis, 1980–2002
Cindy Ross, 2002–2013
John M. McArthur, 2013–present
Accreditation
Cameron University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The Bachelor of Accounting, Bachelor of Business Administration, and Master of Business Administration degrees offered by the School of Graduate and Professional Studies are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs.
Campus life
Most courses are offered during weekdays and evenings. Cameron uses television, the internet, and a statewide fiber-optics network to deliver classes around the world. Students may participate in independent study, cooperative education, pre-professional studies, teacher certification, and the Army ROTC program. In addition, Cameron offers an honors program, early admission, advanced standing, and college-level examination programs. Some 58% of entering students require remedial work, as their median ACT scores are at the ninth percentile.
A wide range of organizations and interest groups are located on campus, including departmental, minority, professional, political, and religious organizations, and various honorary and recognition societies. Students can also become involved in student government, choral groups, a jazz ensemble, theater, or Greek life.
Athletics
Main article: Cameron Aggies
Cameron's athletic teams, known as the Aggies, are a member of Division II of the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Lone Star Conference. Sports offered are men's and women's basketball, baseball, volleyball, softball, spirit team, men's and women's golf, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's track and field.
Notable alumni
Billy Paultz – Played 15 seasons of professional basketball in the ABA and the NBA. Made 3 ABA All-Star teams, leading the league in blocked shots in 1975–76. Won an ABA championship with the New York Nets in 1973-74
Hillbilly Jim - Professional wrestler known as "Hillbilly" Jim Morris
William C. Bilo – United States Army Brigadier General who served as deputy director of the Army National Guard
John Brandes – National Football League special teams player
Doug Brown – US Army General and former Commanding General, US Special Operations Command
Mark Cotney – Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive back
Jason Christiansen – Major League Baseball pitcher
Avery Johnson – Basketball player in NBA and former head coach of the University of Alabama men's basketball team. He formerly coached the Brooklyn Nets and Dallas Mavericks teams of the NBA
Gary Jones – politician, appointed as Oklahoma State Auditor and Inspector
Nate Miller – American football player
Gary M. Rose - Medal of Honor recipient for gallantry during the Vietnam War
T.W. Shannon – politician and first African-American Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives
Ray Gene Smith – NFL player
Charles Washington – NFL and CFL player
Adrian Wiggins – Former Fresno State women's basketball coach, and former women's basketball program head coach at the University of Mississippi
Thomas Toth – Canadian runner
References
^ "About Cameron University". cameron.edu. Cameron University. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
^ Soelle, Sally Bradstreet. "Cameron University." Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Accessed August 15, 2018.
^ a b c d e f g "General Information - Cameron University". Cameron.edu. 1992-06-01. Archived from the original on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
^ "Past Presidents - Cameron University". Cameron.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
^ Higher Learning Commission
^ Council for Higher Education Accreditation
^ Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP)
^ Archived March 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
^ Adrian Wiggins. "Adrian Wiggins Bio - The Fresno State Official Athletic Site Official Athletic Site". Gobulldogs.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
^ "Adrian Wiggins Bio - OLEMISSSPORTS.COM - OLE MISS Official Athletic Site". Olemisssports.Com. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
^ "There's a new name (that you've never heard of) in Canadian running". Canadian Running Magazine. Runningmagazine.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
External links
Official website
Cameron Athletics website
vteColleges and universities in OklahomaPublic institutionsThe University of Oklahoma system
Cameron University
Rogers State University
University of Oklahoma
Oklahoma Agricultural & Mechanical Colleges system
Connors State College
Langston University
Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College
Oklahoma Panhandle State University
Oklahoma State University–Stillwater
Regional University System of Oklahoma
University of Central Oklahoma
East Central University
Northeastern State University
Northwestern Oklahoma State University
Southeastern Oklahoma State University
Southwestern Oklahoma State University
Independent
University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma
Private institutions
Bacone College
Randall University
Mid-America Christian University
Oklahoma Baptist University
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Oklahoma City University
Oklahoma Wesleyan University
Oral Roberts University
Phillips Theological Seminary
St. Gregory's University
Southern Nazarene University
Southwestern Christian University
Spartan College of Aeronautics and Technology
University of Tulsa
Community colleges
Carl Albert State College
Eastern Oklahoma State College
Murray State College
Northern Oklahoma College
Oklahoma City Community College
Redlands Community College
Rose State College
Seminole State College
Tulsa Community College
Western Oklahoma State College
vteLone Star ConferenceMembers
Angelo State Rams & Rambelles
Arkansas–Fort Smith Lions (departing 2024)
Cameron Aggies
Dallas Baptist Patriots
Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds
Lubbock Christian Chaparrals
Midwestern State Mustangs
Oklahoma Christian Eagles
St. Edward's Hilltoppers
St. Mary's Rattlers
Texas A&M International Dustdevils
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Texas–Permian Basin Falcons
Texas Woman's Pioneers
UT Tyler Patriots
West Texas A&M Buffaloes
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Future members
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UT Dallas Comets (joining 2025)
Football associates
Central Washington Wildcats
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Authority control databases International
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VIAF
National
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"Lawton, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education"},{"link_name":"graduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school"},{"link_name":"liberal arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_education"},{"link_name":"rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EOHC-CameronU-2"}],"text":"Public university in Lawton, Oklahoma, USCameron University is a public university in Lawton, Oklahoma. It offers more than 50 degrees through both undergraduate and graduate programs. The degree programs emphasize the liberal arts, science and technology, and graduate and professional studies. It was founded in 1908, soon after Oklahoma was admitted as a state, as one of six agricultural high schools in the largely rural region.[2]","title":"Cameron University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"Evan Dhu Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Dhu_Cameron"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"junior college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_college"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State System of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_System_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"Richard Leakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Leakey"},{"link_name":"Cornel West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"Duncan, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"}],"text":"The Oklahoma Legislature created six agricultural high schools in each judicial district in 1908, a year after statehood. Lawton was chosen over Anadarko in April 1909 to receive a high school; the town had already set aside a portion of land to develop a higher educational institution. The University Improvement Association, under the auspices of the Lawton Chamber of Commerce, organized the effort to acquire 220 acres (89 ha) of land two miles (three kilometers) west of the town. Its original goal was to secure a private Baptist college. Arrangements with the Baptists fell through in the summer of 1908. The Catholic Church approached the Association with an offer to found an all-male institution on the site. This plan was rejected by the town leaders, who were predominantly Protestant.What was known as the Cameron State School of Agriculture was named for Rev. Evan Dhu Cameron, a Baptist minister and Oklahoma's first State Superintendent of Schools. The first classes were held on Statehood Day, November 16, 1909, in the basement of a bank building, while a new campus building was being constructed.[3]In 1927 Cameron added junior college-level classes to the school's offerings, when local higher education needs exceeded what was available in southwest Oklahoma. With this expansion, the institution was renamed as Cameron State Agricultural College. By 1941, the high school preparatory classes were dropped. Cameron was classified solely as a junior college that year, when the Oklahoma State System of Higher Education was formed and joined the group of institutions governed by the Board of Regents of Oklahoma A&M Colleges.[3]Based on additional development of programs and curriculum, in 1966 the Legislature passed a bill authorizing the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education to allow the college to award Baccalaureate degrees. The institution's name was shortened to Cameron College in 1971 and, with more program expansion, changed to Cameron University in 1974. As the 1970s continued, Cameron demonstrated its dedication to expanded academic offerings through the construction of a fine arts facility designed to serve students in theatre, music, broadcasting, and speech communication.[3]Dr. Donald J. Owen served as Cameron's president from 1969 to 1980. A Cameron graduate, Owen worked to build academic programs and develop relationships with the Lawton community, as well as the Oklahoma State University system, under which CU fell during his tenure. Cameron's sports teams, particularly football and basketball, excelled during that time. A new President's residence was constructed on Gore Boulevard, west of the campus.[3]In 1988, State Regents expanded Cameron's functions to include graduate offerings at the master's degree level. This was the first change granted to an Oklahoma institution since Cameron was given the authority to offer bachelor's degrees more than 20 years earlier. In the 1990s, Cameron University came under the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma.[3]Don Davis was President of Cameron University from 1980 to 2002. His father, Clarence L. Davis, was President of Cameron from 1957 to 1960. As a child, Davis lived in the President's house on campus with his parents and sister. As a former legislator from Lawton, Davis was able to secure funding for Cameron that supported it in developing as the premier institute for higher education in southwestern Oklahoma. Also during Davis' tenure, a classical radio station, KCCU 89.3, was founded. Numerous renowned scholars, including Richard Leakey and Cornel West, have spoken at Cameron's annual Academic Festival.[3]In May 2004, Cameron took over the Duncan Higher Education Center in Duncan, Oklahoma. It was renamed as Cameron University - Duncan.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cindy Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Ross"}],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"Since its founding in 1908, Cameron University has had 17 presidents.[4]J. A. Liner, 1908–1912\nRalph K. Robertson, 1912–1913\nE. M. Frost, 1913\nRobert P. Short, 1913–1914\nA. C. Farley, 1914–1920\nA. E. Wickizer, 1920–1923\nJohn G. March, 1923–1927\nJohn Coffey, 1927–1931\nCharles M. Conwill, 1931–1946\nClarence H. Breedlove, 1946–1947\nC. Vernon Howell, 1947–1957\nClarence L. Davis, 1957–1960\nRichard B. Burch, 1960–1969\nDon J. Owen, 1969–1980\nDon C. Davis, 1980–2002\nCindy Ross, 2002–2013\nJohn M. McArthur, 2013–present","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Higher Learning Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Learning_Commission"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Business_Schools_and_Programs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Cameron University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.[5][6] The Bachelor of Accounting, Bachelor of Business Administration, and Master of Business Administration degrees offered by the School of Graduate and Professional Studies are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs.[7]","title":"Accreditation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"advanced standing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_standing"}],"text":"Most courses are offered during weekdays and evenings. Cameron uses television, the internet, and a statewide fiber-optics network to deliver classes around the world. Students may participate in independent study, cooperative education, pre-professional studies, teacher certification, and the Army ROTC program. In addition, Cameron offers an honors program, early admission, advanced standing, and college-level examination programs. Some 58% of entering students require remedial work, as their median ACT scores are at the ninth percentile.A wide range of organizations and interest groups are located on campus, including departmental, minority, professional, political, and religious organizations, and various honorary and recognition societies. Students can also become involved in student government, choral groups, a jazz ensemble, theater, or Greek life.","title":"Campus life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletics_Association"},{"link_name":"Lone Star Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference"}],"text":"Cameron's athletic teams, known as the Aggies, are a member of Division II of the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Lone Star Conference. Sports offered are men's and women's basketball, baseball, volleyball, softball, spirit team, men's and women's golf, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's track and field.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Paultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Paultz"},{"link_name":"New York Nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Nets"},{"link_name":"Hillbilly Jim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillbilly_Jim"},{"link_name":"William C. Bilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Bilo"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"John Brandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brandes"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Doug Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_D._Brown"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mark Cotney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cotney"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Jason Christiansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Christiansen"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Avery Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Johnson"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"Gary Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Jones_(Oklahoma_politician)"},{"link_name":"Nate Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Miller_(defensive_back)"},{"link_name":"Gary M. Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_M._Rose"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"T.W. Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.W._Shannon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ray Gene Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Gene_Smith"},{"link_name":"Charles Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Washington_(defensive_back,_born_1966)"},{"link_name":"Adrian Wiggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Wiggins"},{"link_name":"Fresno State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_State"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"head coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"University of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Thomas Toth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Toth"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Billy Paultz – Played 15 seasons of professional basketball in the ABA and the NBA. Made 3 ABA All-Star teams, leading the league in blocked shots in 1975–76. Won an ABA championship with the New York Nets in 1973-74\nHillbilly Jim - Professional wrestler known as \"Hillbilly\" Jim Morris\nWilliam C. Bilo – United States Army Brigadier General who served as deputy director of the Army National Guard\nJohn Brandes – National Football League special teams player\nDoug Brown – US Army General and former Commanding General, US Special Operations Command\nMark Cotney – Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive back\nJason Christiansen – Major League Baseball pitcher\nAvery Johnson – Basketball player in NBA and former head coach of the University of Alabama men's basketball team. He formerly coached the Brooklyn Nets and Dallas Mavericks teams of the NBA\nGary Jones – politician, appointed as Oklahoma State Auditor and Inspector\nNate Miller – American football player\nGary M. Rose - Medal of Honor recipient for gallantry during the Vietnam War\nT.W. Shannon – politician and first African-American Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives[8]\nRay Gene Smith – NFL player\nCharles Washington – NFL and CFL player\nAdrian Wiggins – Former Fresno State women's basketball coach,[9] and former women's basketball program head coach at the University of Mississippi[10]\nThomas Toth – Canadian runner[11]","title":"Notable alumni"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Malm
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Andreas Malm
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["1 Career","2 Books","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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Swedish author and human ecologist
Andreas MalmMalm giving a lecture at Code Rood Action Camp 2018 in GroningenBorn1976 or 1977 (age 46–47)NationalitySwedishOccupation(s)Author, professorEmployerLund UniversityTitleAssociate professorMovementMarxist
Andreas Malm (born 1976 or 1977) is a Swedish author and an associate professor of human ecology at Lund University. He is on the editorial board of the academic journal Historical Materialism, and has been described as a Marxist. Naomi Klein, who quoted Malm in her book This Changes Everything, has called him "one of the most original thinkers on the subject" of climate change.
Career
In 2010, Malm joined the Socialistiska Partiet; he had been in contact with the party since attending a summer camp it ran in 1997.
In 2014, Malm successfully defended his thesis Fossil Capital: The Rise of Steam-Power in the British Cotton Industry, c. 1825-1848, and the Roots of Global Warming, and obtained a PhD from Lund University. He released a reworked version of his thesis as Fossil Capital, published by Verso Books.
During a conference at Stockholm University in December 2023 on Palestinian resistance, Andreas Malm celebrated the "heroic armed resistance in Gaza". He thus expressed his “astonishment” and his “tears of joy” following the Hamas attacks against Israel in 2023.
Malm has authored several books and is a contributor to the magazine Jacobin. In his book How to Blow Up a Pipeline: Learning to Fight in a World on Fire, published in 2021, he argued that sabotage and property damage are logical components of the movement against human-caused climate change. The book was adapted into the 2022 narrative film How to Blow Up a Pipeline.
Psychoanalytic understanding of the climate crisis
On the far right, you see this aggressive defense of cars and fossil fuels that verges on a desire for destruction, ... Denial is as central to the development of the climate crisis as the greenhouse effect.
—Andreas Malm in January, 2024
In The Guardian, Brett Christophers wrote that Malm's research suggests that manufacturers during the Industrial Revolution switched from water power to steam not because steam was cheaper but because it was more profitable. In particular, steam allowed prime movers to be near cheap labor rather than bound to suitable waterways.
In September 2021, Malm was a guest on The New Yorker Radio Hour, where he echoed the central claim of How to Blow Up a Pipeline by advocating that the climate movement use sabotage as a tactic and embrace a diversity of tactics.
Books
Iran on the Brink: Rising Workers and Threats of War, written with Shora Esmailian, published 2007 by Pluto Press
Fossil Capital: The Rise of Steam Power and the Roots of Global Warming, published 2016 by Verso Books and awarded the Deutscher Memorial Prize
The Progress of This Storm: Nature and Society in a Warming World, published 2017 by Verso Books
Corona, Climate, Chronic Emergency: War Communism in the Twenty-First Century, published 2020 by Verso Books
How to Blow Up a Pipeline: Learning to Fight in a World on Fire, published 2021 by Verso Books
White Skin, Black Fuel: On the Danger of Fossil Fascism, written with The Zetkin Collective, published 2021 by Verso Books
See also
Capitalocene – Geologic era defined by capitalism
Politics of climate change – Interaction of societies and governments with modern climate change
References
^ Gladić, Mladen (5 August 2020). "Im Kapitalozän" (in German). Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ "Corona, Climate, Chronic Emergency; What Would Nature Do? – review". the Guardian. 13 December 2020. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ a b Schmeisser, Susann. "Andreas Malm – Humanities & Social Change". Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ "Human Ecology". Lund University. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016.
^ "Editorial Board | Historical Materialism". www.historicalmaterialism.org. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ Crane, Bill. "Climate Change | International Socialist Review". isreview.org. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ Bloomsbury.com. "Progress of the Storm". Bloomsbury Publishing. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ Karlström, Gunvor (3 May 2010). "Andreas Malm, ekosocialistisk debattör: Därför går jag med i SP" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 12 May 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ "Andreas Malm Thesis". lup.lub.lu.se. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^ "Fossil Capital". www.versobooks.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^ Mathoux, Hadrien (11 April 2024). ""Pleurs de joie" : quand Andreas Malm, penseur adoubé par LFI, justifie l'attaque du Hamas le 7 octobre". marianne.net (in French). Retrieved 16 April 2024..
^ Blin, Simon. "L'activiste écolo Andreas Malm a vécu l'attaque du Hamas le 7 Octobre comme une "jubilation"". Libération (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2024..
^ "7 octobre : l'écologiste suédois Andreas Malm dit avoir vécu l'attaque du Hamas avec "joie"". lejdd.fr (in French). 10 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024..
^ "Andreas Malm". jacobinmag.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ Dechristopher, Tim (16 February 2021). "In a World on Fire, Is Nonviolence Still an Option?". YES! Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
^ Goldhaber, Daniel (7 April 2023), How to Blow Up a Pipeline (Crime, Drama, Thriller), Ariela Barer, Kristine Froseth, Lukas Gage, Chrono, Lyrical Media, Spacemaker Productions, retrieved 18 September 2023
^ Marchese, David (14 January 2024). "How This Climate Activist Justifies Political Violence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024.
^ Christophers, Brett (25 May 2021). "Big oil companies are driven by profit – they won't turn green by themselves". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
^ Remnick, David (24 September 2021). "Should the Climate Movement Embrace Sabotage?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^ Malm, Andreas (2007). Iran on the brink : rising workers and threats of war. Esmailian, Shora. London: Pluto. ISBN 978-1-84964-343-6. OCLC 654103854. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ Malm, Andreas (12 January 2016). Fossil Capital. Verso Books. ISBN 9781784781293. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2021. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ "Past Recipients". The Deutscher Memorial Prize. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ Malm, Andreas (2016). Fossil capital : the rise of steam-power and the roots of global warming. London. ISBN 978-1-78478-129-3. OCLC 900912182. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ The Progress of This Storm. Verso Books. February 2020. ISBN 9781788739405. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ Malm, Andreas (2018). The progress of this storm : nature and society in a warming world. London. ISBN 978-1-78663-415-3. OCLC 1004424810. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Malm, Andreas (22 September 2020). Corona, Climate, Chronic Emergency. Verso Books. ISBN 9781839762154. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ Malm, Andreas (22 September 2020). Corona, climate, chronic emergency : war communism in the twenty-first century. London. ISBN 978-1-83976-216-1. OCLC 1159810165. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Malm, Andreas (5 January 2021). How to Blow Up a Pipeline. Verso Books. ISBN 9781839760259. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ Malm, Andreas (5 January 2021). How to Blow Up a Pipeline: Learning to Fight in a World on Fire. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-83976-025-9. OCLC 1141142279. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Malm, Andreas (18 May 2021). White Skin, Black Fuel. Verso Books. ISBN 9781839761744. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Further reading
Rübner Hansen, Bue (14 April 2021). "The Kaleidoscope of Catastrophe - On the Clarities and Blind Spots of Andreas Malm". Viewpoint Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
External links
Andreas Malm publications indexed by Google Scholar
Official page on Lund University website
Awards
Preceded byTamás Krausz
Deutscher Memorial Prize 2016
Succeeded byWilliam Clare Roberts
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IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"associate professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_professor"},{"link_name":"human ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_ecology"},{"link_name":"Lund University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hscif-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Historical Materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Materialism_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Naomi Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Klein"},{"link_name":"This Changes Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Changes_Everything_(book)"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Andreas Malm (born 1976 or 1977)[1] is a Swedish[2] author and an associate professor of human ecology at Lund University.[3][4] He is on the editorial board of the academic journal Historical Materialism,[5] and has been described as a Marxist.[6] Naomi Klein, who quoted Malm in her book This Changes Everything, has called him \"one of the most original thinkers on the subject\" of climate change.[7]","title":"Andreas Malm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Socialistiska Partiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistiska_partiet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fossil Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fossil_Capital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Verso Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verso_Books"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jacobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hscif-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"How to Blow Up a Pipeline: Learning to Fight in a World on Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Blow_Up_a_Pipeline"},{"link_name":"sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage"},{"link_name":"property damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_damage"},{"link_name":"human-caused climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-caused_climate_change"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"How to Blow Up a Pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Blow_Up_a_Pipeline_(film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"climate crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_crisis"},{"link_name":"fossil fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel"},{"link_name":"Denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_denial"},{"link_name":"greenhouse effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes_20240114-17"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"prime movers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_mover_(engine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christophers-2021-18"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker Radio Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker_Radio_Hour"},{"link_name":"diversity of tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 2010, Malm joined the Socialistiska Partiet; he had been in contact with the party since attending a summer camp it ran in 1997.[8]In 2014, Malm successfully defended his thesis Fossil Capital: The Rise of Steam-Power in the British Cotton Industry, c. 1825-1848, and the Roots of Global Warming, and obtained a PhD from Lund University.[9] He released a reworked version of his thesis as Fossil Capital, published by Verso Books.[10]During a conference at Stockholm University in December 2023 on Palestinian resistance, Andreas Malm celebrated the \"heroic armed resistance in Gaza\". He thus expressed his “astonishment” and his “tears of joy” following the Hamas attacks against Israel in 2023.[11][12][13]Malm has authored several books and is a contributor to the magazine Jacobin.[3][14] In his book How to Blow Up a Pipeline: Learning to Fight in a World on Fire, published in 2021, he argued that sabotage and property damage are logical components of the movement against human-caused climate change.[15] The book was adapted into the 2022 narrative film How to Blow Up a Pipeline.[16]Psychoanalytic understanding of the climate crisis\n\n On the far right, you see this aggressive defense of cars and fossil fuels that verges on a desire for destruction, ... Denial is as central to the development of the climate crisis as the greenhouse effect.\n\n\n—Andreas Malm in January, 2024[17]In The Guardian, Brett Christophers wrote that Malm's research suggests that manufacturers during the Industrial Revolution switched from water power to steam not because steam was cheaper but because it was more profitable. In particular, steam allowed prime movers to be near cheap labor rather than bound to suitable waterways.[18]In September 2021, Malm was a guest on The New Yorker Radio Hour, where he echoed the central claim of How to Blow Up a Pipeline by advocating that the climate movement use sabotage as a tactic and embrace a diversity of tactics.[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shora Esmailian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shora_Esmailian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pluto Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto_Press"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Fossil Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fossil_Capital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Verso Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verso_Books"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Memorial Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Memorial_Prize"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"How to Blow Up a Pipeline: Learning to Fight in a World on Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Blow_Up_a_Pipeline:_Learning_to_Fight_in_a_World_on_Fire"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The Zetkin Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zetkin_Collective"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Iran on the Brink: Rising Workers and Threats of War, written with Shora Esmailian, published 2007 by Pluto Press[20]\nFossil Capital: The Rise of Steam Power and the Roots of Global Warming, published 2016 by Verso Books and awarded the Deutscher Memorial Prize[21][22][23]\nThe Progress of This Storm: Nature and Society in a Warming World, published 2017 by Verso Books[24][25]\nCorona, Climate, Chronic Emergency: War Communism in the Twenty-First Century, published 2020 by Verso Books[26][27]\nHow to Blow Up a Pipeline: Learning to Fight in a World on Fire, published 2021 by Verso Books[28][29]\nWhite Skin, Black Fuel: On the Danger of Fossil Fascism, written with The Zetkin Collective, published 2021 by Verso Books[30]","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Kaleidoscope of Catastrophe - On the Clarities and Blind Spots of Andreas Malm\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viewpointmag.com/2021/04/14/the-kaleidoscope-of-catastrophe-on-the-clarities-and-blind-spots-of-andreas-malm/"},{"link_name":"Viewpoint Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viewpoint_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211023112101/https://viewpointmag.com/2021/04/14/the-kaleidoscope-of-catastrophe-on-the-clarities-and-blind-spots-of-andreas-malm/"}],"text":"Rübner Hansen, Bue (14 April 2021). \"The Kaleidoscope of Catastrophe - On the Clarities and Blind Spots of Andreas Malm\". Viewpoint Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Capitalocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalocene"},{"title":"Politics of climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change"}]
|
[{"reference":"Gladić, Mladen (5 August 2020). \"Im Kapitalozän\" [In the Capitalocene] (in German). Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freitag.de/autoren/mladen-gladic/im-kapitalozaen","url_text":"\"Im Kapitalozän\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210121030530/https://www.freitag.de/autoren/mladen-gladic/im-kapitalozaen","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Corona, Climate, Chronic Emergency; What Would Nature Do? – review\". the Guardian. 13 December 2020. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/dec/13/what-would-nature-do-by-ruth-defries-review-","url_text":"\"Corona, Climate, Chronic Emergency; What Would Nature Do? – review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210107103022/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/dec/13/what-would-nature-do-by-ruth-defries-review-","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schmeisser, Susann. \"Andreas Malm – Humanities & Social Change\". Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hscif.org/andreasmalm/","url_text":"\"Andreas Malm – Humanities & Social Change\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210114013005/https://hscif.org/andreasmalm/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Human Ecology\". Lund University. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lucat/group/v1000679","url_text":"\"Human Ecology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_University","url_text":"Lund University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160316022836/http://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lucat/group/v1000679","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Editorial Board | Historical Materialism\". www.historicalmaterialism.org. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/editorial-board","url_text":"\"Editorial Board | Historical Materialism\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210114040558/https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/editorial-board","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crane, Bill. \"Climate Change | International Socialist Review\". isreview.org. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://isreview.org/issue/101/climate-change","url_text":"\"Climate Change | International Socialist Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210124210141/https://isreview.org/issue/101/climate-change","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bloomsbury.com. \"Progress of the Storm\". Bloomsbury Publishing. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomsbury.com/au/progress-of-the-storm-9781786634153/","url_text":"\"Progress of the Storm\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220531005624/https://www.bloomsbury.com/au/progress-of-the-storm-9781786634153/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Karlström, Gunvor (3 May 2010). \"Andreas Malm, ekosocialistisk debattör: Därför går jag med i SP\" [Andreas Malm, eco-socialist debater: Here's why I joined the SP] (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 12 May 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100512205546/http://www.internationalen.se/2010/05/03/andreas-malm-ekosocialistisk-debattor-darfor-gar-jag-med-i-sp/?scrlybrkr=ab1a75e0","url_text":"\"Andreas Malm, ekosocialistisk debattör: Därför går jag med i SP\""},{"url":"http://www.internationalen.se/2010/05/03/andreas-malm-ekosocialistisk-debattor-darfor-gar-jag-med-i-sp/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Andreas Malm Thesis\". lup.lub.lu.se. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/4250823","url_text":"\"Andreas Malm Thesis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200607232354/https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/4250823","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fossil Capital\". www.versobooks.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.versobooks.com/en-gb/products/135-fossil-capital","url_text":"\"Fossil Capital\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230922135724/https://www.versobooks.com/products/135-fossil-capital","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mathoux, Hadrien (11 April 2024). \"\"Pleurs de joie\" : quand Andreas Malm, penseur adoubé par LFI, justifie l'attaque du Hamas le 7 octobre\". marianne.net (in French). Retrieved 16 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marianne.net/politique/pleurs-de-joie-quand-andreas-malm-penseur-adoube-par-lfi-justifie-l-attaque-du-hamas-le-7-octobre","url_text":"\"\"Pleurs de joie\" : quand Andreas Malm, penseur adoubé par LFI, justifie l'attaque du Hamas le 7 octobre\""}]},{"reference":"Blin, Simon. \"L'activiste écolo Andreas Malm a vécu l'attaque du Hamas le 7 Octobre comme une \"jubilation\"\". Libération (in French). Retrieved 10 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/lactiviste-ecolo-andreas-malm-a-vecu-lattaque-du-hamas-le-7-octobre-comme-une-jubilation-20240410_KFH4GVNFJRGBLK75WORNTJW4OM/","url_text":"\"L'activiste écolo Andreas Malm a vécu l'attaque du Hamas le 7 Octobre comme une \"jubilation\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"7 octobre : l'écologiste suédois Andreas Malm dit avoir vécu l'attaque du Hamas avec \"joie\"\". lejdd.fr (in French). 10 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lejdd.fr/international/7-octobre-lecologiste-suedois-andreas-malm-dit-avoir-vecu-lattaque-du-hamas-avec-joie-143969","url_text":"\"7 octobre : l'écologiste suédois Andreas Malm dit avoir vécu l'attaque du Hamas avec \"joie\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andreas Malm\". jacobinmag.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://jacobinmag.com/author/andreas-malm","url_text":"\"Andreas Malm\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210121103103/https://jacobinmag.com/author/andreas-malm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dechristopher, Tim (16 February 2021). \"In a World on Fire, Is Nonviolence Still an Option?\". YES! Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yesmagazine.org/issue/ecological-civilization/2021/02/16/climate-is-nonviolence-still-an-option","url_text":"\"In a World on Fire, Is Nonviolence Still an Option?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes!_(U.S._magazine)","url_text":"YES! Magazine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210217033012/https://www.yesmagazine.org/issue/ecological-civilization/2021/02/16/climate-is-nonviolence-still-an-option/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldhaber, Daniel (7 April 2023), How to Blow Up a Pipeline (Crime, Drama, Thriller), Ariela Barer, Kristine Froseth, Lukas Gage, Chrono, Lyrical Media, Spacemaker Productions, retrieved 18 September 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt21440780/","url_text":"How to Blow Up a Pipeline"}]},{"reference":"Marchese, David (14 January 2024). \"How This Climate Activist Justifies Political Violence\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/01/14/magazine/andreas-malm-interview.html","url_text":"\"How This Climate Activist Justifies Political Violence\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240114110959/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/01/14/magazine/andreas-malm-interview.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Christophers, Brett (25 May 2021). \"Big oil companies are driven by profit – they won't turn green by themselves\". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/may/25/big-oil-companies-profit-green-renewables-fossil-fuels-net-zero","url_text":"\"Big oil companies are driven by profit – they won't turn green by themselves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210525205531/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/may/25/big-oil-companies-profit-green-renewables-fossil-fuels-net-zero","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Remnick, David (24 September 2021). \"Should the Climate Movement Embrace Sabotage?\". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/podcast/the-new-yorker-radio-hour/should-the-climate-movement-embrace-sabotage","url_text":"\"Should the Climate Movement Embrace Sabotage?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210924201414/https://www.newyorker.com/podcast/the-new-yorker-radio-hour/should-the-climate-movement-embrace-sabotage","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Malm, Andreas (2007). Iran on the brink : rising workers and threats of war. Esmailian, Shora. London: Pluto. ISBN 978-1-84964-343-6. OCLC 654103854. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/654103854","url_text":"Iran on the brink : rising workers and threats of war"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84964-343-6","url_text":"978-1-84964-343-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/654103854","url_text":"654103854"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220912011303/https://www.worldcat.org/title/654103854","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Malm, Andreas (12 January 2016). Fossil Capital. Verso Books. ISBN 9781784781293. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.versobooks.com/books/2002-fossil-capital","url_text":"Fossil Capital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784781293","url_text":"9781784781293"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151004223727/http://www.versobooks.com:80/books/2002-fossil-capital","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Past Recipients\". The Deutscher Memorial Prize. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deutscherprize.org.uk/wp/past-recipients/","url_text":"\"Past Recipients\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150227103652/http://www.deutscherprize.org.uk/wp/past-recipients/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Malm, Andreas (2016). Fossil capital : the rise of steam-power and the roots of global warming. London. ISBN 978-1-78478-129-3. OCLC 900912182. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/900912182","url_text":"Fossil capital : the rise of steam-power and the roots of global warming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-129-3","url_text":"978-1-78478-129-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/900912182","url_text":"900912182"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220912011306/https://www.worldcat.org/title/900912182","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Progress of This Storm. Verso Books. February 2020. ISBN 9781788739405. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.versobooks.com/books/3140-the-progress-of-this-storm","url_text":"The Progress of This Storm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788739405","url_text":"9781788739405"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503080453/https://www.versobooks.com/books/3140-the-progress-of-this-storm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Malm, Andreas (2018). The progress of this storm : nature and society in a warming world. London. ISBN 978-1-78663-415-3. OCLC 1004424810. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004424810","url_text":"The progress of this storm : nature and society in a warming world"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-415-3","url_text":"978-1-78663-415-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004424810","url_text":"1004424810"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220912011307/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1004424810","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Malm, Andreas (22 September 2020). Corona, Climate, Chronic Emergency. Verso Books. ISBN 9781839762154. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.versobooks.com/books/3704-corona-climate-chronic-emergency","url_text":"Corona, Climate, Chronic Emergency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781839762154","url_text":"9781839762154"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200811033011/https://www.versobooks.com/books/3704-corona-climate-chronic-emergency","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Malm, Andreas (22 September 2020). Corona, climate, chronic emergency : war communism in the twenty-first century. London. ISBN 978-1-83976-216-1. OCLC 1159810165. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1159810165","url_text":"Corona, climate, chronic emergency : war communism in the twenty-first century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83976-216-1","url_text":"978-1-83976-216-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1159810165","url_text":"1159810165"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220912011310/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1159810165","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Malm, Andreas (5 January 2021). How to Blow Up a Pipeline. Verso Books. ISBN 9781839760259. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Keyes
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Geoffrey Keyes
|
["1 Early life","2 Military career","2.1 World War II","2.2 Postwar","3 Decorations","4 Head coaching record","5 Bibliography","6 References","7 External links"]
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American general and football coach (1888–1967)
For the British Army officer who died in the raid on Erwin Rommel's HQ, see Geoffrey Keyes (VC).
Geoffrey KeyesNickname(s)"Geoff"Born(1888-10-30)October 30, 1888Fort Bayard, New Mexico, U.S.DiedSeptember 17, 1967(1967-09-17) (aged 78)Washington, D.C., U.S.BuriedWest Point Cemetery, West Point, New York, U.S.Allegiance United StatesService/branch United States ArmyYears of service1913–1950Rank Lieutenant GeneralService number0-3561Unit Cavalry BranchCommands heldThird United States ArmySeventh United States ArmyII CorpsI Armored Corps9th Armored DivisionBattles/warsPancho Villa ExpeditionWorld War IWorld War IIAwardsDistinguished Service CrossArmy Distinguished Service Medal (3)Silver Star (2)Legion of MeritBronze Star Medal
Geoffrey Keyes (October 30, 1888 – September 17, 1967) was a highly decorated senior United States Army officer who served with distinction in Sicily and Italy during World War II.
Early life
At West Point in 1913
Keyes was born on October 30, 1888, in Fort Bayard, New Mexico, the son of Captain Alexander S. B. Keyes, a United States Army officer, and his wife, Virginia Maxwell Keyes. Like his father, Geoffrey enrolled as a cadet at the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, on March 2, 1908, and graduated on June 12, 1913, being commissioned as a second lieutenant, into the Cavalry Branch of the United States Army. Among his fellow graduates were Charles H. Corlett, William R. Schmidt, Carlos Brewer, Robert L. Spragins, Alexander Patch, Louis A. Craig, Henry Balding Lewis, Lunsford E. Oliver, and Willis D. Crittenberger. His first assignment was with the 6th Cavalry Regiment, where he served until October 1916 and participated in the Pancho Villa Expedition.
Military career
Keyes' next assignment was at the USMA, where he served as an instructor of French language. He was also head football coach for one season in 1917, compiling a record of 7–1.
Keyes' interwar service included duty with the Panama Canal Division as an Assistant Chief of Staff (G-3), instructor at the USMA and the United States Army Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas, and Chief of Supply of Supply Division within War Department. He attended the United States Army Command and General Staff School from August 1925 until June 1926 and the United States Army War College, which he attended from 1936 to 1937. His classmates there included Matthew Ridgway, Mark W. Clark, Edward H. Brooks, and Walter Bedell Smith, all of whom would rise to high rank in the years to follow.
World War II
In 1940, during World War II, Keyes was chief of staff of the 2nd Armored Division, which was then commanded by Major General George S. Patton who, like Keyes, was a fellow cavalryman who had served with distinction in World War I and had taken a significant interest in armored warfare. Patton was to think highly of Keyes, later stating that he "had the best tactical mind of any officer I know."
General Sir Bernard Montgomery shakes hands with Lieutenant General George S. Patton at an airport at Palermo, Sicily, July 28, 1943. Major General Geoffrey Keyes, deputy commander of Patton's Seventh Army, is stood to the far left of the picture.
In January 1942, a month after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States, on December 11, Keyes, promoted to the one-star general officer rank of brigadier general on January 15, assumed command of Combat Command 'B' (CCB) of the 3rd Armored Division. In July, now a two-star major general (having been promoted on June 22), he raised the 9th Armored Division and, in September, relinquished command of the division to Major General John W. Leonard, before going to North Africa as Deputy Commander of the I Armored Corps, commanded by Patton, which was later redesignated the Seventh United States Army for the Allied invasion of Sicily.
From left to right: Major General Geoffrey Keyes, British Major General Angus Lyell Collier and French General Alphonse Juin in Pompeii, pictured here between 1943 and 1945
Keyes was originally serving as deputy commander of the Seventh Army during the campaign, once again serving under Patton, in July 1943. During Operation Husky, when Patton split the Seventh Army in half, Keyes was given command of the Provisional Corps, composed of the 2nd Armored Division, the 3rd Infantry Division and the 82nd Airborne Division, along with two United States Army Ranger battalions, and supporting units. Advancing 125 miles in five days, through difficult mountainous terrain, the corps captured most of Western Sicily, including Palermo, the Sicilian capital, along with some 53,000 Axis soldiers, mainly Italians, along with nearly 600 vehicles, in exchange for less than 300 casualties. The corps then settled down for garrison duties and the administration of western Sicily until it was disbanded on August 20, three days after the end of the campaign. For his actions in the brief Sicilian campaign Keyes was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) wrote to General George C. Marshall, the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, noting that his "reports on Keyes as an acting Corps Commander in the Sicilian affair was most favorable".
In September 1943 Keyes assumed command of the II Corps from Major General John P. Lucas and commanded it throughout the Italian Campaign, landing in Italy in mid-November and serving under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark's United States Fifth Army. Clark, who was eight years younger than Keyes, had been a fellow student at the United States Army War College in the late 1930s. His first major battle was the Battle of San Pietro Infine and later, with Major General Fred L. Walker's 36th Infantry Division under command, his corps took part in the controversial Battle of Rapido River, part of the first Battle of Monte Cassino. The corps sustained heavy losses in the battle. The corps was then involved in Operation Diadem, the fighting on the Gothic Line and the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, which ended the fighting in Italy. Keyes was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general on 17 April 1945, three weeks before the surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945.
Postwar
After the war Keyes commanded the Seventh Army from 8 September 1945 until its deactivation on 31 March 1946. In December 1945 he was by his friend George S. Patton's side when the latter died. This was followed by command of the United States Third Army, Patton's former command, from 1946 to 1947. In 1947, Keyes was appointed United States High Commissioner on the Allied Council for Austria. He served as Director, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG) from 1951 to 1954.
Keyes retired from the army in 1954, after 41 years of service. He died on September 17, 1967, at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C., just a few weeks short of his 79th birthday. He is interred at West Point Cemetery.
Decorations
Lieutenant General Keyes's ribbon bar:
1st Row
Army Distinguished Service Medal w/ two Oak Leaf Clusters
Silver Star w/ Oak Leaf Cluster
Legion of Merit
2nd Row
Bronze Star Medal
Mexican Service Medal
World War I Victory Medal
American Defense Service Medal
3rd Row
American Campaign Medal
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal w/ one silver and two bronze service stars
World War II Victory Medal
Army of Occupation Medal
4th Row
National Defense Service Medal
Honorary Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom)
Commandeur of the Legion of Honour
French Croix de guerre 1939–1945 w/ palm
5th Row
Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite
Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy)
Silver Medal of Military Valor (Italy)
Grand Officer of the Military Order of the White Lion
6th Row
Czechoslovak War Cross 1939-1945
Military Order of Savoy (Italy)
Papal Lateran Cross (Vatican)
Officer of the Legion of Honour
Head coaching record
Year
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
Army Cadets (Independent) (1917)
1917
Army
7–1
Army:
7–1
Total:
7–1
Bibliography
Bloody River: The Real Tragedy of the Rapido. Houghton Mifflin. 1970. OCLC 1020217216.
Blumenson, Martin (1998). Bloody River: The Real Tragedy of the Rapido. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9780890968529.
Taaffe, Stephen R. (2013). Marshall and His Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1942-9. OCLC 840162019.
[
https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Patton_s_Tactician.html?id=w8mrEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&gboemv=1&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false]
References
^ Taaffe 2013, p. 101.
^ "VOLUME_7_Cullum 992".
^ a b "Biography of Lieutenant General Geoffrey Keyes (1888−1967), USA". generals.dk.
^ "Geoffrey Keyes, Combat Leader; Commanding General of 2d Corps in Italy Dies at 78" (PDF). The New York Times. Associated Press. September 19, 1967. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geoffrey Keyes.
Geoffrey Keyes at Find a Grave
United States Army Officers 1939−1945
Military offices
Preceded byNewly activated organization
Commanding General 9th Armored Division June–September 1942
Succeeded byJohn W. Leonard
Preceded byJohn P. Lucas
Commanding General II Corps 1943–1945
Post deactivated
Preceded byWade H. Haislip
Commanding General Seventh Army 1945–1946
Succeeded byOscar Griswold
Preceded byLucian Truscott
Commanding General Third United States Army 1946–1947
Succeeded byErnest N. Harmon
vteArmy Black Knights head football coaches
Dennis Michie (1890)
Henry L. Williams (1891)
Dennis Michie (1892)
Laurie Bliss (1893)
Harmon S. Graves (1894–1895)
George P. Dyer (1896)
Herman Koehler (1897–1900)
Leon Kromer (1901)
Dennis E. Nolan (1902)
Edward Leonard King (1903)
Robert Boyers (1904–1905)
Ernest Graves Sr. (1906)
Henry Smither (1906–1907)
Harry Nelly (1908–1910)
Joseph Beacham (1911)
Ernest Graves Sr. (1912)
Charles Dudley Daly (1913–1916)
Geoffrey Keyes (1917)
Hugh Mitchell (1918)
Charles Dudley Daly (1919–1922)
John McEwan (1923–1925)
Biff Jones (1926–1929)
Ralph Sasse (1930–1932)
Garrison H. Davidson (1933–1937)
William H. Wood (1938–1940)
Earl Blaik (1941–1958)
Dale Hall (1959–1961)
Paul Dietzel (1962–1965)
Tom Cahill (1966–1973)
Homer Smith (1974–1978)
Lou Saban (1979)
Ed Cavanaugh (1980–1982)
Jim Young (1983–1990)
Bob Sutton (1991–1999)
Todd Berry (2000–2003)
John Mumford # (2003)
Bobby Ross (2004–2006)
Stan Brock (2007–2008)
Rich Ellerson (2009–2013)
Jeff Monken (2014– )
# denotes interim head coach
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoffrey Keyes (VC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Keyes_(VC)"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"For the British Army officer who died in the raid on Erwin Rommel's HQ, see Geoffrey Keyes (VC).Geoffrey Keyes (October 30, 1888 – September 17, 1967) was a highly decorated senior United States Army officer who served with distinction in Sicily and Italy during World War II.","title":"Geoffrey Keyes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geoffrey_Keyes_(1888%E2%80%931967)_at_West_Point_in_1913.png"},{"link_name":"Fort Bayard, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bayard,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"West Point, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Cavalry Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Corlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Corlett"},{"link_name":"William R. Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Carlos Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Robert L. Spragins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Spragins"},{"link_name":"Alexander Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Patch"},{"link_name":"Louis A. Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_A._Craig"},{"link_name":"Henry Balding Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Balding_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Lunsford E. Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunsford_E._Oliver"},{"link_name":"Willis D. Crittenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_D._Crittenberger"},{"link_name":"6th Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Pancho Villa Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition"}],"text":"At West Point in 1913Keyes was born on October 30, 1888, in Fort Bayard, New Mexico, the son of Captain Alexander S. B. Keyes, a United States Army officer, and his wife, Virginia Maxwell Keyes. Like his father, Geoffrey enrolled as a cadet at the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, on March 2, 1908, and graduated on June 12, 1913, being commissioned as a second lieutenant, into the Cavalry Branch of the United States Army. Among his fellow graduates were Charles H. Corlett, William R. Schmidt, Carlos Brewer, Robert L. Spragins, Alexander Patch, Louis A. Craig, Henry Balding Lewis, Lunsford E. Oliver, and Willis D. Crittenberger. His first assignment was with the 6th Cavalry Regiment, where he served until October 1916 and participated in the Pancho Villa Expedition.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"interwar service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Division"},{"link_name":"G-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_(military)"},{"link_name":"United States Army Cavalry School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Cavalry_School"},{"link_name":"Fort Riley, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Riley,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"United States Army Command and General Staff School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United States Army War College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College"},{"link_name":"Matthew Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway"},{"link_name":"Mark W. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_W._Clark"},{"link_name":"Edward H. Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_H._Brooks"},{"link_name":"Walter Bedell Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith"}],"text":"Keyes' next assignment was at the USMA, where he served as an instructor of French language. He was also head football coach for one season in 1917, compiling a record of 7–1.Keyes' interwar service included duty with the Panama Canal Division as an Assistant Chief of Staff (G-3), instructor at the USMA and the United States Army Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas, and Chief of Supply of Supply Division within War Department. He attended the United States Army Command and General Staff School from August 1925 until June 1926[2] and the United States Army War College, which he attended from 1936 to 1937. His classmates there included Matthew Ridgway, Mark W. Clark, Edward H. Brooks, and Walter Bedell Smith, all of whom would rise to high rank in the years to follow.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"chief of staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_staff"},{"link_name":"2nd Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"George S. Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"armored warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gen._Bernard_Law_Montgomery_and_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton,_Jr.,.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Bernard Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"George S. Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"declaration of war on the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_against_the_United_States_(1941)"},{"link_name":"one-star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-star_rank"},{"link_name":"general officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Generals_of_World_War_II-3"},{"link_name":"Combat Command 'B'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_command"},{"link_name":"3rd Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"two-star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-star_rank"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Generals_of_World_War_II-3"},{"link_name":"9th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John W. Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Leonard"},{"link_name":"I Armored Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Armored_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Seventh United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Allied invasion of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MG_Geoffrey_Keyes,_Gen._A.L._Collier_and_general_Alphonse_Juin_in_Pompei.jpg"},{"link_name":"Angus Lyell Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lyell_Collier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Juin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Juin"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"2nd Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"3rd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"82nd Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division"},{"link_name":"United States Army Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"Army Distinguished Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Supreme Allied Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Theater of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations"},{"link_name":"George C. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"II Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John P. Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Lucas"},{"link_name":"Italian Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Mark W. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_W._Clark"},{"link_name":"United States Fifth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Army"},{"link_name":"Battle of San Pietro Infine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pietro_Infine"},{"link_name":"Fred L. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_L._Walker"},{"link_name":"36th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rapido River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rapido_River"},{"link_name":"Battle of Monte Cassino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino"},{"link_name":"Operation Diadem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Diadem"},{"link_name":"Gothic Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line"},{"link_name":"Spring 1945 offensive in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"lieutenant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"In 1940, during World War II, Keyes was chief of staff of the 2nd Armored Division, which was then commanded by Major General George S. Patton who, like Keyes, was a fellow cavalryman who had served with distinction in World War I and had taken a significant interest in armored warfare. Patton was to think highly of Keyes, later stating that he \"had the best tactical mind of any officer I know.\"General Sir Bernard Montgomery shakes hands with Lieutenant General George S. Patton at an airport at Palermo, Sicily, July 28, 1943. Major General Geoffrey Keyes, deputy commander of Patton's Seventh Army, is stood to the far left of the picture.In January 1942, a month after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States, on December 11, Keyes, promoted to the one-star general officer rank of brigadier general on January 15,[3] assumed command of Combat Command 'B' (CCB) of the 3rd Armored Division. In July, now a two-star major general (having been promoted on June 22),[3] he raised the 9th Armored Division and, in September, relinquished command of the division to Major General John W. Leonard, before going to North Africa as Deputy Commander of the I Armored Corps, commanded by Patton, which was later redesignated the Seventh United States Army for the Allied invasion of Sicily.From left to right: Major General Geoffrey Keyes, British Major General Angus Lyell Collier and French General Alphonse Juin in Pompeii, pictured here between 1943 and 1945Keyes was originally serving as deputy commander of the Seventh Army during the campaign, once again serving under Patton, in July 1943. During Operation Husky, when Patton split the Seventh Army in half, Keyes was given command of the Provisional Corps, composed of the 2nd Armored Division, the 3rd Infantry Division and the 82nd Airborne Division, along with two United States Army Ranger battalions, and supporting units. Advancing 125 miles in five days, through difficult mountainous terrain, the corps captured most of Western Sicily, including Palermo, the Sicilian capital, along with some 53,000 Axis soldiers, mainly Italians, along with nearly 600 vehicles, in exchange for less than 300 casualties. The corps then settled down for garrison duties and the administration of western Sicily until it was disbanded on August 20, three days after the end of the campaign. For his actions in the brief Sicilian campaign Keyes was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) wrote to General George C. Marshall, the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, noting that his \"reports on Keyes as an acting Corps Commander in the Sicilian affair was most favorable\".In September 1943 Keyes assumed command of the II Corps from Major General John P. Lucas and commanded it throughout the Italian Campaign, landing in Italy in mid-November and serving under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark's United States Fifth Army. Clark, who was eight years younger than Keyes, had been a fellow student at the United States Army War College in the late 1930s. His first major battle was the Battle of San Pietro Infine and later, with Major General Fred L. Walker's 36th Infantry Division under command, his corps took part in the controversial Battle of Rapido River, part of the first Battle of Monte Cassino. The corps sustained heavy losses in the battle. The corps was then involved in Operation Diadem, the fighting on the Gothic Line and the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, which ended the fighting in Italy. Keyes was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general on 17 April 1945, three weeks before the surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Third Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Third_Army"},{"link_name":"Walter Reed Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"West Point Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point_Cemetery"}],"sub_title":"Postwar","text":"After the war Keyes commanded the Seventh Army from 8 September 1945 until its deactivation on 31 March 1946. In December 1945 he was by his friend George S. Patton's side when the latter died. This was followed by command of the United States Third Army, Patton's former command, from 1946 to 1947. In 1947, Keyes was appointed United States High Commissioner on the Allied Council for Austria. He served as Director, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG) from 1951 to 1954.Keyes retired from the army in 1954, after 41 years of service. He died on September 17, 1967, at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C., just a few weeks short of his 79th birthday.[4] He is interred at West Point Cemetery.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lieutenant General Keyes's ribbon bar:","title":"Decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bloody River: The Real Tragedy of the Rapido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bloodyriverrealt00blum"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1020217216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1020217216"},{"link_name":"Blumenson, Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Blumenson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780890968529","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780890968529"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7006-1942-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1942-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"840162019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/840162019"},{"link_name":"https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Patton_s_Tactician.html?id=w8mrEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&gboemv=1&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.co.uk/books/about/Patton_s_Tactician.html?id=w8mrEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&gboemv=1&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"}],"text":"Bloody River: The Real Tragedy of the Rapido. Houghton Mifflin. 1970. OCLC 1020217216.\nBlumenson, Martin (1998). Bloody River: The Real Tragedy of the Rapido. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9780890968529.\nTaaffe, Stephen R. (2013). Marshall and His Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1942-9. OCLC 840162019.\n[https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Patton_s_Tactician.html?id=w8mrEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&gboemv=1&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false]","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"At West Point in 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Geoffrey_Keyes_%281888%E2%80%931967%29_at_West_Point_in_1913.png/150px-Geoffrey_Keyes_%281888%E2%80%931967%29_at_West_Point_in_1913.png"},{"image_text":"General Sir Bernard Montgomery shakes hands with Lieutenant General George S. Patton at an airport at Palermo, Sicily, July 28, 1943. Major General Geoffrey Keyes, deputy commander of Patton's Seventh Army, is stood to the far left of the picture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gen._Bernard_Law_Montgomery_and_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton%2C_Jr.%2C.jpg/220px-Gen._Bernard_Law_Montgomery_and_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton%2C_Jr.%2C.jpg"},{"image_text":"From left to right: Major General Geoffrey Keyes, British Major General Angus Lyell Collier and French General Alphonse Juin in Pompeii, pictured here between 1943 and 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MG_Geoffrey_Keyes%2C_Gen._A.L._Collier_and_general_Alphonse_Juin_in_Pompei.jpg/220px-MG_Geoffrey_Keyes%2C_Gen._A.L._Collier_and_general_Alphonse_Juin_in_Pompei.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Bloody River: The Real Tragedy of the Rapido. Houghton Mifflin. 1970. OCLC 1020217216.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bloodyriverrealt00blum","url_text":"Bloody River: The Real Tragedy of the Rapido"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1020217216","url_text":"1020217216"}]},{"reference":"Blumenson, Martin (1998). Bloody River: The Real Tragedy of the Rapido. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9780890968529.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Blumenson","url_text":"Blumenson, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780890968529","url_text":"9780890968529"}]},{"reference":"Taaffe, Stephen R. (2013). Marshall and His Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1942-9. OCLC 840162019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1942-9","url_text":"978-0-7006-1942-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840162019","url_text":"840162019"}]},{"reference":"\"VOLUME_7_Cullum 992\".","urls":[{"url":"https://usmalibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16919coll3/id/23306","url_text":"\"VOLUME_7_Cullum 992\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of Lieutenant General Geoffrey Keyes (1888−1967), USA\". generals.dk.","urls":[{"url":"https://generals.dk/general/Keyes/Geoffrey/USA.html","url_text":"\"Biography of Lieutenant General Geoffrey Keyes (1888−1967), USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geoffrey Keyes, Combat Leader; Commanding General of 2d Corps in Italy Dies at 78\" (PDF). The New York Times. Associated Press. September 19, 1967. Retrieved August 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/09/19/93873795.pdf","url_text":"\"Geoffrey Keyes, Combat Leader; Commanding General of 2d Corps in Italy Dies at 78\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bloodyriverrealt00blum","external_links_name":"Bloody River: The Real Tragedy of the Rapido"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1020217216","external_links_name":"1020217216"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840162019","external_links_name":"840162019"},{"Link":"https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Patton_s_Tactician.html?id=w8mrEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&gboemv=1&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Patton_s_Tactician.html?id=w8mrEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&gboemv=1&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"},{"Link":"https://usmalibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16919coll3/id/23306","external_links_name":"\"VOLUME_7_Cullum 992\""},{"Link":"https://generals.dk/general/Keyes/Geoffrey/USA.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography of Lieutenant General Geoffrey Keyes (1888−1967), USA\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/09/19/93873795.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Geoffrey Keyes, Combat Leader; Commanding General of 2d Corps in Italy Dies at 78\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8346","external_links_name":"Geoffrey Keyes"},{"Link":"https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_K01.html#Keyes_G","external_links_name":"United States Army Officers 1939−1945"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/224047/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000027425333","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63068705","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhkK7DCXtggKcd6MGrbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1055645764","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87836417","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10571198","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w11nt7","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguchi_loss_function
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Taguchi loss function
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["1 Overview","2 See also","3 References"]
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The Taguchi loss function is graphical depiction of loss developed by the Japanese business statistician Genichi Taguchi to describe a phenomenon affecting the value of products produced by a company. Praised by Dr. W. Edwards Deming (the business guru of the 1980s American quality movement), it made clear the concept that quality does not suddenly plummet when, for instance, a machinist exceeds a rigid blueprint tolerance. Instead 'loss' in value progressively increases as variation increases from the intended condition. This was considered a breakthrough in describing quality, and helped fuel the continuous improvement movement.
The concept of Taguchi's quality loss function was in contrast with the American concept of quality, popularly known as goal post philosophy, the concept given by American quality guru Phil Crosby. Goal post philosophy emphasizes that if a product feature doesn't meet the designed specifications it is termed as a product of poor quality (rejected), irrespective of amount of deviation from the target value (mean value of tolerance zone). This concept has similarity with the concept of scoring a 'goal' in the game of football or hockey, because a goal is counted 'one' irrespective of the location of strike of the ball in the 'goal post', whether it is in the center or towards the corner. This means that if the product dimension goes out of the tolerance limit the quality of the product drops suddenly.
Through his concept of the quality loss function, Taguchi explained that from the customer's point of view this drop of quality is not sudden. The customer experiences a loss of quality the moment product specification deviates from the 'target value'. This 'loss' is depicted by a quality loss function and it follows a parabolic curve mathematically given by L = k(y–m)2, where m is the theoretical 'target value' or 'mean value' and y is the actual size of the product, k is a constant and L is the loss. This means that if the difference between 'actual size' and 'target value' i.e. (y–m) is large, loss would be more, irrespective of tolerance specifications. In Taguchi's view tolerance specifications are given by engineers and not by customers; what the customer experiences is 'loss'. This equation is true for a single product; if 'loss' is to be calculated for multiple products the loss function is given by L = k[S2 + (
y
¯
{\displaystyle {\bar {y}}}
– m)2], where S2 is the 'variance of product size' and
y
¯
{\displaystyle {\bar {y}}}
is the average product size.
Overview
The Taguchi loss function is important for a number of reasons—primarily, to help engineers better understand the importance of designing for variation.
See also
Taguchi methods
Taguchi also focus on Robust design of model.
References
^ Deming, W. Edwards (1993). The New Economics: For Industry, Government, Education. MIT Press. ISBN 0-911379-05-3.
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[{"title":"Taguchi methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguchi_methods"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_fatality
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Occupational fatality
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["1 Common causes of occupational fatality","2 Incidence","2.1 International differences","2.2 Gender differences","3 Diseases & illnesses","4 Prevention","5 Research, regulation, reporting and recommendations","5.1 United States","6 References","7 External links"]
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Death while performing a task
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
An occupational fatality is a death that occurs while a person is at work or performing work related tasks. Occupational fatalities are also commonly called "occupational deaths" or "work-related deaths/fatalities" and can occur in any industry or occupation.
Common causes of occupational fatality
Worldwide
Among the most prevalent occupational risk factors, the highest attributable deaths in 2016 were long working hours (>50 hours per week) with over 745,000 deaths. In second place was occupational exposure to particulate matter, gases and fumes at over 450,000 deaths, followed by occupational injuries at over 363,000 deaths. In fourth place was occupational exposure to asbestos at over 209,000 deaths and in fifth place occupational exposure to silica at over 42,000 deaths
Common causes of occupational fatalities include falls, machine-related incidents, motor vehicle accidents, exposure to harmful substances or environment, homicides, suicides, fires, and explosions. In 2021, 3.6 of every 100,000 full-time workers experienced a fatal workplace injury. Oftentimes, occupational fatalities can be prevented.
United States
In the United States in 2021, there were 5,190 workplace fatalities across all sectors. Of these 5,190 fatalities 42% of occupational fatalities occurred as a result of roadway incidents, 16% occurred following a slip, trip, or fall in the workplace, 9% were the result of a homicide. Logging workers have the highest fatality rate with 82.2 of every 100,000 full-time workers experiencing a fatal workplace injury, followed by fishing and hunting workers with 75.2 of every 100,000 full-time workers experiencing a fatal workplace injury.
Fatal work injury rates per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers by selected occupations from 2020 to 2021.
Fatal work injuries by major event or exposure from 2017 to 2021.
Incidence
Worldwide
Data on the number of occupational fatalities per 100,000 workers is available from the International Labor Organization for various countries; the ILO says for most countries the rate is less than ten per 100,000 each year. However, a 1999 paper says the ILO figures are underestimates—for example the agricultural sector, which has a higher than average fatality rate, is not reported by many countries. The paper estimates that the number of fatal occupational accidents in the world in 1994 was 335,000, or 14 per 100,000 workers. The paper also estimated there were 158,000 fatalities commuting between work and home; and 325,000 fatal occupational diseases; for a total of 818,000 fatalities.
International differences
According to statistics from the International Labour Organization occupational fatalities per 100,000 workers ranges from 0.1 to 25, with a worldwide average of 4.0 per every 100,000 workers. Panama and El Salvador have the lowest occupational fatality rates at 0.2 and 0.1 per 100,000 respectively. The country of the highest occupational fatality rate is Cuba at 25 per every 100,000 workers. Followed by Burudi and Egypt at 13.8 and 10.7 per 100,000 respectively. The World Health Organization and International Labour Organization estimate that over 1.9 million people died as a result of work-related injures and diseases in 2016. 81% of these deaths are contributed to a variety of non-communicable diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, and ischemic heart disease accounting for 1.2 million deaths. Over the course of 16 years (2000–2016) international workplace deaths fell by 14%. During the same period heart disease related deaths associated with long working hours increased by 41%.
Gender differences
According to Bureau of Labor Statistics men made up 91.4 percent of all workplace fatalities and 85.5 percent of intentional injuries by a person in 2021. In European Union men made up 92.5 percent of all workplace fatalities in 2020 and 66.5 percent of all injuries that required 4 or more days of absence.
Occupational Fatality per 100'000 workers by sex -- Americas, Africa, Arab States, Asia and the Pacific
Occupational Fatality per 100'000 workers by sex -- Europe and Central Asia
Diseases & illnesses
According to the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000-2016: Global Monitoring Report, the majority of work-related deaths were due to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. We may not realize it but there are many workplaces in the world that are full of harmful products for people to inhale them. When this occurs, it leads to various diseases and illnesses that are fatal to humans.
According to the World Health Organization, they found that diseases that are non-communicable accounted for the majority of occupational fatalities. The actual percentage is said to be 81 percent. Some of the largest causes of death are things like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that accounted for 450,00 deaths. Strokes accounted for 400,000 deaths and ischaemic heart disease was 350,000 deaths. The remaining 19 percent of deaths were related to occupational injuries that tallied to 360,000 deaths. The WHO did many studies and realized that there are many factors and reasons for these illnesses to be so prevalent. Most of them strictly come from being exposed in the workplace to things such as carcinogens, air pollution, asthmagens, and many more. Many of these deaths come from being exposed for long periods of time due to long work days.
Prevention
Occupational fatalities are preventable. Prevention of occupational fatalities depends on the understanding that worker safety is not only the responsibility of the worker, but is the primary responsibility of the employer. Employers must train all employees in the appropriate safety procedures and maintain a safe working environment so that fatalities are less likely to occur. An occupational fatality is not just the fault of the deceased worker; instead, it is the combination of unsafe work environments, insufficient safety training, and negligible employee supervision that contribute fatal incidents. As a result, it is imperative that an employer address all the potential factors at the workplace and educate all employees in safe work practices and risk awareness.
In order to perform adequate risk assessment of injuries that occur in the workplace, health and safety professionals use resources such as the Haddon Matrix. This model assesses the risks leading up to, during, and after a death in order to prevent future incidents of a similar nature. Employers and employees can learn how to identify risk factors in their work environment in order to avoid incidents that may result in death.
Research, regulation, reporting and recommendations
United States
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that all employers maintain a record of occupational injuries, illnesses and fatalities. Occupational fatalities must be reported to OSHA within eight hours of the incident. Failure to do so can result in legal action against the employer including citations and fines. Employers are responsible for staying current on OSHA standards and enforcing them in their own workplace. State OSHA organizations exist in twenty-eight states and are required to have the same or more rigorous standards than the federal OSHA standards. In these states, employers must abide by their state's regulations. It is not the responsibility of the employee to stay current on the OSHA standards.
In addition to OSHA, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) analyzes workplace injury and illness data from all fifty states as well as provides support for state-based projects in occupational health and safety. Under NIOSH, the Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program tracks and investigates occupational fatalities in order to provide recommendations for prevention. A voluntary program for individual states created in 1989, FACE is active in California, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, and Washington. The primary responsibilities of the state FACE programs are to track occupational fatalities in their state, investigate select fatalities, and provide recommendations for prevention. As part of the prevention efforts, FACE programs also produce extensive prevention education materials that are disseminated to employees, employers, unions, and state organizations.
The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), within the U.S. Department of Labor, compiles national fatality statistics and is the key, comprehensive system in the surveillance of occupational fatalities in the United States.
Many other non-governmental organizations also work to prevent occupational fatalities. Trade associations and unions play an active role in protecting workers and disseminating prevention information. The National Safety Council also works to prevent occupational fatalities as well as provide resources to employers and employees.
References
^ "WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000–2016" (PDF).
^ a b c d "National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2021" (PDF). Bureau of Labor Statistics. 16 December 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
^ "IIF Latest Numbers : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
^ Jukka Takala, 1999. "Global Estimates of Fatal Occupational Accidents", Epidemiology, Vol. 10 No. 5 (September)
^ "Statistics on safety and health at work". ILOSTAT. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
^ a b "WHO/ILO: Almost 2 million people die from work-related causes each year". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
^ Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary, 2021
^ Accidents at work by sex, age, severity, NACE Rev. 2 activity and workstation
^ "COVID-19 and the new meaning of safety and health at work". ILOSTAT. 2020-04-30. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
^ "OSH Act 1970 - Section 5 Duties". United States Department of Labor. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via OSHA.
^ "OSH Act of 1970 - Section 17 Penalties". United States Department of Labor. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via OSHA.
^ "CDC - Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation(FACE)Program: FACE Mission, History, and Objectives - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic". www.cdc.gov. 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
External links
World Health Organization Occupational Health Programmes
International Labour Organization
British Health and Safety Executive
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
Australian Safety and Compensation Council
USA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
USA National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
USA Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program
Washington State Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (WA FACE) Program
USA Census of Fatal Occupational Injury (CFOI)
National Safety Council
AFL-CIO
California Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (CA FACE)
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List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
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Make-work job
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See also templates
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vteAspects of occupations
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See also templates
Aspects of corporations
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Occupational fatalities are also commonly called \"occupational deaths\" or \"work-related deaths/fatalities\" and can occur in any industry or occupation.","title":"Occupational fatality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"homicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide"},{"link_name":"suicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"WorldwideAmong the most prevalent occupational risk factors, the highest attributable deaths in 2016 were long working hours (>50 hours per week) with over 745,000 deaths. In second place was occupational exposure to particulate matter, gases and fumes at over 450,000 deaths, followed by occupational injuries at over 363,000 deaths. In fourth place was occupational exposure to asbestos at over 209,000 deaths and in fifth place occupational exposure to silica at over 42,000 deaths [1]Common causes of occupational fatalities include falls, machine-related incidents, motor vehicle accidents, exposure to harmful substances or environment, homicides, suicides, fires, and explosions. In 2021, 3.6 of every 100,000 full-time workers experienced a fatal workplace injury.[2] Oftentimes, occupational fatalities can be prevented.United StatesIn the United States in 2021, there were 5,190 workplace fatalities across all sectors. Of these 5,190 fatalities 42% of occupational fatalities occurred as a result of roadway incidents, 16% occurred following a slip, trip, or fall in the workplace, 9% were the result of a homicide.[3] Logging workers have the highest fatality rate with 82.2 of every 100,000 full-time workers experiencing a fatal workplace injury, followed by fishing and hunting workers with 75.2 of every 100,000 full-time workers experiencing a fatal workplace injury.[2]","title":"Common causes of occupational fatality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"available","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ilostat.ilo.org/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jukka_takala-4"}],"text":"WorldwideData on the number of occupational fatalities per 100,000 workers is available from the International Labor Organization for various countries; the ILO says for most countries the rate is less than ten per 100,000 each year. However, a 1999 paper says the ILO figures are underestimates—for example the agricultural sector, which has a higher than average fatality rate, is not reported by many countries. The paper estimates that the number of fatal occupational accidents in the world in 1994 was 335,000, or 14 per 100,000 workers. The paper also estimated there were 158,000 fatalities commuting between work and home; and 325,000 fatal occupational diseases; for a total of 818,000 fatalities.[4]","title":"Incidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"sub_title":"International differences","text":"According to statistics from the International Labour Organization occupational fatalities per 100,000 workers ranges from 0.1 to 25, with a worldwide average of 4.0 per every 100,000 workers. Panama and El Salvador have the lowest occupational fatality rates at 0.2 and 0.1 per 100,000 respectively. The country of the highest occupational fatality rate is Cuba at 25 per every 100,000 workers. Followed by Burudi and Egypt at 13.8 and 10.7 per 100,000 respectively.[5] The World Health Organization and International Labour Organization estimate that over 1.9 million people died as a result of work-related injures and diseases in 2016. 81% of these deaths are contributed to a variety of non-communicable diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, and ischemic heart disease accounting for 1.2 million deaths. Over the course of 16 years (2000–2016) international workplace deaths fell by 14%. During the same period heart disease related deaths associated with long working hours increased by 41%.[6]","title":"Incidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fatal_by_Sex_1.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fatal_by_Sex_2.png"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Gender differences","text":"According to Bureau of Labor Statistics men made up 91.4 percent of all workplace fatalities and 85.5 percent of intentional injuries by a person in 2021.[7] In European Union men made up 92.5 percent of all workplace fatalities in 2020 and 66.5 percent of all injuries that required 4 or more days of absence.[8]Occupational Fatality per 100'000 workers by sex -- Americas, Africa, Arab States, Asia and the Pacific\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOccupational Fatality per 100'000 workers by sex -- Europe and Central Asia[9]","title":"Incidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000-2016: Global Monitoring Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.who.int/news/item/17-09-2021-who-ilo-almost-2-million-people-die-from-work-related-causes-each-year"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"text":"According to the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000-2016: Global Monitoring Report, the majority of work-related deaths were due to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. We may not realize it but there are many workplaces in the world that are full of harmful products for people to inhale them. When this occurs, it leads to various diseases and illnesses that are fatal to humans.According to the World Health Organization, they found that diseases that are non-communicable accounted for the majority of occupational fatalities. The actual percentage is said to be 81 percent. Some of the largest causes of death are things like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that accounted for 450,00 deaths. Strokes accounted for 400,000 deaths and ischaemic heart disease was 350,000 deaths. The remaining 19 percent of deaths were related to occupational injuries that tallied to 360,000 deaths. The WHO did many studies and realized that there are many factors and reasons for these illnesses to be so prevalent. Most of them strictly come from being exposed in the workplace to things such as carcinogens, air pollution, asthmagens, and many more. Many of these deaths come from being exposed for long periods of time due to long work days.[6]","title":"Diseases & illnesses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Haddon Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddon_Matrix"}],"text":"Occupational fatalities are preventable. Prevention of occupational fatalities depends on the understanding that worker safety is not only the responsibility of the worker, but is the primary responsibility of the employer. Employers must train all employees in the appropriate safety procedures and maintain a safe working environment so that fatalities are less likely to occur.[10] An occupational fatality is not just the fault of the deceased worker; instead, it is the combination of unsafe work environments, insufficient safety training, and negligible employee supervision that contribute fatal incidents. As a result, it is imperative that an employer address all the potential [risk] factors at the workplace and educate all employees in safe work practices and risk awareness.In order to perform adequate risk assessment of injuries that occur in the workplace, health and safety professionals use resources such as the Haddon Matrix. This model assesses the risks leading up to, during, and after a death in order to prevent future incidents of a similar nature. Employers and employees can learn how to identify risk factors in their work environment in order to avoid incidents that may result in death.","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Research, regulation, reporting and recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health"},{"link_name":"Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatality_Assessment_and_Control_Evaluation_(FACE)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_Fatal_Occupational_Injuries"},{"link_name":"Department of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"Trade associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_trade_group"},{"link_name":"National Safety Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Safety_Council"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that all employers maintain a record of occupational injuries, illnesses and fatalities. Occupational fatalities must be reported to OSHA within eight hours of the incident. Failure to do so can result in legal action against the employer including citations and fines.[11] Employers are responsible for staying current on OSHA standards and enforcing them in their own workplace. State OSHA organizations exist in twenty-eight states and are required to have the same or more rigorous standards than the federal OSHA standards. In these states, employers must abide by their state's regulations. It is not the responsibility of the employee to stay current on the OSHA standards.In addition to OSHA, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) analyzes workplace injury and illness data from all fifty states as well as provides support for state-based projects in occupational health and safety. Under NIOSH, the Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program tracks and investigates occupational fatalities in order to provide recommendations for prevention. A voluntary program for individual states created in 1989, FACE is active in California, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, and Washington. The primary responsibilities of the state FACE programs are to track occupational fatalities in their state, investigate select fatalities, and provide recommendations for prevention.[12] As part of the prevention efforts, FACE programs also produce extensive prevention education materials that are disseminated to employees, employers, unions, and state organizations.The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), within the U.S. Department of Labor, compiles national fatality statistics and is the key, comprehensive system in the surveillance of occupational fatalities in the United States.Many other non-governmental organizations also work to prevent occupational fatalities. Trade associations and unions play an active role in protecting workers and disseminating prevention information. The National Safety Council also works to prevent occupational fatalities as well as provide resources to employers and employees.","title":"Research, regulation, reporting and recommendations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Fatal work injury rates per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers by selected occupations from 2020 to 2021.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fatalinjuriesbyoccupation%2C2020-21.png/220px-Fatalinjuriesbyoccupation%2C2020-21.png"},{"image_text":"Fatal work injuries by major event or exposure from 2017 to 2021.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fatalitiesbyevent2017-2021.png/220px-Fatalitiesbyevent2017-2021.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000–2016\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/345242/9789240034945-eng.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"\"WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000–2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2021\" (PDF). Bureau of Labor Statistics. 16 December 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/cfoi.pdf","url_text":"\"National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"IIF Latest Numbers : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics\". www.bls.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bls.gov/iif/latest-numbers.htm","url_text":"\"IIF Latest Numbers : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics on safety and health at work\". ILOSTAT. Retrieved 2023-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/","url_text":"\"Statistics on safety and health at work\""}]},{"reference":"\"WHO/ILO: Almost 2 million people die from work-related causes each year\". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/news/item/17-09-2021-who-ilo-almost-2-million-people-die-from-work-related-causes-each-year","url_text":"\"WHO/ILO: Almost 2 million people die from work-related causes each year\""}]},{"reference":"\"COVID-19 and the new meaning of safety and health at work\". ILOSTAT. 2020-04-30. Retrieved 2023-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://ilostat.ilo.org/covid-19-and-the-new-meaning-of-safety-and-health-at-work/","url_text":"\"COVID-19 and the new meaning of safety and health at work\""}]},{"reference":"\"OSH Act 1970 - Section 5 Duties\". United States Department of Labor. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via OSHA.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/oshact/completeoshact","url_text":"\"OSH Act 1970 - Section 5 Duties\""}]},{"reference":"\"OSH Act of 1970 - Section 17 Penalties\". United States Department of Labor. Retrieved March 28, 2023 – via OSHA.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/oshact/completeoshact","url_text":"\"OSH Act of 1970 - Section 17 Penalties\""}]},{"reference":"\"CDC - Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation(FACE)Program: FACE Mission, History, and Objectives - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic\". www.cdc.gov. 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2020-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/brochure.html","url_text":"\"CDC - Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation(FACE)Program: FACE Mission, History, and Objectives - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupational_fatality&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/","external_links_name":"available"},{"Link":"https://www.who.int/news/item/17-09-2021-who-ilo-almost-2-million-people-die-from-work-related-causes-each-year","external_links_name":"WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000-2016: Global Monitoring Report"},{"Link":"https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/345242/9789240034945-eng.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"\"WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000–2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/cfoi.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.bls.gov/iif/latest-numbers.htm","external_links_name":"\"IIF Latest Numbers : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/methods/en/takala.pdf","external_links_name":"Epidemiology, Vol. 10 No. 5 (September)"},{"Link":"https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/","external_links_name":"\"Statistics on safety and health at work\""},{"Link":"https://www.who.int/news/item/17-09-2021-who-ilo-almost-2-million-people-die-from-work-related-causes-each-year","external_links_name":"\"WHO/ILO: Almost 2 million people die from work-related causes each year\""},{"Link":"https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm","external_links_name":"Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary, 2021"},{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/explore/all/popul?lang=en&subtheme=hlth.hsw.hsw_acc_work.hsw_ph3&display=list&sort=category&extractionId=HSW_PH3_01","external_links_name":"Accidents at work by sex, age, severity, NACE Rev. 2 activity and workstation"},{"Link":"https://ilostat.ilo.org/covid-19-and-the-new-meaning-of-safety-and-health-at-work/","external_links_name":"\"COVID-19 and the new meaning of safety and health at work\""},{"Link":"https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/oshact/completeoshact","external_links_name":"\"OSH Act 1970 - Section 5 Duties\""},{"Link":"https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/oshact/completeoshact","external_links_name":"\"OSH Act of 1970 - Section 17 Penalties\""},{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/brochure.html","external_links_name":"\"CDC - Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation(FACE)Program: FACE Mission, History, and Objectives - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic\""},{"Link":"https://www.who.int/topics/occupational_health/en/","external_links_name":"World Health Organization Occupational Health Programmes"},{"Link":"http://www.ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm","external_links_name":"International Labour Organization"},{"Link":"http://www.hse.gov.uk/index/htm","external_links_name":"British Health and Safety Executive"},{"Link":"http://www.ccohs.ca/","external_links_name":"Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety"},{"Link":"http://www.ascc.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Australian Safety and Compensation Council"},{"Link":"https://www.osha.gov/","external_links_name":"USA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)"},{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/","external_links_name":"USA National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)"},{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/default.html","external_links_name":"USA Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program"},{"Link":"http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/FACE/default.asp","external_links_name":"Washington State Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (WA FACE) Program"},{"Link":"http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.toc.htm","external_links_name":"USA Census of Fatal Occupational Injury (CFOI)"},{"Link":"http://www.nsc.org/","external_links_name":"National Safety Council"},{"Link":"http://www.aflcio.org/","external_links_name":"AFL-CIO"},{"Link":"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/ohb-face/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"California Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (CA FACE)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Edenton
|
List of former United States district courts
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["1 Alabama","2 Arkansas","3 California","4 Florida","5 Georgia","6 Illinois","7 Indiana","8 Iowa","9 Kentucky","10 Louisiana","11 Michigan","12 Mississippi","13 Missouri","14 New Jersey","15 New York","16 North Carolina","17 Ohio","18 Pennsylvania","19 South Carolina","20 Tennessee","21 Texas","22 Virginia","23 Washington","24 West Virginia","25 Wisconsin","26 See also","27 References"]
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The following are former United States district courts, which ceased to exist because they were subdivided into smaller units. With the exception of California, each of these courts initially covered an entire U.S. state, and was subdivided as the jurisdictions which they covered increased in population. Two of the district courts—those of South Carolina and New Jersey—were subdivided but later recreated. Every change to the divisions and boundaries of these courts is effected by an act of the United States Congress, and for each such action, the statutory reference is identified.
Alabama
The United States District Court for the District of Alabama was created on April 21, 1820, by 3 Stat. 564. It was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on March 10, 1824, by 4 Stat. 9. The Middle District was subsequently formed from parts of these two districts on February 6, 1839, by 5 Stat. 315, with legislation specifying that the Middle District Court was to be held at Tuscaloosa, the Northern District Court at Huntsville, and the Southern District Court at Mobile. The Districts were reorganized on August 7, 1848. Only one judge was ever appointed to the District of Alabama.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Charles Tait
AL
1768–1835
1820–1824
—
—
Monroe
reassignment to N.D. Ala. and S.D. Ala.
Seat 1
Seat established on April 21, 1820 by 3 Stat. 564
Tait
1820–1824
Seat reassigned to Northern and Southern Districts on March 10, 1824 by 4 Stat. 9
Arkansas
Arkansas, originally part of the Louisiana Purchase, became part of the Missouri Territory in 1812, when Louisiana became a state. When Missouri became a state in 1819, a territorial government, including a territorial court, was organized for Arkansas, taking effect on July 4, 1819. The United States District Court for the District of Arkansas was established with a single judge when Arkansas became a state, on June 15, 1836, by 5 Stat. 50, 51. The court was subdivided into Eastern and the Western Districts on March 3, 1851, by 9 Stat. 594.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Benjamin Johnson
AR
1784–1849
1836–1849
—
—
Jackson
death
2
Daniel Ringo
AR
1803–1873
1849–1851
—
—
Taylor
reassignment to E.D. Ark. and W.D. Ark.
Seat 1
Seat established on June 15, 1836 by 5 Stat. 50
Johnson
1836–1849
Ringo
1849–1851
Seat reassigned to Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1851 by 9 Stat. 594
California
The United States District Court for the District of California existed from 1866 to 1886. California was admitted as a state on September 9, 1850, and was initially divided into two districts, the Northern and the Southern, by Act of Congress approved September 28 9 Stat. 521. The boundary line was at the 37th parallel north. The creating act provided that:
In addition to the ordinary jurisdiction and powers of a District Court of the United States, with which the Southern District Court of New York has been invested, the said Courts be and hereby are invested respectively within the limits of its district with the exercise of concurrent jurisdiction and power in all civil cases now exercised by the Circuit Courts of the United States; and that in all cases where said Courts shall exercise such jurisdiction, appeals may be taken from the judgments, orders or decrees of said Courts to the Supreme Court of the United States.
On February 27, 1851, President Millard Fillmore appointed Ogden Hoffman Jr., as the judge presiding over the Northern District. The Act of August 31, 1852, made the Judge of the Northern District be Judge of the Southern District as well until otherwise provided, by 10 Stat. 76, 84, effectively creating a single District in all but name until an Act of January 18, 1854 provided for the appointment of a Judge for the Southern District. The Southern District of California was abolished and the State made to constitute one district by Act of Congress approved July 27, 1866, 14 Stat. 300.
Twenty years later, on August 5, 1886, Congress re-created the Southern District of California (and, by extension, the Northern District) by 24 Stat. 308. Hoffman, who had continued serving as the sole district judge, again became judge of the Northern district only, there continuing in service for five more years. Erskine Mayo Ross was appointed Judge of the new Southern District and served until his promotion to the Circuit Judgeship, when he was succeeded by Olin Wellborn.
On March 18, 1966, the Eastern and Central Districts were created from portions of the Northern and Southern Districts by 80 Stat. 75.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Ogden Hoffman Jr.
CA
1822–1891
1866–1886
—
—
Fillmore / Operation of law
reassignment to N.D. Cal.
Seat 1
Seat established on July 27, 1866 by 14 Stat. 300
Hoffman, Jr.
1866–1886
Seat reassigned to Northern District on August 5, 1886 by 24 Stat. 308
Florida
On the same day that Florida was admitted as a state, March 3, 1845, Congress enacted legislation creating the United States District Court for the District of Florida, 5 Stat. 788. On February 23, 1847, 9 Stat. 131 divided the jurisdiction of this court between the Northern District and a Southern District Courts with the boundary between as:
hat part of the State of Florida lying south of a line drawn due east and west from the northern point of Charlotte Harbor, including the islands, keys, reefs, shoals, harbors, bays and inlets, south of said line, shall be erected into a new judicial district, to be called the Southern District of Florida; a District Court shall be held in said Southern District, to consist of one judge, who shall reside at Key West, in said district...
The same statute directed the Northern District to hold court at Apalachicola, Florida, and Pensacola, Florida.
On July 30, 1962, the Middle District was created from portions of the other districts by 76 Stat. 247.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Isaac H. Bronson
FL
1802–1855
1846–1847
—
—
Polk
reassignment to N.D. Fla.
Seat 1
Seat established on March 3, 1845 by 5 Stat. 788
Bronson
1846–1847
Seat reassigned to Northern District on February 23, 1847 by 9 Stat. 131
Georgia
The United States District Court for the District of Georgia was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on August 11, 1848, by 9 Stat. 280. The Middle District was formed from portions of those two Districts on May 28, 1926, by 44 Stat. 670.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Nathaniel Pendleton
GA
1756–1821
1789–1796
—
—
Washington
resignation
2
Joseph Clay Jr.
GA
1764–1811
1796–1801
—
—
Washington
resignation
3
William Stephens
GA
1752–1819
1801–1818
—
—
Jefferson
resignation
4
William Davies
GA
1775–1829
1819–1821
—
—
Monroe
resignation
5
Jeremiah La Touche Cuyler
GA
1768–1839
1821–1839
—
—
Monroe
death
6
John Cochran Nicoll
GA
1793–1863
1839–1848
—
—
Van Buren
reassignment to N.D. Ga. and S.D. Ga.
Seat 1
Seat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73
Pendleton
1789–1796
Clay
1796–1801
Stephens
1801–1818
Davies
1819–1821
Cuyler
1821–1839
Nicoll
1839–1848
Seat reassigned to Northern and Southern Districts on August 11, 1848 by 9 Stat. 280
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Georgia
Illinois
Map of the changing Districts of Illinois.
The United States District Court for the District of Illinois was established by a statute passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1819, 3 Stat. 502. The act established a single office for a judge to preside over the court. Initially, the court was not within any existing judicial circuit, and appeals from the court were taken directly to the United States Supreme Court. In 1837, Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, placing it in Chicago, Illinois and giving it jurisdiction over the District of Illinois, 5 Stat. 176. The District itself was eliminated by a statute passed on February 13, 1855, 10 Stat. 606, under which it was subdivided into the Northern and the Southern Districts. The boundaries of the District and the seats of the courts were set forth in the statute:
The counties of Hancock, McDonough, Peoria, Woodford, Livingston, and Iroquois, and all the counties in the said State north of them, shall compose one district, to be called the northern district of Illinois, and courts shall be held for the said district at the city of Chicago; and the residue of the counties of the said State shall compose another district, to be called the southern district of Illinois, and courts shall be held for the same at the city of Springfield.
The district has since been re-organized several times. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois was created on March 3, 1905, by 33 Stat. 992, by splitting counties out of the Northern and Southern Districts. It was later eliminated in a reorganization on October 2, 1978, which replaced it with a Central District, 92 Stat. 883, also formed from parts of the Northern and Southern Districts.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Nathaniel Pope
IL
1784–1850
1819–1850
—
—
Monroe
death
2
Thomas Drummond
IL
1809–1890
1850–1855
—
—
Taylor
reassignment to N.D. Ill.
Seat 1
Seat established on March 3, 1819 by 3 Stat. 502
Pope
1819–1850
Drummond
1850–1855
Seat reassigned to Northern District on February 13, 1855 by 10 Stat. 606
Indiana
The United States District Court for the District of Indiana was established on March 3, 1817, by 3 Stat. 390. The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on April 21, 1928, by 45 Stat. 437. Of all district courts that have been subdivided, Indiana existed for the longest time as a single court, 111 years.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Benjamin Parke
IN
1777–1835
1817–1835
—
—
Monroe
death
2
Jesse Lynch Holman
IN
1784–1842
1835–1842
—
—
Jackson
death
3
Elisha Mills Huntington
IN
1806–1862
1842–1862
—
—
Tyler
death
4
Caleb Blood Smith
IN
1808–1864
1862–1864
—
—
Lincoln
death
5
Albert Smith White
IN
1803–1864
1864
—
—
Lincoln
death
6
David McDonald
IN
1803–1869
1864–1869
—
—
Lincoln
death
7
Walter Q. Gresham
IN
1832–1895
1869–1883
—
—
Grant
resignation
8
William Allen Woods
IN
1837–1901
1883–1892
—
—
Arthur
elevation to 7th Cir.
9
John Baker
IN
1832–1915
1892–1902
—
—
B. Harrison
retirement
10
Albert B. Anderson
IN
1857–1938
1902–1925
—
—
T. Roosevelt
elevation to 7th Cir.
11
Robert C. Baltzell
IN
1879–1950
1925–1928
—
—
Coolidge
reassignment to S.D. Ind.
12
Thomas Whitten Slick
IN
1869–1959
1925–1928
—
—
Coolidge
reassignment to N.D. Ind.
Seat 1
Seat established on March 3, 1817 by 3 Stat. 390
Parke
1817–1835
Holman
1835–1842
Huntington
1842–1862
Smith
1862–1864
White
1864
McDonald
1864–1869
Gresham
1869–1883
Woods
1883–1892
Baker
1892–1902
Anderson
1902–1925
Baltzell
1925–1928
Seat reassigned to Southern District on April 21, 1928 by 45 Stat. 437
Seat 2
Seat established on January 16, 1925 by 43 Stat. 751
Slick
1925–1928
Seat reassigned to Northern District on April 21, 1928 by 45 Stat. 437
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Indiana
Iowa
The United States District Court for the District of Iowa was established on March 3, 1845, by 5 Stat. 789. The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on July 20, 1882, by 22 Stat. 172.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
John James Dyer
IA
1809–1855
1847–1855
—
—
Polk
death
2
James M. Love
IA
1820–1891
1855–1882
—
—
Pierce
reassignment to S.D. Iowa
Seat 1
Seat established on March 3, 1845 by 5 Stat. 789
Dyer
1847–1855
Love
1855–1882
Seat reassigned to Southern District on July 20, 1882 by 22 Stat. 172
Kentucky
The United States District Court for the District of Kentucky was part of one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. At the time, Kentucky was not yet a state, but was within the territory of the state of Virginia. The District was unchanged when Kentucky became a state on June 1, 1792. On February 13, 1801, the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, abolished the U.S. district court in Kentucky, but the repeal of this Act restored the District on March 8, 1802, 2 Stat. 132. The District was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 12, 1901, by 31 Stat. 781.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Harry Innes
KY
1752–1816
1789–1816
—
—
Washington
death
2
Robert Trimble
KY
1776–1828
1817–1826
—
—
Madison
elevation to Supreme Court
3
John Boyle
KY
1774–1834
1826–1834
—
—
J.Q. Adams
death
4
Thomas Bell Monroe
KY
1791–1865
1834–1861
—
—
Jackson
resignation
5
Bland Ballard
KY
1819–1879
1861–1879
—
—
Lincoln
death
6
William Hercules Hays
KY
1820–1880
1879–1880
—
—
Hayes
death
7
John W. Barr
KY
1826–1907
1880–1899
—
—
Hayes
retirement
8
Walter Evans
KY
1842–1923
1899–1901
—
—
McKinley
reassignment to W.D. Ky.
Seat 1
Seat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73
Innes
1789–1816
Trimble
1817–1826
Boyle
1826–1834
Monroe
1834–1861
Ballard
1861–1879
Hays
1879–1880
Barr
1880–1899
Evans
1899–1901
Seat reassigned to Western District on July 1, 1901 by 31 Stat. 781
Louisiana
On March 26, 1804, Congress organized the Territory of Orleans and created the United States District Court for the District of Orleans – the first time Congress provided a territory with a district court equal in its authority and jurisdiction to those of the states. The United States District Court for the District of Louisiana was established on April 8, 1812, by 2 Stat. 701, several weeks before Louisiana was formally admitted as a state of the union. The District was thereafter subdivided and reformed several times. It was first subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1823, by 3 Stat. 774.
On February 13, 1845, Louisiana was reorganized into a single District with one judgeship, by 5 Stat. 722, but was again divided into Eastern and the Western Districts on March 3, 1849, by 9 Stat. 401. Congress again abolished the Western District of Louisiana and reorganized Louisiana as a single judicial district on July 27, 1866, by 14 Stat. 300. On March 3, 1881, by 21 Stat. 507, Louisiana was for a third time divided into Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized for each. The Middle District was formed from portions of those two Districts on December 18, 1971, by 85 Stat. 741.
During the course of its frequent subdivisions and reunifications, four judges served as judge of the District of Louisiana: Dominic Augustin Hall, (1812–1820), John Dick, (1821–1823), Theodore Howard McCaleb (1845–1849), and Edward Henry Durell (1866–1874). Hall was appointed to the District of Louisiana twice. He briefly resigned from the District Court to serve as a Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court. He was shortly thereafter reappointed to the same seat on the District Court, which had remained vacant in his absence.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Dominic Augustin Hall
LA
1765–1820
1812–18131813–1820
—
—
Madison Madison
resignationdeath
2
John Dick
LA
1788–1824
1820–1823
—
—
Monroe
reassignment to E.D. La. and W.D. La.
3
Theodore Howard McCaleb
LA
1810–1864
1845–1849
—
—
Tyler/Operation of law
reassignment to E.D. La.
4
Edward Henry Durell
LA
1810–1887
1866–1874
—
—
Lincoln/Operation of law
resignation
5
Edward Coke Billings
LA
1829–1893
1876–1881
—
—
Grant
reassignment to E.D. La.
Seat 1
Seat established on April 8, 1812 by 2 Stat. 701
Hall
1812–1813
Hall
1813–1820
Dick
1821–1823
Seat reassigned to Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1823 by 3 Stat. 774
Seat reassigned from Eastern and Western Districts on February 13, 1845 by 5 Stat. 772
McCaleb
1845–1849
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on March 3, 1849 by 9 Stat. 401
Seat reassigned from Eastern District on July 27, 1866 by 14 Stat. 300
Durell
1866–1874
Billings
1876–1881
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on March 3, 1881 by 21 Stat. 507
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Louisiana
Michigan
The United States District Court for the District of Michigan was established on July 1, 1836, by 5 Stat. 61, with a single judgeship. The district court was not assigned to a judicial circuit, but was granted the same jurisdiction as United States circuit courts, except in appeals and writs of error, which were the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Due to the so-called "Toledo War", a boundary dispute with Ohio, Michigan did not become a state of the Union until January 26, 1837. On March 3, 1837, Congress passed an act that repealed the circuit court jurisdiction of the U.S. District Court for the District of Michigan, assigned the District of Michigan to the Seventh Circuit, and established a U.S. circuit court for the district, 5 Stat. 176.
On July 15, 1862, Congress reorganized the circuits and assigned Michigan to the Eighth Circuit by 12 Stat. 576, and on January 28, 1863, the Congress again reorganized the Seventh and Eight Circuits and assigned Michigan to the Seventh Circuit, by 12 Stat. 637. On February 24, 1863, Congress divided the District of Michigan into the Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized for each district, by 12 Stat. 660.
Ross Wilkins was the only district judge to serve the District of Michigan. He was nominated by President Andrew Jackson on July 2, 1836, to the newly created seat, and was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 2, 1836. He received his commission on January 26, 1837. Upon termination of the District of Michigan, Wilkins was reassigned to the Eastern District of Michigan.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Ross Wilkins
MI
1799–1872
1837–1863
—
—
Jackson
reassignment to E.D. Mich.
Seat 1
Seat established on July 1, 1836 by 5 Stat. 61
Wilkins
1837–1863
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on February 24, 1863 by 12 Stat. 660
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Michigan
Mississippi
The United States District Court for the District of Mississippi was established on April 3, 1818, by 3 Stat. 413. It existed for over twenty years, and was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on June 18, 1838, by 5 Stat. 247:
The State of Mississippi, at the date of the act of March 3, 1837... constituted one district, in which the District Court was invested with the powers of a Circuit Court. By that act the extraordinary jurisdiction of the District Court was abrogated. But by the acts of June 18, 1838, and of February 16, 1839, the district of Mississippi was divided into two districts, the Northern and Southern; and by the latter act the powers of a Circuit Court were conferred on the District Court for the Northern District.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
William Bayard Shields
MS
1780–1823
1818–1823
—
—
Monroe
death
2
Peter Randolph
MS
1779–1832
1823–1832
—
—
Monroe
death
3
Powhatan Ellis
MS
1790–1863
1832–1836
—
—
Jackson
resignation
4
George Adams
MS
1784–1844
1836–1858
—
—
Jackson
reassignment to N.D. Miss. and S.D. Miss.
Seat 1
Seat established on April 3, 1818 by 3 Stat. 413
Shields
1818–1823
Randolph
1823–1832
Ellis
1832–1836
Adams
1836–1838
Seat reassigned to Northern and Southern Districts on June 18, 1838 by 5 Stat. 247
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Mississippi
Missouri
The United States District Court for the District of Missouri was established on March 16, 1822, by 3 Stat. 653. However, an act of Congress passed in 1845 and upheld by the United States Supreme Court in 1851, extending federal admiralty jurisdiction to inland waterways, resulted in a substantial increase in the number of admiralty cases arising from traffic on the Mississippi River. These disputes involved "contracts of affreightment, collisions, mariners' wages, and other causes of admiralty jurisdiction", and litigants of matters arising in the port city of St. Louis found it inconvenient to travel far inland to Jefferson City for their cases to be tried. The District was therefore subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1857, by 11 Stat. 197.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
James H. Peck
MO
1790–1836
1822–1836
—
—
Monroe
death
2
Robert William Wells
MO
1795–1864
1836–1857
—
—
Jackson
reassignment to W.D. Mo.
Seat 1
Seat established on March 16, 1822 by 3 Stat. 653
Peck
1822–1836
Wells
1836–1857
Seat reassigned to Western District on March 3, 1857 by 11 Stat. 197
New Jersey
The United States District Court for the District of New Jersey was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. The District was subdivided into the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New Jersey and the United States District Court for the Western District of New Jersey on February 13, 1801, by the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, with the judicial districts being headquartered in New Brunswick and Burlington, respectively. The repeal of the 1801 Act on March 8, 1802, by 2 Stat. 132, restored New Jersey as a single judicial district. The only judge to serve on the briefly subdivided courts was Robert Morris, who had begun serving as a recess appointment to the District of New Jersey on August 28, 1790 and continued serving after the restoration of the single court, until June 2, 1815.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Robert Morris
NJ
1745–1815
1801–1802
—
—
Washington/Operation of law
reassignment to D.N.J.
Seat 1
Seat reassigned from the District of New Jersey on February 13, 1801 by 2 Stat. 89
Morris
1801–1802
Seat reassigned to the District of New Jersey on June 1, 1802 by 2 Stat. 132
New York
The United States District Court for the District of New York was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. It existed for nearly twenty-five years before, on April 9, 1814, New York was divided into Northern and Southern Districts by 3 Stat. 120. These Districts were later further subdivided with the creation of Eastern District on February 25, 1865 by 13 Stat. 438, and the Western District on May 12, 1900, by 31 Stat. 175.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
James Duane
NY
1733–1797
1789–1794
—
—
Washington
resignation
2
John Laurance
NY
1750–1810
1794–1796
—
—
Washington
resignation
3
Robert Troup
NY
1757–1832
1796–1798
—
—
Washington
resignation
4
John Sloss Hobart
NY
1738–1805
1798–1805
—
—
J. Adams
death
5
Matthias B. Tallmadge
NY
1774–1819
1805–1812
—
—
Jefferson
reassignment to N.D.N.Y.
6
William P. Van Ness
NY
1778–1826
1812–1814
—
—
Madison
reassignment to S.D.N.Y.
Seat 1
Seat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73
Duane
1789–1794
Laurance
1794–1796
Troup
1796–1798
Hobart
1798–1805
Tallmadge
1805–1814
Seat reassigned to Northern District on April 9, 1814 by 3 Stat. 120
Seat 2
Seat established on April 29, 1812 by 2 Stat. 719
Van Ness
1812–1814
Seat reassigned to Southern District on April 9, 1814 by 3 Stat. 120
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of New York
North Carolina
The United States District Court for the District of North Carolina has a unique history among defunct district courts. It was established on June 4, 1790, by 1 Stat. 126. On June 9, 1794 it was subdivided into three districts by 1 Stat. 395, but on March 3, 1797, the three districts were abolished and the single District restored by 1 Stat. 517, until April 29, 1802, when the state was again subdivided into three different districts by 2 Stat. 156.
In both instances, these districts, unlike those with geographic designations that existed in other states, were titled by the names of the cities in which the courts sat. After the first division, they were styled the District of Edenton, the District of New Bern, and the District of Wilmington; after the second division, they were styled the District of Albemarle, the District of Cape Fear, and the District of Pamptico. However, in both instances, only one judge was authorized to serve all three districts, causing them to effectively operate as a single district. The latter combination was occasionally referred to by the cumbersome title of the United States District Court for the Albemarle, Cape Fear & Pamptico Districts of North Carolina. Judge Henry Potter's 55 years of service on this court during the period in which the state contained a single district, from April 1802 to December 1857, represents one of the longest terms ever held by a United States federal judge.
On June 4, 1872, North Carolina was re-divided into two Districts, Eastern and Western, by 17 Stat. 215. The Middle District was created from portions of the Eastern and Western Districts on March 2, 1927, by 44 Stat. 1339.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
John Stokes
NC
1756–1790
1790
—
—
Washington
death
2
John Sitgreaves
NC
1757–1802
1790–1802
—
—
Washington
death
3
Henry Potter
NC
1766–1857
1802–1857
—
—
Jefferson
death
4
Asa Biggs
NC
1811–1878
1858–1861
—
—
Buchanan
resignation
5
George Washington Brooks
NC
1821–1882
1865–1872
—
—
A. Johnson
reassignment to E.D.N.C
Seat 1
Seat established on June 4, 1790 by 1 Stat. 126
Stokes
1790
Sitgreaves
1790–1802
Potter
1802–1857
Biggs
1858–1861
Brooks
1865–1872
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on June 4, 1872 by 17 Stat. 215
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of North Carolina
Ohio
The United States District Court for the District of Ohio was established on February 19, 1803, by 2 Stat. 201. The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on February 10, 1855, by 10 Stat. 604.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Charles Willing Byrd
OH
1756–1790
1803–1828
—
—
Jefferson
death
2
William Creighton Jr.
OH
1778–1851
1828–1829
—
—
J.Q. Adams
not confirmed
3
John Wilson Campbell
OH
1782–1833
1829–1833
—
—
Jackson
death
4
Benjamin Tappan
OH
1773–1857
1833–1834
—
—
Jackson
not confirmed
5
Humphrey H. Leavitt
OH
1796–1873
1834–1855
—
—
Jackson
reassignment to S.D. Ohio
Seat 1
Seat established on February 19, 1803 by 2 Stat. 201
Byrd
1803–1828
Creighton
1828–1829
Campbell
1829–1833
Tappan
1833–1834
Leavitt
1834–1855
Seat reassigned to Southern District on February 10, 1855 by 10 Stat. 604
Term start
Term end
United States Attorney
1802
1803
William McMillan
1803
1804
Michael Baldwin
1804
1810
William Creighton Jr.
1810
1818
Samuel Herrick
1818
1823
John Crafts Wright
1823
1830
Joseph Benham
1830
1839
Noah Haynes Swayne
1839
1841
Israel Hamilton
1841
1846
Charles Anthony
1846
1850
Thomas W. Bartley
1850
1854
Samson Mason
1854
1855
Daniel O. Morton
Pennsylvania
The United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. It was subdivided on April 20, 1818, by 3 Stat. 462, into the Eastern and Western Districts, to be headquartered in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, respectively. Portions of these districts were subsequently subdivided into the Middle District on March 2, 1901, by 31 Stat. 880.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Francis Hopkinson
PA
1737–1791
1789–1791
—
—
Washington
death
2
William Lewis
PA
1752–1819
1791–1792
—
—
Washington
resignation
3
Richard Peters
PA
1744–1828
1792–1818
—
—
Washington
reassignment to E.D. Pa.
Seat 1
Seat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73
Hopkinson
1789–1791
Lewis
1791–1792
Peters
1792–1818
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on April 20, 1818 by 3 Stat. 462
South Carolina
The United States District Court for the District of South Carolina was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. It was subdivided into the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina and the United States District Court for the Western District of South Carolina Districts on February 21, 1823 by 3 Stat. 726. The Eastern District was headquartered at Florence, and the Western District was headquartered in Greenville. The division was solely for the purposes of holding court – a single judge presided over both districts, and the act authorized no additional court staff.
In 1898 the United States Supreme Court held in Barrett v. United States that South Carolina legally constituted a single judicial district. Congress made a more explicit effort to subdivide the District on March 3, 1911, by 36 Stat. 1087, 36 Stat. 1123. South Carolina was again Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized to serve both districts, effective January 1, 1912. Congress finally authorized an additional judgeship for the Western District, and assigned the sitting judge exclusively to the Eastern District, on March 3, 1915, by 38 Stat. 961. However, on October 7, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951, South Carolina was reorganized as a single judicial district with four judgeships authorized for the district court, and it has since remained a single District.
Judges of the Eastern District of South Carolina:
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Henry Augustus Middleton Smith
SC
1853–1923
1912–1923
—
—
Taft/Operation of law
death
2
Ernest Ford Cochran
SC
1865–1934
1923–1934
—
—
Coolidge
death
3
John Lyles Glenn Jr.
SC
1892–1938
1929–1938
—
—
Hoover
death
4
Francis Kerschner Myers
SC
1874–1940
1934–1940
—
—
F. Roosevelt
death
5
Alva M. Lumpkin
SC
1886–1941
1939–1941
—
—
F. Roosevelt
death
6
George Bell Timmerman Sr.
SC
1881–1966
1942–1962
1952–1962
1962–1965
F. Roosevelt
reassignment to D.S.C.
7
Julius Waties Waring
SC
1880–1968
1942–1952
1948–1952
1952–1965
F. Roosevelt
reassignment to D.S.C.
8
Ashton Hilliard Williams
SC
1891–1962
1952–1962
—
—
Truman
death
9
James Robert Martin Jr.
SC
1909–1984
1961–1965
—
—
Kennedy
reassignment to D.S.C.
10
Robert W. Hemphill
SC
1915–1984
1964–1965
1964–1965
—
L. Johnson
reassignment to D.S.C.
11
Charles Earl Simons Jr.
SC
1916–1999
1964–1965
—
—
L. Johnson
reassignment to D.S.C.
Chief Judge
Waring
1948–1952
Timmerman
1952–1962
Hemphill
1964–1965
Abolished on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Seat 1
Seat reassigned from the District of South Carolina on January 1, 1912 by 36 Stat. 1087 (concurrent with Western District)
Seat reassigned solely to the Eastern District on March 3, 1915 by 38 Stat. 961
Smith
1912–1923
Cochran
1923–1934
Myers
1934–1940
Waring
1942–1952
Williams
1952–1962
Simons
1962–1965
Seat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Seat 2
Seat established on February 26, 1929 by 45 Stat. 1319 (concurrent with Western District)
Glenn
1929–1938
Lumpkin
1939–1941
Timmerman
1942–1962
Hemphill
1964–1965
Seat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Seat 3
Seat established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 (concurrent with Western District)
Martin
1961–1965
Seat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Judges of the Western District of South Carolina:
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Henry Augustus Middleton Smith
SC
1853–1923
1912–1915
—
—
Taft/Operation of law
seat abolished
2
Joseph T. Johnson
SC
1858–1919
1915–1919
—
—
Wilson
death
3
Henry Hitt Watkins
SC
1866–1947
1919–1936
—
1936–1947
Wilson
death
4
John Lyles Glenn Jr.
SC
1892–1938
1929–1938
—
—
Hoover
death
4
Charles Cecil Wyche
SC
1885–1966
1937–1965
1948–1962
—
F. Roosevelt
reassignment to D.S.C.
5
Alva M. Lumpkin
SC
1886–1941
1939–1941
—
—
F. Roosevelt
death
6
George Bell Timmerman Sr.
SC
1881–1966
1942–1962
—
1962–1965
F. Roosevelt
reassignment to D.S.C.
7
James Robert Martin Jr.
SC
1909–1984
1961–1965
1962–1965
—
Kennedy
reassignment to D.S.C.
8
Robert W. Hemphill
SC
1915–1984
1964–1965
—
—
L. Johnson
reassignment to D.S.C.
Chief Judge
Wyche
1948–1962
Martin
1962–1965
Abolished on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Seat 1
Seat reassigned from the District of South Carolina on January 1, 1912 by 36 Stat. 1087 (concurrent with Eastern District)
Smith
1912–1915
Seat reassigned solely to the Eastern District on March 3, 1915 by 38 Stat. 961
Seat 2
Seat established on March 3, 1915 by 38 Stat. 961
Johnson
1915–1919
Watkins
1919–1936
Wyche
1937–1965
Seat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Seat 3
Seat established on February 26, 1929 by 45 Stat. 1319 (concurrent with Eastern District)
Glenn
1929–1938
Lumpkin
1939–1941
Timmerman
1942–1962
Hemphill
1964–1965
Seat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Seat 4
Seat established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 (concurrent with Eastern District)
Martin
1961–1965
Seat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951
Tennessee
The United States District Court for the District of Tennessee was established with one judgeship on January 31, 1797, by 1 Stat. 496. The judgeship was filled by President George Washington's appointment of John McNairy. Since Congress failed to assign the district to a circuit, the court had the jurisdiction of both a district court and a circuit court. Appeals from this one district court went directly to the United States Supreme Court.
On February 13, 1801, in the famous "Midnight Judges" Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, Congress abolished the U.S. district court in Tennessee, and expanded the number of circuits to six, provided for independent circuit court judgeships, and abolished the necessity of Supreme Court Justices riding the circuits. It was this legislation which created the grandfather of the present Sixth Circuit. The act provided for a "Sixth Circuit" comprising two districts in the State of Tennessee, one district in the State of Kentucky and one district, called the Ohio District, composed of the Ohio and Indiana territories (the latter including the present State of Michigan). The new Sixth Circuit Court was to be held at "Bairdstown" in the District of Kentucky, at Knoxville in the District of East Tennessee, at Nashville in the District of West Tennessee, and at Cincinnati in the District of Ohio. Unlike the other circuits which were provided with three circuit judges, the Sixth Circuit was to have only one circuit judge with district judges from Kentucky and Tennessee comprising the rest of the court. Any two judges constituted a quorum. New circuit judgeships were to be created as district judgeships in Kentucky and Tennessee became vacant.
The repeal of this Act restored the District on March 8, 1802, 2 Stat. 132. The District was divided into the Eastern and Western Districts on April 29, 1802. On February 24, 1807, Congress again abolished the two districts and created the United States Circuit for the District of Tennessee. On March 3, 1837, Congress assigned the judicial district of Tennessee to the Eighth Circuit. On June 18, 1839, by 5 Stat. 313, Congress divided Tennessee into three districts, Eastern, Middle, and Western. Again, only one judgeship was allotted for all three districts. On July 15, 1862, Congress reassigned appellate jurisdiction to the Sixth Circuit. Finally, on June 14, 1878, Congress authorized a separate judgeship for each district of Tennessee.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
John McNairy
TN
1762–1837
1797–1802
—
—
Washington
reassignment to E.D. Tenn. and W.D. Tenn.
Seat 1
Seat established on January 31, 1797 by 1 Stat. 496
McNairy
1797–1802
Seat reassigned to Eastern and Western Districts on April 29, 1802 by 2 Stat.165
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Tennessee
Texas
The oldest federal civil building in Texas, the 1861 Customs and Courthouse in Galveston, once housed the Southern District of Texas.
The United States District Court for the District of Texas was established on December 29, 1845, by 9 Stat. 1. and based in Galveston, then the largest city in the state. John Charles Watrous, appointed to the court by President James K. Polk in May 1846, was the only federal judge to sit for the district. The District was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 21, 1857, by 11 Stat. 164. When the District was subdivided, Watrous continued as judge for the Eastern District only, while Thomas Howard DuVal was appointed to the Western District. Watrous continued serving in the Eastern District until 1870. From these Districts, Texas was further subdivided with the creation of a Northern District on February 24, 1879, by 20 Stat. 318. The new Southern District was created on March 11, 1902, by 32 Stat. 64.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
John Charles Watrous
TX
1801–1874
1846–1857
—
—
Polk
reassignment to E.D. Tex.
Seat 1
Seat established on December 29, 1845 by 9 Stat. 1
Watrous
1846–1857
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on February 21, 1857 by 11 Stat. 164
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Texas
Virginia
The United States District Court for the District of Virginia was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.
On February 13, 1801, the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, divided Virginia into three judicial districts: the District of Virginia, which included the counties west of the Tidewater and south of the Rappahannock River; the District of Norfolk, which included the Tidewater counties south of the Rappahannock; and the District of Potomac, which included the counties north and east of the Rappahannock as well as Maryland counties along the Potomac. Just over a year later, on March 8, 1802, the Judiciary Act of 1801 was repealed and Virginia became a single District again, 2 Stat. 132, effective July 1, 1802.
The District of Virginia was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 4, 1819, by 3 Stat. 478. At that time, West Virginia was still part of Virginia, and was encompassed in Virginia's Western District. With the division of West Virginia from Virginia during the American Civil War, the Western District of Virginia became the District of West Virginia, and those parts of the Western District that were not part of West Virginia were combined with the Eastern District to again form a single District of Virginia on June 11, 1864, by 13 Stat. 124. Congress again divided Virginia into Eastern and the Western Districts on February 3, 1871, by 16 Stat. 403.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Cyrus Griffin
VA
1748–1810
1789–1810
—
—
Washington
death
2
John Tyler Sr.
VA
1747–1812
1811–1813
—
—
Madison
death
3
St. George Tucker
VA
1810–1864
1813–1819
—
—
Madison
reassignment to E.D. Va.
4
John Curtiss Underwood
VA
1809–1873
1864–1871
—
—
Lincoln/Operation of law
reassignment to E.D. Va.
Seat 1
Seat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73
Griffin
1789–1810
Tyler
1811–1813
Tucker
1813–1819
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on February 4, 1819 by 3 Stat. 478
Seat reassigned from Eastern District on June 11, 1864 by 13 Stat. 124
Underwood
1864–1871
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on February 3, 1871 by 16 Stat. 403
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Virginia
Washington
The United States District Court for the District of Washington was established on April 5, 1890, by 26 Stat. 45. The District was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on March 2, 1905, by 33 Stat. 824. Only one judge was ever appointed to the District of Washington.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Cornelius H. Hanford
WA
1849–1926
1890–1905
—
—
B. Harrison
reassignment to W.D. Wash.
Seat 1
Seat established on April 5, 1890 by 25 Stat. 676
Hanford
1890–1905
Seat reassigned to Western District on March 2, 1905 by 33 Stat. 824
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Washington
West Virginia
West Virginia split from the state of Virginia during the American Civil War. At that time, Virginia was already divided into an Eastern and Western District. Congress reorganized the Western District of Virginia to conform to the boundaries of the new state of West Virginia, renaming it the United States District Court for the District of West Virginia on June 11, 1864, by 13 Stat. 124. This District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on January 22, 1901, by 31 Stat. 736.
John Jay Jackson Jr., who had been appointed by Abraham Lincoln to what was then the Western District of Virginia, became the first judge of the District of West Virginia. He remained the only judge on that court until its subdivision.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
John Jay Jackson Jr.
WV
1824–1907
1864–1901
—
—
Lincoln/Operation of law
reassignment to N.D. W. Va.
Seat 1
Seat reassigned from Western District of Virginia on June 11, 1864 by 13 Stat. 124
Jackson
1864–1901
Seat reassigned to Northern District on July 1, 1901 by 31 Stat. 736
Wisconsin
The United States District Court for the District of Wisconsin was established on May 29, 1848, by 9 Stat. 233. It was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on June 30, 1870, by 16 Stat. 171. Only one judge was ever appointed to the District of Wisconsin.
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Andrew G. Miller
WI
1801–1874
1848–1870
—
—
Polk
reassignment to E.D. Wis.
Seat 1
Seat established on May 29, 1848 by 9 Stat. 56
Miller
1848–1870
Seat reassigned to Eastern District on June 30, 1870 by 16 Stat. 171
Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Wisconsin
See also
List of courts of the United States
List of United States district and territorial courts
List of United States federal courthouses
References
^ a b c d e f g h Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 390.
^ a b c U.S. District Courts of Alabama, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Alfred Conkling, A Treatise on the Organization, Jurisdiction and Practice of the Courts of the United States (1864), p. 178.
^ a b c d e Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 391.
^ a b Lynn Foster, Their Pride and Ornament: Judge Benjamin Johnson and the Federal Courts in Early Arkansas, 22 U. Ark. Little Rock L. Rev. 21 (1999).
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Arkansas, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b Alfred Conkling, A Treatise on the Organization, Jurisdiction and Practice of the Courts of the United States (1864), p. 179.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 21, 1849, confirmed by the United States Senate on June 10, 1850, and received commission on June 10, 1850.
^ a b c d U.S. District Courts of California, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b c d e Willoughby Rodman, History of the Bench and Bar of Southern California (1909), p. 46.
^ Reassigned from the Northern District of California.
^ a b c d Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 393.
^ a b c U.S. District Courts of Florida, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b c U.S. District Courts of Georgia, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 21, 1796, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 27, 1796, and received commission on January 2, 1797.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 6, 1802, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 26, 1802, and received commission on January 26, 1802.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 19, 1821, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 10, 1822, and received commission on January 10, 1822.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 23, 1840, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 17, 1840, and received commission on February 17, 1840.
^ a b c d e U.S. District Courts of Illinois, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b c d Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 392.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Indiana, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on March 21, 1836, confirmed by the United States Senate on March 29, 1836, and received commission on March 29, 1836.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 6, 1869, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 21, 1869, and received commission on December 21, 1869.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 18, 1883, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 7, 1884, and received commission on January 7, 1884.
^ a b c Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 394.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Iowa, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on February 7, 1856, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 25, 1856, and received commission on December 21, 1856.
^ a b c d U.S. District Courts of Kentucky, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 13, 1826, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 12, 1827, and received commission on February 12, 1827.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 9, 1861, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 22, 1862, and received commission on January 22, 1862.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 1, 1879, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 10, 1879, and received commission on December 10, 1879.
^ a b c d e f g h U.S. District Courts of Louisiana, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Judges of the District of Louisiana, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Reassigned from the Eastern District of Louisiana and the Western District of Louisiana.
^ Reassigned from the Eastern District of Louisiana.
^ a b c d e f U.S. District Courts of Michigan, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Judges of the District of Michigan Archived 2008-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Mississippi, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b Alfred Conkling, A Treatise on the Organization, Jurisdiction and Practice of the Courts of the United States (1842), p. 42.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 5, 1823, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 9, 1823, and received commission on December 9, 1823.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Missouri, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b Broadhead, James O. (March 5, 1887). "Address of Col. J. O. Broadhead". In Bar Association of St. Louis (ed.). Proceedings of the Saint Louis bar on the retirement of Hon. Samuel Treat. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones printing co. pp. 10–17.
^ a b c U.S. District Courts of New Jersey, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Robert Morris, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Reassigned from the District of New Jersey.
^ a b Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 386.
^ a b c d U.S. District Courts of New York, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 20, 1805, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 23, 1805, and received commission on January 17, 1806.
^ a b Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 389.
^ a b c d e f g U.S. District Courts of North Carolina, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; Johnson appointed him on August 19, 1865. He was confirmed by the Senate on January 22, 1866, and received commission on January 22, 1866.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Ohio, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; the United States Senate later rejected the appointment.
^ Recess appointment; the United States Senate later rejected the appointment.
^ "History of the U.S. Attorney Southern District of Ohio". United States Attorney's Office Southern District of Ohio. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
^ did not serve due to illness
^ a b c d e Asbury Dickens, A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America (1852), p. 388.
^ a b c U.S. District Courts of Pennsylvania, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on October 31, 1791, confirmed by the United States Senate on November 7, 1791, and received commission on November 7, 1791.
^ a b c d e f U.S. District Courts of South Carolina, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ The Florence, South Carolina courthouse, Federal Judicial Center.
^ The Greenville, South Carolina courthouse, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Barrett v. United States, 169 U.S. 219 (1898).
^ a b Reassigned from the District of South Carolina.
^ From 1912 to 1915, Judge Smith was jointly appointed to the Western District of South Carolina.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 15, 1923, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 17, 1924, and received commission on January 21, 1924.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jointly appointed to the Eastern and Western Districts of South Carolina.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 4, 1916, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 24, 1916, and received commission on January 24, 1916.
^ a b c d U.S. District Courts of Tennessee, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ The Honorable Harry Phillips, "History of the Sixth Circuit Archived 2007-01-11 at the Wayback Machine".
^ a b c d U.S. District Courts of Texas, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Biography of John Charles Watrous, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Biography of Thomas Howard DuVal, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b c d e f U.S. District Courts of Virginia, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on February 8, 1790, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 10, 1790, and received commission on February 10, 1790.
^ Reassigned from the Eastern District of Virginia.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Washington, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of West Virginia, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
^ Reassigned from the Western District of Virginia.
^ a b U.S. District Courts of Wisconsin, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
vteUnited States federal courts
Supreme Court of the United States
United States courts of appeals
List of United States district and territorial courts
Courts of appeals
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
DC
Federal
District courts
Alabama (M, N, S)
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas (E, W)
California (C, E, N, S)
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida (M, N, S)
Georgia (M, N, S)
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois (C, N, S)
Indiana (N, S)
Iowa (N, S)
Kansas
Kentucky (E, W)
Louisiana (E, M, W)
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan (E, W)
Minnesota
Mississippi (N, S)
Missouri (E, W)
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York (E, N, S, W)
North Carolina (E, M, W)
North Dakota
Ohio (N, S)
Oklahoma (E, N, W)
Oregon
Pennsylvania (E, M, W)
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee (E, M, W)
Texas (E, N, S, W)
Utah
Vermont
Virginia (E, W)
Washington (E, W)
West Virginia (N, S)
Wisconsin (E, W)
Wyoming
Specialty courts
Court of International Trade
Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
Alien Terrorist Removal Court
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
Territorial courts
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Virgin Islands
Extinct courts
Former United States district courts
District of Orleans
District of Potomac
Eastern District of Illinois
District of the Canal Zone
District of China
District of Berlin
NoteAmerican Samoa does not have a district court or federal territorial court; federal matters there go to the District of Columbia, Hawaii, or its own Supreme Court.
|
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When Missouri became a state in 1819, a territorial government, including a territorial court, was organized for Arkansas, taking effect on July 4, 1819.[5] The United States District Court for the District of Arkansas was established with a single judge when Arkansas became a state, on June 15, 1836, by 5 Stat. 50, 51.[5][6] The court was subdivided into Eastern and the Western Districts on March 3, 1851, by 9 Stat. 594.[1][6][7]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on June 15, 1836 by 5 Stat. 50\n\n\nJohnson\n1836–1849\n\n\nRingo\n1849–1851\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1851 by 9 Stat. 594","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-521"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcca-9"},{"link_name":"37th parallel north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif-10"},{"link_name":"Southern District Court of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Millard Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"Ogden Hoffman Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Hoffman_Jr."},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-10-76"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcca-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif-10"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-14-300"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcca-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif-10"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-24-308"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif-10"},{"link_name":"Erskine Mayo Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erskine_Mayo_Ross"},{"link_name":"Olin Wellborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_Wellborn"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calif-10"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_California"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-80-75"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcca-9"},{"link_name":"Hoffman, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Hoffman_Jr."}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of California existed from 1866 to 1886. California was admitted as a state on September 9, 1850, and was initially divided into two districts, the Northern and the Southern, by Act of Congress approved September 28 9 Stat. 521.[9] The boundary line was at the 37th parallel north.[10] The creating act provided that:In addition to the ordinary jurisdiction and powers of a District Court of the United States, with which the Southern District Court of New York has been invested, the said Courts be and hereby are invested respectively within the limits of its district with the exercise of concurrent jurisdiction and power in all civil cases now exercised by the Circuit Courts of the United States; and that in all cases where said Courts shall exercise such jurisdiction, appeals may be taken from the judgments, orders or decrees of said Courts to the Supreme Court of the United States.On February 27, 1851, President Millard Fillmore appointed Ogden Hoffman Jr., as the judge presiding over the Northern District. The Act of August 31, 1852, made the Judge of the Northern District be Judge of the Southern District as well until otherwise provided, by 10 Stat. 76, 84,[9] effectively creating a single District in all but name until an Act of January 18, 1854 provided for the appointment of a Judge for the Southern District.[10] The Southern District of California was abolished and the State made to constitute one district by Act of Congress approved July 27, 1866, 14 Stat. 300.[9][10]Twenty years later, on August 5, 1886, Congress re-created the Southern District of California (and, by extension, the Northern District) by 24 Stat. 308.[10] Hoffman, who had continued serving as the sole district judge, again became judge of the Northern district only, there continuing in service for five more years. Erskine Mayo Ross was appointed Judge of the new Southern District and served until his promotion to the Circuit Judgeship, when he was succeeded by Olin Wellborn.[10]On March 18, 1966, the Eastern and Central Districts were created from portions of the Northern and Southern Districts by 80 Stat. 75.[9]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on July 27, 1866 by 14 Stat. 300\n\n\nHoffman, Jr.\n1866–1886\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern District on August 5, 1886 by 24 Stat. 308","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-788"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S393-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcfl-13"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-131"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S393-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcfl-13"},{"link_name":"Northern District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Southern District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Harbor,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Key West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Middle District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-76-247"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcfl-13"},{"link_name":"Bronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_H._Bronson"}],"text":"On the same day that Florida was admitted as a state, March 3, 1845, Congress enacted legislation creating the United States District Court for the District of Florida, 5 Stat. 788.[12][13] On February 23, 1847, 9 Stat. 131[12][13] divided the jurisdiction of this court between the Northern District and a Southern District Courts with the boundary between as:[T]hat part of the State of Florida lying south of a line drawn due east and west from the northern point of Charlotte Harbor, including the islands, keys, reefs, shoals, harbors, bays and inlets, south of said line, shall be erected into a new judicial district, to be called the Southern District of Florida; a District Court shall be held in said Southern District, to consist of one judge, who shall reside at Key West, in said district...The same statute directed the Northern District to hold court at Apalachicola, Florida, and Pensacola, Florida.On July 30, 1962, the Middle District was created from portions of the other districts by 76 Stat. 247.[13]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on March 3, 1845 by 5 Stat. 788\n\n\nBronson\n1846–1847\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern District on February 23, 1847 by 9 Stat. 131","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcga-14"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-280"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S390-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C179-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcga-14"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-44-670"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcga-14"},{"link_name":"Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Clay_Jr."},{"link_name":"Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stephens_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Davies_(Georgia_judge)"},{"link_name":"Cuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_La_Touche_Cuyler"},{"link_name":"Nicoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cochran_Nicoll"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Georgia"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Georgia was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[14] The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on August 11, 1848, by 9 Stat. 280.[1][7][14] The Middle District was formed from portions of those two Districts on May 28, 1926, by 44 Stat. 670.[14]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73\n\n\nPendleton\n1789–1796\n\n\nClay\n1796–1801\n\n\nStephens\n1801–1818\n\n\nDavies\n1819–1821\n\n\nCuyler\n1821–1839\n\n\nNicoll\n1839–1848\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern and Southern Districts on August 11, 1848 by 9 Stat. 280Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Georgia","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois-District-Court-his.gif"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-502"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S393-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcil-19"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-176"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcil-19"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-10-606"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcil-19"},{"link_name":"Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"McDonough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonough_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodford_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-33-992"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcil-19"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-92-883"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcil-19"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Pope"},{"link_name":"Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Drummond_(judge)"}],"text":"Map of the changing Districts of Illinois.The United States District Court for the District of Illinois was established by a statute passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1819, 3 Stat. 502.[12][19] The act established a single office for a judge to preside over the court. Initially, the court was not within any existing judicial circuit, and appeals from the court were taken directly to the United States Supreme Court. In 1837, Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, placing it in Chicago, Illinois and giving it jurisdiction over the District of Illinois, 5 Stat. 176.[19] The District itself was eliminated by a statute passed on February 13, 1855, 10 Stat. 606, under which it was subdivided into the Northern and the Southern Districts.[19] The boundaries of the District and the seats of the courts were set forth in the statute:The counties of Hancock, McDonough, Peoria, Woodford, Livingston, and Iroquois, and all the counties in the said State north of them, shall compose one district, to be called the northern district of Illinois, and courts shall be held for the said district at the city of Chicago; and the residue of the counties of the said State shall compose another district, to be called the southern district of Illinois, and courts shall be held for the same at the city of Springfield.The district has since been re-organized several times. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois was created on March 3, 1905, by 33 Stat. 992,[19] by splitting counties out of the Northern and Southern Districts. It was later eliminated in a reorganization on October 2, 1978, which replaced it with a Central District, 92 Stat. 883,[19] also formed from parts of the Northern and Southern Districts.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on March 3, 1819 by 3 Stat. 502\n\n\nPope\n1819–1850\n\n\nDrummond\n1850–1855\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern District on February 13, 1855 by 10 Stat. 606","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-390"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S392-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcin-21"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-45-437"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcin-21"},{"link_name":"Parke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Parke"},{"link_name":"Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Lynch_Holman"},{"link_name":"Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Mills_Huntington"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Blood_Smith"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Smith_White"},{"link_name":"McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McDonald_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Gresham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham"},{"link_name":"Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allen_Woods"},{"link_name":"Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baker_(Indiana_politician)"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_B._Anderson"},{"link_name":"Baltzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Baltzell"},{"link_name":"Slick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Whitten_Slick"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Indiana"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Indiana was established on March 3, 1817, by 3 Stat. 390.[20][21] The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on April 21, 1928, by 45 Stat. 437.[21] Of all district courts that have been subdivided, Indiana existed for the longest time as a single court, 111 years.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on March 3, 1817 by 3 Stat. 390\n\n\nParke\n1817–1835\n\n\nHolman\n1835–1842\n\n\nHuntington\n1842–1862\n\n\nSmith\n1862–1864\n\n\nWhite\n1864\n\n\nMcDonald\n1864–1869\n\n\nGresham\n1869–1883\n\n\nWoods\n1883–1892\n\n\nBaker\n1892–1902\n\n\nAnderson\n1902–1925\n\n\nBaltzell\n1925–1928\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Southern District on April 21, 1928 by 45 Stat. 437\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 2\n\n\nSeat established on January 16, 1925 by 43 Stat. 751\n\n\nSlick\n1925–1928\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern District on April 21, 1928 by 45 Stat. 437Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Indiana","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-789"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S394-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcia-26"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-22-172"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcia-26"},{"link_name":"Dyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_Dyer"},{"link_name":"Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Love"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Iowa was established on March 3, 1845, by 5 Stat. 789.[25][26] The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on July 20, 1882, by 22 Stat. 172.[26]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on March 3, 1845 by 5 Stat. 789\n\n\nDyer\n1847–1855\n\n\nLove\n1855–1882\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Southern District on July 20, 1882 by 22 Stat. 172","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S391-4"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcky-28"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1801"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-89"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcky-28"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-132"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcky-28"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-31-781"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcky-28"},{"link_name":"Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Innes"},{"link_name":"Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trimble"},{"link_name":"Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyle_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bell_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bland_Ballard_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hercules_Hays"},{"link_name":"Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Barr"},{"link_name":"Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Evans_(American_politician)"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Kentucky was part of one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[4][28] At the time, Kentucky was not yet a state, but was within the territory of the state of Virginia. The District was unchanged when Kentucky became a state on June 1, 1792. On February 13, 1801, the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, abolished the U.S. district court in Kentucky,[28] but the repeal of this Act restored the District on March 8, 1802, 2 Stat. 132.[28] The District was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 12, 1901, by 31 Stat. 781.[28]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73\n\n\nInnes\n1789–1816\n\n\nTrimble\n1817–1826\n\n\nBoyle\n1826–1834\n\n\nMonroe\n1834–1861\n\n\nBallard\n1861–1879\n\n\nHays\n1879–1880\n\n\nBarr\n1880–1899\n\n\nEvans\n1899–1901\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Western District on July 1, 1901 by 31 Stat. 781","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Territory of Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-701"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S392-20"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-774"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S392-20"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-722"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-401"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-14-300"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-21-507"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-85-741"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcla-32"},{"link_name":"Dominic Augustin Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Augustin_Hall"},{"link_name":"John Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dick_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Theodore Howard McCaleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Howard_McCaleb"},{"link_name":"Edward Henry Durell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Henry_Durell"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Augustin_Hall"},{"link_name":"Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Augustin_Hall"},{"link_name":"Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dick_(judge)"},{"link_name":"McCaleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Howard_McCaleb"},{"link_name":"Durell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Henry_Durell"},{"link_name":"Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coke_Billings"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Louisiana"}],"text":"On March 26, 1804, Congress organized the Territory of Orleans and created the United States District Court for the District of Orleans – the first time Congress provided a territory with a district court equal in its authority and jurisdiction to those of the states.[32] The United States District Court for the District of Louisiana was established on April 8, 1812, by 2 Stat. 701,[20][32] several weeks before Louisiana was formally admitted as a state of the union. The District was thereafter subdivided and reformed several times. It was first subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1823, by 3 Stat. 774.[20][32]On February 13, 1845, Louisiana was reorganized into a single District with one judgeship, by 5 Stat. 722,[32] but was again divided into Eastern and the Western Districts on March 3, 1849, by 9 Stat. 401.[32] Congress again abolished the Western District of Louisiana and reorganized Louisiana as a single judicial district on July 27, 1866, by 14 Stat. 300.[32] On March 3, 1881, by 21 Stat. 507, Louisiana was for a third time divided into Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized for each.[32] The Middle District was formed from portions of those two Districts on December 18, 1971, by 85 Stat. 741.[32]During the course of its frequent subdivisions and reunifications, four judges served as judge of the District of Louisiana: Dominic Augustin Hall, (1812–1820), John Dick, (1821–1823), Theodore Howard McCaleb (1845–1849), and Edward Henry Durell (1866–1874).[33] Hall was appointed to the District of Louisiana twice. He briefly resigned from the District Court to serve as a Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court. He was shortly thereafter reappointed to the same seat on the District Court, which had remained vacant in his absence.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on April 8, 1812 by 2 Stat. 701\n\n\nHall\n1812–1813\n\n\nHall\n1813–1820\n\n\nDick\n1821–1823\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1823 by 3 Stat. 774\n\n\nSeat reassigned from Eastern and Western Districts on February 13, 1845 by 5 Stat. 772\n\n\nMcCaleb\n1845–1849\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on March 3, 1849 by 9 Stat. 401\n\n\nSeat reassigned from Eastern District on July 27, 1866 by 14 Stat. 300\n\n\nDurell\n1866–1874\n\n\nBillings\n1876–1881\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on March 3, 1881 by 21 Stat. 507Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Louisiana","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-61"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmi-36"},{"link_name":"United States circuit courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_circuit_court"},{"link_name":"Toledo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_War"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Seventh Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-176"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmi-36"},{"link_name":"Eighth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"576","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-12-576"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmi-36"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"637","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-12-637"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmi-36"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-12-660"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmi-36"},{"link_name":"Ross Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmi-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Michigan"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Michigan was established on July 1, 1836, by 5 Stat. 61, with a single judgeship.[36] The district court was not assigned to a judicial circuit, but was granted the same jurisdiction as United States circuit courts, except in appeals and writs of error, which were the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Due to the so-called \"Toledo War\", a boundary dispute with Ohio, Michigan did not become a state of the Union until January 26, 1837. On March 3, 1837, Congress passed an act that repealed the circuit court jurisdiction of the U.S. District Court for the District of Michigan, assigned the District of Michigan to the Seventh Circuit, and established a U.S. circuit court for the district, 5 Stat. 176.[36]On July 15, 1862, Congress reorganized the circuits and assigned Michigan to the Eighth Circuit by 12 Stat. 576,[36] and on January 28, 1863, the Congress again reorganized the Seventh and Eight Circuits and assigned Michigan to the Seventh Circuit, by 12 Stat. 637.[36] On February 24, 1863, Congress divided the District of Michigan into the Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized for each district, by 12 Stat. 660.[36]Ross Wilkins was the only district judge to serve the District of Michigan. He was nominated by President Andrew Jackson on July 2, 1836, to the newly created seat, and was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 2, 1836. He received his commission on January 26, 1837. Upon termination of the District of Michigan, Wilkins was reassigned to the Eastern District of Michigan.[36][37]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on July 1, 1836 by 5 Stat. 61\n\n\nWilkins\n1837–1863\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on February 24, 1863 by 12 Stat. 660Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Michigan","title":"Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-413"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S390-1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcms-38"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-247"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S390-1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcms-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C42-39"},{"link_name":"Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bayard_Shields"},{"link_name":"Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Randolph_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Adams_(Mississippi_judge)"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Mississippi"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Mississippi was established on April 3, 1818, by 3 Stat. 413.[1][38] It existed for over twenty years, and was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on June 18, 1838, by 5 Stat. 247:[1][38]The State of Mississippi, at the date of the act of March 3, 1837... constituted one district, in which the District Court was invested with the powers of a Circuit Court. By that act the extraordinary jurisdiction of the District Court was abrogated. But by the acts of June 18, 1838, and of February 16, 1839, the district of Mississippi was divided into two districts, the Northern and Southern; and by the latter act the powers of a Circuit Court were conferred on the District Court for the Northern District.[39]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on April 3, 1818 by 3 Stat. 413\n\n\nShields\n1818–1823\n\n\nRandolph\n1823–1832\n\n\nEllis\n1832–1836\n\n\nAdams\n1836–1838\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern and Southern Districts on June 18, 1838 by 5 Stat. 247Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Mississippi","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-653"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S393-12"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmo-41"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bar-42"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Jefferson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bar-42"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-11-197"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcmo-41"},{"link_name":"Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Peck"},{"link_name":"Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Wells"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Missouri was established on March 16, 1822, by 3 Stat. 653.[12][41] However, an act of Congress passed in 1845 and upheld by the United States Supreme Court in 1851, extending federal admiralty jurisdiction to inland waterways, resulted in a substantial increase in the number of admiralty cases arising from traffic on the Mississippi River.[42] These disputes involved \"contracts of affreightment, collisions, mariners' wages, and other causes of admiralty jurisdiction\", and litigants of matters arising in the port city of St. Louis found it inconvenient to travel far inland to Jefferson City for their cases to be tried.[42] The District was therefore subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on March 3, 1857, by 11 Stat. 197.[41]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on March 16, 1822 by 3 Stat. 653\n\n\nPeck\n1822–1836\n\n\nWells\n1836–1857\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Western District on March 3, 1857 by 11 Stat. 197","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnj-43"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1801"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-89"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnj-43"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-132"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnj-43"},{"link_name":"Robert Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(judge)"},{"link_name":"recess appointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recess_appointment"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(judge)"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of New Jersey was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[43] The District was subdivided into the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New Jersey and the United States District Court for the Western District of New Jersey on February 13, 1801, by the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89,[43] with the judicial districts being headquartered in New Brunswick and Burlington, respectively. The repeal of the 1801 Act on March 8, 1802, by 2 Stat. 132, restored New Jersey as a single judicial district.[43] The only judge to serve on the briefly subdivided courts was Robert Morris, who had begun serving as a recess appointment to the District of New Jersey on August 28, 1790 and continued serving after the restoration of the single court, until June 2, 1815.[44]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat reassigned from the District of New Jersey on February 13, 1801 by 2 Stat. 89\n\n\nMorris\n1801–1802\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of New Jersey on June 1, 1802 by 2 Stat. 132","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S386-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcny-47"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-120"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S386-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcny-47"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"438","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-13-438"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcny-47"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-31-175"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcny-47"},{"link_name":"Duane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Duane"},{"link_name":"Laurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Laurance"},{"link_name":"Troup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Troup"},{"link_name":"Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sloss_Hobart"},{"link_name":"Tallmadge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_B._Tallmadge"},{"link_name":"Van Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Van_Ness"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_New_York"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of New York was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[46][47] It existed for nearly twenty-five years before, on April 9, 1814, New York was divided into Northern and Southern Districts by 3 Stat. 120.[46][47] These Districts were later further subdivided with the creation of Eastern District on February 25, 1865 by 13 Stat. 438,[47] and the Western District on May 12, 1900, by 31 Stat. 175.[47]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73\n\n\nDuane\n1789–1794\n\n\nLaurance\n1794–1796\n\n\nTroup\n1796–1798\n\n\nHobart\n1798–1805\n\n\nTallmadge\n1805–1814\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern District on April 9, 1814 by 3 Stat. 120\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 2\n\n\nSeat established on April 29, 1812 by 2 Stat. 719\n\n\nVan Ness\n1812–1814\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Southern District on April 9, 1814 by 3 Stat. 120Further information: United States Attorney for the District of New York","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-126"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S389-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"395","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-395"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-517"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-156"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S389-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"Henry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Potter_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-17-215"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"1339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-44-1339"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcnc-50"},{"link_name":"Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stokes_(North_Carolina_judge)"},{"link_name":"Sitgreaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sitgreaves"},{"link_name":"Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Potter_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Biggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Biggs"},{"link_name":"Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Brooks"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_North_Carolina"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of North Carolina has a unique history among defunct district courts. It was established on June 4, 1790, by 1 Stat. 126.[49][50] On June 9, 1794 it was subdivided into three districts by 1 Stat. 395,[50] but on March 3, 1797, the three districts were abolished and the single District restored by 1 Stat. 517,[50] until April 29, 1802, when the state was again subdivided into three different districts by 2 Stat. 156.[49][50]In both instances, these districts, unlike those with geographic designations that existed in other states, were titled by the names of the cities in which the courts sat. After the first division, they were styled the District of Edenton, the District of New Bern, and the District of Wilmington; after the second division, they were styled the District of Albemarle, the District of Cape Fear, and the District of Pamptico. However, in both instances, only one judge was authorized to serve all three districts, causing them to effectively operate as a single district.[50] The latter combination was occasionally referred to by the cumbersome title of the United States District Court for the Albemarle, Cape Fear & Pamptico Districts of North Carolina. Judge Henry Potter's 55 years of service on this court during the period in which the state contained a single district, from April 1802 to December 1857, represents one of the longest terms ever held by a United States federal judge.On June 4, 1872, North Carolina was re-divided into two Districts, Eastern and Western, by 17 Stat. 215.[50] The Middle District was created from portions of the Eastern and Western Districts on March 2, 1927, by 44 Stat. 1339.[50]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on June 4, 1790 by 1 Stat. 126\n\n\nStokes\n1790\n\n\nSitgreaves\n1790–1802\n\n\nPotter\n1802–1857\n\n\nBiggs\n1858–1861\n\n\nBrooks\n1865–1872\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on June 4, 1872 by 17 Stat. 215Further information: United States Attorney for the District of North Carolina","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-201"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S392-20"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcoh-52"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-10-604"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcoh-52"},{"link_name":"Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Willing_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Creighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Creighton_Jr."},{"link_name":"Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilson_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Tappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tappan"},{"link_name":"Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_H._Leavitt"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Ohio was established on February 19, 1803, by 2 Stat. 201.[20][52] The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on February 10, 1855, by 10 Stat. 604.[52]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on February 19, 1803 by 2 Stat. 201\n\n\nByrd\n1803–1828\n\n\nCreighton\n1828–1829\n\n\nCampbell\n1829–1833\n\n\nTappan\n1833–1834\n\n\nLeavitt\n1834–1855\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Southern District on February 10, 1855 by 10 Stat. 604","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S388-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcpa-58"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-462"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S388-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcpa-58"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S388-57"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-31-880"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcpa-58"},{"link_name":"Hopkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson"},{"link_name":"Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lewis_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Peters_(Continental_Congress)"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[57][58] It was subdivided on April 20, 1818, by 3 Stat. 462,[57][58] into the Eastern and Western Districts, to be headquartered in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, respectively.[57] Portions of these districts were subsequently subdivided into the Middle District on March 2, 1901, by 31 Stat. 880.[58]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73\n\n\nHopkinson\n1789–1791\n\n\nLewis\n1791–1792\n\n\nPeters\n1792–1818\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on April 20, 1818 by 3 Stat. 462","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-60"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-726"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-60"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-60"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Barrett v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"1087","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-36-1087"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"1123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-36-1123"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-60"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-38-961"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-60"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-79-951"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-60"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Middleton_Smith"},{"link_name":"Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ford_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Kerschner_Myers"},{"link_name":"Waring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Waties_Waring"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Hilliard_Williams"},{"link_name":"Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Earl_Simons_Jr."},{"link_name":"Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lyles_Glenn_Jr."},{"link_name":"Lumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva_M._Lumpkin"},{"link_name":"Timmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman_Sr."},{"link_name":"Hemphill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Hemphill"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Martin_Jr."},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Middleton_Smith"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_T._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hitt_Watkins"},{"link_name":"Wyche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cecil_Wyche"},{"link_name":"Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lyles_Glenn_Jr."},{"link_name":"Lumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva_M._Lumpkin"},{"link_name":"Timmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman_Sr."},{"link_name":"Hemphill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Hemphill"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Martin_Jr."}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of South Carolina was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[60] It was subdivided into the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina and the United States District Court for the Western District of South Carolina Districts on February 21, 1823 by 3 Stat. 726.[60] The Eastern District was headquartered at Florence,[61] and the Western District was headquartered in Greenville.[62] The division was solely for the purposes of holding court – a single judge presided over both districts, and the act authorized no additional court staff.[60]In 1898 the United States Supreme Court held in Barrett v. United States[63] that South Carolina legally constituted a single judicial district. Congress made a more explicit effort to subdivide the District on March 3, 1911, by 36 Stat. 1087, 36 Stat. 1123. South Carolina was again Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized to serve both districts, effective January 1, 1912.[60] Congress finally authorized an additional judgeship for the Western District, and assigned the sitting judge exclusively to the Eastern District, on March 3, 1915, by 38 Stat. 961.[60] However, on October 7, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951, South Carolina was reorganized as a single judicial district with four judgeships authorized for the district court,[60] and it has since remained a single District.Judges of the Eastern District of South Carolina:Seat 1\n\n\nSeat reassigned from the District of South Carolina on January 1, 1912 by 36 Stat. 1087 (concurrent with Western District)\n\n\nSeat reassigned solely to the Eastern District on March 3, 1915 by 38 Stat. 961\n\n\nSmith\n1912–1923\n\n\nCochran\n1923–1934\n\n\nMyers\n1934–1940\n\n\nWaring\n1942–1952\n\n\nWilliams\n1952–1962\n\n\nSimons\n1962–1965\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 2\n\n\nSeat established on February 26, 1929 by 45 Stat. 1319 (concurrent with Western District)\n\n\nGlenn\n1929–1938\n\n\nLumpkin\n1939–1941\n\n\nTimmerman\n1942–1962\n\n\nHemphill\n1964–1965\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 3\n\n\nSeat established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 (concurrent with Western District)\n\n\nMartin\n1961–1965\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951Judges of the Western District of South Carolina:Seat 1\n\n\nSeat reassigned from the District of South Carolina on January 1, 1912 by 36 Stat. 1087 (concurrent with Eastern District)\n\n\nSmith\n1912–1915\n\n\nSeat reassigned solely to the Eastern District on March 3, 1915 by 38 Stat. 961\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 2\n\n\nSeat established on March 3, 1915 by 38 Stat. 961\n\n\nJohnson\n1915–1919\n\n\nWatkins\n1919–1936\n\n\nWyche\n1937–1965\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 3\n\n\nSeat established on February 26, 1929 by 45 Stat. 1319 (concurrent with Eastern District)\n\n\nGlenn\n1929–1938\n\n\nLumpkin\n1939–1941\n\n\nTimmerman\n1942–1962\n\n\nHemphill\n1964–1965\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 4\n\n\nSeat established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 (concurrent with Eastern District)\n\n\nMartin\n1961–1965\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the District of South Carolina on November 1, 1965 by 79 Stat. 951","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-496"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S391-4"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctn-69"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"John McNairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McNairy"},{"link_name":"Midnight Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1801"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-89"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctn-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-132"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctn-69"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S391-4"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-5-313"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_District_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S391-4"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C42-39"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctn-69"},{"link_name":"McNairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McNairy"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Tennessee"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Tennessee was established with one judgeship on January 31, 1797, by 1 Stat. 496.[4][69] The judgeship was filled by President George Washington's appointment of John McNairy. Since Congress failed to assign the district to a circuit, the court had the jurisdiction of both a district court and a circuit court. Appeals from this one district court went directly to the United States Supreme Court.On February 13, 1801, in the famous \"Midnight Judges\" Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, Congress abolished the U.S. district court in Tennessee,[69] and expanded the number of circuits to six, provided for independent circuit court judgeships, and abolished the necessity of Supreme Court Justices riding the circuits. It was this legislation which created the grandfather of the present Sixth Circuit. The act provided for a \"Sixth Circuit\" comprising two districts in the State of Tennessee, one district in the State of Kentucky and one district, called the Ohio District, composed of the Ohio and Indiana territories (the latter including the present State of Michigan). The new Sixth Circuit Court was to be held at \"Bairdstown\" in the District of Kentucky, at Knoxville in the District of East Tennessee, at Nashville in the District of West Tennessee, and at Cincinnati in the District of Ohio. Unlike the other circuits which were provided with three circuit judges, the Sixth Circuit was to have only one circuit judge with district judges from Kentucky and Tennessee comprising the rest of the court. Any two judges constituted a quorum. New circuit judgeships were to be created as district judgeships in Kentucky and Tennessee became vacant.[70]The repeal of this Act restored the District on March 8, 1802, 2 Stat. 132.[69] The District was divided into the Eastern and Western Districts on April 29, 1802.[4] On February 24, 1807, Congress again abolished the two districts and created the United States Circuit for the District of Tennessee. On March 3, 1837, Congress assigned the judicial district of Tennessee to the Eighth Circuit. On June 18, 1839, by 5 Stat. 313, Congress divided Tennessee into three districts, Eastern, Middle, and Western.[4][39][69] Again, only one judgeship was allotted for all three districts. On July 15, 1862, Congress reassigned appellate jurisdiction to the Sixth Circuit. Finally, on June 14, 1878, Congress authorized a separate judgeship for each district of Tennessee.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on January 31, 1797 by 1 Stat. 496\n\n\nMcNairy\n1797–1802\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern and Western Districts on April 29, 1802 by 2 Stat.165Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Tennessee","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1861_Galveston_Customs_and_Courthouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"1861 Customs and Courthouse in Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Customs_House_and_Court_House_(Galveston,_Texas,_1861)"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-1"},{"link_name":"Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S394-25"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctx-71"},{"link_name":"John Charles Watrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Watrous"},{"link_name":"James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-11-164"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctx-71"},{"link_name":"Thomas Howard DuVal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard_DuVal"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-20-318"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctx-71"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-32-64"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjctx-71"},{"link_name":"Watrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Watrous"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Texas"}],"text":"The oldest federal civil building in Texas, the 1861 Customs and Courthouse in Galveston, once housed the Southern District of Texas.The United States District Court for the District of Texas was established on December 29, 1845, by 9 Stat. 1. and based in Galveston, then the largest city in the state.[25][71] John Charles Watrous, appointed to the court by President James K. Polk in May 1846, was the only federal judge to sit for the district.[72] The District was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 21, 1857, by 11 Stat. 164.[71] When the District was subdivided, Watrous continued as judge for the Eastern District only, while Thomas Howard DuVal[73] was appointed to the Western District. Watrous continued serving in the Eastern District until 1870. From these Districts, Texas was further subdivided with the creation of a Northern District on February 24, 1879, by 20 Stat. 318.[71] The new Southern District was created on March 11, 1902, by 32 Stat. 64.[71]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on December 29, 1845 by 9 Stat. 1\n\n\nWatrous\n1846–1857\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on February 21, 1857 by 11 Stat. 164Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Texas","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S388-57"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcva-74"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1801"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-89"},{"link_name":"Rappahannock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappahannock_River"},{"link_name":"District of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"District of Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Potomac"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcva-74"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-2-132"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcva-74"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-478"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S388-57"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcva-74"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-13-124"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcva-74"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-16-403"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcva-74"},{"link_name":"Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr."},{"link_name":"Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtiss_Underwood"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Virginia"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Virginia was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[57][74]On February 13, 1801, the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, divided Virginia into three judicial districts: the District of Virginia, which included the counties west of the Tidewater and south of the Rappahannock River; the District of Norfolk, which included the Tidewater counties south of the Rappahannock; and the District of Potomac, which included the counties north and east of the Rappahannock as well as Maryland counties along the Potomac.[74] Just over a year later, on March 8, 1802, the Judiciary Act of 1801 was repealed and Virginia became a single District again, 2 Stat. 132, effective July 1, 1802.[74]The District of Virginia was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on February 4, 1819, by 3 Stat. 478.[57][74] At that time, West Virginia was still part of Virginia, and was encompassed in Virginia's Western District. With the division of West Virginia from Virginia during the American Civil War, the Western District of Virginia became the District of West Virginia, and those parts of the Western District that were not part of West Virginia were combined with the Eastern District to again form a single District of Virginia on June 11, 1864, by 13 Stat. 124.[74] Congress again divided Virginia into Eastern and the Western Districts on February 3, 1871, by 16 Stat. 403.[74]Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73\n\n\nGriffin\n1789–1810\n\n\nTyler\n1811–1813\n\n\nTucker\n1813–1819\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on February 4, 1819 by 3 Stat. 478\n\n\nSeat reassigned from Eastern District on June 11, 1864 by 13 Stat. 124\n\n\nUnderwood\n1864–1871\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on February 3, 1871 by 16 Stat. 403Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Virginia","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-26-45"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcwa-77"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-33-824"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcwa-77"},{"link_name":"Hanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_H._Hanford"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Washington"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Washington was established on April 5, 1890, by 26 Stat. 45.[77] The District was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on March 2, 1905, by 33 Stat. 824.[77] Only one judge was ever appointed to the District of Washington.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on April 5, 1890 by 25 Stat. 676\n\n\nHanford\n1890–1905\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Western District on March 2, 1905 by 33 Stat. 824Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Washington","title":"Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-13-124"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcwv-78"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"736","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-31-736"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcwv-78"},{"link_name":"John Jay Jackson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Jackson_Jr."},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Jackson_Jr."}],"text":"West Virginia split from the state of Virginia during the American Civil War. At that time, Virginia was already divided into an Eastern and Western District. Congress reorganized the Western District of Virginia to conform to the boundaries of the new state of West Virginia, renaming it the United States District Court for the District of West Virginia on June 11, 1864, by 13 Stat. 124.[78] This District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on January 22, 1901, by 31 Stat. 736.[78]John Jay Jackson Jr., who had been appointed by Abraham Lincoln to what was then the Western District of Virginia, became the first judge of the District of West Virginia. He remained the only judge on that court until its subdivision.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat reassigned from Western District of Virginia on June 11, 1864 by 13 Stat. 124\n\n\nJackson\n1864–1901\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Northern District on July 1, 1901 by 31 Stat. 736","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-9-233"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S394-25"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcwi-80"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-16-171"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcwi-80"},{"link_name":"Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_G._Miller"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Wisconsin"}],"text":"The United States District Court for the District of Wisconsin was established on May 29, 1848, by 9 Stat. 233.[25][80] It was subdivided into Eastern and Western Districts on June 30, 1870, by 16 Stat. 171.[80] Only one judge was ever appointed to the District of Wisconsin.Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on May 29, 1848 by 9 Stat. 56\n\n\nMiller\n1848–1870\n\n\nSeat reassigned to Eastern District on June 30, 1870 by 16 Stat. 171Further information: United States Attorney for the District of Wisconsin","title":"Wisconsin"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of the changing Districts of Illinois.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Illinois-District-Court-his.gif/180px-Illinois-District-Court-his.gif"},{"image_text":"The oldest federal civil building in Texas, the 1861 Customs and Courthouse in Galveston, once housed the Southern District of Texas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1861_Galveston_Customs_and_Courthouse.jpg/220px-1861_Galveston_Customs_and_Courthouse.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg/500px-US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"List of courts of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_courts_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of United States district and territorial courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts"},{"title":"List of United States federal courthouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_courthouses"}]
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[{"reference":"Broadhead, James O. (March 5, 1887). \"Address of Col. J. O. Broadhead\". In Bar Association of St. Louis (ed.). Proceedings of the Saint Louis bar on the retirement of Hon. Samuel Treat. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones printing co. pp. 10–17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8CAuAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Proceedings of the Saint Louis bar on the retirement of Hon. Samuel Treat"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the U.S. Attorney Southern District of Ohio\". United States Attorney's Office Southern District of Ohio. Retrieved 2012-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao/ohs/usahistory.html","url_text":"\"History of the U.S. Attorney Southern District of Ohio\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Simon_(biathlete)
|
Julia Simon (biathlete)
|
["1 Biathlon results","1.1 Olympic Games","1.2 World Championships","1.3 World Cup","2 References","3 External links"]
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French biathlete
For other people named Julia Simon, see Julia Simon (sport shooter).
Julia SimonSimon in 2023Personal informationBorn (1996-10-09) 9 October 1996 (age 27)Albertville, FranceHeight1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)Weight62 kg (137 lb)Professional informationClubLes SaisiesOlympic GamesTeams1 (2022)Medals1World ChampionshipsTeams5 (2019–2024)Medals9 (6 gold)World CupSeasons8 (2016/17–)Individual victories12All victories26Overall titles1 (2022–23)Discipline titles2:1 Pursuit (2022–23),1 Mass Start (2022–23)
Medal record
Women's biathlon
Representing France
Event
1st
2nd
3rd
Olympic Games
0
1
0
World Championships
6
0
3
Total
6
1
3
Olympic Games
2022 Beijing
Mixed relay
World Championships
2021 Pokljuka
Single mixed relay
2023 Oberhof
10 km pursuit
2024 Nové Město
7.5 km sprint
2024 Nové Město
10 km pursuit
2024 Nové Město
4 × 6 km relay
2024 Nové Město
Mixed relay
2023 Oberhof
12.5 km mass start
2023 Oberhof
Mixed relay
2024 Nové Město
15 km individual
European Championships
2018 Ridnaun
Single mixed relay
2015 Otepää
4 × 6 km relay
2018 Ridnaun
10 km pursuit
Junior World Championships
2015 Minsk
3 × 6 km relay
Youth World Championships
2014 Presque Isle
3 × 6 km relay
2014 Presque Isle
6 km sprint
Julia Simon (born 9 October 1996 in Albertville) is a French biathlete. She competes in the Biathlon World Cup.
Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.
Olympic Games
1 medal (1 silver)
Event
Individual
Sprint
Pursuit
Mass start
Relay
Mixed relay
2018 Pyeongchang
(did not race / selected as an alternate)
2022 Beijing
21st
29th
8th
6th
6th
Silver
World Championships
9 medals (6 gold, 3 bronze)
Event
Individual
Sprint
Pursuit
Mass start
Relay
Mixed relay
Single mixed relay
2019 Östersund
24th
61st
—
—
8th
8th
7th
2020 Antholz-Anterselva
31st
41st
35th
5th
14th
7th
—
2021 Pokljuka
DNF
28th
22nd
16th
8th
5th
Gold
2023 Oberhof
5th
10th
Gold
Bronze
4th
Bronze
—
2024 Nové Město
Bronze
Gold
Gold
4th
Gold
Gold
—
World Cup
World Cup rankings
Season
Overall
Individual
Sprint
Pursuit
Mass start
Points
Position
Points
Position
Points
Position
Points
Position
Points
Position
2016–17
29
79th
0
—
16
69th
13
73rd
0
—
2017–18
42
67th
0
—
29
60th
13
66th
0
—
2018–19
415
23rd
47
23rd
168
17th
115
25th
85
24th
2019–20
551
8th
74
13th
211
9th
144
8th
128
12th
2020–21
575
13th
19
44th
140
19th
192
10th
181
3rd
2021–22
-
12th
-
8th
-
15th
-
7th
-
8th
2022–23
1093
1st
155
2nd
295
3rd
373
1st
270
1st
2023–24
-
5th
-
5th
-
6th
-
2nd
-
2nd
Individual victories
12 victories (2 Sp, 6 Pu, 4 MS)
Simon winning the Pursuit at the World Championships at Oberhof on 12th February 2023
No.
Season
Date
Location
Discipline
Level
1
2019–20
14 March 2020
Kontiolahti
10 km Pursuit
Biathlon World Cup
2
2020–21
17 January 2021
Oberhof
12.5 km Mass Start
Biathlon World Cup
3
23 January 2021
Antholz-Anterselva
12.5 km Mass Start
Biathlon World Cup
4
2021–22
11 March 2022
Otepää
7.5 km Sprint
Biathlon World Cup
5
2022–23
4 December 2022
Kontiolahti
10 km Pursuit
Biathlon World Cup
6
10 December 2022
Hochfilzen
10 km Pursuit
Biathlon World Cup
7
15 January 2023
Ruhpolding
12.5 km Mass Start
Biathlon World Cup
8
12 February 2023
Oberhof
10 km Pursuit
Biathlon World Championships
9
2023–24
6 January 2024
Oberhof
10 km Pursuit
Biathlon World Cup
10
21 January 2024
Antholz-Anterselva
12.5 km Mass Start
Biathlon World Cup
11
9 February 2024
Nové Město
7.5 km Sprint
Biathlon World Championships
12
11 February 2024
Nové Město
10 km Pursuit
Biathlon World Championships
Relay victories
14 victories
Simon / Bescond / Aymonier / Braisaz finishing 3rd at Oberhof on 11th January 2020
No.
Season
Date
Location
Discipline
Level
Team
1
2018–19
19 January 2019
Ruhpolding
Relay
Biathlon World Cup
Simon / Bescond / Braisaz / Chevalier
2
2019–20
25 January 2020
Pokljuka
Mixed Relay
Biathlon World Cup
Fillon Maillet / Desthieux / Braisaz / Simon
3
2020–21
10 January 2021
Oberhof
Single Mixed Relay
Biathlon World Cup
Simon / Jacquelin
4
18 February 2021
Pokljuka
Single Mixed Relay
World Championships
Guigonnat / Simon
5
2021–22
5 December 2021
Östersund
Relay
Biathlon World Cup
Bescond / Chevalier / Simon / Braisaz
6
14 January 2022
Ruhpolding
Relay
Biathlon World Cup
Chevalier / C.Chevalier / Braisaz / Simon
7
2022–23
11 December 2022
Hochfilzen
Relay
Biathlon World Cup
Jeanmonnot / Chevalier / C.Chevalier / Simon
8
8 January 2023
Pokljuka
Mixed Relay
Biathlon World Cup
Claude / Fillon Maillet / Chevalier / Simon
9
22 January 2023
Antholz-Anterselva
Relay
Biathlon World Cup
Jeanmonnot / Chevalier / C.Chevalier / Simon
10
2023–24
7 January 2024
Oberhof
Relay
Biathlon World Cup
Jeanmonnot / Braisaz / Chauveau / Simon
11
10 January 2024
Ruhpolding
Relay
Biathlon World Cup
Jeanmonnot / Richard / Chauveau / Simon
12
7 February 2024
Nové Město
Mixed Relay
World Championships
Perrot / Fillon Maillet / Braisaz / Simon
13
17 February 2024
Nové Město
Relay
World Championships
Jeanmonnot / Chauveau / Braisaz / Simon
14
3 March 2024
Oslo Holmenkollen
Mixed Relay
Biathlon World Cup
Simon / Chauveau / Claude / Fillon Maillet
*Results are from IBU races which include the Biathlon World Cup, Biathlon World Championships and the Winter Olympic Games.
References
^ International Biathlon Union. Julia Simon. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julia Simon.
Julia Simon at IBU
Julia Simon at Olympics.com
Julia Simon at Olympedia
Julia Simon at the French Olympic and Sports Committee (archived) (in French)
Julia Simon at Team France (in French)
vteWorld champions in women's biathlon – 7.5 km sprint5 km
1984: Venera Chernyshova
1985: Sanna Grønlid
1986: Kaija Parve
1987: Elena Golovina
1988: Petra Schaaf
7.5 km
1989: Anne Elvebakk
1990: Anne Elvebakk
1991: Grete I. Nykkelmo
1993: Myriam Bédard
1995: Anne Briand
1996: Olga Romasko
1997: Olga Romasko
1999: Martina Zellner
2000: Liv Grete Skjelbreid
2001: Kati Wilhelm
2003: Sylvie Becaert
2004: Liv Grete Skjelbreid Poirée
2005: Uschi Disl
2007: Magdalena Neuner
2008: Andrea Henkel
2009: Kati Wilhelm
2011: Magdalena Neuner
2012: Magdalena Neuner
2013: Olena Bilosiuk
2015: Marie Dorin Habert
2016: Tiril Eckhoff
2017: Gabriela Soukalová
2019: Anastasiya Kuzmina
2020: Marte Olsbu Røiseland
2021: Tiril Eckhoff
2023: Denise Herrmann-Wick
2024: Julia Simon
vteWorld champions in women's biathlon – 10 km pursuit
1997: Magdalena Forsberg
1998: Magdalena Forsberg
1999: Olena Zubrilova
2000: Magdalena Forsberg
2001: Liv Grete Skjelbreid Poirée
2003: Sandrine Bailly & Martina Glagow
2004: Liv Grete Skjelbreid Poirée
2005: Uschi Disl
2007: Magdalena Neuner
2008: Andrea Henkel
2009: Helena Jonsson
2011: Kaisa Mäkäräinen
2012: Darya Domracheva
2013: Tora Berger
2015: Marie Dorin Habert
2016: Laura Dahlmeier
2017: Laura Dahlmeier
2019: Denise Herrmann
2020: Dorothea Wierer
2021: Tiril Eckhoff
2023: Julia Simon
2024: Julia Simon
vteWorld champions in women's biathlon – 4 × 6 km relay3 × 5 km
1984: (Venera Chernyshova, Liudmila Zabolotnaya, Kaija Parve)
1985: (Venera Chernyshova, Elena Golovina, Kaija Parve)
1986: (Kaija Parve, Nadiya Billova, Venera Chernyshova)
1987: (Venera Chernyshova, Elena Golovina, Kaija Parve)
1988: (Venera Chernyshova, Elena Golovina, Kaija Parve)
3 × 7.5 km
1989: (Natalia Prikazchikova, Svetlana Davidova, Elena Golovina)
1990: (Elena Batsevich, Elena Golovina, Svetlana Davidova)
1991: (Elena Belova, Elena Golovina, Svetlana Davidova)
4 × 7.5 km
1993: (Jana Kulhavá, Jiřina Adamičková, Iveta Knížková, Eva Háková)
1995: (Uschi Disl, Antje Harvey, Simone Greiner-Petter-Memm, Petra Behle)
1996: (Uschi Disl, Simone Greiner-Petter-Memm, Katrin Apel, Petra Behle)
1997: (Uschi Disl, Simone Greiner-Petter-Memm, Katrin Apel, Petra Behle)
1999: (Uschi Disl, Simone Greiner-Petter-Memm, Katrin Apel, Martina Zellner)
2000: (Olga Pyleva, Svetlana Tchernousova, Galina Kukleva, Albina Akhatova)
2001: (Olga Pyleva, Anna Bogaliy-Titovets, Galina Kukleva, Svetlana Ishmouratova)
4 × 6 km
2003: (Albina Akhatova, Svetlana Ishmouratova, Galina Kukleva, Svetlana Tchernousova)
2004: (Linda Tjørhom, Gro Marit Istad Kristiansen, Gunn Margit Andreassen, Liv Grete Skjelbreid Poirée)
2005: (Olga Pyleva, Svetlana Ishmouratova, Anna Bogaliy-Titovets, Olga Zaitseva)
2007: (Martina Glagow, Andrea Henkel, Magdalena Neuner, Kati Wilhelm)
2008: (Martina Glagow, Andrea Henkel, Magdalena Neuner, Kati Wilhelm)
2009: (Svetlana Sleptsova, Anna Boulygina, Olga Medvedtseva, Olga Zaitseva)
2011: (Andrea Henkel, Miriam Gössner, Tina Bachmann, Magdalena Neuner)
2012: (Tina Bachmann, Magdalena Neuner, Miriam Gössner, Andrea Henkel)
2013: (Hilde Fenne, Ann Kristin Flatland, Synnøve Solemdal, Tora Berger)
2015: (Franziska Hildebrand, Franziska Preuß, Vanessa Hinz, Laura Dahlmeier)
2016: (Synnøve Solemdal, Fanny Horn Birkeland, Tiril Eckhoff, Marte Olsbu)
2017: (Vanessa Hinz, Maren Hammerschmidt, Franziska Hildebrand, Laura Dahlmeier)
2019: (Synnøve Solemdal, Ingrid Landmark Tandrevold, Tiril Eckhoff, Marte Olsbu Røiseland)
2020: (Synnøve Solemdal, Ingrid Landmark Tandrevold, Tiril Eckhoff, Marte Olsbu Røiseland)
2021: (Ingrid Landmark Tandrevold, Tiril Eckhoff, Ida Lien, Marte Olsbu Røiseland)
2023: (Samuela Comola, Dorothea Wierer, Hannah Auchentaller, Lisa Vittozzi)
2024: (Lou Jeanmonnot, Sophie Chauveau, Justine Braisaz-Bouchet, Julia Simon)
vteWorld champions in biathlon – 4 × 7.5 km mixed relay4 × 7.5 km
2005: (Olga Pyleva, Svetlana Ishmouratova, Ivan Tcherezov, Nikolay Kruglov Jr.)
2006: (Anna Bogaliy-Titovets, Sergei Tchepikov, Irina Malgina, Nikolay Kruglov Jr.)
2021: (Sturla Holm Lægreid, Johannes Thingnes Bø, Tiril Eckhoff, Marte Olsbu Røiseland)
2 × 6 km +2 × 7.5 km
2007: (Helena Jonsson, Anna Carin Olofsson, Björn Ferry, Carl Johan Bergman)
2008: (Sabrina Buchholz, Magdalena Neuner, Andreas Birnbacher, Michael Greis)
2009: (Marie-Laure Brunet, Sylvie Becaert, Vincent Defrasne, Simon Fourcade)
2010: (Simone Hauswald, Magdalena Neuner, Simon Schempp, Arnd Peiffer)
2011: (Tora Berger, Ann Kristin Aafedt Flatland, Ole Einar Bjørndalen, Tarjei Bø)
2012: (Tora Berger, Synnøve Solemdal, Ole Einar Bjørndalen, Emil Hegle Svendsen)
2013: (Tora Berger, Synnøve Solemdal, Tarjei Bø, Emil Hegle Svendsen)
2015: (Veronika Vítková, Gabriela Soukalová, Michal Šlesingr, Ondřej Moravec)
2016: (Anaïs Bescond, Marie Dorin Habert, Quentin Fillon Maillet, Martin Fourcade)
2017: (Vanessa Hinz, Laura Dahlmeier, Arnd Peiffer, Simon Schempp)
2019: (Marte Olsbu Røiseland, Tiril Eckhoff, Johannes Thingnes Bø, Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen)
4 × 6 km
2020: (Marte Olsbu Røiseland, Tiril Eckhoff, Tarjei Bø, Johannes Thingnes Bø)
2023: (Ingrid Landmark Tandrevold, Marte Olsbu Røiseland, Sturla Holm Lægreid, Johannes Thingnes Bø)
2024: (Éric Perrot, Quentin Fillon Maillet, Justine Braisaz-Bouchet, Julia Simon)
vteWorld champions in biathlon – 1 × 6 km + 1 × 7.5 km single mixed relay1 × 6 km + 1 × 7.5 km
2019: (Marte Olsbu Røiseland, Johannes Thingnes Bø)
2020: (Marte Olsbu Røiseland, Johannes Thingnes Bø)
2021: (Antonin Guigonnat, Julia Simon)
2023: (Marte Olsbu Røiseland, Johannes Thingnes Bø)
2024: (Quentin Fillon Maillet, Lou Jeanmonnot)
vteBiathlon World Cup champions – women's overall
1982–83: Gry Østvik
1983–84: Mette Mestad
1984–85: Sanna Grønlid
1985–86: Eva Korpela
1986–87: Eva Korpela
1987–88: Anne Elvebakk
1988–89: Elena Golovina
1989–90: Jiřina Adamičková
1990–91: Svetlana Davidova
1991–92: Anfisa Reztsova
1992–93: Anfisa Reztsova
1993–94: Svetlana Paramygina
1994–95: Anne Briand
1995–96: Emmanuelle Claret
1996–97: Magdalena Forsberg
1997–98: Magdalena Forsberg
1998–99: Magdalena Forsberg
1999–2000: Magdalena Forsberg
2000–01: Magdalena Forsberg
2001–02: Magdalena Forsberg
2002–03: Martina Glagow
2003–04: Liv Grete Poirée
2004–05: Sandrine Bailly
2005–06: Kati Wilhelm
2006–07: Andrea Henkel
2007–08: Magdalena Neuner
2008–09: Helena Jonsson
2009–10: Magdalena Neuner
2010–11: Kaisa Mäkäräinen
2011–12: Magdalena Neuner
2012–13: Tora Berger
2013–14: Kaisa Mäkäräinen Tora Berger
2014–15: Darya Domracheva
2015–16: Gabriela Soukalová
2016–17: Laura Dahlmeier
2017–18: Kaisa Mäkäräinen
2018–19: Dorothea Wierer
2019–20: Dorothea Wierer
2020–21: Tiril Eckhoff
2021–22: Marte Olsbu Røiseland
2022–23: Julia Simon
2023–24: Lisa Vittozzi
|
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[{"image_text":"Simon winning the Pursuit at the World Championships at Oberhof on 12th February 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2023-02-12_BMW_IBU_World_Championships_Biathlon_Oberhof_2023_%E2%80%93_Women_10_km_Pursuit_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93113.jpg/220px-2023-02-12_BMW_IBU_World_Championships_Biathlon_Oberhof_2023_%E2%80%93_Women_10_km_Pursuit_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93113.jpg"},{"image_text":"Simon / Bescond / Aymonier / Braisaz finishing 3rd at Oberhof on 11th January 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/2020-01-11_IBU_World_Cup_Biathlon_Oberhof_IMG_2937_by_Stepro.jpg/220px-2020-01-11_IBU_World_Cup_Biathlon_Oberhof_IMG_2937_by_Stepro.jpg"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaid_Rifai
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Zaid Rifai
|
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Prime Minister of Jordan
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Zaid Rifai" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
His ExcellencyZaid al-Rifaiزيد الرفاعيPrime Minister of JordanIn office4 April 1984 – 27 April 1989MonarchHusseinPreceded byAhmad ObeidatSucceeded byZaid ibn ShakerIn office26 May 1973 – 13 July 1976MonarchKing HusseinPreceded byAhmad Al LawziSucceeded byMudar Badran
Personal detailsBornZaid Sameer al-Rifai (1936-11-27) November 27, 1936 (age 87)Amman, Transjordan, British EmpireChildrenSamir Rifai (son)Alma materHarvard UniversityProfessionPolitician
Zaid al-Rifai (Arabic: زيد الرفاعي; born 27 November 1936) is a Jordanian politician who served as the 22nd prime minister of Jordan from May 1973 to July 1976, and again from April 1984 to April 1989.
Biography
Rifai served as prime minister and formed four different governments, the last of which was Jordan's longest lasting government in the history of the kingdom. It lasted for a term of 5 years and 23 days from 4 April 1984 to 27 April 1989. His father, Sameer al-Rifai, his father-in-law, Bahjat Talhouni, and his son, Samir Rifai, all served as Jordanian prime minister.
Rifai survived an assassination attempt on 15 December 1971 while he was serving as the ambassador of Jordan to the United Kingdom. The perpetrators were the members of the Fatah, and the reason for the attack was the Black September events which led to the departure of the Palestinians from Jordan in 1970.
Rifai was the president of the Senate of Jordan from June 1997 to December 2009. On 12 December 2009, he resigned from office.
See also
List of prime ministers of Jordan
References
^ a b Fuad Jabber (1973). "The Arab Regimes and the Palestinian Revolution, 1967-71". Journal of Palestine Studies. 2 (2): 100. doi:10.2307/2535482. JSTOR 2535482.
^ "Previous Councils - The Senate of Jordan". Senate of Jordan. 12 January 2019.
^ "Senate President tenders resignation to King". Petra News Agency. 12 December 2009. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
External links
Wikisource has original works by or about:Zaid al-Rifai
Prime Ministry of Jordan website
Political offices
Preceded byAhmad al-Lawzi
Prime Minister of Jordan 1973–1976
Succeeded byMudar Badran
Preceded byAhmad Obeidat
Prime Minister of Jordan 1984–1989
Succeeded byZaid ibn Shaker
vtePrime ministers of Jordan (List)Emirate of Transjordan(1921–1946)
Ṭaliʽa
Raslan*
Rikabi†
Raslan
H. Al-Huda
Rikabi†
H. Al-Huda
Siraj
Hashem
T. Al-Huda
S. Al-Rifai
Hashem
JordanKingdom of Jordan(1946–)
Hashem
S. Al-Rifai
T. Al-Huda
Mufti
S. Al-Rifai
T. Al-Huda
F. Mulki
T. Al-Huda
Mufti
H. Majali
Hashem*
S. Al-Rifai
Mufti
Hashem
Nabulsi
Khalidi
Hashem
Al-Rifai
H. Majali
Talhouni
Tal
S. Al-Rifai
ibn Nasser
Talhouni
Tal
ibn Nasser
Jumaa
Talhouni
A. Al-Rifai
Talhouni
A. Al-Rifai
Al-Abbasi†
Toukan
Tal
Lawzi
Z. Al-Rifai
M. Badran
Sharaf
Rimawi
M. Badran
Obeidat
Z. Al-Rifai
ibn Shaker
M. Badran
Masri
ibn Shaker
Majali
ibn Shaker
Kabariti
A. Majali
Tarawneh
Rawabdeh
Abu Al-Ragheb
Fayez
A. Badran
Bakhit
Dahabi
Rifai
Bakhit
A. Khasawneh
Tarawneh
Esour
H. Mulki
Razzaz
B. Al-Khasawneh
* interim † military
This article about the region of Palestine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Jordanian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Jordan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"List of prime ministers of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Jordan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsieur_de_Pourceaugnac
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Monsieur de Pourceaugnac
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["1 Overview","2 Synopsis","3 Performances","4 Adaptations","5 References"]
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This article is about the Molière/Lully/Beauchamp entertainment. For the film, see Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (film).
The title page of the original manuscript
Monsieur de Pourceaugnac is a three-act comédie-ballet—a ballet interrupted by spoken dialogue—by Molière, first presented on 6 October 1669 before the court of Louis XIV at the Château of Chambord by Molière's troupe of actors. Subsequent public performances were given at the theatre of the Palais-Royal beginning on 18 November 1669. The music was composed by Jean-Baptiste Lully, the choreography was by Pierre Beauchamp, the sets were by Carlo Vigarani, and the costumes were created by the chevalier d’Arvieux.
Lully notably took a role himself on stage in the work's première, portraying a physician in the dance of the enemas. (Molière regularly performed in his own stage works.)
Overview
This comedy-ballet was written in September 1669 by Molière at the Chateau de Chambord, a village located in the former province of Orleans (Kingdom of France) and the current French department of Loir-et-Cher.
The piece was published in Paris by Jean Ribou in a book dating from 1670.
The ballet score by Lully is recorded in two books published between 1700 and 1710. For one of them, the exact date is unknown, probably made by the workshop of the copyist and librarian of Louis XIV, André Danican Philidor, and consists of alternating sheets of ballet and texts of the script. The other, probably made in 1706 by the copyist Henri Foucault contains only the ballet score.
Several previous works are discussed as having in part inspired Molière's Pourceaugnac: the General History of Thieves François de Calvi published in 1631; "La désolation des filous sur la défense des armes" (The desolation of pickpockets on the defence of war); and "Les malades qui se portent bien" (The sick who are well") by Jean Simonin dit Chevalier, a one-act comedy published in 1662. In 1705, Jean-Léonor Le Gallois de Grimarest, Molière's first biographer, writes about the origins of the character Pourceaugnac: "It is said that Pourceaugnac was made based on a gentleman Limousin, who during one show, had a quarrel with theatre actors, whom he ridiculed, with which he was charged. Molière to avenge this act, put it into the theater and made a fun for the people, who were delighted with this piece, which was performed at Chambord in September of 1669, and in Paris a month later."
Synopsis
Monsieur de Pourceaugnac is betrothed to Julie, the daughter of Oronte. Unbeknownst to him, Julie is in love with the young and handsome Parisian Éraste and has no desire to wed Pourceaugnac. In order to avoid the impending marriage, Julie and Éraste solicit the help of Sbrigani who uses all of his guile to help the young couple through a series of clever deceits.
Performances
The piece premiered at the Château de Chambord for the entertainment of the King of France, Louis XIV on 6 October 1669.
The work was a big success and was performed 49 times in the lifetime of its author; in addition to the first performance at Chateau de Chambord, it played once, 4 November 1669, at Versailles and 47 times in the theatre of the Palais Royal in Paris between 15 November 1669 and 11 September 1672.
After the death of Molière, the play was performed once the theatre of the hotel Guénégaud, Paris, in 1680, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1681, twelve times in the theatre of the rue des Fosses in Saint-Germain, Paris, between 1701 and 1750, once at the Château de Bellevue in 1751, five times at the Grand Theatre de la Monnaie in Brussels between 1753 and 1785, three times in the theatre du Capitole in Toulouse between 1786 and 1789, the theatre national Caen, then twice at the Grand Theatre de la Monnaie in Brussels in 1791.
Adaptations
Squire Trelooby (1704) is an English-language adaptation of the play by William Congreve, William Walsh and John Vanbrugh.
Operatic settings of the play include those by Castil-Blaze (a pasticcio using music of Rossini, Weber, and others; 1826), Alberto Franchetti (Il signore di Pourceaugnac; 1897), and Frank Martin (1962). The play is also one of the sources of the opera Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss and Hugo von Hofmannsthal.
There are film versions of Molière's play from 1930 and 1985 (by Michel Mitrani).
Gaetano Donizetti's comic opera Il giovedì grasso, o il nuovo Pourceaugnac is not a setting of Molière's play, but instead depicts a scheme which the characters consciously model on Monsieur de Pourceaugnac.
References
^ Garreau 1984, p. 417.
^ Molière's comédies-ballets, Seminar notes, April 6, 1999
^ Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, comédie : faite à Chambord, pour le divertissement du Roy, Paris, Jean Ribou, 1670, 136 p.
^ Jean-Baptiste Lully et Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, Monsieur de Poursaugnac. Comédie-Ballet. Donné par le Roy a toutte sa cour dans le Chasteau de Chambort au mois d'octobre 1669 fait par Monsieur de Lully sur intendant de la musique du Roy et par le sieur Molliere, 1700-1710, 109 p.
^ Jean-Baptiste Lully, Ballet de Pourceaugnac, v.1706, 24 p.
^ Louis-Aimé Martin, Œuvres complètes de Molière : avec les notes de tous les commentateurs, t. 6, Paris, Lefèvre, 1824
^ François de Calvi, Histoire générale des larrons : divisée en trois livres. I. Contenant les cruautez & meschancetez des Volleurs. II. Des ruses & subtilitez des Couppeurs de bourses. III. Les finesses, tromperies & stratagèmes des filous, Paris, Rolin Baragnes, 1631, 270 pp.
^ Jean-Léonor Le Gallois de Grimarest, La vie de Mr de Molière : réimpression de l'édition originale, Paris, 1705, avec une notice d'Auguste Poulet-Malassis, Paris, Isidor Liseux, 1877 (lire en ligne ), pp. 138–139
^ Synopsis at AMG
^ Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, Émile de La Bédollière et Janet-Lange, Monsieur de Pourceaugnac; suivi de Le sicilien; illustré par Janet-Lange, Paris, Gustave Barba, 1851, 20 p. (lire en ligne ), p. 1-14
^ « Monsieur de Pourceaugnac » , sur cesar.org.uk , César, calendrier électronique des spectacles sous l'Ancien régime et sous la Révolution (consulté le 30 novembre 2011)
Garreau, Joseph E. (1 November 1983). "Molière". In Hochman, Stanley (ed.). McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 397–418. ISBN 978-0070791695.
vteMolièreWorks
Le Médecin volant
L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps
Les Précieuses ridicules
Sganarelle, or The Imaginary Cuckold
The School for Husbands
The School for Wives
Tartuffe
Dom Juan
L'Amour médecin
The Misanthrope
Le Médecin malgré lui
Amphitryon
George Dandin ou le Mari confondu
The Miser
Monsieur de Pourceaugnac
Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
Psyché
Scapin the Schemer
Les Femmes Savantes
The Imaginary Invalid
Related
Madeleine Béjart
Armande Béjart (wife)
Illustre Théâtre
Troupe of Molière
Molière (1978 film)
Molière (2007 film)
vteJean-Baptiste LullyList of compositionsOperas
Cadmus et Hermione (1673)
Alceste (1674)
Thésée (1675)
Atys (1676)
Isis (1677)
Psyché (1678)
Bellérophon (1679)
Proserpine (1680)
Persée (1682)
Phaëton (1683)
Amadis (1684)
Roland (1685)
Armide (1686)
Acis et Galatée (1686)
Achille et Polyxène (completed 1687 by Collasse)
With Molière
L'Amour médecin
George Dandin ou le Mari confondu
Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
Monsieur de Pourceaugnac
Psyché
Other works
Plaude Laetare Gallia
Jubilate Deo omnis terra
People
Sons
Louis Lully
Alcide
Jean-Baptiste Lully fils
Jean-Louis Lully
Louis XIV
Molière
Philippe Quinault
Pierre Perrin
Related
Académie Royale de Musique
Comédie-ballet
French overture
Intermède
Tragédie en musique
Category
Authority control databases National
Germany
Other
MusicBrainz work
|
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Subsequent public performances were given at the theatre of the Palais-Royal beginning on 18 November 1669.[1] The music was composed by Jean-Baptiste Lully, the choreography was by Pierre Beauchamp, the sets were by Carlo Vigarani, and the costumes were created by the chevalier d’Arvieux.Lully notably took a role himself on stage in the work's première, portraying a physician in the dance of the enemas.[2] (Molière regularly performed in his own stage works.)","title":"Monsieur de Pourceaugnac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ribou,_1670-3"},{"link_name":"André Danican Philidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Danican_Philidor_the_elder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Henri Foucault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Foucault"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"This comedy-ballet was written in September 1669 by Molière at the Chateau de Chambord, a village located in the former province of Orleans (Kingdom of France) and the current French department of Loir-et-Cher.The piece was published in Paris by Jean Ribou in a book dating from 1670.[3]The ballet score by Lully is recorded in two books published between 1700 and 1710. For one of them, the exact date is unknown, probably made by the workshop of the copyist and librarian of Louis XIV, André Danican Philidor, and consists of alternating sheets of ballet and texts of the script.[4] The other, probably made in 1706 by the copyist Henri Foucault contains only the ballet score.[5]Several previous works are discussed as having in part inspired Molière's Pourceaugnac:[6] the General History of Thieves François de Calvi published in 1631;[7] \"La désolation des filous sur la défense des armes\" (The desolation of pickpockets on the defence of war); and \"Les malades qui se portent bien\" (The sick who are well\") by Jean Simonin dit Chevalier, a one-act comedy published in 1662. In 1705, Jean-Léonor Le Gallois de Grimarest, Molière's first biographer, writes about the origins of the character Pourceaugnac: \"It is said that Pourceaugnac was made based on a gentleman Limousin, who during one show, had a quarrel with theatre actors, whom he ridiculed, with which he was charged. Molière to avenge this act, put it into the theater and made a fun for the people, who were delighted with this piece, which was performed at Chambord in September of 1669, and in Paris a month later.\"[8]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Monsieur de Pourceaugnac is betrothed to Julie, the daughter of Oronte. Unbeknownst to him, Julie is in love with the young and handsome Parisian Éraste and has no desire to wed Pourceaugnac. In order to avoid the impending marriage, Julie and Éraste solicit the help of Sbrigani who uses all of his guile to help the young couple through a series of clever deceits.[9]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Château de Chambord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"theatre of the Palais Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Château de Bellevue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bellevue"},{"link_name":"Grand Theatre de la Monnaie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Monnaie"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The piece premiered at the Château de Chambord for the entertainment of the King of France, Louis XIV on 6 October 1669.[10]The work was a big success and was performed 49 times in the lifetime of its author; in addition to the first performance at Chateau de Chambord, it played once, 4 November 1669, at Versailles and 47 times in the theatre of the Palais Royal in Paris between 15 November 1669 and 11 September 1672.[11]After the death of Molière, the play was performed once the theatre of the hotel Guénégaud, Paris, in 1680, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1681, twelve times in the theatre of the rue des Fosses in Saint-Germain, Paris, between 1701 and 1750, once at the Château de Bellevue in 1751, five times at the Grand Theatre de la Monnaie in Brussels between 1753 and 1785, three times in the theatre du Capitole in Toulouse between 1786 and 1789, the theatre national Caen, then twice at the Grand Theatre de la Monnaie in Brussels in 1791.[citation needed]","title":"Performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Squire Trelooby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squire_Trelooby"},{"link_name":"William Congreve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Congreve"},{"link_name":"William Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walsh_(poet)"},{"link_name":"John Vanbrugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh"},{"link_name":"Castil-Blaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castil-Blaze"},{"link_name":"pasticcio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasticcio"},{"link_name":"Alberto Franchetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Franchetti"},{"link_name":"Frank Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Martin_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Der Rosenkavalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier"},{"link_name":"Richard Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Hugo von Hofmannsthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal"},{"link_name":"Michel Mitrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Mitrani"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Donizetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti"},{"link_name":"Il giovedì grasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_gioved%C3%AC_grasso"}],"text":"Squire Trelooby (1704) is an English-language adaptation of the play by William Congreve, William Walsh and John Vanbrugh.Operatic settings of the play include those by Castil-Blaze (a pasticcio using music of Rossini, Weber, and others; 1826), Alberto Franchetti (Il signore di Pourceaugnac; 1897), and Frank Martin (1962). The play is also one of the sources of the opera Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss and Hugo von Hofmannsthal.There are film versions of Molière's play from 1930 and 1985 (by Michel Mitrani).Gaetano Donizetti's comic opera Il giovedì grasso, o il nuovo Pourceaugnac is not a setting of Molière's play, but instead depicts a scheme which the characters consciously model on Monsieur de Pourceaugnac.","title":"Adaptations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The title page of the original manuscript","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Monsieur_de_Pourceaugnac%2C_Moli%C3%A8re%2C_couverture.jpg/220px-Monsieur_de_Pourceaugnac%2C_Moli%C3%A8re%2C_couverture.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Garreau, Joseph E. (1 November 1983). \"Molière\". In Hochman, Stanley (ed.). McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 397–418. ISBN 978-0070791695.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillencycl01hoch","url_text":"McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillencycl01hoch/page/397","url_text":"397–418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0070791695","url_text":"978-0070791695"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~trott/courses/dra3015s/com_bal.htm","external_links_name":"Molière's comédies-ballets, Seminar notes, April 6, 1999"},{"Link":"http://www.fandango.com/monsieurdepourceaugnac_v118580/summary","external_links_name":"Synopsis at AMG"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillencycl01hoch","external_links_name":"McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillencycl01hoch/page/397","external_links_name":"397–418"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7561958-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/9a931e44-b64c-47e3-a62e-760eb31f6dde","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_and_Shean
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Gallagher and Shean
|
["1 Career","2 Later life and career","3 References","4 External links"]
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Vaudevillian musical comedy double act of the early 20th century
Gallagher and SheanGallagher-Shean autographed drawing by Manuel Rosenberg for The Cincinnati Post, 1924NationalityAmericanYears active1910–1914 and 1920-1925GenresVaudeville, ComedyNotable works and rolesSong entitled, "Absolutely, Mr. Gallagher? Positively, Mr. Shean!"Former membersEd GallagherAl Shean
Gallagher & Shean was a highly successful musical comedy double act in vaudeville and on Broadway in the 1910s and 1920s, consisting of Ed Gallagher (1873–1929) and Al Shean (1868–1949); Shean was the maternal uncle of the Marx Brothers.
Career
Both comedians were relatively obscure vaudeville performers until they teamed up in 1910. Gallagher and Shean first joined forces during the tour of The Rose Maid in 1912, but they quarreled and split up two years later, in 1914. They next appeared together in 1920, to star in the Shubert Brothers' production of the highly successful Cinderella on Broadway, through the efforts of Shean's sister, Minnie Marx (mother of the Marx Brothers). This pairing lasted until 1925 and led to their fame.
Sheet music cover for their popular titular song
Gallagher and Shean remain best known for their theme song "Mister Gallagher and Mister Shean", which was a hit in the 1922 Ziegfeld Follies. Bryan Foy, son of stage star Eddie Foy and eldest member of the "Seven Little Foys", claimed to have written the song, but it is officially attributed to Gallagher and Shean. The song is also sometimes called "Absolutely, Mr. Gallagher? Positively, Mr. Shean!" The song endured in popularity and was regularly tweaked and updated with additional verses; consequently, it exists in several different versions. The song was recorded by Gallagher and Shean as two sides of a 10" 78rpm record in 1922 for Victor Records. It was also recorded on Okeh Records by The Happiness Boys (Billy Jones and Ernie Hare) and on Cameo Records by Irving and Jack Kaufman, and even in Yiddish on Banner Records, by M. Z. Feinman Brothers. When performed by other artists, it was usually preceded with this introductory lyric:
There are two funny men
The best I've ever seen
One is Mr. Gallagher
And the other Mr. Shean
When these two cronies meet
Why it surely is a treat
The things they say
And the things they do
And the funny way they greet...
The song was extremely popular and well remembered: a pastiche was included in The Cabaret Girl, a 1922 musical produced in London; a parody of it was recorded by Bing Crosby and Johnny Mercer in the late 1930s; another parody was performed by Jackie Gleason and Groucho Marx (who was Al Shean's nephew) on television in 1967; and Lenny Bruce was able to make an offhanded reference to it in his nightclub act of the 1960s, all of them confident that audiences would recognize it right away.
Each verse ended with a question-and-answer refrain, one of which—Shean singing "Absolutely, Mister Gallagher?" and Gallagher replying "Positively, Mister Shean!"—became their tagline. This cross-talk format continues to be imitated, parodied, and referenced for audiences who may have no knowledge of the original. Cartoonist Bobby London depicted his characters Dirty Duck and Weevil telling each other "Posilutely, Weevil!" "Absotively, Mr. Duck!". In the 1960s, an Australian cleaning product "Mister Sheen" launched a successful TV campaign using the original tune with new lyrics ("Oh, Mr. Sheen, Oh, Mr. Sheen"), as did several 1980s radio commercials for Pitney Bowes office equipment: "Absolutely, Mister Pitney!" "Positively, Mister Bowes!"
Capitalizing on the post-King Tut craze for everything Egyptian, Gallagher and Shean appeared in Egyptian dress (Gallagher in the pith helmet and white suit of the tourist, Shean in the fez and oddly skirted jacket of a "native" Egyptian colonial).
Later life and career
In 1921, they were sued by the Shubert organization for breach of contract. According to Shubert, they could not perform for the competing Ziegfeld Follies. The plaintiff claimed that Gallagher and Shean's act was "unique and irreplaceable". The comedians' defense was that their act was mediocre, and the judge initially found in their favor, although the decision was later reversed.
For a time in the 1920s, Gallagher was involved with his protegee, vivacious French-Canadian dancer Fifi D'Orsay. In 1925, inventor Theodore Case made a short film of them in his sound-on-film process at his Auburn, New York studio; however, the film was lost in a fire at the Auburn studio in the mid-1950s, and only outtakes of the film now exist. In August 1931, Fleischer Studios released a short cartoon, Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Shean, as part of the Fleischer Screen Songs series. In this short, Jack Kenny (1886–1964) did the voice of Gallagher.
Gallagher and Shean often had personal differences during their partnership. The constant backstage hostilities inspired Neil Simon to incorporate them into his successful show business-themed comedy The Sunshine Boys.
Ed Gallagher suffered a nervous breakdown after the partnership ended in 1925 and died in 1929; Al Shean worked occasionally thereafter as a solo character actor. The Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical Ziegfeld Girl (1941) features a recreation of Gallagher and Shean's act with Al Shean in his familiar role and costume and character actor Charles Winninger portraying Gallagher. Also The Republic Pictures musical Atlantic City (1944) features a recreation of Gallagher and Shean's act with Al Shean and character actor Jack Kenney portraying Gallagher.
Ed Gallagher's wife, Helen, became a partner in Gallagher's Steak House in New York City and the restaurant was actually named after her. After Ed's death, she married her partner, Jack Solomon.
References
^ a b c d e "Gallagher and Shean | American vaudeville team". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
^ Slide, Anthony (2012). The Encyclopedia of Vaudeville. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 203. ISBN 1-61703-250-6
^ IMDB entry
^ Slide, Anthony (2012). The Encyclopedia of Vaudeville. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 204–205. ISBN 1-61703-250-6
^ Trager, James (2003). The New York Chronology: The Ultimate Compendium of Events, People, and Anecdotes from the Dutch to the Present. New York: HarperResource. p. 480. ISBN 0060523417
Marxology
External links
Edward Gallagher at the Internet Broadway Database
Edward Gallagher at IMDb
Al Shean at the Internet Broadway Database
Al Shean at IMDb
Gallagher and Shean at IMDb
Gallagher and Shean (1925) experimental sound film made by Theodore Case
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_comedy"},{"link_name":"double act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_act"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Ed Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Gallagher_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Al Shean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Shean"},{"link_name":"Marx Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_Brothers"}],"text":"Gallagher & Shean was a highly successful musical comedy double act in vaudeville and on Broadway in the 1910s and 1920s, consisting of Ed Gallagher (1873–1929) and Al Shean (1868–1949); Shean was the maternal uncle of the Marx Brothers.","title":"Gallagher and Shean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Minnie Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Marx"},{"link_name":"Marx Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gallagher_and_Shean_cover.png"},{"link_name":"Mister Gallagher and Mister Shean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Gallagher_and_Mister_Shean"},{"link_name":"Ziegfeld Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies"},{"link_name":"Bryan Foy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Foy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Eddie Foy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Foy_Sr."},{"link_name":"Seven Little Foys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Little_Foys"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"78rpm record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78rpm_record"},{"link_name":"Victor Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Records"},{"link_name":"Okeh Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeh_Records"},{"link_name":"The Happiness Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happiness_Boys"},{"link_name":"Billy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ernie Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Hare"},{"link_name":"Cameo Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_Records"},{"link_name":"Banner Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_Records"},{"link_name":"The Cabaret Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabaret_Girl"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Jackie Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Gleason"},{"link_name":"Groucho Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_Marx"},{"link_name":"Lenny Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Bruce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bobby London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_London"},{"link_name":"Dirty Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Duck_(comix_character)"},{"link_name":"Pitney Bowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitney_Bowes"},{"link_name":"King Tut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Tut"},{"link_name":"pith helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pith_helmet"}],"text":"Both comedians were relatively obscure vaudeville performers until they teamed up in 1910.[1] Gallagher and Shean first joined forces during the tour of The Rose Maid in 1912, but they quarreled and split up two years later, in 1914.[1] They next appeared together in 1920, to star in the Shubert Brothers' production of the highly successful Cinderella on Broadway, through the efforts of Shean's sister, Minnie Marx (mother of the Marx Brothers).[1] This pairing lasted until 1925 and led to their fame.Sheet music cover for their popular titular songGallagher and Shean remain best known for their theme song \"Mister Gallagher and Mister Shean\", which was a hit in the 1922 Ziegfeld Follies. Bryan Foy,[1] son of stage star Eddie Foy and eldest member of the \"Seven Little Foys\", claimed to have written the song, but it is officially attributed to Gallagher and Shean. The song is also sometimes called \"Absolutely, Mr. Gallagher? Positively, Mr. Shean!\"[1] The song endured in popularity and was regularly tweaked and updated with additional verses; consequently, it exists in several different versions. The song was recorded by Gallagher and Shean as two sides of a 10\" 78rpm record in 1922 for Victor Records. It was also recorded on Okeh Records by The Happiness Boys (Billy Jones and Ernie Hare) and on Cameo Records by Irving and Jack Kaufman, and even in Yiddish on Banner Records, by M. Z. Feinman Brothers. When performed by other artists, it was usually preceded with this introductory lyric:There are two funny men\nThe best I've ever seen\nOne is Mr. Gallagher\nAnd the other Mr. SheanWhen these two cronies meet\nWhy it surely is a treat\nThe things they say\nAnd the things they do\nAnd the funny way they greet...The song was extremely popular and well remembered: a pastiche was included in The Cabaret Girl, a 1922 musical produced in London; a parody of it was recorded by Bing Crosby and Johnny Mercer in the late 1930s; another parody was performed by Jackie Gleason and Groucho Marx (who was Al Shean's nephew) on television in 1967; and Lenny Bruce was able to make an offhanded reference to it in his nightclub act of the 1960s, all of them confident that audiences would recognize it right away.Each verse ended with a question-and-answer refrain, one of which—Shean singing \"Absolutely, Mister Gallagher?\" and Gallagher replying \"Positively, Mister Shean!\"—became their tagline.[2] This cross-talk format continues to be imitated, parodied, and referenced for audiences who may have no knowledge of the original. Cartoonist Bobby London depicted his characters Dirty Duck and Weevil telling each other \"Posilutely, Weevil!\" \"Absotively, Mr. Duck!\". In the 1960s, an Australian cleaning product \"Mister Sheen\" launched a successful TV campaign using the original tune with new lyrics (\"Oh, Mr. Sheen, Oh, Mr. Sheen\"), as did several 1980s radio commercials for Pitney Bowes office equipment: \"Absolutely, Mister Pitney!\" \"Positively, Mister Bowes!\"Capitalizing on the post-King Tut craze for everything Egyptian, Gallagher and Shean appeared in Egyptian dress (Gallagher in the pith helmet and white suit of the tourist, Shean in the fez and oddly skirted jacket of a \"native\" Egyptian colonial).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shubert organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubert_Organization"},{"link_name":"Fifi D'Orsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifi_D%27Orsay"},{"link_name":"Theodore Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Case"},{"link_name":"sound-on-film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound-on-film"},{"link_name":"Auburn, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Fleischer Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleischer_Studios"},{"link_name":"Screen Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Songs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Neil Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Simon"},{"link_name":"The Sunshine Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunshine_Boys"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Ziegfeld Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegfeld_Girl_(film)"},{"link_name":"Charles Winninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Winninger"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"Helen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gallagher_(Solomon)"},{"link_name":"Gallagher's Steak House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher%27s_Steak_House"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1921, they were sued by the Shubert organization for breach of contract. According to Shubert, they could not perform for the competing Ziegfeld Follies. The plaintiff claimed that Gallagher and Shean's act was \"unique and irreplaceable\". The comedians' defense was that their act was mediocre, and the judge initially found in their favor, although the decision was later reversed.For a time in the 1920s, Gallagher was involved with his protegee, vivacious French-Canadian dancer Fifi D'Orsay. In 1925, inventor Theodore Case made a short film of them in his sound-on-film process at his Auburn, New York studio; however, the film was lost in a fire at the Auburn studio in the mid-1950s, and only outtakes of the film now exist. In August 1931, Fleischer Studios released a short cartoon, Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Shean, as part of the Fleischer Screen Songs series. In this short, Jack Kenny (1886–1964) did the voice of Gallagher.[3]Gallagher and Shean often had personal differences during their partnership. The constant backstage hostilities inspired Neil Simon to incorporate them into his successful show business-themed comedy The Sunshine Boys.Ed Gallagher suffered a nervous breakdown after the partnership ended in 1925 and died in 1929; Al Shean worked occasionally thereafter as a solo character actor.[4] The Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical Ziegfeld Girl (1941) features a recreation of Gallagher and Shean's act with Al Shean in his familiar role and costume and character actor Charles Winninger portraying Gallagher. Also The Republic Pictures musical Atlantic City (1944) features a recreation of Gallagher and Shean's act with Al Shean and character actor Jack Kenney portraying Gallagher.Ed Gallagher's wife, Helen, became a partner in Gallagher's Steak House in New York City and the restaurant was actually named after her. After Ed's death, she married her partner, Jack Solomon.[5]","title":"Later life and career"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Sheet music cover for their popular titular song","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gallagher_and_Shean_cover.png/220px-Gallagher_and_Shean_cover.png"}]
| null |
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[{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gallagher-and-Shean","external_links_name":"\"Gallagher and Shean | American vaudeville team\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0022168/","external_links_name":"IMDB entry"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xvGhQoNT27IC&pg=PA480&dq=","external_links_name":"The New York Chronology: The Ultimate Compendium of Events, People, and Anecdotes from the Dutch to the Present"},{"Link":"http://www.marx-brothers.org/marxology/shean.htm","external_links_name":"Marxology"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/81049","external_links_name":"Edward Gallagher"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1071855/","external_links_name":"Edward Gallagher"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/59789","external_links_name":"Al Shean"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0790383/","external_links_name":"Al Shean"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1813611/","external_links_name":"Gallagher and Shean"},{"Link":"http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/G/GallagherAndShean1925.html","external_links_name":"Gallagher and Shean (1925) experimental sound film made by Theodore Case"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125761310","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00055262","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/bd3c2a9f-121e-4c7a-b9e2-28bfe4fe0c88","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissy_Patterson
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Cissy Patterson
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["1 Early life","2 Education and marriage","3 Business dealings and social life","4 Family difficulties","5 Family tree","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 Further reading"]
|
American novelist
Eleanor, Countess GizyckiEleanor "Cissy" PattersonBornElinor Josephine Patterson(1881-11-07)November 7, 1881Chicago, IllinoisDiedJuly 24, 1948(1948-07-24) (aged 66)Mount Airy, Rosaryville, MarylandEducationMiss Porter's SchoolSpouse
Count Josef Gizycki
(m. 1904, divorced)ChildrenFelicia Leonora GizyckiParent(s)Robert Wilson Patterson Elinor Medill PattersonRelativesJoseph Medill Patterson (brother)Joseph Medill (grandfather)
Eleanor Josephine Medill "Cissy" Patterson, Countess Gizycki (November 7, 1881 – July 24, 1948) was an American journalist and newspaper editor, publisher and owner. She was one of the first women to head a major daily newspaper, the Washington Times-Herald in Washington, D.C.
Early life
Elinor Josephine Patterson was born in Chicago, Illinois, on November 7, 1881, to the daughter of Robert and Elinor "Nellie" (née Medill) Patterson. She would change the spelling of her first name to "Eleanor" as an adult, but would mostly be known as "Cissy,". Her grandfather, Joseph Medill, was Mayor of Chicago and owned the Chicago Tribune, which later passed into the hands of another Medill grandchild, her first cousin Colonel Robert R. McCormick. Cissy's older brother, who for a time was also involved in the Tribune, Joseph Medill Patterson, was the founder of the New York Daily News.
Education and marriage
She was educated at Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. When her uncle Robert S. McCormick was named ambassador to Austria-Hungary, she accompanied him and his wife, Cissy's maternal aunt Kate, to Vienna. There, she met Count Josef Gizycki and fell in love with him, a romance not interrupted even by her return to America, where she lived in Washington, D.C. In Washington, she was a leading light in society, where the press labeled Alice Roosevelt (daughter of Theodore), Marguerite Cassini (daughter of the Russian ambassador), and Cissy the "Three Graces." Count Gizycki came to America, and they were married in Washington on April 14, 1904, despite her family's objections.
A daughter was born to them on September 3, 1905, and was named Felicia Leonora (1905–1999). Cissy went with the Count to his home, a vast feudal manor in Russian Poland. Their family life did not go well. They separated and rejoined several times, but Cissy eventually set herself on leaving. She took their child, hiding her in a house near London, but the Count pursued her and kidnapped the little Countess, hiding her in an Austrian convent. Cissy filed for divorce, which took thirteen years to obtain.
Business dealings and social life
After her experience abroad, she moved to Lake Forest, Illinois, a Chicago suburb, but she returned to Washington in 1913. In 1920, her brother Joseph finally succumbed to his sister's pleas and allowed her to write for his New York Daily News, founded the previous year. She also worked for William Randolph Hearst. She published two novels, romans à clef, Glass Houses (1926) and Fall Flight (1928), part of her feud with former friend Alice Roosevelt Longworth. In 1925, Eleanor married Elmer Schlesinger, a New York lawyer. He died four years later, and in 1930, Mrs. Schlesinger legally changed her name to Mrs. Eleanor Medill Patterson.
Patterson tried to buy Hearst's two Washington papers, the morning Washington Herald and the evening Washington Times. However, Hearst hated to sell anything, even when he needed the money. Although he had never made money from his Washington papers, he refused to give up the prestige of owning papers in the capital. However, Hearst agreed to make Patterson the papers' editor at the urging of his editor Arthur Brisbane. She began work on August 1, 1930. Patterson was a hands-on editor who insisted on the best of everything—writing, layout, typography, images, and comics. She encouraged society reporting and the women's page and hired many women as reporters, including Adela Rogers St. Johns and Martha Blair. In 1936, she was invited to join the American Society of Newspaper Editors.
In April 1931, Patterson purchased Mount Airy, a mansion built by Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore in the 1600s. Located on extensive grounds near Rosaryville, Maryland, since about 1910 the mansion's owners had operated it as Dower House, an exclusive restaurant, but it suffered a severe fire in February 1931. Patterson not only meticulously restored the mansion, but improved the stables, added a guest house, and built a greenhouse for growing orchids.
In 1937, Hearst's finances had worsened, and he agreed to lease the Herald and the Times to Patterson with an option to buy. Eugene Meyer, the man who had outbid Hearst and Patterson for The Washington Post in 1933, tried to buy the Herald out from under Patterson, but failed. Instead, she bought both papers from Hearst on January 28, 1939, and merged them as the Times-Herald.
During the 1930s, Patterson was generally supportive of Roosevelt and the New Deal. Her friendship with Eleanor Roosevelt was particularly close. Although her Times-Herald, along with brother Joe Patterson's New York Daily News, endorsed the president for a third term in 1940, both turned against his foreign policy by early 1941. They feared that he was needlessly drawing the U.S. into a foreign war. After the Pearl Harbor Attack, however, both Cissy and Joe immediately offered their full support to the war effort but the president, rebuffed them, warning that Cissy needed to "behave herself." "Roosevelt could easily have converted both Pattersons to his cause," writes Cissy's biographer, Ralph G. Martin. "Instead, he created two bitter and powerful enemies." Furthermore, Roosevelt urged Attorney General Francis Biddle and other officials to intensify investigations against the so-called "McCormick-Patterson Axis."
In 1942, after the Battle of Midway, the Times-Herald ran a Tribune story that the U.S. had advance knowledge about the movements of the Japanese attack force. The story did not report that the U.S. had broken the Japanese naval code, but that was a natural conclusion the enemy could make from the content. Roosevelt, furious, had the Tribune and the Times-Herald indicted for espionage but backed down because of the publicity, charges he was persecuting his enemies, and the likelihood of an acquittal (since the Navy's censors had twice cleared the story before it was published and the Code of Wartime Practices said nothing about the movement of enemy ships). Attorney General Biddle said that the government's humiliation in the case made him feel "like a fool."
During World War II, she and her brother were accused of being Nazi sympathizers even though both had endorsed the president in the previous three elections. Representative Elmer Holland of Pennsylvania said on the floor of the United States House of Representatives that the Pattersons "would welcome the victory of Hitler."
Family difficulties
She feuded with her daughter, who publicly "divorced" her in 1945, and with her former son-in-law, Drew Pearson, by whom she had a granddaughter, Ellen Cameron Pearson Arnold (1926–2010). An alcoholic for most of her adult life, she died of a heart attack at age 66 at Mount Airy. She left the paper to seven of her editors, who sold it to her cousin Colonel McCormick within the year. He held onto the paper for five years, and although he seemed close to returning it to profitability for several years, it eventually proved too significant a financial drain. After sounding out several other publishers quietly, McCormick opted to sell the paper to the rival Post, which promptly closed it.
As Countess Gizycki, Patterson was a frequent visitor to her ranch in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, in the 1920s, where Donald Hough records an unexpected aspect of her personality: the ability to speak effectively to horses in language worthy of a native cowboy. The Flat Creek Ranch is now on the National Register of Historic Places.
Patterson's grave
Family tree
vteMedill Chicago family tree
Joseph Medill(1823–1899)Katherine Patrick
Robert Wilson Patterson (1850–1910)Elinor Medill (1855–1933)Katherine van Etta Medill (1853–1932)Robert Sanderson McCormick (1849–1919)
Joseph Medill Patterson (1879–1946)Eleanor Josephine Medill Patterson (1884–1948)Ruth Hanna (1880–1944)Joseph Medill McCormick (1877–1925)Robert Rutherford McCormick (1880–1955)
Alicia Patterson (1906–1963)Harry Frank Guggenheim (1890–1971)Jay Frederick Reeve (1893–1956)Josephine Medill Patterson (1913–1996)Ivan Le Lorraine Albright (1897–1983)James Joseph Patterson (1923–1992)
Madeleine Jana Korbel (1937–2022)Joseph Medill Patterson Reeve, later Albright (born 1937)Alice Reeve, later Albright (1940–2016)Michael J. Arlen (born 1930)
Notes:
References
Notes
^ Patterson would later claim she was born in 1884 to hide her actual age. She would also later add "Medill" to her name.
Citations
^ a b Smith 2011, p. 42.
^ a b MacHenry 1983, p. 318.
^ a b c Martin 1979, p. 17.
^ Hoge 1966, p. 8.
^ Smith 2011, pp. 42–43.
^ a b Smith 2011, p. 288.
^ "Lord Baltimore Home, Built in 1642, Is Sold". The Washington Post. April 22, 1931. p. 20.
^ "Dower House, Built in 1660 Razed By Fire". The Washington Post. February 2, 1931. p. 1.
^ Beito, David T. (2023). The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance (First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 210–211, 220–242. ISBN 978-1598133561.
^ Beito, p. 220-221.
^ Healy 1966, p. 384.
Bibliography
Beito, David T. (2023). The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance (First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-1598133561.
Healy, Paul F. (1966). Cissy: The Biography of Eleanor M. 'Cissy' Patterson. New York: Doubleday.
Hoge, Alice Albright (1966). Cissy Patterson. New York: Random House.
MacHenry, Robert (1983). Famous American Women. New York: Dover Publishing. ISBN 9780486245232.
Martin, Ralph G. (1979). Cissy: The Extraordinary Life of Eleanor Medill Patterson. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671225575.
Smith, Amanda (2011). Newspaper Titan: The Infamous Life and Monumental Times of Cissy Patterson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780375411007.
Further reading
"Fiery 'Cissy' dies in sleep, was famed publisher". The Milwaukee Journal. July 5, 1948. Retrieved December 5, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
McKinney, Megan (2011). The Magnificent Medills. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 9780062097750.
Olmsted, Kathryn S. The Newspaper Axis: Six Press Barons Who Enabled Hitler (Yale UP, 2022)online also online review
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
Netherlands
Poland
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ULAN
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SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"Washington Times-Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Times-Herald"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."}],"text":"Eleanor Josephine Medill \"Cissy\" Patterson, Countess Gizycki (November 7, 1881 – July 24, 1948) was an American journalist and newspaper editor, publisher and owner. She was one of the first women to head a major daily newspaper, the Washington Times-Herald in Washington, D.C.","title":"Cissy Patterson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201142-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacHenry1983318-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197917-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoge19668-4"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wilson_Patterson"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197917-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201142%E2%80%9343-6"},{"link_name":"Joseph Medill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Medill"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Robert R. 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Cissy's older brother, who for a time was also involved in the Tribune, Joseph Medill Patterson, was the founder of the New York Daily News.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss Porter's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Porter%27s_School"},{"link_name":"Farmington, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Robert S. McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._McCormick"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Josef Gizycki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Gizycki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Alice Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Longworth"},{"link_name":"Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Cassini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marguerite_Cassini&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"She was educated at Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. When her uncle Robert S. McCormick was named ambassador to Austria-Hungary, she accompanied him and his wife, Cissy's maternal aunt Kate, to Vienna. There, she met Count Josef Gizycki and fell in love with him, a romance not interrupted even by her return to America, where she lived in Washington, D.C. In Washington, she was a leading light in society, where the press labeled Alice Roosevelt (daughter of Theodore), Marguerite Cassini (daughter of the Russian ambassador), and Cissy the \"Three Graces.\" Count Gizycki came to America, and they were married in Washington on April 14, 1904, despite her family's objections.A daughter was born to them on September 3, 1905, and was named Felicia Leonora (1905–1999). Cissy went with the Count to his home, a vast feudal manor in Russian Poland. Their family life did not go well. They separated and rejoined several times, but Cissy eventually set herself on leaving. She took their child, hiding her in a house near London, but the Count pursued her and kidnapped the little Countess, hiding her in an Austrian convent. Cissy filed for divorce, which took thirteen years to obtain.","title":"Education and marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Forest, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Forest,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"William Randolph Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst"},{"link_name":"romans à clef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_%C3%A0_clef"},{"link_name":"Alice Roosevelt Longworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Longworth"},{"link_name":"Arthur Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"women's page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_page"},{"link_name":"Adela Rogers St. Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adela_Rogers_St._Johns"},{"link_name":"American Society of Newspaper Editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Newspaper_Editors"},{"link_name":"Mount Airy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaryville_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_3rd_Baron_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011288-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rosaryville, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaryville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011288-7"},{"link_name":"Eugene Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Meyer_(financier)"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Francis Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Biddle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Elmer Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Holland"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"}],"text":"After her experience abroad, she moved to Lake Forest, Illinois, a Chicago suburb, but she returned to Washington in 1913. In 1920, her brother Joseph finally succumbed to his sister's pleas and allowed her to write for his New York Daily News, founded the previous year. She also worked for William Randolph Hearst. She published two novels, romans à clef, Glass Houses (1926) and Fall Flight (1928), part of her feud with former friend Alice Roosevelt Longworth. In 1925, Eleanor married Elmer Schlesinger, a New York lawyer. He died four years later, and in 1930, Mrs. Schlesinger legally changed her name to Mrs. Eleanor Medill Patterson.Patterson tried to buy Hearst's two Washington papers, the morning Washington Herald and the evening Washington Times. However, Hearst hated to sell anything, even when he needed the money. Although he had never made money from his Washington papers, he refused to give up the prestige of owning papers in the capital. However, Hearst agreed to make Patterson the papers' editor at the urging of his editor Arthur Brisbane. She began work on August 1, 1930. Patterson was a hands-on editor who insisted on the best of everything—writing, layout, typography, images, and comics. She encouraged society reporting and the women's page and hired many women as reporters, including Adela Rogers St. Johns and Martha Blair. In 1936, she was invited to join the American Society of Newspaper Editors.In April 1931, Patterson purchased Mount Airy, a mansion built by Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore in the 1600s.[6][7] Located on extensive grounds near Rosaryville, Maryland, since about 1910 the mansion's owners had operated it as Dower House, an exclusive restaurant, but it suffered a severe fire in February 1931.[8] Patterson not only meticulously restored the mansion, but improved the stables, added a guest house, and built a greenhouse for growing orchids.[6]In 1937, Hearst's finances had worsened, and he agreed to lease the Herald and the Times to Patterson with an option to buy. Eugene Meyer, the man who had outbid Hearst and Patterson for The Washington Post in 1933, tried to buy the Herald out from under Patterson, but failed. Instead, she bought both papers from Hearst on January 28, 1939, and merged them as the Times-Herald.During the 1930s, Patterson was generally supportive of Roosevelt and the New Deal. Her friendship with Eleanor Roosevelt was particularly close. Although her Times-Herald, along with brother Joe Patterson's New York Daily News, endorsed the president for a third term in 1940, both turned against his foreign policy by early 1941. They feared that he was needlessly drawing the U.S. into a foreign war. After the Pearl Harbor Attack, however, both Cissy and Joe immediately offered their full support to the war effort but the president, rebuffed them, warning that Cissy needed to \"behave herself.\" \"Roosevelt could easily have converted both Pattersons to his cause,\" writes Cissy's biographer, Ralph G. Martin. \"Instead, he created two bitter and powerful enemies.\" Furthermore, Roosevelt urged Attorney General Francis Biddle and other officials to intensify investigations against the so-called \"McCormick-Patterson Axis.\"[9]In 1942, after the Battle of Midway, the Times-Herald ran a Tribune story that the U.S. had advance knowledge about the movements of the Japanese attack force. The story did not report that the U.S. had broken the Japanese naval code, but that was a natural conclusion the enemy could make from the content. Roosevelt, furious, had the Tribune and the Times-Herald indicted for espionage but backed down because of the publicity, charges he was persecuting his enemies, and the likelihood of an acquittal (since the Navy's censors had twice cleared the story before it was published and the Code of Wartime Practices said nothing about the movement of enemy ships). Attorney General Biddle said that the government's humiliation in the case made him feel \"like a fool.\"[10]During World War II, she and her brother were accused of being Nazi sympathizers even though both had endorsed the president in the previous three elections. Representative Elmer Holland of Pennsylvania said on the floor of the United States House of Representatives that the Pattersons \"would welcome the victory of Hitler.\"","title":"Business dealings and social life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drew Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealy1966384-12"},{"link_name":"Jackson Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Hole"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Donald Hough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Hough"},{"link_name":"Flat Creek Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Creek_Ranch"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Eleanor_Medill_Patterson_(1881%E2%80%931948)_at_Graceland_Cemetery,_Chicago_2.jpg"}],"text":"She feuded with her daughter, who publicly \"divorced\" her in 1945, and with her former son-in-law, Drew Pearson, by whom she had a granddaughter, Ellen Cameron Pearson Arnold (1926–2010). An alcoholic for most of her adult life, she died of a heart attack at age 66 at Mount Airy.[11] She left the paper to seven of her editors, who sold it to her cousin Colonel McCormick within the year. He held onto the paper for five years, and although he seemed close to returning it to profitability for several years, it eventually proved too significant a financial drain. After sounding out several other publishers quietly, McCormick opted to sell the paper to the rival Post, which promptly closed it.As Countess Gizycki, Patterson was a frequent visitor to her ranch in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, in the 1920s, where Donald Hough records an unexpected aspect of her personality: the ability to speak effectively to horses in language worthy of a native cowboy. The Flat Creek Ranch is now on the National Register of Historic Places.Patterson's grave","title":"Family difficulties"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beito, David T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T._Beito"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1598133561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598133561"},{"link_name":"Cissy: The Biography of Eleanor M. 'Cissy' Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cissybiographyof00heal"},{"link_name":"Hoge, Alice Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Arlen"},{"link_name":"Cissy Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cissypatterson00hoge"},{"link_name":"Famous American Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=n9SZh8eDtt0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780486245232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486245232"},{"link_name":"Cissy: The Extraordinary Life of Eleanor Medill Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cissy00mart"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780671225575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671225575"},{"link_name":"Newspaper Titan: The Infamous Life and Monumental Times of Cissy Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/newspapertitanin00smit"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780375411007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375411007"}],"text":"Beito, David T. (2023). The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance (First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-1598133561.\nHealy, Paul F. (1966). Cissy: The Biography of Eleanor M. 'Cissy' Patterson. New York: Doubleday.\nHoge, Alice Albright (1966). Cissy Patterson. New York: Random House.\nMacHenry, Robert (1983). Famous American Women. New York: Dover Publishing. ISBN 9780486245232.\nMartin, Ralph G. (1979). Cissy: The Extraordinary Life of Eleanor Medill Patterson. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671225575.\nSmith, Amanda (2011). Newspaper Titan: The Infamous Life and Monumental Times of Cissy Patterson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780375411007.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Fiery 'Cissy' dies in sleep, was famed publisher\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=cRoaAAAAIBAJ&pg=1562,1683236&hl=en"},{"link_name":"cite news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location"},{"link_name":"The Magnificent Medills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/magnificentmedil00mcki"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780062097750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062097750"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Newspaper-Axis-Barons-Enabled-Hitler/dp/0300256426/"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wsj.com/articles/the-newspaper-axis-review-hitlers-editorial-allies-11649435547?page=1"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5122270#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/367226/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000031664193"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/58337609"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMDgXpmwT7dryD9Mctrq"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166348522"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166348522"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n96000720"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131966782"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646847305606"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500444382"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6np4g6m"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/248533983"}],"text":"\"Fiery 'Cissy' dies in sleep, was famed publisher\". The Milwaukee Journal. July 5, 1948. Retrieved December 5, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)\nMcKinney, Megan (2011). The Magnificent Medills. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 9780062097750.\nOlmsted, Kathryn S. The Newspaper Axis: Six Press Barons Who Enabled Hitler (Yale UP, 2022)online also online reviewAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPoland\nArtists\nULAN\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluor_Corporation
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Fluor Corporation
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["1 Corporate history","1.1 Early history","1.2 Diversification and restructuring","1.3 Recent history","2 Organization","3 Services","4 Notable projects","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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American Engineering Firm
Fluor CorporationFluor LogoCompany typePublicTraded asNYSE: FLRS&P 400 componentIndustryEngineering and constructionFounded1912; 112 years ago (1912)Santa Ana, CaliforniaFounderJohn Simon FluorHeadquartersIrving, Texas, United StatesKey peopleDavid E. Constable (CEO)Revenue US$15.5 billion (2023)Net income US$+139 million (2023)Total assets7,309,812,000 United States dollar (2020) Number of employees40,582 (2022)Websitefluor.com
Fluor Corporation is an American multinational engineering and construction firm, headquartered in Irving, Texas. It is a holding company that provides services through its subsidiaries in three main areas: oil and gas, industrial and infrastructure, government and power. It is the largest publicly traded engineering and construction company in the Fortune 500 rankings and is listed as 265th overall.
Fluor was founded in 1912 by John Simon Fluor as Fluor Construction Company. It grew quickly, predominantly by building oil refineries, pipelines, and other facilities for the oil and gas industry, at first in California, and then in the Middle East and globally. In the late 1960s, it began diversifying into oil drilling, coal mining and other raw materials like lead. A global recession in the oil and gas industry and losses from its mining operation led to restructuring and layoffs in the 1980s. Fluor sold its oil operations and diversified its construction work into a broader range of services and industries.
In the 1990s, Fluor introduced new services like equipment rentals and staffing. Nuclear waste cleanup projects and other environmental work became a significant portion of Fluor's revenues. The company also did projects related to the Manhattan Project, rebuilding after the Iraq War, recovering from Hurricane Katrina and building the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.
Corporate history
Early history
Headquarters of Fluor Bros Construction in the early 1900sFluor Corporation's predecessor, Rudolph Fluor & Brother, was founded in 1890 by John Simon Fluor and his two brothers in Oshkosh, Wisconsin as a saw and paper mill. John Fluor acted as its president and contributed $100 in personal savings to help the business get started. The company was renamed Fluor Bros. Construction Co. in 1903.
In 1912 John Fluor moved to Santa Ana, California for health reasons without his brothers and founded Fluor Corporation out of his garage under the name Fluor Construction Company. By 1924 the business had annual revenues of $100,000 ($1.56 million in 2021 dollars) and a staff of 100 employees. John Fluor delegated most of the company's operations to his sons, Peter and Simon Fluor. A $100,000 capital investment was made that year and it was incorporated. John's eldest son Peter served as head of sales and grew the company to $1.5 million ($20.4 million in 2013 dollars) in revenues by 1929. In 1929 the company re-incorporated as Fluor Corporation. By the 1930s, Fluor had operations in Europe, the Middle East and Australia. Business declined rapidly during the Great Depression, but picked up again during World War II. During the war Fluor manufactured synthetic rubber and was responsible for a substantial portion of high-octane gasoline production in the United States. A Gas-Gasoline division of Fluor was created in Houston in 1948.
Fluor's headquarters were moved to Alhambra, an inner suburb of Los Angeles, in 1940 in order to be closer to its oil and gas clients, before moving again to Orange County, California in the 1960s due to concerns about the cost of living and traffic. John Simon Fluor died in 1944. He was succeeded by his son Peter Fluor, who died three years later. Peter was followed by Shirley Meserve (1947) and Donald Darnell (1949), then John Simon "Si" Fluor Jr. in 1952 and J. Robert (Bob) Fluor in 1962. Fluor was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in the 1950s. In 1961, Fluor acquired an interest in construction, design and contracting firm William J. Moran.
Diversification and restructuring
Fluor diversified its business more extensively in 1967, when five companies were merged into a division called Coral Drilling and it started a deep-water oil exploration business in Houston called Deep Oil Technology. It also created Fluor Ocean Services in Houston in 1968 and acquired an interest in other fossil fuel operations in the 1970s. Fluor acquired a construction company, Pike Corp. of America and the engineering division of its prior partner in Australia, Utah Construction. In 1972, Fluor bought land in Irvine, California and started building its new headquarters on it. The following year, the company's oil and gas operations were consolidated under a new entity, Fluor Oil and Gas Corp.
In 1977, Fluor acquired Daniel International Corporation. Fluor's business had become predominantly international, while Daniel International's $1 billion construction business was mostly domestic. The acquisition allowed the company to use union labor at Fluor, or non-union labor at Daniel, for each client. Fluor made a $2.9 billion acquisition of a zinc, gold, lead and coal mining operation, St. Joe Minerals, in 1981 after a bidding competition for the business with Seagram.
By the 1980s, Fluor's primary business was building large refineries, petrochemical plants, oil pipelines and other facilities for the gas and oil industry, especially in the Middle East. By 1981, Fluor's staff had grown to 29,000 and revenue, backlog, and profits had each increased more than 30 percent over the prior year. However, by 1984 the mining operation was causing heavy losses and the oil and gas industry Fluor served was in a worldwide recession due to declining oil prices. From 1981 to 1984, Fluor's backlog went from $16 billion to $4 billion. In 1985 it reported $633 million in losses. David Tappan took Bob Fluor's place as CEO in 1984 after Bob died from cancer and led a difficult restructuring.
The company sold $750 million in assets, including Fluor's headquarters in Irvine, in order to pay $1 billion in debt. Staff were reduced from 32,000 to 14,000. In 1986 Fluor sold all of its oil assets and some of its gold mining operations. Fluor Engineers, Inc. and Daniel International were merged, forming Fluor Daniel. By 1987, Fluor had returned to profitability with $26.6 million in profits and $108.5 million by 1989. By the end of the restructuring, Fluor had three major divisions: Fluor Daniel, Fluor Construction International and St. Joe Minerals Corp. Each division had its own smaller subsidiaries. Fluor started being named by Engineering News as the largest construction and engineering company in the United States. Fluor's international revenues rebounded. Having postponed his retirement to help Fluor, Tappan stepped down at the end of 1989 and was replaced by Leslie McCraw.
Recent history
During the restructuring, Fluor's core construction and engineering work was diversified into 30 industries including food, paper manufacturers, prisons and others to reduce its vulnerability to market changes in the oil and gas market. In the 1990s, the company tried to change its image, calling itself a "diversified technical services" firm. It started offering equipment rentals, staffing services, and financing for construction projects. The company began offering environmental cleanup and pollution control services, which grew to half of its new business by 1992. Fluor's mining business grew from $300 million in 1990 to $1 billion in 1994. The US government passed environmental regulations in 1995 that led to growth for the Massey Coal Co. business, because it had large reserves of low-sulfur coal. In 1992, Fluor sold its ownership of Doe Run Company, the world's largest producer of refined lead, which was losing money at the time due to declining lead prices. By 1993, Fluor had revenues of $4.17 billion and 22,000 staff.
In 1997, Fluor's revenues fell almost 50 percent, in part due to the Asian financial crisis and a decrease in overseas business. Additionally, it suffered losses from an over-budget power plant project in Rabigh, Saudi Arabia. Fluor was a sub-contractor to General Electric for the project. Fluor's subsidiaries sued GE alleging that it misrepresented the complexity of the project. Though revenues declined further the following year, profits were increasing. In 1999, nearly 5,000 workers were laid off from Fluor Daniel and 15 offices were closed. Fluor Daniel was re-structured into four business groups: an engineering and construction firm called Fluor Daniel; an equipment rental, staffing and telecommunications division called Fluor Global Services; a coal-mining business called A.T. Massey Coal Co. and an administrative and support division called Fluor Signature Services.
In January 1998, McCraw (age 63) resigned after being diagnosed with bladder cancer and was replaced by former Shell Oil President, Philip J. Carroll. That same year, IT Group purchased a 54 percent interest in Fluor Daniel GTI, Fluor's environmental division, for $36.3 million. Two years later, the coal mining operation under the A.T. Massey Coal Co. name (part of St. Joe) was spun off into its own business. In 2001, Fluor's four primary subsidiaries were consolidated into a single Fluor Corporation. In 2002 Alan Boeckmann was appointed as the CEO, followed by David Seaton in 2011. In 2005, Fluor's headquarters were moved to the Las Colinas area in Irving, Texas.
In December 2015, Fluor announced that it would take over Dutch industrial services company Stork. The acquisition of this company, which modifies and maintains large power plants, was completed in March 2016, in a stock purchase worth $755 million.
In May 2019, David Seaton stepped down as CEO and was replaced by Carlos Hernandez, who joined the firm in 2007.
Organization
Fluor was ranked 259th in Fortune 500 companies for the year 2022. It has offices in 25 countries. Many of Fluor's operations are located near natural resources, such as uranium in Canada, oil reserves in the Middle East and mines in Australia. About 30 percent of Fluor's revenues are based in the United States as of 2011. The Fluor family owns a 3.5 percent interest in the company, while employees own six percent through its profit-sharing program.
Fluor's Board of Directors has 12 "Independent Directors" and the CEO. The Independent Directors elect a Lead Independent Director every three years that acts as a liaison to the CEO. Each Independent Director is on two or more of four committees: audit, executive, governance, and organization & compensation. Directors serve a three-year term and are elected by shareholders. Corporate officers, such as the CEO, are elected each year by a vote of the board.
Fluor received an "A" ranking in Transparency International's 2012 anti-corruption study. The company hosts online and in-person anti-corruption training sessions for staff and operates an ethics hotline. Former CEO Alan Boeckmann helped create the Partnering Against Corruption Initiative (PACI), whereby companies agree to a set of ethics principles. A MarketLine SWOT analysis said Fluor's environmental work "enhances the company's brand image," while often lengthy and unpredictable legal disputes "tarnish the company's brand image and will erode customer confidence."
According to the Los Angeles Times, Fluor is a "major corporate citizen" that supports local charities and civic groups. It started the Fluor Foundation for its charitable work in 1952 and Fluor Cares in 2010. The company started the largest employer-sponsored apprenticeship program in California with a four-year program for designers in 1982. Fluor operates a virtual college for employees called Fluor University.
Services
A Fluor construction site in Shuaiba, KuwaitFluor is a holding company that provides services through its subsidiaries. Its subsidiaries provide engineering, procurement, construction, maintenance and project management services. The company has also developed pollution control products, such as the Econamine lineup of carbon capture products. According to Fluor's 2014 annual report, 67 percent of its work backlog is from the oil and gas industry. According to the company's website, Fluor's work includes designing and building power plants, petrochemical factories, mining facilities, roads and bridges, government buildings, and manufacturing facilities. The company also performs nuclear cleanup, and other services.
Separate teams of experts, procurement staff, project managers and workers are provided for large projects that are supported by a centralized administrative staff. Fluor has trained more than 100,000 craft workers in Indonesia, the Philippines, Korea, Pakistan, Kuwait and other countries, where the needed labor skills weren't available locally. It may also serve clients through a joint venture with another construction firm when a local infrastructure or niche expertise is needed.
Fluor acquired shares of Genentech Inc. in 1981, and it bought a 10 percent interest in a smelter and refinery facility in Gresik, Indonesia in 1995 for $550 million. In 1994, it invested $650 million with the Beacon Group Energy Investment fund to finance energy projects. Fluor also has a majority interest in NuScale LLC., which is developing a new type of 45-megawatt nuclear reactor called a small modular reactor (SMR).
Notable projects
A Fluor "Buddha Tower" water cooling tower from the early 1900s
Fluor's first projects were in constructing and grading roads, but by the 1920s it was known for building public facilities, industrial complexes and serving a growing California oil and gas industry. It started building office and meter manufacturing facilities for the Southern California Gas Company in 1915, as well as a compressor station for the Industrial Fuel Supply Company in 1919. Fluor built the first "Buddha Tower" in 1921 in Signal Hill, California, for the Industrial Fuel Supply Company. The Buddha Tower was a design of water-cooling tower named after the Buddha temples they resemble. The following year Fluor was awarded a contract by Richfield Oil to build a 10,000-gallon-per-day gasoline plant.
Against his father's wishes, Peter Fluor expanded Fluor's business outside of California in the 1930s. It built refineries in Texas, as well as oil pipelines and compressor stations from Panhandle, Texas, to Indianapolis, Indiana, for the Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Company. Fluor constructed the Escondida in Chile, which is the second-largest copper mine in the world. In 1942, Fluor constructed cooling towers and other facilities in Hanford, Washington, for the Manhattan Project. It built an expansion of the Dhahran Airfield in Saudi Arabia for the United States Army in the 1950s and accepted its first international project for ARAMCO in the Middle East.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Fluor built the first all-hydrogen refinery in Kuwait and the first exclusively offshore power plant for the Atlantic Richfield Company. It also constructed pumps and ports for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, which traversed 800 miles from northern Alaska to Valdez, Alaska, and the world's largest offshore facility for natural gas on the island of Java in Indonesia. In 1976, it was awarded a $5 billion project for ARAMCO in Saudi Arabia, to design facilities that capture sour gas, which is expelled from oil wells as waste, in order to refine it into fuel. That same year a partially completed copper and cobalt mine in Africa was cancelled due to a war in the neighboring region of Angola and declining copper prices. In 1979, Fluor had 13 projects for building United States power plants and had served more than half of the world's government-owned oil companies.
Fluor workers at a radiation cleanup site in Ohio
Fluor has been working on the cleanup and shutdown of atomic energy plants in Ohio and Washington since the 1990s. In 1992, Fluor won a contract with the United States Energy Department to clean up nuclear waste. By 1996 Hanford was the most contaminated nuclear site in the US and the US Department of Energy was conducting a $50 billion to $60 billion cleanup of the site. Fluor Hanford Inc. replaced Westinghouse Hanford Co. on the project. After a chemical explosion in 1997, 11 workers filed a lawsuit alleging they were denied appropriate medical attention and protective gear. Fluor and the workers disagreed on whether the explosion resulted in any injuries. In 2005 the US Department of Energy fined Fluor for safety violations and that same year a jury awarded $4.7 million in damages to eleven pipe fitters who claimed they were fired after complaining that a valve rated for 1,975 pounds per square inch (psi) was being used where a valve rated at 2,235 psi was needed.
Fluor built the Aladdin Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas in 2001 for $1.4 billion. In 2004, the company was awarded a $1.1 billion project with AMEC to help rebuild the water, power and civic infrastructure of Iraq after the Iraq War. Fluor has also built a rail line in Europe and missile sites in California and possibly Arizona.
The company provided disaster recovery services in Louisiana after Hurricane Katrina. In 2010 Fluor provided workers to clean up oil tar on beaches in Florida and Alabama after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. In December 2012, Fluor was awarded a $3.14 billion contract to build a new Tappan Zee Bridge over the Hudson River.
See also
Companies portal
NuScale Power
Genentech
References
^ a b "Fluor Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023 Results". Fluor.
^ a b c "2023 Fortune 500". Fortune. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Mitchell, Julie (2001). Notable Corporate Chronologies. Vol. 1 (Third ed.). Gale Group. pp. 885–886. ISBN 0-7876-5050-1.
^ Sidney M. Levy (1993). Japan's big six: case studies of Japan's largest contractors. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Limited. ISBN 978-0-07-037522-2.
^ a b c d Jackson, Sherry. "Fluor, One Hundred Years and Still Going Strong". Greenville. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ a b c Jacobson, Gary (April 23, 2012). "With a symphonic tribute, Irving-based Fluor celebrates past, launches into second century". Dallas News. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ a b c d e f O’Dell, John (May 11, 2005). "Fluor to leave Southland for New Home in Dallas". LA Times. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h Moore, David; Edgington, Justin; Payne, Emily (March 2010), A Guide to Architecture and Engineering Firms of the Cold War Era (PDF), Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program, archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2012, retrieved December 18, 2013
^ a b c d e f g Jay P. Pederson (August 5, 2000). International Directory of Company Histories. Gale. ISBN 9781558623934.
^ a b c d Duell, Jennifer (September 1, 2006). "Fluor Settles In; New Campus Ready After Eight Months of Construction". Texas Construction. p. 20.
^ a b c d e f g h Fluor (2012). A Passion to Build: The Story of Fluor Corporation's First 100 Years. Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-208962-5.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k McQuade, Walter (February 26, 1979). "Bob Fluor, Global Superbuilder". Fortune Magazine.
^ "Fluor acquires interest in moran firm". Los Angeles Times. November 10, 1961. pp. C15.
^ Gill, Michael (December 17, 1980). "Fluor makes presence felt". The Age. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
^ Henriques, Diana B. (July 25, 1998). "Buck Mickel, 72, an Executive Who Aided Expansion of Fluor". The New York Times. p. 16.
^ Cole, Robert J. (April 1, 1981). "Fluor Plans to Acquire St. Joe". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
^ "Seagram drops bid for St. Joe as SEC probes insider trading". Los Angeles Times. April 8, 1981. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
^ Jeff Madrick (November 1, 2003). Taking America: How We Got from the First Hostile Takeover to Megamergers, Corporate Raiding, and Scandal. Beard Books. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-58798-217-0.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Perry, Nancy (November 6, 1989). "Flush times for Fluor". Fortune Magazine. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
^ "Fluor's Profits Decline 9%". Associated Press. March 8, 1991. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ Hollie, Pamela (April 2, 1981). "Fluor's Road to Diversification". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
^ a b c d "Cleaning up at Fluor". BusinessWeek. October 4, 1992. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
^ a b c d Berkman, Leslie (September 14, 1989). "Architect of Fluor's Revival to Step Down at End of '89". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ Byrne, Harlan (October 21, 1991). "Fluor Corp". Barron’s. pp. 51–52.
^ Poole, Claire (January 7, 1991). "The Virtues of Diversification". Fortune. pp. 126–128.
^ "Restructuring program planned by Fluor Corporation". Los Angeles Times. February 13, 1982. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
^ a b c "Tappan led Fluor back into black". The Orange County Register. December 31, 1989. pp. L01.
^ a b Berkman, Leslie (December 16, 1990). "The Man Who Guided Fluor Through Tough Times Stepping Down". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ "Fluor May Sell Oil, Gas Units". The New York Times. October 11, 1985. p. 3. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ Berkman, Leslie (December 17, 1989). "Fluor President Takes Creative Route to Revival". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ a b Nasar, Sylvia (June 5, 1989). "America Still Reigns in Services". Fortune. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ Cuff, Daniel F. (January 18, 1988). "Business People; Fluor Official Poised To Succeed Chairman". The New York Times. p. 3.
^ a b Korman, Richard (June 12, 1995). "Diversification fits Fluor". Engineering News.
^ a b Perry, Nancy (February 21, 1994). "Fluor how to mine human resources". Fortune. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
^ a b Reingold, J. (1995). No respect. Financial World, 164(7), 36.
^ "Fluor to Sell Doe Run Lead-Producing Unit". The New York Times. December 1992. p. 6.
^ a b c "Fluor Corp. splits in two". CNN Money. June 8, 2000. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ Pollack, Andrew (4 November 1997). "Fluor Sees Plunge in Profits Of $100 Million for the Year". The New York Times. p. 10.
^ F. R. (November 4, 1997). "Fluor's gloomy prediction sends stock tumbling". Wall Street Journal.
^ Powers, Mary (October 26, 1998). "Fluor Sues GE over Saudi Plant". Engineering News.
^ "Fluor to cut 5,000 jobs". CNN Money. March 9, 1999. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ O’Dell, John (December 12, 1997). "Fluor Chief Ailing but says Company's in 'Excellent Shape'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ O’Dell, John (December 11, 1997). "Chief of Irvine's Fluor Corp. to Step Down". Los Angeles Times.
^ a b O’Dell, John. "Fluor Taps Shell Oil President as CEO". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
^ "Fluor to buy Stork of the Netherlands for $755 million". Reuters. December 7, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
^ "Fluor finalizes acquisition of Dutch industrial services group Stork, owned by James Industries of Portsouth | Hydrocarbon Processing | March 2016". www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
^ Rubin, Debra (2019-05-05). "As Fluor Numbers Tumble, New Leadership Faces Challenges". Engineering News-Record. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
^ a b c d e Fluor Corporation – SWOT Analysis, Marketline, January 1, 2013
^ a b Board Independence, Fluor, retrieved December 18, 2013
^ Board Committee Membership, Fluor, retrieved December 18, 2013
^ Bylaws of Fluor Corporation (PDF), Fluor
^ "New index ranks defence firms by their anti-corruption measures". The Guardian. October 4, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
^ Kimes, Mina (February 9, 2009). "Fluor's corporate crime-fighter". Fortune Magazine. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ "Fluor finances program to train design staff". Engineering News-Record. March 18, 1982. p. 206.
^ "Developing graduates key to sustaining industry". Engineering News. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ 2014 Annual Report, Fluor Corporation, February 18, 2014, retrieved February 24, 2014
^ Business Segments, Fluor, retrieved January 1, 2014
^ "Fluor Buys Shares In Genentech Inc". The New York Times. 16 January 1981. p. 3. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
^ Reddall, Braden (December 12, 2013). "Fluor's NuScale lands U.S. govt funding for new small reactors". Reuters. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ Brandt, Aviva (October 2, 1996). "New contractor takes over Hanford". Associated Press. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
^ a b "Hanford contractor fined for safety violations". Associated Press. December 17, 2005. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
^ "Fluor Daniel says it's surprised by lawsuit". April 4, 2000. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
^ Dininny, Shanon (September 1, 2005). "Washington jury awards $4.7 million to Hanford whistleblowers". Associated Press. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
^ Fluor >> Corporate Information >> History. See picture caption in 1960s section: "1961 Fluor builds missile silos for U.S. Army" https://www.fluor.com/about-fluor/corporate-information/history Archived 2017-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ Drajem, Mark; Katarzyna Klimasinska (June 18, 2010). "From Fluor to Costner, BP Cleanup Means Some Clean Up". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
^ Klopott, Freeman; Schoifet, Mark (December 5, 2012). "Tappan Zee Bridge Panel Said to Back $3.14 Billion Fluor Bid". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"construction firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_firm"},{"link_name":"Irving, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortune5002022-2"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"Trans-Alaska Pipeline System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System"}],"text":"American Engineering FirmFluor Corporation is an American multinational engineering and construction firm, headquartered in Irving, Texas. It is a holding company that provides services through its subsidiaries in three main areas: oil and gas, industrial and infrastructure, government and power. It is the largest publicly traded engineering and construction company in the Fortune 500 rankings and is listed as 265th overall.[2]Fluor was founded in 1912 by John Simon Fluor as Fluor Construction Company. It grew quickly, predominantly by building oil refineries, pipelines, and other facilities for the oil and gas industry, at first in California, and then in the Middle East and globally. In the late 1960s, it began diversifying into oil drilling, coal mining and other raw materials like lead. A global recession in the oil and gas industry and losses from its mining operation led to restructuring and layoffs in the 1980s. Fluor sold its oil operations and diversified its construction work into a broader range of services and industries.In the 1990s, Fluor introduced new services like equipment rentals and staffing. Nuclear waste cleanup projects and other environmental work became a significant portion of Fluor's revenues. The company also did projects related to the Manhattan Project, rebuilding after the Iraq War, recovering from Hurricane Katrina and building the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.","title":"Fluor Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Corporate history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fluor_Bros_Construction_headquarters_early_1900s.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levy1993-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pederson2000-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pederson2000-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-four-10"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"synthetic rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_rubber"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"Alhambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra,_California"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fluorbook-11"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortunearch-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Headquarters of Fluor Bros Construction in the early 1900sFluor Corporation's predecessor, Rudolph Fluor & Brother, was founded in 1890 by John Simon Fluor[3] and his two brothers in Oshkosh, Wisconsin[4] as a saw and paper mill.[3] John Fluor acted as its president[3] and contributed $100 in personal savings to help the business get started.[5] The company was renamed Fluor Bros. Construction Co. in 1903.[3]In 1912 John Fluor moved to Santa Ana, California for health reasons without his brothers[6] and founded Fluor Corporation out of his garage[7] under the name Fluor Construction Company.[6][8] By 1924 the business had annual revenues of $100,000 ($1.56 million in 2021 dollars)[3] and a staff of 100 employees. John Fluor delegated most of the company's operations to his sons, Peter and Simon Fluor.[9] A $100,000 capital investment was made that year and it was incorporated.[3] John's eldest son Peter served as head of sales and grew the company to $1.5 million ($20.4 million in 2013 dollars) in revenues by 1929.[9] In 1929 the company re-incorporated as Fluor Corporation.[3] By the 1930s, Fluor had operations in Europe, the Middle East and Australia.[5][10] Business declined rapidly during the Great Depression, but picked up again during World War II. During the war Fluor manufactured synthetic rubber and was responsible for a substantial portion of high-octane gasoline production in the United States.[5] A Gas-Gasoline division of Fluor was created in Houston in 1948.[3]Fluor's headquarters were moved to Alhambra, an inner suburb of Los Angeles, in 1940 in order to be closer to its oil and gas clients, before moving again to Orange County, California in the 1960s due to concerns about the cost of living and traffic.[7] John Simon Fluor died in 1944. He was succeeded by his son Peter Fluor, who died three years later. Peter was followed by Shirley Meserve (1947) and Donald Darnell (1949), then John Simon \"Si\" Fluor Jr. in 1952 and J. Robert (Bob) Fluor in 1962.[3][11] Fluor was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in the 1950s.[12] In 1961, Fluor acquired an interest in construction, design and contracting firm William J. Moran.[13]","title":"Corporate history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortunearch-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fluorbook-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Irvine, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henriques-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortunearch-12"},{"link_name":"St. Joe Minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joe_Minerals"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-16"},{"link_name":"Seagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madrick2003-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eighteen-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eighteen-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twentyone-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HollieTimes-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bwbw-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nine-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eighteen-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9Cbar-24"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eighteen-19"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eighteen-19"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-six-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seven-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-six-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seven-28"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eighteen-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-29"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eleven-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-six-27"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eighteen-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nine-23"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourteen-31"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nine-23"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuff-32"}],"sub_title":"Diversification and restructuring","text":"Fluor diversified its business more extensively in 1967, when five companies were merged into a division called Coral Drilling and it started a deep-water oil exploration business in Houston called Deep Oil Technology. It also created Fluor Ocean Services in Houston in 1968[3] and acquired an interest in other fossil fuel operations in the 1970s.[12] Fluor acquired a construction company, Pike Corp. of America[3] and the engineering division of its prior partner in Australia, Utah Construction.[11][14] In 1972, Fluor bought land in Irvine, California and started building its new headquarters on it.[7] The following year, the company's oil and gas operations were consolidated under a new entity, Fluor Oil and Gas Corp.[3]In 1977, Fluor acquired Daniel International Corporation.[15] Fluor's business had become predominantly international, while Daniel International's $1 billion construction business was mostly domestic. The acquisition allowed the company to use union labor at Fluor, or non-union labor at Daniel, for each client.[12] Fluor made a $2.9 billion acquisition of a zinc, gold, lead and coal mining operation, St. Joe Minerals, in 1981[16] after a bidding competition for the business with Seagram.[17][18]By the 1980s, Fluor's primary business was building large refineries, petrochemical plants, oil pipelines and other facilities for the gas and oil industry,[19] especially in the Middle East.[19][20] By 1981, Fluor's staff had grown to 29,000 and revenue, backlog, and profits had each increased more than 30 percent over the prior year.[21] However, by 1984 the mining operation was causing heavy losses[22] and the oil and gas industry Fluor served was in a worldwide recession[23] due to declining oil prices.[19][24] From 1981 to 1984, Fluor's backlog went from $16 billion to $4 billion.[19] In 1985 it reported $633 million in losses.[25] David Tappan took Bob Fluor's place as CEO in 1984 after Bob died from cancer[19][26][27] and led a difficult restructuring.[28]The company sold $750 million in assets, including Fluor's headquarters in Irvine, in order to pay $1 billion in debt.[27][28] Staff were reduced from 32,000 to 14,000.[19] In 1986 Fluor sold all of its oil assets and some of its gold mining operations.[3][29] Fluor Engineers, Inc. and Daniel International were merged, forming Fluor Daniel.[3] By 1987, Fluor had returned to profitability with $26.6 million in profits[30] and $108.5 million by 1989.[27] By the end of the restructuring, Fluor had three major divisions: Fluor Daniel, Fluor Construction International and St. Joe Minerals Corp. Each division had its own smaller subsidiaries.[3] Fluor started being named by Engineering News as the largest construction and engineering company in the United States.[19][23] Fluor's international revenues rebounded.[31] Having postponed his retirement to help Fluor, Tappan stepped down at the end of 1989 and was replaced by Leslie McCraw.[23][32]","title":"Corporate history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eighteen-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nine-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eighteen-19"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twenty-33"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eighteen-19"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twenty-33"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bwbw-22"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thirteen-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-respect-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"Asian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twelve-37"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourteen-31"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollack-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twelve-37"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lkjl-44"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twelve-37"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fluorbook-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fluorbook-11"},{"link_name":"Las Colinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Colinas"},{"link_name":"Irving, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-four-10"},{"link_name":"Stork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork_B.V."},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters_2015-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Recent history","text":"During the restructuring, Fluor's core construction and engineering work was diversified into 30 industries including food, paper manufacturers, prisons and others to reduce its vulnerability to market changes in the oil and gas market.[19][23] In the 1990s, the company tried to change its image, calling itself a \"diversified technical services\" firm.[19][33] It started offering equipment rentals, staffing services, and financing for construction projects.[19][33] The company began offering environmental cleanup and pollution control services, which grew to half of its new business by 1992.[22] Fluor's mining business grew from $300 million in 1990 to $1 billion in 1994.[34] The US government passed environmental regulations in 1995 that led to growth for the Massey Coal Co. business, because it had large reserves of low-sulfur coal.[35] In 1992, Fluor sold its ownership of Doe Run Company, the world's largest producer of refined lead, which was losing money at the time due to declining lead prices.[36] By 1993, Fluor had revenues of $4.17 billion and 22,000 staff.[3]In 1997, Fluor's revenues fell almost 50 percent, in part due to the Asian financial crisis[37] and a decrease in overseas business.[31][38] Additionally, it suffered losses from an over-budget power plant project[39] in Rabigh, Saudi Arabia. Fluor was a sub-contractor to General Electric for the project. Fluor's subsidiaries sued GE alleging that it misrepresented the complexity of the project.[40] Though revenues declined further the following year, profits were increasing.[3] In 1999, nearly 5,000 workers were laid off from Fluor Daniel and 15 offices were closed. Fluor Daniel was re-structured into four business groups: an engineering and construction firm called Fluor Daniel; an equipment rental, staffing and telecommunications division called Fluor Global Services; a coal-mining business called A.T. Massey Coal Co. and an administrative and support division called Fluor Signature Services.[37][41]In January 1998, McCraw (age 63) resigned after being diagnosed with bladder cancer[42][43] and was replaced by former Shell Oil President, Philip J. Carroll.[44] That same year, IT Group purchased a 54 percent interest in Fluor Daniel GTI, Fluor's environmental division, for $36.3 million.[3] Two years later, the coal mining operation under the A.T. Massey Coal Co. name (part of St. Joe) was spun off into its own business.[37] In 2001, Fluor's four primary subsidiaries were consolidated into a single Fluor Corporation.[11] In 2002 Alan Boeckmann was appointed as the CEO, followed by David Seaton in 2011.[11] In 2005, Fluor's headquarters were moved to the Las Colinas area in Irving, Texas.[10]In December 2015, Fluor announced that it would take over Dutch industrial services company Stork.[45] The acquisition of this company, which modifies and maintains large power plants, was completed in March 2016, in a stock purchase worth $755 million.[46]In May 2019, David Seaton stepped down as CEO and was replaced by Carlos Hernandez, who joined the firm in 2007.[47]","title":"Corporate history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortune5002022-2"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swot-48"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortunearch-12"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boardind-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boardind-49"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Transparency International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swot-48"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lkjl-44"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fluorbook-11"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Fluor was ranked 259th in Fortune 500 companies for the year 2022.[2] It has offices in 25 countries. Many of Fluor's operations are located near natural resources, such as uranium in Canada, oil reserves in the Middle East and mines in Australia. About 30 percent of Fluor's revenues are based in the United States as of 2011.[48] The Fluor family owns a 3.5 percent interest in the company, while employees own six percent through its profit-sharing program.[12]Fluor's Board of Directors has 12 \"Independent Directors\" and the CEO. The Independent Directors elect a Lead Independent Director every three years that acts as a liaison to the CEO.[49] Each Independent Director is on two or more of four committees: audit, executive, governance, and organization & compensation.[50] Directors serve a three-year term and are elected by shareholders.[49] Corporate officers, such as the CEO, are elected each year by a vote of the board.[51]Fluor received an \"A\" ranking in Transparency International's 2012 anti-corruption study.[52] The company hosts online and in-person anti-corruption training sessions for staff and operates an ethics hotline. Former CEO Alan Boeckmann helped create the Partnering Against Corruption Initiative (PACI), whereby companies agree to a set of ethics principles.[53] A MarketLine SWOT analysis said Fluor's environmental work \"enhances the company's brand image,\" while often lengthy and unpredictable legal disputes \"tarnish the company's brand image and will erode customer confidence.\"[48]According to the Los Angeles Times, Fluor is a \"major corporate citizen\" that supports local charities and civic groups.[44] It started the Fluor Foundation for its charitable work in 1952 and Fluor Cares in 2010.[11] The company started the largest employer-sponsored apprenticeship program in California with a four-year program for designers in 1982.[54] Fluor operates a virtual college for employees called Fluor University.[55]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fluor_construction_site_Shuaiba,_Kuwait.jpg"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swot-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swot-48"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annual-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortunearch-12"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swot-48"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-respect-35"},{"link_name":"NuScale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuScale"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"A Fluor construction site in Shuaiba, KuwaitFluor is a holding company that provides services through its subsidiaries.[48] Its subsidiaries provide engineering, procurement, construction, maintenance and project management services. The company has also developed pollution control products, such as the Econamine lineup of carbon capture products.[48] According to Fluor's 2014 annual report, 67 percent of its work backlog is from the oil and gas industry.[56] According to the company's website, Fluor's work includes designing and building power plants, petrochemical factories, mining facilities, roads and bridges, government buildings, and manufacturing facilities. The company also performs nuclear cleanup, and other services.[57]Separate teams of experts, procurement staff, project managers and workers are provided for large projects that are supported by a centralized administrative staff. Fluor has trained more than 100,000 craft workers in Indonesia, the Philippines, Korea, Pakistan, Kuwait and other countries, where the needed labor skills weren't available locally.[12] It may also serve clients through a joint venture with another construction firm when a local infrastructure or niche expertise is needed.[48]Fluor acquired shares of Genentech Inc. in 1981,[58] and it bought a 10 percent interest in a smelter and refinery facility in Gresik, Indonesia in 1995 for $550 million. In 1994, it invested $650 million with the Beacon Group Energy Investment fund to finance energy projects.[35] Fluor also has a majority interest in NuScale LLC., which is developing a new type of 45-megawatt nuclear reactor called a small modular reactor (SMR).[59]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fluor_water_cooling_tower_(buddha_tower)_from_the_early_1900s.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-7"},{"link_name":"Southern California Gas Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California_Gas_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pederson2000-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pederson2000-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fluorbook-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pederson2000-9"},{"link_name":"Richfield Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richfield_Oil"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortunearch-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pederson2000-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortunearch-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pederson2000-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fluorbook-11"},{"link_name":"Escondida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escondida"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thirteen-34"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-four-10"},{"link_name":"Dhahran Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhahran_Airfield"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-8"},{"link_name":"ARAMCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARAMCO"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortunearch-12"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Richfield Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Richfield_Company"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortunearch-12"},{"link_name":"Trans-Alaska Pipeline System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-8"},{"link_name":"Valdez, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdez,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fluorbook-11"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onthology-3"},{"link_name":"sour gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_gas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortunearch-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortunearch-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiation_cleanup.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-7"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bwbw-22"},{"link_name":"US Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dhiun-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dhiun-61"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Aladdin Hotel & Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_Hotel_%26_Casino"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-7"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-four-10"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bwbw-22"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-6"},{"link_name":"Deepwater Horizon oil spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"new Tappan Zee Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Tappan_Zee_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inc._AB._2012-66"}],"text":"A Fluor \"Buddha Tower\" water cooling tower from the early 1900sFluor's first projects were in constructing and grading roads, but by the 1920s it was known for building public facilities, industrial complexes[8] and serving a growing California oil and gas industry.[5][7] It started building office and meter manufacturing facilities for the Southern California Gas Company in 1915, as well as a compressor station for the Industrial Fuel Supply Company in 1919.[9] Fluor built the first \"Buddha Tower\" in 1921[8][9] in Signal Hill, California, for the Industrial Fuel Supply Company.[11] The Buddha Tower was a design of water-cooling tower named after the Buddha temples they resemble.[8][9] The following year Fluor was awarded a contract by Richfield Oil to build a 10,000-gallon-per-day gasoline plant.[12]Against his father's wishes, Peter Fluor expanded Fluor's business outside of California in the 1930s.[9] It built refineries in Texas,[12] as well as oil pipelines and compressor stations from Panhandle, Texas, to Indianapolis, Indiana, for the Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Company.[9][11] Fluor constructed the Escondida in Chile, which is the second-largest copper mine in the world.[34] In 1942, Fluor constructed cooling towers and other facilities in Hanford, Washington, for the Manhattan Project.[8][10] It built an expansion of the Dhahran Airfield in Saudi Arabia for the United States Army in the 1950s[8] and accepted its first international project for ARAMCO in the Middle East.[12]In the 1960s and 1970s, Fluor built the first all-hydrogen refinery in Kuwait and the first exclusively offshore power plant for the Atlantic Richfield Company.[8] It also constructed pumps and ports[12] for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System,[8] which traversed 800 miles from northern Alaska to Valdez, Alaska,[11] and the world's largest offshore facility for natural gas on the island of Java in Indonesia.[3] In 1976, it was awarded a $5 billion project for ARAMCO in Saudi Arabia, to design facilities that capture sour gas, which is expelled from oil wells as waste, in order to refine it into fuel. That same year a partially completed copper and cobalt mine in Africa was cancelled due to a war in the neighboring region of Angola and declining copper prices.[12] In 1979, Fluor had 13 projects for building United States power plants and had served more than half of the world's government-owned oil companies.[12]Fluor workers at a radiation cleanup site in OhioFluor has been working on the cleanup and shutdown of atomic energy plants in Ohio and Washington since the 1990s.[7] In 1992, Fluor won a contract with the United States Energy Department to clean up nuclear waste.[22] By 1996 Hanford was the most contaminated nuclear site in the US and the US Department of Energy was conducting a $50 billion to $60 billion cleanup of the site. Fluor Hanford Inc. replaced Westinghouse Hanford Co. on the project.[60][61] After a chemical explosion in 1997, 11 workers filed a lawsuit alleging they were denied appropriate medical attention and protective gear. Fluor and the workers disagreed on whether the explosion resulted in any injuries.[62] In 2005 the US Department of Energy fined Fluor for safety violations[61] and that same year a jury awarded $4.7 million in damages to eleven pipe fitters who claimed they were fired after complaining that a valve rated for 1,975 pounds per square inch (psi) was being used where a valve rated at 2,235 psi was needed.[63]Fluor built the Aladdin Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas in 2001 for $1.4 billion.[7] In 2004, the company was awarded a $1.1 billion project with AMEC to help rebuild the water, power and civic infrastructure of Iraq after the Iraq War.[10][22] Fluor has also built a rail line in Europe and missile sites in California and possibly Arizona.[64]\nThe company provided disaster recovery services in Louisiana after Hurricane Katrina.[6] In 2010 Fluor provided workers to clean up oil tar on beaches in Florida and Alabama after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[65] In December 2012, Fluor was awarded a $3.14 billion contract to build a new Tappan Zee Bridge over the Hudson River.[66]","title":"Notable projects"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Fluor Logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Logo_FLUOR.svg/250px-Logo_FLUOR.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Headquarters of Fluor Bros Construction in the early 1900s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Fluor_Bros_Construction_headquarters_early_1900s.jpg/220px-Fluor_Bros_Construction_headquarters_early_1900s.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Fluor construction site in Shuaiba, Kuwait","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fluor_construction_site_Shuaiba%2C_Kuwait.jpg/220px-Fluor_construction_site_Shuaiba%2C_Kuwait.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Fluor \"Buddha Tower\" water cooling tower from the early 1900s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fluor_water_cooling_tower_%28buddha_tower%29_from_the_early_1900s.jpg/220px-Fluor_water_cooling_tower_%28buddha_tower%29_from_the_early_1900s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fluor workers at a radiation cleanup site in Ohio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Radiation_cleanup.jpg/220px-Radiation_cleanup.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"NuScale Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuScale_Power"},{"title":"Genentech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genentech"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Fluor Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023 Results\". Fluor.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.fluor.com/news-releases/news-details/2024/Fluor-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2023-Results/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Fluor Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 Fortune 500\". Fortune. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://fortune.com/company/fluor/fortune500/","url_text":"\"2023 Fortune 500\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Julie (2001). Notable Corporate Chronologies. Vol. 1 (Third ed.). Gale Group. pp. 885–886. ISBN 0-7876-5050-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-5050-1","url_text":"0-7876-5050-1"}]},{"reference":"Sidney M. Levy (1993). Japan's big six: case studies of Japan's largest contractors. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Limited. ISBN 978-0-07-037522-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LRC2AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Japan's big six: case studies of Japan's largest contractors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-037522-2","url_text":"978-0-07-037522-2"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Sherry. \"Fluor, One Hundred Years and Still Going Strong\". Greenville. Retrieved December 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greenville.com/news/fluor,onu0812.html","url_text":"\"Fluor, One Hundred Years and Still Going Strong\""}]},{"reference":"Jacobson, Gary (April 23, 2012). \"With a symphonic tribute, Irving-based Fluor celebrates past, launches into second century\". Dallas News. 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|
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website"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/FLR","external_links_name":"Google"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=FLR","external_links_name":"SEC filings"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/FLR","external_links_name":"Yahoo!"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000406169448","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber
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Maurice Goldhaber
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["1 Early life and childhood","2 Education","3 Career","4 Death","5 Legacy","6 References","7 External links"]
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American physicist
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Maurice GoldhaberBorn(1911-04-18)April 18, 1911Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine)DiedMay 11, 2011(2011-05-11) (aged 100)East Setauket, New York, U.S.Alma materUniversity of BerlinCambridge UniversityKnown forNeutrinos and negative helicityAwardsTom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics (1971)National Medal of Science (1983)Wolf Prize in Physics (1991)J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize (1982)Fermi Award (1998)Scientific careerFieldsPhysicistInstitutionsCavendish LaboratoryDoctoral advisorJames Chadwick
Maurice Goldhaber (April 18, 1911 – May 11, 2011) was an American physicist, who in 1957 (with Lee Grodzins and Andrew Sunyar) established that neutrinos have negative helicity.
Early life and childhood
He was born on April 18, 1911, in Lemberg, Austria, now called Lviv, Ukraine to a Jewish family. His great-grandfather Gershon Goldhaber was a rabbi. His son Alfred Goldhaber is a professor at the C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics at SUNY Stony Brook. His grandson, David Goldhaber-Gordon is a Physics Professor at Stanford University.
Education
After beginning his physics studies at the University of Berlin, he earned his doctorate at Cambridge University in 1936, belonging to Magdalene College.
Career
In 1934, working at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, England he and James Chadwick, through what they called the nuclear photo-electric effect, established that the neutron has a great enough mass over the proton to decay.
He moved to the University of Illinois in 1938. In the 1940s with his wife Gertrude Scharff-Goldhaber he established that beta particles are identical to electrons.
He joined Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1950. With Edward Teller he proposed that the so-called "giant-dipole nuclear resonance" was due to the neutrons in a nucleus vibrating as a group against the protons as a group (Goldhaber-Teller model).
He made a well-known bet with Hartland Snyder in about 1955 that anti-protons could not exist; when he lost the bet, he speculated that the reason anti-matter does not appear to be abundant in the universe is that before the Big Bang, a single particle, the "universon" existed that then decayed into "cosmon" and "anti-cosmon," and that the cosmon subsequently decayed to produce the known cosmos. In the 1950s also he speculated that all fermions such as electrons, protons and neutrons are "doubled," that is that each is associated with a similar heavier particle. He also speculated that in what became known as the Goldhaber-Christie model, the so-called strange particles were composites of just 3 basic particles. He was Director of Brookhaven National Laboratory from 1961 to 1973.
Among his many other awards, he won the National Medal of Science in 1983, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1985, the Wolf Prize in 1991, the J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize in 1982 (shared with Robert Marshak), and the Fermi Award in 1998. He was an elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.
Maurice Goldhaber's brother Gerson Goldhaber was a professor of physics at the University of California Berkeley; his son Alfred Scharff Goldhaber is a professor of physics at SUNY Stony Brook; his grandson (son of Alfred) David Goldhaber-Gordon is a professor of physics at Stanford.
Death
Goldhaber died May 11, 2011, at his home in East Setauket, New York at 100.
Legacy
In 2001, Brookhaven National Laboratory created the Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships in his honor. These Fellowships are awarded to early-career scientists with exceptional talent and credentials who have a strong desire for independent research at the frontiers of their fields.
References
G. Feinberg, A.W. Sunyar, J. Weneser, A Festschrift for Maurice Goldhaber, New York Academy of Sciences (1993), ISBN 0-89766-086-2
^ "Biographical Memoir of Maurice Goldhaber" (PDF).
^ Goldhaber, Maurice (2002), "A closer look at the elementary fermions.", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 99, no. 1 (published Jan 8, 2002), pp. 33–6, arXiv:hep-ph/0201208, Bibcode:2002PNAS...99...33G, doi:10.1073/pnas.221582298, PMC 117509, PMID 11773637
^ Maurice Goldhaber at the President's National Medal of Science
^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
^ "Oppenheimer Prize awarded to Goldhaber and Marshak". Physics Today. 35 (9). American Institute of Physics: 89. September 1982. Bibcode:1982PhT....35i..89.. doi:10.1063/1.2915276.
^ "Maurice Goldhaber". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
^ "Maurice Goldhaber". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
^ Kenneth Chang (2011-05-17). "Maurice Goldhaber, Atomic Physicist, Is Dead at 100". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Dr. Goldhaber was director of the Brookhaven lab from 1961 to 1973, overseeing experiments there that led to three Nobel Prizes. His most famous contribution to science's basic understanding of how the universe works involved the ghostly, perplexing subatomic particles known as neutrinos.
^ Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Maurice Goldhaber.
BNL celebrates Goldhaber's 90th year
Description of Goldhaber's spinning neutrino experiment
Biography of Maurice Goldhaber at Fermi Award website
Oral History interview transcript with Maurice Goldhaber 10 January 1967, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives Archived 12 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
vteLaureates of the Wolf Prize in Physics1970s
Chien-Shiung Wu (1978)
George Uhlenbeck / Giuseppe Occhialini (1979)
1980s
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Roger Penrose / Stephen Hawking (1988)
1990s
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes / David J. Thouless (1990)
Maurice Goldhaber / Valentine Telegdi (1991)
Joseph H. Taylor Jr. (1992)
Benoît Mandelbrot (1993)
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Dan Shechtman (1999)
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2020s
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Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._N._Yang_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"}],"text":"He was born on April 18, 1911, in Lemberg, Austria, now called Lviv, Ukraine to a Jewish family. His great-grandfather Gershon Goldhaber was a rabbi.[1] His son Alfred Goldhaber is a professor at the C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics at SUNY Stony Brook. His grandson, David Goldhaber-Gordon is a Physics Professor at Stanford University.","title":"Early life and childhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"Magdalene College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_College"}],"text":"After beginning his physics studies at the University of Berlin, he earned his doctorate at Cambridge University in 1936, belonging to Magdalene College.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cavendish Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_England"},{"link_name":"James Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Scharff-Goldhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Scharff-Goldhaber"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Edward Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Teller"},{"link_name":"Goldhaber-Teller model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldhaber-Teller_model&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hartland Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartland_Snyder"},{"link_name":"anti-protons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiproton"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"fermions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons"},{"link_name":"protons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protons"},{"link_name":"neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrons"},{"link_name":"strange particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_particle"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wolf Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize"},{"link_name":"J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer_Memorial_Prize"},{"link_name":"Robert Marshak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Marshak"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fermi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_Award"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gerson Goldhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerson_Goldhaber"},{"link_name":"University of California Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"SUNY Stony Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Stony_Brook"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford"}],"text":"In 1934, working at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, England he and James Chadwick, through what they called the nuclear photo-electric effect, established that the neutron has a great enough mass over the proton to decay.He moved to the University of Illinois in 1938. In the 1940s with his wife Gertrude Scharff-Goldhaber he established that beta particles are identical to electrons.He joined Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1950. With Edward Teller he proposed that the so-called \"giant-dipole nuclear resonance\" was due to the neutrons in a nucleus vibrating as a group against the protons as a group (Goldhaber-Teller model).He made a well-known bet with Hartland Snyder in about 1955 that anti-protons could not exist; when he lost the bet, he speculated that the reason anti-matter does not appear to be abundant in the universe is that before the Big Bang, a single particle, the \"universon\" existed that then decayed into \"cosmon\" and \"anti-cosmon,\" and that the cosmon subsequently decayed to produce the known cosmos. In the 1950s also he speculated that all fermions[2] such as electrons, protons and neutrons are \"doubled,\" that is that each is associated with a similar heavier particle. He also speculated that in what became known as the Goldhaber-Christie model, the so-called strange particles were composites of just 3 basic particles. He was Director of Brookhaven National Laboratory from 1961 to 1973.Among his many other awards, he won the National Medal of Science in 1983,[3] the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1985,[4] the Wolf Prize in 1991, the J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize in 1982 (shared with Robert Marshak),[5] and the Fermi Award in 1998. He was an elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences,[6] the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[7] and the American Philosophical Society.[8]Maurice Goldhaber's brother Gerson Goldhaber was a professor of physics at the University of California Berkeley; his son Alfred Scharff Goldhaber is a professor of physics at SUNY Stony Brook; his grandson (son of Alfred) David Goldhaber-Gordon is a professor of physics at Stanford.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Setauket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Setauket,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-9"}],"text":"Goldhaber died May 11, 2011, at his home in East Setauket, New York at 100.[9]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"the Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhaber_fellows"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2001, Brookhaven National Laboratory created the Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships in his honor. These Fellowships are awarded to early-career scientists with exceptional talent and credentials who have a strong desire for independent research at the frontiers of their fields.[10]","title":"Legacy"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Biographical Memoir of Maurice Goldhaber\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/goldhaber-maurice.pdf","url_text":"\"Biographical Memoir of Maurice Goldhaber\""}]},{"reference":"Goldhaber, Maurice (2002), \"A closer look at the elementary fermions.\", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 99, no. 1 (published Jan 8, 2002), pp. 33–6, arXiv:hep-ph/0201208, Bibcode:2002PNAS...99...33G, doi:10.1073/pnas.221582298, PMC 117509, PMID 11773637","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNAS","url_text":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0201208","url_text":"hep-ph/0201208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99...33G","url_text":"2002PNAS...99...33G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.221582298","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.221582298"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117509","url_text":"117509"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11773637","url_text":"11773637"}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.","urls":[{"url":"https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration","url_text":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement","url_text":"American Academy of Achievement"}]},{"reference":"\"Oppenheimer Prize awarded to Goldhaber and Marshak\". Physics Today. 35 (9). American Institute of Physics: 89. September 1982. Bibcode:1982PhT....35i..89.. doi:10.1063/1.2915276.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PhT....35i..89.","url_text":"1982PhT....35i..89."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2915276","url_text":"10.1063/1.2915276"}]},{"reference":"\"Maurice Goldhaber\". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2022-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/55269.html","url_text":"\"Maurice Goldhaber\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maurice Goldhaber\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amacad.org/person/maurice-goldhaber","url_text":"\"Maurice Goldhaber\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Maurice+Goldhaber&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"Kenneth Chang (2011-05-17). \"Maurice Goldhaber, Atomic Physicist, Is Dead at 100\". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Dr. Goldhaber was director of the Brookhaven lab from 1961 to 1973, overseeing experiments there that led to three Nobel Prizes. His most famous contribution to science's basic understanding of how the universe works involved the ghostly, perplexing subatomic particles known as neutrinos.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/science/18goldhaber.html","url_text":"\"Maurice Goldhaber, Atomic Physicist, Is Dead at 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Beard_Budding
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Edwin Beard Budding
|
["1 Lawnmower","2 Adjustable spanner","3 Firearms","4 References","5 External links"]
|
English engineer (1796-1846)
Edwin Beard BuddingBornEdwin Beard Budding25 August 1796Eastington, Gloucestershire, EnglandDied25 September 1846(1846-09-25) (aged 50)Dursley, Gloucestershire, EnglandOccupationsEngineerinventorKnown for
Inventing the lawnmower
Inventing the adjustable spanner
Edwin Beard Budding (25 August 1796 – 25 September 1846), an engineer born in Eastington, Stroud, was the English inventor of the lawnmower (1830) and adjustable spanner (1842).
Lawnmower
A cylinder (reel) mower from 1888 showing a fixed cutting blade in front of the rear roller and wheel-driven rotary blades
Budding had the idea of the lawnmower after seeing a machine in a local cloth mill that used a cutting cylinder (or bladed reel) mounted on a bench to trim the irregular nap from the surface of woolen cloth and give a smooth finish.
Budding's mower was designed primarily to cut the lawn on sports grounds and extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and was granted a British patent on 31 August 1830. It took ten more years and further innovations to create a machine that could be worked by animals, and sixty years before a steam-powered lawn mower was built. The first machine produced was 19 inches in width with a frame made of wrought iron. The mower was pushed from behind with motive power coming from the rear land roller which drove gears to transfer the drive to the knives on the cutting cylinder; the ratio was 16:1. There was another roller placed in between the cutting cylinder and the land roller which was adjustable to alter the height of cut. On cutting, the grass clippings were hurled forward into a tray-like box. It was soon realized, however, that an extra handle was needed in front of the machine which could be used to help pull it along. Two of the earliest Budding machines sold went to Regent's Park Zoological Gardens in London and the Oxford Colleges. In an agreement between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding, dated 18 May 1830, Ferrabee paid the costs of development, obtained letters of patent and acquired rights to manufacture, sell and license other manufacturers in the production of lawn mowers. Budding realized that a similar device could be used to cut grass if the mechanism was mounted in a wheeled frame to make the blades rotate close to the lawn's surface. Budding went into partnership with a local engineer, John Ferrabee, and together they made mowers in a factory at Thrupp near Stroud.
Examples of the early Budding type mowers can be seen in Stroud Museum, the London Science Museum and at Milton Keynes Museum.
Adjustable spanner
Budding is also credited with the invention of the screw adjustable spanner in 1842.
Firearms
Budding's engineering and manufacturing skills also extended to the production of a five-shot percussion revolver having brass manually-rotated barrels in about 1830.
References
^ baptism and burial registers 1813-1988, Gloucestershire Church of England diocese; grave marker, St Mark's, Dursley
^ "History of British Gardening Series - Georgian and Regency era". BBC. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
^ US RE 8560, Passmore, Everett G., "Improvement in Lawn-Mowers", published 23 February 1869, issued 28 January 1879 ; see pg 1, col 2. For a copy, see Google Patents copy. This source indicates the patent number as "6,080". According to "British patent numbers 1617 - 1852 (old series) Archived 2011-10-17 at the Wayback Machine", the patent number was assigned sometime after 1852 and took the form of "6080/1830".
^ "The Hall & Duck Trust: Lawn Mower History Part 1". Hdtrust.co.uk. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
^ "People at the cutting edge: lawnmower designers". Parks & Gardens UK (University of York / Association of Gardens Trusts). Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
^ Digital Stroud
^ "The Book of Guns & Gunsmiths", North & Hogg, ISBN 1-86160-732-6
External links
How a chance comment during a park walk led to a fascinating journey..., National Development Team for Inclusion, 20 July 2017
Lawn mower lifeline for the gardening hobbyist..., Greenry enthusiast Team published, 27 July 2022
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|
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| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Gleim
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Leopold Gleim
|
["1 External links","2 References"]
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This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Leopold Gleim was a Colonel and SS Standartenführer in Warsaw during the Second World War.
He was for a time head of the Gestapo Department for Jewish Affairs in Poland. After the war, he converted to Islam, taking the name of Ali al-Nahar, and served with the Egyptian state services.
External links
Namebase - 4 citations (Archive)
References
The Holocaust conspiracy: an international policy of genocide by William R. Perl
This biographical article related to the German Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.namebase.org/xgho/Leopold-Gleim.html","external_links_name":"Namebase"},{"Link":"http://www.namebase.org/xgho/Leopold-Gleim.html","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SlSDYmjJNU0C&dq=%22leopold+gleim%22&pg=PA236","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Gleim&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Grillo-Marxuach
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Javier Grillo-Marxuach
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","4 Bibliography","5 See also","6 Footnotes","7 External links"]
|
American screenwriter, born 1969
This article about a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Javier Grillo-Marxuach" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Javier Grillo-MarxuachGrillo-Marxuach in 2017Born (1969-10-28) October 28, 1969 (age 54)San Juan, Puerto RicoAlma materUniversity of Southern California (MFA), Carnegie Mellon (BA)Occupation(s)Screenwriter, producer, and podcaster,Known forLost, Charmed, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Javier "Javi" Grillo-Marxuach (listenⓘ; born October 28, 1969, in San Juan, Puerto Rico), is a television screenwriter and producer, and podcaster, known for his work as writer and producer on the first two seasons of the ABC television series Lost, as well as other series including Charmed and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.
Early life
Grillo-Marxuach graduated from Huron High school in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 1991 from Carnegie Mellon. While at CMU he was active as an actor, writer and director with Scotch'n'Soda, the theatrical club for non-theater majors that also counts composer Stephen Schwartz, author Iris Rainer Dart and actor Frank Gorshin among its notable alumni. Grillo-Marxuach also wrote a weekly pop-culture column for the campus newspaper, The Tartan.
He has a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) from the University of Southern California and from 2015 was sponsoring a fellowship there for MFA students who demonstrate an interest or facility with Hispanic language and culture.
Career
Grillo-Marxuach joined the crew of Lost as a supervising producer and writer for the first season in 2004. He returned as a supervising producer and writer for the second season in 2005. The writing staff won the Writers Guild of America (WGA) Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2006 ceremony for their work on the first and second seasons. The writing staff were nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series again at the February 2007 ceremony for their work on the second and third seasons.
In 2006, he left the Lost team, and began working as a co-executive producer for Medium, as well as entering the world of comics with his own Viper Comics title, The Middleman. He also wrote the 2006 Annihilation - Super-Skrull limited series for Marvel Comics, part of the company's Annihilation event, and the Annihilation: Conquest - Wraith limited series for the 2007 Annihilation: Conquest follow-up project. He is also writer of Dynamite Entertainment's four-issue limited series Classic Battlestar Galactica: Cylon Apocalypse. He wrote Cops On the Edge: Episode 89 (2000).
In 2008, the ABC Family picked up his television series The Middleman, for which he is the writer and producer. The series was not picked up for a second season due to poor ratings.
In 2010, a pilot for Department Zero was moved to active production by ABC. The pilot is based upon work by Jonathan Maberry. In 2014 & 2015, Grillo-Marxuach served as co-executive producer of the SyFy channel's series Helix.
Grillo-Marxuach has also served as writer and producer on other series, such as The 100, The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance and most recently, From.
Alongside Jose Molina, he is also the co-host of the Children of Tendu Podcast, a weekly series offering advice for getting into the television industry.
Filmography
Year
Title
Credited as
Notes
Writer
Producer
Executive producer
1995–1996
SeaQuest DSV
Yes
Writer (3 episodes)
episode 3.4 "Destination Terminal"
episode 3.7 "Equilibrium"
episode 3.13 "Weapons of War"
1996
Dark Skies
Yes
Writer (1 episode)
episode "Hostile Convergence"
1996–1997
The Pretender
Yes
Writer (3 episodes); story editor
episode "The Better Part of Valor"
episode "The Paper Clock"
episode "Potato Head Blues"
1997
Van Helsing Chronicles
Yes
Yes
Creator (pilot); supervising producer
1998
Three
Yes
Writer (2 episodes); executive story editor
episode "Breakout"
episode "Emerald City"
1998–2000
Charmed
Yes
Yes
Writer (7 episodes); executive story editor; co-producer
episode 1.04 "Dead Man Dating"
episode 1.11 "Feats of Clay"
episode 1.16 "Which Prue is it, Anyway?"
episode 1.21 "Love Hurts"
episode 2.05 "She's a Man, Baby, A Man!"
episode 2.11 "Reckless Abandon"
episode 2.17 "How to Make a Quilt Out of Americans"
2001
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Yes
Writer (1 episode)
episode 3.07 "Sacrifice"
2001–2002
The Chronicle
Yes
Yes
Writer (6 episodes); producer
episode "Bring Me the Head of Tucker Burns"
episode "Hot From the Oven"
episode "The King is (Un) Dead"
episode "Let Sleeping Dogs Fry"
episode "Pig Boy's Big Adventure"
episode "Touched by An Alien")
2002
The Dead Zone
Yes
Writer (1 episode)
episode 1.07 "Enemy Mind"
2003
Boomtown
Yes
Yes
Writer (1 episode); producer
Episode "Monsters Brawl"
2003–2004
Jake 2.0
Yes
Yes
Writer (3 episodes); supervising producer
episode "The Good, The Bad and The Geeky"
episode "Whiskey - Tango - Foxtrot"
episode "Get Foley"
2004–2005
Lost
Yes
Yes
Writer (7 episodes); supervising producer
"House of the Rising Sun" (Season 1, Episode 6)
"All the Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues" (Season 1, Episode 11)
"Hearts and Minds" (Season 1, Episode 13) with Carlton Cuse
"...In Translation" (Season 1, Episode 17) with Leonard Dick
"Born to Run" (Season 1, Episode 22) (story)
"Orientation" (Season 2, Episode 3) with Craig Wright
"Collision" (Season 2, Episode 8) with Leonard Dick
2006–2008
Medium
Yes
Yes
Writer (8 episodes); co-executive producer
"Four Dreams Part 1" (Season 3, Episode 1) with Glenn Gordon Caron
"Four Dreams Part 2" (Season 3, Episode 2) with Glenn Gordon Caron
"Apocalypse, Push" (Season 3, Episode 11)
"We Had A Dream" (Season 3, Episode 15)
"1-900-LUCKY" (Season 3, Episode 18) with Robert Doherty
"Head Games" (Season 3, Episode 20) with Robert Doherty & Moira Kirkland
"Burn Baby Burn Part 1" (Season 4, Episode 7)
"Burn Baby Burn Part 2" (Season 4, Episode 8) with René Echevarria
2008
The Middleman
Yes
Yes
Creator; writer (2 episodes)
"The Pilot Episode Sanction" (Season 1, Episode 1)
"The Sino-Mexican Revelation" (Season 1, Episode 3)
2011
Charlie's Angels
Yes
Yes
Writer (2 episodes); consulting producer
2014–2015
Helix
Yes
Yes
Writer (4 episodes); co-executive producer
2016
The 100
Yes
Yes
Writer (2 episodes); co-executive producer
2017
The Shannara Chronicles
Yes
Yes
Writer (1 episode); Consulting producer
2018
Guardians of the Galaxy
Yes
No
Writer (1 episode)
2019
Blood & Treasure
Yes
Yes
Writer (2 episodes); Consulting producer
2019
The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance
Yes
Yes
Writer (1 episode); Consulting producer
"Time to Make ... My Move" (Season 1, Episode 7)
2021
Cowboy Bebop
Yes
Writer
2022
From
Yes
Yes
Writer (2 episodes); Consulting producer
Bibliography
Annihilation: Super-Skrull (with artist Greg Titus, 4-issue mini-series, Marvel Comics, 2006)
Annihilation: Conquest - Wraith (with artist Kyle Hotz, 4-issue mini-series, 2007)
Battlestar Galactica: Cylon Apocalypse (limited series, Dynamite Entertainment, 2007)
The Middleman (a number of mini-series, Viper Comics, 2005–present)
See also
List of Puerto Ricans
Footnotes
^ McKee, Jenn (18 May 2010). "Former "Lost" writer from Ann Arbor reflects as the series finale approaches". AnnArbor.com. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ "Alumni | H&SS;, Carnegie Mellon University". www.hss.cmu.edu. Archived from the original on 2006-09-09.
^ "One of a Kind". www.cmu.edu. Carnegie Mellon University. 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ Das, Bagmi (16 October 2006). "*Lost* writer soon to be found on campus". thetartan.org. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ "USC Cinematic Arts , Financial Aid & Scholarships". cinema.usc.edu. University of Southern California. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ "Awards Winners". Writers Guild of America. Archived from the original on 2012-05-25. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
^ "2007 Writers Guild Awards Television & Radio Nominees Announced". Writers Guild of America. Archived from the original on 2007-12-05. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
^ Grillo-Marxuach, Javier (February 22, 2006). "Leaving the island..." Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2006-03-22.
^ The Fantastic Four-In-One: Javier Grillo-Marxuach talks "Super-Skrull", Comic Book Resources, January 4, 2006
^ The Kree With No Name?: Grillo-Marxuach talks "Annihilation: Conquest - Wraith", Comic Book Resources, April 16, 2007
^ Grillo-Marxuach, Javier (May 24, 2010). "ABC Puts 5 Projects In Active Development". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
^ http://okbjgm.squarespace.com Archived 2014-12-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ "About". the grillo-marxuach experimental design bureau. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
^ "Children of Tendu". childrenoftendu.libsyn.com.
^ Elderkin, Beth (June 2, 2020). "How Netflix's Cowboy Bebop Captures the Spirit and Style of the Original". Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
External links
Javier Grillo-Marxuach at IMDb
The Grillo-Marxuach Experimental Design Bureau, personal website of Javier-Grillo Marxuach
JAVIminions, Official fansite for Javier-Grillo Marxuach
PopGurls Interview: Javier Grillo-Marxuach
Harmonies of destruction on 'The Middleman' - It Happened Last Night - Zap2it Zap2it TV News
vteAnnihilationMain series
Annihilation
Annihilation: Conquest
Related articles
Annihilus
The Phalanx
"War of Kings"
"Realm of Kings"
The Thanos Imperative
Annihilators
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"listen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Javiergrillo-marxuach.ogg/Javiergrillo-marxuach.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Javiergrillo-marxuach.ogg"},{"link_name":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_producer"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Charmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmed"},{"link_name":"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit"}],"text":"Javier \"Javi\" Grillo-Marxuach (listenⓘ; born October 28, 1969, in San Juan, Puerto Rico), is a television screenwriter and producer, and podcaster, known for his work as writer and producer on the first two seasons of the ABC television series Lost, as well as other series including Charmed and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.","title":"Javier Grillo-Marxuach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huron High school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huron_High_School_(Ann_Arbor,_Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Ann Arbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Scotch'n'Soda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch%27n%27Soda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"composer Stephen Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Iris Rainer Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Rainer_Dart"},{"link_name":"Frank Gorshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gorshin"},{"link_name":"The Tartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tartan_(Carnegie_Mellon_University)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Master of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Grillo-Marxuach graduated from Huron High school in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 1991 from Carnegie Mellon.[1][2] While at CMU he was active as an actor, writer and director with Scotch'n'Soda,[3] the theatrical club for non-theater majors that also counts composer Stephen Schwartz, author Iris Rainer Dart and actor Frank Gorshin among its notable alumni. Grillo-Marxuach also wrote a weekly pop-culture column for the campus newspaper, The Tartan.[4]He has a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) from the University of Southern California and from 2015 was sponsoring a fellowship there for MFA students who demonstrate an interest or facility with Hispanic language and culture.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America (WGA) Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards"},{"link_name":"February 2006 ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards_2005"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGA-6"},{"link_name":"February 2007 ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards_2006"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGA07-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grillo-leaving-lost-8"},{"link_name":"Medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Viper Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_Comics"},{"link_name":"The Middleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Middleman"},{"link_name":"Annihilation - Super-Skrull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Skrull"},{"link_name":"limited series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Annihilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Annihilation: Conquest - Wraith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wraith_(Zak-Del)"},{"link_name":"Annihilation: Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation:_Conquest"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dynamite Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"ABC Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The Middleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Middleman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deparment_Zero_moved_to_active_development-11"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Maberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Maberry"},{"link_name":"SyFy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SyFy"},{"link_name":"Helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_100_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Crystal:_Age_of_Resistance"},{"link_name":"From","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jose Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Molina_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Grillo-Marxuach joined the crew of Lost as a supervising producer and writer for the first season in 2004. He returned as a supervising producer and writer for the second season in 2005. The writing staff won the Writers Guild of America (WGA) Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2006 ceremony for their work on the first and second seasons.[6] The writing staff were nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series again at the February 2007 ceremony for their work on the second and third seasons.[7]In 2006, he left the Lost team,[8] and began working as a co-executive producer for Medium, as well as entering the world of comics with his own Viper Comics title, The Middleman. He also wrote the 2006 Annihilation - Super-Skrull limited series for Marvel Comics, part of the company's Annihilation event,[9] and the Annihilation: Conquest - Wraith limited series for the 2007 Annihilation: Conquest follow-up project.[10] He is also writer of Dynamite Entertainment's four-issue limited series Classic Battlestar Galactica: Cylon Apocalypse. He wrote Cops On the Edge: Episode 89 (2000).In 2008, the ABC Family picked up his television series The Middleman, for which he is the writer and producer. The series was not picked up for a second season due to poor ratings.In 2010, a pilot for Department Zero was moved to active production by ABC.[11] The pilot is based upon work by Jonathan Maberry. In 2014 & 2015, Grillo-Marxuach served as co-executive producer of the SyFy channel's series Helix.[12]Grillo-Marxuach has also served as writer and producer on other series, such as The 100,[13] The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance and most recently, From. \nAlongside Jose Molina, he is also the co-host of the Children of Tendu Podcast, a weekly series offering advice for getting into the television industry.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annihilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Super-Skrull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Skrull"},{"link_name":"Greg Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Titus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Annihilation: Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation:_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Wraith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wraith_(Zak-Del)"},{"link_name":"Kyle Hotz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Hotz"},{"link_name":"Battlestar Galactica: Cylon Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica:_Cylon_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Dynamite Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"The Middleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Middleman"},{"link_name":"Viper Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_Comics"}],"text":"Annihilation: Super-Skrull (with artist Greg Titus, 4-issue mini-series, Marvel Comics, 2006)\nAnnihilation: Conquest - Wraith (with artist Kyle Hotz, 4-issue mini-series, 2007)\nBattlestar Galactica: Cylon Apocalypse (limited series, Dynamite Entertainment, 2007)\nThe Middleman (a number of mini-series, Viper Comics, 2005–present)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Former \"Lost\" writer from Ann Arbor reflects as the series finale approaches\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.annarbor.com/entertainment/lost-former-writer/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Alumni | H&SS;, Carnegie Mellon University\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060909000455/http://www.hss.cmu.edu/realgrad_Grillo-Marxuach.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hss.cmu.edu/realgrad_Grillo-Marxuach.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"One of a Kind\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cmu.edu/homepage/creativity/2009/fall/one-of-a-kind.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"*Lost* writer soon to be found on campus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//thetartan.org/2006/10/16/pillbox/lost"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"USC Cinematic Arts , Financial Aid & Scholarships\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cinema.usc.edu/scholarships/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WGA_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Awards Winners\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120525050852/http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1517"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1517"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WGA07_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"2007 Writers Guild Awards Television & Radio Nominees Announced\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071205212901/http://www.wga.org/subpage_newsevents.aspx?id=2267"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wga.org/subpage_newsevents.aspx?id=2267"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-grillo-leaving-lost_8-0"},{"link_name":"Grillo-Marxuach, Javier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxuach"},{"link_name":"\"Leaving the island...\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070928133135/http://www.thefuselage.net/Threaded/showthread.php?t=38578"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thefuselage.net/Threaded/showthread.php?t=38578"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"The Fantastic Four-In-One: Javier Grillo-Marxuach talks \"Super-Skrull\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=6160"},{"link_name":"Comic Book Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"The Kree With No Name?: Grillo-Marxuach talks \"Annihilation: Conquest - Wraith\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.comicbookresources.com/?id=9953&page=article"},{"link_name":"Comic Book Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Deparment_Zero_moved_to_active_development_11-0"},{"link_name":"Grillo-Marxuach, Javier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxuach"},{"link_name":"\"ABC Puts 5 Projects In Active Development\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deadline.com/2010/05/abc-puts-5-projects-in-active-development"},{"link_name":"Deadline Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"http://okbjgm.squarespace.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//okbjgm.squarespace.com"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141219062456/http://okbjgm.squarespace.com/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"About\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//okbjgm.weebly.com/about.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Children of Tendu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//childrenoftendu.libsyn.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"How Netflix's Cowboy Bebop Captures the Spirit and Style of the Original\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//io9.gizmodo.com/how-netflixs-cowboy-bebop-captures-the-spirit-and-style-1843569876"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210127204738/https://io9.gizmodo.com/how-netflixs-cowboy-bebop-captures-the-spirit-and-style-1843569876"}],"text":"^ McKee, Jenn (18 May 2010). \"Former \"Lost\" writer from Ann Arbor reflects as the series finale approaches\". AnnArbor.com. Retrieved 23 March 2024.\n\n^ \"Alumni | H&SS;, Carnegie Mellon University\". www.hss.cmu.edu. Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. \n\n^ \"One of a Kind\". www.cmu.edu. Carnegie Mellon University. 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2024.\n\n^ Das, Bagmi (16 October 2006). \"*Lost* writer soon to be found on campus\". thetartan.org. Retrieved 23 March 2024.\n\n^ \"USC Cinematic Arts , Financial Aid & Scholarships\". cinema.usc.edu. University of Southern California. Retrieved 23 March 2024.\n\n^ \"Awards Winners\". Writers Guild of America. Archived from the original on 2012-05-25. Retrieved 2007-10-17.\n\n^ \"2007 Writers Guild Awards Television & Radio Nominees Announced\". Writers Guild of America. Archived from the original on 2007-12-05. Retrieved 2007-12-06.\n\n^ Grillo-Marxuach, Javier (February 22, 2006). \"Leaving the island...\" Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2006-03-22.\n\n^ The Fantastic Four-In-One: Javier Grillo-Marxuach talks \"Super-Skrull\", Comic Book Resources, January 4, 2006\n\n^ The Kree With No Name?: Grillo-Marxuach talks \"Annihilation: Conquest - Wraith\", Comic Book Resources, April 16, 2007\n\n^ Grillo-Marxuach, Javier (May 24, 2010). \"ABC Puts 5 Projects In Active Development\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2010-05-24.\n\n^ http://okbjgm.squarespace.com Archived 2014-12-19 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"About\". the grillo-marxuach experimental design bureau. Retrieved 2016-02-22.\n\n^ \"Children of Tendu\". childrenoftendu.libsyn.com.\n\n^ Elderkin, Beth (June 2, 2020). \"How Netflix's Cowboy Bebop Captures the Spirit and Style of the Original\". Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.","title":"Footnotes"}]
|
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Partridge
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Richard Partridge
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["1 Education and career","2 London Burkers","3 Consultation on Giuseppe Garibaldi","4 Characteristics and works","5 Personal life","6 References"]
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British surgeon
Richard Partridge in 1873
Richard Partridge FRS, FRCS (19 January 1805, in Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire – 25 March 1873, in London) was a British surgeon. Although he became President of both the Royal College of Surgeons and the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, he is best known for his part in apprehending the London Burkers gang and for failing to spot a bullet lodged in Giuseppe Garibaldi's leg.
He was the tenth child and youngest son of twelve children of Samuel Partridge, a Glaswegian merchant who moved to Ross-on-Wye in his retirement. His eldest brother was the portrait painter, John Partridge.
Education and career
The muscles of the face. From an article by Partridge in Bentley's Cyclopaedia (1839)
Partridge was apprenticed to his uncle, W.H. Partridge, in Birmingham in 1821, where he acted as dresser to the well-known surgeon Joseph Hodgson, who was later another President of the Royal College of Surgeons. He studied at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London from 1827, attending lectures by John Abernethy. The same year, he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons and a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries.
His early positions included demonstrator of anatomy at the Windmill Street School of Medicine, demonstrator of anatomy (1831–36) and professor of descriptive and surgical anatomy at King's College (from 1836), and assistant and full surgeon at Charing Cross Hospital (1836–40). In 1840, he was appointed surgeon at the newly established King's College Hospital, a position he held until 1870. From 1853, he also held the position of professor of anatomy at the Royal Academy.
Partridge was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1837. He was one of the three hundred original fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons, serving as vice-president in 1865 and president in 1866. He also served as vice-president (1847–48) and president (1863–64) of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society.
London Burkers
Partridge was instrumental in the apprehension of the gang of murderers and body snatchers called the London Burkers, after the Edinburgh murderers Burke and Hare of three years earlier. On 5 November 1831, shortly after he had taken up the position of demonstrator of anatomy at King's College, the four members of the gang attempted to sell him the body of the so-called 'Italian Boy' for nine guineas. Both Partridge and the dissecting-room porter, William Hill, were suspicious of the fresh state of the body, which looked as if it had never been buried, as well as of a cut on its forehead. Partridge is said to have delayed the gang members with the ruse of claiming to lack change for a fifty-pound note, whilst raising the alarm with his superior, Herbert Mayo. All four members of the London Burker gang were arrested while still awaiting payment.
He was present during the autopsy on the boy's body, and gave evidence at the murder trial of the four gang members, stating that the boy's injuries seemed consistent with a blow to the back of the neck. Witnesses had identified the victim as an Italian beggar, Carlo Ferriere, who exhibited white mice in a cage. Three of the gang were found guilty of the murder; before they were hanged, John Bishop and Thomas Williams confessed to drowning the boy in a well after drugging him with laudanum, stating, however, that the victim was actually from Lincolnshire. The third gang member, James May, had his sentence respited to transportation, but died on the way to Australia. The bodies of Bishop and Williams were dissected, the former at King's College London and their remains displayed.
The crime seems to have caught the public interest to an extraordinary degree; a crowd of thirty thousand turned up to watch the hangings, and a play The Italian Boy (featuring the original story of the Italian beggar and his white mice) was later put on at Shoreditch. Partridge's involvement placed him in the public eye at a young age, and the case seems to have made a strong impression on him; he is said to have often included the tale in his lectures. The public outcry about the case put pressure on the government which led to the passing of the Anatomy Act of 1832; the act had been presented in 1829, following the Burke and Hare case, but was defeated. By permitting the bodies of paupers unclaimed by relatives to be supplied to medical schools for dissection, the act did away with the trade of the Resurrectionists.
Consultation on Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1866, four years after surviving a bullet wound misdiagnosed by Partridge
In September 1862, Partridge was selected to travel to Italy to attend Giuseppe Garibaldi, who had been shot just above the right ankle during his march on Rome that summer. Before the invention of X-rays, detection of the bullet was highly problematic, and the surgeons treating Garibaldi disagreed over whether the ball had lodged in his ankle. When, after two weeks, the condition of the ankle had worsened, some began to favour amputation, and fears for the popular Italian patriot grew in England. A public subscription raised over a thousand guineas to send a British surgeon to Italy to provide a second opinion on the bullet wound.
The reason for choosing Partridge for this role is unclear. Although he was, by then, one of the more eminent British surgeons, he never achieved the fame of his colleague, Sir William Fergusson. The Royal College of Surgeons' biography characterises him as 'a painstaking but not a brilliant surgeon; minute in detail and hesitating in execution'. More importantly, he had no experience with gunshot injuries. The contemporary medical press attacked the mission for its serious breach in medical etiquette in presuming to consult on a patient without having been invited to do so by the attending medical practitioners. It amounted to patient stealing, and was an affront to the dignity of the profession (newly self-regulating since the creation of the General Medical Council in 1858). The Lancet was also scathing about the 'new manifestation of the proverbial insular pride which is ever insisting upon the immense superiority of everything British'.
Despite all the mission's detractors, Partridge seems to have been received warmly by the surgeons attending Garibaldi on his arrival in Varignano on 16 September 1862. After examining the patient, he concluded, based largely on the unswollen nature of ankle, that 'the bullet did not enter the joint nor effect a lodgement elsewhere', and that Garibaldi would recover with rest and nursing care.
Auguste Nélaton, whose porcelain-tipped probe was key to saving Garibaldi's leg
Unfortunately, this optimistic prediction was not fulfilled; by the end of October, the development of sepsis made amputation appear inevitable. The French surgeon Auguste Nélaton, known for innovations in surgical tools, was asked to examine Garibaldi. An electrical probe designed by Favre had been used previously, without success, in an attempt to determine if the bullet remained. Nélaton used a normal surgical probe to examine the wound, concluding that Partridge had been mistaken and the bullet was indeed lodged in the joint; he recommended extraction using ball forceps. He later designed a special probe with a tip of unglazed porcelain, which could be introduced into the wound and retain an impression of any bullet present. Using this improved probe, the Italian surgeon Zanetti became convinced of the bullet's presence, and successfully extracted it on 23 November, saving Garibaldi's limb. The triumph of an innovative surgical instrument in this case was just one example of a trend over the latter half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth towards the acceptance of surgery as a craft, with instruments as essential tools of that craft.
Although Partridge had re-examined the wound shortly after Nélaton's consultation and changed his mind to concur with his French rival, severe damage to the relations between the British and Continental schools of surgery was inevitable. His mistake also substantially harmed his professional reputation.
Characteristics and works
Although nervous during operations, Partridge was careful during after-care of patients. He was a skilled draughtsman, having taken drawing lessons from his brother, John Partridge, and an able lecturer and teacher. He published an article on the face in The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology (1839), edited by Robert Bentley Todd, and also wrote and illustrated a work on descriptive anatomy, which was never published.
Personal life
He married Frances Janette Turner; they had several children, among whom was the illustrator and actor Sir John Bernard Partridge. He died in London in 1873. His career never recovered from his error in overlooking the bullet in Garibaldi's wound.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Partridge (surgeon).
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online: Partridge, Richard (1805–1873) (accessed 19 August 2007)
^ a b c d e f g h Power D'A. 'Partridge, Richard (1805–1873)' (Bryan BA, revd), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press; 2004) (accessed 23 August 2007)
^ Ormond R. (1967) John Partridge and the Fine Arts Commissioners Burlington Magazine 109: 397–403 (accessed 19 August 2007)
^ a b Partridge R. 'Face' in The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology (Todd RB, ed.) (Vol. 2), pp. 207–229 (Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper; 1839)
^ The Royal Society: Sackler Archive Resource: Partridge; Richard (1805–1873) (accessed 19 August 2007)
^ Wise S. The Italian Boy; A Tale of Murder and Body Snatching in 1830s London (Metropolitan Books; 2004) (accessed 19 August 2007)
^ a b c d The Newgate Calendar: John Bishop and Thomas Williams (accessed 23 August 2007)
^ a b c Kenyon Jones C (2006) The anatomist, the Italian boy and the resurrection men Comment (King's College London newsletter) 165: 15 (accessed 24 August 2007)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Moscucci O (2001) Garibaldi and the surgeons J R Soc Med 94: 248–252 (accessed 19 August 2007)
^ a b Lancet (1862) ii: 874–875, also in British Medical Journal; quoted in Moscucci 2001
^ Br Med J (1862) ii: 396; quoted in Moscucci 2001
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Although he became President of both the Royal College of Surgeons and the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, he is best known for his part in apprehending the London Burkers gang and for failing to spot a bullet lodged in Giuseppe Garibaldi's leg.He was the tenth child and youngest son of twelve children of Samuel Partridge, a Glaswegian merchant who moved to Ross-on-Wye in his retirement. 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From 1853, he also held the position of professor of anatomy at the Royal Academy.[1][2]Partridge was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1837.[5] He was one of the three hundred original fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons, serving as vice-president in 1865 and president in 1866. He also served as vice-president (1847–48) and president (1863–64) of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society.[1][2]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"body snatchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_snatcher"},{"link_name":"London Burkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Burkers"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Burke and Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Port_murders"},{"link_name":"Herbert Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Mayo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Italian-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newgate-7"},{"link_name":"laudanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudanum"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newgate-7"},{"link_name":"transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportation"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newgate-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newgate-7"},{"link_name":"Shoreditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreditch"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenyon_Jones-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenyon_Jones-8"},{"link_name":"Anatomy Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy_Act_1832"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenyon_Jones-8"}],"text":"Partridge was instrumental in the apprehension of the gang of murderers and body snatchers called the London Burkers, after the Edinburgh murderers Burke and Hare of three years earlier. On 5 November 1831, shortly after he had taken up the position of demonstrator of anatomy at King's College, the four members of the gang attempted to sell him the body of the so-called 'Italian Boy' for nine guineas. Both Partridge and the dissecting-room porter, William Hill, were suspicious of the fresh state of the body, which looked as if it had never been buried, as well as of a cut on its forehead. Partridge is said to have delayed the gang members with the ruse of claiming to lack change for a fifty-pound note, whilst raising the alarm with his superior, Herbert Mayo. All four members of the London Burker gang were arrested while still awaiting payment.[6][7]He was present during the autopsy on the boy's body, and gave evidence at the murder trial of the four gang members, stating that the boy's injuries seemed consistent with a blow to the back of the neck. Witnesses had identified the victim as an Italian beggar, Carlo Ferriere, who exhibited white mice in a cage. Three of the gang were found guilty of the murder; before they were hanged, John Bishop and Thomas Williams confessed to drowning the boy in a well after drugging him with laudanum, stating, however, that the victim was actually from Lincolnshire.[7] The third gang member, James May, had his sentence respited to transportation, but died on the way to Australia. The bodies of Bishop and Williams were dissected, the former at King's College London and their remains displayed.[7]The crime seems to have caught the public interest to an extraordinary degree; a crowd of thirty thousand turned up to watch the hangings,[7] and a play The Italian Boy (featuring the original story of the Italian beggar and his white mice) was later put on at Shoreditch.[8] Partridge's involvement placed him in the public eye at a young age, and the case seems to have made a strong impression on him; he is said to have often included the tale in his lectures.[8] The public outcry about the case put pressure on the government which led to the passing of the Anatomy Act of 1832; the act had been presented in 1829, following the Burke and Hare case, but was defeated.[1] By permitting the bodies of paupers unclaimed by relatives to be supplied to medical schools for dissection, the act did away with the trade of the Resurrectionists.[8]","title":"London Burkers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garibaldi_(1866).jpg"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscucci-9"},{"link_name":"X-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rays"},{"link_name":"amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation"},{"link_name":"second opinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_opinion_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscucci-9"},{"link_name":"William Fergusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fergusson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscucci-9"},{"link_name":"General Medical Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Medical_Council"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscucci-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lancet_1862-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lancet_1862-10"},{"link_name":"Varignano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varignano,_La_Spezia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscucci-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMJ_1862-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auguste_Nelaton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auguste Nélaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_N%C3%A9laton"},{"link_name":"sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"Auguste Nélaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_N%C3%A9laton"},{"link_name":"Favre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favre"},{"link_name":"forceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forceps"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscucci-9"},{"link_name":"porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain"},{"link_name":"Zanetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zanetti_(surgeon)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscucci-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscucci-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscucci-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscucci-9"}],"text":"Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1866, four years after surviving a bullet wound misdiagnosed by PartridgeIn September 1862, Partridge was selected to travel to Italy to attend Giuseppe Garibaldi, who had been shot just above the right ankle during his march on Rome that summer.[9] Before the invention of X-rays, detection of the bullet was highly problematic, and the surgeons treating Garibaldi disagreed over whether the ball had lodged in his ankle. When, after two weeks, the condition of the ankle had worsened, some began to favour amputation, and fears for the popular Italian patriot grew in England. A public subscription raised over a thousand guineas to send a British surgeon to Italy to provide a second opinion on the bullet wound.[9]The reason for choosing Partridge for this role is unclear. Although he was, by then, one of the more eminent British surgeons, he never achieved the fame of his colleague, Sir William Fergusson. The Royal College of Surgeons' biography characterises him as 'a painstaking but not a brilliant surgeon; minute in detail and hesitating in execution'.[1] More importantly, he had no experience with gunshot injuries.[1][9] The contemporary medical press attacked the mission for its serious breach in medical etiquette in presuming to consult on a patient without having been invited to do so by the attending medical practitioners. It amounted to patient stealing, and was an affront to the dignity of the profession (newly self-regulating since the creation of the General Medical Council in 1858).[9][10] The Lancet was also scathing about the 'new manifestation of the proverbial insular pride which is ever insisting upon the immense superiority of everything British'.[10]Despite all the mission's detractors, Partridge seems to have been received warmly by the surgeons attending Garibaldi on his arrival in Varignano on 16 September 1862.[9] After examining the patient, he concluded, based largely on the unswollen nature of ankle, that 'the bullet did not enter the joint nor effect a lodgement elsewhere', and that Garibaldi would recover with rest and nursing care.[11]Auguste Nélaton, whose porcelain-tipped probe was key to saving Garibaldi's legUnfortunately, this optimistic prediction was not fulfilled; by the end of October, the development of sepsis made amputation appear inevitable. The French surgeon Auguste Nélaton, known for innovations in surgical tools, was asked to examine Garibaldi. An electrical probe designed by Favre had been used previously, without success, in an attempt to determine if the bullet remained. Nélaton used a normal surgical probe to examine the wound, concluding that Partridge had been mistaken and the bullet was indeed lodged in the joint; he recommended extraction using ball forceps.[9] He later designed a special probe with a tip of unglazed porcelain, which could be introduced into the wound and retain an impression of any bullet present. Using this improved probe, the Italian surgeon Zanetti became convinced of the bullet's presence, and successfully extracted it on 23 November, saving Garibaldi's limb.[9] The triumph of an innovative surgical instrument in this case was just one example of a trend over the latter half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth towards the acceptance of surgery as a craft, with instruments as essential tools of that craft.[9]Although Partridge had re-examined the wound shortly after Nélaton's consultation and changed his mind to concur with his French rival, severe damage to the relations between the British and Continental schools of surgery was inevitable.[9] His mistake also substantially harmed his professional reputation.[1][9]","title":"Consultation on Giuseppe Garibaldi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS-1"},{"link_name":"John Partridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Partridge_(artist)"},{"link_name":"The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cyclopaedia_of_Anatomy_and_Physiology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Bentley Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bentley_Todd"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-4"}],"text":"Although nervous during operations, Partridge was careful during after-care of patients.[1] He was a skilled draughtsman, having taken drawing lessons from his brother, John Partridge, and an able lecturer and teacher. He published an article on the face in The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology (1839), edited by Robert Bentley Todd, and also wrote and illustrated a work on descriptive anatomy, which was never published.[1][2][4]","title":"Characteristics and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Bernard Partridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bernard_Partridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moscucci-9"}],"text":"He married Frances Janette Turner; they had several children, among whom was the illustrator and actor Sir John Bernard Partridge. He died in London in 1873.[2] His career never recovered from his error in overlooking the bullet in Garibaldi's wound.[1][9]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Richard Partridge in 1873","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Richard_Partridge.jpg/220px-Richard_Partridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"The muscles of the face. From an article by Partridge in Bentley's Cyclopaedia (1839)[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cyclopaedia_Face_Fig134.jpg/160px-Cyclopaedia_Face_Fig134.jpg"},{"image_text":"Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1866, four years after surviving a bullet wound misdiagnosed by Partridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Garibaldi_%281866%29.jpg/170px-Garibaldi_%281866%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Auguste Nélaton, whose porcelain-tipped probe was key to saving Garibaldi's leg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Auguste_Nelaton.jpg/170px-Auguste_Nelaton.jpg"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E000192b.htm","external_links_name":"Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online: Partridge, Richard (1805–1873)"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21489","external_links_name":"Power D'A. 'Partridge, Richard (1805–1873)' (Bryan BA, revd), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press; 2004)"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/875354","external_links_name":"Ormond R. (1967) John Partridge and the Fine Arts Commissioners Burlington Magazine 109: 397–403"},{"Link":"http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit25760/index_html?pn=215&ws=1.5","external_links_name":"Partridge R. 'Face' in The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology (Todd RB, ed.) (Vol. 2), pp. 207–229 (Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper; 1839)"},{"Link":"http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqSearch=(((text)=%27Richard%27)AND((text)=%27Partridge%27))&dsqPos=1","external_links_name":"The Royal Society: Sackler Archive Resource: Partridge; Richard (1805–1873)"},{"Link":"http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/catalog/extract.htm?command=search&db=main.txt&eqisbndata=1844133303","external_links_name":"Wise S. The Italian Boy; A Tale of Murder and Body Snatching in 1830s London (Metropolitan Books; 2004)"},{"Link":"http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng609.htm","external_links_name":"The Newgate Calendar: John Bishop and Thomas Williams"},{"Link":"https://www.umds.ac.uk/content/1/c6/01/14/61/comment_165.pdf","external_links_name":"Kenyon Jones C (2006) The anatomist, the Italian boy and the resurrection men Comment (King's College London newsletter) 165: 15"},{"Link":"http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/reprint/94/5/248","external_links_name":"Moscucci O (2001) Garibaldi and the surgeons J R Soc Med 94: 248–252"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000495690859","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/21147121810126392734","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqVVHhmm68rMcgGHVG8md","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119085256X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2016186780","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119085256X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Collaboration_Services
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Open Collaboration Services
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["1 Modules","2 References","3 External links"]
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This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help improve the article by providing more context for the reader. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Social Desktop/OCS API logo
The Open Collaboration Services (OCS) is an open and vendor-independent REST-based API for integration of web communities and web-based services into desktop and mobile applications. It allows the exchange of relevant data from a social network between the site and clients such as other websites and applications or widgets running locally on the user's machine or mobile device.
The protocol is designed so that all applications can access multiple services providing OCS APIs.
The initial API design was done by openDesktop.org as part of the Social Desktop, especially as a cross-desktop backend provider. The API was standardised by freedesktop.org so that third-party providers are able to implement OCS API.
Non-KDE environments using the API in the past included the Maemo Downloads application store and Apps for MeeGo.
Modules
OCS consists of multiple modules, of which both servers and clients are free to choose which to implement. In the 1.6 version of the OCS specification the modules are:
Person - user data
Friend - social graph
Message - in-site messaging between users
Activity - activity streaming
Content - downloadable content
Fan - content favoriting
Knowledgebase - access to FAQ items
Event - calendaring
Comments - content commenting
Private data - private key-value store
Forum - discussion topic structure
Buildservice - application software building
References
^ "Presentation of the Open Collaboration Services and of the Social Desktop on dot.kde.org". May 2009.
^ "Henri Bergius on Akademy, MidGard, Open Collaboration Services and GeoClue". KDE. 2010-07-23.
^ "Apps for MeeGo service". 2012-02-13.
^ "Open Collaboration Services v1.6". Freedesktop.org. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
External links
Official Website
Specification on freedesktop.org
Open Collaboration Services tools and libraries Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
vteFree and open-source software projects hosted by freedesktop.orgOS componentsSound
PulseAudio
PipeWire
Graphics
Compiz
DRI
Enchant
nouveau
Plymouth
Wayland
X.Org Server
Glamor
Xephyr
Other
Avahi
D-Bus
Flatpak
Kmscon
luit
PackageKit
pkg-config
Systemd
Libraries
AppStream
Cairo
FreeType
Fontconfig
GStreamer
libinput
Mesa 3D
HarfBuzz
Pango
Poppler
Swfdec
Video Acceleration API
XCB
Xft
Frameworks
CppUnit
Open Collaboration Services (OCS)
Telepathy
Meetings
Create Project
Portland Project
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socialdesktopologo.jpeg"},{"link_name":"REST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_interface"},{"link_name":"social network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network"},{"link_name":"API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface"},{"link_name":"openDesktop.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDesktop.org"},{"link_name":"backend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_and_back_ends"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"freedesktop.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedesktop.org"},{"link_name":"Maemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maemo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"MeeGo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeeGo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Social Desktop/OCS API logoThe Open Collaboration Services (OCS) is an open and vendor-independent REST-based API for integration of web communities and web-based services into desktop and mobile applications. It allows the exchange of relevant data from a social network between the site and clients such as other websites and applications or widgets running locally on the user's machine or mobile device.The protocol is designed so that all applications can access multiple services providing OCS APIs.The initial API design was done by openDesktop.org as part of the Social Desktop, especially as a cross-desktop backend provider.[1] The API was standardised by freedesktop.org so that third-party providers are able to implement OCS API.Non-KDE environments using the API in the past included the Maemo Downloads application store[2] and Apps for MeeGo.[3]","title":"Open Collaboration Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"OCS consists of multiple modules, of which both servers and clients are free to choose which to implement. In the 1.6 version[4] of the OCS specification the modules are:Person - user data\nFriend - social graph\nMessage - in-site messaging between users\nActivity - activity streaming\nContent - downloadable content\nFan - content favoriting\nKnowledgebase - access to FAQ items\nEvent - calendaring\nComments - content commenting\nPrivate data - private key-value store\nForum - discussion topic structure\nBuildservice - application software building","title":"Modules"}]
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[{"image_text":"Social Desktop/OCS API logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Socialdesktopologo.jpeg/300px-Socialdesktopologo.jpeg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Presentation of the Open Collaboration Services and of the Social Desktop on dot.kde.org\". May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://dot.kde.org/2009/05/01/social-desktop-starts-arrive","url_text":"\"Presentation of the Open Collaboration Services and of the Social Desktop on dot.kde.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henri Bergius on Akademy, MidGard, Open Collaboration Services and GeoClue\". KDE. 2010-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://kdenews.org/2010/07/23/henri-bergius-akademy-midgard-open-collaboration-services-and-geoclue","url_text":"\"Henri Bergius on Akademy, MidGard, Open Collaboration Services and GeoClue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apps for MeeGo service\". 2012-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.formeego.org/applications/","url_text":"\"Apps for MeeGo service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Open Collaboration Services v1.6\". Freedesktop.org. Retrieved 2010-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/open-collaboration-services","url_text":"\"Open Collaboration Services v1.6\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Collaboration_Services&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the article"},{"Link":"http://dot.kde.org/2009/05/01/social-desktop-starts-arrive","external_links_name":"\"Presentation of the Open Collaboration Services and of the Social Desktop on dot.kde.org\""},{"Link":"http://kdenews.org/2010/07/23/henri-bergius-akademy-midgard-open-collaboration-services-and-geoclue","external_links_name":"\"Henri Bergius on Akademy, MidGard, Open Collaboration Services and GeoClue\""},{"Link":"http://apps.formeego.org/applications/","external_links_name":"\"Apps for MeeGo service\""},{"Link":"http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/open-collaboration-services","external_links_name":"\"Open Collaboration Services v1.6\""},{"Link":"http://www.open-collaboration-services.org/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/open-collaboration-services","external_links_name":"Specification on freedesktop.org"},{"Link":"http://www.socialdesktop.org/library/","external_links_name":"Open Collaboration Services tools and libraries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728035815/http://www.socialdesktop.org/library/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%8Din
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Nōin
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["1 Poetry","2 Bibliography","3 Notes"]
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Japanese poet
Priest Nōin (能因法師, Nōin-hōshi), from the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu.
Tachibana no Nagayasu (橘永愷, 988 – c. 1051), also known was Nōin (能因), was a Japanese poet and monk of the late Heian period.
Along with Izumi Shikibu, Nōin is one of "Thirty-six Medieval Poetry Immortals" of waka poetry selected by Fujiwara no Norikane (1107–1165).
Nōin authored of the Gengenshu and Nōin Utamakura.
Poetry
One of his poems is anthologized in the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu:
嵐吹く三室の山のもみぢ葉は 龍田の川の錦なりけり
arashi fuku Mimuro-no-yama no momijiba waTatsuta-no-kawa no nishiki narikeriBlown by storm winds, Mt. Mimuro's autumn leaves have become Tatsuta river's richly hued brocade!(Goshūi Wakashū 5:366)
Bibliography
Peter McMillan (2008) One hundred poets, one poem each : a translation of the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu. New York : Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14398-1
Notes
^ McMillan (2008: 71, 169).
vteJapanese poetryMajor forms
haikai
kanshi
waka
haiku
hokku
renga
renku
senryū
tanka
Poetry works and collections
List of Japanese poetry anthologies
Kaifūsō
Man'yōshū
Nijūichidaishū
Kai Ōi
Iroha
Individuals and groups of Japanese poets
Japanese poets (category list)
Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry
Rokkasen
Individual poemsArticles with poems
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Japan
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyakuninisshu_069.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ogura Hyakunin Isshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogura_Hyakunin_Isshu"},{"link_name":"能因","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A0#Japanese"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Izumi Shikibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumi_Shikibu"},{"link_name":"Thirty-six Medieval Poetry Immortals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-six_Poetry_Immortals"},{"link_name":"waka poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Norikane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fujiwara_no_Norikane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E7%AF%84%E5%85%BC"}],"text":"Priest Nōin (能因法師, Nōin-hōshi), from the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu.Tachibana no Nagayasu (橘永愷, 988 – c. 1051), also known was Nōin (能因), was a Japanese poet and monk of the late Heian period.Along with Izumi Shikibu, Nōin is one of \"Thirty-six Medieval Poetry Immortals\" of waka poetry selected by Fujiwara no Norikane [ja] (1107–1165).Nōin authored of the Gengenshu and Nōin Utamakura.","title":"Nōin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ogura Hyakunin Isshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogura_Hyakunin_Isshu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Goshūi Wakashū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosh%C5%ABi_Wakash%C5%AB"}],"text":"One of his poems is anthologized in the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu:嵐吹く三室の山のもみぢ葉は 龍田の川の錦なりけり\narashi fuku Mimuro-no-yama no momijiba waTatsuta-no-kawa no nishiki narikeriBlown by storm winds, Mt. Mimuro's autumn leaves have become Tatsuta river's richly hued brocade","title":"Poetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-14398-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14398-1"}],"text":"Peter McMillan (2008) One hundred poets, one poem each : a translation of the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu. New York : Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14398-1","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Japanese_poetry"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_poetry"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_poetry"},{"link_name":"Japanese poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_poetry"},{"link_name":"haikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Haikai_forms"},{"link_name":"kanshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanshi_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"waka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"haiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku"},{"link_name":"hokku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokku"},{"link_name":"renga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renga"},{"link_name":"renku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renku"},{"link_name":"senryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senry%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"tanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanka"},{"link_name":"List of Japanese poetry anthologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_poetry_anthologies"},{"link_name":"Kaifūsō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaif%C5%ABs%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Man'yōshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Nijūichidaishū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%ABichidaish%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Kai Ōi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_%C5%8Ci"},{"link_name":"Iroha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroha"},{"link_name":"Japanese poets (category list)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Japanese_poets"},{"link_name":"Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-Six_Immortals_of_Poetry"},{"link_name":"Rokkasen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokkasen"},{"link_name":"Articles with poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese_poems"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074648#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/48076218"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1089685998"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81006982"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00271245"}],"text":"^ McMillan (2008: 71, 169).vteJapanese poetryMajor forms\nhaikai\nkanshi\nwaka\nhaiku\nhokku\nrenga\nrenku\nsenryū\ntanka\nPoetry works and collections\nList of Japanese poetry anthologies\nKaifūsō\nMan'yōshū\nNijūichidaishū\nKai Ōi\nIroha\nIndividuals and groups of Japanese poets\nJapanese poets (category list)\nThirty-Six Immortals of Poetry\nRokkasen\nIndividual poemsArticles with poemsAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nJapan","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Priest Nōin (能因法師, Nōin-hōshi), from the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hyakuninisshu_069.jpg/220px-Hyakuninisshu_069.jpg"}]
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[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/48076218","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1089685998","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81006982","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00271245","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuh_Nung_Jan
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Yuh Nung Jan
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["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 Personal and family life","4 References"]
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Chinese-American neuroscientist
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Yuh Nung JanBornShanghai, ChinaAlma materCalifornia Institute of TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityKnown forDevelopmental neuroscienceSpouseLily JanAwards
Gruber Foundation Neuroscience Prize
Elected member of the National Academy of Sciences
Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Elected member of the Academia Sinica
Distinguished Alumni Award Caltech
Javits Investigator Award from the NIH
Scientific careerFieldsNeuroscienceInstitutionsUniversity of California, San FranciscoDoctoral advisorMax Delbrück
The native form of this personal name is Jan Yuh Nung (Zhan Yunong). This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
Yuh Nung Jan (Chinese: 詹裕農; pinyin: Zhān Yùnóng; born January 11, 1947) is a Taiwanese-American neuroscientist. He is the Jack and DeLoris Lange Professor of Molecular Physiology at the University of California, San Francisco, where he works together with his wife Lily Jan as co-PIs of the Jan Lab.
Biography
Jan was born in Shanghai, China to a family from Jiangxi. His birthday is officially listed as December 20, 1946, but that is according to the Chinese calendar and corresponds to January 11, 1947 of the Western calendar. In 1949, his family escaped to Xinpu, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Although Jan attended a prestigious public school like his future wife Lily Jan his talents in science remained undiscovered until he excelled in a nationwide college entrance exam placing in the top 10 out of 30,000 students.
Jan would go on to attend National Taiwan University (NTU) for his undergraduate studies where he earned his B.S. in physics in 1968. Jan fulfilled his military service as a communication and electronics officer in the Taiwanese Air Force. Jan has shared the year of his service he purchased a motorcycle so he could sneak off the base to visit Lily Jan who he had met earlier during a weeklong hiking trip in 1967. Lily Jan was a fellow student studying physics at National Taiwan University and would become his future wife. At the time, both of the Jans were interested in pursuing advanced studies in theoretical high-energy physics and applied to graduate school abroad. They were both accepted to the physics program at Caltech. They were the only two students to be accepted from NTU, a major academic achievement given how few foreign students were accepted to the program at the time and especially so from their university.
In line with his research interests as an undergraduate, Jan began his graduate studies at Caltech with the intention to study theoretical physics. However, research seminars at Caltech and a conversation with Max Delbrück, a winner of the 1969 Nobel Prize, inspired Yuh Nung to switch fields to biology. Max Delbrück would become his Ph.D. advisor which was particularly formative given that Delbrück was also a physicist who later switched fields to biological physics. Jan's Ph.D. studies were focused on studying the perception of sensory signals by a single-celled fungus. Although he was in the same thesis lab as Lily Jan, their research paths were distinct and they would in fact not begin their life-long scientific collaboration or publish together until after they graduated Caltech with their degrees.
As he approached graduation, Yuh Nung would come across a publication by the scientist Seymour Benzer detailing opportunities associated with correlating fly embryo morphology with functional behavior. Inspired by opportunities associated with such lines of research, Yuh Nung decided to pursue post-doctoral studies in the field. In preparation for this shift in research, he and Lily Jan spent a summer at Cold Spring Harbor learning techniques in experimental neuroscience. This would mark the start of their life-long collaboration in the experimental laboratory and later in their roles as independent investigators. Upon joining the Benzer laboratory as post-docs later that year, they would build their first experimental set-up together, an electrophysiology rig. Their early collaborative research in the Benzer group was focused on uncovering the basis for defects in synaptic transmission. A series of mutant flies, named Shaker, with uncontrolled muscle contractions proved crucial to these endeavors and set the stage for some of their most significant contributions in the field of neuroscience.
The Jans would later move to Harvard Medical School for a second postdoc with Steven Kuffler. Jan and his wife then joined the faculty at UCSF in 1979 where they are co-PIs of the Jan Lab and have won numerous awards together. Jan has been an Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since 1984.
Awards
Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science (2017)
Gruber Prize in Neuroscience (2012)
Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences
Edward M. Scolnick Prize in Neuroscience, McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT
Ralph W. Gerard Prize, Society for Neuroscience
Distinguished Alumni Award, California Institute of Technology
Faculty Research Award, UCSF
Outstanding Faculty Mentorship Award, Postdoctoral Scholars Association of UCSF
W. Alden Spencer Award, Columbia University
Jacob Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
K.S. Cole Award, Biophysical Society
SCBA Presidential Award, Society of Chinese Bioscientists in America
Personal and family life
In 1967, Lily Jan traveled to Shitou, Taiwan for a hiking trip to celebrate her college graduation; this trip resulted in her meeting Yuh-Nung and the beginning of their relationship. In 1971, Lily and Yuh-Nung married with a simple ceremony in a Los Angeles courthouse followed by a celebration camping and hiking in Yosemite.
The Jans had their first child together a daughter, Emily Huan-Ching Jan, on August 6, 1977. Remarkably, Lily Jan was still involved in research leading up to her due date and went into early stages of labor in the midst of Seymour Benzer's group meeting. Just seven weeks later after celebrating the arrival of Emily, the Jans would move across the country to begin the next stages of their research careers at Harvard Medical School.
Just a few years later, the Jans had established their independent research group at UCSF. In 1984, they were named Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators. That same year on November 7, 1984 the Jans welcomed their second child a son named Max Huang-Wen Jan after the Jans’ Ph.D. adviser, Max Delbruck.
The Jans have shared that before their children went to college they rarely attended scientific meetings together such that there was always one parent at home with their children. Outside of the lab, they have continued to enjoy their shared interest in exploration and hiking throughout their careers. And in 2011, after their visiting professorship at the Chinese Academy of the Sciences the Jans accomplished one of their lifelong goals together, seeing Mt. Everest from the base camp in Tibet.
References
^ a b c d e f g h "Jans' Autobiography and Lab History". Jan Lab. UCSF. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
^ Nair P, Vilcek J (February 2017). "Profile of Lily and Yuh Nung Jan, winners of the 2017 Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (8): 1748–1752. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.1748N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1621487114. PMC 5338380. PMID 28167753.
^ Yan JN (March 1974). "Properties and cellular localization of chitin synthetase in Phycomyces blakesleeanus". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (6): 1973–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42879-2. PMID 4817973.
^ Hotta Y, Benzer S (December 1972). "Mapping of behaviour in Drosophila mosaics". Nature. 240 (5383): 527–35. Bibcode:1972Natur.240..527H. doi:10.1038/240527a0. PMID 4568399. S2CID 4181921.
^ "Yuh Nung Jan, PhD - HHMI.org".
^ "The Vilcek Foundation - Lily & Yuh-Nung Jan - 2017 Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science". www.vilcek.org. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
^ "Yuh Nung Jan Jan | Gruber Foundation". gruber.yale.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
^ "Jans' Autobiography and Lab History". physio.ucsf.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
^ "Lily Jan | Gruber Foundation". gruber.yale.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
Authority control databases: Academics
ORCID
Scopus
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Western name order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"neuroscientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscientist"},{"link_name":"University of California, San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Lily Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Jan"}],"text":"The native form of this personal name is Jan Yuh Nung (Zhan Yunong). This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.Yuh Nung Jan (Chinese: 詹裕農; pinyin: Zhān Yùnóng; born January 11, 1947) is a Taiwanese-American neuroscientist. He is the Jack and DeLoris Lange Professor of Molecular Physiology at the University of California, San Francisco, where he works together with his wife Lily Jan as co-PIs of the Jan Lab.","title":"Yuh Nung Jan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Jiangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi"},{"link_name":"Chinese calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar"},{"link_name":"Xinpu, Hsinchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinpu,_Hsinchu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-physio.ucsf.edu-1"},{"link_name":"Lily Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Jan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University"},{"link_name":"Lily Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Jan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-physio.ucsf.edu-1"},{"link_name":"Lily Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Jan"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University"},{"link_name":"Caltech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-physio.ucsf.edu-1"},{"link_name":"Caltech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech"},{"link_name":"Caltech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech"},{"link_name":"Max Delbrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Max Delbrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-physio.ucsf.edu-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lily Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Jan"},{"link_name":"Caltech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech"},{"link_name":"Seymour Benzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Benzer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lily Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Jan"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Harvard Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"Steven Kuffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Kuffler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hhmi-5"},{"link_name":"UCSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSF"},{"link_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute"}],"text":"Jan was born in Shanghai, China to a family from Jiangxi. His birthday is officially listed as December 20, 1946, but that is according to the Chinese calendar and corresponds to January 11, 1947 of the Western calendar. In 1949, his family escaped to Xinpu, Hsinchu, Taiwan.[1] Although Jan attended a prestigious public school like his future wife Lily Jan his talents in science remained undiscovered until he excelled in a nationwide college entrance exam placing in the top 10 out of 30,000 students.[2]Jan would go on to attend National Taiwan University (NTU) for his undergraduate studies where he earned his B.S. in physics in 1968. Jan fulfilled his military service as a communication and electronics officer in the Taiwanese Air Force. Jan has shared the year of his service he purchased a motorcycle so he could sneak off the base to visit Lily Jan who he had met earlier during a weeklong hiking trip in 1967.[1] Lily Jan was a fellow student studying physics at National Taiwan University and would become his future wife. At the time, both of the Jans were interested in pursuing advanced studies in theoretical high-energy physics and applied to graduate school abroad. They were both accepted to the physics program at Caltech. They were the only two students to be accepted from NTU, a major academic achievement given how few foreign students were accepted to the program at the time and especially so from their university.[1]In line with his research interests as an undergraduate, Jan began his graduate studies at Caltech with the intention to study theoretical physics. However, research seminars at Caltech and a conversation with Max Delbrück, a winner of the 1969 Nobel Prize, inspired Yuh Nung to switch fields to biology. Max Delbrück would become his Ph.D. advisor which was particularly formative given that Delbrück was also a physicist who later switched fields to biological physics.[1] Jan's Ph.D. studies were focused on studying the perception of sensory signals by a single-celled fungus.[3] Although he was in the same thesis lab as Lily Jan, their research paths were distinct and they would in fact not begin their life-long scientific collaboration or publish together until after they graduated Caltech with their degrees.As he approached graduation, Yuh Nung would come across a publication by the scientist Seymour Benzer detailing opportunities associated with correlating fly embryo morphology with functional behavior.[4] Inspired by opportunities associated with such lines of research, Yuh Nung decided to pursue post-doctoral studies in the field. In preparation for this shift in research, he and Lily Jan spent a summer at Cold Spring Harbor learning techniques in experimental neuroscience. This would mark the start of their life-long collaboration in the experimental laboratory and later in their roles as independent investigators. Upon joining the Benzer laboratory as post-docs later that year, they would build their first experimental set-up together, an electrophysiology rig. Their early collaborative research in the Benzer group was focused on uncovering the basis for defects in synaptic transmission. A series of mutant flies, named Shaker, with uncontrolled muscle contractions proved crucial to these endeavors and set the stage for some of their most significant contributions in the field of neuroscience.The Jans would later move to Harvard Medical School for a second postdoc with Steven Kuffler.[5] Jan and his wife then joined the faculty at UCSF in 1979 where they are co-PIs of the Jan Lab and have won numerous awards together. Jan has been an Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since 1984.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vilcek Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilcek_Prize"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gruber Prize in Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruber_Prize_in_Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_Prize_in_Biomedical_Sciences"}],"text":"Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science (2017)[6]\nGruber Prize in Neuroscience (2012)[7]\nWiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences\nEdward M. Scolnick Prize in Neuroscience, McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT\nRalph W. Gerard Prize, Society for Neuroscience\nDistinguished Alumni Award, California Institute of Technology\nFaculty Research Award, UCSF\nOutstanding Faculty Mentorship Award, Postdoctoral Scholars Association of UCSF\nW. Alden Spencer Award, Columbia University\nJacob Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\nK.S. Cole Award, Biophysical Society\nSCBA Presidential Award, Society of Chinese Bioscientists in America","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lily Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Jan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-physio.ucsf.edu-1"},{"link_name":"Lily Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Jan"},{"link_name":"Seymour Benzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Benzer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-physio.ucsf.edu-1"},{"link_name":"Harvard Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"UCSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSF"},{"link_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute"},{"link_name":"Max Delbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Delbruck"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-physio.ucsf.edu-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese Academy of the Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Academy_of_the_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-physio.ucsf.edu-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1967, Lily Jan traveled to Shitou, Taiwan for a hiking trip to celebrate her college graduation; this trip resulted in her meeting Yuh-Nung and the beginning of their relationship. In 1971, Lily and Yuh-Nung married with a simple ceremony in a Los Angeles courthouse followed by a celebration camping and hiking in Yosemite.[1]The Jans had their first child together a daughter, Emily Huan-Ching Jan, on August 6, 1977. Remarkably, Lily Jan was still involved in research leading up to her due date and went into early stages of labor in the midst of Seymour Benzer's group meeting.[1] Just seven weeks later after celebrating the arrival of Emily, the Jans would move across the country to begin the next stages of their research careers at Harvard Medical School.Just a few years later, the Jans had established their independent research group at UCSF. In 1984, they were named Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators. That same year on November 7, 1984 the Jans welcomed their second child a son named Max Huang-Wen Jan after the Jans’ Ph.D. adviser, Max Delbruck.[8]The Jans have shared that before their children went to college they rarely attended scientific meetings together such that there was always one parent at home with their children.[1] Outside of the lab, they have continued to enjoy their shared interest in exploration and hiking throughout their careers. And in 2011, after their visiting professorship at the Chinese Academy of the Sciences the Jans accomplished one of their lifelong goals together, seeing Mt. Everest from the base camp in Tibet.[1][9]","title":"Personal and family life"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Jans' Autobiography and Lab History\". Jan Lab. UCSF. Retrieved 15 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://janlab.ucsf.edu/jans-autobiography-and-lab-history","url_text":"\"Jans' Autobiography and Lab History\""}]},{"reference":"Nair P, Vilcek J (February 2017). \"Profile of Lily and Yuh Nung Jan, winners of the 2017 Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (8): 1748–1752. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.1748N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1621487114. PMC 5338380. PMID 28167753.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5338380","url_text":"\"Profile of Lily and Yuh Nung Jan, winners of the 2017 Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114.1748N","url_text":"2017PNAS..114.1748N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1621487114","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1621487114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5338380","url_text":"5338380"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28167753","url_text":"28167753"}]},{"reference":"Yan JN (March 1974). \"Properties and cellular localization of chitin synthetase in Phycomyces blakesleeanus\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (6): 1973–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42879-2. PMID 4817973.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2942879-2","url_text":"\"Properties and cellular localization of chitin synthetase in Phycomyces blakesleeanus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2942879-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42879-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4817973","url_text":"4817973"}]},{"reference":"Hotta Y, Benzer S (December 1972). \"Mapping of behaviour in Drosophila mosaics\". Nature. 240 (5383): 527–35. Bibcode:1972Natur.240..527H. doi:10.1038/240527a0. PMID 4568399. S2CID 4181921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Natur.240..527H","url_text":"1972Natur.240..527H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F240527a0","url_text":"10.1038/240527a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4568399","url_text":"4568399"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4181921","url_text":"4181921"}]},{"reference":"\"Yuh Nung Jan, PhD - HHMI.org\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hhmi.org/scientists/yuh-nung-jan","url_text":"\"Yuh Nung Jan, PhD - HHMI.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Vilcek Foundation - Lily & Yuh-Nung Jan - 2017 Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science\". www.vilcek.org. Retrieved 2019-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vilcek.org/prizes/prize-recipients/2017/lily-and-yuh-nung-jan.html","url_text":"\"The Vilcek Foundation - Lily & Yuh-Nung Jan - 2017 Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yuh Nung Jan Jan | Gruber Foundation\". gruber.yale.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://gruber.yale.edu/neuroscience/2012/yuh-nung-jan","url_text":"\"Yuh Nung Jan Jan | Gruber Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jans' Autobiography and Lab History\". physio.ucsf.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://physio.ucsf.edu/Jan/Autobiography.html","url_text":"\"Jans' Autobiography and Lab History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lily Jan | Gruber Foundation\". gruber.yale.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://gruber.yale.edu/neuroscience/lily-jan","url_text":"\"Lily Jan | Gruber Foundation\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_platinum_production
|
List of countries by platinum production
|
["1 References"]
|
World production
This is a list of countries by platinum production. It is based on information from the United States Geological Survey.
Rank
Country/Region
Platinum production (kilograms)
Year
World
180,000
2019
1
South Africa
130,000
2019
2
Russia
22,000
2019
3
Zimbabwe
15,000
2019
4
Canada
7,400
2019
5
United States
3,600
2019
6
China
2,500
2017
7
Japan
1,747
2017
8
Finland
1,418
2017
9
Colombia
566
2017
10
Australia
170
2017
11
Poland
97
2017
12
Ethiopia
5
2017
13
Serbia
2
2017
References
^ "Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information" (PDF). www.usgs./myb1-2017-plati.pdf. USGS. 2018. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
vteLists of countries and territories by industrial output rankingsMetallurgy
Aluminium
Al2O3
Antimony
reserve
Barium
Bauxite
Bismuth
Caesium
Cadmium
Cobalt
Copper
smelter
Chromium
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Gadolinium
Gold
Holmium
Indium
Iridium
Iron ore
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Nickel
Niobium
Palladium
Platinum
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Silver
Steel
Strontium
Tantalum
Tellurium
Terbium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
reserves
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
reserve
Mineral
Bentonite
Feldspar
Fluorite
Iodine
Silicon
Salt
Emissions
CO2
per capita
per unit of GDP
Greenhouse gas
per capita
Others
Manufacturing
Cement
Motor vehicles
Paper
Refrigerators
Washing machines
List of international rankings
Lists by country
|
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|
[{"image_text":"World production","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Platinum_world_production.svg/300px-Platinum_world_production.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information\" (PDF). www.usgs./myb1-2017-plati.pdf. USGS. 2018. Retrieved 2020-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2020/mcs2020-platinum.pdf","url_text":"\"Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2020/mcs2020-platinum.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist_(disambiguation)
|
Psychiatrist (disambiguation)
|
["1 See also"]
|
Look up psychiatrist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Psychiatrist may refer to:
A psychiatrist, a physician who specializes in the clinical field of psychiatry
The Royal College of Psychiatrists, the main professional organisation of psychiatrists in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Psychiatrist (game), or "Psycho"; a party game
See also
The Psychiatrist (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Psychiatrist.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"The Psychiatrist (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychiatrist_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Psychiatrist_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Psychiatrist_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kys_(Caria)
|
Kys (Caria)
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 37°25′44″N 28°25′25″E / 37.428882°N 28.423734°E / 37.428882; 28.423734Town of ancient Caria
Kys, or Kanebion, also known as Palaiapolis, was a town of ancient Caria.
Its site is located near Bellibol in Asiatic Turkey.
It should also be noted that its site is located near Bellibol in Asiatic Turkey
References
^ a b Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 56, and directory notes accompanying. ISBN 978-0-691-03169-9.
^ Lund University. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire.
37°25′44″N 28°25′25″E / 37.428882°N 28.423734°E / 37.428882; 28.423734
vteAncient settlements in TurkeyAegean
Abbassus
Abrostola
Achaion Limen
Acharaca
Acmonia
Acrassus
Adramyttium
Agatheira
Aegae
Airai
Aizanoi
Alabanda
Alia
Alinda
Allianoi
Almura
Amnista
Amorium
Amos
Amynanda
Amyzon
Anaua
Anineta
Annaea
Antandrus
Antioch on the Maeander
Apamea in Phrygia
Aphrodisias
Apollonia in Mysia
Apollonia Salbaces
Apollonis
Apollonos Hieron
Appia
Appolena
Aragokome
Araukome
Arcadiopolis
Arilla
Aroma
Aspaneus
Astragon
Astyra near Adramyttium
Astyra near Pergamon
Astyria
Atarneus
Atarneus sub Pitanem
Attea
Attuda
Augustopolis
Aulae
Aurelia Neapolis
Aureliopolis in Lydia
Aurokra
Bageis
Bargasa
Bargasa in northern Caria
Bargylia
Beudos
Beycesultan
Birgena
Blaundus
Bonitai
Boukolion
Boutheia
Briula
Bruzus
Bybassus
Cadi
Callipolis
Caloe
Canae
Carene
Carmylessus
Carura
Caryanda
Castabus
Casystes
Cedreae
Celaenae
Ceramus
Chalcetor
Choria
Chrysaoris
Chytrium
Cidramus
Cindye
Cisthene
Clannuda
Claros
Colophon
Colossae
Conium
Coryphas
Cybeleia
Cyllandus
Cyme
Daldis
Dareioukome
Dideiphyta
Didyma
Digda
Dioclea
Dionysiopolis
Dios Hieron in Ionia
Dios Hieron in Lydia
Dioskome
Docimium
Doroukome
Eibeos
Eiokome
Elaea
Eluza
Embatum
Emoddi
Ephesus
Erines
Erythrae
Erythras
Etsyena
Euaza
Eukarpia
Euhippe
Eumeneia
Euromus
Euthenae
Euxine
Gambrium
Gerga
Gergitha
Gerriadai
Glauke
Gryneium
Halicarnassus
Halisarna
Harpasa
Helos
Heraclea at Latmus
Heraclea in Aeolis
Heraclea in Lydia
Heraclea Salbace
Hermocapelia
Hierapolis
Hieropolis
Hierocaesarea
Homadena
Hydai
Hydas
Hydissus
Hygassos
Hyllarima
Hypaepa
Hypokremnos
Hyrcanis
Iasos
Iaza
Idyma
Ioniapolis
Ioudda
Ipsus
Isinda in Ionia
Iskome
Kadyie
Kaira
Kalabantia
Kasara
Kasossos
Kaualena
Kaunos
Kaymakçı Tepe
Kilaraza
Kildara
Klazomenai
Kleimaka
Kleros Politike
Knidos
Koddinou Petra
Koraia
Korakoe
Koresa
Kouara
Kyllene
Kymnissa
Kys
Labraunda
Lagina
Lalandos
Lamyana
Lankena
Laodicea on the Lycus
Larisa in Caria
Larisa in Ionia
Larisa in Lydia
Larissa Phrikonis
Larymna
Lasnedda
Latmus
Lebedus
Leimon
Leucae
Leucophrys
Limantepe
Lobolda
Loryma
Lunda
Lydae
Lyrna
Lysimachia
Madnasa
Maeandropolis
Magnesia ad Sipylum
Magnesia on the Maeander
Maiboza
Maionia in Lydia
Malene
Marathesium
Mastaura
Meiros
Meiros Megale
Melampagos
Meloukome
Metropolis in Lydia
Metropolis in southern Phrygia
Miletus
Mylasa
Mobolla
Mokolda
Mossyna
Mostene
Motella
Myloukome
Myndus
Myrina
Myus
Nais
Nasos
Naulochon
Naulochus
Naxia
Neapolis
Neonteichos
Nisyra
Notion
Nymphaeum
Nysa on the Maeander
Odon
Oenoanda
Olaeis
Olymos
Oroanna
Orthoisa
Ortygia
Otrus
Palaemyndus
Palaeopolis
Panasion
Panormus near Miletus
Panormus near Halicarnassus
Parsada
Parthenium
Passala
Passanda
Pedasa
Peltae
Pepuza
Pergamon
Perperene
Philadelphia in Lydia
Phocaea
Phoenix in Caria
Physcus
Phyteia
Pidasa
Pinara
Pisilis
Pisye
Pitane
Pladasa
Plarasa
Polichna in Ionia
Polichne in Ionia
Polybotus
Pordoselene
Priene
Prymnessus
Pteleum
Pydnae
Pygela
Pyrnus
Pyrrha
Saouenda
Sardis
Satala in Lydia
Sebaste in Phrygia
Sebastopolis in Caria
Setae
Side in Caria
Sidussa
Silandus
Sillyos
Sion
Skolopoeis
Smyrna
Soa
Spore
Stadia
Stectorium
Stratonicea in Lydia
Stratonicea in Caria
Strobilos
Syangela
Symbra
Synaus
Syneta
Synnada
Syrna
Tabae
Tabala
Tateikome
Taza
Teichiussa
Telandrus
Temenothyra
Temnos
Tempsis
Tendeba
Teos
Termera
Teuthrania
Thasthara
Theangela
Thebe Hypoplakia
Thebes
Thera
Thyaira
Thyatira
Thymbrara
Thyssanus
Tisna
Tlos in Caria
Tomara
Traianopolis
Trapezopolis
Trarium
Triopium
Tripolis on the Meander
Troketta
Tyanollos
Tymion
Tymnos
Ula
Uranium
Zemmeana
Zingotos Kome
Black Sea
Abonoteichos
Aegialus
Aiginetes
Alaca Höyük
Amasia
Amastris
Ancon
Anticinolis
Argyria
Armene
Berissa
Bonita
Boon
Cabira
Cales
Callistratia
Carambis
Carissa
Carussa
Cerasus
Chadisia
Cinolis
Cizari
Colonia in Armenia
Colussa
Comana in the Pontus
Coralla
Cordyle
Cratia
Crenides
Cromen
Cromna
Cyptasia
Cytorus
Dia
Diacopa
Elaeus
Endeira
Erythini
Euchaita
Eusene
Gadilon
Garius
Garzoubanthon
Gaziura
Gozalena
Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia
Hattusa
Heraclea Pontica
Heracleium
Hermonassa
Hieron Oros
Hüseyindede Tepe
Hyssus
Ibora
Ischopolis
Karza
Kelesa
Kimista
Laodicea Pontica
Libiopolis
Lillium
Metroon
Mokata
Naustathmus
Nerik
Nicopolis
Ophis
Oxinas
Patara
Pharnacia
Phazemon
Philocaleia
Pida
Pimolisa
Polemonium
Pompeiopolis
Potami
Prusias ad Hypium
Pteria in Paphlagonia
Salatiwara
Samuha
Sandaraca
Sapinuwa
Satala
Saurania
Sebastopolis in Pontus
Stephane
Syderos
Themiscyra
Thymena
Timolaeum
Tium
Tripolis
Virasia
Yazılıkaya
Zagorus
Zaliche
Zephyrium in Paphlagonia
Ziporea
Central Anatolia
Abouadeineita
Alişar Hüyük
Amblada
Anadynata
Anastasiopolis
Andabalis
Anisa
Anniaca
Antoniopolis
Anzoulada
Aquae Saravenae
Aralla
Arasaxa
Archalla
Ardistama
Ariaramneia
Ariarathia
Armaxa
Artiknos
Aspenzinsos
Astra
Atenia
Balbissa
Balgatia
Barate
Bathys Rhyax
Binbirkilise
Blucium
Borissos
Campae
Camuliana
Candara
Carus Vicus
Çatalhöyük
Cimiata
Ciscissus
Cinna
Claneus
Comitanassus
Congustus
Corna
Corniaspa
Coropassus
Cotenna
Cybistra
Cyzistra
Dadastana
Dasmenda
Derbe
Diocaesarea
Doara
Dometiopolis
Dorylaeum
Ecdaumava
Ecobriga
Ergobrotis
Euaissa
Eudocia (Cappadocia)
Eudocia (Phrygia)
Eulepa
Faustinopolis
Germa
Gorbeus
Gordium
Hadrianopolis in Phrygia
Heraclea Cybistra
Herpha
Hieropotamon
Homana
Hyde
Ilistra
Irenopolis
Isauropolis
Juliopolis
Kaman-Kalehöyük
Kanotala
Karbala
Keissia
Kerkenes
Kilistra
Kindyria
Kobara
Kodylessos
Korama
Koron
Kültepe (Kanesh)
Lageina
Lamatorma
Laodicea Combusta
Laroumada
Lauzadus
Limnae
Lystra
Malandasa
Malus in Galatia
Malus in Phrygia
Meloë
Metropolis in northern Phrygia
Midaeium
Mistea
Mnizus
Mokissos
Mourisa
Moutalaske
Musbanda
Myrika
Nakoleia
Nazianzus
Nitazi
Nora
Nyssa
Ochras
Olosada
Orcistus
Papirion
Parnassus
Pedachtoë
Pedaia
Peium
Perta
Pessinus
Pharax
Phlara
Pillitokome
Pissia
Pithoi
Pontanena
Posala
Pteria
Purushanda
Pyrgoi
Sadagolthina
Salamboreia
Salarama
Sasima
Savatra
Sbida
Sedasa
Senzousa
Sereana
Sibora
Sidamaria
Skandos
Soanda
Soandos
Sora
Takourtha
Tavium
Thebasa
Thouththourbia
Tiberiopolis
Trocmades
Tyana
Tynna
Tyriaeum
Vasada
Verinopolis
Zeita
Zizima
Eastern Anatolia
Altıntepe
Ani
Arsamosata
Cafer Höyük
Camachus
Citharizum
Dadima
Justinianopolis
Melid
Sugunia
Theodosiopolis
Tushpa
Marmara
Abarnis
Abydos
Achaiion
Achilleion
Ad Statuas
Adrasteia
Aegospotami
Agora
Aianteion in Thrace
Aianteion in the Troad
Ainos
Alexandria Troas
Alopeconnesus
Ammoi
Amycus
Anaplous
Apamea Myrlea
Aphrodisias
Apollonia on the Rhyndacus
Aprus
Apsoda
Arbeila
Argiza
Argyria
Argyronion
Argyropolis
Arisba
Artace
Artaiouteichos
Artanes
Assos
Astacus
Astyra in Troad
Athyras
Aureliane
Aureliopolis
Baradendromia
Baris
Basilica Therma
Basilinopolis
Bathonea
Bathys Limen
Beodizo
Bergule
Birytis
Bisanthe
Bitenas
Bithynium
Blachernae
Bolos
Boradion
Brunca
Burtudizon
Bythias
Byzantium
Byzapena
Caenophrurium
Callum
Calpe
Canopus
Cardia
Cebrene
Cenchreae
Cenon Gallicanon
Chalcaea
Chalcedon
Charax
Charmidea
Chelae on the Black Sea
Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus
Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus
Choiragria
Chryse
Chrysopolis
Cius
Clitae
Cobrys
Cocylium
Colla
Colonae
Cremaste
Crenides
Cressa
Crithote
Cypasis
Cypsela
Cyzicus
Dadokome
Dacibyza
Damalis
Daphne Mainomene
Daphnus
Dardanus
Dascylium
Dascylium in Bithynia
Dekaton in Bithynia
Dekaton in Thrace
Delkos
Delphin
Deris
Desa
Didymateiche
Diolkides
Drabus
Drizipara/Drusipara
Eirakla
Elaea in Bithynia
Elaeus
Elekosmioi
Embolos
Ergasteria
Eribolum
Gargara
Gentinos
Gergis
Germa
Germanicopolis
Hadriani ad Olympum
Hadriania
Hadrianotherae
Halone
Hamaxitus
Harpagion
Hebdomon
Helenopolis/Drepanum
Heracleium
Hermaion
Hieria
Hierion
Iasonion
Ide
Ilieon Kome
Kabia
Kalamos
Kalasyrta
Kale Peuke
Kalos Agros
Kampos
Kassa
Katapaspanas
Kepos
Kizoura
Koila
Kolonai
Kosilaos
Koubaita
Kyparodes
Kypra
Lamponeia
Lampsacus
Larisa in Troad
Lasthenes
Leptoia
Liada
Libum
Libyssa
Limnae in Bithynia
Limnae in Thrace
Linus
Lupadium
Lygos
Lysimachia
Madytus
Mantineion
Marpessos
Miletopolis
Mocasura
Mochadion
Modra
Morzapena
Mossynea
Moukaporis
Myrileion
Narco
Nassete
Nausikleia
Nausimachion
Neandreia
Neapolis on the Bosphorus
Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese
Neonteichos
Nerola
Nicomedia
Oka
Ontoraita
Ophryneion
Orestias
Orni
Ostreodes
Pactya
Paeon
Paesus
Palodes
Panion
Pantichium
Parabolos
Parium
Paulines
Pegae in Mysia
Pegae in Thrace
Pege
Pentephyle
Percote
Pericharaxis
Perinthus
Petrozetoi
Pharmakia
Phidalia Petra
Phiela
Philia
Phosphorus
Pionia
Pitheci Portus
Placia
Ploketta
Poemanenum
Poleatikon
Polychron
Polymedium
Potamoi
Potamonion
Praenetus
Pratomysia
Prepa
Priapus
Prindea
Proconnesus
Proochthoi
Prusa
Psarela
Psyllium
Pyrrhias Cyon
Pytheion
Rhebas
Rhegion
Rhesion
Rhoiteion
Rouphinianai
Salmydessus
Sangarus
Scamandria
Scamandrus
Scepsis
Scylace
Scylla
Selymbria
Semystra
Serrion Teichos
Sestos
Sigeion
Sirkanos
Smintheion
Soka
Strobilos
Sykai
Syllanta
Tarpodizo
Tarsus in Bithynia
Tattaios
Tenba
Terbos
Tesderamoska
Tetrakomia
Tipaso
Tragasai
Thynias
Traron
Tricomia in Bithynia
Troy (Hisarlik)
Tyrodiza
Tzurulum
Urisio
Utsurgae
Zeleia
Mediterranean
Acalissus
Acarassus
Adada
Adrasus
Aegae
Agrae
Alalakh
Amelas
Anabura in Pisidia
Anazarbus
Anchiale
Andeda
Andriaca
Anemurium
Ano Kotradis
Antigonia
Antioch on the Orontes
Antioch of Pisidia
Antiochia Lamotis
Antioch on the Cragus
Antioch on the Pyramis
Antiphellus
Aperlae
Aphrodisias of Cilicia
Apollonia in Lycia
Arabissus
Araxa
Ariassus
Arima
Arnabanda
Arneae
Arsada
Arsinoe
Artanada
Arycanda
Aspendos
Augai
Augusta
Aulae
Aunesis
Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing
Balbura
Baris
Bindaios
Bubon
Cabassus
Cadrema
Cadyanda
Callimache
Calynda
Carallia
Carmylessus
Casae
Castabala
Ceretapa
Cestrus
Charadrus
Choma
Cibyra Mikra
Claudiopolis
Colybrassus
Comama
Comana in Cappadocia
Comba
Conana
Coracesium
Corycium Antrum
Corycus (Kızkalesi)
Corydala
Cremna
Cretopolis
Crya
Cyaneae
Cyrrhus
Daedala
Dalisandus in Isauria
Dalisandus in Pamphylia
Damasei
Dias
Diocaesarea
Domuztepe
Elaiussa Sebaste
Elbessos
Emirzeli
Epiphania
Erymna
Etenna
Eudocia (Lycia)
Eudocias (Pamphylia)
Flaviopolis
Gagae
Gözlükule
Hacilar
Hadrianopolis in Pisidia
Halae
Hamaxia
Hierapolis
Hippucome
Holmi
Hyia
Idebessos
Idyros
Iotape
Irenopolis
Isaura Nea
Isaura Palaea
Isba
Isinda in Lycia
Isinda in Pisidia
Issus
Istlada
Juliosebaste
Kalanthia
Kalelibelen
Kandyba
Kanytelis
Karakabaklı
Karatepe
Karkabo
Kastellon
Keraia
Kibyra
Kiphisos
Kirkota
Kitanaura
Kodroula
Kolbasa
Korasion
Korma
Kynosarion
Laertes
Lagbe
Lamos
Lebessus
Legeita
Limnae in Pamphylia
Limnae in Pisidia
Limyra
Lissa
Lycae
Lyrbe
Lysinia
Magarsa
Magastara
Magydus
Mallus
Malus in Pisidia
Mampsoukrenai
Mamure Castle
Manava
Mandane
Marciana
Marmara (Mnara)
Mastaura
Meloë
Melanippe
Meriana
Mezgitkale
Moatra
Mopsucrene
Mopsuestia
Morka
Moron Hydor
Moumoustra
Mylae
Mylios
Myra
Myriandus
Nagidos
Nauloi
Neapolis in Pisidia
Nephelis
Nisa
Octapolis
Olba
Olbasa
Olbia
Olympus
Öküzlü
Onobara
Orokenda
Otanada
Ouerbe
Padyandus
Palaeopolis
Panemotichus
Panhormus
Pargais
Parlais
Patara
Pednelissus
Perga
Perminounda
Phaselis
Phellus
Philadelphia in Cilicia
Philaea
Phoenicus
Phoenix in Lycia
Pisarissos
Pisurgia
Placoma
Platanus
Podalia
Pogla
Prostanna
Pseudokorasion
Ptolemais
Rhodiapolis
Rhoscopus
Rhosus
Rygmanoi
Sabandus
Sagalassos
Sandalium
Saraganda
Sebeda
Seleucia in Pamphylia
Seleucia Pieria
Seleucia Sidera
Selge
Selinus
Seroiata
Serraepolis
Sia
Sibidounda
Sibyla
Side
Siderus
Sidyma
Sillyon
Simena
Sinda
Siricae
Soli
Solyma
Sozopolis
Sura
Syca
Syedra
Takina
Tapureli
Tardequeia
Tarsus
Teimiussa
Tell Judaidah
Tell Tayinat
Telmessos
Telmessos (Caria)
Tenedos
Termessos
Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia
Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia
Titiopolis
Tityassus
Tlos
Toriaeum
Tragalassus
Trebendae
Trebenna
Trysa
Tyberissus
Tyinda
Tymandus
Tynada
Typallia
Xanthos
Yanıkhan
Yumuktepe
Zenopolis in Isauria
Zenopolis in Lycia
Zephyrium on the Calycadnus
SoutheasternAnatolia
Amida
Antioch in the Taurus
Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)
Apamea on the Euphrates
Carcathiocerta
Carchemish
Çayönü
Dabanas
Dara
Doliche
Edessa
Göbekli Tepe
Hallan Çemi Tepesi
Harran
Khashshum
Kussara
Matiate
Nevalı Çori
Nicopolis in Cilicia
Nisibis
Sakçagözü
Sam'al
Samosata
Sareisa
Seleucia at the Zeugma
Sitai
Sultantepe
Tille
Tushhan
Urima
Urshu
Zeugma
Authority control databases: Geographic
Pleiades
This article about a location in ancient Caria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This geographical article about a location in Muğla Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient Caria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Caria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrington-1"},{"link_name":"Bellibol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellibol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asiatic Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrington-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bellibol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellibol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asiatic Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"}],"text":"Town of ancient CariaKys, or Kanebion, also known as Palaiapolis, was a town of ancient Caria.[1]Its site is located near Bellibol in Asiatic Turkey.[1][2]It should also be noted that its site is located near Bellibol in Asiatic Turkey","title":"Kys (Caria)"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 56, and directory notes accompanying. ISBN 978-0-691-03169-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Talbert","url_text":"Richard Talbert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Atlas_of_the_Greek_and_Roman_World","url_text":"Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03169-9","url_text":"978-0-691-03169-9"}]},{"reference":"Lund University. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_University","url_text":"Lund University"},{"url":"http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/28989.html","url_text":"Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kys_(Caria)¶ms=37.428882_N_28.423734_E_source:http://dare.ht.lu.se/places/28989","external_links_name":"37°25′44″N 28°25′25″E / 37.428882°N 28.423734°E / 37.428882; 28.423734"},{"Link":"http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/28989.html","external_links_name":"Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kys_(Caria)¶ms=37.428882_N_28.423734_E_source:http://dare.ht.lu.se/places/28989","external_links_name":"37°25′44″N 28°25′25″E / 37.428882°N 28.423734°E / 37.428882; 28.423734"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599743","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kys_(Caria)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kys_(Caria)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Marini
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Giacomo Marini
|
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 External links","4 References"]
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Giacomo MariniBorn1951 (age 72–73)Cugnoli, Province of Pescara, ItalyEducationUniversity of PisaOccupationsEngineerCompany co-founderCompany executiveVenture capitalistKnown forCo-founder of LogitechSpouseEllen JamasonChildren1
Giacomo Marini (Italian pronunciation: ; born 1951 in Cugnoli, Province of Pescara, Italy) is an Italian businessman and engineer who is the founder and managing director at Noventi, an early-stage technology venture capital firm, based in Silicon Valley.
In 1981, Marini co-founded Logitech and remained with the company as a board member until 1992. From 2013 to 2017 he was chairman and CEO of Neato Robotics, a home robot company until its acquisition by Vorwerk.
Career
In 1981, Marini co-founded Logitech (Nasdaq: LOGI) with Daniel Borel and Pierluigi Zappacosta. He was with the company until 1992 as a board member and member of the management team launching Logitech. He served most recently as executive VP, chief operating officer. Earlier, he was executive vice president, engineering and operations; and vice president of engineering.
Prior to Logitech, he held technical and managerial positions with Olivetti and IBM.
From 1993 to 1995 Marini was president and CEO of No Hands Software (later known as Common Ground Software). No Hands Software created one of the first electronic publishing software, in the style of, and competitive to Adobe Acrobat. From 1998 to 1999, Marini served as interim chief executive officer of FutureTel, a digital video encoders company.
Marini is board member of PCTEL and of NextLabs. Previously he was chairman of Velomat from 2012 and 2020 until its acquisition by Sacmi, chairman of Neato Robotics from 2006 to 2018 until its acquisition by Vorwerk, chairman of Teknema, an Internet appliances company, director of Aurora Algae, Bitfone, Minerva Networks, Sygate and Silicon Valley advisor for CDB Web Tech, a venture capital fund of funds.
Marini is a former board member of NIAF, the National Italian American Foundation and a former member of the board of trustees of the University of California, Davis Foundation.
Personal life
He holds a Laurea degree, cum laude, in computer science from the University of Pisa, Italy.
Marini lives in Northern California with his wife, Ellen Jamason, and daughter Serena.
External links
Logitech
Noventi Ventures
Neato Robotics
NIAF National Italian American Foundation
University of California Davis Foundation
References
^ Hoovers on Noventi, Noventi, an emerging venture firm
^ Logitech History, Logitech Founders: 25th Anniversary
^ "Giacomo Marini - Forbes". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
vtePrivate equity and venture capital investorsInvestment strategy
Buyout
Venture
Growth
Mezzanine
Secondaries
History
History of private equity and venture capital
Early history of private equity
Private equity in the 1980s
Private equity in the 1990s
Private equity in the 2000s
Investor types
Private equity investors
Venture capitalists
Corporate raiders
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈdʒaːkomo maˈriːni]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Cugnoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnoli"},{"link_name":"Province of Pescara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pescara"},{"link_name":"Noventi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noventi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"Logitech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logitech"},{"link_name":"Neato Robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neato_Robotics"},{"link_name":"Vorwerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorwerk_(company)"}],"text":"Giacomo Marini (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒaːkomo maˈriːni]; born 1951 in Cugnoli, Province of Pescara, Italy) is an Italian businessman and engineer who is the founder and managing director at Noventi,[1] an early-stage technology venture capital firm, based in Silicon Valley.In 1981, Marini co-founded Logitech and remained with the company as a board member until 1992. From 2013 to 2017 he was chairman and CEO of Neato Robotics, a home robot company until its acquisition by Vorwerk.","title":"Giacomo Marini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Logitech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logitech"},{"link_name":"Daniel Borel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Borel"},{"link_name":"Pierluigi Zappacosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierluigi_Zappacosta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Logitech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logitech"},{"link_name":"Olivetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Adobe Acrobat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat"},{"link_name":"Sacmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacmi"},{"link_name":"Neato Robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neato_Robotics"},{"link_name":"Minerva Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Networks"},{"link_name":"fund of funds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fund_of_funds"},{"link_name":"University of California, Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis"}],"text":"In 1981, Marini co-founded Logitech (Nasdaq: LOGI) with Daniel Borel and Pierluigi Zappacosta.[2] He was with the company until 1992 as a board member and member of the management team launching Logitech. He served most recently as executive VP, chief operating officer. Earlier, he was executive vice president, engineering and operations; and vice president of engineering.Prior to Logitech, he held technical and managerial positions with Olivetti and IBM.[3]From 1993 to 1995 Marini was president and CEO of No Hands Software (later known as Common Ground Software). No Hands Software created one of the first electronic publishing software, in the style of, and competitive to Adobe Acrobat. From 1998 to 1999, Marini served as interim chief executive officer of FutureTel, a digital video encoders company.Marini is board member of PCTEL and of NextLabs. Previously he was chairman of Velomat from 2012 and 2020 until its acquisition by Sacmi, chairman of Neato Robotics from 2006 to 2018 until its acquisition by Vorwerk, chairman of Teknema, an Internet appliances company, director of Aurora Algae, Bitfone, Minerva Networks, Sygate and Silicon Valley advisor for CDB Web Tech, a venture capital fund of funds.Marini is a former board member of NIAF, the National Italian American Foundation and a former member of the board of trustees of the University of California, Davis Foundation.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pisa"}],"text":"He holds a Laurea degree, cum laude, in computer science from the University of Pisa, Italy.Marini lives in Northern California with his wife, Ellen Jamason, and daughter Serena.","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Giacomo Marini - Forbes\". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20141121051727/http://www.forbes.com/profile/giacomo-marini/","url_text":"\"Giacomo Marini - Forbes\""},{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/giacomo-marini/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://logitech.com/","external_links_name":"Logitech"},{"Link":"http://noventivc.com/","external_links_name":"Noventi Ventures"},{"Link":"http://www.neatorobotics.com/","external_links_name":"Neato Robotics"},{"Link":"http://www.niaf.org/","external_links_name":"NIAF National Italian American Foundation"},{"Link":"http://giving.ucdavis.edu/","external_links_name":"University of California Davis Foundation"},{"Link":"http://www.hoovers.com/noventi/--ID__99885--/freeuk-co-factsheet.xhtml","external_links_name":"Noventi, an emerging venture firm"},{"Link":"http://www.logitech.com/index.cfm/175/481&cl=us,en","external_links_name":"Logitech Founders: 25th Anniversary"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20141121051727/http://www.forbes.com/profile/giacomo-marini/","external_links_name":"\"Giacomo Marini - Forbes\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/giacomo-marini/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalley_Range_High_School
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Whalley Range High School
|
["1 History","2 Range Radio & Media","3 Notable alumni and staff","3.1 Alumni","3.2 Staff","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 53°26′32″N 2°14′46″W / 53.4423°N 2.2462°W / 53.4423; -2.2462
Academy in Whalley Range, EnglandWhalley Range 11-18 High SchoolLocationWhalley Range, M16 8GWEnglandInformationOther nameWhalley Range High SchoolTypeAcademyMottoAspire • Believe • AchieveEstablished1891Local authorityManchesterDepartment for Education URN141264 TablesGenderGirlsAge11 to 18Enrolment1,569Colour(s)Purple Websitewww.wrhs1118.co.uk
Whalley Range 11–18 High School, also known as Whalley Range High School is a girls' school in Whalley Range, Manchester, England.
History
The school was founded in 1891, and was bought by the Education Committee of the Corporation in 1908 when it provided place for 300 girls. A few years later it was extended by the purchase of Alder House and the number of places were increased to 370. Girls were then admitted at the age of six and the curriculum allowed for education up to the matriculation standard and modern languages were well catered for. It became a grammar school in 1944 and a comprehensive school in 1967. It was until 1939 at a site in Withington Road, adjacent to College Road. The present building was built in 1939 in the Neo-Georgian style (architects: City Architects) and it was extended in 1962 and 1997.
Whalley Range 11-18 High School is a multi-cultural suburban girls' comprehensive school in south Manchester. The school gained specialist status as a Business and Enterprise College in September 2002, was re-designated in 2006 and achieved a second specialism as a Sports College from April 2007. It is also a Hub school for Business and Enterprise and provides support and training for schools across the north west.
The school has nearly 1,700 students currently on roll, with 300 students in the sixth form. There are 200 staff, both teaching and non-teaching. An Ofsted inspection in March 2007 identified some areas of good practice. The numbers of students achieving 5 or more A*-C passes at GCSE have risen from 16% to 64%. A Level and GNVQ courses have been extended and exceed national averages in some subjects. The school has been described by The Daily Telegraph as "one of Britain's top state schools".
The school converted to academy status on 1 September 2014 and forms part of a multi-academy trust with Levenshulme High School.
Range Radio & Media
The school was shortlisted for the 2013 Education Innovation awards for their pioneering use of media. This includes Range television, showcasing the best work from the school on YouTube.
The school has its own radio station, Range Radio, and was one of the first High Schools in the country to be allocated its own frequency by Ofcom, allowing listeners to tune into the broadcasts using their own standard radios. The station is now based online, offering content on demand for both students and the general public.
Range Radio was opened by a former student of the school, Estelle Morris, at that time the Minister of State for Schools, on 6 July 1999, and is housed in a custom-built studio in one of the quadrangles. This allows staff, students and visitors to see into the studio from its surrounding glass corridors. The studio is equipped with industry-standard equipment.
Notable alumni and staff
Alumni
Notable former students include:
Afshan Azad - Actress, known for playing Padma Patil in the Harry Potter franchise
Christine McCafferty - former MP for Calder Valley
Estelle Morris Baroness Morris of Yardley, former Secretary of State for Education
Dame Robina Shah DBE FRCGP DL JP CPsychol a Deputy Lieutenant and High Sheriff of Greater Manchester
A pair of twins who studied at Whalley Range went to join ISIS in 2014
Staff
Jean Else served as headteacher at Whalley Range in 1994 when the school had the worst truancy rate in England and Wales. During her headship, truancy dropped to below the national average, pupil numbers were almost doubled, and GCSE results improved from 16% to 34% of pupils getting the top grades. School inspectors called it "a very good school with many strengths and few weaknesses ... exceptionally well led and very efficiently managed and administered".
In November 2004, Else and several other senior staff members were suspended from duty, pending an investigation by Manchester City Council after allegations were made by the Audit Commission following their own two-year investigation.
Else pursued a lengthy battle to return to the school but was finally dismissed in August 2006, along with her sister, Maureen Rochford, Assistant Head, and Stewart Scott, Director of Governance, following allegations of nepotism and questionable management.
References
^ Field, Florence, A. & Birdsall, G. B., eds. (1912) The Coming-of-age Souvenir of the Whalley Range High School. Manchester: Printed for Private Circulation
^ McKechnie, H. M., ed. (1915) Manchester in Nineteen Hundred and Fifteen. Manchester: University Press; p. 73
^ Lancashire Sheet 104.10: Whalley Range. (Old Ordnance Survey Maps: the Godfrey edition). Gateshead: Alan Godfrey, 1992 ISBN 0-85054-690-7
^ Hartwell, Clare, et al. (2004) Lancashire: Manchester and the South-east. New Haven: Yale University Press; p. 482
^ "Teenage girl excluded from top state school for bringing gun into class". telegraph.co.uk. London: The Daily Telegraph. 13 November 2008.
^
^ "Range Radio". Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
^ "Student off to Hogwarts - again". Manchester Evening News. 13 February 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
^ "Education School standards minister failed A levels". BBC News. 5 August 1998. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
^ Wertheimer, Fay (5 March 2019). "Robina Shah: 'Whether rich or poor, our youth need to believe in themselves'". theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ "Teenage-tvillinger nægtede at forlade Islamisk Stat. Nu vil de tilbage til Danmark". www.dr.dk. DR Nyheder. 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
^ "Caught in the Headlights". DfES. 1999. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
^ "Heads honoured for reviving schools". BBC. 30 September 2000. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
^ a b "'Super head' criticised in report". BBC. 25 October 2005. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
^ "Super-head Jean is sacked". Manchester Evening News. 23 August 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
vteSchools in ManchesterAll-through schools
Abraham Moss Community School
William Hulme's Grammar School
Secondary schools
The Barlow RC High School
Burnage Academy for Boys
Cedar Mount Academy
Chorlton High School
Co-op Academy Manchester
Co-op Academy North Manchester
Dixons Brooklands Academy
The East Manchester Academy
King David High School
Levenshulme High School
Loreto High School
Manchester Academy
Manchester Communication Academy
Manchester Enterprise Academy
Our Lady's RC High School
Parrs Wood High School
St Matthew's RC High School
St Paul's RC High School
St Peter's RC High School
Trinity CE High School
Whalley Range High School
Wright Robinson College
Independent schools
Chetham's School of Music
Manchester Grammar School
Manchester High School for Girls
St Bede's College
Withington Girls' School
Special schools
Pioneer House High School
FE & sixth form colleges
Co-operative College
Connell Sixth Form College
Loreto College
The Manchester College
Xaverian College
Defunct schools
Ellen Wilkinson High School
Hollies Convent FCJ School
Newall Green High School
Plant Hill Arts College
Poundswick Grammar School
53°26′32″N 2°14′46″W / 53.4423°N 2.2462°W / 53.4423; -2.2462
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whalley Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalley_Range,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Academy in Whalley Range, EnglandWhalley Range 11–18 High School, also known as Whalley Range High School is a girls' school in Whalley Range, Manchester, England.[1]","title":"Whalley Range High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"grammar school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"comprehensive school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school"},{"link_name":"Withington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withington"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"sixth form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"GCSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSE"},{"link_name":"A Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Level"},{"link_name":"GNVQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNVQ"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"state schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-5"},{"link_name":"academy status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"Levenshulme High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshulme_High_School"}],"text":"The school was founded in 1891, and was bought by the Education Committee of the Corporation in 1908 when it provided place for 300 girls. A few years later it was extended by the purchase of Alder House and the number of places were increased to 370. Girls were then admitted at the age of six and the curriculum allowed for education up to the matriculation standard and modern languages were well catered for.[2] It became a grammar school in 1944 and a comprehensive school in 1967. It was until 1939 at a site in Withington Road, adjacent to College Road.[3] The present building was built in 1939 in the Neo-Georgian style (architects: City Architects) and it was extended in 1962 and 1997.[4]Whalley Range 11-18 High School is a multi-cultural suburban girls' comprehensive school in south Manchester. The school gained specialist status as a Business and Enterprise College in September 2002, was re-designated in 2006 and achieved a second specialism as a Sports College from April 2007. It is also a Hub school for Business and Enterprise and provides support and training for schools across the north west.The school has[when?] nearly 1,700 students currently on roll, with 300 students in the sixth form. There are 200 staff, both teaching and non-teaching. An Ofsted inspection in March 2007 identified some areas of good practice.[citation needed] The numbers of students achieving 5 or more A*-C passes at GCSE have risen from 16% to 64%. A Level and GNVQ courses have been extended and exceed national averages in some subjects.[citation needed] The school has been described by The Daily Telegraph as \"one of Britain's top state schools\".[5]The school converted to academy status on 1 September 2014 and forms part of a multi-academy trust with Levenshulme High School.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Estelle Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estelle_Morris"},{"link_name":"Minister of State for Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education"}],"text":"The school was shortlisted for the 2013 Education Innovation awards for their pioneering use of media.[6] This includes Range television, showcasing the best work from the school on YouTube.The school has its own radio station, Range Radio, and was one of the first High Schools in the country to be allocated its own frequency by Ofcom, allowing listeners to tune into the broadcasts using their own standard radios. The station is now based online, offering content on demand for both students and the general public.[7]Range Radio was opened by a former student of the school, Estelle Morris, at that time the Minister of State for Schools, on 6 July 1999, and is housed in a custom-built studio in one of the quadrangles. This allows staff, students and visitors to see into the studio from its surrounding glass corridors. The studio is equipped with industry-standard equipment.","title":"Range Radio & Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable alumni and staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afshan Azad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afshan_Azad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Christine McCafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_McCafferty"},{"link_name":"Calder Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calder_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Estelle Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estelle_Morris"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Robina Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robina_Shah"},{"link_name":"DBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"FRCGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_General_Practitioners"},{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"CPsychol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPsychol"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robina-10"},{"link_name":"ISIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIS"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Alumni","text":"Notable former students include:Afshan Azad - Actress, known for playing Padma Patil in the Harry Potter franchise[8]\nChristine McCafferty - former MP for Calder Valley[citation needed]\nEstelle Morris Baroness Morris of Yardley, former Secretary of State for Education[9]\nDame Robina Shah DBE FRCGP DL JP CPsychol a Deputy Lieutenant and High Sheriff of Greater Manchester[10]\nA pair of twins who studied at Whalley Range went to join ISIS in 2014 [11]","title":"Notable alumni and staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Else","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Else"},{"link_name":"truancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truancy"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"GCSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSE"},{"link_name":"School inspectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFSTED"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Super-14"},{"link_name":"Manchester City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Audit Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_Commission_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Super-14"},{"link_name":"Governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_governor"},{"link_name":"nepotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Staff","text":"Jean Else served as headteacher at Whalley Range in 1994 when the school had the worst truancy rate in England and Wales. During her headship, truancy dropped to below the national average, pupil numbers were almost doubled, and GCSE results improved from 16% to 34% of pupils getting the top grades. School inspectors called it \"a very good school with many strengths and few weaknesses ... exceptionally well led and very efficiently managed and administered\".[12][13]In November 2004, Else and several other senior staff members were suspended from duty,[14] pending an investigation by Manchester City Council after allegations were made by the Audit Commission following their own two-year investigation.[14]Else pursued a lengthy battle to return to the school but was finally dismissed in August 2006, along with her sister, Maureen Rochford, Assistant Head, and Stewart Scott, Director of Governance, following allegations of nepotism and questionable management.[15]","title":"Notable alumni and staff"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirekua
|
Pirekua
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
PirekuaCultural originsPurépechaDerivative formsSonesabajeños
Pirekua, traditional song of the P’urhépechaUNESCO Intangible Cultural HeritageCountryMexicoReference00398RegionLatin America and the CaribbeanInscription historyInscription2010 (5th session)ListRepresentative
Pirekua (Purépecha) is a song form of the Purépecha (Michoacán, Mexico). The singer of a pirekua, a pirériecha, may be male or female, solo or accompanied, and pirekua may be performed instrumentally. Pirériechas act as social mediators and "express sentiments and communicate events of importance to the Purépecha communities."
Pirekua ensembles usually include, "two or three guitars, strings and winds, a small brass band, or unaccompanied." Performed with "a gentle rhythm," generally in sones (38 time) or abajeños (68 time), the genre combines African, European, and indigenous American influences. Pirekua is related to the son and the waltz, and Henrietta Yurchenco points out that both the son and pirekua are in a slow triple meter, performed as duets, featuring rhythmic sequence against fixed patterns in the accompaniment, and using two to three chords (I-IV-V) in major or minor with little modulation.
The subjects of pirekua lyrics range "from historical events to religion, social and political thought and love and courtship, making extensive use of symbolism." Lyrics make frequent use of flowers as symbols of femininity, passion, and local identity. While sones are usually sung in Spanish, pirekua are usually sung in Purépecha, and while sones tends toward everyday life, pirekua tend more towards poetic expressions of the Purépecha world view.
See also
Mesoamerica portalMexico portal
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
References
^ a b c Intangible Cultural Heritage: "Pirekua, traditional song of the P’urhépecha", UNESCO.org.
^ a b c Chamorro, Arturo (1998). "Purépecha (Tarascan)", The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Southeast Asia, p.579. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780824060404.
^ Chamorro (1998), p.580.
External links
Media services: "Pirekua, traditional song of the P’urhépecha", UNESCO.org.
vteMusic of MexicoEnsembles
Banda
Conjunto
Jarana yucateca
Mariachi
Regional styles
Duranguense
Huapango
Norteño
Pirekua
Marimba
Ranchera
Son
Son calentano
Tierra Caliente
Son huasteco
Son jalisciense
Son jarocho
Other Regional Mexican
Mexican music in Chile
New Mexico
Tejano
vteUNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity: Music
Aka polyphony
Albanian folk iso-polyphony
Angklung
Aqyn
Arabic maqam
Arirang
Ashiqs of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani tar
Baul music
Bećarac
Bigwala
Biyelgee
Bistritsa Babi
Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão
Byzantine music
Dainichido Bugaku
Beijing opera
Candombe
Cante Alentejano
Cantonese opera
Cantu a tenore
Ca trù
Cremona violins
Doina
Duduk
Eshuva
Fado
Frevo
Fujara
Gagaku
Gagok
Garifuna music
Georgian vocal polyphony
Gong culture
Guqin
Gwoka
Hua'er
Hudhud chants
Jongmyo Jereyak
Iraqi Maqam
Istrian scale
Kgal Laox
Khuumii
Klapa
Koodiyattam
Khorasan Bakhshi
Kumi odori
Kunqu
Lhamo
Long song
Maloya
Meshrep
Morin khuur
Mugham
Muqam
Nanyin
Nhã nhạc
Nongak
Ojkanje singing
Pansori
Pirekua
Quan họ
Qudud Halabiya
Radif
Reggae
Rebetiko
Sama
Samba de roda
Seto Leelo
Shashmaqam
Silbo Gomero
Slovácko Verbuňk
Song of Sana'a
Sosso Bala
Sutartinės
Táncház
The Song of the Sibyl
Tumba francesa
Vallenato
Vedic chant
Wayang kulit
Xi'an guyue
Xoan singing
vteUNESCO Representative List of the IntangibleCultural Heritage of Humanity/Latin America and Caribbean
Carnaval de Barranquilla
Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella
Candombe
Carnaval de Negros y Blancos
Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão
Carnaval de Oruro
Ceviche
Círio de Nazaré
Cocolo
Costa Rican oxherding
Dancing Devils of Yare
Danza de los Voladores
Danza de tijeras
Frevo
Garifuna culture
Gióng Festival
Harakmbut
Huaconada
Indigenous Day of the Dead
Kallawaya culture
Mexican cuisine
Moore Town's Maroon Heritage
Panama hat
Parachico
Peña de Bernal
Pirekua
Popayán Holy Week processions
Pütchipü'ü
Quyllurit'i
Rabinal Achí
Samba de Roda
San Basilio de Palenque
South Pacific Colombian marimba
Tango
Taquile textiles
Tumba francesa
Vallenato
Wajãpi culture
Yaokwa
Záparo culture
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Purépecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language"},{"link_name":"song form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_genre"},{"link_name":"Purépecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-1"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"brass band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland579-2"},{"link_name":"38 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_metre"},{"link_name":"68 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_time"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-1"},{"link_name":"son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_mexicano"},{"link_name":"waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Yurchenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Yurchenco"},{"link_name":"triple meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_meter"},{"link_name":"duets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duet_(music)"},{"link_name":"rhythmic sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_sequence"},{"link_name":"accompaniment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accompaniment"},{"link_name":"I-IV-V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_triad"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_scale"},{"link_name":"minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_scale"},{"link_name":"modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_(music)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland579-2"},{"link_name":"lyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland579-2"}],"text":"Pirekua (Purépecha) is a song form of the Purépecha (Michoacán, Mexico). The singer of a pirekua, a pirériecha, may be male or female, solo or accompanied, and pirekua may be performed instrumentally. Pirériechas act as social mediators and \"express sentiments and communicate events of importance to the Purépecha communities.\"[1]Pirekua ensembles usually include, \"two or three guitars, strings and winds, [and] a small brass band, or [pirériecha are] unaccompanied.\"[2] Performed with \"a gentle rhythm,\" generally in sones (38 time) or abajeños (68 time), the genre combines African, European, and indigenous American influences.[1] Pirekua is related to the son and the waltz, and Henrietta Yurchenco points out that both the son and pirekua are in a slow triple meter, performed as duets, featuring rhythmic sequence against fixed patterns in the accompaniment, and using two to three chords (I-IV-V) in major or minor with little modulation.[2]The subjects of pirekua lyrics range \"from historical events to religion, social and political thought and love and courtship, making extensive use of symbolism.\"[1] Lyrics make frequent use of flowers as symbols of femininity, passion, and local identity.[3] While sones are usually sung in Spanish, pirekua are usually sung in Purépecha, and while sones tends toward everyday life, pirekua tend more towards poetic expressions of the Purépecha world view.[2]","title":"Pirekua"}]
|
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Like_Fire
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Just Like Fire
|
["1 Composition","2 Release","3 Chart performance","4 Live performance","5 Music video","6 Track listing","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certifications","9 Release history","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
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Not to be confused with Just Like Fire Would.
2016 single by Pink"Just Like Fire"Single by Pinkfrom the album Alice Through the Looking Glass: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ReleasedApril 15, 2016 (2016-04-15)Length3:35LabelRCAWalt DisneySongwriter(s)Alecia MooreMax MartinKarl Johan SchusterOscar HolterProducer(s)Max MartinShellbackOscar HolterPink singles chronology
"Today's the Day" (2015)
"Just Like Fire" (2016)
"Setting the World on Fire" (2016)
Music video"Just Like Fire" on YouTube
"Just Like Fire" is a song recorded by American singer Pink for the soundtrack to the 2016 film Alice Through the Looking Glass. It was written by Pink along with Max Martin, Shellback, and Oscar Holter, who all serve as producers on the track. The song was released to digital retailers through RCA Records on April 15, 2016, and was serviced to American adult pop radio through RCA and Walt Disney Records on April 18, 2016.
Upon its release, "Just Like Fire" debuted in the top 50 on multiple international singles charts, and has peaked in the top 10 in the United States. In Australia, it reached number one in its second week and has also been certified four Platinum by ARIA.
It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 59th awards ceremony Awards but lost to Justin Timberlake's "Can't Stop the Feeling!" (2016), also produced by Martin and Shellback.
Composition
"Just Like Fire" was written by Pink, Max Martin, Shellback, and Oscar Holter. The trio was also responsible for the song's production. The song has been praised for maintaining Pink's signature sound, but also covering new ground stylistically, including a rap-style breakdown. In an interview with People, Pink claimed that her daughter was the inspiration for the track. The song marks the first occasion that the singer has written an original song for a live action feature film.
The song has a running time of 3 minutes and 35 seconds and is performed in the key of E minor with a tempo of 82 beats per minute in common time. It follows a chord progression of Em–G–C–Am, and Pink's vocals span from E3 to G5.
Release
Ahead of the track's April 15, 2016, premiere date, Pink uploaded a preview picture, suspected to be from the song's music video, to her Instagram account. It featured the singer snarling at the camera while wearing a black lace outfit with a thorn-inspired black headpiece. The image was captioned, "Let's do this #justlikefire". The following day, the song was released to digital retailers. Following the initial release, Pink topped the Billboard + Twitter Trending 140 chart, which measures the acceleration of conversation around artists and their music.
Chart performance
In the United States, "Just Like Fire" received 798 and 565 plays on contemporary hit radio and hot adult contemporary radio, respectively, on its first day of availability (April 15, 2016). After the official add dates (April 19, 2016, for CHR and April 18, 2016, for Hot AC), "Just Like Fire" ranked as the most-added song at Hot AC radio with 62 Mediabase-monitored stations, more than double the amount of the second-most-added song. The song resultantly debuted at 38 and 27, respectively, on the Billboard Pop Songs and Adult Pop Songs charts dated April 30, 2016. "Just Like Fire" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 42 on the chart dated May 7, 2016. It has since peaked at number 10, becoming her first top 10 single since "Just Give Me a Reason" reached number one in April 2013.
The song also performed well internationally, reaching the top 10 in Australia, Hungary, and Scotland. "Just Like Fire" saw its greatest commercial success in Australia, where it debuted at number 2 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The following week, the song rose to number one, giving Pink her eighth Australian No. 1, and was also certified Gold by ARIA. It has since been certified quadruple Platinum. In Canada, the song entered the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 at number 35 on the chart dated May 7, 2016.
Live performance
"Just Like Fire" made its TV debut at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards on May 22, 2016, where Pink soared over the crowd through a series of acrobatic stunts. She performed the song a day later along with "White Rabbit" on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.
Music video
The official video for "Just Like Fire" was directed by Dave Meyers and was released May 8, 2016, ahead of the US premiere of Alice Through the Looking Glass. The video features Pink's husband Carey Hart and their daughter. In it, Pink is observed swinging on silk ropes hung from the ceiling of a large drawing room by her husband. Her daughter, seated on a nearby fireplace mantle, watches as a blue butterfly flies into a mirror over the fireplace. Her daughter follows, stepping into the mirror. Shortly after, Pink swings on the ropes and leaps onto the mantle, stepping into the mirror as well. She arrives on a giant chessboard outside a castle. On the chessboard are doubles of Pink dressed as various chess pieces. The doubles circle Pink and the white queen shoves her over. She lands in a chair at a table set up for a tea party suspended in the air. Also seated around the table is the Mad Hatter and her daughter. The butterfly from the beginning flies around the table as Pink sings the song's bridge. Suddenly, she falls out of her chair and is shown falling through the sky, stopping inches off the ground in a rose garden. The Timekeeper from the film gives her daughter a watch in the background. Then, Pink begins hallucinating scenes from the film, her in a straitjacket, and scene from earlier in the video. It suddenly cuts to Pink in a straitjacket, being carted away into a lunatic asylum while her husband signs the release papers with a doctor, while the same butterfly follows her through the entrance.
Track listing
Digital download
"Just Like Fire" (From Alice Through the Looking Glass) – 3:35
Wideboys remix
"Just Like Fire" (From Alice Through the Looking Glass) – 3:42
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for "Just Like Fire"
Chart (2016–2017)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
16
Belarus (Unistar Radio Top 20)
6
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
37
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia)
2
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
11
Canada AC (Billboard)
2
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)
7
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)
2
CIS (TopHit)
14
Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)
2
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)
27
Finland Airplay (Radiosoittolista)
71
France (SNEP)
37
Germany (Official German Charts)
21
Germany (Airplay Chart)
2
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
6
Hungary (Single Top 40)
10
Ireland (IRMA)
23
Italy (FIMI)
86
Latvia (Latvijas Top 40)
31
Japan (Japan Hot 100)
20
Japan Hot Overseas (Billboard)
1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
22
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
57
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
11
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)
10
Russia Airplay (Tophit)
14
Scotland (OCC)
8
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)
19
Slovenia (SloTop50)
7
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
85
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
33
UK Singles (OCC)
19
US Billboard Hot 100
10
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
1
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
2
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)
35
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
7
US Kid Digital Songs (Billboard)
1
Year-end charts
2016 year-end chart performance for "Just Like Fire"
Chart (2016)
Position
Australia (ARIA)
25
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
35
CIS (Tophit)
75
Germany (Official German Charts)
100
Iceland (Plötutíóindi)
6
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
80
Hungary (Single Top 40)
77
Russia Airplay (Tophit)
84
Ukraine Airplay (Tophit)
40
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)
100
US Billboard Hot 100
33
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
9
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
3
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
33
2017 year-end chart performance for "Just Like Fire"
Chart (2017)
Position
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
13
Certifications
Certifications for "Just Like Fire"
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
6× Platinum
420,000‡
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)
Platinum
60,000‡
Canada (Music Canada)
Platinum
80,000*
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)
Gold
45,000‡
Germany (BVMI)
Gold
200,000‡
Italy (FIMI)
Gold
25,000‡
Mexico (AMPROFON)
Gold
30,000‡
New Zealand (RMNZ)
Gold
7,500*
Poland (ZPAV)
Gold
25,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
Platinum
600,000‡
United States (RIAA)
Platinum
1,000,000
* Sales figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Release dates and formats for "Just Like Fire"
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Worldwide
April 15, 2016
Digital download
RCA
United States
April 18, 2016
Hot adult contemporary
RCA
Walt Disney
April 19, 2016
Contemporary hit radio
Italy
April 22, 2016
See also
List of number-one singles of 2016 (Australia)
List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 2016 and 2017 (U.S.)
References
^ Anderson, Trevor (April 15, 2016). "Pink's 'Just like Fire' Lights Up Billboard + Twitter Trending 140 Chart". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
^ a b "Just like Fire (From "Alice Through the Looking Glass") - Single by P!NK". iTunes Store (US). Apple Inc. April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
^ a b "Hot/Modern/AC Future Releases". All Access Media Group. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
^ a b "ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2018 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. June 30, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
^ a b c Anderson, Trevor (April 15, 2016). "Pink's 'Just like Fire' Lights Up Billboard + Twitter Trending 140 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
^ a b Adams, Char. "Pink Releases Empowering Track 'Just like Fire' : People.com". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
^ "Pink's Daughter Inspired New Track for Alice Through the Looking Glass – Moms & Babies – Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com". PEOPLE.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
^ Moore, Alecia (July 18, 2016). "Pink "Just Like Fire" Sheet Music in E Minor (transposable) - Download & Print". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
^ "Just Like Fire (From the Original Motion Picture "Alice Through The Looking Glass") - P!nk - Spot On Track". www.spotontrack.com. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
^ a b Wass, Mike (April 14, 2016). "Pink Teases Terrifying "Just like Fire" Promo Pic, Starts Work On New LP". Music News, Reviews, and Gossip on Idolator.com. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
^ Cantor, Brian (April 16, 2016). "Pink's "Just like Fire" Receives Big First Day Airplay at Pop, Hot AC Radio". Headline Planet. Cantortainment. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
^ Cantor, Brian (April 18, 2016). "Pink's "Just like Fire" Erupts As Hot AC Radio's Most Added Song". Headline Planet. Cantortainment. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
^ "Music: Top 100 Songs | Billboard Hot 100 Chart" (The Week Of: May 7, 2016). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
^ "Canadian Music: Top 100 Songs Chart" (The Week Of: May 7, 2016). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
^ Kaufman, Gil (May 10, 2016). "Pink's Video for 'Just Like Fire' is a Family Affair". Billboard.
^ "P!nk – Just like Fire". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
^ "P!nk – Just like Fire" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
^ "Top 20 General" (in Russian). Unistar Radio Top 20. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016.
^ "P!nk – Just like Fire" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
^ "P!nk – Just like Fire" (in French). Ultratip.
^ "P!nk Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
^ "P!nk Chart History (Canada AC)". Billboard. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
^ "P!nk Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)". Billboard. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
^ "P!nk Chart History (Canada Hot AC)". Billboard. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
^ P!nk — Just like Fire. TopHit. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – RADIO – TOP 100 and insert 201634 into search. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – SINGLES DIGITAL – TOP 100 and insert 201624 into search. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
^ "Pink: Just like Fire" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
^ "P!nk – Just like Fire" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
^ "P!nk – Just like Fire" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ "Airplay Charts Deutschland – Woche 22/2016". German Charts. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
^ "Chart Track: Week 23, 2016". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
^ "Top Digital – Classifica settimanale WK 23 (dal 2016-06-03 al 2016-06-09)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
^ "Latvijas Top 40". Latvijas Radio. August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ "pink Chart History (Japan Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
^ "Billboard Japan Hot Overseas" (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. July 11, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – P!nk" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ "P!nk – Just like Fire" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
^ "P!nk – Just like Fire". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
^ "Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart (week 25)" (in Russian). Tophit. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201631 into search. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
^ "SloTop50 – Slovenian official singles chart". slotop50.si. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
^ "P!nk – Just like Fire". Singles Top 100. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
^ "P!nk – Just like Fire". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
^ "P!nk Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
^ "P!nk Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
^ "P!nk Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
^ "P!nk Chart History (Dance Mix/Show Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
^ "P!nk Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
^ "Kid Digital Songs: May 7, 2016". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media Retrieved May 7, 2016.
^ "ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
^ "Canadian Hot 100 – Year End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
^ "CIS Year-End Radio Hits (2016)". Tophit. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ "Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016". GfK Entertainment (in German). viva.tv. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
^ "TÓNLISTINN – LÖG – 2016". Plötutíóindi (in Icelandic). Retrieved March 31, 2022.
^ "Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2016". Mahasz. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ "Összesített singles- és válogatáslemez-lista – eladási darabszám alapján - 2016". Mahasz. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
^ "Russian Top Year-End Radio Hits (2016)". Tophit. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ "Ukrainian Top Year-End Radio Hits (2016)". Tophit. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2016". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
^ "Hot 100 Songs - Year-End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
^ "Adult Contemporary Songs: Year End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
^ "Adult Pop Songs: Year End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
^ "Pop Songs: Year End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
^ "Adult Contemporary Songs – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2023 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
^ "Brazilian single certifications – P!nk – Just Like Fire" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
^ "Canadian single certifications – Pink – Just like Fire". Music Canada. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^ "Danish single certifications – P!nk – Just Like Fire". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (P!nk; 'Just Like Fire')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
^ "Italian single certifications – Pink – Just like Fire" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved November 7, 2016. Select "2016" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Just like Fire" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione".
^ "Certificaciones" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Retrieved February 27, 2021. Type P!nk in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and Just like Fire in the box under the TÍTULO column heading.
^ "New Zealand single certifications – Pink – Just like Fire". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
^ "British single certifications – Pink – Just like Fire". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
^ Trust, Gary (September 27, 2016). "Pink's 'Just like Fire' Tops Adult Contemporary Chart & Passes 1 Million Sold". Billboard. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
^ "American single certifications – Pink – Just like Fire". Recording Industry Association of America.
^ "Top 40/M Future Releases". All Access Media Group. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
^ "Pink - Just like Fire RadioDate". Radioairplay.fm. April 22, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
External links
"Just like Fire" music video on YouTube
vtePink songsDiscographyCan't Take Me Home
"There You Go"
"Most Girls"
"You Make Me Sick"
Missundaztood
"Don't Let Me Get Me"
"Just Like a Pill"
"Get the Party Started"
"Family Portrait"
Try This
"Trouble"
"God Is a DJ"
"Last to Know"
"Feel Good Time"
I'm Not Dead
"Stupid Girls"
"Who Knew"
"U + Ur Hand"
"Nobody Knows"
"Dear Mr. President"
"'Cuz I Can"
"Leave Me Alone (I'm Lonely)"
Funhouse
"So What"
"Sober"
"I Don't Believe You"
"Please Don't Leave Me"
"Bad Influence"
"Funhouse"
"Glitter in the Air"
Greatest Hits... So Far!!!
"Raise Your Glass"
"Fuckin' Perfect"
"Whataya Want from Me"
The Truth About Love
"Blow Me (One Last Kiss)"
"Try"
"Just Give Me a Reason"
"True Love"
"Walk of Shame"
Beautiful Trauma
"What About Us"
"Beautiful Trauma"
"Whatever You Want"
"Secrets"
"Revenge"
Hurts 2B Human
"Hustle"
"Walk Me Home"
"Hurts 2B Human"
"Can We Pretend"
"Love Me Anyway"
All I Know So Far: Setlist
"Cover Me in Sunshine"
"All I Know So Far"
Trustfall
"Never Gonna Not Dance Again"
"Trustfall"
Collaborations
"Lady Marmalade"
"I Am Not My Hair"
"Sing"
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti"
"Won't Back Down"
"Hands"
"Setting the World on Fire"
"Waterfall"
"One Too Many"
"Anywhere Away from Here"
Other songs
"Bridge of Light"
"Today's the Day"
"Just Like Fire"
"White Rabbit"
"A Million Dreams"
"Irrelevant"
vteDisney's Alice in Wonderland
Works based on Alice in Wonderland
Films
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Alice in Wonderland (2010)
accolades
Alice Through the Looking Glass
Television
Adventures in Wonderland
Once Upon a Time in Wonderland
Alice's Wonderland Bakery
Amusement parks
Mad Tea Party
Alice in Wonderland
Alice's Curious Labyrinth
Mad T Party
Music
"Alice in Wonderland"
Alice in Wonderland's (2010) score
Almost Alice
"Alice"
"Follow Me Down"
"Tea Party"
"Just Like Fire"
Video games
Alice no Paint Adventure
Alice in Wonderland (2000)
Alice in Wonderland (2010)
Related
Mickey Mousecapade
Disney's Villains' Revenge
Kingdom Hearts
Kingdom Hearts
Chain of Memories
Coded
358/2 Days
χ
Disney Universe
Kinect: Disneyland Adventures
Disney Infinity 3.0
Disney Magic Kingdoms
Disney Mirrorverse
Related
Tarrant Hightopp
Unbirthday: A Twisted Tale
One Hour in Wonderland
"Disney's Greatest Villains"
Descendants: The Rise of Red
Alice Comedies
Thru the Mirror
vteHollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Song in a Sci-Fi, Fantasy or Horror Film2010s
"Just Like Fire" – Written by Pink, Max Martin, Shellback and Oscar Holter (2016)
"How Does a Moment Last Forever" – Written by Alan Menken and Tim Rice (2017)
"All the Stars" – Written by Kendrick Lamar, Top Dawg, SZA, Sounwave, and Al Shux (2018)
2020s
"Can't Catch Me Now" – Written by Dan Nigro and Olivia Rodrigo (2023)
Between 2019–2022, the category was retired.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work
|
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It was written by Pink along with Max Martin, Shellback, and Oscar Holter, who all serve as producers on the track.[1] The song was released to digital retailers through RCA Records on April 15, 2016, and was serviced to American adult pop radio through RCA and Walt Disney Records on April 18, 2016.[2][3]Upon its release, \"Just Like Fire\" debuted in the top 50 on multiple international singles charts, and has peaked in the top 10 in the United States. In Australia, it reached number one in its second week and has also been certified four Platinum by ARIA.[4]It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 59th awards ceremony Awards but lost to Justin Timberlake's \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\" (2016), also produced by Martin and Shellback.","title":"Just Like Fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Max Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Martin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard.com-5"},{"link_name":"rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people.com-6"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people.com-6"},{"link_name":"E minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_minor"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"common time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"\"Just Like Fire\" was written by Pink, Max Martin, Shellback, and Oscar Holter. The trio was also responsible for the song's production.[5] The song has been praised for maintaining Pink's signature sound, but also covering new ground stylistically, including a rap-style breakdown.[6] In an interview with People, Pink claimed that her daughter was the inspiration for the track.[7] The song marks the first occasion that the singer has written an original song for a live action feature film.[6]The song has a running time of 3 minutes and 35 seconds and is performed in the key of E minor with a tempo of 82 beats per minute in common time. It follows a chord progression of Em–G–C–Am, and Pink's vocals span from E3 to G5.[8][9]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idolator.com-10"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"#justlikefire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idolator.com-10"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard.com-5"}],"text":"Ahead of the track's April 15, 2016, premiere date, Pink uploaded a preview picture, suspected to be from the song's music video,[10] to her Instagram account. It featured the singer snarling at the camera while wearing a black lace outfit with a thorn-inspired black headpiece. The image was captioned, \"Let's do this #justlikefire\".[10] The following day, the song was released to digital retailers. Following the initial release, Pink topped the Billboard + Twitter Trending 140 chart, which measures the acceleration of conversation around artists and their music.[5]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contemporary hit radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"hot adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Pop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Adult Pop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Pop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Just Give Me a Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Give_Me_a_Reason"},{"link_name":"ARIA Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australia-4"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In the United States, \"Just Like Fire\" received 798 and 565 plays on contemporary hit radio and hot adult contemporary radio, respectively, on its first day of availability (April 15, 2016).[11] After the official add dates (April 19, 2016, for CHR and April 18, 2016, for Hot AC), \"Just Like Fire\" ranked as the most-added song at Hot AC radio with 62 Mediabase-monitored stations, more than double the amount of the second-most-added song.[12] The song resultantly debuted at 38 and 27, respectively, on the Billboard Pop Songs and Adult Pop Songs charts dated April 30, 2016. \"Just Like Fire\" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 42 on the chart dated May 7, 2016.[13] It has since peaked at number 10, becoming her first top 10 single since \"Just Give Me a Reason\" reached number one in April 2013.The song also performed well internationally, reaching the top 10 in Australia, Hungary, and Scotland. \"Just Like Fire\" saw its greatest commercial success in Australia, where it debuted at number 2 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The following week, the song rose to number one, giving Pink her eighth Australian No. 1, and was also certified Gold by ARIA. It has since been certified quadruple Platinum.[4] In Canada, the song entered the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 at number 35 on the chart dated May 7, 2016.[14]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 Billboard Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"White Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rabbit_(Jefferson_Airplane_song)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Kimmel Live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel_Live!"}],"text":"\"Just Like Fire\" made its TV debut at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards on May 22, 2016, where Pink soared over the crowd through a series of acrobatic stunts. She performed the song a day later along with \"White Rabbit\" on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.","title":"Live performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meyers_(director)"},{"link_name":"Alice Through the Looking Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Through_the_Looking_Glass_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard.com-5"},{"link_name":"Carey Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carey_Hart"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"lunatic asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunatic_asylum"}],"text":"The official video for \"Just Like Fire\" was directed by Dave Meyers and was released May 8, 2016, ahead of the US premiere of Alice Through the Looking Glass.[5] The video features Pink's husband Carey Hart and their daughter.[15] In it, Pink is observed swinging on silk ropes hung from the ceiling of a large drawing room by her husband. Her daughter, seated on a nearby fireplace mantle, watches as a blue butterfly flies into a mirror over the fireplace. Her daughter follows, stepping into the mirror. Shortly after, Pink swings on the ropes and leaps onto the mantle, stepping into the mirror as well. She arrives on a giant chessboard outside a castle. On the chessboard are doubles of Pink dressed as various chess pieces. The doubles circle Pink and the white queen shoves her over. She lands in a chair at a table set up for a tea party suspended in the air. Also seated around the table is the Mad Hatter and her daughter. The butterfly from the beginning flies around the table as Pink sings the song's bridge. Suddenly, she falls out of her chair and is shown falling through the sky, stopping inches off the ground in a rose garden. The Timekeeper from the film gives her daughter a watch in the background. Then, Pink begins hallucinating scenes from the film, her in a straitjacket, and scene from earlier in the video. It suddenly cuts to Pink in a straitjacket, being carted away into a lunatic asylum while her husband signs the release papers with a doctor, while the same butterfly follows her through the entrance.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wideboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideboys"}],"text":"Digital download\"Just Like Fire\" (From Alice Through the Looking Glass) – 3:35Wideboys remix\"Just Like Fire\" (From Alice Through the Looking Glass) [Wideboys Remix] – 3:42","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Like_Fire&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_P!nk-16"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_P!nk-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_P!nk-19"},{"link_name":"Ultratip Bubbling Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop#Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Tip_P!nk-20"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_P!nk-21"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_AC"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadaac_P!nk-22"},{"link_name":"CHR/Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_CHR/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadachrtop40_P!nk-23"},{"link_name":"Hot AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Hot_AC"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadahotac_P!nk-24"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_CIS_P!nk-25"},{"link_name":"Rádio – Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czech_Republic_P!nk-26"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czechdigital_P!nk-27"},{"link_name":"Radiosoittolista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_FIN_Pink-28"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_P!nk-29"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_P!nk-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-germanairplay-31"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_-32"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarytop10_-33"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland_-34"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIMI"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Japan Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardjapanhot100_pink-37"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_P!nk-39"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_P!nk-40"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_P!nk-41"},{"link_name":"Polish Airplay Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Poland_-42"},{"link_name":"Tophit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophit"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-44"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_P!nk-45"},{"link_name":"SloTop50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SloTop50"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_P!nk-47"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_P!nk-48"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-49"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_P!nk-50"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_P!nk-51"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultpopsongs_P!nk-52"},{"link_name":"Dance/Mix Show Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Mix_Show_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceairplay_P!nk-53"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_P!nk-54"},{"link_name":"Kid Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Like_Fire&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"US Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2016"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Just Like Fire\"\n\n\nChart (2016–2017)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[16]\n\n1\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[17]\n\n16\n\n\nBelarus (Unistar Radio Top 20)[18]\n\n6\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[19]\n\n37\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia)[20]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[21]\n\n11\n\n\nCanada AC (Billboard)[22]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[23]\n\n7\n\n\nCanada Hot AC (Billboard)[24]\n\n2\n\n\nCIS (TopHit)[25]\n\n14\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[26]\n\n2\n\n\nCzech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[27]\n\n27\n\n\nFinland Airplay (Radiosoittolista)[28]\n\n71\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[29]\n\n37\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[30]\n\n21\n\n\nGermany (Airplay Chart)[31]\n\n2\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[32]\n\n6\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[33]\n\n10\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[34]\n\n23\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[35]\n\n86\n\n\nLatvia (Latvijas Top 40)[36]\n\n31\n\n\nJapan (Japan Hot 100)[37]\n\n20\n\n\nJapan Hot Overseas (Billboard)[38]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[39]\n\n22\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[40]\n\n57\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[41]\n\n11\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[42]\n\n10\n\n\nRussia Airplay (Tophit)[43]\n\n14\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[44]\n\n8\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[45]\n\n19\n\n\nSlovenia (SloTop50)[46]\n\n7\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[47]\n\n85\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[48]\n\n33\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[49]\n\n19\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[50]\n\n10\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[51]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[52]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[53]\n\n35\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[54]\n\n7\n\n\nUS Kid Digital Songs (Billboard)[55]\n\n1\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n2016 year-end chart performance for \"Just Like Fire\"\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[56]\n\n25\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[57]\n\n35\n\n\nCIS (Tophit)[58]\n\n75\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[59]\n\n100\n\n\nIceland (Plötutíóindi)[60]\n\n6\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[61]\n\n80\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[62]\n\n77\n\n\nRussia Airplay (Tophit)[63]\n\n84\n\n\nUkraine Airplay (Tophit)[64]\n\n40\n\n\nUK Singles (Official Charts Company)[65]\n\n100\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[66]\n\n33\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[67]\n\n9\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[68]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[69]\n\n33\n\n\n\n2017 year-end chart performance for \"Just Like Fire\"\n\n\nChart (2017)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[70]\n\n13","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of number-one singles of 2016 (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_2016_(Australia)"},{"title":"List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_adult_contemporary_singles_of_2016_(U.S.)"},{"title":"2017 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Adult_Contemporary_number_ones_of_2017"}]
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[{"reference":"Anderson, Trevor (April 15, 2016). \"Pink's 'Just like Fire' Lights Up Billboard + Twitter Trending 140 Chart\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/chart-beat/real-time-charts/7334009/pink-just-like-fire-alice-looking-glass-pink-trending-140-chart","url_text":"\"Pink's 'Just like Fire' Lights Up Billboard + Twitter Trending 140 Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Just like Fire (From \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\") - Single by P!NK\". iTunes Store (US). Apple Inc. April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/just-like-fire-from-alice/id1101931648","url_text":"\"Just like Fire (From \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\") - Single by P!NK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc","url_text":"Apple Inc"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot/Modern/AC Future Releases\". All Access Media Group. Retrieved April 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/hot-modern-ac/future-release","url_text":"\"Hot/Modern/AC Future Releases\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2018 Singles\". Australian Recording Industry Association. June 30, 2018. 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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunpiking
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Shunpiking
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["1 Early shunpikes","1.1 Historical boycott in Virginia","2 United States","2.1 Connecticut","2.2 Delaware","2.3 Kentucky","2.4 Pennsylvania","2.5 Oklahoma","2.6 West Virginia","3 In Britain","4 In Hong Kong","5 In popular culture","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"]
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Act of deliberately avoiding toll roads
Shunpiking is the act of deliberately avoiding roads that require payment of a fee or toll to travel on them, usually by traveling on alternative "free" roads which bypass the toll road. The term comes from the word shun, meaning "to avoid", and pike, a term referring to turnpikes, which is another name for toll roads. People who often avoid toll roads sometimes call themselves shunpikers. Historically, certain paths around tollbooths came to be so well known they were called "shun-pikes".
Shunpiking has also come to mean an avoidance of major highways (regardless of tolls) in preference for bucolic and scenic interludes along lightly traveled country roads.
Early shunpikes
Shunpikes were known in the United States soon after independence. In the mid-1700s, Samuel Rice built a road over the Hoosac Range in northwestern Massachusetts, near the present Hoosac Tunnel. Subsequently, a nearby road for stagecoaches was built around 1787, which became subject to control of the Turnpike Association incorporated in 1797. People desiring to avoid the turnpike fees took the Rice Road instead of the stage road, and so the Rice Road earned the sobriquet “shunpike”.
Contributing to open free travel, in 1797 the thrifty travelers of the Mohawk Trail forded the Deerfield River rather than pay toll at the turnpike bridge; in 1810 they won the battle for free travel on all Massachusetts roads.
A shunpike in Morris County, New Jersey, dates back to 1804; one near Mount Holly, Vermont, was in existence at least as early as 1809; and one in Hampton Falls, New Hampshire, was created circa 1810.
A newspaper article in the New Jersey Journal of March 6, 1804 (p. 4), references a house for sale on Shunpike Road between Morristown and Elizabethtown (Elizabeth), New Jersey. This "Shunpike Road", parts of which are still extant, was in existence the same year that the turnpike it was used to avoid, the Morris Turnpike, was opened for business: 1804. It ran southwest of and parallel to the Morris Turnpike, now called "Old Turnpike Road". It was formed by the improvement and connection of sideroads to enable country people to avoid the expenses of the tolls. Shunpike Road ran through the towns of Bottle Hill (now Madison), Chatham, Summit and Springfield.
When the Hampton Falls Turnpike was built in Hampton Falls, New Hampshire, around 1810 by the Hampton Causeway Turnpike Corporation, a toll was charged to cross it at the Taylor River. "Not content with the payment of a toll, some of the residents got together and built a slight bridge called the 'Shunpike' across the Taylor's River, some distance west of the Turnpike bridge, where travelers and teamsters could cross without charge. This continued on until April 12, 1826, when the toll on the Turnpike was discontinued and has remained a free road to this day."
Historical boycott in Virginia
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An example of shunpiking as a form of boycott occurred at the James River Bridge in eastern Virginia, United States. After years of lower than anticipated revenues on the narrow, privately funded structure built in 1928, the Commonwealth of Virginia finally purchased the facility in 1949. However, rather than announcing a long-expected decrease in tolls, the state officials increased the rates in 1955 without visibly improving the roadway, with the notable exception of building a new toll plaza.
The increased toll rates incensed the public and business users alike. In a well-publicized example of shunpiking, Joseph W. Luter Jr., head of Smithfield Packing Company (the producer of Smithfield Hams), ordered his truck drivers to take different routes and cross smaller and cheaper bridges. Despite the boycott by Luter and others, tolls continued for 20 more years. They were finally removed from the old bridge in 1975 when construction began on a toll-free replacement structure.
United States
Connecticut
Prior to the removal of tolls in 1985, the Connecticut Turnpike had eight mainline toll barriers instead of a ticket system that was typically used on the turnpikes of that era. While the Connecticut Turnpike was officially considered a toll road for its entire 129-mile length, the placement of mainline toll barriers and the lack of ramp tolls meant the only sections of the Turnpike that were truly tolled were between the interchanges immediately before and following each mainline barrier. Consequentially, motorists familiar with the local area around each of the toll barriers could essentially travel the Turnpike toll-free by exiting before the toll plaza, use local streets to bypass the toll, and re-enter the Turnpike past the toll plaza.
Delaware
There is a toll of $4 in each direction on the 11-mile (18 km) Delaware Turnpike, or I-95. It is the third most expensive turnpike in the United States when calculated per mile. Since the turnpike does not use ramp tolls, only imposing a toll on drivers passing through a toll plaza just east of the Maryland state line, the toll is easily avoided by using local roads. By taking the last exit of I-95 in Maryland, MD 279, one can continue northbound on MD 279, cross into Delaware on DE 279, turn right at Christiana Parkway (DE 4/DE 896), and make another right onto DE 896 and soon arrive once again at I-95. Large trucks cannot use this detour as DE 4/DE 896 have width and weight restrictions.
On January 10, 2019, DelDOT opened the US 301 toll road bypassing Middletown. Now all traffic entering Delaware using US 301 must pay a minimum $4 toll at the state line, with access to the old alignment cut off until after the toll point via Exit 2. Several new shunpikes have emerged, the most common being the historical alignment of MD 299 through Warwick or Levels Road, but neither is viable for trucks. A longer distance route involves using MD 300 in Maryland into Delaware (becoming DE 300 across the line) then turning onto US 13 to the free ramp back to DE 1 at Port Penn Road.
Kentucky
The Abraham Lincoln Bridge and John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge are a pair of bridges that carry Interstate 65 across the Ohio River, connecting Jeffersonville, Indiana to downtown Louisville, Kentucky. On December 30, 2016, the Kentucky Department of Transportation implemented a toll to cross the bridges in either direction, ranging from $2 for vehicles with electronic transponders to $4 for vehicles paying by mail. The Clark Memorial Bridge, which makes the same crossing less than one mile west of the two I-65 bridges, remained free. This resulted in a 49% decrease in daily crossings on the Kennedy Bridge and a 75% increase in traffic on the Clark Memorial Bridge.
Pennsylvania
Interstate 70 runs concurrently with the Pennsylvania Turnpike for 86 miles (138 km). Westbound travelers can exit I-70 in Maryland just south of the Pennsylvania border and enter Interstate 68, continuing along I-68's entire length through western Maryland and into West Virginia until arriving at Interstate 79, I-68's western terminus, in Morgantown. After merging onto I-79 north, a traveler can enter Pennsylvania and merge back onto I-70 in Washington, Pennsylvania, where I-70 and I-79 are briefly concurrent.
Despite the added mileage, the relatively non-congested roadways in western Maryland (combined with the various tunnels and pre-Interstate quality of the Pennsylvania Turnpike) make the toll-free trip nearly the same time as the toll route. (The Pennsylvania Turnpike was grandfathered from modern Interstate standards.)
Oklahoma
In Oklahoma east of Oklahoma City, Interstate 44 replaced old U.S. Route 66 as the main route in the form of the Turner Turnpike between Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and the Will Rogers Turnpike between Tulsa and the Missouri state line. However, locals have kept old 66 alive by using it for shunpiking instead of the locally unpopular toll expressway.
West Virginia
The Midland Trail (the remaining roadway left behind in the historic Midland Trail) serves the middle of West Virginia and runs somewhat parallel to Interstates 64 and 77. The trail follows the entirety of U.S. Route 60 in West Virginia and the two are synonymous. It traverses through 180 miles of rugged terrain starting in Kenova in the west and ending in White Sulphur Springs. The roadway often follows the historic James River and Kanawha Turnpike and Kanawha River. The trail passes through many parks and communities including the New River Gorge National Park and the state capitol of Charleston.
A much smaller remnant road of the James River and Kanawha Turnpike, is the 5 mile Kanawha Turnpike that runs from South Charleston to Charleston, the road then splits and continues for another mile in Jefferson before merging back onto US-60. This road acts as a local shunpike for commuters avoiding US 60 and I-64.
In Britain
In the early 1990s, the management of the Severn Bridge doubled the tolls in one direction (England to Wales) and made the other direction free of charge, presumably to save on staff costs. As a result, many lorry drivers used the Severn Bridge in the free direction, but when travelling from England to Wales, crossed the Severn at Gloucester, where there was no charge, and then drove through the Forest of Dean. Tolls on the Severn Crossings were abolished in 2018.
The M6 Toll became the first motorway other than bridges to charge drivers. Drivers can avoid the toll by staying on the M6 motorway, which is shorter than the toll road, though usually more congested.
In Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, when crossing Victoria Harbour between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon/New Kowloon, most drivers and businesses prefer the much cheaper, and older, Cross-Harbour Tunnel (XHT), to the Western Harbour Crossing. The toll differences are particularly significant for lorries, coaches and buses. The government has proposed a subsidy to users of a third tunnel, the Eastern Harbour Crossing, to relieve the congestion through the XHT and around both ends of the XHT. The proposal of increasing the Cross Harbour Tunnel's prices and lowering that of the Eastern Harbour Crossing has yet to be put into practise.
A similar phenomenon exists with the Lion Rock Tunnel between Sha Tin New Town (and the rest of the eastern and northeastern New Territories) and New Kowloon. Most users prefer Lion Rock Tunnel to the Tate's Cairn Tunnel or Shing Mun Tunnels, or the Eagle's Nest-Sha Tin Heights Tunnels as the new tunnels are longer and more expensive. However, this problem is not as serious as the tunnels connecting Hong Kong Island and Kowloon.
In popular culture
The term "shunpiking" inspired the name of Stan Shunpike, the Knight Bus conductor in the Harry Potter stories.
See also
Fare evasion
Rat running
Road space rationing
Ontario Highway 407
References
^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary definition of shunpike: "a side road used to avoid the toll on or the speed and traffic of a superhighway"; The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. def of shunpiking Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine: "To travel on side roads, avoiding turnpikes."
^ Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, p.214
^ a b c Browne, William. The Mohawk trail: its history and course, with map and illustrations, together with an account of Fort Massachusetts and of the early turnpikes over Hoosac Mountain, pp. 24-25 (Sun Printing Co., 1920).
^ Mohawk and Taconic Trail Association, 1957; S.Welch volunteer
^ Memorial signage at N 42° 38.1176 W 072° 54.284, along the Mohawk Trail portion part of now Massachusetts Route 2.
^ New-Jersey Journal, Elizabeth-town, New Jersey, Tuesday, March 6, 1804, p.4
^ Rutland Herald, Rutland, Vermont, 21 February 1810 edition, p. 4: advertisement dated 23 December 1809.
^ William Parkhurst Tuttle, Bottle Hill and Madison: Glimpses and reminiscences from its earliest settlement to the Civil War. Madison, NJ: Madison Eagle Press, 1916.
^ John Holman, Hampton history volunteer, Lane Memorial Library (Hampton, NH), "The Turnpike v. The Shunpike"
^ "How slots revenue would break down". Archived from the original on 2009-02-16.
^ "Oversize / Overweight Permit System - Delaware Department of Transportation - State of Delaware".
^ "People aren't using Kentucky's new $1.3 billion bridge and highway system". The Architect’s Newspaper. 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
^ "Google Driving Directions". Google Maps. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
^ "Article 9". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
^ "Midland Trail National Scenic Byway". Almost Heaven - West Virginia. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
^ Box 246, Mailing Address: P. O.; Jean, 104 Main Street Glen; Us, WV 25846 Phone: 304-465-0508 Contact. "Directions & Transportation - New River Gorge National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Portion of Kanawha Turnpike to close overnight as part of Jefferson Road project". transportation.wv.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
^ "Severn bridges: M4 Severn crossing reopens toll free". BBC News Online. 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
Further reading
Exton, Peter. A Shunpiker's Guide to the Northeast: Washington to Boston without turnpikes or interstates / Peter Exton. McLean, VA: EPM Publications, c1988. 159 p. ill.; 22 cm. ISBN 0-939009-10-2
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_(road_usage)"},{"link_name":"turnpikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Shunpiking is the act of deliberately avoiding roads that require payment of a fee or toll to travel on them, usually by traveling on alternative \"free\" roads which bypass the toll road. The term comes from the word shun, meaning \"to avoid\", and pike, a term referring to turnpikes, which is another name for toll roads.[1] People who often avoid toll roads sometimes call themselves shunpikers. Historically, certain paths around tollbooths came to be so well known they were called \"shun-pikes\".[2]Shunpiking has also come to mean an avoidance of major highways (regardless of tolls) in preference for bucolic and scenic interludes along lightly traveled country roads.","title":"Shunpiking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoosac Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosac_Range"},{"link_name":"Hoosac Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosac_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browne-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browne-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browne-3"},{"link_name":"Mohawk Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Trail"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Morris County, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mount Holly, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holly,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hampton Falls, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Falls,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Journal"},{"link_name":"Morristown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Township,_Union_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hampton Falls, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Falls,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Taylor River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_River_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"teamsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamster"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NH_Library_Website-9"}],"text":"Shunpikes were known in the United States soon after independence. In the mid-1700s, Samuel Rice built a road over the Hoosac Range in northwestern Massachusetts, near the present Hoosac Tunnel.[3] Subsequently, a nearby road for stagecoaches was built around 1787, which became subject to control of the Turnpike Association incorporated in 1797.[3] People desiring to avoid the turnpike fees took the Rice Road instead of the stage road, and so the Rice Road earned the sobriquet “shunpike”.[3]Contributing to open free travel, in 1797 the thrifty travelers of the Mohawk Trail forded the Deerfield River rather than pay toll at the turnpike bridge; in 1810 they won the battle for free travel on all Massachusetts roads.[4][5]A shunpike in Morris County, New Jersey, dates back to 1804;[6] one near Mount Holly, Vermont, was in existence at least as early as 1809;[7] and one in Hampton Falls, New Hampshire, was created circa 1810.[citation needed]A newspaper article in the New Jersey Journal of March 6, 1804 (p. 4), references a house for sale on Shunpike Road between Morristown and Elizabethtown (Elizabeth), New Jersey. This \"Shunpike Road\", parts of which are still extant, was in existence the same year that the turnpike it was used to avoid, the Morris Turnpike, was opened for business: 1804. It ran southwest of and parallel to the Morris Turnpike, now called \"Old Turnpike Road\". It was formed by the improvement and connection of sideroads to enable country people to avoid the expenses of the tolls. Shunpike Road ran through the towns of Bottle Hill (now Madison), Chatham, Summit and Springfield.[8]When the Hampton Falls Turnpike was built in Hampton Falls, New Hampshire, around 1810 by the Hampton Causeway Turnpike Corporation, a toll was charged to cross it at the Taylor River. \"Not content with the payment of a toll, some of the residents got together and built a slight bridge called the 'Shunpike' across the Taylor's River, some distance west of the Turnpike bridge, where travelers and teamsters could cross without charge. This continued on until April 12, 1826, when the toll on the Turnpike was discontinued and has remained a free road to this day.\"[9]","title":"Early shunpikes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James River Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Smithfield Packing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield_Packing_Company"},{"link_name":"Smithfield Hams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield_ham"}],"sub_title":"Historical boycott in Virginia","text":"An example of shunpiking as a form of boycott occurred at the James River Bridge in eastern Virginia, United States. After years of lower than anticipated revenues on the narrow, privately funded structure built in 1928, the Commonwealth of Virginia finally purchased the facility in 1949. However, rather than announcing a long-expected decrease in tolls, the state officials increased the rates in 1955 without visibly improving the roadway, with the notable exception of building a new toll plaza.The increased toll rates incensed the public and business users alike. In a well-publicized example of shunpiking, Joseph W. Luter Jr., head of Smithfield Packing Company (the producer of Smithfield Hams), ordered his truck drivers to take different routes and cross smaller and cheaper bridges. Despite the boycott by Luter and others, tolls continued for 20 more years. They were finally removed from the old bridge in 1975 when construction began on a toll-free replacement structure.","title":"Early shunpikes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connecticut Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Turnpike"}],"sub_title":"Connecticut","text":"Prior to the removal of tolls in 1985, the Connecticut Turnpike had eight mainline toll barriers instead of a ticket system that was typically used on the turnpikes of that era. While the Connecticut Turnpike was officially considered a toll road for its entire 129-mile length, the placement of mainline toll barriers and the lack of ramp tolls meant the only sections of the Turnpike that were truly tolled were between the interchanges immediately before and following each mainline barrier. Consequentially, motorists familiar with the local area around each of the toll barriers could essentially travel the Turnpike toll-free by exiting before the toll plaza, use local streets to bypass the toll, and re-enter the Turnpike past the toll plaza.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"I-95 in Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"MD 279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_279"},{"link_name":"DE 279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_279"},{"link_name":"DE 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_4"},{"link_name":"DE 896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_896"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"US 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Middletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"MD 299","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_299"},{"link_name":"MD 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_300"},{"link_name":"DE 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_300"},{"link_name":"US 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_1"}],"sub_title":"Delaware","text":"There is a toll of $4 in each direction on the 11-mile (18 km) Delaware Turnpike, or I-95. It is the third most expensive turnpike in the United States when calculated per mile. Since the turnpike does not use ramp tolls, only imposing a toll on drivers passing through a toll plaza just east of the Maryland state line, the toll is easily avoided by using local roads. By taking the last exit of I-95 in Maryland, MD 279, one can continue northbound on MD 279, cross into Delaware on DE 279, turn right at Christiana Parkway (DE 4/DE 896), and make another right onto DE 896 and soon arrive once again at I-95.[10] Large trucks cannot use this detour as DE 4/DE 896 have width and weight restrictions.[11]On January 10, 2019, DelDOT opened the US 301 toll road bypassing Middletown. Now all traffic entering Delaware using US 301 must pay a minimum $4 toll at the state line, with access to the old alignment cut off until after the toll point via Exit 2. Several new shunpikes have emerged, the most common being the historical alignment of MD 299 through Warwick or Levels Road, but neither is viable for trucks. A longer distance route involves using MD 300 in Maryland into Delaware (becoming DE 300 across the line) then turning onto US 13 to the free ramp back to DE 1 at Port Penn Road.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Bridge"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Interstate 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_65"},{"link_name":"Jeffersonville, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Clark Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark_Memorial_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Kentucky","text":"The Abraham Lincoln Bridge and John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge are a pair of bridges that carry Interstate 65 across the Ohio River, connecting Jeffersonville, Indiana to downtown Louisville, Kentucky. On December 30, 2016, the Kentucky Department of Transportation implemented a toll to cross the bridges in either direction, ranging from $2 for vehicles with electronic transponders to $4 for vehicles paying by mail. The Clark Memorial Bridge, which makes the same crossing less than one mile west of the two I-65 bridges, remained free. This resulted in a 49% decrease in daily crossings on the Kennedy Bridge and a 75% increase in traffic on the Clark Memorial Bridge.[12]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70"},{"link_name":"concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_Line"},{"link_name":"Interstate 68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_68"},{"link_name":"western Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Maryland"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Interstate 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_79"},{"link_name":"Morgantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"tunnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Interstate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"grandfathered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfather_clause"},{"link_name":"Interstate standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_standards"}],"sub_title":"Pennsylvania","text":"Interstate 70 runs concurrently with the Pennsylvania Turnpike for 86 miles (138 km). Westbound travelers can exit I-70 in Maryland just south of the Pennsylvania border and enter Interstate 68, continuing along I-68's entire length through western Maryland and into West Virginia until arriving at Interstate 79, I-68's western terminus, in Morgantown. After merging onto I-79 north, a traveler can enter Pennsylvania and merge back onto I-70 in Washington, Pennsylvania, where I-70 and I-79 are briefly concurrent.Despite the added mileage, the relatively non-congested roadways in western Maryland (combined with the various tunnels and pre-Interstate quality of the Pennsylvania Turnpike) make the toll-free trip nearly the same time as the toll route.[13] (The Pennsylvania Turnpike was grandfathered from modern Interstate standards.)","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"Interstate 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_44"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66"},{"link_name":"Turner Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Will Rogers Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Oklahoma","text":"In Oklahoma east of Oklahoma City, Interstate 44 replaced old U.S. Route 66 as the main route in the form of the Turner Turnpike between Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and the Will Rogers Turnpike between Tulsa and the Missouri state line. However, locals have kept old 66 alive by using it for shunpiking instead of the locally unpopular toll expressway.[14]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midland Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Trail_(West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"historic Midland Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Trail"},{"link_name":"64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_64_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_77_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Kenova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenova,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"White Sulphur Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sulphur_Springs,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"James River and Kanawha Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_and_Kanawha_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Kanawha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanawha_River"},{"link_name":"New River Gorge National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_River_Gorge_National_Park_and_Preserve"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"South Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Charleston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"West Virginia","text":"The Midland Trail (the remaining roadway left behind in the historic Midland Trail) serves the middle of West Virginia and runs somewhat parallel to Interstates 64 and 77. The trail follows the entirety of U.S. Route 60 in West Virginia and the two are synonymous. It traverses through 180 miles of rugged terrain starting in Kenova in the west and ending in White Sulphur Springs.[15] The roadway often follows the historic James River and Kanawha Turnpike and Kanawha River. The trail passes through many parks and communities including the New River Gorge National Park[16] and the state capitol of Charleston.A much smaller remnant road of the James River and Kanawha Turnpike, is the 5 mile Kanawha Turnpike that runs from South Charleston to Charleston, the road then splits and continues for another mile in Jefferson before merging back onto US-60. This road acts as a local shunpike for commuters avoiding US 60 and I-64.[17]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Severn Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Bridge"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"lorry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorry"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Forest of Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Dean"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"M6 Toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_Toll"},{"link_name":"M6 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_motorway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In the early 1990s, the management of the Severn Bridge doubled the tolls in one direction (England to Wales) and made the other direction free of charge, presumably to save on staff costs. As a result, many lorry drivers used the Severn Bridge in the free direction, but when travelling from England to Wales, crossed the Severn at Gloucester, where there was no charge, and then drove through the Forest of Dean.[citation needed] Tolls on the Severn Crossings were abolished in 2018.[18]The M6 Toll became the first motorway other than bridges to charge drivers. Drivers can avoid the toll by staying on the M6 motorway, which is shorter than the toll road, though usually more congested.[citation needed]","title":"In Britain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Victoria Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island"},{"link_name":"Kowloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon"},{"link_name":"New Kowloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kowloon"},{"link_name":"Cross-Harbour Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Harbour_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Western Harbour Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Harbour_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Eastern Harbour Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Harbour_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Lion Rock Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Rock_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_New_Town"},{"link_name":"New Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Territories"},{"link_name":"New Kowloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kowloon"},{"link_name":"Tate's Cairn Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate%27s_Cairn_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Shing Mun Tunnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shing_Mun_Tunnels"},{"link_name":"Eagle's Nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle%27s_Nest_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Heights Tunnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Heights_Tunnel"}],"text":"In Hong Kong, when crossing Victoria Harbour between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon/New Kowloon, most drivers and businesses prefer the much cheaper, and older, Cross-Harbour Tunnel (XHT), to the Western Harbour Crossing. The toll differences are particularly significant for lorries, coaches and buses. The government has proposed a subsidy to users of a third tunnel, the Eastern Harbour Crossing, to relieve the congestion through the XHT and around both ends of the XHT. The proposal of increasing the Cross Harbour Tunnel's prices and lowering that of the Eastern Harbour Crossing has yet to be put into practise.A similar phenomenon exists with the Lion Rock Tunnel between Sha Tin New Town (and the rest of the eastern and northeastern New Territories) and New Kowloon. Most users prefer Lion Rock Tunnel to the Tate's Cairn Tunnel or Shing Mun Tunnels, or the Eagle's Nest-Sha Tin Heights Tunnels as the new tunnels are longer and more expensive. However, this problem is not as serious as the tunnels connecting Hong Kong Island and Kowloon.","title":"In Hong Kong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stan Shunpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Shunpike"},{"link_name":"Knight Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bus"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The term \"shunpiking\" inspired the name of Stan Shunpike, the Knight Bus conductor in the Harry Potter stories.[citation needed]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-939009-10-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939009-10-2"}],"text":"Exton, Peter. A Shunpiker's Guide to the Northeast: Washington to Boston without turnpikes or interstates / Peter Exton. McLean, VA: EPM Publications, c1988. 159 p. ill.; 22 cm. ISBN 0-939009-10-2","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"Fare evasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fare_evasion"},{"title":"Rat running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_running"},{"title":"Road space rationing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_space_rationing"},{"title":"Ontario Highway 407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_407"}]
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[{"reference":"\"How slots revenue would break down\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090216100824/http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/consuminginterests/blog/2009/01/avoiding_the_delaware_tolls_wi.html","url_text":"\"How slots revenue would break down\""},{"url":"http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/consuminginterests/blog/2009/01/avoiding_the_delaware_tolls_wi.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oversize / Overweight Permit System - Delaware Department of Transportation - State of Delaware\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deldot.gov/osow/application/permrestrictions","url_text":"\"Oversize / Overweight Permit System - Delaware Department of Transportation - State of Delaware\""}]},{"reference":"\"People aren't using Kentucky's new $1.3 billion bridge and highway system\". The Architect’s Newspaper. 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2021-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archpaper.com/2018/11/ohio-bridges-project-louisville-kentucky/","url_text":"\"People aren't using Kentucky's new $1.3 billion bridge and highway system\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Driving Directions\". Google Maps. Retrieved March 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/39.7078271,-78.1826164/I-70,+Washington,+PA+15301/@39.7074765,-79.3309917,292884m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m10!4m9!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x8835ac5c48680729:0x5c22bc5752f830de!2m2!1d-80.2128246!2d40.1736102!3e0!5i2","url_text":"\"Google Driving Directions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article 9\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235348/http://www.hinchberger.com/article10.htm","url_text":"\"Article 9\""},{"url":"http://www.hinchberger.com/article10.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Midland Trail National Scenic Byway\". Almost Heaven - West Virginia. Retrieved 2023-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://wvtourism.com/company/midland-trail-national-scenic-highway/","url_text":"\"Midland Trail National Scenic Byway\""}]},{"reference":"Box 246, Mailing Address: P. O.; Jean, 104 Main Street Glen; Us, WV 25846 Phone: 304-465-0508 Contact. \"Directions & Transportation - New River Gorge National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/neri/planyourvisit/directions.htm","url_text":"\"Directions & Transportation - New River Gorge National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portion of Kanawha Turnpike to close overnight as part of Jefferson Road project\". transportation.wv.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://transportation.wv.gov/communications/PressRelease/Pages/Portion_of_Kanawha_Turnpike_to_close_overnight_as_part_of_Jefferson_Road_project.aspx","url_text":"\"Portion of Kanawha Turnpike to close overnight as part of Jefferson Road project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Severn bridges: M4 Severn crossing reopens toll free\". BBC News Online. 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2020-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-46539184","url_text":"\"Severn bridges: M4 Severn crossing reopens toll free\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serostatus
|
Serostatus
|
["1 HIV/AIDS","2 Autoimmune disease","3 See also","4 References"]
|
Presence of a marker in blood
Serostatus refers to the presence or absence of a serological marker in the blood. The presence of detectable levels of a specific marker within the serum is considered seropositivity, while the absence of such levels is considered seronegativity.
HIV/AIDS
The term serostatus is commonly used in HIV/AIDS prevention efforts. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, social advocacy has emphasized the importance of learning one's HIV/AIDS serostatus in an effort to curtail the spread of the disease.
Autoimmune disease
Researchers have investigated the effects of autoantibody serostatus on autoimmune disease presentation. Study of seronegative patient populations has led to the identification of additional autoantibodies that could potentially help with diagnosis.
See also
Seroconversion
Correlates of immunity
References
^ Janssen RS, Holtgrave DR, Valdiserri RO, et al. (July 2001). "The Serostatus Approach to Fighting the HIV Epidemic: prevention strategies for infected individuals". American Journal of Public Health. 91 (7). American Public Health Association: 1019–1024. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.7.1019. ISSN 1541-0048. PMC 1446705. PMID 11441723.
^ Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Wildemann B, et al. (January 2012). "Contrasting disease patterns in seropositive and seronegative neuromyelitis optica: A multicentre study of 175 patients". Journal of Neuroinflammation. 9 (1). BioMed Central: 14. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-14. PMC 3283476. PMID 22260418.
^ Ajeganova S, Huizinga TW (November 2014). "Rheumatoid arthritis: Seronegative and seropositive RA: alike but different?". Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 11 (1). Nature Publishing Group: 8–9. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2014.194. ISSN 1759-4804. PMID 25403158. S2CID 1405551.
^ Balasubramanian G, Sugumar A, Smyrk TC, et al. (2012). "Demystifying seronegative autoimmune pancreatitis". Pancreatology. 12 (4). Elsevier: 289–294. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2012.05.003. PMID 22898628.
^ Somers K, Geusens P, Elewaut D, et al. (February 2011). "Novel autoantibody markers for early and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis". Journal of Autoimmunity. 36 (1). Elsevier: 33–46. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2010.10.003. ISSN 0896-8411. PMID 21071175.
^ Pevzner A, Schoser B, Peters K, et al. (August 2011). "Anti-LRP4 autoantibodies in AChR- and MuSK-antibody-negative myasthenia gravis" (PDF). Journal of Neurology. 259 (3). Springer-Verlag: 427–435. doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6194-7. ISSN 1432-1459. PMID 21814823. S2CID 13125248.
vteHIV/AIDS topicsHIV
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"serological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serological"},{"link_name":"serum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_(blood)"}],"text":"Serostatus refers to the presence or absence of a serological marker in the blood. The presence of detectable levels of a specific marker within the serum is considered seropositivity, while the absence of such levels is considered seronegativity.","title":"Serostatus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAFE-1"}],"text":"The term serostatus is commonly used in HIV/AIDS prevention efforts. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, social advocacy has emphasized the importance of learning one's HIV/AIDS serostatus in an effort to curtail the spread of the disease.[1]","title":"HIV/AIDS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neuromyelitis-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rheumatoid-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pancreatitis-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novel-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myasthenia-6"}],"text":"Researchers have investigated the effects of autoantibody serostatus on autoimmune disease presentation.[2][3][4] Study of seronegative patient populations has led to the identification of additional autoantibodies that could potentially help with diagnosis.[5][6]","title":"Autoimmune disease"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Seroconversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seroconversion"},{"title":"Correlates of immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlates_of_immunity"}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Arts_Entertainment
|
Pacific Arts Corporation
|
["1 History","2 Movie production","3 Video distribution","3.1 PAC/PBS lawsuit","4 Videoranch and Videoranch3D","5 Publishing","6 Recent history","7 References","8 External links"]
|
American media company
Pacific Arts CorporationPacific Arts Corporation logo c. 1981Company typePrivateIndustryMedia and contentFounded1974HeadquartersMonterey, California, U.S.Key peopleMichael Nesmith, ownerHoward Leitner, accountantVictoria Kennedy, corporate secretaryProductsDistribution and management of media properties; managing partner of Videoranch LLC; 3D online Environments; Live content into virtual environmentsOwnerMichael NesmithSubsidiariesThe Pacific Arts Corporation, Inc., Pacific Arts, Pacific Arts Audio, Pacific Arts Entertainment, Pacific Arts Video, Rio Records, Zoomo Productions, Inc.Websitevideoranch.com
The Pacific Arts Corporation, Inc. is a company formed by Michael Nesmith circa 1974 to manage and develop media projects.
History
Further information: Michael Nesmith
Pacific Arts Corporation, Inc. began as Pacific Arts Productions, Inc. when incorporated on October 18, 1974, as a California corporation by Michael Nesmith (incorporated by Nesmith's accountant, Howard Leitner of Leitner, Zander, Sniderman & Co., Los Angeles). The first product released under Pacific Arts Productions was under the subsidy of the Pacific Arts Records label in September 1974 of Nesmith's own concept album, The Prison.
Between 1974 and 1981, Pacific Arts Productions created a large library of various musical artists and built its own independent record distribution system. Nesmith considered Pacific Arts an umbrella corporation over two major divisions: TV and records. It was during this time that Nesmith began to develop music videos, produce PopClips (the predecessor for MTV), and ideas for a non-theatrical home video business.
In 1981, Pacific Arts Productions, Inc. changed its name to The Pacific Arts Corporation, Inc. (PAC) PAC was then structured to oversee various anticipated subsidiaries for managing different types of media which included Pacific Arts Records. There have been several Pacific Arts subsidiaries over the years, including, but not limited to, Pacific Arts Productions, Inc., Pacific Arts Pictures (merged out), Pacific Arts Publishing (merged out), and Pacific Arts Audio Inc. (dissolved).
Following the creation of PAC in 1981, Pacific Arts Video (a subsidiary of PAC) released the home video Elephant Parts, a long-form video featuring various comedy skits and music videos. Elephant Parts was an early home video available to consumers and would win the first Grammy Award for a music video. Koyaanisqatsi (1983) was among the titles they distributed.
In 1992, Pacific Arts began releasing promotional material on the then-upcoming video, Michael Nesmith Live at the Britt Festival. With the release, Nesmith alludes to the growing number of subsidiaries, listing the distribution of the video as a Pacific Arts subsidiary named "One of the Nesmith Enterprises". On the release of Nesmith's album The Garden in 1994, he introduced his current record company, Rio Records. PAC is the managing partner of Videoranch, LLC which was established in 2007 as a Delaware LLC. Videoranch LLC is the operating entity for Videoranch.com and Videoranch3d.com.
Movie production
Following the success of Elephant Parts, Pacific Arts focused its attention on producing full-length motion pictures. Pacific Arts first major motion picture produced was the 1982 film, Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann. The film Repo Man was released in 1984, for Michael Nesmith served as executive producer under the (still active) subsidy, Zoomo Productions, Inc.
The last major motion picture Pacific Arts produced was the 1988 film Tapeheads. Following the release of Tapeheads, Pacific Arts would turn its attention to home video and (at the turn of the century) the internet.
Video distribution
Throughout the 1980s, Pacific Arts had acquired (at the time) the largest catalog of non-theatrical video titles in the world and set up its own independent distribution system. By 1987, former Pacific Arts Video Distribution (a.k.a. Pacific Arts Video Classics) president Robert Fread had quit, who had been at the video arm since the early 1980s, and he would be replaced as president by George Steele, who had been at the home video arm since 1984, and when owner Michael Nesmith was soliciting bids for a sale portion of the Pacific Arts video arm, which involved lawyers were Paramount Home Video and Nelson Entertainment.
PAC/PBS lawsuit
In 1990, Pacific Arts secured a contract with PBS to distribute the PBS video catalog under the PBS Home Video banner. However, in the early 1990s, Pacific Arts and PBS went through a series of serious disagreements. Lawsuits were filed: by Nesmith and Pacific Arts against PBS for breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation (fraud), intentional concealment (fraud), negligent misrepresentation, and interference with contract; and by PBS against Nesmith and Pacific Arts for lost royalties. The lawsuits escalated in 1994 and 1995 into major litigation between the parties over these rights and payments. PBS and Nesmith and Pacific Arts vigorously prosecuted these multimillion-dollar counter-suits.
The six plaintiffs included PBS, including WGBH in signings, WNET in signings, American Documentaries and Radio Pioneers Film Project (production companies owned by producer Ken Burns), and the Children's Television Workshop. They sought approximately $5 million in disputed royalties, advances, guarantees, and license fees for programs and the use of the PBS logo from the defendants Pacific Arts and Nesmith.
Due to the cost of the litigation, Pacific Arts was forced to cease distribution operations, and suspended the use of the PBS logo on the Pacific Arts videos. Though Pacific Arts distribution system had ceased operating, the various plaintiffs were counting on capturing a personal financial guarantee Nesmith had made to PBS in the original PBS deal in 1990.
The cases went to jury trial in Federal Court in Los Angeles in February 1999.
By the end of the trial, the judge and jury were leaning toward Nesmith's (Pacific Arts) counterclaims. Henry Gradstein, lead attorney for Nesmith, contended in a brief that the company's video rights were worth enough for it to have paid off any proper debts to the producers. But, he said, PBS had concocted a "dastardly scheme, which was played out with military precision, to strip Pacific Arts of its assets by inducing Pacific Arts not to file bankruptcy, by lulling it into a sense of security while it organized a mass termination of Pacific Arts' licenses."
After three days of deliberation, the nine-person jury unanimously agreed with Gradstein and found PBS liable for breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation (fraud), intentional concealment (fraud), negligent misrepresentation, and interference with contract. The court awarded Pacific Arts $14,625,000 for loss of its rights library, plus $29,250,000 in punitive damages. The jury awarded $3 million to Nesmith personally, including $2 million in punitive damages for a total award to Nesmith and Pacific Arts of $48,875,000. The jury resolved the outstanding license fee issues by ordering Pacific Arts and Nesmith to pay approximately $1.2 million to American Documentaries for The Civil War, about $230,000 to WGBH, and $150,000 to WNET.
Following the ruling, Nesmith expressed his personal disappointment with PBS and was quoted by BBC News as stating "It's like finding your grandmother stealing your stereo. You're happy to get your stereo back, but it's sad to find out your grandmother is a thief."
After the judgment against PBS, Nesmith told Entertainment Weekly, "I may not get back in business at all. If you can't trust PBS, who can you trust?"
Six months after the verdict, a settlement was reached with the amount paid to Pacific Arts and Nesmith kept confidential.
Videoranch and Videoranch3D
In 1995, Pacific Arts opened Videoranch, which hosted several multimedia projects, including video and audio clips from various albums and video productions it owned or licensed. In 1998, Videoranch began the second-phase of multimedia via the internet by launching Videoranch 3D (VR3D), a 3-D virtual world as a test bed for technologies which could deliver live content into virtual environments. VR3D is a virtual world that is the most active of the Pacific Arts enterprises.
In 2004, Nesmith developed a process for seamlessly embedding live video in virtual worlds and a companion production technique that allowed live performers to interact in real time with a virtual audience. Nesmith has two patents pending for these processes which were filed in 2007 .
Videoranch3D began a series of trial productions in 2006 which consisted mostly of live music concerts. In addition, there have been and are ongoing seminars, book signings, and professional musician clinics.
Pacific Arts has produced hundreds of live performances in the virtual world of Videoranch3D, including shows with Nesmith performing
Publishing
To continue developing the multimedia platform, Pacific Arts published the audiobook of Nesmith's first novel, The Long Sandy Hair of Neftoon Zamora. The book was published and distributed by St. Martin's Press. The unabridged reading of the novel was released on a six-CD set by Pacific Arts and was sublicensed for direct download to Audible.com.
In June 2009, Pacific Arts began a serialized release of Nesmith's second novel, The America Gene. A free sample and the first chapter were released for preview and a purchased download, respectively. Plans call for the release of one chapter of the book online per week for sixteen weeks. After its release, Nesmith holds a "live reading" of each chapter of the book in the Videoranch3D virtual world.
In June 2009, Videoranch began selling a serialized version of Nesmith's novel, The America Gene, beginning one chapter at a time. The 16-chapter novel has been released in its entirety and is available for purchase at the Videoranch online store. Unlike the Pacific Arts release of Nesmith's first book, The Long Sandy Hair of Neftoon Zamora, which was released as a printed novel, The America Gene is only available electronically.
Recent history
Re-releases of the Michael Nesmith Pacific Arts' catalog (both music and videos) for UK and Europe were licensed to Demon Music Group.
In January 2007, Pacific Arts built a special production stage in Sand City, California for producing live performances and delivering them into virtual worlds. The live performances are delivered over the internet and seamlessly embedded into a fully multiplexed 3D environment. The first of these environments is Videoranch3D.
In February 2009, Videoranch released a 6-minute song entitled "Helen's Eternal Birthday". The single track was released exclusively through Videoranch as a test of its download sales. Following the test, the Videoranch download sales site was made operational with most of the Videoranch software catalog available for purchase and download delivery. In 2010, a first revision to "Helen’s Eternal Birthday" resulted in it being re-titled as "January." Nesmith had suggested that he would continue to release songs on the Videoranch website in various states of completion while updating those songs as he feels compelled, thus making the listener a part of each musical journey. This sense of audience inclusion in an entertainment enterprise was a recurring theme in this phase of Nesmith's career, the roots of which may be found in Nesmith's first Pacific Arts album “The Prison”, released in 1974. The audience reads a companion book while listening to this album to provide a unique aural experience for each audience member.
References
^ California Secretary of State, Entity #C0724516, October 18, 1974
^ Forrest, Rick, "Label Video Departments Begin Evolution from Promotion to Production", Billboard Magazine, November 22, 1980
^ California Secretary of State, Business Entity #C1047466, Date Filed: 06/23/1981
^ California Secretary of State, Business Entities of Michael Nesmith, Howard Leitner, et al.
^ Pacific Arts Advertisement, Billboard Magazine, August 15, 1992
^ State of Delaware, Division of Corporations, File Number 4310753, Incorporation Date 03/14/2007.
^ "Pacific Arts Video Names Steele Prez". Variety. 1987-11-04. p. 32.
^ "Current.org | PBS and producers sue video distributor, 1995". Archived from the original on 2008-07-15. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
^ Current, July 19, 1999
^ Mifflin, Lawrie (February 3, 1999). "Jury Rules That PBS Must Pay Video Distributor $47 Million". New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ "Hey, hey, it's a Monkee victory". BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
^ Chris Willman; Troy Patterson (1999-02-19). "Fast Forward". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
^ Wold, Robert N. (July 19, 1999). "PBS and Nesmith settle home-video dispute but are mum on price". Current. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
^ "Nesmith recorded Videoranch3d in Austin", Laws, Amanda, MonkeeGirl.com, December 22, 2010
External links
Videoranch (Nesmith's primary website, a Pacific Arts subsidiary)
Nesmith's Demon Music Group Page
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nesmith"}],"text":"The Pacific Arts Corporation, Inc. is a company formed by Michael Nesmith circa 1974 to manage and develop media projects.","title":"Pacific Arts Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prison_-_A_Book_with_a_Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"PopClips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopClips"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Elephant Parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_Parts"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for a music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Video_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Koyaanisqatsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyaanisqatsi"},{"link_name":"Michael Nesmith Live at the Britt Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Britt_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_(Michael_Nesmith_album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Further information: Michael NesmithPacific Arts Corporation, Inc. began as Pacific Arts Productions, Inc. when incorporated on October 18, 1974, as a California corporation by Michael Nesmith (incorporated by Nesmith's accountant, Howard Leitner of Leitner, Zander, Sniderman & Co., Los Angeles).[1] The first product released under Pacific Arts Productions was under the subsidy of the Pacific Arts Records label in September 1974 of Nesmith's own concept album, The Prison.Between 1974 and 1981, Pacific Arts Productions created a large library of various musical artists and built its own independent record distribution system. Nesmith considered Pacific Arts an umbrella corporation over two major divisions: TV and records. It was during this time that Nesmith began to develop music videos, produce PopClips (the predecessor for MTV), and ideas for a non-theatrical home video business.[2]In 1981, Pacific Arts Productions, Inc. changed its name to The Pacific Arts Corporation, Inc. (PAC)[3] PAC was then structured to oversee various anticipated subsidiaries for managing different types of media which included Pacific Arts Records. There have been several Pacific Arts subsidiaries over the years, including, but not limited to, Pacific Arts Productions, Inc., Pacific Arts Pictures (merged out), Pacific Arts Publishing (merged out), and Pacific Arts Audio Inc. (dissolved).[4]Following the creation of PAC in 1981, Pacific Arts Video (a subsidiary of PAC) released the home video Elephant Parts, a long-form video featuring various comedy skits and music videos. Elephant Parts was an early home video available to consumers and would win the first Grammy Award for a music video. Koyaanisqatsi (1983) was among the titles they distributed.In 1992, Pacific Arts began releasing promotional material on the then-upcoming video, Michael Nesmith Live at the Britt Festival. With the release, Nesmith alludes to the growing number of subsidiaries, listing the distribution of the video as a Pacific Arts subsidiary named \"One of the Nesmith Enterprises\".[5] On the release of Nesmith's album The Garden in 1994, he introduced his current record company, Rio Records. PAC is the managing partner of Videoranch, LLC which was established in 2007 as a Delaware LLC.[6] Videoranch LLC is the operating entity for Videoranch.com and Videoranch3d.com.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elephant Parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_Parts"},{"link_name":"Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timerider:_The_Adventure_of_Lyle_Swann"},{"link_name":"Repo Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repo_Man_(film)"},{"link_name":"Michael Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"Tapeheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapeheads"}],"text":"Following the success of Elephant Parts, Pacific Arts focused its attention on producing full-length motion pictures. Pacific Arts first major motion picture produced was the 1982 film, Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann. The film Repo Man was released in 1984, for Michael Nesmith served as executive producer under the (still active) subsidy, Zoomo Productions, Inc.The last major motion picture Pacific Arts produced was the 1988 film Tapeheads. Following the release of Tapeheads, Pacific Arts would turn its attention to home video and (at the turn of the century) the internet.","title":"Movie production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"Paramount Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Nelson Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Throughout the 1980s, Pacific Arts had acquired (at the time) the largest catalog of non-theatrical video titles in the world and set up its own independent distribution system. By 1987, former Pacific Arts Video Distribution (a.k.a. Pacific Arts Video Classics) president Robert Fread had quit, who had been at the video arm since the early 1980s, and he would be replaced as president by George Steele, who had been at the home video arm since 1984, and when owner Michael Nesmith was soliciting bids for a sale portion of the Pacific Arts video arm, which involved lawyers were Paramount Home Video and Nelson Entertainment.[7]","title":"Video distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"PBS Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_Home_Video"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ken Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Burns"},{"link_name":"Children's Television Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Television_Workshop"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-10"},{"link_name":"The Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civil_War_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"WGBH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH-TV"},{"link_name":"WNET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNET"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"PAC/PBS lawsuit","text":"In 1990, Pacific Arts secured a contract with PBS to distribute the PBS video catalog under the PBS Home Video banner. However, in the early 1990s, Pacific Arts and PBS went through a series of serious disagreements. Lawsuits were filed: by Nesmith and Pacific Arts against PBS for breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation (fraud), intentional concealment (fraud), negligent misrepresentation, and interference with contract; and by PBS against Nesmith and Pacific Arts for lost royalties.[8] The lawsuits escalated in 1994 and 1995 into major litigation between the parties over these rights and payments. PBS and Nesmith and Pacific Arts vigorously prosecuted these multimillion-dollar counter-suits.The six plaintiffs included PBS, including WGBH in signings, WNET in signings, American Documentaries and Radio Pioneers Film Project (production companies owned by producer Ken Burns), and the Children's Television Workshop. They sought approximately $5 million in disputed royalties, advances, guarantees, and license fees for programs and the use of the PBS logo from the defendants Pacific Arts and Nesmith.Due to the cost of the litigation, Pacific Arts was forced to cease distribution operations, and suspended the use of the PBS logo on the Pacific Arts videos.[9] Though Pacific Arts distribution system had ceased operating, the various plaintiffs were counting on capturing a personal financial guarantee Nesmith had made to PBS in the original PBS deal in 1990.The cases went to jury trial in Federal Court in Los Angeles in February 1999.By the end of the trial, the judge and jury were leaning toward Nesmith's (Pacific Arts) counterclaims. Henry Gradstein, lead attorney for Nesmith, contended in a brief that the company's video rights were worth enough for it to have paid off any proper debts to the producers. But, he said, PBS had concocted a \"dastardly scheme, which was played out with military precision, to strip Pacific Arts of its assets by inducing Pacific Arts not to file bankruptcy, by lulling it into a sense of security while it organized a mass termination of Pacific Arts' licenses.\"After three days of deliberation, the nine-person jury unanimously agreed with Gradstein and found PBS liable for breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation (fraud), intentional concealment (fraud), negligent misrepresentation, and interference with contract.[10] The court awarded Pacific Arts $14,625,000 for loss of its rights library, plus $29,250,000 in punitive damages. The jury awarded $3 million to Nesmith personally, including $2 million in punitive damages for a total award to Nesmith and Pacific Arts of $48,875,000. The jury resolved the outstanding license fee issues by ordering Pacific Arts and Nesmith to pay approximately $1.2 million to American Documentaries for The Civil War, about $230,000 to WGBH, and $150,000 to WNET.Following the ruling, Nesmith expressed his personal disappointment with PBS and was quoted by BBC News as stating \"It's like finding your grandmother stealing your stereo. You're happy to get your stereo back, but it's sad to find out your grandmother is a thief.\"[11]After the judgment against PBS, Nesmith told Entertainment Weekly, \"I may not get back in business at all. If you can't trust PBS, who can you trust?\"[12]Six months after the verdict, a settlement was reached with the amount paid to Pacific Arts and Nesmith kept confidential.[13]","title":"Video distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 1995, Pacific Arts opened Videoranch, which hosted several multimedia projects, including video and audio clips from various albums and video productions it owned or licensed. In 1998, Videoranch began the second-phase of multimedia via the internet by launching Videoranch 3D (VR3D), a 3-D virtual world as a test bed for technologies which could deliver live content into virtual environments. VR3D is a virtual world that is the most active of the Pacific Arts enterprises.In 2004, Nesmith developed a process for seamlessly embedding live video in virtual worlds and a companion production technique that allowed live performers to interact in real time with a virtual audience. Nesmith has two patents pending for these processes which were filed in 2007 [citation needed].Videoranch3D began a series of trial productions in 2006 which consisted mostly of live music concerts. In addition, there have been and are ongoing seminars, book signings, and professional musician clinics.Pacific Arts has produced hundreds of live performances in the virtual world of Videoranch3D, including shows with Nesmith performing[14]","title":"Videoranch and Videoranch3D"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"To continue developing the multimedia platform, Pacific Arts published the audiobook of Nesmith's first novel, The Long Sandy Hair of Neftoon Zamora. The book was published and distributed by St. Martin's Press. The unabridged reading of the novel was released on a six-CD set by Pacific Arts and was sublicensed for direct download to Audible.com.In June 2009, Pacific Arts began a serialized release of Nesmith's second novel, The America Gene. A free sample and the first chapter were released for preview and a purchased download, respectively. Plans call for the release of one chapter of the book online per week for sixteen weeks. After its release, Nesmith holds a \"live reading\" of each chapter of the book in the Videoranch3D virtual world.In June 2009, Videoranch began selling a serialized version of Nesmith's novel, The America Gene, beginning one chapter at a time. The 16-chapter novel has been released in its entirety and is available for purchase at the Videoranch online store. Unlike the Pacific Arts release of Nesmith's first book, The Long Sandy Hair of Neftoon Zamora, which was released as a printed novel, The America Gene is only available electronically.","title":"Publishing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"Demon Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Sand City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_City,_California"},{"link_name":"The Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prison:_A_Book_with_a_Soundtrack"}],"text":"Re-releases of the Michael Nesmith Pacific Arts' catalog (both music and videos) for UK and Europe were licensed to Demon Music Group.In January 2007, Pacific Arts built a special production stage in Sand City, California for producing live performances and delivering them into virtual worlds. The live performances are delivered over the internet and seamlessly embedded into a fully multiplexed 3D environment. The first of these environments is Videoranch3D.In February 2009, Videoranch released a 6-minute song entitled \"Helen's Eternal Birthday\". The single track was released exclusively through Videoranch as a test of its download sales. Following the test, the Videoranch download sales site was made operational with most of the Videoranch software catalog available for purchase and download delivery. In 2010, a first revision to \"Helen’s Eternal Birthday\" resulted in it being re-titled as \"January.\" Nesmith had suggested that he would continue to release songs on the Videoranch website in various states of completion while updating those songs as he feels compelled, thus making the listener a part of each musical journey. This sense of audience inclusion in an entertainment enterprise was a recurring theme in this phase of Nesmith's career, the roots of which may be found in Nesmith's first Pacific Arts album “The Prison”, released in 1974. The audience reads a companion book while listening to this album to provide a unique aural experience for each audience member.","title":"Recent history"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Pacific Arts Video Names Steele Prez\". Variety. 1987-11-04. p. 32.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Current.org | PBS and producers sue video distributor, 1995\". Archived from the original on 2008-07-15. Retrieved 2008-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080715114214/http://www.current.org/pbs/pbs503v.html","url_text":"\"Current.org | PBS and producers sue video distributor, 1995\""},{"url":"http://www.current.org/pbs/pbs503v.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mifflin, Lawrie (February 3, 1999). \"Jury Rules That PBS Must Pay Video Distributor $47 Million\". New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/03/business/jury-rules-that-pbs-must-pay-video-distributor-47-million.html","url_text":"\"Jury Rules That PBS Must Pay Video Distributor $47 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Hey, hey, it's a Monkee victory\". BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/271357.stm","url_text":"\"Hey, hey, it's a Monkee victory\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Willman; Troy Patterson (1999-02-19). \"Fast Forward\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2012-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,274554,00.html","url_text":"\"Fast Forward\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Wold, Robert N. (July 19, 1999). \"PBS and Nesmith settle home-video dispute but are mum on price\". Current. Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://current.org/1999/07/pbs-and-nesmith-settle-home-video-dispute-but-are-mum-on-price/?iMonezaUT=b4c50a09-f660-4652-886e-b67f3ecef34c%7c638281963338673821%7c638598187338673821%7coKJD5DuAICLsyi9ymhhPY8FNBh9w3ZdJYN5rxNqsqGo&iMonezaLT=Sp9L3OsJpk5fClAMa5VEPEvxWFcL4t5X#","url_text":"\"PBS and Nesmith settle home-video dispute but are mum on price\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(newspaper)","url_text":"Current"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://videoranch.com/","external_links_name":"videoranch.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080715114214/http://www.current.org/pbs/pbs503v.html","external_links_name":"\"Current.org | PBS and producers sue video distributor, 1995\""},{"Link":"http://www.current.org/pbs/pbs503v.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/03/business/jury-rules-that-pbs-must-pay-video-distributor-47-million.html","external_links_name":"\"Jury Rules That PBS Must Pay Video Distributor $47 Million\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/271357.stm","external_links_name":"\"Hey, hey, it's a Monkee victory\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,274554,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Fast Forward\""},{"Link":"https://current.org/1999/07/pbs-and-nesmith-settle-home-video-dispute-but-are-mum-on-price/?iMonezaUT=b4c50a09-f660-4652-886e-b67f3ecef34c%7c638281963338673821%7c638598187338673821%7coKJD5DuAICLsyi9ymhhPY8FNBh9w3ZdJYN5rxNqsqGo&iMonezaLT=Sp9L3OsJpk5fClAMa5VEPEvxWFcL4t5X#","external_links_name":"\"PBS and Nesmith settle home-video dispute but are mum on price\""},{"Link":"https://www.videoranch3d.com/","external_links_name":"Videoranch"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080926094403/http://www.demonmusicgroup.co.uk/ArtistAZ?Artist=Michael+Nesmith","external_links_name":"Nesmith's Demon Music Group Page"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125781295","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no94022810","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ughurlu_Muhammad
|
Ughurlu Muhammad
|
["1 Battle of Otlukbeli","2 References"]
|
Prince of the Aq Qoyunlu
Ughurlu MuhammadBegUghurlu Muhammed (Hünername, right) seeking the help of Mehmed IIRuler of ShirazReignunknown – 1474Ruler of SivasReign1474 – 1477Died1477ErzincanConsortGevherhan HatunIssueAhmad BegDynastyAq QoyunluFatherUzun HasanMotherJan Khatun
Ughurlu Muhammad Beg or Ughurlu Mehmed (Azerbaijani: Uğurlu Məhəmməd bəy; Persian: اغورلو محم بیگ; Turkish: Uğurlu Mehmed Bey; d. 1477) was a prince of the Aq Qoyunlu, son of Uzun Hassan and Jan Khatun. As the eldest son to Uzun Hasan, he governed the city of Shiraz and desired to be the ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu after the death of his father. Nevertheless, his stepmother Seljuk Shah Khatun, another wife of Uzun Hasan, prevented this. She always slandered Ughurlu Muhammad to Uzun Hasan to favor her own son, Khalil. Afterwards, he rebelled against his father and took refuge to the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed the Conqueror welcomed him and got him married to his daughter Gevherhan Hatun. Ahmad Beg was born from this marriage. Mehmed II gave him Sivas to rule, but was killed near Erzincan in the year 1477.
Battle of Otlukbeli
Main article: Battle of Otlukbeli
Ughurlu Muhammad commanded the left wing of the Aq Qoyunlu army. He prevented Şehzade Bayezid's attacks, where he fiercely defended a stream between the Ottomans and his troops and prevented Şehzade Bayezid from crossing their side. Later, when he heard that his father had escaped and his brother was killed, he also withdrew from the battlefield.
References
^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 4. Brill. 1975. p. 588.
^ Kazım Paydaş (2004). "The Aq-Qoyunlu Ahmed Beg and His Efforts to Apply The Ottoman Administrative System In The Aq-Qoyunlu State". Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi. 23 (36): 205.
^ Christopher Markiewicz (2019). The Crisis of Kingship in Late Medieval Islam. p. 62.
^ Archeion Pontou (in French). Vol. 34. 1977. p. 86.
^ Erhan Afyoncu (1988–2016). "OTLUKBELİ SAVAŞI Osmanlılar'la Akkoyunlular arasında 1473'te yapılan meydan savaşı.". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
This Ottoman biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Aq Qoyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu"},{"link_name":"Uzun Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzun_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Shiraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz"},{"link_name":"Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan-Khalil"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mehmed the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Gevherhan Hatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevherhan_Hatun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Beg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Beg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ughurlu Muhammad Beg or Ughurlu Mehmed[1] (Azerbaijani: Uğurlu Məhəmməd bəy; Persian: اغورلو محم بیگ; Turkish: Uğurlu Mehmed Bey; d. 1477) was a prince of the Aq Qoyunlu, son of Uzun Hassan and Jan Khatun. As the eldest son to Uzun Hasan, he governed the city of Shiraz and desired to be the ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu after the death of his father. Nevertheless, his stepmother Seljuk Shah Khatun, another wife of Uzun Hasan, prevented this. She always slandered Ughurlu Muhammad to Uzun Hasan to favor her own son, Khalil. Afterwards, he rebelled against his father and took refuge to the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed the Conqueror welcomed him and got him married to his daughter Gevherhan Hatun.[2] Ahmad Beg was born from this marriage.[3] Mehmed II gave him Sivas to rule, but was killed near Erzincan in the year 1477.[4]","title":"Ughurlu Muhammad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Şehzade Bayezid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ughurlu Muhammad commanded the left wing of the Aq Qoyunlu army. He prevented Şehzade Bayezid's attacks, where he fiercely defended a stream between the Ottomans and his troops and prevented Şehzade Bayezid from crossing their side. Later, when he heard that his father had escaped and his brother was killed, he also withdrew from the battlefield.[5]","title":"Battle of Otlukbeli"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 4. Brill. 1975. p. 588.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kazım Paydaş (2004). \"The Aq-Qoyunlu Ahmed Beg and His Efforts to Apply The Ottoman Administrative System In The Aq-Qoyunlu State\". Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi. 23 (36): 205.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Christopher Markiewicz (2019). The Crisis of Kingship in Late Medieval Islam. p. 62.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Archeion Pontou (in French). Vol. 34. 1977. p. 86.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Erhan Afyoncu (1988–2016). \"OTLUKBELİ SAVAŞI Osmanlılar'la Akkoyunlular arasında 1473'te yapılan meydan savaşı.\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/otlukbeli-savasi","url_text":"\"OTLUKBELİ SAVAŞI Osmanlılar'la Akkoyunlular arasında 1473'te yapılan meydan savaşı.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDV_Encyclopedia_of_Islam","url_text":"TDV Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs","url_text":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/otlukbeli-savasi","external_links_name":"\"OTLUKBELİ SAVAŞI Osmanlılar'la Akkoyunlular arasında 1473'te yapılan meydan savaşı.\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ughurlu_Muhammad&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup_9s
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Rugby League World Cup 9s
|
["1 Results","2 See also","3 References"]
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Rugby league 9s competition
Rugby League World Cup 9sCurrent season or competition: 2019 Rugby League World Cup 9sSportRugby leagueInaugural season2019Number of teams12 (Men)4 (Women)RegionInternational (IRL)Related competitionRugby League World Cup
The Rugby League World Cup 9s is an international rugby league tournament played in the rugby league nines format of the sport. The competition was intended to be held every four years.
The inaugural World Cup 9s took place on 18 and 19 October 2019 at the Bankwest Stadium in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The women's competition was won by the New Zealand Kiwi Ferns and the men's competition by the hosts, Australia. The 2023 tournament, which was due to be held in Australia, was cancelled.
Results
Year
Host(s)
Men
Women
Final
Losing semi finalists
Teams
Final
Teams
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Winner
Score
Runner-up
2019
Sydney
Australia
24–10
New Zealand
England
Samoa
12
New Zealand
17–15
Australia
4
2023
Cancelled
See also
Rugby league nines
Rugby League World Cup
References
^ "Western Sydney Stadium to host Rugby League's inaugural Nines World Cup in 2019". Sporting News. 30 November 2018.
^ "World Cup Nines: Australia win men's title, while New Zealand claim women's crown". BBC Sport. 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
^ "Rugby League World Cup 9s". International Rugby League. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
vteRugby League World Cup 9s
2019
Men's
Women's
Squads
vteWorld cups
List of world cups
Team
Association football
men
men's club
women
women's club
ConIFA
Athletics
Continental
Australian rules football
Badminton
men
women
mixed
Baseball
men
women
Basketball
men
women
Beach soccer
Boxing
Bull riding
Cricket
Test
men ODI
men Twenty20
women ODI
women Twenty20
indoor
Darts
PDC
WDF
Fencing
Field hockey
men
women
Futsal
FIFA men
FIFA women
AMF men
AMF women
Golf
men
women
Ice hockey
Lacrosse
women
Para Ice Hockey
Men
Women
Pesäpallo
Pitch and putt
Pool (nine-ball)
Quidditch/Quadball
Roll ball
Motorsport
auto racing
motocross
speedway
trial
Roller derby
men
women
Rowing
Rugby league
men
women
nines
wheelchair
Rugby union
men
women
sevens
Sepaktakraw
Snooker
Softball
men
women
Taekwondo
Tennis
men
women
mixed
Touch football
Volleyball
men
women
Water polo
men
women
Wrestling
teams
clubs
Individual
Archery
Bowling
Ten-pin bowling
Nine-pin bowling classic
Canoe slalom
Wildwater canoeing
Chess
Cyclo-cross
Diving
Equestrian dressage
Fencing
Gymnastics
artistic
rhythmic
Mountain bike racing
Orienteering
Paralympic
summer
winter
Road bicycle racing
men
women
Sailing
Show jumping
Sport shooting
Swimming
Table tennis
Track cycling
Triathlon
Weightlifting
Wushu
Taolu
Sanda
Winter sports
Biathlon
Curling
Skiing
Alpine
Cross-country
Freestyle
ski cross
Nordic combined
Ski jumping
ski flying
Snowboarding
Ski mountaineering
Ski orienteering
Sledding
Bobsleigh
Luge
Skeleton
Speed skating
Short track
See also: World championships
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Rugby league nines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_nines"},{"title":"Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Western Sydney Stadium to host Rugby League's inaugural Nines World Cup in 2019\". Sporting News. 30 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportingnews.com/au/league/news/rugby-league-nines-world-cup-2019-federation-western-sydney-stadium/9o53bfq5h7fl117uzsryo98q6","url_text":"\"Western Sydney Stadium to host Rugby League's inaugural Nines World Cup in 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Cup Nines: Australia win men's title, while New Zealand claim women's crown\". BBC Sport. 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/50088018","url_text":"\"World Cup Nines: Australia win men's title, while New Zealand claim women's crown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby League World Cup 9s\". International Rugby League. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.intrl.sport/competitions/rugby-league-world-cup-9s/","url_text":"\"Rugby League World Cup 9s\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.sportingnews.com/au/league/news/rugby-league-nines-world-cup-2019-federation-western-sydney-stadium/9o53bfq5h7fl117uzsryo98q6","external_links_name":"\"Western Sydney Stadium to host Rugby League's inaugural Nines World Cup in 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/50088018","external_links_name":"\"World Cup Nines: Australia win men's title, while New Zealand claim women's crown\""},{"Link":"https://www.intrl.sport/competitions/rugby-league-world-cup-9s/","external_links_name":"\"Rugby League World Cup 9s\""}]
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