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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_colours_of_Canada	National colours of Canada	["1 History","2 Reproduction","3 Uses","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	Part of a series on theCulture of Canada History Canadians Ethnicity Folklore Free expression Identity Immigration Holidays Languages Multiculturalism Symbols Royal Protectionism Women Values Topics Architecture Art Comics Quebec Crime Cuisine Festivals Humour Law Literature Media Cinema Television Radio Newspapers Internet Video games Music Peacekeeping Politics Religion Sports Theatre Research Bibliography HistoriographyHistorians Surveys Canada portalvte The national colours of Canada (French: Couleurs nationales du Canada) are red and white, the former being symbolic of England and the latter of France, the colours having been used representatively by those countries in the past. The maple is one of the national symbols and red is both the first leaf colour after spring budding and the autumn colour of maple leaves. The colours are most prominently evident on the national flag of Canada and it has been said they were declared the country's official colours when King George V proclaimed his Canadian coat of arms in 1921. However, there is no mention of national colours in the proclamation. Similarly, the creation of Queen Elizabeth II's royal standard in 1962 is also considered to be when red and white were unofficially set as the national colours. History Canada's national colours can trace their history to the First Crusade of the 11th century, during which Norman nobleman Bohemond I of Antioch distributed red crosses to the crusaders he led, so that they could affix them to their clothing "as a distinguishing mark". Thereafter, nations were identified by the colour of their cross and, in particular, England used a white cross on a red background and France a red cross on white. Eventually, France and England agreed to exchange their colours, and St George's Cross was adopted as an emblem of England. This was the flag used by John Cabot when he landed on the island of Newfoundland on his second voyage in 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. The two nations would eventually explore North America, where each claimed territory. The arms of Canada. On the left is the version from 1923, with green maple leaves on a white background in the shield. On the right, a modified version from 1957 with red maple leaves on a white background in the shield. The proclamation of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada by King George V on 21 November 1921 has been considered the moment when red and white became Canada's official colours. The idea of the coat of arms determining the country's official colours was expressed as far back as 1918, when Eugène Fiset argued "red suggested Britishness, military sacrifice, and autumn splendour. White evoked Canadian winters." An unnamed member of the committee designing the coat of arms in 1920 stated, "the colours of the shield will become the national colours of the Dominion the red maple leaf has been used in service flags to denote men who have sacrificed their lives for the country The case for white is that it contains an allusion to snow, which is characteristic of our climate and our landscape in certain seasons." The proclamation, however, gave a blazon of "a royal helmet mantled argent doubled gules" and "a wreath of the colours argent and gules", in which argent refers to the colour white, or silver, and gules to red; tinctures used in blazoning a coat of arms. The proclamation does not say anything specifically about national colours and accepts both green and red as colours for the maple leaves, with a blazon of "three maple leaves conjoined on one stem proper"; proper means in the natural colour of the leaves. The committee first incorporated Fiset's red maple leaves on a white background, as well as a red-and-white wreath on top of the shield. But the final decision was to make the leaves green, adhering to Joseph Pope's preference. That remained their colour until 1957, when the leaves on the shield were modified to red "in recognition of Canada's official colours". The royal standard of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, from 1961 to 2022 Canadian historian Archer Fortescue Duguid claimed in the 1940s that the King had selected red and white because those were the colours of the wreath and mantling on the coat of arms. Forrest Pass, a curator at Library and Archives Canada, determined there is no record of either the King or the committee giving much importance to the mantling. Regardless, Duguid's claim about the King selecting the colours stuck and heavily influenced the choice of colours for the national flag in 1964. Nathan Tidridge argued that it was the creation of the royal standard of Queen Elizabeth II in 1961 that set red and white as the national colours. The banner's registration with the Canadian Heraldic Authority also does not mention either national colours or the colours red or white. Reproduction For the Federal Identity Program operated by the Treasury Board Secretariat, official and signage colours are specified in technical specification T-145. The red colour is named FIP red and represented by the hexadecimal triplet FF0000, the 8-bit per channel RGB value (255,0,0), the CMYK colour (0,100,100,0), or the Pantone Colour Matching System colour Pantone 032. White is represented by CMYK colour white (255,255,255) and hexadecimal FFFFFF and the de facto national colour, black, is represented as CMYK colour black; six more colours are defined for use by the government. A second red colour, known as safety red, is also specified, but, not used for official symbols; it is represented by the hexadecimal triplet E8112D, RGB value (230,15,45), CMYK colour (0,90,75,0), or Pantone colour 185. Uses The Flag of Canada consists of elements using only the national colours. The national flag uses the national colours. Its red-white-red pattern is derived from the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada and the Canada General Service Medal of 1899. The national colours are used in federal government branding as part of the Federal Identity Program. This includes the use of the Canadian flag in the Canada wordmark, the "global identifier of the Government of Canada" specified in technical specification T-130. The Canadian Forces' Decoration ribbon consists of four red bars separated by equally spaced thin white lines. The Canada Medal instituted on 14 October 1943 was specified to have a ribbon in the national colours, which was the same ribbon used for the Canada General Service Medal. The ill-fated medal was never awarded, and was abolished in 1966 with the introduction of the Order of Canada, which also has a red and white ribbon. The Canadian men's national ice hockey team wearing jerseys that feature the national colours of Canada The Toronto Blue Jays, a franchise in Major League Baseball, honour Canada Day by wearing an alternate jersey instead of the team's usual uniform. In the 1990s, the team would wear red baseball caps, or a red uniform. In 2012, the team wore a red uniform with white lettering. The Canadian national colours and the de facto third colour, black, are used prominently by ice hockey teams representing the nation, including the men's ice hockey team, men's junior ice hockey team, men's under-18 ice hockey team, men's ice sledge hockey team, men's inline hockey team, women's ice hockey team, and women's under-18 ice hockey team. The logo of Hockey Canada, the national governing body for ice hockey in Canada, is red, white, and black; though, their specifications are different from those of the national colours. See also Canadian royal symbols Notes ^ a b Canadian Heritage: National Colours - Red and White 2009. ^ a b c Canadian Heritage: The arms of Canada 2009. ^ a b c d e f Canadian Heritage:Official symbols of Canada 2009. ^ Canadian Heritage: You were asking... 2009. ^ a b c d e Pass, Forrest (21 November 2021), Five Myths about the Arms of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, retrieved 1 April 2023 ^ a b Tidridge 2011, p. 222. ^ a b McCreery 2005, p. 73. ^ Canadian Heraldic Authority (15 March 2005), Queen Elizabeth II, King's Printer for Canada, retrieved 19 November 2023 ^ a b c d Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: Colour Values 2012. ^ Industry Canada 2009. ^ Montgomery 2013. ^ Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: Canada Wordmark 2012. ^ Department of National Defence 2004. ^ Veterans Affairs Canada 2013. ^ McCreery 2008. ^ Creamer. ^ CNN Sports Illustrated 1999. ^ Creamer 2005. ^ Creamer 2012. ^ Hockey Canada. References Cochrane, John; Elliott, Stuart (1998). Military Aircraft Insignia of the World. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1853108731. Creamer, Chris (29 September 2005). "1996 Special Event Uniform". Toronto Blue Jays Uniform. Chris Creamer Properties. Retrieved 2013-03-17. Creamer, Chris. "Toronto Blue Jays Logos". Chris Creamer Properties. Retrieved 2013-03-17. Creamer, Chris (23 June 2012). "Toronto Blue Jays Unveil 2012 Canada Day Jerseys". Chris Creamer Properties. Retrieved 2013-03-17. McCreery, Christopher (2005). The Order of Canada: Its origins, history, and development (2 ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802039405. McCreery, Christopher (19 June 2008). "The Canadian Forces' Decoration". Department of National Defence. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2013-03-21. Montgomery, Marc (14 February 2013). "Canada's National Flag Day". Retrieved 2013-03-17. Tidridge, Nathan (2011). Thompson, Allister (ed.). Canada's Constitutional Monarchy. Dundurn Press. ISBN 9781554889808. "Official symbols of Canada". Canadian Heritage. 21 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Retrieved 2013-03-17. "The arms of Canada". Canadian Heritage. 21 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 2013-03-17. "You were asking..." Canadian Heritage. 21 March 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-17. "National Colours - Red and White". Canadian Heritage. 21 March 2009. Retrieved 2013-03-17. "AL Recap (Baltimore-Toronto)". CNN Sports Illustrated. Time Warner. Ticker. 1 July 1999. Retrieved 2013-03-17. "Canadian Forces' Decoration (CD)". Canadian Honours Chart. Department of National Defence. 9 November 2004. Archived from the original on 2013-03-21. Retrieved 2013-03-17. "Hockey Canada Logo". Hockey Canada. Retrieved 2013-03-17. "Government of Canada FIP Signature". Industry Canada. 23 July 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-17. "Celebrate Canada Day with Canada's Team". MLB Advanced Media. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 2013-03-17. "Colour Values". Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-17. "Canada Wordmark". Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-17. "War Medals (1866-1918) - Canada General Service Medal (1866-1870)". Veterans Affairs Canada. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-21. External links Canada's National Symbols - excerpt from The Flags of Canada by Alistair B. Fraser vteNational colours Australia States Canada Czech Republic Germany Greece Israel Italy New Zealand Portugal Serbia Ukraine United Kingdom United States States Pan-National Africa Arab Malay Slavic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"symbolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_symbolism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:_National_Colours_-_Red_and_White2009-1"},{"link_name":"maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple"},{"link_name":"national symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"maple leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_leaf"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:_The_arms_of_Canada2009-2"},{"link_name":"flag of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Canadian coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009-3"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II's royal standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada#Former_standards"}],"text":"The national colours of Canada (French: Couleurs nationales du Canada) are red and white, the former being symbolic of England and the latter of France, the colours having been used representatively by those countries in the past.[1] The maple is one of the national symbols and red is both the first leaf colour after spring budding and the autumn colour of maple leaves.[2] The colours are most prominently evident on the national flag of Canada and it has been said they were declared the country's official colours when King George V proclaimed his Canadian coat of arms in 1921.[3] However, there is no mention of national colours in the proclamation. Similarly, the creation of Queen Elizabeth II's royal standard in 1962 is also considered to be when red and white were unofficially set as the national colours.","title":"National colours of Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Bohemond I of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"St George's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"John Cabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cabot"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"Henry VII of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:_You_were_asking...2009-4"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Canada_(1923).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Canada_(1957%E2%80%931994).png"},{"link_name":"proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation"},{"link_name":"Coat of Arms of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009-3"},{"link_name":"Eugène Fiset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Fiset"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAC-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETidridge2011222-6"},{"link_name":"blazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:_The_arms_of_Canada2009-2"},{"link_name":"argent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argent"},{"link_name":"gules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gules"},{"link_name":"tinctures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"blazoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazon"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCreery200573-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAC-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:_The_arms_of_Canada2009-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAC-5"},{"link_name":"Joseph Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pope_(public_servant)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:_National_Colours_-_Red_and_White2009-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Canada_(1962%E2%80%932022).svg"},{"link_name":"royal standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Queen of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Archer Fortescue Duguid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_Fortescue_Duguid"},{"link_name":"Library and Archives Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAC-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAC-5"},{"link_name":"royal standard of Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada#History"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETidridge2011222-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Canada's national colours can trace their history to the First Crusade of the 11th century, during which Norman nobleman Bohemond I of Antioch distributed red crosses to the crusaders he led, so that they could affix them to their clothing \"as a distinguishing mark\".[3] Thereafter, nations were identified by the colour of their cross and, in particular, England used a white cross on a red background and France a red cross on white.[3] Eventually, France and England agreed to exchange their colours,[citation needed] and St George's Cross was adopted as an emblem of England. This was the flag used by John Cabot when he landed on the island of Newfoundland on his second voyage in 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England.[4] The two nations would eventually explore North America, where each claimed territory.The arms of Canada. On the left is the version from 1923, with green maple leaves on a white background in the shield. On the right, a modified version from 1957 with red maple leaves on a white background in the shield.The proclamation of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada by King George V on 21 November 1921 has been considered the moment when red and white became Canada's official colours.[3] The idea of the coat of arms determining the country's official colours was expressed as far back as 1918, when Eugène Fiset argued \"red suggested Britishness, military sacrifice, and autumn splendour. White evoked Canadian winters.\"[5] An unnamed member of the committee designing the coat of arms in 1920 stated, \"the colours of the shield will become the national colours of the Dominion [...] the red maple leaf has been used in service flags to denote men who have sacrificed their lives for the country [...] The case for white is that it contains an allusion to snow, which is characteristic of our climate and our landscape in certain seasons.\"[6] The proclamation, however, gave a blazon of \"a royal helmet mantled argent doubled gules\" and \"a wreath of the colours argent and gules\",[2] in which argent refers to the colour white, or silver, and gules to red; tinctures used in blazoning a coat of arms.[7] The proclamation does not say anything specifically about national colours[5] and accepts both green and red as colours for the maple leaves, with a blazon of \"three maple leaves conjoined on one stem proper\";[2] proper means in the natural colour of the leaves. The committee first incorporated Fiset's red maple leaves on a white background, as well as a red-and-white wreath on top of the shield.[5] But the final decision was to make the leaves green, adhering to Joseph Pope's preference. That remained their colour until 1957, when the leaves on the shield were modified to red \"in recognition of Canada's official colours\".[1]The royal standard of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, from 1961 to 2022Canadian historian Archer Fortescue Duguid claimed in the 1940s that the King had selected red and white because those were the colours of the wreath and mantling on the coat of arms. Forrest Pass, a curator at Library and Archives Canada, determined there is no record of either the King or the committee giving much importance to the mantling.[5] Regardless, Duguid's claim about the King selecting the colours stuck and heavily influenced the choice of colours for the national flag in 1964.[5]Nathan Tidridge argued that it was the creation of the royal standard of Queen Elizabeth II in 1961 that set red and white as the national colours.[6] The banner's registration with the Canadian Heraldic Authority also does not mention either national colours or the colours red or white.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Identity Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Identity_Program"},{"link_name":"Treasury Board Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Board_Secretariat"},{"link_name":"technical specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification_(technical_standard)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat:_Colour_Values2012-9"},{"link_name":"hexadecimal triplet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet"},{"link_name":"channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(digital_image)"},{"link_name":"RGB value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Numeric_representations"},{"link_name":"CMYK colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model"},{"link_name":"Pantone Colour Matching System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantone#Pantone_Color_Matching_System"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat:_Colour_Values2012-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndustry_Canada2009-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat:_Colour_Values2012-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat:_Colour_Values2012-9"}],"text":"For the Federal Identity Program operated by the Treasury Board Secretariat, official and signage colours are specified in technical specification T-145.[9] The red colour is named FIP red and represented by the hexadecimal triplet FF0000, the 8-bit per channel RGB value (255,0,0), the CMYK colour (0,100,100,0), or the Pantone Colour Matching System colour Pantone 032.[9][10] White is represented by CMYK colour white (255,255,255) and hexadecimal FFFFFF and the de facto national colour, black, is represented as CMYK colour black; six more colours are defined for use by the government.[9]A second red colour, known as safety red, is also specified, but, not used for official symbols; it is represented by the hexadecimal triplet E8112D, RGB value (230,15,45), CMYK colour (0,90,75,0), or Pantone colour 185.[9]","title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada.svg"},{"link_name":"Flag of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"national flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2013-11"},{"link_name":"Canada General Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_General_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009-3"},{"link_name":"Canada wordmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Identity_Program#Canada_wordmark"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat:_Canada_Wordmark2012-12"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces' Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_National_Defence2004-13"},{"link_name":"Canada Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Medal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCreery200573-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeterans_Affairs_Canada2013-14"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCreery2008-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Team_Canada_-_Switzerland_vs._Canada,_29th_April_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canadian men's national ice hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Canada Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Day"},{"link_name":"alternate jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_jersey"},{"link_name":"uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_uniforms"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreamer-16"},{"link_name":"baseball caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_cap"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECNN_Sports_Illustrated1999-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreamer2005-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreamer2012-19"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"men's ice hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"men's junior ice hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_junior_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"men's under-18 ice hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_under-18_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"men's ice sledge hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_sledge_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"men's inline hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_inline_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"women's ice hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"women's under-18 ice hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_under-18_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Hockey Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Canada"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockey_Canada-20"}],"text":"The Flag of Canada consists of elements using only the national colours.The national flag uses the national colours.[3] Its red-white-red pattern is derived from the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada[11] and the Canada General Service Medal of 1899.[3]The national colours are used in federal government branding as part of the Federal Identity Program. This includes the use of the Canadian flag in the Canada wordmark, the \"global identifier of the Government of Canada\" specified in technical specification T-130.[12]The Canadian Forces' Decoration ribbon consists of four red bars separated by equally spaced thin white lines.[13] The Canada Medal instituted on 14 October 1943 was specified to have a ribbon in the national colours,[7] which was the same ribbon used for the Canada General Service Medal.[14] The ill-fated medal was never awarded, and was abolished in 1966 with the introduction of the Order of Canada,[15] which also has a red and white ribbon.The Canadian men's national ice hockey team wearing jerseys that feature the national colours of CanadaThe Toronto Blue Jays, a franchise in Major League Baseball, honour Canada Day by wearing an alternate jersey instead of the team's usual uniform.[16] In the 1990s, the team would wear red baseball caps,[17] or a red uniform.[18] In 2012, the team wore a red uniform with white lettering.[19]The Canadian national colours and the de facto third colour, black, are used prominently by ice hockey teams representing the nation, including the men's ice hockey team, men's junior ice hockey team, men's under-18 ice hockey team, men's ice sledge hockey team, men's inline hockey team, women's ice hockey team, and women's under-18 ice hockey team. The logo of Hockey Canada, the national governing body for ice hockey in Canada, is red, white, and black; though, their specifications are different from those of the national colours.[20]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:_National_Colours_-_Red_and_White2009_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:_National_Colours_-_Red_and_White2009_1-1"},{"link_name":"Canadian Heritage: National Colours - Red and White 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2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCanadian_Heritage:_The_arms_of_Canada2009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009_3-5"},{"link_name":"Canadian Heritage:Official symbols of Canada 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCanadian_Heritage:Official_symbols_of_Canada2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Heritage:_You_were_asking...2009_4-0"},{"link_name":"Canadian Heritage: You were asking... 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCanadian_Heritage:_You_were_asking...2009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LAC_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LAC_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LAC_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LAC_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LAC_5-4"},{"link_name":"Five Myths about the Arms of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thediscoverblog.com/2021/11/21/five-myths-about-the-arms-of-canada/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETidridge2011222_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETidridge2011222_6-1"},{"link_name":"Tidridge 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTidridge2011"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCreery200573_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCreery200573_7-1"},{"link_name":"McCreery 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCreery2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/518"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat:_Colour_Values2012_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat:_Colour_Values2012_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat:_Colour_Values2012_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat:_Colour_Values2012_9-3"},{"link_name":"Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: Colour Values 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat:_Colour_Values2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndustry_Canada2009_10-0"},{"link_name":"Industry Canada 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIndustry_Canada2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2013_11-0"},{"link_name":"Montgomery 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMontgomery2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat:_Canada_Wordmark2012_12-0"},{"link_name":"Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: Canada Wordmark 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat:_Canada_Wordmark2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_National_Defence2004_13-0"},{"link_name":"Department of National Defence 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDepartment_of_National_Defence2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeterans_Affairs_Canada2013_14-0"},{"link_name":"Veterans Affairs Canada 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVeterans_Affairs_Canada2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCreery2008_15-0"},{"link_name":"McCreery 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCreery2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreamer_16-0"},{"link_name":"Creamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCreamer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECNN_Sports_Illustrated1999_17-0"},{"link_name":"CNN Sports Illustrated 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCNN_Sports_Illustrated1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreamer2005_18-0"},{"link_name":"Creamer 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCreamer2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreamer2012_19-0"},{"link_name":"Creamer 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCreamer2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockey_Canada_20-0"},{"link_name":"Hockey Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHockey_Canada"}],"text":"^ a b Canadian Heritage: National Colours - Red and White 2009.\n\n^ a b c Canadian Heritage: The arms of Canada 2009.\n\n^ a b c d e f Canadian Heritage:Official symbols of Canada 2009.\n\n^ Canadian Heritage: You were asking... 2009.\n\n^ a b c d e Pass, Forrest (21 November 2021), Five Myths about the Arms of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, retrieved 1 April 2023\n\n^ a b Tidridge 2011, p. 222.\n\n^ a b McCreery 2005, p. 73.\n\n^ Canadian Heraldic Authority (15 March 2005), Queen Elizabeth II, King's Printer for Canada, retrieved 19 November 2023\n\n^ a b c d Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: Colour Values 2012.\n\n^ Industry Canada 2009.\n\n^ Montgomery 2013.\n\n^ Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: Canada Wordmark 2012.\n\n^ Department of National Defence 2004.\n\n^ Veterans Affairs Canada 2013.\n\n^ McCreery 2008.\n\n^ Creamer.\n\n^ CNN Sports Illustrated 1999.\n\n^ Creamer 2005.\n\n^ Creamer 2012.\n\n^ Hockey Canada.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Transparentcanadacultureicon.png/130px-Transparentcanadacultureicon.png"},{"image_text":"The royal standard of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, from 1961 to 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Royal_Standard_of_Canada_%281962%E2%80%932022%29.svg/220px-Royal_Standard_of_Canada_%281962%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Flag of Canada consists of elements using only the national colours.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/220px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Canadian men's national ice hockey team wearing jerseys that feature the national colours of Canada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Team_Canada_-_Switzerland_vs._Canada%2C_29th_April_2012.jpg/220px-Team_Canada_-_Switzerland_vs._Canada%2C_29th_April_2012.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Canadian royal symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols"}]	[{"reference":"Pass, Forrest (21 November 2021), Five Myths about the Arms of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, retrieved 1 April 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://thediscoverblog.com/2021/11/21/five-myths-about-the-arms-of-canada/","url_text":"Five Myths about the Arms of Canada"}]},{"reference":"Canadian Heraldic Authority (15 March 2005), Queen Elizabeth II, King's Printer for Canada, retrieved 19 November 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/518","url_text":"Queen Elizabeth II"}]},{"reference":"Cochrane, John; Elliott, Stuart (1998). Military Aircraft Insignia of the World. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1853108731.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1853108731","url_text":"1853108731"}]},{"reference":"Creamer, Chris (29 September 2005). \"1996 Special Event Uniform\". Toronto Blue Jays Uniform. Chris Creamer Properties. Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportslogos.net/logos/view/2sgp6u2uogl0g1gpa3gzc4apd","url_text":"\"1996 Special Event Uniform\""}]},{"reference":"Creamer, Chris. \"Toronto Blue Jays Logos\". Chris Creamer Properties. Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportslogos.net/logos/list_by_team/78/Toronto_Blue_Jays/","url_text":"\"Toronto Blue Jays Logos\""}]},{"reference":"Creamer, Chris (23 June 2012). \"Toronto Blue Jays Unveil 2012 Canada Day Jerseys\". Chris Creamer Properties. Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sportslogos.net/2012/06/23/toronto-blue-jays-unveil-2012-canada-day-jerseys/","url_text":"\"Toronto Blue Jays Unveil 2012 Canada Day Jerseys\""}]},{"reference":"McCreery, Christopher (2005). The Order of Canada: Its origins, history, and development (2 ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802039405.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802039405","url_text":"0802039405"}]},{"reference":"McCreery, Christopher (19 June 2008). \"The Canadian Forces' Decoration\". Department of National Defence. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2013-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322051708/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhr-ddhr/pub/cfd-dfc-eng.asp","url_text":"\"The Canadian Forces' Decoration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)","url_text":"Department of National Defence"},{"url":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhr-ddhr/pub/cfd-dfc-eng.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, Marc (14 February 2013). \"Canada's National Flag Day\". Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcinet.ca/english/daily/interviews-2012/10-41_2013-02-14-canada-s-national-flag-day/","url_text":"\"Canada's National Flag Day\""}]},{"reference":"Tidridge, Nathan (2011). Thompson, Allister (ed.). Canada's Constitutional Monarchy. Dundurn Press. 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Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130727191502/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/arm1-eng.cfm","url_text":"\"The arms of Canada\""},{"url":"http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/arm1-eng.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"You were asking...\" Canadian Heritage. 21 March 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608070831/http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/df7-eng.cfm","url_text":"\"You were asking...\""},{"url":"http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/df7-eng.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Colours - Red and White\". Canadian Heritage. 21 March 2009. Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/o4-eng.cfm","url_text":"\"National Colours - Red and White\""}]},{"reference":"\"AL Recap (Baltimore-Toronto)\". CNN Sports Illustrated. Time Warner. Ticker. 1 July 1999. Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/baseball/mlb/al/scoreboards/1999/07/01/recap.TOR-BAL.html","url_text":"\"AL Recap (Baltimore-Toronto)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"CNN Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Forces' Decoration (CD)\". Canadian Honours Chart. Department of National Defence. 9 November 2004. Archived from the original on 2013-03-21. Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130321011817/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhr-ddhr/chc-tdh/chart-tableau-eng.asp?ref=CD","url_text":"\"Canadian Forces' Decoration (CD)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)","url_text":"Department of National Defence"},{"url":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhr-ddhr/chc-tdh/chart-tableau-eng.asp?ref=CD","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hockey Canada Logo\". Hockey Canada. Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://hockeycanada.ca/en-ca/Corporate/Brand.aspx","url_text":"\"Hockey Canada Logo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Canada","url_text":"Hockey Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Government of Canada FIP Signature\". Industry Canada. 23 July 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120728214522/http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/pt-te.nsf/eng/00132.html","url_text":"\"Government of Canada FIP Signature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Canada","url_text":"Industry Canada"},{"url":"http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/pt-te.nsf/eng/00132.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrate Canada Day with Canada's Team\". MLB Advanced Media. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20090630&content_id=5614670&vkey=pr_tor&fext=.jsp","url_text":"\"Celebrate Canada Day with Canada's Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colour Values\". Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/fip-pcim/spec/T145-eng.asp","url_text":"\"Colour Values\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Board_of_Canada","url_text":"Treasury Board of Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Wordmark\". Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/fip-pcim/spec/T130-eng.asp","url_text":"\"Canada Wordmark\""}]},{"reference":"\"War Medals (1866-1918) - Canada General Service Medal (1866-1870)\". Veterans Affairs Canada. 17 January 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana_kloun	Urmas Alender	["1 Discography (solo)","2 References","3 External links"]	Estonian singer and musician Urmas AlenderBirth nameUrmas AlenderBorn(1953-11-22)22 November 1953Tallinn, EstoniaOriginTallinn, EstoniaDied28 September 1994(1994-09-28) (aged 40)Baltic SeaGenresRockProgressive rockFolk rockPunk rockOccupationsVocalistInstrumentsVocalsYears active1969–1994Formerly ofShades (1969–1970)Andromeeda (1971–1974)Teravik (1973–1976)Data (1988–1989)Propeller (1979–1980)Ruja (1971–1988)Kaseke (1983)Musical artist Urmas Alender (22 November 1953 – 28 September 1994) was an Estonian singer and musician, the vocalist of popular Estonian bands Ruja and Propeller. Born in Tallinn, Estonia, Alender began his musical career in the rock band Shades in 1969 but left the following year to become the vocalist for Andromeeda. In 1971, Alender fronted the progressive rock band Ruja with pianist Rein Rannap. The band was influenced by Western acts such as Genesis, Yes, Emerson, Lake & Palmer and King Crimson, and often incorporated the poetry of Estonian writers Juhan Viiding and Ott Arder into the lyrics. The band was nationally commercially successful. Alender would remain with the band until its demise in 1988. From 1979 until 1980, Urmas Alender also fronted the Estonian punk rock band Propeller. Other bands Alender performed with were Teravik (1973–1976), and Data (1988–1989), and in 1983, he briefly played in an outfit called Kaseke. In 1987, Alender appeared in the Estonian rockumentary Pingul keel (Tightened String) alongside popular Estonian musicians Tõnis Mägi, Ivo Linna and Anne Veski. After years of being harassed by the Soviet KGB and other local authorities, Alender temporarily emigrated to Sweden in 1989. On 28 September 1994, while en route from Tallinn to Stockholm, Sweden, Urmas Alender died when the cruiseferry Estonia sank in the Baltic Sea. He was survived by a daughter, Yoko Alender, and a son, Ion Alender. In 2003, Liia Sakkos made a documentary about Alender, titled Teisel pool vett (English: On the Other Side of the Water, also a title of a song by Ruja). Discography (solo) Vana kloun (1992) Hingelind (1994) Kogutud teosed. 1968-1980. Esimene osa. (2000) Kogutud teosed. 1981-1993. Teine osa. (2000) Kui mind enam ei ole (2001) Kohtumine Albertiga (2-CD, 2003) Kohtumine Albertiga (2003) Armastuse ämblik (2003) References ^ "Postimees: Urmas Alender – mitme näoga Janus. 22.11.2003". Archived from the original on 2008-03-20. Retrieved 2008-03-29. ^ a b Urmas Alender Biography ^ a b c Central European Review:Estonia's Purveyors of Prog ^ "Tallinn Film". Archived from the original on 2009-06-20. Retrieved 2009-06-15. ^ "Ruja". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-03-29. External links Estonia portalBiography portalRock music portal Urmas Alender at IMDb Ruja Urmas Alender Biography Postimees: Mitmekülgne Urmas Alender saanuks laupäeval 50 21.11.2003 vteRuja Urmas Alender Jaanus Nõgisto Tiit Haagma Rein Rannap Andrus Vaht Toomas Veenre Andres Põldroo Priit Kuulberg Margus Kappel Ivo Varts Jaan Karp Indrek Patte Igor Garšnek Toomas Rull Rein Joasoo Arvo Urb S.P. Gulliver Nevil Blumberg Raul Jaanson Studio albums Ruja (1982) Kivi veereb (1987) Pust budet vsjo (1989) Compilations Must lind (1994) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonians"},{"link_name":"Ruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruja"},{"link_name":"Propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_(band)"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Urmas_Alender_Biography-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Urmas_Alender_Biography-2"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"Rein Rannap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein_Rannap"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Emerson, Lake & Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer"},{"link_name":"King Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Crimson"},{"link_name":"Juhan Viiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhan_Viiding"},{"link_name":"Ott Arder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ott_Arder"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ce-review.org-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ce-review.org-3"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"rockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockumentary"},{"link_name":"Tõnis Mägi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5nis_M%C3%A4gi"},{"link_name":"Ivo Linna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Linna"},{"link_name":"Anne Veski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Veski"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Stockholm, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Estonia"},{"link_name":"sank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Yoko Alender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Alender"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ce-review.org-3"}],"text":"Musical artistUrmas Alender (22 November 1953 – 28 September 1994)[1] was an Estonian singer and musician, the vocalist of popular Estonian bands Ruja and Propeller.Born in Tallinn, Estonia,[2] Alender began his musical career in the rock band Shades in 1969 but left the following year to become the vocalist for Andromeeda.[2]In 1971, Alender fronted the progressive rock band Ruja with pianist Rein Rannap. The band was influenced by Western acts such as Genesis, Yes, Emerson, Lake & Palmer and King Crimson, and often incorporated the poetry of Estonian writers Juhan Viiding and Ott Arder into the lyrics.[3] The band was nationally commercially successful.[3] Alender would remain with the band until its demise in 1988.From 1979 until 1980, Urmas Alender also fronted the Estonian punk rock band Propeller. Other bands Alender performed with were Teravik (1973–1976), and Data (1988–1989), and in 1983, he briefly played in an outfit called Kaseke.In 1987, Alender appeared in the Estonian rockumentary Pingul keel (Tightened String) alongside popular Estonian musicians Tõnis Mägi, Ivo Linna and Anne Veski.[4]After years of being harassed by the Soviet KGB and other local authorities, Alender temporarily emigrated to Sweden in 1989.[5]On 28 September 1994, while en route from Tallinn to Stockholm, Sweden, Urmas Alender died when the cruiseferry Estonia sank in the Baltic Sea. He was survived by a daughter, Yoko Alender, and a son, Ion Alender.[3]In 2003, Liia Sakkos made a documentary about Alender, titled Teisel pool vett (English: On the Other Side of the Water, also a title of a song by Ruja).","title":"Urmas Alender"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vana kloun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana_kloun"},{"link_name":"Hingelind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingelind"},{"link_name":"Kogutud teosed. 1968-1980. Esimene osa.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogutud_teosed._1968-1980._Esimene_osa."},{"link_name":"Kogutud teosed. 1981-1993. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Immortals_(1995_film)	The Immortals (1995 film)	["1 Plot summary","2 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Immortals" 1995 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1995 American filmThe ImmortalsPosterDirected byBrian GrantWritten byKevin Bernhardt Elie SamahaProduced byElie SamahaStarringEric Roberts Joe Pantoliano Tia Carrere Tony Curtis Clarence Williams III William Forsythe Chris RockMusic byClaude GaudetteDistributed byHallmark Home EntertainmentRelease date September 6, 1995 (1995-09-06) Running time98 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Immortals is a 1995 action thriller film produced by Elie Samaha and directed by Brian Grant. Eric Roberts, Tia Carrere, Joe Pantoliano, Chris Rock, William Forsythe, Clarence Williams III and Tony Curtis feature in this film. Plot summary A crafty nightclub owner (Jack) brings together a group of small-time hoods and teams them up in unusual pairs (black man and white racist, Ivy Leaguer and simpleton) for a set of multiple heists which turn out to be an elaborate double cross against a notorious gangster (Dominic). During an extended standoff in a nightclub between Jack and his band of thieves and Dominic's henchman, the hoods discover why Jack brought them all together for what amounts to a suicidal mission. External links The Immortals at IMDb The Immortals at AllMovie The Immortals at Rotten Tomatoes This article about an action thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elie Samaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Samaha"},{"link_name":"Brian Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Grant_(director)"},{"link_name":"Eric Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Tia Carrere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia_Carrere"},{"link_name":"Joe Pantoliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pantoliano"},{"link_name":"Chris Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Rock"},{"link_name":"William Forsythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forsythe_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Clarence Williams III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Williams_III"},{"link_name":"Tony Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Curtis"}],"text":"1995 American filmThe Immortals is a 1995 action thriller film produced by Elie Samaha and directed by Brian Grant. Eric Roberts, Tia Carrere, Joe Pantoliano, Chris Rock, William Forsythe, Clarence Williams III and Tony Curtis feature in this film.","title":"The Immortals (1995 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A crafty nightclub owner (Jack) brings together a group of small-time hoods and teams them up in unusual pairs (black man and white racist, Ivy Leaguer and simpleton) for a set of multiple heists which turn out to be an elaborate double cross against a notorious gangster (Dominic). During an extended standoff in a nightclub between Jack and his band of thieves and Dominic's henchman, the hoods discover why Jack brought them all together for what amounts to a suicidal mission.","title":"Plot summary"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Immortals%22+1995+film","external_links_name":"\"The Immortals\" 1995 film"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Immortals%22+1995+film+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Immortals%22+1995+film&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Immortals%22+1995+film+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Immortals%22+1995+film","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Immortals%22+1995+film&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113394/","external_links_name":"The Immortals"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v154318","external_links_name":"The Immortals"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1066335_immortals","external_links_name":"The Immortals"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Immortals_(1995_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengo_(album)	Vengo (album)	["1 Reception","1.1 Critical response","1.2 Awards","2 Track listing","3 Charts","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Sources","5 Further reading"]	2014 studio album by Ana TijouxVengoStudio album by Ana TijouxReleasedMarch 18, 2014 (2014-03-18)Recorded2013GenreHip hop, AndeanLength53:15LabelNacionalAna Tijoux chronology La Bala(2011) Vengo(2014) Vida(2024) Singles from Vengo "Vengo"Released: January 21, 2014 Vengo is Chilean hip hop artist Ana Tijoux's fourth solo studio album, released in March 2014. Its debut single "Vengo" was released on Spin in January of the same year. Vengo was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album at the 2015 Ceremony. It also won the Pulsar Award for Album of the Year. Reception Critical response Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRolling Stone A reviewer at NPR called it "virtually flawless", and MTV said it was "some of the most dazzling hip-hop this year". Several reviewers noted the inclusion of Andean music elements, especially the pan flute. NPR's reviewer said it was "refreshing" and noted Andean music has been "often done a disservice by "world music" labels." Of the flute, the MTV reviewer said "it's a bit challenging to extricate the instrument from its associations with corny new age compilations ... Tijoux is attempting a tough task to take back and breathe new life into music that has a rich heritage, but has been commercialized and marginalized into schlock." Reviewers also noted the progressive elements of the lyrics, including feminism, environmentalism, social justice and post-colonialism. The album's instrumentation is completely done with in-studio recordings, often with traditional South American instruments. Unusually for modern hip-hop recording, there are no samples used on the album. One reviewer said that it contained elements of folk music and jazz. Awards Year Ceremony Nominated work Recipient(s) Category Result 2015 Grammy Awards Vengo Ana Tijoux Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album Nominated Track listing No.TitleLength1."Vengo"3:122."Somos Sur" (featuring Shadia Mansour)3:463."Antipatriarca"3:044."Somos Todos Erroristas" (featuring Hortadoj)2:575."Er-rrro-r"1:026."Los Peces Gordos No Pueden Volar"3:367."Creo en Ti" (featuring Juanito Ayala)4:008."Los Diablitos"0:439."Interludio Agua"0:4510."Rio Abajo"3:5411."Oro Negro"4:2512."Delta" (featuring MC Niel)3:4713."No Más"3:5414."Todo Lo Sólido Se Desvanece en el Aire"3:3915."Emilia" (featuring RR Burning)4:13 Bonus tracksNo.TitleInformationLength16."Rumbo al Sol" 3:1817."Mi Verdad"Written in 2012 as the theme song to the Chilean television series El reemplazante2:46 Charts Chart (2014) Peakposition US Top Latin Albums (Billboard) 15 US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) 33 References Notes ^ a b Schlanger 2014. ^ SXSW 2014. ^ Spin 2014. ^ Voxxi 2014. ^ Nacional 2014. ^ a b 57th Grammy Awards final nomination list (PDF), National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, December 5, 2014, retrieved 2015-02-02 ^ Del Real, Andrés (29 July 2015). "Ana Tijoux es la gran ganadora de los primeros Premios Pulsar". La Tercera (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 September 2023. ^ Jurek, Thom (2014). "Ana Tijoux - Vengo Album Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 2024-01-19. ^ Hermes, Will. "Ana Tijoux 'Vengo' Album Review". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 20 March 2014. ^ a b Garsd 2014. ^ a b c Stephens 2014. ^ NYT 2014. ^ a b Rolling Stone 2014. ^ a b c Johnson 2014. ^ "Ana Tijoux Chart History (Top Latin Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 1 April 2014. ^ "Ana Tijoux Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 7 April 2014. Sources Spin Premieres First Single From Ana Tijoux's New Album 'Vengo' To Be Released March 18th With Upcoming USA Tour Dates, Nacional Records, January 21, 2014 Afroxander (January 25, 2014), Ana Tijoux teases new album with single, "Vengo", Voxxi Schlanger, Zoë (March 18, 2014), "Chile's Hip-Hop Heroine Goes Deep", Newsweek Garsd, Jasmine (March 9, 2014), First Listen: Ana Tijoux, 'Vengo', NPR "A Beating Heart, a Social Conscience and a Deluge of Ideas — New Music by Ana Tijoux, Tunde Olaniran and the Bad Plus", The New York Times, March 14, 2014 Schedule: Ana Tijoux, SXSW, 2014 Johnson, Kjerstin (March 19, 2014), "Chilean Rapper Ana Tijoux's New Album Hits on Identity and Politics with Expert Flow", Bitch "10 New Artists You Need to Know", Rolling Stone, March 2014 Stephens, Alexis (March 18, 2014), Reviewed: Ana Tijoux's Vengo, MTV "Hear Ana Tijoux's Horn-Heavy 'Vengo': Grammy Nominated, 'Breaking Bad'-featured MC announces new album out March 18", Spin, January 21, 2014 Further reading Nina Liss-Schultz (March 17, 2014), "Ana Tijoux Waxes Political With 'Vengo'", Mother Jones Nick MacWilliam (March 21, 2014), REVIEW ANA TIJOUX – VENGO, Sounds and Colours Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Ana Tijoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Tijoux"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlanger2014-1"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESXSW2014-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpin2014-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoxxi2014-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENacional2014-5"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Latin_Rock,_Urban_or_Alternative_Album"},{"link_name":"2015 Ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grammy57-6"},{"link_name":"Pulsar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar_Awards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Vengo is Chilean hip hop artist Ana Tijoux's fourth solo studio album,[1] released in March 2014. Its debut single \"Vengo\" was released on Spin in January of the same year.[2][3][4][5] Vengo was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album at the 2015 Ceremony.[6] It also won the Pulsar Award for Album of the Year.[7]","title":"Vengo (album)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsd2014-10"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2014-11"},{"link_name":"Andean music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_music"},{"link_name":"pan flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_flute"},{"link_name":"world music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_music"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsd2014-10"},{"link_name":"schlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schlock"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2014-11"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism"},{"link_name":"post-colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2014-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYT2014-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolling_Stone2014-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2014-14"},{"link_name":"instrumentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentation_(music)"},{"link_name":"samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(music)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2014-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolling_Stone2014-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlanger2014-1"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2014-14"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"A reviewer at NPR called it \"virtually flawless\",[10] and MTV said it was \"some of the most dazzling hip-hop this year\".[11]Several reviewers noted the inclusion of Andean music elements, especially the pan flute. NPR's reviewer said it was \"refreshing\" and noted Andean music has been \"often done a disservice by \"world music\" labels.\"[10] Of the flute, the MTV reviewer said \"it's a bit challenging to extricate the instrument from its associations with corny new age compilations ... Tijoux is attempting a tough task to take back and breathe new life into music that has a rich heritage, but has been commercialized and marginalized into schlock.\"[11]Reviewers also noted the progressive elements of the lyrics, including feminism, environmentalism, social justice and post-colonialism.[11][12][13][14]The album's instrumentation is completely done with in-studio recordings, often with traditional South American instruments. Unusually for modern hip-hop recording, there are no samples used on the album.[14][13][1] One reviewer said that it contained elements of folk music and jazz.[14]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shadia Mansour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadia_Mansour"},{"link_name":"Hortadoj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordatoj"},{"link_name":"El reemplazante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_reemplazante"}],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Vengo\"3:122.\"Somos Sur\" (featuring Shadia Mansour)3:463.\"Antipatriarca\"3:044.\"Somos Todos Erroristas\" (featuring Hortadoj)2:575.\"Er-rrro-r\"1:026.\"Los Peces Gordos No Pueden Volar\"3:367.\"Creo en Ti\" (featuring Juanito Ayala)4:008.\"Los Diablitos\"0:439.\"Interludio Agua\"0:4510.\"Rio Abajo\"3:5411.\"Oro Negro\"4:2512.\"Delta\" (featuring MC Niel)3:4713.\"No Más\"3:5414.\"Todo Lo Sólido Se Desvanece en el Aire\"3:3915.\"Emilia\" (featuring RR Burning)4:13Bonus tracksNo.TitleInformationLength16.\"Rumbo al Sol\" 3:1817.\"Mi Verdad\"Written in 2012 as the theme song to the Chilean television series El reemplazante2:46","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Ana Tijoux Waxes Political With 'Vengo'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.motherjones.com/mixed-media/2014/03/grammy-nominated-ana-tijoux-political-vengo-chile-hip-hop"},{"link_name":"Mother Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"REVIEW ANA TIJOUX – VENGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/chile/anita-tijoux-vengo/"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17022820#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz release group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/6fa29542-6f8b-49ff-afc9-7d5b4ac4a0db"}],"text":"Nina Liss-Schultz (March 17, 2014), \"Ana Tijoux Waxes Political With 'Vengo'\", Mother Jones\nNick MacWilliam (March 21, 2014), REVIEW ANA TIJOUX – VENGO, Sounds and ColoursAuthority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"57th Grammy Awards final nomination list (PDF), National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, December 5, 2014, retrieved 2015-02-02","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/files/pages/57thpresslist12042014-with_aoy.pdf","url_text":"57th Grammy Awards final nomination list"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Del Real, Andrés (29 July 2015). \"Ana Tijoux es la gran ganadora de los primeros Premios Pulsar\". La Tercera (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latercera.com/noticia/ana-tijoux-es-la-gran-ganadora-de-los-primeros-premios-pulsar/","url_text":"\"Ana Tijoux es la gran ganadora de los primeros Premios Pulsar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tercera","url_text":"La Tercera"}]},{"reference":"Jurek, Thom (2014). \"Ana Tijoux - Vengo Album Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2024-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/vengo-mw0002616498","url_text":"\"Ana Tijoux - Vengo Album Review\""}]},{"reference":"Hermes, Will. \"Ana Tijoux 'Vengo' Album Review\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 20 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/vengo-20140318","url_text":"\"Ana Tijoux 'Vengo' Album Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Spin Premieres First Single From Ana Tijoux's New Album 'Vengo' To Be Released March 18th With Upcoming USA Tour Dates, Nacional Records, January 21, 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://nacionalrecords.com/blog/?p=3641","url_text":"Spin Premieres First Single From Ana Tijoux's New Album 'Vengo' To Be Released March 18th With Upcoming USA Tour Dates"}]},{"reference":"Afroxander (January 25, 2014), Ana Tijoux teases new album with single, \"Vengo\", Voxxi","urls":[{"url":"http://voxxi.com/2014/01/25/ana-tijoux-new-album-single-vengo/","url_text":"Ana Tijoux teases new album with single, \"Vengo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voxxi","url_text":"Voxxi"}]},{"reference":"Schlanger, Zoë (March 18, 2014), \"Chile's Hip-Hop Heroine Goes Deep\", Newsweek","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/chiles-hip-hop-heroine-goes-deep-232126","url_text":"\"Chile's Hip-Hop Heroine Goes Deep\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"}]},{"reference":"Garsd, Jasmine (March 9, 2014), First Listen: Ana Tijoux, 'Vengo', NPR","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2014/03/09/285794309/first-listen-ana-tijoux-vengo","url_text":"First Listen: Ana Tijoux, 'Vengo'"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"\"A Beating Heart, a Social Conscience and a Deluge of Ideas — New Music by Ana Tijoux, Tunde Olaniran and the Bad Plus\", The New York Times, March 14, 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/arts/music/new-music-by-ana-tijoux-tunde-olaniran-and-the-bad-plus.html","url_text":"\"A Beating Heart, a Social Conscience and a Deluge of Ideas — New Music by Ana Tijoux, Tunde Olaniran and the Bad Plus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Schedule: Ana Tijoux, SXSW, 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://schedule.sxsw.com/2014/events/event_MS27062","url_text":"Schedule: Ana Tijoux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SXSW","url_text":"SXSW"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Kjerstin (March 19, 2014), \"Chilean Rapper Ana Tijoux's New Album Hits on Identity and Politics with Expert Flow\", Bitch","urls":[{"url":"http://bitchmagazine.org/ana-tijoux-album-review-vengo-feminist-rap","url_text":"\"Chilean Rapper Ana Tijoux's New Album Hits on Identity and Politics with Expert Flow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitch_(magazine)","url_text":"Bitch"}]},{"reference":"\"10 New Artists You Need to Know\", Rolling Stone, March 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/10-new-artists-you-need-to-know-march-2014-20140319/ana-tijoux-0713573","url_text":"\"10 New Artists You Need to Know\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Stephens, Alexis (March 18, 2014), Reviewed: Ana Tijoux's Vengo, MTV","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtviggy.com/articles/reviewed-ana-tijouxs-vengo/","url_text":"Reviewed: Ana Tijoux's Vengo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Hear Ana Tijoux's Horn-Heavy 'Vengo': Grammy Nominated, 'Breaking Bad'-featured MC announces new album out March 18\", Spin, January 21, 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.com/2014/01/hear-ana-tijoux-vengo/","url_text":"\"Hear Ana Tijoux's Horn-Heavy 'Vengo': Grammy Nominated, 'Breaking Bad'-featured MC announces new album out March 18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"Nina Liss-Schultz (March 17, 2014), \"Ana Tijoux Waxes Political With 'Vengo'\", Mother Jones","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motherjones.com/mixed-media/2014/03/grammy-nominated-ana-tijoux-political-vengo-chile-hip-hop","url_text":"\"Ana Tijoux Waxes Political With 'Vengo'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)","url_text":"Mother Jones"}]},{"reference":"Nick MacWilliam (March 21, 2014), REVIEW ANA TIJOUX – VENGO, Sounds and Colours","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/chile/anita-tijoux-vengo/","url_text":"REVIEW ANA TIJOUX – VENGO"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.grammy.com/files/pages/57thpresslist12042014-with_aoy.pdf","external_links_name":"57th Grammy Awards final nomination list"},{"Link":"https://www.latercera.com/noticia/ana-tijoux-es-la-gran-ganadora-de-los-primeros-premios-pulsar/","external_links_name":"\"Ana Tijoux es la gran ganadora de los primeros Premios Pulsar\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/vengo-mw0002616498","external_links_name":"\"Ana Tijoux - Vengo Album Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/vengo-20140318","external_links_name":"\"Ana Tijoux 'Vengo' Album Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Ana-Tijoux/chart-history/LCM","external_links_name":"\"Ana Tijoux Chart History (Top Latin Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Ana-Tijoux/chart-history/TLN","external_links_name":"\"Ana Tijoux Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)\""},{"Link":"http://nacionalrecords.com/blog/?p=3641","external_links_name":"Spin Premieres First Single From Ana Tijoux's New Album 'Vengo' To Be Released March 18th With Upcoming USA Tour Dates"},{"Link":"http://voxxi.com/2014/01/25/ana-tijoux-new-album-single-vengo/","external_links_name":"Ana Tijoux teases new album with single, \"Vengo\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsweek.com/chiles-hip-hop-heroine-goes-deep-232126","external_links_name":"\"Chile's Hip-Hop Heroine Goes Deep\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2014/03/09/285794309/first-listen-ana-tijoux-vengo","external_links_name":"First Listen: Ana Tijoux, 'Vengo'"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/arts/music/new-music-by-ana-tijoux-tunde-olaniran-and-the-bad-plus.html","external_links_name":"\"A Beating Heart, a Social Conscience and a Deluge of Ideas — New Music by Ana Tijoux, Tunde Olaniran and the Bad Plus\""},{"Link":"http://schedule.sxsw.com/2014/events/event_MS27062","external_links_name":"Schedule: Ana Tijoux"},{"Link":"http://bitchmagazine.org/ana-tijoux-album-review-vengo-feminist-rap","external_links_name":"\"Chilean Rapper Ana Tijoux's New Album Hits on Identity and Politics with Expert Flow\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/10-new-artists-you-need-to-know-march-2014-20140319/ana-tijoux-0713573","external_links_name":"\"10 New Artists You Need to Know\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtviggy.com/articles/reviewed-ana-tijouxs-vengo/","external_links_name":"Reviewed: Ana Tijoux's Vengo"},{"Link":"https://www.spin.com/2014/01/hear-ana-tijoux-vengo/","external_links_name":"\"Hear Ana Tijoux's Horn-Heavy 'Vengo': Grammy Nominated, 'Breaking Bad'-featured MC announces new album out March 18\""},{"Link":"https://www.motherjones.com/mixed-media/2014/03/grammy-nominated-ana-tijoux-political-vengo-chile-hip-hop","external_links_name":"\"Ana Tijoux Waxes Political With 'Vengo'\""},{"Link":"http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/chile/anita-tijoux-vengo/","external_links_name":"REVIEW ANA TIJOUX – VENGO"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/6fa29542-6f8b-49ff-afc9-7d5b4ac4a0db","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Freeman_Africanus_King	Albert F. A. King	["1 Early life","2 Education and early career","2.1 Lincoln assassination","3 Later life","3.1 Mosquito-malaria theory","4 Honours","5 Personal life and death","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°34′N 77°00′E / 38.56°N 77.0°E / 38.56; 77.0English-born American physician Albert F. A. KingPortrait of Dr. Albert F. A. KingBornAlbert Freeman Africanus King(1841-01-18)18 January 1841Ambrosden, Oxfordshire, EnglandDied13 December 1914(1914-12-13) (aged 73)Washington, D.C., USResting placeRock Creek CemeteryWashington, D.C., U.S.38°34′N 77°00′E / 38.56°N 77.0°E / 38.56; 77.0CitizenshipUK USAAlma materNational Medical College of Columbian University (1st MD)University of Pennsylvania (2nd MD) George Washington UniversityKnown forService in assassination of Abraham LincolnMosquito-malaria theorySpouseEllen Amory DexterChildren2Scientific careerFieldsObstetricsPhilosophy of medicineInstitutionsLincoln HospitalNational Medical College of Columbian UniversityUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineProvidence Hospital (Washington, D.C.)Georgetown UniversityThesis Basis of an improved medical philosophy (1865) Albert Freeman Africanus King (18 January 1841 – 13 December 1914) was an English-born American physician who was pressed into service at the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on 14 April 1865. He was one of a few physicians who served in both the Confederate States Army and the United States Army during the American Civil War. In addition, King was one of the earliest to suggest the connection between mosquitos and malaria. Early life On 18 January 1841, King was born in Ambrosden, a village near Bicester in the Cherwell District of north-eastern Oxfordshire in England. He was the youngest of three children of Edward King and Louisa Freeman. His sister was Stella Louisa Elizabeth King (born 1838) and brother was Claudius Edward Richard King (born 1839). His father was a doctor interested in the colonization of Africa. He was named Africanus "because of his father's admiration" for that continent. He attended Maley's School and the Bicester Diocesan School. His family left Liverpool on 26 August 1854 to emigrate to the United States. They arrived in Jersey City, New Jersey, on 7 September 1854 (but some records indicate 1851) and first settled in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1855, they moved to Bushy Bridges, Prince William County. Education and early career King earned his (MD) degree from National Medical College of Columbian University (now George Washington University Medical School) in 1861 at age twenty. In November he became an Acting Assistant Surgeon to Major J. W. L. Daniel of 15th AL Infantry, Confederate States Army, and the University of Pennsylvania. In 1864 he was appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon in the U.S. Army, and worked at the Lincoln Hospital, Washington, D.C. In 1865, he became lecturer on toxicology at the National Medical College of Columbian University, and also obtained his second MD degree from the University of Pennsylvania. Lincoln assassination During the American Civil War, King was in Washington, DC. On 14 April 1865 he was in the audience at Ford's Theatre when President Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth. He helped carry the dying President to a house across the street. Some suggest King was the first physician to reach Lincoln but the accounts of the other physicians present, Dr. Charles Augustus Leale and Dr. Charles Sabin Taft, suggest that King was second or third. Later life In 1871, King became a professor of obstetrics both at the University of Vermont College of Medicine and Providence Hospital in Washington, D.C. and at the University of Vermont. From 1879 to 1894 he was Dean of National Medical College, Medical Department, at National Medical College of Columbian University. Mosquito-malaria theory Main article: Mosquito-malaria theory In 1882, King proposed a method to eradicate malaria from Washington, DC. His method was to encircle the city with a wire screen as high as the Washington Monument. Many people took this as a jest, partly because the link between malaria and mosquitoes had, at that time, been hypothesized by only a few physicians. It was not until 1898 that Ronald Ross proved mosquitoes were a vector for malaria (he won the Nobel Prize for the discovery just four years later). However impractical, King was on the right track for malaria control, well in advance of the rest of the medical profession. Honours King was elected President of Medical Society of Washington, D.C. in 1883, and again in 1903. In 1883 the University of Vermont awarded him honorary master's degree. From 1885 to 1887 he was President of Washington Obstetrical and Gynecological Society. He received LLD degree from the University of Vermont in 1894. He was Fellow of British Gynecological Society, American Gynecological Society, and American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was Consulting Physician at Children's Hospital in Washington, D.C.. He was elected member of Washington Academy of Sciences, and Associate Member of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain. Personal life and death King married Ellen Amory Dexter of Boston on 17 October 1894. Together they had two daughters, Louisa Freeman and Sarah Vincent. His wife died in 1935. King died in Washington, D.C. due to senile debility, and is interred at Rock Creek Cemetery. See also Abraham Lincoln assassination Anderson Ruffin Abbott Joseph K. Barnes Charles H. Crane Robert K. Stone History of malaria References ^ Kunhardt. Twenty Days, p. 45 ^ "Albert King". Nature. 147 (3716): 85. 1941. Bibcode:1941Natur.147T..85.. doi:10.1038/147085d0. ^ "Dr. Edward King". ancestry.com. Retrieved 17 March 2014. ^ Carnes, Mark C. (2005). American national biography (Rev. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-1952-2202-9. ^ Papaioannou, Helena Iles; Stowell, Daniel W. (2013). "Dr. Charles A. Leale's Report on the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. 34 (1): 40–53. hdl:2027/spo.2629860.0034.105. ^ McCullough. The Path Between the Seas. Pg. 143 ^ The Ariel. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. 1891. p. 11. ^ McCullough. The Path Between the Seas. Pp. 409-410, 422 ^ Cook, G C (2000). "Perceptions of malaria transmission before Ross' discovery in 1897". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 76 (901): 738–740. doi:10.1136/pmj.76.901.738. PMC 1741788. PMID 11060174. ^ DANIELS, WB (1950). "Albert Freeman Africanus King (1841-1914); his theory as to the transmission of malaria by mosquitoes". The Medical Annals of the District of Columbia. 19 (9): 499–505, passim. PMID 15438311. ^ Howard, L. O. (1915). "Dr. A. F. A. King on Mosquitoes and Malaria". Science. 41 (1052): 312–315. Bibcode:1915Sci....41..312H. doi:10.1126/science.41.1052.312. PMID 17789057. Sources Honigsbaum, Mark. The Fever Trail: In Search of the Cure for Malaria, Picador, 2003. ISBN 0-312-42180-X Kunhardt, Dorothy and Philip B. Kunhardt, Jr. Twenty Days: A Narrative in Text and Pictures of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and the Twenty Days and Nights That Followed. New York: Castle Books, 1965. McCullough, David. The Path Between the Seas. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977. Roos, Charles A. Physicians to the Presidents, and Their Patients: A Biobibliography, Bulletin of the Medical Library Association. 1961. External links Wikisource has original works by or about:Albert Freeman Africanus King A Manual of Obstetrics By Albert Freeman Africanus King Columbian College and the Civil War American National Biography Online Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on 14 April 1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"mosquitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitos"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"}],"text":"English-born American physicianAlbert Freeman Africanus King (18 January 1841 – 13 December 1914) was an English-born American physician who was pressed into service at the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on 14 April 1865. He was one of a few physicians who served in both the Confederate States Army and the United States Army during the American Civil War. In addition, King was one of the earliest to suggest the connection between mosquitos and malaria.","title":"Albert F. A. King"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambrosden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosden"},{"link_name":"Bicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester"},{"link_name":"Cherwell District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell_(district)"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"emigrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration"},{"link_name":"Jersey City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Alexandria, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On 18 January 1841, King was born in Ambrosden, a village near Bicester in the Cherwell District of north-eastern Oxfordshire in England. He was the youngest of three children of Edward King and Louisa Freeman. His sister was Stella Louisa Elizabeth King (born 1838) and brother was Claudius Edward Richard King (born 1839). His father was a doctor interested in the colonization of Africa. He was named Africanus \"because of his father's admiration\" for that continent.[1] He attended Maley's School and the Bicester Diocesan School.His family left Liverpool on 26 August 1854 to emigrate to the United States. They arrived in Jersey City, New Jersey, on 7 September 1854 (but some records indicate 1851) and first settled in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1855, they moved to Bushy Bridges, Prince William County.[2][3][4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"George Washington University Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"toxicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"King earned his (MD) degree from National Medical College of Columbian University (now George Washington University Medical School) in 1861 at age twenty. In November he became an Acting Assistant Surgeon to Major J. W. L. Daniel of 15th AL Infantry, Confederate States Army, and the University of Pennsylvania. In 1864 he was appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon in the U.S. Army, and worked at the Lincoln Hospital, Washington, D.C. In 1865, he became lecturer on toxicology at the National Medical College of Columbian University, and also obtained his second MD degree from the University of Pennsylvania.","title":"Education and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Ford's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"John Wilkes Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth"},{"link_name":"Charles Augustus Leale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leale"},{"link_name":"Charles Sabin Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sabin_Taft"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Lincoln assassination","text":"During the American Civil War, King was in Washington, DC. On 14 April 1865 he was in the audience at Ford's Theatre when President Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth. He helped carry the dying President to a house across the street. Some suggest King was the first physician to reach Lincoln but the accounts of the other physicians present, Dr. Charles Augustus Leale and Dr. Charles Sabin Taft, suggest that King was second or third.[5]","title":"Education and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"obstetrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrics"},{"link_name":"University of Vermont College of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vermont_College_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"University of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1871, King became a professor of obstetrics both at the University of Vermont College of Medicine and Providence Hospital in Washington, D.C. and at the University of Vermont.[6][7] From 1879 to 1894 he was Dean of National Medical College, Medical Department, at National Medical College of Columbian University.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument"},{"link_name":"Ronald Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Mosquito-malaria theory","text":"In 1882, King proposed a method to eradicate malaria from Washington, DC. His method was to encircle the city with a wire screen as high as the Washington Monument. Many people took this as a jest, partly because the link between malaria and mosquitoes had, at that time, been hypothesized by only a few physicians. It was not until 1898 that Ronald Ross proved mosquitoes were a vector for malaria (he won the Nobel Prize for the discovery just four years later).[8] However impractical, King was on the right track for malaria control, well in advance of the rest of the medical profession.[9][10][11]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"LLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legum_Doctor"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Victoria Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Institute"}],"text":"King was elected President of Medical Society of Washington, D.C. in 1883, and again in 1903. In 1883 the University of Vermont awarded him honorary master's degree. From 1885 to 1887 he was President of Washington Obstetrical and Gynecological Society. He received LLD degree from the University of Vermont in 1894. He was Fellow of British Gynecological Society, American Gynecological Society, and American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was Consulting Physician at Children's Hospital in Washington, D.C.. He was elected member of Washington Academy of Sciences, and Associate Member of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain.","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock Creek Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Creek_Cemetery"}],"text":"King married Ellen Amory Dexter of Boston on 17 October 1894. Together they had two daughters, Louisa Freeman and Sarah Vincent. His wife died in 1935.King died in Washington, D.C. due to senile debility, and is interred at Rock Creek Cemetery.","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-42180-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-42180-X"},{"link_name":"Kunhardt, Dorothy and Philip B. Kunhardt, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Kunhardt"},{"link_name":"McCullough, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McCullough"},{"link_name":"The Path Between the Seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Path_Between_the_Seas"}],"text":"Honigsbaum, Mark. The Fever Trail: In Search of the Cure for Malaria, Picador, 2003. ISBN 0-312-42180-X\nKunhardt, Dorothy and Philip B. Kunhardt, Jr. Twenty Days: A Narrative in Text and Pictures of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and the Twenty Days and Nights That Followed. New York: Castle Books, 1965.\nMcCullough, David. The Path Between the Seas. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977.\nRoos, Charles A. Physicians to the Presidents, and Their Patients: A Biobibliography, Bulletin of the Medical Library Association. 1961.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	[{"title":"Abraham Lincoln assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_assassination"},{"title":"Anderson Ruffin Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Ruffin_Abbott"},{"title":"Joseph K. Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barnes_(American_physician)"},{"title":"Charles H. Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Crane"},{"title":"Robert K. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Stone"},{"title":"History of malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_malaria"}]	[{"reference":"\"Albert King\". Nature. 147 (3716): 85. 1941. Bibcode:1941Natur.147T..85.. doi:10.1038/147085d0.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F147085d0","url_text":"\"Albert King\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941Natur.147T..85.","url_text":"1941Natur.147T..85."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F147085d0","url_text":"10.1038/147085d0"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Edward King\". ancestry.com. Retrieved 17 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://boards.ancestrylibrary.com/thread.aspx?mv=flat&m=4332&p=surnames.king","url_text":"\"Dr. Edward King\""}]},{"reference":"Carnes, Mark C. (2005). American national biography (Rev. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-1952-2202-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1952-2202-9","url_text":"978-0-1952-2202-9"}]},{"reference":"Papaioannou, Helena Iles; Stowell, Daniel W. (2013). \"Dr. Charles A. Leale's Report on the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln\". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. 34 (1): 40–53. hdl:2027/spo.2629860.0034.105.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.2629860.0034.105","url_text":"2027/spo.2629860.0034.105"}]},{"reference":"The Ariel. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. 1891. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cook, G C (2000). \"Perceptions of malaria transmission before Ross' discovery in 1897\". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 76 (901): 738–740. doi:10.1136/pmj.76.901.738. PMC 1741788. PMID 11060174.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1741788","url_text":"\"Perceptions of malaria transmission before Ross' discovery in 1897\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fpmj.76.901.738","url_text":"10.1136/pmj.76.901.738"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1741788","url_text":"1741788"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11060174","url_text":"11060174"}]},{"reference":"DANIELS, WB (1950). \"Albert Freeman Africanus King (1841-1914); his theory as to the transmission of malaria by mosquitoes\". The Medical Annals of the District of Columbia. 19 (9): 499–505, passim. PMID 15438311.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15438311","url_text":"15438311"}]},{"reference":"Howard, L. O. (1915). \"Dr. A. F. A. King on Mosquitoes and Malaria\". Science. 41 (1052): 312–315. Bibcode:1915Sci....41..312H. doi:10.1126/science.41.1052.312. PMID 17789057.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1448157","url_text":"\"Dr. A. F. A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_University_of_Science_and_Technology	Latin American University of Science and Technology	["1 Characteristics","2 History","3 Faculties","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 9°00′13″N 79°30′43″W / 9.0037°N 79.5120°W / 9.0037; -79.5120ULACITUniversidad Latinoamericana de Ciencia y TecnologíaMottoSol Lucet Omnibus ("The sun shines for everyone")TypePrivateEstablishedMay 7, 1991RectorDr. Stanley MuschettStudentsApprox. 2000, including Undergraduate and Postgraduate degreesAddressVía España and Calle 74 E, Carrasquilla, Panama City, Panama9°00′13″N 79°30′43″W / 9.0037°N 79.5120°W / 9.0037; -79.5120Websitewww.ulacit.ac.pa The Latin American University of science and Technology-Laureate International Universities (in Spanish: Universidad Latinoamericana de Ciencia y Tecnología) (ULACIT-LIU) was a private university located in Panama City, Panama. Through Resuelto (Legal Order) N°3 del 7 de mayo de 1991, the Ministry of Education of Panama, under supervision of the University of Panama, approved the foundation of ULACIT. Characteristics The Latin American University of Science and Technology is a private college. It has all the levels of higher education, from undergraduate degrees (25), to graduate and postgraduate degrees (16), and doctorates (2). History ULACIT was founded on May 7, 1991. From 1999, ULACIT started to apply periods of study of four months, an academic innovation at the time. From October, 2004, ULACIT is member of Laureate International Universities, the world's largest network of private colleges. In 2006, ULACIT opened its Health Sciences Faculty, with the career of Dental Surgeon (Dentistry). Later, the Faculty opened also the careers of Medicine (2008), Nursing (2009), and, Nutrition and Dietetics (2009). In February 2010, ULACIT opened the first and only simulated hospital of Panama. In 2014, the Ministry of Education of Panama approved the fusion of ULACIT with the Universidad Interamericana, with the latter absorbing the students and brands of ULACIT. The deal was part of the 2012 agreement with Laureate International Universities to purchase both universities (ULACIT and Universidad Interamericana). In 2019, Laureate Education sold the remaining assets of both universities for a combined 86 Million USD. Faculties Administrative Sciences Health Sciences Law and Political Sciences Engineerings References ^ "Educación" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2010-02-09. Retrieved 2011-05-13. ^ "La ULACIT anuncia matrícula abierta para este cuatrimestre" (in Spanish). Editora Panamá América. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-05-18. ^ Hermes Sucre Serrano. "Compran la ULACIT". Corporación La Prensa. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2011-05-18. ^ José Hilario Gómez. "ULACIT inaugura hospital de simulación" (in Spanish). uni>ersia. Retrieved 2011-05-18. ^ "Meduca ratifica absorción de la Ulacit". 14 May 2014. ^ "Laureate Education, Universal Knowledge Systems Inc. And Global Education Services Inc. Enter into Agreement for Sale of Universidad Interamericana de Panamá". 26 July 2019. External links ULACIT	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laureate International Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureate_International_Universities"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Education_of_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Latin American University of science and Technology-Laureate International Universities (in Spanish: Universidad Latinoamericana de Ciencia y Tecnología) (ULACIT-LIU) was a private university located in Panama City, Panama.Through Resuelto (Legal Order) N°3 del 7 de mayo de 1991, the Ministry of Education of Panama, under supervision of the University of Panama, approved the foundation of ULACIT.[1]","title":"Latin American University of Science and Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Latin American University of Science and Technology is a private college. It has all the levels of higher education, from undergraduate degrees (25), to graduate and postgraduate degrees (16), and doctorates (2).[2]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Laureate International Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureate_International_Universities"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Laureate International Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureate_International_Universities"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Laureate Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureate_Education"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"ULACIT was founded on May 7, 1991. From 1999, ULACIT started to apply periods of study of four months, an academic innovation at the time.[3] \nFrom October, 2004, ULACIT is member of Laureate International Universities, the world's largest network of private colleges.\nIn 2006, ULACIT opened its Health Sciences Faculty, with the career of Dental Surgeon (Dentistry). Later, the Faculty opened also the careers of Medicine (2008), Nursing (2009), and, Nutrition and Dietetics (2009).\nIn February 2010, ULACIT opened the first and only simulated hospital of Panama.[4]In 2014, the Ministry of Education of Panama approved the fusion of ULACIT with the Universidad Interamericana, with the latter absorbing the students and brands of ULACIT. The deal was part of the 2012 agreement with Laureate International Universities to purchase both universities (ULACIT and Universidad Interamericana).[5]In 2019, Laureate Education sold the remaining assets of both universities for a combined 86 Million USD. [6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Administrative Sciences\nHealth Sciences\nLaw and Political Sciences\nEngineerings","title":"Faculties"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Educación\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2010-02-09. Retrieved 2011-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100209011533/http://www.pa/secciones/educacion/index.php#universidades_privadas","url_text":"\"Educación\""},{"url":"http://www.pa/secciones/educacion/index.php#universidades_privadas","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"La ULACIT anuncia matrícula abierta para este cuatrimestre\" (in Spanish). Editora Panamá América. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927162410/http://www.critica.com.pa/archivo/080899/nac2.html","url_text":"\"La ULACIT anuncia matrícula abierta para este cuatrimestre\""},{"url":"http://www.critica.com.pa/archivo/080899/nac2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hermes Sucre Serrano. \"Compran la ULACIT\". Corporación La Prensa. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2011-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121005044631/http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2004/11/03/hoy/portada/60006.html","url_text":"\"Compran la ULACIT\""},{"url":"http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2004/11/03/hoy/portada/60006.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"José Hilario Gómez. \"ULACIT inaugura hospital de simulación\" (in Spanish). uni>ersia. Retrieved 2011-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://noticias.universia.com.pa/vida-universitaria/noticia/2010/02/13/161521/ulacit-inaugura-hospital-simulacion-PRINTABLE.html","url_text":"\"ULACIT inaugura hospital de simulación\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meduca ratifica absorción de la Ulacit\". 14 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/nacion/meduca-ratifica-absorcion-de-la-ulacit","url_text":"\"Meduca ratifica absorción de la Ulacit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laureate Education, Universal Knowledge Systems Inc. And Global Education Services Inc. Enter into Agreement for Sale of Universidad Interamericana de Panamá\". 26 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/07/26/1892335/0/en/Laureate-Education-Universal-Knowledge-Systems-Inc-and-Global-Education-Services-Inc-Enter-into-Agreement-for-Sale-of-Universidad-Interamericana-de-Panam%C3%A1.html","url_text":"\"Laureate Education, Universal Knowledge Systems Inc. And Global Education Services Inc. 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And Global Education Services Inc. Enter into Agreement for Sale of Universidad Interamericana de Panamá\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130302224518/http://ulacit.ac.pa/","external_links_name":"ULACIT"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100327192827/http://www.meduca.gob.pa/files/diredocentes/Universidad%20de%20Panam%C3%A12.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration:_Japanese_Agents_and_Local_Elites_in_Wartime_China	Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China	["1 Synopsis","2 Reception","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	2005 book by Timothy Brook Collaboration Front cover of CollaborationAuthorTimothy BrookLanguageEnglishGenreHistoryPublisherHarvard University PressPublication dateFebruary 2005, 1 March 2007Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Hardback, Paperback)ISBN0-674-01563-0 (hardcover)ISBN 0-674-02398-6 (paperback) Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China is a history book which investigates collaboration between the Chinese elites and Japanese, following the attack on the Chinese city of Shanghai in August 1937, just before the outbreak of the Second World War, and during the subsequent military occupation of the Yangtze River Delta in China by Japan. The book is written by Timothy Brook, a distinguished Canadian historian who specializes in the study of China (Sinology). Synopsis This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010) Following the attack on the Chinese city of Shanghai by the Japanese forces in August 1937, just before the outbreak of World War II, and during the subsequent occupation of the Yangtze River Delta in China by Japan, despite the violence of the assault, many of the Chinese elite came forward to collaborate with the occupying forces, mirroring collaboration with the Nazis in the occupied countries of Europe. Brook analyzes both Chinese and Japanese archives in order to build up a picture of the collaboration, which extended from Shanghai to Nanjing. He argues that "collaboration proved to be politically unstable and morally awkward for both sides, provoking tensions that undercut the authority of the occupation state and undermined Japan's long-term prospects for occupying China." Reception Lucian Pye, writing in the journal Foreign Affairs states that Brook has carefully handled the subject of collaboration which the Chinese are still hesitant to address. He points out that " study concentrates on local collaboration in the Yangtze delta region in Shanghai's hinterland, avoiding the more shocking cases of puppet regimes in north and northeast China and the 'national government' in Nanjing." Despite there being "no shortage of Chinese elites ready to work for the Japanese, the relationship remained complicated and tense." David P. Barrett, writing in the Chinese Historical Review describes the book as a "finely researched" and "subtly nuanced" study. He says that "what is remarkable is that Professor Brook has uncovered from both the Chinese and Japanese sides archival and memoir literature of a quality that allows him to present case studies that illuminate the ambiguities and complexities of collaboration, not to mention the essential mechanics of how it was sought and arranged." The reviewer concludes that "this work is not only a major contribution to the history of the Sino-Japanese War and that of modern China; it also makes an invaluable addition to the comparative history of wartime collaboration through recounting the Chinese experience of survival under the occupation state." R. Keith Schoppa writing in The American Historical Review describes the book as a "superb" example of the doing and writing of history at its best. In addition to painting a compelling picture of the multileveled and multidirectional complexity and ambiguity of politics and society under the occupation, Brook's work is studded with notable insights." The reviewer goes on to say that "Brook's writing style is at the same time urbane and engaging. In sum, this is an excellent study and a great read as well." Rana Mitter in the International History Review states that the book is "a welcome and necessary part of the new historical thinking about wartime China". It is "meticulously researched, subtly argued, and courageous study of a still delicate topic. It will be of value to all readers who wish to explore the dynamics of the 1937-45 Sino-Japanese War in more detail, and adds depth and maturity to a field that has sometimes seemed the prisoner of the type of nationalist paradigms that Brook seeks to undermine." Prasenjit Duara in The China Journal states that "Brook has produced a superb book about the vexed problem of collaboration" and commends Brook for providing a most interesting perspective and for "the clear and methodical way in which it proceeds through its historical investigation." See also Collaborationist Chinese Army Comfort women Events preceding World War II in Asia History of China History of Japan History of the Republic of China Military history of China Military history of Japan Military of the People's Republic of China Military of the Republic of China Notes ^ The pre-publication working title was Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Chinese Elites on the Yangtze Delta. See Academic profile at St. John's College, University of British Columbia (October 2004). ^ a b c d e Staff. "Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China. Timothy Brook". Harvard University Press. Retrieved 2010-01-29. ^ Dirda, Michael (27 January 2008). "Painting the World: How a hunger for tea and tobacco created global trade". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-01-22. ^ Conrad, Peter (29 June 2008). "A time when every picture told a story". The Observer. Retrieved 2010-01-22. ^ a b Pye, Lucian W. (June 2005). "Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China". Foreign Affairs. 84 (3). Council on Foreign Relations: Foreign Affairs. doi:10.2307/20034400. JSTOR 20034400. Retrieved 2010-01-24. ^ a b c Barrett, David P. (Fall 2005). "Timothy Brook. Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China" (PDF). The Chinese Historical Review. 12 (2). The Chinese Historians in the United States, Inc.: 339–342. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-01-29. The PDF shows a listing of contents for volume 12, No.2, General Issue Number 21. See CHR web site Archived 2009-09-15 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b Schoppa, R. Keith (December 2005). "Timothy Brook. Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China". The American Historical Review. 110 (5). American Historical Association: 1501–1502. doi:10.1086/ahr.110.5.1501. ^ a b Mitter, Rana (2006). "Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China" (PDF). The International History Review. 28. Routledge: 426. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2010-01-29. ^ a b Duara, Prasenjit (January 2008). "Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China, by Timothy Brook" (PDF). The China Journal. 59 (59). Contemporary China Center, Australian National University: 142–143. doi:10.1086/tcj.59.20066387. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-29. References Pye, Lucian W. (June 2005). "Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China". Foreign Affairs. 84 (3). Council on Foreign Relations: Foreign Affairs. doi:10.2307/20034400. JSTOR 20034400. Retrieved 2010-01-24. Barrett, David P. (Fall 2005). "Timothy Brook. Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China" (PDF). The Chinese Historical Review. 12 (2). The Chinese Historians in the United States, Inc.: 339–342. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-01-29. The PDF shows a listing of contents for volume 12, No.2, General Issue Number 21. See CHR web site. Schoppa, R. Keith (December 2005). "Timothy Brook. Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China". The American Historical Review. 110 (5). American Historical Association: 1501–1502. doi:10.1086/ahr.110.5.1501. Mitter, Rana (2006). "Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China" (PDF). The International History Review. 28. Routledge: 426. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2010-01-29. Duara, Prasenjit (January 2008). "Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China, by Timothy Brook" (PDF). The China Journal. 59 (59). Contemporary China Center, Australian National University: 142–143. doi:10.1086/tcj.59.20066387. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-29. External links Academic profile at the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford (2009) Author's pages at Beverley Slopen Literary Agency vteBooks by Timothy Brook Quelling the People (1992) Praying for Power (1994) The Confusions of Pleasure (1998) The Chinese State in Ming Society (2004) Collaboration (2005) Vermeer's Hat (2007) Death by a Thousand Cuts (2008) The Troubled Empire (2010)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorkingTitle-1"},{"link_name":"collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationism"},{"link_name":"elites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"military occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupation"},{"link_name":"Yangtze River Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarvardBlurb-2"},{"link_name":"Timothy Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Brook"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashingtonPostDirda-3"},{"link_name":"Sinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ObserverConrad-4"}],"text":"Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China[1] is a history book which investigates collaboration between the Chinese elites and Japanese, following the attack on the Chinese city of Shanghai in August 1937, just before the outbreak of the Second World War, and during the subsequent military occupation of the Yangtze River Delta in China by Japan.[2]The book is written by Timothy Brook, a distinguished Canadian historian[3] who specializes in the study of China (Sinology).[4]","title":"Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarvardBlurb-2"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarvardBlurb-2"},{"link_name":"archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarvardBlurb-2"},{"link_name":"morally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarvardBlurb-2"}],"text":"Following the attack on the Chinese city of Shanghai by the Japanese forces in August 1937, just before the outbreak of World War II, and during the subsequent occupation of the Yangtze River Delta in China by Japan, despite the violence of the assault, many of the Chinese elite came forward to collaborate with the occupying forces,[2] mirroring collaboration with the Nazis in the occupied countries of Europe.[2]Brook analyzes both Chinese and Japanese archives in order to build up a picture of the collaboration, which extended from Shanghai to Nanjing.[2] He argues that \"collaboration proved to be politically unstable and morally awkward for both sides, provoking tensions that undercut the authority of the occupation state and undermined Japan's long-term prospects for occupying China.\"[2]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucian Pye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Pye"},{"link_name":"Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs"},{"link_name":"hinterland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinterland"},{"link_name":"puppet regimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_state"},{"link_name":"'national government' in Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForeignAffairs-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForeignAffairs-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChineseHistoricalReviewBarrett-6"},{"link_name":"ambiguities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChineseHistoricalReviewBarrett-6"},{"link_name":"Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChineseHistoricalReviewBarrett-6"},{"link_name":"R. Keith Schoppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Keith_Schoppa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericanHistoricalReviewSchoppa-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericanHistoricalReviewSchoppa-7"},{"link_name":"Rana Mitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Mitter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InternationalHistoryReview-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InternationalHistoryReview-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChinaJournalDuara-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChinaJournalDuara-9"}],"text":"Lucian Pye, writing in the journal Foreign Affairs states that Brook has carefully handled the subject of collaboration which the Chinese are still hesitant to address. He points out that \"[Brook's] study concentrates on local collaboration in the Yangtze delta region in Shanghai's hinterland, avoiding the more shocking cases of puppet regimes in north and northeast China and the 'national government' in Nanjing.\"[5]\nDespite there being \"no shortage of Chinese elites ready to work for the Japanese, [...] the relationship remained complicated and tense.\"[5]David P. Barrett, writing in the Chinese Historical Review describes the book as a \"finely researched\" and \"subtly nuanced\" study.[6] He says that \"what is remarkable is that Professor Brook has uncovered from both the Chinese and Japanese sides archival and memoir literature of a quality that allows him to present case studies that illuminate the ambiguities and complexities of collaboration, not to mention the essential mechanics of how it was sought and arranged.\"[6] The reviewer concludes that \"this work is not only a major contribution to the history of the [Second] Sino-Japanese War and that of modern China; it also makes an invaluable addition to the comparative history of wartime collaboration through recounting the Chinese experience of survival under the occupation state.\"[6]R. Keith Schoppa writing in The American Historical Review describes the book as a \"superb\" example of the doing and writing of history at its best. In addition to painting a compelling picture of the multileveled and multidirectional complexity and ambiguity of politics and society under the occupation, Brook's work is studded with notable insights.\"[7] The reviewer goes on to say that \"Brook's writing style is at the same time urbane and engaging. In sum, this is an excellent study and a great read as well.\"[7]Rana Mitter in the International History Review states that the book is \"a welcome and necessary part of the new historical thinking about wartime China\".[8] It is \"meticulously researched, subtly argued, and courageous study of a still delicate topic. It will be of value to all readers who wish to explore the dynamics of the 1937-45 Sino-Japanese War in more detail, and adds depth and maturity to a field that has sometimes seemed the prisoner of the type of nationalist paradigms that Brook seeks to undermine.\"[8]Prasenjit Duara in The China Journal states that \"Brook has produced a superb book about the vexed problem of collaboration\"[9] and commends Brook for providing a most interesting perspective and for \"the clear and methodical way in which it proceeds through its historical investigation.\"[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WorkingTitle_1-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HarvardBlurb_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HarvardBlurb_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HarvardBlurb_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HarvardBlurb_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HarvardBlurb_2-4"},{"link_name":"\"Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China. 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Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110719220956/http://www.chss.iup.edu/chr/CHR-t%20of%20c-vol%2012%20no%202.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chss.iup.edu/chr/CHR-t%20of%20c-vol%2012%20no%202.pdf"},{"link_name":"CHR web site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chss.iup.edu/chr/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090915195459/http://www.chss.iup.edu/chr/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AmericanHistoricalReviewSchoppa_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AmericanHistoricalReviewSchoppa_7-1"},{"link_name":"American Historical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Historical_Association"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/ahr.110.5.1501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.110.5.1501"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-InternationalHistoryReview_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-InternationalHistoryReview_8-1"},{"link_name":"Mitter, Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Mitter"},{"link_name":"\"Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091014212804/http://www.sfu.ca/ihr/pdf/Index_IHR_XXVIII_2006.pdf"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sfu.ca/ihr/pdf/Index_IHR_XXVIII_2006.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ChinaJournalDuara_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ChinaJournalDuara_9-1"},{"link_name":"\"Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China, by Timothy Brook\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080805164233/http://rspas.anu.edu.au//ccc/tcj59.pdf"},{"link_name":"The China Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_Journal"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/tcj.59.20066387","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2Ftcj.59.20066387"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rspas.anu.edu.au/ccc/tcj59.pdf"}],"text":"^ The pre-publication working title was Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Chinese Elites on the Yangtze Delta. See Academic profile at St. John's College, University of British Columbia (October 2004).\n\n^ a b c d e Staff. \"Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China. Timothy Brook\". Harvard University Press. Retrieved 2010-01-29.\n\n^ Dirda, Michael (27 January 2008). \"Painting the World: How a hunger for tea and tobacco created global trade\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-01-22.\n\n^ Conrad, Peter (29 June 2008). \"A time when every picture told a story\". The Observer. Retrieved 2010-01-22.\n\n^ a b Pye, Lucian W. (June 2005). \"Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China\". Foreign Affairs. 84 (3). Council on Foreign Relations: Foreign Affairs. doi:10.2307/20034400. JSTOR 20034400. Retrieved 2010-01-24.\n\n^ a b c Barrett, David P. (Fall 2005). \"Timothy Brook. Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China\" (PDF). The Chinese Historical Review. 12 (2). The Chinese Historians in the United States, Inc.: 339–342. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-01-29. The PDF shows a listing of contents for volume 12, No.2, General Issue Number 21. See CHR web site Archived 2009-09-15 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ a b Schoppa, R. Keith (December 2005). \"Timothy Brook. Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China\". The American Historical Review. 110 (5). American Historical Association: 1501–1502. doi:10.1086/ahr.110.5.1501.\n\n^ a b \nMitter, Rana (2006). \"Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China\" (PDF). The International History Review. 28. Routledge: 426. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2010-01-29.\n\n^ a b Duara, Prasenjit (January 2008). \"Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China, by Timothy Brook\" (PDF). The China Journal. 59 (59). Contemporary China Center, Australian National University: 142–143. doi:10.1086/tcj.59.20066387. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-29.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Collaborationist Chinese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army"},{"title":"Comfort women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_women"},{"title":"Events preceding World War II in Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia"},{"title":"History of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"title":"History of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japan"},{"title":"History of the Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"title":"Military history of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_China"},{"title":"Military history of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan"},{"title":"Military of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"title":"Military of the Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Republic_of_China"}]	[{"reference":"Staff. \"Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policies	Social policy	["1 History","2 Types","3 United States social policy","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"]	Action of institutional agencies that aim to improve society This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Social Security Administration headquarters is in Woodlawn, Maryland. Some professionals and universities consider social policy a subset of public policy, while other practitioners characterize social policy and public policy to be two separate, competing approaches for the same public interest (similar to MD and DO in healthcare), with social policy deemed more holistic than public policy. Whichever of these persuasions a university adheres to, social policy begins with the study of the welfare state and social services. It consists of guidelines, principles, legislation and associated activities that affect the living conditions conducive to human welfare, such as a person's quality of life. The Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics defines social policy as "an interdisciplinary and applied subject concerned with the analysis of societies' responses to social need", which seeks to foster in its students a capacity to understand theory and evidence drawn from a wide range of social science disciplines, including economics, sociology, psychology, geography, history, law, philosophy and political science. The Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at Harvard University describes social policy as "public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human services, criminal justice, inequality, education, and labor". Social policy might also be described as actions that affect the well-being of members of a society through shaping the distribution of and access to goods and resources in that society. Social policy often deals with wicked problems. The discussion of 'social policy' in the United States and Canada can also apply to governmental policy on social issues such as tackling racism, LGBT issues (such as same-sex marriage) and the legal status of abortion, guns, euthanasia, recreational drugs and prostitution. In other countries, these issues would be classified under health policy and domestic policy. The study of social policy can either be a stand-alone degree at providers such as the University of Birmingham, University of York, Oxford University, and the University of Pennsylvania, a specialization as part of a public policy degree program such as at McGill University, Balsillie School of International Affairs, Harris School of Public Policy, and the Hertie School of Governance, or a joint degree along with a similar related degree in social work or public health such as at George Warren Brown School of Social Work at Washington University in St. Louis. In the Global South, social policy is offered along with public policy degree programmes, as at the Institute of Public Policy, National Law School of India University, Bangalore, combined with development policy. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) See also: Welfare State and Welfare Hans von Aachen, Allegory or The Triumph of Justice (1598) Social policy is a plan or action of government or institutional agencies which aim to improve or reform society. Social policy was first conceived in the 1940s by Richard Titmuss within the field of social administration in Britain. Titmuss's essay on the "Social Division of Welfare" (1955) laid the development for social policy to gradually absorb social administration. Titmuss was an essayist whose work concerned the failure of the market; the inadequacy of selective social services; and the superiority of collectivism and universal approaches. While some scholars describe social policy as an interdisciplinary field of practice, scholars like Fiona Williams and Pete Alcock believe social policy is a discipline unto itself. Some of the earliest examples of direct intervention by government in human welfare date back to Ancient Rome's Cura Annonae (grain dole) founded in 123 BC, and Umar ibn al-Khattāb's rule as the second caliph of Islam in the 6th century: he used zakat collections and also other governmental resources to establish pensions, income support, child benefits, and various stipends for people of the non-Muslim community. The enactment of English Poor Laws helped curb poverty and recidivism: these laws influenced the justices of Berkshire to implement the Speenhamland system, which was the first social program in the modern sense of that word. In the modern West, proponents of scientific social planning such as the sociologist Auguste Comte, and social researchers, such as Charles Booth, contributed to the emergence of social policymaking in the first industrialised countries following the Industrial Revolution. Surveys of poverty exposing the brutal conditions in the urban slum conurbations of Victorian Britain supplied the pressure leading to changes such as the decline and abolition of the poor law system and Liberal welfare reforms. Other significant examples in the development of social policy are the Bismarckian welfare state in 19th century Germany, social security policies in the United States introduced under the rubric of the New Deal between 1933 and 1935, and both the Beveridge Report and the National Health Service Act 1946 in Britain. Thus, two major models of social insurance arose in practice: Bismarkian welfare from Germany and Beveridgean welfare from Britain. Social policy in the 21st century is complex and in each state it is subject to local and national governments, as well as supranational political influence. For example, membership of the European Union is conditional on member states' adherence to the Social Chapter of European Union law and other international laws. Types This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lady Justice depicts justice as equipped with three symbols: a sword symbolizing the court's coercive power; a human scale weighing competing claims in each hand; and a blindfold indicating impartiality. Social policy aims to improve human welfare and to meet human needs for education, health, housing and economic security. Important areas of social policy are wellbeing and welfare, poverty reduction, social security, justice, unemployment insurance, living conditions, animal rights, pensions, health care, social housing, family policy, social care, child protection, social exclusion, education policy, crime and criminal justice, urban development, and labor issues. United States social policy This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan was the first major U.S. political figure to incorporate formal social policy into official government decisions, a champion of social justice. Bryan is pictured in 1908. The United States was a pioneer in generous social spending (relative to comparable countries), as it provided substantial social spending for Civil War veterans and their families. However, the United States would go on to lag behind other advanced industrial democracies in social spending. Religious, racial, ideological, scientific and philosophical movements and ideas have historically influenced American social policy, for example, John Calvin and his idea of pre-destination and the Protestant Values of hard work and individualism. Moreover, Social Darwinism helped mold America's ideas of capitalism and the survival of the fittest mentality. The Catholic Church's social teaching has also been considerably influential to the development of social policy. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's ground breaking New Deal is a paragon example of Social Policy that focused predominantly on a program of providing work and stimulating the economy through public spending on projects, rather than on cash payment. The programs were in response to the Great Depression affecting the United States in the 1930s. United States politicians who have favored increasing government observance of social policy often do not frame their proposals around typical notions of welfare or benefits; instead, in cases like Medicare and Medicaid, President Lyndon B. Johnson presented a package called the Great Society that framed a larger vision around poverty and quality of life. President Lyndon B. Johnson would also attempt to implement education policy under his Great Society package, introducing several programs and laws, such as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA), and the Bilingual Education Act of 1967 (BEA), and many others. These laws would form the backbone of the education policy changes of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), introduced during the administration of Republican President George W. Bush with bipartisan support. The law took effect on January 8, 2002, attempting to raise standards in education, address educational inequities (framed as an achievement gap), and issues in schools framed as issues of accountability. The No Child Left Behind Act required every state to assess students on basic skills to receive federal funding. While the law did attempt to address issues underlying U.S. education, it's provisions were widely viewed as unsuccessful. States continued to create their own standards while assessing themselves. NCLB also led to the closure of numerous schools labeled "low-performing" or "failing", disproportionately impacting schools that served predominately Black students and rural communities. Provisions of NCLB were changed and replaced under the Race to the Top (R2T, RTTT or RTT) and Every Child Succeeds Act (ESSA) passed during the Administration of President Barack Obama. Insurance has been a growing policy topic, and a recent example of health care law as social policy is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act formed by the 111th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama, a Democrat, on March 23, 2010. See also Criminology Education policy Great Society Health policy Housing policy Medicaid Medicare Social insurance Social Security Administration Social Security (United States) Social theory References ^ "About the Malcolm Wiener Center". Presidents and Fellows of Harvard. 15 February 2006. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ^ "Penn SP2 Mission Statement". University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ Spicker, Paul. "An introduction to Social Policy". www2.rgu.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ^ "Welcome to the Department". London School of Economics (LSE). Retrieved 21 May 2015. ^ "About the Malcolm Wiener Center". Presidents and Fellows of Harvard. 15 February 2006. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ^ Social Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand: A Critical Introduction (2005) by Christine Cheyne, Mike O'Brien, & Michael Belgrave - Page 3 ^ Rittel, H. & Webber, M. (1973). Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sci 4:155-169. ^ Eilperin, Juliet; Mufson, Steven (28 April 2015). "Obama calls for social policy changes in wake of Baltimore riots". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ^ "Gay marriage inquiry reaches consensus". AustralianMarriageEquality.org. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ^ "Gender and sex equality". Social Policy Digest. Cambridge Journals. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ^ "Gun Control". Almanac of Policy Issues. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ^ Thomasma, David C.; Graber, Glenn C. (1991). "Euthanasia: Toward an Ethical Social Policy". Ann Intern Med. 114 (12): 1067. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1067_3. ^ "Drug Use, Consequences and Social Policies" (PDF). Tammy L. Anderson, Ph.D. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ^ "Prostitution Policy in Canada: Models, Ideologies, and Moving Forward" (PDF). Canadian Association of Social Workers. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ^ STEWART, JOHN (2020). Richard Titmuss: A Commitment to Welfare (1 ed.). Bristol University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv128fqbs. JSTOR j.ctv128fqbs. ^ Luban, Law's Blindfold, 23 ^ Science, London School of Economics and Political. "What is social policy?". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 1 May 2023. ^ Skocpol, Theda (1992). Protecting Soldiers and Mothers. Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674717664. Retrieved 21 March 2020. {{cite book}}: \|website= ignored (help) ^ Tilsley, Alexandra (23 March 2017). "Subtracting Schools from Communities". Urban Institute. Retrieved 28 December 2021. Further reading Library resources about Social policy Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Social Policy & Administration Titmuss, R. M. (1951) Problems of social policy. HM Stationery Office. ISBN 9780527357665 Dean, H. (2006). Social Policy. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-3434-0. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990) The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ferragina, Emanuele and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser, "Welfare Regime Debate: Past, Present, Futures?" Policy & Politics: 39 (2011): 4: 583–611. vtePublic policyFields Agricultural Climate change Cultural Domestic Drug reform Economic Fiscal Incomes Industrial Investment Monetary Tax Trade Education Energy Nuclear energy Renewable energy Environmental Food Foreign Health Pharmaceutical Vaccination Housing Immigration Knowledge Language Military Science Stem cell Space Technology Social Other topics Evidence-based policy Public administration Public budgeting Public policy doctrine Public policy school Policy analysis Policy studies Regulation Public policy by country Authority control databases National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA vteSocial work and related conceptsConceptsPrimary Social work Secondary Anti-oppressive practice Crisis intervention Community practice Community organization Critical social work Financial social work Gerontology Group development Leadership Management New 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Austrian Australian Bangladeshi Belgian British Canadian Dutch French German Guyanese Hong Kong Indian Indonesian Israeli Japanese Nepalese New Zealand Norwegian Pakistani Polish Swedish Trinidad and Tobago Ugandan Professionalassociations International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) National Alliance of Professional Social Workers National Association of Social Workers (American) Australian Association of Social Workers British Association of Social Workers Institute of Medical Social Workers (British) Canadian Association of Social Workers Scottish Children's Reporter Administration Professional Social Workers' Association (PSWA) Biographies Jane Addams Amartya Sen Harry Hopkins Joyce Lishman	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socialsecurityheadquarters.jpg"},{"link_name":"Social Security Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Administration"},{"link_name":"public 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States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"euthanasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"recreational drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drugs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"health policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_policy"},{"link_name":"domestic policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"University of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_York"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Balsillie School of International Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsillie_School_of_International_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Harris School of Public Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_School_of_Public_Policy_Studies"},{"link_name":"Hertie School of Governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertie_School"},{"link_name":"George Warren Brown School of Social Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Warren_Brown_School_of_Social_Work"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"National Law School of India University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Law_School_of_India_University"}],"text":"Social Security Administration headquarters is in Woodlawn, Maryland.Some professionals and universities consider social policy a subset of public policy,[1] while other practitioners characterize social policy and public policy to be two separate, competing approaches for the same public interest (similar to MD and DO in healthcare), with social policy deemed more holistic than public policy.[2] Whichever of these persuasions a university adheres to, social policy begins with the study of the welfare state and social services.[3] It consists of guidelines, principles, legislation and associated activities that affect the living conditions conducive to human welfare, such as a person's quality of life. The Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics defines social policy as \"an interdisciplinary and applied subject concerned with the analysis of societies' responses to social need\", which seeks to foster in its students a capacity to understand theory and evidence drawn from a wide range of social science disciplines, including economics, sociology, psychology, geography, history, law, philosophy and political science.[4] The Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at Harvard University describes social policy as \"public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human services, criminal justice, inequality, education, and labor\".[5] Social policy might also be described as actions that affect the well-being of members of a society through shaping the distribution of and access to goods and resources in that society.[6] Social policy often deals with wicked problems.[7]The discussion of 'social policy' in the United States and Canada can also apply to governmental policy on social issues such as tackling racism,[8] LGBT issues (such as same-sex marriage)[9] and the legal status of abortion,[10] guns,[11] euthanasia,[12] recreational drugs[13] and prostitution.[14] In other countries, these issues would be classified under health policy and domestic policy.The study of social policy can either be a stand-alone degree at providers such as the University of Birmingham, University of York, Oxford University, and the University of Pennsylvania, a specialization as part of a public policy degree program such as at McGill University, Balsillie School of International Affairs, Harris School of Public Policy, and the Hertie School of Governance, or a joint degree along with a similar related degree in social work or public health such as at George Warren Brown School of Social Work at Washington University in St. Louis. In the Global South, social policy is offered along with public policy degree programmes, as at the Institute of Public Policy, National Law School of India University, Bangalore, combined with development policy.","title":"Social policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welfare State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_State"},{"link_name":"Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aachen_Allegory.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans von Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Aachen"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society"},{"link_name":"1940s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940s"},{"link_name":"Richard Titmuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Titmuss"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"essayist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essayist"},{"link_name":"collectivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism"},{"link_name":"interdisciplinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinary"},{"link_name":"Fiona Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Williams"},{"link_name":"discipline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_discipline"},{"link_name":"Ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Cura Annonae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura_Annonae"},{"link_name":"Umar ibn al-Khattāb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khatt%C4%81b"},{"link_name":"caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"zakat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"English Poor Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Poor_Laws"},{"link_name":"poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"Speenhamland system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speenhamland_system"},{"link_name":"social program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_program"},{"link_name":"Auguste Comte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte"},{"link_name":"Charles Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth_(philanthropist)"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"slum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum"},{"link_name":"Victorian Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Britain"},{"link_name":"decline and abolition of the poor law system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_abolition_of_the_poor_law_system"},{"link_name":"Liberal welfare reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms"},{"link_name":"Bismarckian welfare state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck#Social_legislation"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"social security policies in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)#History"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"Beveridge Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beveridge_Report"},{"link_name":"National Health Service Act 1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service_Act_1946"},{"link_name":"social insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_insurance"},{"link_name":"local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government"},{"link_name":"national governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_government"},{"link_name":"supranational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_union"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Social Chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_European_Union#Social_chapter"},{"link_name":"international laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_laws"},{"link_name":"clarify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"See also: Welfare State and WelfareHans von Aachen, Allegory or The Triumph of Justice (1598)Social policy is a plan or action of government or institutional agencies which aim to improve or reform society.\nSocial policy was first conceived in the 1940s by Richard Titmuss within the field of social administration in Britain.[15] Titmuss's essay on the \"Social Division of Welfare\" (1955) laid the development for social policy to gradually absorb social administration. Titmuss was an essayist whose work concerned the failure of the market; the inadequacy of selective social services; and the superiority of collectivism and universal approaches. While some scholars describe social policy as an interdisciplinary field of practice, scholars like Fiona Williams and Pete Alcock believe social policy is a discipline unto itself.Some of the earliest examples of direct intervention by government in human welfare date back to Ancient Rome's Cura Annonae (grain dole) founded in 123 BC, and Umar ibn al-Khattāb's rule as the second caliph of Islam in the 6th century: he used zakat collections and also other governmental resources to establish pensions, income support, child benefits, and various stipends for people of the non-Muslim community[citation needed]. The enactment of English Poor Laws helped curb poverty and recidivism: these laws influenced the justices of Berkshire to implement the Speenhamland system, which was the first social program in the modern sense of that word. In the modern West, proponents of scientific social planning such as the sociologist Auguste Comte, and social researchers, such as Charles Booth, contributed to the emergence of social policymaking in the first industrialised countries following the Industrial Revolution. Surveys of poverty exposing the brutal conditions in the urban slum conurbations of Victorian Britain supplied the pressure leading to changes such as the decline and abolition of the poor law system and Liberal welfare reforms. Other significant examples in the development of social policy are the Bismarckian welfare state in 19th century Germany, social security policies in the United States introduced under the rubric of the New Deal between 1933 and 1935, and both the Beveridge Report and the National Health Service Act 1946 in Britain. Thus, two major models of social insurance arose in practice: Bismarkian welfare from Germany and Beveridgean welfare from Britain.Social policy in the 21st century is complex and in each state it is subject to local and national governments, as well as supranational political influence. For example, membership of the European Union is conditional on member states' adherence to the Social Chapter of European Union law and other international laws.[clarify]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JMR-Memphis1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lady Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Justice"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"human needs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_need"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"wellbeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellbeing"},{"link_name":"social security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security"},{"link_name":"justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice"},{"link_name":"unemployment insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_insurance"},{"link_name":"living conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_conditions"},{"link_name":"animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensions"},{"link_name":"health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"social housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_housing"},{"link_name":"social care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_care"},{"link_name":"child protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_protection"},{"link_name":"social exclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_exclusion"},{"link_name":"education policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_policy"},{"link_name":"crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime"},{"link_name":"criminal justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice"},{"link_name":"urban development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_development"},{"link_name":"labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_labour"}],"text":"Lady Justice depicts justice as equipped with three symbols: a sword symbolizing the court's coercive power; a human scale weighing competing claims in each hand; and a blindfold indicating impartiality.[16]Social policy aims to improve human welfare and to meet human needs for education, health, housing and economic security.[17] Important areas of social policy are wellbeing and welfare, poverty reduction, social security, justice, unemployment insurance, living conditions, animal rights, pensions, health care, social housing, family policy, social care, child protection, social exclusion, education policy, crime and criminal justice, urban development, and labor issues.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Jennings_Bryan,_1860-1925.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"William Jennings Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan"},{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"John Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin"},{"link_name":"pre-destination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-destination"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"individualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism"},{"link_name":"Social Darwinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"survival of the fittest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"1930s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930s"},{"link_name":"Medicare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Medicaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Great Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society"},{"link_name":"poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"quality of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act"},{"link_name":"Higher Education Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Bilingual Education Act of 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual_Education_Act"},{"link_name":"No Child Left Behind Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"bipartisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisanship"},{"link_name":"educational inequities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_inequality"},{"link_name":"assess students on basic skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards-based_education_reform_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Race to the Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_to_the_Top"},{"link_name":"Every Child Succeeds Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Student_Succeeds_Act"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance"},{"link_name":"health care law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_law"},{"link_name":"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"}],"text":"U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan was the first major U.S. political figure to incorporate formal social policy into official government decisions, a champion of social justice. Bryan is pictured in 1908.The United States was a pioneer in generous social spending (relative to comparable countries), as it provided substantial social spending for Civil War veterans and their families.[18] However, the United States would go on to lag behind other advanced industrial democracies in social spending.Religious, racial, ideological, scientific and philosophical movements and ideas have historically influenced American social policy, for example, John Calvin and his idea of pre-destination and the Protestant Values of hard work and individualism. Moreover, Social Darwinism helped mold America's ideas of capitalism and the survival of the fittest mentality. The Catholic Church's social teaching has also been considerably influential to the development of social policy.President Franklin D. Roosevelt's ground breaking New Deal is a paragon example of Social Policy that focused predominantly on a program of providing work and stimulating the economy through public spending on projects, rather than on cash payment. The programs were in response to the Great Depression affecting the United States in the 1930s.United States politicians who have favored increasing government observance of social policy often do not frame their proposals around typical notions of welfare or benefits; instead, in cases like Medicare and Medicaid, President Lyndon B. Johnson presented a package called the Great Society that framed a larger vision around poverty and quality of life.President Lyndon B. Johnson would also attempt to implement education policy under his Great Society package, introducing several programs and laws, such as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA), and the Bilingual Education Act of 1967 (BEA), and many others. These laws would form the backbone of the education policy changes of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), introduced during the administration of Republican President George W. Bush with bipartisan support. The law took effect on January 8, 2002, attempting to raise standards in education, address educational inequities (framed as an achievement gap), and issues in schools framed as issues of accountability. The No Child Left Behind Act required every state to assess students on basic skills to receive federal funding. While the law did attempt to address issues underlying U.S. education, it's provisions were widely viewed as unsuccessful. States continued to create their own standards while assessing themselves. NCLB also led to the closure of numerous schools labeled \"low-performing\" or \"failing\", disproportionately impacting schools that served predominately Black students and rural communities.[19] Provisions of NCLB were changed and replaced under the Race to the Top (R2T, RTTT or RTT) and Every Child Succeeds Act (ESSA) passed during the Administration of President Barack Obama.Insurance has been a growing policy topic, and a recent example of health care law as social policy is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act formed by the 111th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama, a Democrat, on March 23, 2010.","title":"United States social policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=social+policy"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=social+policy&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Social Policy & Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/spol"},{"link_name":"Titmuss, R. 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583–611.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2011/00000039/00000004/art00010"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Public_policy"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Public_policy"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_policy"},{"link_name":"Public policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"Agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_policy"},{"link_name":"Climate 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energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy"},{"link_name":"Renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_policy"},{"link_name":"Environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy"},{"link_name":"Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_policy"},{"link_name":"Foreign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_policy"},{"link_name":"Pharmaceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy"},{"link_name":"Vaccination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_policy"},{"link_name":"Housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_policy"},{"link_name":"Immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy"},{"link_name":"Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_policy"},{"link_name":"Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_policy"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy"},{"link_name":"Stem cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_research_policy"},{"link_name":"Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy"},{"link_name":"Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_policy"},{"link_name":"Social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Evidence-based policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_policy"},{"link_name":"Public administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"},{"link_name":"Public budgeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_budgeting"},{"link_name":"Public policy doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine"},{"link_name":"Public policy school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_school"},{"link_name":"Policy analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis"},{"link_name":"Policy studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_studies"},{"link_name":"Regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation"},{"link_name":"Public policy by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_policy_topics_by_country"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828395#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4343983"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935195g"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935195g"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4055879-4"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551036605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85123985"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000049051&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571882"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116210&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016577"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10644584"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Social_work"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Social_work"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_work"},{"link_name":"Social work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work"},{"link_name":"Social work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work"},{"link_name":"Anti-oppressive practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-oppressive_practice"},{"link_name":"Crisis intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_intervention"},{"link_name":"Community practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_practice"},{"link_name":"Community organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organization"},{"link_name":"Critical social work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_social_work"},{"link_name":"Financial social work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_social_work"},{"link_name":"Gerontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontology"},{"link_name":"Group development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_development"},{"link_name":"Leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership"},{"link_name":"Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"New Public Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Public_Management"},{"link_name":"Policy analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis"},{"link_name":"Program evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_evaluation"},{"link_name":"Performance measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_measurement"},{"link_name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrics"},{"link_name":"Psychosocial assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosocial#Psychosocial_assessment_and_intervention"},{"link_name":"Cognitive behavioral therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy"},{"link_name":"Recreational therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_therapy"},{"link_name":"Health psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_psychology"},{"link_name":"Solution focused brief therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_focused_brief_therapy"},{"link_name":"Strength-based practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength-based_practice"},{"link_name":"Systems thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_thinking"},{"link_name":"Social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"Social actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_actions"},{"link_name":"Social medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_medicine"},{"link_name":"Social learning (social pedagogy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_learning_(social_pedagogy)"},{"link_name":"Social case worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseworker_(social_work)"},{"link_name":"Child protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_protection"},{"link_name":"Forensic social worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_social_work"},{"link_name":"Medical social worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_social_work"},{"link_name":"Psychiatric social worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health#Social_work_in_mental_health"},{"link_name":"Rehabilitation worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_rehabilitation"},{"link_name":"School social worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_social_worker"},{"link_name":"Social work in the military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work_in_the_military"},{"link_name":"Social group worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_work#Social_group_work"},{"link_name":"Social planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sociology#Applied_sociology"},{"link_name":"Welfare worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_economics"},{"link_name":"Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_social_work"},{"link_name":"Qualifications for professional social work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualifications_for_professional_social_work"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Social Work (BA, BSc or BSW) degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree#New_bachelor's_degrees"},{"link_name":"Socionom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socionom"},{"link_name":"Master of Social Work degree (MA, MSc or MSW)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Social_Work"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Social Work degree (Ph.D or DSW)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Social_Work"},{"link_name":"International Association of Schools of Social Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Schools_of_Social_Work"},{"link_name":"Council on Social Work Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Social_Work_Education"},{"link_name":"Schools of social work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Schools_of_social_work"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Argentine_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Austrian_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Australian_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Bangladeshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bangladeshi_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Belgian_social_workers"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:British_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dutch_social_workers"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:French_social_workers"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Guyanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Guyanese_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indian_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indonesian_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Israeli_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Japanese_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Nepalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nepalese_social_workers"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Norwegian_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pakistani_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Polish_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Swedish_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Trinidad_and_Tobago_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Ugandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ugandan_social_workers"},{"link_name":"International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Social_Workers"},{"link_name":"National Alliance of Professional Social Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Alliance_of_Professional_Social_Workers"},{"link_name":"National Association of Social Workers (American)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Social_Workers"},{"link_name":"Australian Association of Social Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Association_of_Social_Workers"},{"link_name":"British Association of Social Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_of_Social_Workers"},{"link_name":"Institute of Medical Social Workers (British)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Medical_Social_Workers"},{"link_name":"Canadian Association of Social Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Social_Workers"},{"link_name":"Scottish Children's Reporter Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Children%27s_Reporter_Administration"},{"link_name":"Professional Social Workers' Association (PSWA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Social_Workers%27_Association"},{"link_name":"Jane Addams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams"},{"link_name":"Amartya Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen"},{"link_name":"Harry Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Joyce Lishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Lishman"}],"text":"Library resources about Social policy \n\nResources in your library\nResources in other librariesSocial Policy & Administration\nTitmuss, R. M. (1951) Problems of social policy. HM Stationery Office. ISBN 9780527357665\nDean, H. (2006). Social Policy. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-3434-0.\nEsping-Andersen, G. (1990) The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.\nFerragina, Emanuele and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser, \"Welfare Regime Debate: Past, Present, Futures?\" Policy & Politics: 39 (2011): 4: 583–611.vtePublic policyFields\nAgricultural\nClimate change\nCultural\nDomestic\nDrug\nreform\nEconomic\nFiscal\nIncomes\nIndustrial\nInvestment\nMonetary\nTax\nTrade\nEducation\nEnergy\nNuclear energy\nRenewable energy\nEnvironmental\nFood\nForeign\nHealth\nPharmaceutical\nVaccination\nHousing\nImmigration\nKnowledge\nLanguage\nMilitary\nScience\nStem cell\nSpace\nTechnology\nSocial\nOther topics\nEvidence-based policy\nPublic administration\nPublic budgeting\nPublic policy doctrine\nPublic policy school\nPolicy analysis\nPolicy studies\nRegulation\nPublic policy by countryAuthority control databases National\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nOther\nHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland\nNARAvteSocial work and related conceptsConceptsPrimary\nSocial work\nSecondary\nAnti-oppressive practice\nCrisis intervention\nCommunity practice\nCommunity organization\nCritical social work\nFinancial social work\nGerontology\nGroup development\nLeadership\nManagement\nNew Public Management\nPolicy analysis\nProgram evaluation\nPerformance measurement\nPsychometrics\nPsychosocial assessment\nCognitive behavioral therapy\nRecreational therapy\nHealth psychology\nSolution focused brief therapy\nStrength-based practice\nSystems thinking\nSocial justice\nSocial actions\nSocial medicine\nSocial learning (social pedagogy)\nTypes of social work\nSocial case worker\nChild protection\nForensic social worker\nMedical social worker\nPsychiatric social worker\nRehabilitation worker\nSchool social worker\nSocial work in the military\nSocial group worker\nSocial planning\nWelfare worker\nLicensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW)\nQualifications\nQualifications for professional social work\nBachelor of Social Work (BA, BSc or BSW) degree\nSocionom (Scandinavia)\nMaster of Social Work degree (MA, MSc or MSW)\nDoctor of Social Work degree (Ph.D or DSW)\nInternational Association of Schools of Social Work\nCouncil on Social Work Education\nSchools of social work\nSocial workersby nationality\nAmerican\nArgentine\nAustrian\nAustralian\nBangladeshi\nBelgian\nBritish\nCanadian\nDutch\nFrench\nGerman\nGuyanese\nHong Kong\nIndian\nIndonesian\nIsraeli\nJapanese\nNepalese\nNew Zealand\nNorwegian\nPakistani\nPolish\nSwedish\nTrinidad and Tobago\nUgandan\nProfessionalassociations\nInternational Federation of Social Workers (IFSW)\nNational Alliance of Professional Social Workers\nNational Association of Social Workers (American)\nAustralian Association of Social Workers\nBritish Association of Social Workers\nInstitute of Medical Social Workers (British)\nCanadian Association of Social Workers\nScottish Children's Reporter Administration\nProfessional Social Workers' Association (PSWA)\nBiographies\nJane Addams\nAmartya Sen\nHarry Hopkins\nJoyce Lishman","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Social Security Administration headquarters is in Woodlawn, Maryland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Socialsecurityheadquarters.jpg/220px-Socialsecurityheadquarters.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hans von Aachen, Allegory or The Triumph of Justice (1598)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aachen_Allegory.jpg/220px-Aachen_Allegory.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lady Justice depicts justice as equipped with three symbols: a sword symbolizing the court's coercive power; a human scale weighing competing claims in each hand; and a blindfold indicating impartiality.[16]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/JMR-Memphis1.jpg/150px-JMR-Memphis1.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan was the first major U.S. political figure to incorporate formal social policy into official government decisions, a champion of social justice. Bryan is pictured in 1908.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/William_Jennings_Bryan%2C_1860-1925.jpg/160px-William_Jennings_Bryan%2C_1860-1925.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Criminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology"},{"title":"Education policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_policy"},{"title":"Great Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society"},{"title":"Health policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_policy"},{"title":"Housing policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_policy"},{"title":"Medicaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid"},{"title":"Medicare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)"},{"title":"Social insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_insurance"},{"title":"Social Security Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Administration"},{"title":"Social Security (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)"},{"title":"Social theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_theory"}]	[{"reference":"\"About the Malcolm Wiener Center\". Presidents and Fellows of Harvard. 15 February 2006. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081225021708/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/socpol/about.html","url_text":"\"About the Malcolm Wiener Center\""},{"url":"http://www.hks.harvard.edu/socpol/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Penn SP2 Mission Statement\". University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sp2.upenn.edu/about/mission-statement/","url_text":"\"Penn SP2 Mission Statement\""}]},{"reference":"Spicker, Paul. \"An introduction to Social Policy\". www2.rgu.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/index.htm?CFID=75213086&CFTOKEN=94736152&jsessionid=50314442b009e7f430b746b7574792426401TR","url_text":"\"An introduction to Social Policy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Department\". London School of Economics (LSE). Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lse.ac.uk/socialPolicy/aboutUs/introduction.aspx","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Department\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Malcolm Wiener Center\". Presidents and Fellows of Harvard. 15 February 2006. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081225021708/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/socpol/about.html","url_text":"\"About the Malcolm Wiener Center\""},{"url":"http://www.hks.harvard.edu/socpol/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eilperin, Juliet; Mufson, Steven (28 April 2015). \"Obama calls for social policy changes in wake of Baltimore riots\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-calls-for-social-policy-changes-in-wake-of-baltimore-riots/2015/04/28/4a370162-edce-11e4-8666-a1d756d0218e_story.html","url_text":"\"Obama calls for social policy changes in wake of Baltimore riots\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gay marriage inquiry reaches consensus\". AustralianMarriageEquality.org. Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.australianmarriageequality.org/2012/06/18/gay-marriage-inquiry-reaches-consensus/","url_text":"\"Gay marriage inquiry reaches consensus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gender and sex equality\". Social Policy Digest. Cambridge Journals. Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.cambridge.org/spd/action/digest?type=old&category=Gender%20and%20sex%20equality&topic=Contraception%20and%20abortion%20rights","url_text":"\"Gender and sex equality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gun Control\". Almanac of Policy Issues. Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.policyalmanac.org/crime/guns.shtml","url_text":"\"Gun Control\""}]},{"reference":"Thomasma, David C.; Graber, Glenn C. (1991). \"Euthanasia: Toward an Ethical Social Policy\". Ann Intern Med. 114 (12): 1067. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1067_3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-114-12-1067_3","url_text":"10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1067_3"}]},{"reference":"\"Drug Use, Consequences and Social Policies\" (PDF). Tammy L. Anderson, Ph.D. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois. Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.udel.edu/soc/tammya/pdfs/Drug%20Use%20Concequences%20and%20Social%20Policies.pdf","url_text":"\"Drug Use, Consequences and Social Policies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prostitution Policy in Canada: Models, Ideologies, and Moving Forward\" (PDF). Canadian Association of Social Workers. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.casw-acts.ca/sites/default/files/Prostitution%20Policy%20in%20Canada%20-%20Models,%20Ideologies,%20and%20Moving%20Forward.pdf","url_text":"\"Prostitution Policy in Canada: Models, Ideologies, and Moving Forward\""}]},{"reference":"STEWART, JOHN (2020). Richard Titmuss: A Commitment to Welfare (1 ed.). Bristol University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv128fqbs. JSTOR j.ctv128fqbs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv128fqbs","url_text":"Richard Titmuss: A Commitment to Welfare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv128fqbs","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctv128fqbs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv128fqbs","url_text":"j.ctv128fqbs"}]},{"reference":"Science, London School of Economics and Political. \"What is social policy?\". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 1 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lse.ac.uk/social-policy/about-us/What-is-social-policy.aspx","url_text":"\"What is social policy?\""}]},{"reference":"Skocpol, Theda (1992). Protecting Soldiers and Mothers. Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674717664. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674717664","url_text":"Protecting Soldiers and Mothers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674717664","url_text":"9780674717664"}]},{"reference":"Tilsley, Alexandra (23 March 2017). \"Subtracting Schools from Communities\". Urban Institute. Retrieved 28 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.urban.org/features/subtracting-schools-communities","url_text":"\"Subtracting Schools from Communities\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_policy&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081225021708/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/socpol/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About the Malcolm Wiener Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.hks.harvard.edu/socpol/about.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sp2.upenn.edu/about/mission-statement/","external_links_name":"\"Penn SP2 Mission Statement\""},{"Link":"http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/index.htm?CFID=75213086&CFTOKEN=94736152&jsessionid=50314442b009e7f430b746b7574792426401TR","external_links_name":"\"An introduction to Social Policy\""},{"Link":"http://www.lse.ac.uk/socialPolicy/aboutUs/introduction.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figueruelas	Figueruelas	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 41°46′N 1°10′W / 41.767°N 1.167°W / 41.767; -1.167Municipality in Aragon, SpainFigueruelasmunicipality SealFigueruelasShow map of AragonFigueruelasShow map of SpainFigueruelasShow map of EuropeCoordinates: 41°46′N 1°10′W / 41.767°N 1.167°W / 41.767; -1.167Country SpainAutonomous community AragonProvinceZaragozaPopulation (2018) • Total1,240Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Figueruelas (population 1,040) is a small town and municipality in the Spanish Autonomous Region of Aragón, province of Zaragoza. The town is home to a Opel car factory, opened in 1982, which has built five generations of the Corsa supermini since then. References ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. vteMunicipalities of the province of ZaragozaList of municipalities of Zaragoza Abanto Acered Agón Aguarón Aguilón Ainzón Aladrén Alagón Alarba Alberite de San Juan Albeta Alborge Alcalá de Ebro Alcalá de Moncayo Alconchel de Ariza Aldehuela de Liestos Alfajarín Alfamén Alforque Alhama de Aragón Almochuel La Almolda Almonacid de la Cuba Almonacid de la Sierra La Almunia de Doña Godina Alpartir Ambel Anento Aniñón Añón de Moncayo Aranda de Moncayo Arándiga Ardisa Ariza Artieda Asín Atea Ateca Azuara Badules Bagüés Balconchán Bárboles Bardallur Belchite Belmonte de Gracián Berdejo Berrueco Biel Bijuesca Biota Bisimbre Boquiñeni Bordalba Borja Botorrita Brea de Aragón Bubierca Bujaraloz Bulbuente Bureta El Burgo de Ebro El Buste Cabañas de Ebro Cabolafuente Cadrete Calatayud Calatorao Calcena Calmarza Campillo de Aragón Carenas Cariñena Caspe Castejón de Alarba Castejón de las Armas Castejón de Valdejasa Castiliscar Cervera de la Cañada Cerveruela Cetina Chiprana Chodes Cimballa Cinco Olivas Clarés de Ribota Codo Codos Contamina Cosuenda Cuarte de Huerva Cubel Las Cuerlas Daroca Ejea de los Caballeros Embid de Ariza Encinacorba Épila Erla Escatrón Fabara Farlete Fayón Los Fayos Figueruelas Fombuena El Frago El Frasno Fréscano Fuendejalón Fuendetodos Fuentes de Ebro Fuentes de Jiloca Gallocanta Gallur Gelsa Godojos Gotor Grisel Grisén Herrera de los Navarros Ibdes Illueca Isuerre Jaraba Jarque Jaulín La Joyosa Lagata Langa del Castillo Layana Lécera Lechón Leciñena Letux Litago Lituénigo Lobera de Onsella Longares Longás Lucena de Jalón Luceni Luesia Luesma Lumpiaque Luna Maella Magallón Mainar Malanquilla Maleján Mallén Malón Maluenda Manchones Mara María de Huerva Marracos Mediana de Aragón Mequinenza Mesones de Isuela Mezalocha Mianos Miedes de Aragón Monegrillo Moneva Monreal de Ariza Monterde Montón Morata de Jalón Morata de Jiloca Morés Moros Moyuela Mozota Muel La Muela Munébrega Murero Murillo de Gállego Navardún Nigüella Nombrevilla Nonaspe Novallas Novillas Nuévalos Nuez de Ebro Olvés Orcajo Orera Orés Oseja Osera de Ebro Paniza Paracuellos de Jiloca Paracuellos de la Ribera Pastriz Pedrola Las Pedrosas Perdiguera Piedratajada Pina de Ebro Pinseque Los Pintanos Plasencia de Jalón Pleitas Plenas Pomer Pozuel de Ariza Pozuelo de Aragón Pradilla de Ebro Puebla de Albortón La Puebla de Alfindén Puendeluna Purujosa Quinto Remolinos Retascón Ricla Romanos Rueda de Jalón Ruesca Sabiñán Sádaba Salillas de Jalón Salvatierra de Esca Samper del Salz San Martín de la Virgen de Moncayo San Mateo de Gállego Santa Cruz de Grío Santa Cruz de Moncayo Santa Eulalia de Gállego Santed Sástago Sediles Sestrica Sierra de Luna Sigüés Sisamón Sobradiel Sos del Rey Católico Tabuenca Talamantes Tarazona Tauste Terrer Tierga Tobed Torralba de los Frailes Torralba de Ribota Torralbilla Torrehermosa Torrelapaja Torrellas Torres de Berrellén Torrijo de la Cañada Tosos Trasmoz Trasobares Uncastillo Undués de Lerda Urrea de Jalón Urriés Used Utebo Val de San Martín Valdehorna Valmadrid Valpalmas Valtorres Velilla de Ebro Velilla de Jiloca Vera de Moncayo Vierlas Villadoz Villafeliche Villafranca de Ebro Villalba de Perejil Villalengua Villamayor de Gállego Villanueva de Gállego Villanueva de Huerva Villanueva de Jiloca Villar de los Navarros Villarreal de Huerva Villarroya de la Sierra Villarroya del Campo La Vilueña Vistabella La Zaida Zaragoza Zuera This article about a location in the Province of Zaragoza is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza_(province)"},{"link_name":"Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel"},{"link_name":"Corsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Corsa"}],"text":"Municipality in Aragon, SpainFigueruelas (population 1,040) is a small town and municipality in the Spanish Autonomous Region of Aragón, province of Zaragoza.The town is home to a Opel car factory, opened in 1982, which has built five generations of the Corsa supermini since then.","title":"Figueruelas"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Band	United States Navy Band	["1 Organization and personnel","1.1 Concert Band","1.2 Ceremonial Band","1.3 Sea Chanters","1.4 Commodores","1.5 Country Current","1.6 Cruisers","2 History","2.1 Early music in the Navy","2.2 Establishment of the U.S. Navy Band","2.3 Crash","2.4 Capitol concerts","2.5 Past leaders of the Navy Band","2.6 Radio performances","2.7 Other notable performances","2.8 Discography of the U.S. Navy Band","2.9 Notable members","3 Music","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Official musical organization of the US Navy This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "United States Navy Band" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) United States Navy BandFounded1925; 99 years ago (1925)Country United StatesBranch United States NavyGarrison/HQWashington Navy YardNickname(s)"The World's Finest"March"Anchors Aweigh"Anniversaries4 March 1925Decorations6 Meritorious Unit CommendationsWebsitenavyband.navy.milCommandersCommanding Officer/LeaderCAPT Kenneth CollinsExecutive OfficerLCDR Charles WhiteSenior Enlisted AdvisorMUCM James Armstrong IIIInsigniaWordmarkMilitary unit The United States Navy Band, based at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., has served as the official musical organization of the U.S. Navy since 1925. The U.S. Navy Band serves the ceremonial needs at the seat of U.S. government, performing at presidential inaugurations, state arrival ceremonies, state funerals, state dinners, and other significant events. The band performs a broad range of music, including ceremonial ruffles and flourishes, classical, rock, jazz, and country. Organization and personnel United States Navy Band members in 2007 Since its official designation in 1925, the United States Navy Band has grown into a diverse organization of multiple performing units. The organization features six performing ensembles: the Concert Band, the Ceremonial Band, the Commodores jazz ensemble, Country Current country-bluegrass ensemble, the Cruisers contemporary entertainment ensemble, and the Sea Chanters chorus. There are also several chamber music groups. The multiple ensembles help meet the public demand for different types of music and the needs of Navy recruiting. United States Navy Band playing in Oslo, 2022 United States Navy Band playing in Oslo, 2022 The United States Navy Band is composed of 172 enlisted musicians and four officers, under the direction of Capt. Kenneth Collins. Concert Band The Concert Band is the Navy's premier wind ensemble. Along with the Ceremonial Band, this band was part of the original Navy Band in 1925. The group plays concerts in the Washington, D.C. area and performs a month-long national tour each year. Ceremonial Band The Ceremonial Band performs ceremonies in and around the Washington, D.C. area. Their primary mission is performing for funerals at Arlington National Cemetery. Additionally, the Ceremonial Band performs at command changes, retirements, patriotic openers, wreath-layings, and arrivals. Sea Chanters Main article: Sea Chanters In 1956, Lt. Harold Fultz, then the band's assistant leader, organized a Navy School of Music group to sing chanteys and patriotic songs for the State of the Nation dinner. An immediate success, ADM Arleigh Burke, then chief of naval operations, transferred them to the Navy Band, named them the Sea Chanters, and tasked this all-male chorus with perpetuating the songs of the sea. In 1980, the group added women to their ranks and expanded their repertoire to include everything from Brahms to Broadway. Commodores Founded in 1969, the Commodores are a jazz ensemble. Performers who have appeared with the group include Ray Charles, Stanley Turrentine, Louie Bellson, Terry Gibbs, Chris Potter, Jerry Bergonzi, Bob Mintzer, Dave Leibman, James Moody, and Clark Terry. Country Current This seven-member group was formed in 1973 and specialized in country and bluegrass music. Cruisers A contemporary entertainment ensemble with eight members was formed in 1999. History Early music in the Navy The earliest music of the United States Navy was the shantyman's song. These melodies of the sea helped soften the rigors of shipboard life. Next came trumpeters, drummers, and fifers who were carried on the early frigates to sound calls, give general orders, and perform at funerals and other ceremonies. Military bands became a separate section of the crew on many Navy vessels. The development of shore-based bands in the 19th century led to the creation of the Naval Academy Band, which grew in size and importance during the American Civil War. Other band units afloat and ashore played a significant role in promoting sailors' and civilians' morale. At the start of World War I, many musicians left their orchestras to join the United States Navy, using their talents to further the war effort. Establishment of the U.S. Navy Band In 1916, a 16-piece band from the battleship USS Kansas was ordered to the Washington Navy Yard to augment a 17-piece band aboard the Presidential Yacht Mayflower. The new unit became known as the "Washington Navy Yard Band" and was given rehearsal space near the power plant's coal pile. The increasing tempo of the band's duties led the bandmaster to seek more suitable quarters in the yard's "Sail Loft", and sailmakers were soon cutting and stitching their canvas to the rhythms of the music. The United States Navy Band still occupies the Sail Loft as its headquarters and rehearsal hall. In 1923, a 35-man contingent from the Navy Yard Band accompanied President Warren G. Harding on his trip to the Alaska Territory. After the president's unexpected death in San Francisco, the band performed the hymn "Nearer My God to Thee" as his body was placed aboard a train destined for Washington, D.C. With the band growing in importance and prestige, President Calvin Coolidge signed into law a 1925 bill stating "hereafter the band now stationed at the Navy Yard, known as the Navy Yard Band, shall be designated as the United States Navy Band." The legislation also allowed the band to take its first national tour in 1925. Among those praising the early United States Navy Band was the Boston Post newspaper, which printed on 13 March 1929: "…Some folks have an idea perhaps that Navy music is made up of a few chantey choruses, a jig, and "The Star-Spangled Banner". To the average American Citizen the performance last night must have been a truly startling eye-opener. They performed like a company of first-rank virtuosi…" Under the baton of Lt. Charles Benter, the band's first leader, the United States Navy Band was featured at many historic occasions, including the 1927 return of Charles Lindbergh following his trans-Atlantic flight. Two years later, the band performed for the return of Adm. Richard E. Byrd from his famous South Pole flight. The need for qualified musicians led Lt. Benter to found the Navy School of Music under his charge in 1935. Many of the faculty were bandsmen who taught in addition to their performance duties. Throughout much of the 1960s, the band's leader was Anthony A. Mitchell, a classical clarinetist and accomplished composer who had joined the band in 1937. During his tenure as the Band's director LCDR Mitchell composed the popular march Our Nation's Capital, later honored as the official march of Washington, D.C. He also wrote a march for the yet-unbuilt National Cultural Center in Washington, D.C. The National Cultural Center March was first performed and recorded by the band in 1963 and was performed at fundraising events for the Center throughout the early 1960s. In 1964 the center was renamed the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts to honor the fallen president. The march's title was changed to the John F. Kennedy Center March in 1964, though it is still often referred to by its original title. Crash Main article: 1960 Rio de Janeiro mid-air collision On 25 February 1960, 19 members of the Navy Band were flying from Buenos Aires to Rio de Janeiro to join the rest of the band at a reception for President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek. As the Navy transport plane approached Rio de Janeiro in a dense fog, it collided in mid-air with a Brazilian airliner above the city's harbor, not far from the landmark Sugarloaf Mountain. Among the 61 people killed were 19 members of the Navy Band, including the assistant leader, J. Harold Fultz, and most of the string section. Three U.S. sailors playing cards at the back of the airplane were the only survivors. The crash was the single worst event in the band's history and devastated the remaining members of the band. Despite their losses, the surviving musicians completed their South American tour. Capitol concerts Among the Navy Band's many accomplishments were weekly Monday night concerts, and smaller daily concerts held at the U.S. Capitol. Held on a special stage located on the east side of the Capitol, the daily and weekly concerts ran without interruption from the 1930s until the early 1970s. In the 1960s, the Navy Band began a series of popular children's performances, known as "Lollypop Concerts". Past leaders of the Navy Band Leader Years 1 LT Charles Benter 1925–1942 2 CDR Charles Brendler 1942–1962 3 LCDR Anthony A. Mitchell 1962–1968 4 CDR Donald W. Stauffer 1968–1973 5 CDR Ned Muffley 1973–1978 6 CDR William J. Phillips 1978–1984 7 CDR Allen E. Beck 1984–1989 8 CDR Phillip H. Field 1989–1992 9 CAPT William J. Phillips 1992–1995 10 LCDR John R. Pastin 1995–1998 11 CAPT Ralph M. Gambone 1998–2007 12 CAPT George N. Thompson 2007–2009 13 CAPT Brian O. Walden 2010–2015 14 CAPT Kenneth Collins 2015– Radio performances From 1929 to 1939, the United States Navy Band took to the airwaves with Arthur Godfrey on NBC's "Hour of Memories" radio program. During World War II, the United States Navy Band supported the sale of war bonds. It assisted in national recruiting efforts, although most of the band's time was spent performing at the daily funerals at Arlington National Cemetery. At the close of the war in 1945, the radio program "The Navy Hour" was born. It featured such entertainers as Lt. Robert Taylor and Lt.(j.g.) Gene Kelly, with whom the band had appeared in the film Anchors Aweigh. When it went off the air in 1968, "The Navy Hour" had set a record for one of the longest tenures in radio. Other notable performances The Drum Major, Master Chief Joe D. Brown, wearing a bearskin hat and holding a ceremonial mace while leading members of the United States Navy Ceremonial Band as they march onto the parade grounds in front of the Quebec City Armoury as part of the opening ceremony of the Quebec Music Festival. The United States Navy Band has performed at the following ceremonies and events: 1927 – Washington ceremony for Charles Lindbergh. 1929 – Washington ceremony for Adm. Richard E. Byrd 1962 – Washington, D.C. ceremony for astronaut John Glenn. 1963 – Funeral parade and funeral for President John F. Kennedy. 1966 – First performance by the Navy Band at New York City's Carnegie Hall 1981 – Return of the hostages during the Iran Hostage Crisis 1993 – Re-dedication of the Statue of Freedom and the Bicentennial of the United States Capitol 1995 – Dedication parade of the Korean War Veterans Memorial 1997 – Dedication of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery and the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Ceremony of Dedication 1998 – Re-dedication of the Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina 1999 – Veterans of Foreign Wars 100th Anniversary celebration at their national convention in Kansas City, Missouri 2000 – International Naval Review festivities in New York City 2001 – "United in Memory" memorial service at the Pentagon 2002 – "Beam of Hope" remembrance ceremony at Freedom Plaza in Washington, D.C. Discography of the U.S. Navy Band 1963 – The National Cultural Center Presents the United States Navy Band, RCA Victor 1992 – Music for Honors and Ceremonies 1996 – Commemoration 1997 – Ports of Call 1997 – That Holiday Feeling 1998 – Seawolf 1998 – Coast to Coast II 1999 – Mystic Chords of Memory 2000 – American Salute 2000 – 75th Anniversary Collection 2001 – Celebrations 2002 – Music for Chamber Winds 2002 – Happy Holidays 2003 – Overtures and Finales 2005 – Light Cavalry Overture...and other Warhorses 2006 – Sail Loft Sounds 2006 – World Class Marches 2007 – Holiday Wishes 2009 – Command Performance 2009 – Directions 2011 – Derivations 2022 – Premieres Notable members Victor Salvi, Italian-American harpist, played with the band during World War II, and later with the New York Philharmonic and the NBC Symphony Orchestra, before founding Salvi Harps. Music Hands Across the Sea John Philip Sousa, "Hands Across the Sea" The Fairest of the Fair Sousa's "The Fairest of the Fair" Eternal Father, Strong to Save William Whiting's "Eternal Father, Strong to Save" A Dream of a Witches' Sabbath The fifth movement from Hector Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique, also known as A Dream of a Witches' Sabbath Under the Double Eagle Josef Wagner's "Under the Double Eagle" March Grandioso Roland F. Seitz's "March Grandioso" Belford's Carnival Russell Alexander's "Belford's Carnival" Anchors Aweigh (1929) 1929 acetate recording of Charles A. Zimmermann's "Anchors Aweigh" Anchors Aweigh Zimmerman's "Anchors Aweigh" Auld Lang Syne Robert Burns "Auld Lang Syne" Florentiner March Julius Fučík's "Florentiner March" Finale of Symphony No. 4 in F minor Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 4 in F minor, Op. 36 Oberon Overture Carl Maria von Weber's overture to Oberon In Storm and Sunshine John Clifford Heed's "In Storm and Sunshine" Problems playing these files? See media help. Gallery The United States Navy Band Concert Band performs traditional and popular holiday music for the television special, "Happy Holidays" at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C., 2001. A group photo of the "Sea Chanters" chorus. The United States Navy Ceremonial Band marching into position during a 2004 departure ceremony held at the United States Capitol Building during the state funeral of Ronald Reagan in 2004. Captain George N. Thompson, commanding officer of the United States Navy Ceremonial Band, leads the Drum Major and band members as they render honors during a 19-gun salute at the swearing-in ceremony for Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) the Honorable Ray Mabus at the Washington Navy Yard. The United States Navy Ceremonial Band, under the direction of the Drum Major, Master Chief Musician Joe D. Brown Jr., standing at attention as Marine General Peter Pace approaches their formation during the change of command ceremony for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The United States Navy Band along with La Musique du Royal 22e Régiment, marches off during the closing ceremony of the Quebec Tattoo at the Pepsi Coliseum, 27 August 2009. See also Fleet Band Activities Musician (United States Navy) United States Armed Forces School of Music United States military bands United States Naval Academy Band United States Navy Steel Band References ^ Kelly, John (6 June 2010). "Dreaming of taking the District by song". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 October 2011. ^ a b c Schudel, Matt (29 March 2009). "A Local Life: Anthony A. Mitchell, 91 – He Served His Country With Music". The Washington Post. ^ The National Cultural Center Presents the United States Navy Band, RCA Victor, 1963, LSP 2688 This article incorporates public domain text from a U.S. federal government website. 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Badges Current fleet Future fleet Reserve fleet Current aircraft Weapons Naval reactors History and traditions History "Anchors Aweigh" Blue Angels Continental Navy Ensign Fleet bands Fleet Week Jack Line-crossing ceremony National Museum Navy Band Ceremonial Guard Navy Flag Navy Hymn Navy Memorial Navy service numbers Navy Weeks Revolt of the Admirals Sailor's Creed Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Ship naming conventions Tingey House USS Constitution WAVES Wetting-down United States battleship retirement debate vte United States military bandsU.S. ArmyPremier ensembles Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps U.S. Army Band U.S. Army Field Band West Point Band Specialized units of premier ensembles Downrange Hellcats Jazz Ambassadors U.S. Army Blues U.S. Army Chorus U.S. Army Herald Trumpets U.S. Army Soldiers' Chorus U.S. Army Strings Six-String Soldiers Unit bands 13th Army Band 25th Army Band 76th Army Band 77th Army Band 78th Army Band 100th Army Band 191st Army Band 338th Army Band I Corps Band 323rd Army Band Former bands The Jazz Knights Signal Corps Band Military Intelligence Corps Band Civilian bands U.S. Army All-American Marching Band U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine CorpsPremier ensembles U.S. Marine Band U.S. Marine Drum and Bugle Corps U.S. Naval Academy Band U.S. Navy Band Specialized units of premier ensembles Commodores Country Current Cruisers Sea Chanters Naval fleet bands Naval Forces Europe Band Seventh Fleet Band Pacific Fleet Band Navy Band Northwest Navy Band Great Lakes Navy Band Southwest Navy Band Northeast Navy Band Mid-South Navy Band Southeast U.S. Fleet Forces Band Marine wing/division bands United States Marine Band Quantico Marine Corps Band Parris Island Marine Band Marine Corps Band San Diego 1st Marine Division Band 2nd Marine Division Band 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing Band 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing Band Marine Corps Forces, Pacific Band Marine Forces Reserve Band Former bands Navy Band New Orleans Navy Band South III Marine Amphibious Force Band Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms Band U.S. Air ForcePremier ensembles U.S. Air Force Band U.S. Air Force Academy Band Specialized units of premier ensembles Max Impact Regional bands Air Force in Europe Band Air Force Band of Flight Air Force Band of the Golden West Air Force Band of Mid-America Air Force Band of the Pacific - Asia Air Force Band of the Pacific Air Force Band of the West Air Force Heritage of America Band Air Force Heartland of America Band Air Force Academy Drum and Bugle Corps Former bands Air Force Band of Liberty Band of the Air Force Reserve Tops in Blue U.S. Air Force Pipe Band U.S. Coast GuardPremier ensembles U.S. Coast Guard Band Other bands U.S. Coast Guard Pipe Band State defense forces Maryland Defense Force Band * Oregon State Defense Force Pipe Band Corps of Cadets /Midshipmen Citadel Regimental Band and Pipes Fightin' Texas Aggie Band Golden Eagle Band Highty-Tighties Merchant Marine Academy Regimental Band Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"U.S. government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"presidential inaugurations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_inaugurations"},{"link_name":"state arrival ceremonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Arrival_Ceremony"},{"link_name":"state funerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"state dinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_dinner"},{"link_name":"ruffles and flourishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruffles_and_flourishes"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_classical_music"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"}],"text":"Military unitThe United States Navy Band, based at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., has served as the official musical organization of the U.S. Navy since 1925. The U.S. Navy Band serves the ceremonial needs at the seat of U.S. government, performing at presidential inaugurations, state arrival ceremonies, state funerals, state dinners, and other significant events.The band performs a broad range of music, including ceremonial ruffles and flourishes, classical, rock, jazz, and country.","title":"United States Navy Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Navy_Band_in_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"chamber music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Militarymusic_Parade_10.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Militarymusic_Parade_12.jpg"}],"text":"United States Navy Band members in 2007Since its official designation in 1925, the United States Navy Band has grown into a diverse organization of multiple performing units. The organization features six performing ensembles: the Concert Band, the Ceremonial Band, the Commodores jazz ensemble, Country Current country-bluegrass ensemble, the Cruisers contemporary entertainment ensemble, and the Sea Chanters chorus. There are also several chamber music groups. The multiple ensembles help meet the public demand for different types of music and the needs of Navy recruiting.United States Navy Band playing in Oslo, 2022United States Navy Band playing in Oslo, 2022The United States Navy Band is composed of 172 enlisted musicians and four officers, under the direction of Capt. Kenneth Collins.","title":"Organization and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Concert Band","text":"The Concert Band is the Navy's premier wind ensemble. Along with the Ceremonial Band, this band was part of the original Navy Band in 1925. The group plays concerts in the Washington, D.C. area and performs a month-long national tour each year.","title":"Organization and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ceremonial Band","text":"The Ceremonial Band performs ceremonies in and around the Washington, D.C. area. Their primary mission is performing for funerals at Arlington National Cemetery. Additionally, the Ceremonial Band performs at command changes, retirements, patriotic openers, wreath-layings, and arrivals.","title":"Organization and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sea Chanters","text":"In 1956, Lt. Harold Fultz, then the band's assistant leader, organized a Navy School of Music group to sing chanteys and patriotic songs for the State of the Nation dinner. An immediate success, ADM Arleigh Burke, then chief of naval operations, transferred them to the Navy Band, named them the Sea Chanters, and tasked this all-male chorus with perpetuating the songs of the sea. In 1980, the group added women to their ranks and expanded their repertoire to include everything from Brahms to Broadway.","title":"Organization and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commodores","text":"Founded in 1969, the Commodores are a jazz ensemble. Performers who have appeared with the group include Ray Charles, Stanley Turrentine, Louie Bellson, Terry Gibbs, Chris Potter, Jerry Bergonzi, Bob Mintzer, Dave Leibman, James Moody, and Clark Terry.","title":"Organization and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Country Current","text":"This seven-member group was formed in 1973 and specialized in country and bluegrass music.","title":"Organization and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cruisers","text":"A contemporary entertainment ensemble with eight members was formed in 1999.","title":"Organization and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"shantyman's song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_shanty"},{"link_name":"fifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"Naval Academy Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Academy_Band"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"sub_title":"Early music in the Navy","text":"The earliest music of the United States Navy was the shantyman's song. These melodies of the sea helped soften the rigors of shipboard life. Next came trumpeters, drummers, and fifers who were carried on the early frigates to sound calls, give general orders, and perform at funerals and other ceremonies. Military bands became a separate section of the crew on many Navy vessels.The development of shore-based bands in the 19th century led to the creation of the Naval Academy Band, which grew in size and importance during the American Civil War. Other band units afloat and ashore played a significant role in promoting sailors' and civilians' morale.At the start of World War I, many musicians left their orchestras to join the United States Navy, using their talents to further the war effort.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kansas_(BB-21)"},{"link_name":"Washington Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Presidential Yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Yacht"},{"link_name":"Mayflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mayflower_(PY-1)"},{"link_name":"Warren G. Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding"},{"link_name":"Alaska Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Territory"},{"link_name":"Nearer My God to Thee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearer_My_God_to_Thee"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Boston Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Post"},{"link_name":"The Star-Spangled Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner"},{"link_name":"Charles Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh"},{"link_name":"Richard E. Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd"},{"link_name":"South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole"},{"link_name":"Navy School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Anthony A. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_A._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of the U.S. Navy Band","text":"In 1916, a 16-piece band from the battleship USS Kansas was ordered to the Washington Navy Yard to augment a 17-piece band aboard the Presidential Yacht Mayflower. The new unit became known as the \"Washington Navy Yard Band\" and was given rehearsal space near the power plant's coal pile. The increasing tempo of the band's duties led the bandmaster to seek more suitable quarters in the yard's \"Sail Loft\", and sailmakers were soon cutting and stitching their canvas to the rhythms of the music. The United States Navy Band still occupies the Sail Loft as its headquarters and rehearsal hall.In 1923, a 35-man contingent from the Navy Yard Band accompanied President Warren G. Harding on his trip to the Alaska Territory. After the president's unexpected death in San Francisco, the band performed the hymn \"Nearer My God to Thee\" as his body was placed aboard a train destined for Washington, D.C.With the band growing in importance and prestige, President Calvin Coolidge signed into law a 1925 bill stating \"hereafter the band now stationed at the Navy Yard, known as the Navy Yard Band, shall be designated as the United States Navy Band.\" The legislation also allowed the band to take its first national tour in 1925.Among those praising the early United States Navy Band was the Boston Post newspaper, which printed on 13 March 1929: \"…Some folks have an idea perhaps that Navy music is made up of a few chantey choruses, a jig, and \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". To the average American Citizen the performance last night must have been a truly startling eye-opener. They performed like a company of first-rank virtuosi…\"Under the baton of Lt. Charles Benter, the band's first leader, the United States Navy Band was featured at many historic occasions, including the 1927 return of Charles Lindbergh following his trans-Atlantic flight. Two years later, the band performed for the return of Adm. Richard E. Byrd from his famous South Pole flight.The need for qualified musicians led Lt. Benter to found the Navy School of Music under his charge in 1935. Many of the faculty were bandsmen who taught in addition to their performance duties.Throughout much of the 1960s, the band's leader was Anthony A. Mitchell, a classical clarinetist and accomplished composer who had joined the band in 1937. During his tenure as the Band's director LCDR Mitchell composed the popular march Our Nation's Capital, later honored as the official march of Washington, D.C.[1] He also wrote a march for the yet-unbuilt National Cultural Center in Washington, D.C. The National Cultural Center March was first performed and recorded by the band in 1963 and was performed at fundraising events for the Center throughout the early 1960s. In 1964 the center was renamed the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts to honor the fallen president. The march's title was changed to the John F. Kennedy Center March in 1964, though it is still often referred to by its original title.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Juscelino Kubitschek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek"},{"link_name":"collided in mid-air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Sugarloaf Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarloaf_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schudel-2"}],"sub_title":"Crash","text":"On 25 February 1960, 19 members of the Navy Band were flying from Buenos Aires to Rio de Janeiro to join the rest of the band at a reception for President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek. As the Navy transport plane approached Rio de Janeiro in a dense fog, it collided in mid-air with a Brazilian airliner above the city's harbor, not far from the landmark Sugarloaf Mountain. Among the 61 people killed were 19 members of the Navy Band, including the assistant leader, J. Harold Fultz, and most of the string section. Three U.S. sailors playing cards at the back of the airplane were the only survivors.[2] The crash was the single worst event in the band's history and devastated the remaining members of the band. Despite their losses, the surviving musicians completed their South American tour.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schudel-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schudel-2"}],"sub_title":"Capitol concerts","text":"Among the Navy Band's many accomplishments were weekly Monday night concerts,[2] and smaller daily concerts held at the U.S. Capitol.[3] Held on a special stage located on the east side of the Capitol, the daily and weekly concerts ran without interruption from the 1930s until the early 1970s.\nIn the 1960s, the Navy Band began a series of popular children's performances, known as \"Lollypop Concerts\".[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Past leaders of the Navy Band","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Godfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Godfrey"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"war bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_bonds"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Robert Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Gene Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Anchors Aweigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Radio performances","text":"From 1929 to 1939, the United States Navy Band took to the airwaves with Arthur Godfrey on NBC's \"Hour of Memories\" radio program. During World War II, the United States Navy Band supported the sale of war bonds. It assisted in national recruiting efforts, although most of the band's time was spent performing at the daily funerals at Arlington National Cemetery.At the close of the war in 1945, the radio program \"The Navy Hour\" was born. It featured such entertainers as Lt. Robert Taylor and Lt.(j.g.) Gene Kelly, with whom the band had appeared in the film Anchors Aweigh. When it went off the air in 1968, \"The Navy Hour\" had set a record for one of the longest tenures in radio.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_090826-N-5843P-024_Members_of_the_U.S._Navy_Band,_led_by_drum_major_Master_Chief_Musician_Joe_D._Brown,_marches_on_to_the_parade_grounds_in_front_of_the_Manege_Militaire_de_Quebec_as_part_of_the_opening_ceremony_of_the.jpg"},{"link_name":"Drum Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_major_(military)"},{"link_name":"bearskin hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearskin_hat"},{"link_name":"ceremonial mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_mace"},{"link_name":"Quebec City Armoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City_Armoury"},{"link_name":"Quebec Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City_International_Festival_of_Military_Bands"},{"link_name":"Charles Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh"},{"link_name":"Richard E. Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"John Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Iran Hostage Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Hostage_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Statue of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"United States Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Korean War Veterans Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Women in Military Service for America Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Military_Service_for_America_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Wright Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_Devil_Hills,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Veterans of Foreign Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"International Naval Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Naval_Review"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"Freedom Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Plaza"}],"sub_title":"Other notable performances","text":"The Drum Major, Master Chief Joe D. Brown, wearing a bearskin hat and holding a ceremonial mace while leading members of the United States Navy Ceremonial Band as they march onto the parade grounds in front of the Quebec City Armoury as part of the opening ceremony of the Quebec Music Festival.The United States Navy Band has performed at the following ceremonies and events:1927 – Washington ceremony for Charles Lindbergh.\n1929 – Washington ceremony for Adm. Richard E. Byrd\n1962 – Washington, D.C. ceremony for astronaut John Glenn.\n1963 – Funeral parade and funeral for President John F. Kennedy.\n1966 – First performance by the Navy Band at New York City's Carnegie Hall\n1981 – Return of the hostages during the Iran Hostage Crisis\n1993 – Re-dedication of the Statue of Freedom and the Bicentennial of the United States Capitol\n1995 – Dedication parade of the Korean War Veterans Memorial\n1997 – Dedication of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery and the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Ceremony of Dedication\n1998 – Re-dedication of the Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina\n1999 – Veterans of Foreign Wars 100th Anniversary celebration at their national convention in Kansas City, Missouri\n2000 – International Naval Review festivities in New York City\n2001 – \"United in Memory\" memorial service at the Pentagon\n2002 – \"Beam of Hope\" remembrance ceremony at Freedom Plaza in Washington, D.C.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Discography of the U.S. Navy Band","text":"1963 – The National Cultural Center Presents the United States Navy Band, RCA Victor\n1992 – Music for Honors and Ceremonies\n1996 – Commemoration\n1997 – Ports of Call\n1997 – That Holiday Feeling\n1998 – Seawolf\n1998 – Coast to Coast II\n1999 – Mystic Chords of Memory\n2000 – American Salute\n2000 – 75th Anniversary Collection\n2001 – Celebrations\n2002 – Music for Chamber Winds\n2002 – Happy Holidays\n2003 – Overtures and Finales\n2005 – Light Cavalry Overture...and other Warhorses\n2006 – Sail Loft Sounds\n2006 – World Class Marches\n2007 – Holiday Wishes\n2009 – Command Performance\n2009 – Directions\n2011 – Derivations\n2022 – Premieres","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Salvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Salvi"},{"link_name":"harpist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"New York Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"NBC Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Salvi Harps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvi_Harps"}],"sub_title":"Notable members","text":"Victor Salvi, Italian-American harpist, played with the band during World War II, and later with the New York Philharmonic and the NBC Symphony Orchestra, before founding Salvi Harps.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hands Across the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hands_Across_the_Sea.ogg"},{"link_name":"John Philip Sousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa"},{"link_name":"Hands Across the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_Across_the_Sea_(march)"},{"link_name":"The Fairest of the Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Fairest_of_the_Fair.ogg"},{"link_name":"The Fairest of the Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fairest_of_the_Fair"},{"link_name":"Eternal Father, Strong to Save","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eternal_Father_-_U.S._Navy_Band.ogg"},{"link_name":"William Whiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whiting_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Eternal Father, Strong to Save","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_Father,_Strong_to_Save"},{"link_name":"A Dream of a Witches' Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Dream_of_a_Witches%27_Sabbath_-_transcribed_by_Lt._Col._Jack_T._Cline_-_U.S._Navy_Band_Concert_Band.ogg"},{"link_name":"Hector Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz"},{"link_name":"Symphonie fantastique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique"},{"link_name":"Under the Double Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Under_the_Double_Eagle.ogg"},{"link_name":"Josef Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Wagner_(composer)"},{"link_name":"March Grandioso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March_Grandioso.ogg"},{"link_name":"Roland F. Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_F._Seitz"},{"link_name":"Belford's Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belford%27s_Carnival.ogg"},{"link_name":"Russell Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Anchors Aweigh (1929)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anchors_Aweigh,_1929_recording.oga"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Zimmermann"},{"link_name":"Anchors Aweigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh"},{"link_name":"Anchors Aweigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anchors_Aweigh.ogg"},{"link_name":"Auld Lang Syne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auld_Lang_Syne_-_U.S._Navy_Band.ogg"},{"link_name":"Robert Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns"},{"link_name":"Auld Lang Syne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Lang_Syne"},{"link_name":"Florentiner March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florentiner_March.ogg"},{"link_name":"Julius Fučík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Fu%C4%8D%C3%ADk_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Finale of Symphony No. 4 in F minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finale_Tchaikovsky_Symphony_No_4.ogg"},{"link_name":"Tchaikovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 4 in F minor, Op. 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Tchaikovsky)"},{"link_name":"Oberon Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oberon_Overture.ogg"},{"link_name":"Carl Maria von Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber"},{"link_name":"Oberon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon_(Weber)"},{"link_name":"In Storm and Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_Storm_and_Sunshine.ogg"},{"link_name":"John Clifford Heed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clifford_Heed"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"}],"text":"Hands Across the Sea\n\nJohn Philip Sousa, \"Hands Across the Sea\"\nThe Fairest of the Fair\n\nSousa's \"The Fairest of the Fair\"\nEternal Father, Strong to Save\n\nWilliam Whiting's \"Eternal Father, Strong to Save\"\nA Dream of a Witches' Sabbath\n\nThe fifth movement from Hector Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique, also known as A Dream of a Witches' Sabbath\nUnder the Double Eagle\n\nJosef Wagner's \"Under the Double Eagle\"\n\n\n\n\nMarch Grandioso\n\nRoland F. Seitz's \"March Grandioso\"\nBelford's Carnival\n\nRussell Alexander's \"Belford's Carnival\"\nAnchors Aweigh (1929)\n\n1929 acetate recording of Charles A. Zimmermann's \"Anchors Aweigh\"\nAnchors Aweigh\n\nZimmerman's \"Anchors Aweigh\"\nAuld Lang Syne\n\nRobert Burns \"Auld Lang Syne\"\n\n\n\n\nFlorentiner March\n\nJulius Fučík's \"Florentiner March\"\nFinale of Symphony No. 4 in F minor\n\nTchaikovsky's Symphony No. 4 in F minor, Op. 36\nOberon Overture\n\nCarl Maria von Weber's overture to Oberon\nIn Storm and Sunshine\n\nJohn Clifford Heed's \"In Storm and Sunshine\"\nProblems playing these files? See media help.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_011200-N-0773H-003_United_States_Navy_Band.jpg"},{"link_name":"DAR Constitution Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAR_Constitution_Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Navy_Band_%22Sea_Chanters%22_chorus.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_040611-N-1810F-003_The_U.S._Navy_Band_marches_into_position_during_the_Rotunda_Service_honoring_former_President_Ronald_Reagan_in_Washington,_D.C.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Capitol Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Building"},{"link_name":"state funeral of Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_090618-N-0773H-083_Capt._George_N._Thompson,_commanding_officer_of_the_U.S._Navy_Ceremonial_Band_leads_band_members_as_they_render_honors_during_a_21-gun_salute.jpg"},{"link_name":"19-gun salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-gun_salute"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Ray Mabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Mabus"},{"link_name":"Washington Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_071001-N-0773H-059_The_United_States_Navy_Ceremonial_Band,_under_the_direction_of_Drum_Major,_Master_Chief_Musician_Joe_D._Brown_Jr.,_stands_at_attention_as_Marine_Gen._Peter_Pace_approaches_their_formation_during_the_c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pace"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_090827-N-0773H-269_The_U.S._Navy_Band_along_with_La_Musique_du_Royal_22e_Regiment,_marches_off_during_the_closing_ceremony_of_the_Quebec_Tattoo_at_the_Pepsi_Coliseum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal 22e Régiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_22e_R%C3%A9giment"},{"link_name":"Pepsi Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colis%C3%A9e_Pepsi"}],"text":"The United States Navy Band Concert Band performs traditional and popular holiday music for the television special, \"Happy Holidays\" at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C., 2001.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA group photo of the \"Sea Chanters\" chorus.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe United States Navy Ceremonial Band marching into position during a 2004 departure ceremony held at the United States Capitol Building during the state funeral of Ronald Reagan in 2004.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCaptain George N. Thompson, commanding officer of the United States Navy Ceremonial Band, leads the Drum Major and band members as they render honors during a 19-gun salute at the swearing-in ceremony for Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) the Honorable Ray Mabus at the Washington Navy Yard.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe United States Navy Ceremonial Band, under the direction of the Drum Major, Master Chief Musician Joe D. Brown Jr., standing at attention as Marine General Peter Pace approaches their formation during the change of command ceremony for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe United States Navy Band along with La Musique du Royal 22e Régiment, marches off during the closing ceremony of the Quebec Tattoo at the Pepsi Coliseum, 27 August 2009.","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"United States Navy Band members in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/United_States_Navy_Band_in_2007.jpg/220px-United_States_Navy_Band_in_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"United States Navy Band playing in Oslo, 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Militarymusic_Parade_10.jpg/220px-Militarymusic_Parade_10.jpg"},{"image_text":"United States Navy Band playing in Oslo, 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Militarymusic_Parade_12.jpg/220px-Militarymusic_Parade_12.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Drum Major, Master Chief Joe D. 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The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/05/AR2010060503389.html","url_text":"\"Dreaming of taking the District by song\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Schudel, Matt (29 March 2009). \"A Local Life: Anthony A. Mitchell, 91 – He Served His Country With Music\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/28/AR2009032801770.html","url_text":"\"A Local Life: Anthony A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Heights_Light_Railway	Beer Heights Light Railway	["1 Overview","2 Locomotives","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°41′49″N 3°06′08″W / 50.69687°N 3.10215°W / 50.69687; -3.10215This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Beer Heights Light Railway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Beer Heights Light RailwaySteam locomotive 'Claudine' running round its train at the terminus.OverviewDates of operation14 July 1975–PresentTechnicalTrack gauge7+1⁄4 in (184 mm) vteBeer HeightsLight Railway Legend Deepwater Station Wildway Down Beer Mine Quarry siding Much Natter Upsan Downs MPD Little Moore White Falls Halt Upsan Downs sidings The Beer Heights Light Railway operates 1 mile (1.6 km) of minimum gauge 7+1⁄4 in (184 mm) track at Beer, Devon, England. It is part of Pecorama, an exhibition owned by Peco. Overview The official opening was by Rev. W.V. Awdry on 14 July 1975, at which time it offered a return ride from "Much Natter" station via a balloon loop. Subsequently, it was almost doubled in length by construction of the "Devil's Gorge" extension which involved a very considerable cutting and tunnel, and the complex track layout also includes a more recent steeply-graded branch line to "Wildway Down". The station at Deepwater was revamped in late 2014 and reopened in July 2015 as 'Deepwater Halt'. The line is notable for its high standard of presentation to the public and for the fine views obtainable from it. It is home to eight live steam locomotives designed on narrow gauge principles. Locomotives The railway currently has eight steam locomotives, two diesel and one electric. A locomotive called 'Finn MacCool' also visits every summer (usually July – September) from the Belfast and County Down Miniature Railway Society, Northern Ireland, to help out in the peak season. Other locomotives also visit during the 'Loco Week' and 'Bank Holiday Weekend Gala' in August. A list of locomotives currently in use is below: Number Name Wheel Arrangement Notes Power source Arrived Image 3 Dickie 0-4-2+T Built by David Curwen, Wiltshire Steam 1976 4 Thomas II 0-4-2ST+T Thomas II (Original), Built by Roger Marsh Steam 1979 5 Linda 2-4-0ST+T Mainline Hunslet, rebuilt by TMA Engineering, Birmingham. Replica of Ffestiniog Loco. Steam 1983 6 Jimmy Bo-Bo Built Severn Lamb, Stratford-On-Avon diesel hydraulic 1986 7 Mr.P 2-4-2T+T Built in Beer Works Steam 1997 Steam locomotive 'Mr P' on turntable. 8 Gem 0-6-0+T Romulus (heavily modified – Engerth tender arrangement) Steam 1999 O&EBR 1 Otter 2-4-2+T Built at Western Steam, Privately Owned Steam 2004 9 Claudine 2-4-4T Single Fairlie, Built at Beer Works Steam 2005 BHLR Claudine 10 Alfred Bo-Bo Tram style, Built at Beer Works Battery Electric 2003 11 Ben Bo-Bo Freelance, Built at Beer Works LPG / Petrol Mechanical 2015 12 Jools 0-4-2T Heavily rebuilt from Samastipur. Steam 2018 References ^ "Gallery 16 Beer Heights July 2016". www.ribblevalleyrail.co.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ "Plan Your Visit - Pecorama". Pecorama. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ "A Short History of English Maps". www.bsswebsite.me.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ "Beer Heights Light Railway 7¼ inch". UK: Miniature Railway World. Retrieved 26 August 2014. ^ "Pecorama". Seaton Bay. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014. ^ https://www.pecorama.co.uk/bhlr/?subpage=beer-heights-light-railway ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3EmOmGVUCc ^ "Beer Heights Light Railway". Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. ^ "Our Rolling Stock". Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. ^ "The BHLR Revealed". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014. ^ "Our Trains". Pecorama. Retrieved 29 November 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beer Heights Light Railway. Beer Heights Light Railway website vteRidable miniature railways in EnglandOperating Acton Works Audley End Railway Barking Park Light Railway Bekonscot Beer Heights Light Railway Bickington Steam Railway Blackpool Zoo Railway Blenheim Park Railway Bure Valley Railway Cleethorpes Coast Light Railway Coalyard Miniature Railway Conwy Valley Miniature Railway Downs Light Railway East Herts Miniature Railway Eastleigh Lakeside Steam Railway Echills Wood Railway Evesham Vale Light Railway Fairbourne Railway Fancott Miniature Railway Frimley Lodge Park Railway Great Cockcrow Railway Harlington Locomotive Society Hastings Miniature Railway Hollycombe Garden Railway Lakeside Miniature Railway Moors Valley Railway Mizens Railway North Bay Railway Paradise Park Railway, Cornwall Pleasure Beach Express Poole Park Railway Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway Royal Victoria Railway Ruislip Lido Railway Saltburn Miniature Railway Sherwood Forest Railway Stansted Park Light Railway South Downs Light Railway Stapleford Miniature Railway Strawberry Line Swanley New Barn Railway Thorne Memorial Park Miniature Railway Watford Miniature Railway Wells and Walsingham Light Railway Closed Dobwalls Adventure Park Markeaton Park Light Railway Paignton Zoo Plowman's Railroad Purbeck Miniature Railway Radwell Manor Railway Sand Hutton Miniature Railway Tucktonia Wells Harbour Railway 50°41′49″N 3°06′08″W / 50.69687°N 3.10215°W / 50.69687; -3.10215 This England rail transport related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minimum gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks"},{"link_name":"Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pecorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecorama"},{"link_name":"Peco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peco"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Beer Heights Light Railway operates 1 mile (1.6 km) of minimum gauge 7+1⁄4 in (184 mm) track at Beer, Devon, England.[4] It is part of Pecorama, an exhibition owned by Peco.[5]","title":"Beer Heights Light Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W.V. Awdry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.V._Awdry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"balloon loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_loop"},{"link_name":"cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"}],"text":"The official opening was by Rev. W.V. Awdry on 14 July 1975,[6] at which time it offered a return ride from \"Much Natter\" station via a balloon loop. Subsequently, it was almost doubled in length by construction of the \"Devil's Gorge\" extension which involved a very considerable cutting and tunnel, and the complex track layout also includes a more recent steeply-graded branch line to \"Wildway Down\". The station at Deepwater was revamped in late 2014 and reopened in July 2015 as 'Deepwater Halt'. [7]The line is notable for its high standard of presentation to the public and for the fine views obtainable from it.[8] It is home to eight live steam locomotives designed on narrow gauge principles.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The railway currently has eight steam locomotives, two diesel and one electric.[9] A locomotive called 'Finn MacCool' also visits every summer (usually July – September) from the Belfast and County Down Miniature Railway Society, Northern Ireland, to help out in the peak season.[10] Other locomotives also visit during the 'Loco Week' and 'Bank Holiday Weekend Gala' in August. 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Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ribblevalleyrail.co.uk/Gallery16%20Beer%20July%202016.htm","url_text":"\"Gallery 16 Beer Heights July 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plan Your Visit - Pecorama\". Pecorama. Retrieved 7 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pecorama.co.uk/plan-your-visit/?subpage=pecorama-map","url_text":"\"Plan Your Visit - Pecorama\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Short History of English Maps\". www.bsswebsite.me.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bsswebsite.me.uk/A%20Short%20History%20of/maps.html","url_text":"\"A Short History of English Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beer Heights Light Railway 7¼ inch\". UK: Miniature Railway World. Retrieved 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miniaturerailwayworld.co.uk/BeerHeights.html","url_text":"\"Beer Heights Light Railway 7¼ inch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pecorama\". Seaton Bay. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140904112151/http://www.seatonbay.com/attractions/peco.html","url_text":"\"Pecorama\""},{"url":"http://www.seatonbay.com/attractions/peco.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beer Heights Light Railway\". Archived from the original on 13 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100713020140/http://www.pecorama.info/beer-heights-light-railway/","url_text":"\"Beer Heights Light Railway\""},{"url":"http://www.pecorama.info/beer-heights-light-railway/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Rolling Stock\". Archived from the original on 22 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110522011931/http://www.pecorama.info/beer-heights-light-railway/our-rolling-stock/","url_text":"\"Our Rolling Stock\""},{"url":"http://www.pecorama.info/beer-heights-light-railway/our-rolling-stock/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The BHLR Revealed\". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211345/http://www.pecorama.info/beer-heights-light-railway/the-bhlr-revealed/","url_text":"\"The BHLR Revealed\""},{"url":"http://www.pecorama.info/beer-heights-light-railway/the-bhlr-revealed/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Trains\". Pecorama. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasiliense	Campeonato Brasiliense	["1 Format","2 Clubs","3 List of champions","4 Titles by team","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Not to be confused with Campeonato Brasileiro. Football leagueCampeonato BrasilienseFounded1959Country BrazilConfederationCBFFederação de Futebol do Distrito FederalNumber of teams12Relegation toCampeonato Brasiliense Second DivisionDomestic cup(s)Copa VerdeCopa do BrasilCurrent championsCeilândia (3rd title) (2024)Most championshipsGama (13 titles)Websitehttp://www.ffdf.com.br/pt/home/Current: 2024 Campeonato Brasiliense The Campeonato Brasiliense, also referred to as the Campeonato Candango and the Candangão, is the football league of the Federal District, Brazil. It is organized by the Distrito Federal Football Federation. Teams from other states can be affiliated to the Distrito Federal Football Federation (FFDF) as long as they are located within 200 km from Brasília. This is the case for Associação Atlética Luziânia from the state of Goiás and Unaí Esporte Clube from the state of Minas Gerais. Format First Division 2017 First stage Top four qualify for Second Stage; bottom two relegated. Double round-robin, in which all teams from one group play home-and-away games against all teams within the group. Second stage Double round-robin. Top two are finalists. Final Two-legged final. As in any other Brazilian football championship, the format can change every year. Clubs 2023 First Division Team City 2022 result Brasília Brasília (Plano Piloto) 7th Brasiliense Brasília (Taguatinga) 1st Capital Brasília (Paranoá) 3rd Ceilândia Brasília (Ceilândia) 2nd Gama Brasília (Gama) 4th Paranoá Brasília (Paranoá) 6th Real Brasília Brasília (Guará) 2nd (2nd level) Samambaia Brasília (Samambaia) 1st (2nd level) Santa Maria Brasília (Santa Maria) 5th Taguatinga Brasília (Taguatinga) 8th List of champions Season Champions Runners-up 1959 Grêmio Brasiliense (1) Planalto 1960 Defelê (1) Guará 1961 Defelê (2) Rabello 1962 Defelê (3) Colombo 1963 Cruzeiro do Sul (1) Colombo 1964 Rabello (1) Defelê Guanabara (1) Dínamo 1965 Rabello (2) Colombo Pederneiras (1) Guanabara 1966 Rabello (3) Luziânia Guanabara (2) Vila Matias 1967 Rabello (4) Cruzeiro do Sul 1968 Defelê (1) Rabello 1969 Coenge (1) Grêmio Brasiliense 1970 Grêmio Brasiliense (2) Civilsan 1971 Colombo (1) Serviço Gráfico 1972 Serviço Gráfico (1) CEUB 1973 CEUB (1) Relações Exteriores 1974 Pioneira (1) Jaguar 1975 Campineira (1) CSU 1976 Brasília (1) Guará 1977 Brasília (2) Bandeirante 1978 Brasília (3) Taguatinga 1979 Gama (1) Brasília 1980 Brasília (4) Gama 1981 Taguatinga (1) Guará 1982 Brasília (5) Guará 1983 Brasília (6) Guará 1984 Brasília (7) Sobradinho 1985 Sobradinho (1) Taguatinga 1986 Sobradinho (2) Taguatinga 1987 Brasília (8) Taguatinga 1988 Tiradentes (1) Guará 1989 Taguatinga (2) Sobradinho 1990 Gama (2) Taguatinga 1991 Taguatinga (3) Guará 1992 Taguatinga (4) Tiradentes 1993 Taguatinga (5) Gama 1994 Gama (3) Sobradinho 1995 Gama (4) Brasília 1996 Guará (1) Gama 1997 Gama (5) Brasília 1998 Gama (6) Guará 1999 Gama (7) Dom Pedro II 2000 Gama (8) Bandeirante 2001 Gama (9) Brasiliense 2002 CFZ (1) Gama 2003 Gama (10) Brasiliense 2004 Brasiliense (1) Gama 2005 Brasiliense (2) Ceilândia 2006 Brasiliense (3) Gama 2007 Brasiliense (4) Esportivo Guará 2008 Brasiliense (5) Dom Pedro II 2009 Brasiliense (6) Brasília 2010 Ceilândia (1) Brasiliense 2011 Brasiliense (7) Gama 2012 Ceilândia (2) Luziânia 2013 Brasiliense (8) Brasília 2014 Luziânia (1) Brasília 2015 Gama (11) Brasília 2016 Luziânia (2) Ceilândia 2017 Brasiliense (9) Ceilândia 2018 Sobradinho (3) Brasiliense 2019 Gama (12) Brasiliense 2020 Gama (13) Brasiliense 2021 Brasiliense (10) Ceilândia 2022 Brasiliense (11) Ceilândia 2023 Real Brasília (1) Brasiliense 2024 Ceilândia (3) Capital Notes Dom Pedro II is the currently Real Brasília FC. Titles by team Teams in bold stills active. Rank Club Winners Winning years 1 Gama 13 1979, 1990, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2015, 2019, 2020 2 Brasiliense 11 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2017, 2021, 2022 3 Brasília 8 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987 4 Taguatinga 5 1981, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 5 Defelê 4 1960, 1961, 1962, 1968 Rabello 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 7 Ceilândia 3 2010, 2012, 2024 Sobradinho 1985, 1986, 2018 9 Grêmio Brasiliense 2 1959, 1970 Guanabara 1964, 1966 Luziânia 2014, 2016 12 Campineira 1 1975 CEUB 1973 CFZ 2002 Coenge 1969 Colombo 1971 Cruzeiro do Sul 1963 Guará 1996 Pederneiras 1965 Pioneira 1974 Real Brasília 2023 Serviço Gráfico 1972 Tiradentes 1988 See also Campeonato Brasiliense Second Division Campeonato Brasiliense Third Division References ^ Parrini *', 'Danilo Queiroz, Victor (2022-10-17). "FFDF e clubes acertam forma de disputa do Campeonato Candango 2023". Esportes (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) External links FBF Official Website (in Portuguese) RSSSF Website vte Football in BrazilBrazilian Football Confederation (CBF)Men'sNational teams National team (History Records Players Managers) U-23 U-20 U-17 U-15 Futsal Beach League system Série A Série B Série C Série D Domestic cups Copa do Brasil Supercopa do Brasil Copa do Nordeste Copa Verde Youth competitions U-23 U-20 (Cup, Supercup) U-17 (Cup, Supercup) Copa São Paulo (U-20) Copa Votorantim (U-15) State competitionsChampionships(List) Acre (2) Alagoas (2) Amapá (2) Amazonas (2) Bahia (2, 3) Ceará (2, 3) Distrito Federal (2, 3) Espírito Santo (2) Goiás (2, 3) Maranhão (2) Mato Grosso (2) Mato Grosso do Sul (2, 3) Minas Gerais (2, 3) Pará (2, 3) Paraíba (2, 3) Paraná (2, 3) Pernambuco (2, 3) Piauí (2) Rio de Janeiro (2, 3, 4, 5) Rio Grande do Norte (2) Rio Grande do Sul (2, 3) Rondônia (2) Roraima Santa Catarina (2, 3) São Paulo (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Sergipe (2) Tocantins (2) Cups Alagoas Amazonas Bahia Ceará Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins Other Ceará (Copa dos Campeões Cearenses) Minas Gerais (Troféu Inconfidência, Recopa Mineira) Pará (Supercopa Grão-Pará) Rio de Janeiro (Taça Guanabara, Taça Rio) Rio Grande do Norte (Copa Cidade do Natal, Copa RN) Rio Grande do Sul (Recopa Gaúcha) Santa Catarina (Recopa Catarinense) São Paulo (Campeonato do Interior) Defunct competitions Wanderpreis Cup (1904–12) Campeonato Citadino de Porto Alegre (1910–72) Taça Salutaris (1911) Taça dos Campeões Estaduais RJ–SP (1912–87) Campeonato da Cidade de Campos (1914–77) Campeonato Fluminense (1915–78) Taça Ioduran (1917–19) Taça Competência (1918–32) Copa dos Campeões Estaduais (1920–37) Campeonato Brasileiro de Seleções Estaduais (1922–87) Torneio Rio–São Paulo (1933–2002) Taça Campeonato Estadual FPF (1934) Taça da Prefeitura do Distrito Federal (1938–96) Taça Cidade de São Paulo (1942–52) Torneio Prefeito Lineu Prestes (1950) Taça Armando Arruda Pereira (1952) Taça Brasil (1959–68) Campeonato Sul-Brasileiro (1962) Torneio dos Campeões 1967 Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa (1967–70) Torneio Centro-Sul (1968–69) Torneio Norte-Nordeste (1968–70) Torneio dos Campeões da CBD (1969) Torneio do Povo (1971–73) Torneio de Integração da Amazônia (1975–2003) Torneio Nunes Freire (1976) Copa dos Campeões da Copa Brasil (1978) Torneio dos Campeões (1982) Torneio Heleno Nunes (1984) Taça Brahma dos Campeões (1992) Torneio Rei Dadá (1995) Copa dos Campeões Mundiais (1995–97) Torneio Maria Quitéria (1996–98) Festival Brasileiro de Futebol (1997) Copa Norte (1997–2002) Copa Centro-Oeste (1999–2002) Copa Sul-Minas (1999–2002) Copa dos Campeões (2000–02) Copa Integração (2005–09) Copa Alagipe (2005) Recopa Sul-Brasileira (2007–10) Super Series (2015) Primeira Liga (2016–17) Taça Asa Branca (2016–17) Copa Rubro–Verde (2018–19) Youth Copa Santiago (U-17) (1989–2020) Copa Macáe (U-17) (1997–2009) Taça Belo Horizonte (1985–2014, U-20), (2015–2018, U-17) Copa RS de Futebol (U-20) (2006–19) Awards CBF Ranking Champions Clubs G-12 Derbies Footballers Expatriate Managers Mascots Records Triple Crown Referees Seasons Transfers Venues Women'sNational teams National team (Managers) U-20 U-17 Futsal League system Série A1 Série A2 Série A3 Domestic cups Supercopa Feminina Youth competitions U-20 U-17 State championships Acre Alagoas Amapá Amazonas Bahia Ceará Distrito Federal Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Roraima Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins Defunct competitions Copa do Brasil Champions Clubs Footballers State federations Acre Alagoas Amapá Amazonas Bahia Ceará Distrito Federal Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Roraima Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Federal District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Associação Atlética Luziânia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A9tica_Luzi%C3%A2nia"},{"link_name":"Unaí Esporte Clube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una%C3%AD_Esporte_Clube"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Campeonato Brasileiro.Football leagueThe Campeonato Brasiliense, also referred to as the Campeonato Candango[1] and the Candangão, is the football league of the Federal 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It is organized by the Distrito Federal Football Federation. Teams from other states can be affiliated to the Distrito Federal Football Federation (FFDF) as long as they are located within 200 km from Brasília. 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Esportes (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/esportes/2022/10/5044799-ffdf-e-clubes-acertam-forma-de-disputa-do-campeonato-candango-2023.html","url_text":"\"FFDF e clubes acertam forma de disputa do Campeonato Candango 2023\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ffdf.com.br/pt/home/","external_links_name":"http://www.ffdf.com.br/pt/home/"},{"Link":"https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/esportes/2022/10/5044799-ffdf-e-clubes-acertam-forma-de-disputa-do-campeonato-candango-2023.html","external_links_name":"\"FFDF e clubes acertam forma de disputa do Campeonato Candango 2023\""},{"Link":"http://www.ffdf.com.br/","external_links_name":"FBF Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.rsssfbrasil.com/tablesae/df2011.htm","external_links_name":"RSSSF Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orania_bimucronata	Orania bimucronata	["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 References","4 External links"]	Species of gastropod Orania bimucronata Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Neogastropoda Family: Muricidae Genus: Orania Species: O. bimucronata Binomial name Orania bimucronata(Reeve, 1846) Synonyms Buccinum bimucronatum Reeve, 1846 Orania bimucronata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Description This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2010) Distribution This marine species occurs off the Philippines. References ^ a b Orania bimucronata (Reeve, 1846). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010. Lozouet, P. & Plaziat, J.-C., 2008 Mangrove environments and molluscs, Abatan river, Bohol and Panglao islands, central Philippines,, p. 1-160, 38 pls External links Reeve, L. A. (1846-1847). Monograph of the genus Buccinum. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 3, pl. 1-14 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London Gbif.com: Orania bimucronata; retrieved: 14 August 2012 Sealifebase.org: Orania bimucronata; retrieved: 14 August 2012 Taxon identifiersOrania bimucronata Wikidata: Q10802976 BOLD: 667050 CoL: 6SS2J GBIF: 6499162 iNaturalist: 1126499 IRMNG: 11835164 NCBI: 1078579 OBIS: 408191 Open Tree of Life: 4959254 SeaLifeBase: 137841 WoRMS: 408191 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orania bimucronata. This Ergalataxinae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Muricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muricidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Orania bimucronata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.[1]","title":"Orania bimucronata"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}],"text":"This marine species occurs off the Philippines.","title":"Distribution"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orania_bimucronata&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=408191","external_links_name":"Orania bimucronata (Reeve, 1846)"},{"Link":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11118823","external_links_name":"Reeve, L. A. (1846-1847). Monograph of the genus Buccinum. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 3, pl. 1-14 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London"},{"Link":"http://data.gbif.org/species/55432787","external_links_name":"Gbif.com: Orania bimucronata; retrieved: 14 August 2012"},{"Link":"http://www.sealifebase.fisheries.ubc.ca/Nomenclature/SynonymSummary.php?ID=168555&CAS_SPC=&Status=accepted%20name&Synonymy=senior%20synonym&Combination=new%20combination&GenusName=Orania&SpeciesName=bimucronata&SpecCode=137841&SynonymsRef=83677&Author=(Reeve,%201846)&Misspelling=0","external_links_name":"Sealifebase.org: Orania bimucronata; retrieved: 14 August 2012"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=667050","external_links_name":"667050"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6SS2J","external_links_name":"6SS2J"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6499162","external_links_name":"6499162"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/1126499","external_links_name":"1126499"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11835164","external_links_name":"11835164"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1078579","external_links_name":"1078579"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/408191","external_links_name":"408191"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4959254","external_links_name":"4959254"},{"Link":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=137841","external_links_name":"137841"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=408191","external_links_name":"408191"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orania_bimucronata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Poole	Mick Poole	["1 External links","2 References"]	English footballer For the Australian speedway rider, see Mick Poole (speedway rider). Mick PoolePersonal informationFull name Michael David Poole Date of birth (1955-04-23) 23 April 1955 (age 69)Place of birth Morley, EnglandPosition(s) GoalkeeperSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1973–1978 Rochdale 192 (0)1974 → Denver Dynamos (loan) 17 (0)1977 → Portland Timbers (loan) 21 (0)1978–1980 Portland Timbers 80 (0)1979–1980 Houston Summit (indoor) 18 (0)1980–1981 Portland Timbers (indoor) 2 (0)1980–1981 Baltimore Blast (indoor) 18 (0)1981–1982 Rochdale 27 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals Michael David Poole (born 23 April 1955) is an English retired football goalkeeper who played professionally in The Football League, North American Soccer League and Major Indoor Soccer League. Poole began his career with Rochdale A.F.C. In 1974, the team sent the nineteen-year-old Poole on loan with the Denver Dynamos of the North American Soccer League. In 1977, they Rochdale loaned him to the Portland Timbers of the NASL before selling him to the Timbers in 1978. Poole played for the Timbers from 1978 to 1980. In the fall of 1979, he joined the Houston Summit of the Major Indoor Soccer League. In 1980, the NASL ran an indoor season and Poole began the indoor season with the Timbers before moving to the Baltimore Blast of the MISL for the end of the season. He returned to Rochdale in 1981. External links NASL/MISL stats References ^ "The English National Football Archive". Enfa.co.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2022.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mick Poole (speedway rider)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Poole_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(football)"},{"link_name":"The Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"North American Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968-1984)"},{"link_name":"Major Indoor Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISL_I"},{"link_name":"Rochdale A.F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Denver Dynamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Dynamos"},{"link_name":"North American Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968-1984)"},{"link_name":"Portland Timbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Timbers_(NASL)"},{"link_name":"Houston Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Summit_(indoor_soccer)"},{"link_name":"Major Indoor Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISL_I"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Blast_(1980%E2%80%931992)"}],"text":"For the Australian speedway rider, see Mick Poole (speedway rider).Michael David Poole (born 23 April 1955) is an English retired football goalkeeper who played professionally in The Football League, North American Soccer League and Major Indoor Soccer League.Poole began his career with Rochdale A.F.C. In 1974, the team sent the nineteen-year-old Poole on loan with the Denver Dynamos of the North American Soccer League. In 1977, they Rochdale loaned him to the Portland Timbers of the NASL before selling him to the Timbers in 1978. Poole played for the Timbers from 1978 to 1980. In the fall of 1979, he joined the Houston Summit of the Major Indoor Soccer League. In 1980, the NASL ran an indoor season and Poole began the indoor season with the Timbers before moving to the Baltimore Blast of the MISL for the end of the season. He returned to Rochdale in 1981.","title":"Mick Poole"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The English National Football Archive\". Enfa.co.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.enfa.co.uk/","url_text":"\"The English National Football Archive\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nasljerseys.com/Players/P/Poole.Mick.htm","external_links_name":"NASL/MISL stats"},{"Link":"http://www.enfa.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"The English National Football Archive\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race	1908 New York to Paris Race	["1 The 1908 New York to Paris Race","2 World Race 2011","3 In popular culture","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Literature","7 Sources","8 External links"]	Multi-country auto race Map of the route Cars lined up for the start: De Dion-Bouton (in front), Protos, Motobloc De Dion-Bouton car at Utica The Sizaire-Naudin of Pons, Deschamps and Berlhe Germans in Protos car 1908 New York to Paris Race The 1906 Züst which took third place in the 1908 Race Around the World. The race winners The 1908 New York to Paris Race was an automobile competition consisting of drivers attempting to travel from New York to Paris. This was a considerable challenge given the state of automobile technology and road infrastructure at the time. Only three of six contestants completed the course. The winner was the American team, driving a 1907 Thomas Flyer. In 1907 the Peking to Paris automobile race had inspired an even bolder test of these new machines. The following year the course would be from New York City, USA, to Paris, France, with a planned 150-mile (240 km) ship passage from Nome, Alaska, across the Bering Strait to East Cape, Siberia. The 1908 New York to Paris Race The race commenced in Times Square on February 12, 1908. Six cars representing four nations were at the starting line for what would become a 169-day ordeal (making it, in terms of time taken, still the longest motorsport event ever held). The nations represented in the race were Germany, France, Italy, and the United States. Three of the teams (De Dion-Bouton, Motobloc, and Sizaire-Naudin) represented France, while Germany, Italy, and the US were represented by a Protos, a Zust, and a Thomas, respectively. At 11:15 AM, a gunshot signaled the start of the race. Ahead of the competitors were very few paved roads, and in many parts of the world no roads at all. Often, the teams resorted to straddling locomotive rails with their cars riding tie to tie on balloon tires for hundreds of miles when no roads could be found. The American Thomas Flyer was in the lead at the end of the United States leg, arriving in San Francisco in 41 days, 8 hours, and 15 minutes. It was the first crossing of the US by an automobile in winter. The route then took them to Valdez, Alaska, by ship. The Thomas crew found impossible conditions in Alaska and the race was rerouted across the Pacific by steamer to Japan where the Americans made their way across to the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Then it was on to Vladivostok, Siberia, by ship to begin crossing the continents of Asia and Europe. Only three of the competitors made it past Vladivostok: the Protos, the Züst, and the Thomas. The wet plains of Siberia and Manchuria during the spring thaw made progress difficult. At several points, forward movement was often measured in feet rather than miles per hour. Eventually, the roads improved as Europe approached and the Thomas Flyer arrived in Paris on July 30, 1908, having covered approx 16,700 km to win the race. The Germans, whose Protos car was driven by Hans Koeppen, had arrived in Paris four days earlier, but were penalized a total of thirty days for not going through Japan and for shipping the Protos part of the way by railcar. That gave the win to the Americans, represented by driver George Schuster, who remains the only American to travel the full distance from New York to Paris. The winning margin was 26 days, still the largest winning margin in any motorsport event ever. The Italians arrived much later and finished third in September 1908. The race was of international interest with daily front page coverage by The New York Times (a cosponsor of the race with the Parisian newspaper Le Matin). The significance of the event extended far beyond the race itself. Together with the Peking to Paris race, which had taken place the year before, it established the reliability of the automobile as a dependable means of transportation, eventually taking the automobile from an amusement of the rich to a reliable and viable means of long-distance transportation for the masses. It also led to the call for improved roads to be constructed in many parts of the world. The winning driver, George Schuster, was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame on October 12, 2010. The winning Thomas Flyer is on display in Reno, Nevada, at the National Automobile Museum, alongside the trophy. World Race 2011 While the planned Great Race 2008 was cancelled as the approval and permits to travel through China were recalled, a second effort was mounted in 2011. World Race 2011 began in Times Square April 14, 2011, as competitors set out to retrace the route taken in 1908 from New York to Paris. Ultimately, four of the starting vehicles, the oldest being a 1929 Ford Model A, a 1932 Ford 3 Window Coupe, the 1967 Volkswagen Beetle, and a multi-fueled 2007 Chevrolet Corvette, reached the Eiffel Tower in Paris on July 21, 2011. Participating in the 2011 race was Jeff Mahl, the great-grandson of George Schuster, the winning driver of the 1908 New York to Paris Race. In popular culture The 1908 movie Mishaps of the New York–Paris Race, directed by Georges Méliès, was inspired by the race. The 1965 movie The Great Race was loosely inspired by the 1908 New York to Paris Race, though heavily fictionalized for comedy. The 2008 TV documentary The Greatest Auto Race on Earth encompasses the epic story of the 1908 New York to Paris Race in vivid detail. Wolfgang Ettlich (Dir.): Hat der Motor eine Seele? 1908 im Auto um die Welt. (D, 2008, German) 86 min. (Does an engine have a soul? Around the world by car in 1908.) The June 2, 2014 Episode of Futility Closet podcast focuses on this race. Episode 323 of American podcast The Dollop focuses on the New York to Paris Race. Episode 503 of Suspense radio show "Around the World", broadcast on April 6, 1953. 2017 fictional novel, The Perils of Paulie, written by Katie MacAlister, was published featuring a reality TV show that recreated the race using restored versions of the original cars. 2021 episodes 8 and 9 of The Buffalo History Museum Podcast "The 1908 New York to Paris Race, Parts I & II" written by Lindsey Lauren Visser focus on the 1908 New York to Paris Car Race. See also Harriet White Fisher, first woman to complete a full drive around the world. Notes ^ London Daily Mail, 1908. ^ Schuster & Mahoney. The Longest Auto Race (New York: The John Day Company 1966), p.71. ^ Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.115. ^ "Home". world-race.net. ^ "Home". thegreatautorace.com. ^ Hilliard Hughes, Albert (1966), "Letters", Films in Review, 17: 195 ^ "Home". thegreatestautorace.com. ^ "German Documentaries - home". ^ "Podcast Episode 12: The Great Race, Grace Kelly's Tomahawk, and Dreadful Penmanship". 2 June 2014. ^ Visser, Lindsey Lauren. “The 1908 New York to Paris Race, Part I”. The Buffalo History Museum Podcast. Podcast audio, June 22, 2021. https://open.spotify.com/episode/0PeF6sGRtRxMxIkTePv4NF?si=235c787e43b64814. ^ Visser, Lindsey Lauren. “The 1908 New York to Paris Race, Part II”. The Buffalo History Museum Podcast. Podcast audio, June 22, 2021. https://open.spotify.com/episode/1s2kfZ65AVqgh5oehcjYI8?si=c71df15b815446f7. Literature London Daily Mail, various articles during 1907 and 1908. "New York to Paris Auto Race Route", in New York Times, various articles during 1907 and 1908. The Story of the New York to Paris Race, 1908, E.R.Thomas Motor Co., Buffalo, NY (reprinted by Floyd Clymer, Los Angeles, 1951 and Intrepid Publishing Co., 1992 ISBN 0-9625793-2-7). Cole, Dermot (1991). Hard Driving: The 1908 Auto Race from New York to Paris. New York: Paragon House. ISBN 1-55778-360-8. Fenster, Julie M. (2005). Race of the Century: The Heroic True Story of the 1908 New York to Paris Auto Race. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-609-61096-1. Frady, Jackie L; Michael Sion; Cindie Geddes (2007). Against All Odds: The Great New York to Paris Automobile Race of 1908. Reno, Nev: National Automobile Museum, Harrah Collection. ISBN 978-0-9800703-0-9. Jackson, Robert B (1965). Road Race Round the World: New York to Paris, 1908. New York: H. Z. Walck. (revised edition 1977, ISBN 0-8098-0003-9) Singer, G. S. (2012). King of all Men. Georgia: Third Millennium Publishing. (ASIN B006Z2ERIS) Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1908 New York to Paris Race. The Great Auto Race. National Automobile Museum External links New York Heritage - New York to Paris Race Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Race_1908_map.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race,_grid.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race,_Dedion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Utica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_New_York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New-york-Paris_1908,_la_Sizaire-Naudin_de_Pons,_Deschamps_et_Berlhe.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_to_Paris_race_Germans_in_Protos_car,_New_York.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ItalianZustRacecar.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race,_Roberts.jpg"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Thomas Flyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Peking to Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_to_Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Nome, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Bering Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Strait"},{"link_name":"East Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Dezhnev"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Map of the routeCars lined up for the start: De Dion-Bouton (in front), Protos, MotoblocDe Dion-Bouton car at UticaThe Sizaire-Naudin of Pons, Deschamps and BerlheGermans in Protos car 1908 New York to Paris RaceThe 1906 Züst which took third place in the 1908 Race Around the World.The race winnersThe 1908 New York to Paris Race was an automobile competition consisting of drivers attempting to travel from New York to Paris. This was a considerable challenge given the state of automobile technology and road infrastructure at the time. Only three of six contestants completed the course. The winner was the American team, driving a 1907 Thomas Flyer.In 1907 the Peking to Paris automobile race had inspired an even bolder test of these new machines. The following year the course would be from New York City, USA, to Paris, France, with a planned 150-mile (240 km) ship passage from Nome, Alaska, across the Bering Strait to East Cape, Siberia.[1]","title":"1908 New York to Paris Race"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"De Dion-Bouton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Dion-Bouton"},{"link_name":"Motobloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motobloc"},{"link_name":"Sizaire-Naudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizaire-Naudin"},{"link_name":"Protos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protos_of_Nonnendamm"},{"link_name":"Zust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zust"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks"},{"link_name":"tie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_tie"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Valdez, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdez,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"spring thaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasputitsa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hans Koeppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Koeppen"},{"link_name":"George Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Schuster_(driver)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Le Matin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Matin_(France)"},{"link_name":"Peking to Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_to_Paris"},{"link_name":"George Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Schuster_(driver)"},{"link_name":"Automotive Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"National Automobile Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Automobile_Museum"}],"text":"The race commenced in Times Square on February 12, 1908. Six cars representing four nations were at the starting line for what would become a 169-day ordeal (making it, in terms of time taken, still the longest motorsport event ever held).[citation needed] The nations represented in the race were Germany, France, Italy, and the United States. Three of the teams (De Dion-Bouton, Motobloc, and Sizaire-Naudin) represented France, while Germany, Italy, and the US were represented by a Protos, a Zust, and a Thomas, respectively. At 11:15 AM, a gunshot signaled the start of the race. Ahead of the competitors were very few paved roads, and in many parts of the world no roads at all. Often, the teams resorted to straddling locomotive rails with their cars riding tie to tie on balloon tires for hundreds of miles when no roads could be found.The American Thomas Flyer was in the lead at the end of the United States leg, arriving in San Francisco[2] in 41 days, 8 hours, and 15 minutes. It was the first crossing of the US by an automobile in winter.The route then took them to Valdez, Alaska, by ship. The Thomas crew found impossible conditions in Alaska and the race was rerouted across the Pacific by steamer to Japan where the Americans made their way across to the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Then it was on to Vladivostok, Siberia, by ship to begin crossing the continents of Asia and Europe. Only three of the competitors made it past Vladivostok: the Protos, the Züst, and the Thomas.The wet plains of Siberia and Manchuria during the spring thaw made progress difficult. At several points, forward movement was often measured in feet rather than miles per hour.[citation needed] Eventually, the roads improved as Europe approached and the Thomas Flyer arrived in Paris on July 30, 1908, having covered approx 16,700 km to win the race. The Germans, whose Protos car was driven by Hans Koeppen, had arrived in Paris four days earlier, but were penalized a total of thirty days for not going through Japan and for shipping the Protos part of the way by railcar. That gave the win to the Americans, represented by driver George Schuster, who remains the only American to travel the full distance from New York to Paris.[3] The winning margin was 26 days, still the largest winning margin in any motorsport event ever. The Italians arrived much later and finished third in September 1908.The race was of international interest with daily front page coverage by The New York Times (a cosponsor of the race with the Parisian newspaper Le Matin). The significance of the event extended far beyond the race itself. Together with the Peking to Paris race, which had taken place the year before, it established the reliability of the automobile as a dependable means of transportation, eventually taking the automobile from an amusement of the rich to a reliable and viable means of long-distance transportation for the masses. It also led to the call for improved roads to be constructed in many parts of the world.The winning driver, George Schuster, was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame on October 12, 2010.The winning Thomas Flyer is on display in Reno, Nevada, at the National Automobile Museum, alongside the trophy.","title":"The 1908 New York to Paris Race"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"George Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Schuster_(driver)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"While the planned Great Race 2008 was cancelled as the approval and permits to travel through China were recalled, a second effort was mounted in 2011. World Race 2011 began in Times Square April 14, 2011, as competitors set out to retrace the route taken in 1908 from New York to Paris.[4] Ultimately, four of the starting vehicles, the oldest being a 1929 Ford Model A, a 1932 Ford 3 Window Coupe, the 1967 Volkswagen Beetle, and a multi-fueled 2007 Chevrolet Corvette, reached the Eiffel Tower in Paris on July 21, 2011. Participating in the 2011 race was Jeff Mahl, the great-grandson of George Schuster, the winning driver of the 1908 New York to Paris Race.[5]","title":"World Race 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mishaps of the New York–Paris Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishaps_of_the_New_York%E2%80%93Paris_Race"},{"link_name":"Georges Méliès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Great Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Race"},{"link_name":"The Greatest Auto Race on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Greatest_Auto_Race_on_Earth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Futility Closet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futility_Closet"},{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"The Dollop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dollop"},{"link_name":"Suspense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspense_(radio_drama)"},{"link_name":"radio show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_show"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The 1908 movie Mishaps of the New York–Paris Race, directed by Georges Méliès, was inspired by the race.[6]\nThe 1965 movie The Great Race was loosely inspired by the 1908 New York to Paris Race, though heavily fictionalized for comedy.\nThe 2008 TV documentary The Greatest Auto Race on Earth encompasses the epic story of the 1908 New York to Paris Race in vivid detail.[7]\nWolfgang Ettlich (Dir.): Hat der Motor eine Seele? 1908 im Auto um die Welt. (D, 2008, German) 86 min. (Does an engine have a soul? Around the world by car in 1908.)[8]\nThe June 2, 2014 Episode of Futility Closet podcast focuses on this race.[9]\nEpisode 323 of American podcast The Dollop focuses on the New York to Paris Race.\nEpisode 503 of Suspense radio show \"Around the World\", broadcast on April 6, 1953.\n2017 fictional novel, The Perils of Paulie, written by Katie MacAlister, was published featuring a reality TV show that recreated the race using restored versions of the original cars.\n2021 episodes 8[10] and 9[11] of The Buffalo History Museum Podcast \"The 1908 New York to Paris Race, Parts I & II\" written by Lindsey Lauren Visser focus on the 1908 New York to Paris Car Race.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.world-race.net/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thegreatautorace.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thegreatestautorace.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"German Documentaries - home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.german-documentaries.de/films/28765"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Podcast Episode 12: The Great Race, Grace Kelly's Tomahawk, and Dreadful Penmanship\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.futilitycloset.com/2014/06/02/podcast-episode-12/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"https://open.spotify.com/episode/0PeF6sGRtRxMxIkTePv4NF?si=235c787e43b64814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//open.spotify.com/episode/0PeF6sGRtRxMxIkTePv4NF?si=235c787e43b64814"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"https://open.spotify.com/episode/1s2kfZ65AVqgh5oehcjYI8?si=c71df15b815446f7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//open.spotify.com/episode/1s2kfZ65AVqgh5oehcjYI8?si=c71df15b815446f7"}],"text":"^ London Daily Mail, 1908.\n\n^ Schuster & Mahoney. The Longest Auto Race (New York: The John Day Company 1966), p.71.\n\n^ Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.115.\n\n^ \"Home\". world-race.net.\n\n^ \"Home\". thegreatautorace.com.\n\n^ Hilliard Hughes, Albert (1966), \"Letters\", Films in Review, 17: 195\n\n^ \"Home\". thegreatestautorace.com.\n\n^ \"German Documentaries - home\".\n\n^ \"Podcast Episode 12: The Great Race, Grace Kelly's Tomahawk, and Dreadful Penmanship\". 2 June 2014.\n\n^ Visser, Lindsey Lauren. “The 1908 New York to Paris Race, Part I”. The Buffalo History Museum Podcast. Podcast audio, June 22, 2021. https://open.spotify.com/episode/0PeF6sGRtRxMxIkTePv4NF?si=235c787e43b64814.\n\n^ Visser, Lindsey Lauren. “The 1908 New York to Paris Race, Part II”. The Buffalo History Museum Podcast. Podcast audio, June 22, 2021. https://open.spotify.com/episode/1s2kfZ65AVqgh5oehcjYI8?si=c71df15b815446f7.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"New York to Paris Auto Race Route\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.nytimes.com/search/query?srchst=p&query=New+York+to+Paris+Auto+Race+Route&bylquery=&hdlquery=#"},{"link_name":"The Story of the New York to Paris Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/1908-ny-to-paris-race-in-thomas-flyer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9625793-2-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9625793-2-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55778-360-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55778-360-8"},{"link_name":"Race of the Century: The Heroic True Story of the 1908 New York to Paris Auto Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/raceofcenturyher0000fens"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-609-61096-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-61096-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9800703-0-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9800703-0-9"},{"link_name":"Road Race Round the World: New York to Paris, 1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/roadraceroundwor00jack"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8098-0003-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8098-0003-9"}],"text":"London Daily Mail, various articles during 1907 and 1908.\n\"New York to Paris Auto Race Route\", in New York Times, various articles during 1907 and 1908.\nThe Story of the New York to Paris Race, 1908, E.R.Thomas Motor Co., Buffalo, NY (reprinted by Floyd Clymer, Los Angeles, 1951 and Intrepid Publishing Co., 1992 ISBN 0-9625793-2-7).\nCole, Dermot (1991). Hard Driving: The 1908 Auto Race from New York to Paris. New York: Paragon House. ISBN 1-55778-360-8.\nFenster, Julie M. (2005). Race of the Century: The Heroic True Story of the 1908 New York to Paris Auto Race. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-609-61096-1.\nFrady, Jackie L; Michael Sion; Cindie Geddes (2007). Against All Odds: The Great New York to Paris Automobile Race of 1908. Reno, Nev: National Automobile Museum, Harrah Collection. ISBN 978-0-9800703-0-9.\nJackson, Robert B (1965). Road Race Round the World: New York to Paris, 1908. New York: H. Z. Walck. (revised edition 1977, ISBN 0-8098-0003-9)\nSinger, G. S. (2012). King of all Men. Georgia: Third Millennium Publishing. (ASIN B006Z2ERIS)","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1908 New York to Paris Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race"},{"link_name":"The Great Auto Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.TheGreatAutoRace.com"},{"link_name":"National Automobile Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.automuseum.org/exhibits/thomas-flyer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.deutsches-museum.de/verkehrszentrum/sammlungen/strassenverkehr/personenwagen/protos/mehr-ueber-den-protos"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1908 New York to Paris Race.The Great Auto Race.\nNational Automobile Museum\n[1]","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of the route","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Race_1908_map.png/220px-Great_Race_1908_map.png"},{"image_text":"Cars lined up for the start: De Dion-Bouton (in front), Protos, Motobloc","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race%2C_grid.jpg/220px-1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race%2C_grid.jpg"},{"image_text":"De Dion-Bouton car at Utica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race%2C_Dedion.jpg/220px-1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race%2C_Dedion.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Sizaire-Naudin of Pons, Deschamps and Berlhe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/New-york-Paris_1908%2C_la_Sizaire-Naudin_de_Pons%2C_Deschamps_et_Berlhe.jpg/220px-New-york-Paris_1908%2C_la_Sizaire-Naudin_de_Pons%2C_Deschamps_et_Berlhe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Germans in Protos car 1908 New York to Paris Race","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/New_York_to_Paris_race_Germans_in_Protos_car%2C_New_York.jpg/220px-New_York_to_Paris_race_Germans_in_Protos_car%2C_New_York.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1906 Züst which took third place in the 1908 Race Around the World.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ItalianZustRacecar.jpg/220px-ItalianZustRacecar.jpg"},{"image_text":"The race winners","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race%2C_Roberts.jpg/220px-1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race%2C_Roberts.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Harriet White Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_White_Fisher"}]	[{"reference":"\"Home\". world-race.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.world-race.net/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". thegreatautorace.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thegreatautorace.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"Hilliard Hughes, Albert (1966), \"Letters\", Films in Review, 17: 195","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Home\". thegreatestautorace.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thegreatestautorace.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"German Documentaries - home\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.german-documentaries.de/films/28765","url_text":"\"German Documentaries - home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Podcast Episode 12: The Great Race, Grace Kelly's Tomahawk, and Dreadful Penmanship\". 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.futilitycloset.com/2014/06/02/podcast-episode-12/","url_text":"\"Podcast Episode 12: The Great Race, Grace Kelly's Tomahawk, and Dreadful Penmanship\""}]},{"reference":"Cole, Dermot (1991). Hard Driving: The 1908 Auto Race from New York to Paris. New York: Paragon House. ISBN 1-55778-360-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55778-360-8","url_text":"1-55778-360-8"}]},{"reference":"Fenster, Julie M. (2005). Race of the Century: The Heroic True Story of the 1908 New York to Paris Auto Race. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-609-61096-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/raceofcenturyher0000fens","url_text":"Race of the Century: The Heroic True Story of the 1908 New York to Paris Auto Race"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-61096-1","url_text":"0-609-61096-1"}]},{"reference":"Frady, Jackie L; Michael Sion; Cindie Geddes (2007). Against All Odds: The Great New York to Paris Automobile Race of 1908. Reno, Nev: National Automobile Museum, Harrah Collection. ISBN 978-0-9800703-0-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9800703-0-9","url_text":"978-0-9800703-0-9"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Robert B (1965). Road Race Round the World: New York to Paris, 1908. New York: H. Z. Walck.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/roadraceroundwor00jack","url_text":"Road Race Round the World: New York to Paris, 1908"}]},{"reference":"Singer, G. S. (2012). King of all Men. Georgia: Third Millennium Publishing.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.world-race.net/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.thegreatautorace.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.thegreatestautorace.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.german-documentaries.de/films/28765","external_links_name":"\"German Documentaries - home\""},{"Link":"https://www.futilitycloset.com/2014/06/02/podcast-episode-12/","external_links_name":"\"Podcast Episode 12: The Great Race, Grace Kelly's Tomahawk, and Dreadful Penmanship\""},{"Link":"https://open.spotify.com/episode/0PeF6sGRtRxMxIkTePv4NF?si=235c787e43b64814","external_links_name":"https://open.spotify.com/episode/0PeF6sGRtRxMxIkTePv4NF?si=235c787e43b64814"},{"Link":"https://open.spotify.com/episode/1s2kfZ65AVqgh5oehcjYI8?si=c71df15b815446f7","external_links_name":"https://open.spotify.com/episode/1s2kfZ65AVqgh5oehcjYI8?si=c71df15b815446f7"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/search/query?srchst=p&query=New+York+to+Paris+Auto+Race+Route&bylquery=&hdlquery=#","external_links_name":"\"New York to Paris Auto Race Route\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/1908-ny-to-paris-race-in-thomas-flyer","external_links_name":"The Story of the New York to Paris Race"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/raceofcenturyher0000fens","external_links_name":"Race of the Century: The Heroic True Story of the 1908 New York to Paris Auto Race"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/roadraceroundwor00jack","external_links_name":"Road Race Round the World: New York to Paris, 1908"},{"Link":"http://www.thegreatautorace.com/","external_links_name":"The Great Auto Race"},{"Link":"http://www.automuseum.org/exhibits/thomas-flyer","external_links_name":"National Automobile Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.deutsches-museum.de/verkehrszentrum/sammlungen/strassenverkehr/personenwagen/protos/mehr-ueber-den-protos","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.nyheritage.org/collections/new-york-paris-race","external_links_name":"New York Heritage - New York to Paris Race"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007530020005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90003253","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasin_Pishro_Qom_FSC	Almas Shahr Qom FSC	["1 History","2 Crest","3 Season-by-season","4 Honours","4.1 Domestic","4.2 Individual","5 All-time record","5.1 Head to head records","6 Players","6.1 Players on international cups","6.2 Notable players","7 References","8 External links"]	Iranian futsal club Football clubAlmas ShahrFull nameAlmas Shahr Qom Futsal ClubNickname(s)الماس ها (Diamonds)Dissolved2019GroundShahid Jafar Heidarian Indoor Stadium, QomCapacity2,000 Almas Shahr Futsal Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتسال الماس شهر) was an Iranian professional futsal club based in Qom. History The club was originally known as Soheil, it was renamed Eram Kish due to change of sponsorship. In the 2010–11 Iranian Futsal Super League they were renamed again to Kish Air. In the May 12, 2011 they were renamed again to Saba. In the August 26, 2013 they were renamed to Mahan Tandis. In the July, 2015 they were renamed to Atoliyeh Tehran for 3 weeks. then they were renamed to "Yasin Pishro". In the 2017–18 Iranian Futsal Super League they were renamed again to Heyat Football and relegation to Iran Futsal's 1st Division. In the 2018–19 Iran Futsal's 1st Division they were renamed again to Almas Shahr. Crest 2013–2015 2015–2017 Season-by-season The table below chronicles the achievements of the Club in various competitions. Season League Hazfi League's top goalscorer Manager Division P W D L GF GA Pts Pos Name Goals 2003–04 Super League 22 10 7 5 101 80 37 3rd Hossein Shams 2004–05 Super League 26 16 2 8 105 88 50 2nd Vahid Shamsaei 38 Hossein Shams 2005–06 Super League 26 8 3 15 93 101 27 12th Hossein Hosseini / Sadegh Varmazyar 2007–08 Super League 25 12 5 8 87 74 41 4th Reza Kordi / Amir Shamsaei 2008–09 Super League 22 13 4 5 88 60 43 2nd Mehdi Abtahi 2009–10 Super League 26 7 5 14 67 92 26 12th Reza Kordi / Vahid Ghiasi / Abolfazl Sani / Amir Shamsaei 2010–11 Super League Renamed Kish Air Saeid Taghizadeh 15 Reza Kordi / Vahid Ghiasi 23 7 4 12 70 68 25 10th 2011–12 Super League Renamed Saba Mohammad Kouhestani 21 Mahdi Ghiasi / Hossein Ganjian 26 12 3 11 83 81 39 6th 2012–13 Super League 24 18 2 4 124 66 56 2nd Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh 28 Amir Shamsaei / Ghodratollah Bagheri / Mohsen Hassanzadeh 2013–14 Super League Renamed Mahan Tandis Champions Mohammad Kermani 23 Reza Kordi / Vahid Ghiasi / Mohsen Hassanzadeh 26 12 4 10 91 77 40 6th Hazfi Cup Round of 32 Mahan Tandis 4 – 2 Persepolis Behzisti Mohammad Kermani / Alireza Vafaei 5 Mohsen Hassanzadeh Round of 16 Shahin Kermanshah 2 – 7 Mahan Tandis 1/4 Final Mahan Tandis 7 – 0 Nezam Mohandesi Kermanshah Semi-Final Shahrdari Tabriz 7 - 7 (a) Mahan Tandis Fifth Round Misagh Tehran 3 (1) – (4) 3 p Mahan Tandis 2014–15 Super League 26 11 5 10 77 78 38 6th Alireza Vafaei 24 Amir Shamsaei / Vahid Ghiasi / Alireza Raadi 2015–16 Super League Renamed Atoliyeh Tehran (for 4 weeks) and Yasin Pishro Mohammad Kouhestani 20 Mahdi Ghiasi 25 11 4 10 79 77 37 6th 2016–17 Super League 26 8 2 16 45 69 26 10th Amin Majidipour 8 Mohammad Reza Heidarian 2017–18 Super League Renamed Heyat Football Qom Farhad Falamarzi 8 Abolfazl Sani / Mahdi Ghiasi 26 2 4 20 42 95 10 141 2018–19 1st Division Renamed Almas Shahr Qom Abolfazl Rezaeian 11 Bahram Vafaei / Vahid Ghiasi / Mohammad Reza Ghasemi 16 2 3 11 30 56 9 81 Super league total 349 147 54 148 1152 1106 495 Hazfi cup total 6 4 1 1 28 14 13 1st Division total 16 2 3 11 30 56 9 Total 371 153 58 160 1210 1176 517 Notes: * unofficial titles 1 worst title in history of club Key P = Played W = Games won D = Games drawn L = Games lost GF = Goals for GA = Goals against Pts = Points Pos = Final position Champions Runners-up Third Place Fourth Place Relegation Promoted Did not qualify not held Honours Domestic Iranian Futsal Super League Runners-up (3): 2004–05, 2008–09, 2012–13 Iranian Futsal Hazfi Cup Winners (1): 2013–14 Individual Top Goalscorer Iranian Futsal Super League 2004–05 Iranian Futsal Super League Vahid Shamsaei (38 goals) 2012–13 Iranian Futsal Super League Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh (28 goals) All-time record Head to head records As of 2 September 2019 Team Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA Diff Shahrvand Sari 28 Shahid Mansouri Gharchak 24 Melli Haffari Iran 20 Giti Pasand Isfahan 16 Arjan Shiraz 14 Farsh Ara Mashhad 14 Foolad Mahan Isfahan 14 Dabiri Tabriz 14 Sadra Shiraz 14 Misagh Tehran 11 Shahrdari Saveh 11 Elmo Adab Mashhad 10 Tasisat Daryaei Tehran 10 Persepolis Tehran 9 Esteghlal Tehran 8 Mes Sungun 8 Tam Iran Khodro Tehran 8 Moghavemat Alborz 8 Azad University Tehran 8 Rah Ahan Tehran 8 Gostaresh Foolad Tabriz 8 Shensa Saveh 7 Azarakhsh Bandar Abbas 6 Firooz Sofeh Isfahan 6 Zoghalsang Kerman 6 Poushineh Baft Qazvin 6 Sazman Bazargani Azerbaijan Sharghi 6 Shahrdari Tabriz 6 Chini Hamgam Shahrekord 4 Pegah Gilan 4 Hilal Ahmar Tabriz 4 Ferdosi Mashhad 4 Atoliyeh Tehran Qom 2 Shahrdari Tonekabon 2 Pas Tehran 2 Shahr Aftab Tehran 2 Petroshimi Tabriz 2 Sazman Bazargani Gilan 2 Fajr Ghaem Galoogah 2 Zam Zam Isfahan 2 Gaz Khozestan 2 Paya Sazeh Tabriz 2 Amaliyat Qeyr Sanati Mahshahr 2 Moghavemat Qarchak 2 Tarh va Toseh Sabz Alvand Qazvin 2 Parsian Shahr-e Qods 2 Hyper Shahr Shahin Shahr 2 Naft Omidiyeh 2 Khales Sazan Zanjan 2 Shahrdari Rasht 2 Nam Avaran Resalat Mazandaran 2 PAS Naja Alborz 2 Hebelex Razavi Mashhad 2 Arash Beton Qazvin 1 Kashi Nilou Isfahan 1 Shahin Kermanshah 1 Nezam Mohandesi Kermanshah 1 Total Players Players on international cups Cup Players AFC Championship 2004 Vahid Shamsaei World Cup 2004 Vahid Shamsaei AFC Championship 2006 Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh AFC Championship 2007 Majid Latifi Mostafa Nazari AFC Championship 2008 Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh Majid Latifi Mostafa Nazari World Cup 2008 Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh Majid Latifi Mostafa Nazari AFC Championship 2012 Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh World Cup 2012 Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh AFC Championship 2014 Alireza Vafaei AFC Championship 2016 Alireza Vafaei Notable players Mohsen Hassanzadeh Hossein Sabouri Vahid Shamsaei Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh Vahid Ghiasi Alireza Vafaei Meysam Ilanlou Saeid Taghizadeh Mostafa Nazari Majid Latifi Ali Rahnama Ali Ebrahimbeigi Taha Nematian Mohammad Dehghan Abolghasem Orouji Saeid Ghasemi Ruhollah Isari Mojtaba Nassirnia Ebrahim Masoudi Moslem Oladghobad Masoud Daneshvar References ^ نماینده قم با نام آتلیه طهران در لیگ برتر ^ "Futsal Planet". ^ "ارم كيش قم قرارداد شمس را تمديد نكرد". www.mehrnews.com. 17 November 2005. ^ "صادق ورمزيار سرمربي تيم فوتسال ارم كيش قم شد". www.mehrnews.com. 15 August 2006. ^ "صادق ورمزیار از ارم کیش جدا شد". www.mehrnews.com. 27 May 2007. ^ "امیر شمسایی سر مربی تیم فوتسال ارم کیش قم شد". www.mehrnews.com. 19 September 2007. ^ "Futsal Planet". ^ "اعلام اسامي بازيكنان ارم‌كيش قم در ليگ برتر فوتسال". ^ "صبای قم در ليگ سيزدهم فوتسال كشور ششم شد". Archived from the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2014-03-14. ^ "Futsal Planet". External links Mahan Tandis's Stats and History in PersianLeague vteFutsal in IranLeague competitions Iranian Futsal Super League 1st Division 2nd Division National teams Men Men U-20 Women Lists and categories League system Champions List of clubs List of Arena Street Football Gol Koochik Iran Football Federation	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"futsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futsal"},{"link_name":"Qom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom"}],"text":"Football clubAlmas Shahr Futsal Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتسال الماس شهر) was an Iranian professional futsal club based in Qom.","title":"Almas Shahr Qom FSC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010–11 Iranian Futsal Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Iranian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Iranian Futsal Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Iranian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Iran Futsal's 1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Futsal%27s_1st_Division"}],"text":"The club was originally known as Soheil, it was renamed Eram Kish due to change of sponsorship. In the 2010–11 Iranian Futsal Super League they were renamed again to Kish Air. In the May 12, 2011 they were renamed again to Saba. In the August 26, 2013 they were renamed to Mahan Tandis. In the July, 2015 they were renamed to Atoliyeh Tehran for 3 weeks.[1] then they were renamed to \"Yasin Pishro\". In the 2017–18 Iranian Futsal Super League they were renamed again to Heyat Football and relegation to Iran Futsal's 1st Division. In the 2018–19 Iran Futsal's 1st Division they were renamed again to Almas Shahr.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahan_Tandis.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yasin_Pishro.jpg"}],"text":"2013–2015\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2015–2017","title":"Crest"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The table below chronicles the achievements of the Club in various competitions.Notes:\n* unofficial titles\n1 worst title in history of clubKeyP = Played\nW = Games won\nD = Games drawn\nL = Games lost\n\n\nGF = Goals for\nGA = Goals against\nPts = Points\nPos = Final position","title":"Season-by-season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranian Futsal Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Iranian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Iranian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Iranian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Iranian_Futsal_Hazfi_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Domestic","text":"Iranian Futsal Super LeagueRunners-up (3): 2004–05, 2008–09, 2012–13Iranian Futsal Hazfi CupWinners (1): 2013–14","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranian Futsal Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2004–05 Iranian Futsal Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Iranian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Vahid Shamsaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahid_Shamsaei"},{"link_name":"2012–13 Iranian Futsal Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Iranian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Asghar_Hassanzadeh"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"Top GoalscorerIranian Futsal Super League2004–05 Iranian Futsal Super League\nVahid Shamsaei (38 goals)\n2012–13 Iranian Futsal Super League\nAli Asghar Hassanzadeh (28 goals)","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"All-time record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Head to head records","text":"As of 2 September 2019","title":"All-time record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Players on international cups","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Notable players","title":"Players"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Futsal Planet\".","urls":[{"url":"http://old.futsalplanet.com/champs/champs-01.asp?paeseclub=39&stagioni=57&compnazionale=1264","url_text":"\"Futsal Planet\""}]},{"reference":"\"ارم كيش قم قرارداد شمس را تمديد نكرد\". www.mehrnews.com. 17 November 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mehrnews.com/news/254698/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85-%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D9%82%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF","url_text":"\"ارم كيش قم قرارداد شمس را تمديد نكرد\""}]},{"reference":"\"صادق ورمزيار سرمربي تيم فوتسال ارم كيش قم شد\". www.mehrnews.com. 15 August 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mehrnews.com/news/366833/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82-%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85-%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D9%82%D9%85-%D8%B4%D8%AF","url_text":"\"صادق ورمزيار سرمربي تيم فوتسال ارم كيش قم شد\""}]},{"reference":"\"صادق ورمزیار از ارم کیش جدا شد\". www.mehrnews.com. 27 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mehrnews.com/news/493016/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82-%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%B4%D8%AF","url_text":"\"صادق ورمزیار از ارم کیش جدا شد\""}]},{"reference":"\"امیر شمسایی سر مربی تیم فوتسال ارم کیش قم شد\". www.mehrnews.com. 19 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mehrnews.com/news/555324/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%82%D9%85-%D8%B4%D8%AF","url_text":"\"امیر شمسایی سر مربی تیم فوتسال ارم کیش قم شد\""}]},{"reference":"\"Futsal Planet\".","urls":[{"url":"http://old.futsalplanet.com/champs/champs-01.asp?paeseclub=39&stagioni=82&compnazionale=2262","url_text":"\"Futsal Planet\""}]},{"reference":"\"اعلام اسامي بازيكنان ارم‌كيش قم در ليگ برتر فوتسال\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.football-31.blogfa.com/post/621","url_text":"\"اعلام اسامي بازيكنان ارم‌كيش قم در ليگ برتر فوتسال\""}]},{"reference":"\"صبای قم در ليگ سيزدهم فوتسال كشور ششم شد\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVW_Southern_Tag_Team_Championship	OVW Southern Tag Team Championship	["1 Title history","2 Combined reigns","2.1 By team","2.2 By wrestler","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Professional wrestling tag team championship OVW Tag Team ChampionshipsDetailsPromotionOhio Valley WrestlingDate establishedAugust 1, 1997Current champion(s)Tusk and Chains(Donovan Cecil and TW3)Date wonMay 2, 2024Other name(s) NWA OVW Southern Tag Team Championship(1998 - 2001) OVW Southern Tag Team Championship(2001 - 2020) OVW Tag Team Championship (2020–present) StatisticsFirst champion(s)Nick Dinsmore and Flash FlanaganMost reignsTeam: The Lords of the Ring(Rob Conway and Nick Dinsmore) (10 reigns)Individual: Rob Conway and Nick Dinsmore(11 reigns)Longest reignThe Legacy Of Brutality(Hy Zaya, Ca$h Flo, Big Zo, Hy-Zaya, Jay Bradley, and Steve Michaels) (280 days)Shortest reignCharles Evans and Colt Cabana (<1 day) The OVW Tag Team Championship formerly known as the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship is the tag team titles of Ohio Valley Wrestling. Created in 1997, the first champions were Nick Dinsmore and Flash Flanagan. There have been 186 reigns shared between 115 different teams consisting of 155 distinctive champions. The current champions are Tusk and Chains (Donovan Cecil and TW3) in their first reign as a team. Title history Key No. Overall reign number Reign Reign number for the specific team—reign numbers for the individuals are in parentheses, if different Days Number of days held <1 Reign lasted less than a day + Current reign is changing daily No. Champion Championship change Reign statistics Notes Ref. Date Event Location Reign Days 1 Nick Dinsmore and Flash Flanagan August 1, 1997 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1 31 2 David C. and Jason Lee September 1, 1997 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1 76 — Vacated November 16, 1997 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN — — The titles were held up after a match against Cousin Otter and Jebediah Blackhawk. 3 David C. and Jason Lee November 23, 1997 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 2 49 Defeated Jebediah Blackhawk and Cousin Otter in a rematch. 4 Doug Basham and Flash Flanagan January 11, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1(1, 2) 14 Basham and Flanagan defeated David C. and Jason Lee, Jebediah Blackhawk and Cousin Otter and The Lords of the Ring in a fatal four-way tag team match. — Vacated January 25, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY — — The titles were declared vacant after a match against Rip Rogers and Trailer Park Trash. 5 The Lords of the Ring(Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway March 18, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1(2, 1) 46 Defeated Rip Rogers and Trailer Park Trash in a tournament finals to win the vacant titles. 6 Dave the Rave and Rip Rogers May 3, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1 10 7 The Lords of the Ring(Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway) May 13, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 2(3, 2) 4 8 Dave the Rave and Rip Rogers May 17, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 2 7 The Lords of the Ring (Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway) were stripped of titles and were returned to Rave and Rogers after Dinsmore had his feet on the ropes to win the titles and referee Robert Brisco knowingly allowed it. 9 The Lords of the Ring(Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway) May 24, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 3(4, 3) 3 — Vacated May 27, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN — — The titles were held up after a match with Flash Flanagan and Jason Lee ended in a no contest. 10 The Lords of the Ring(Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway) June 14, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 4(5, 4) 14 defeated Flash Flanagan and Jason Lee in a tournament finals to win the vacant titles. 11 Dave the Rave and Juan Hurtado June 28, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1(3, 1) 3 12 Cousin Otter and Jebediah Blackhawk July 1, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1 39 Awarded titles by forfeit when Dave the Rave no-showed the defense. 13 Bryan Cash and Juan Hurtado August 9, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1(1, 2) 44 — Vacated September 22, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN — — Titles declared vacant due Bryan Cash's injury. 14 The Lords of the Ring(Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway) September 27, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 5(6, 5) 28 Defeated Jason Lee and Rod Steel in a tournament finals to win the vacant titles. 15 The Andretti Express(Guido and Vito Andretti) October 25, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1 30 16 The Lords of the Ring(Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway) November 24, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 6(7, 6) 14 — Vacated December 8, 1998 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY — — Titles held up after a match against Matt Bloom and Bull Pain. 17 Damaja and David C. January 16, 1999 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1(1, 3) 11 Awarded the titles back, after Nick Dinsmore no-showed and Rob Conway was counted out. 18 The Lords of the Ring(Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway) January 27, 1999 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 7(8, 7) 6 Won the match under masks as the Borkcin Brothers, and unmasked after the victory. 19 Damaja and David C. February 2, 1999 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2(2, 4) 5 20 Cousin Otter and Jebediah Blackhawk February 7, 1999 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 2 51 21 Flash Flanagan and Trailer Park Trash March 30, 1999 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(3, 1) 112 22 The Suicide Blondes(Jason Lee and Rip Rogers) July 20, 1999 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(3, 3) 148 23 Jebediah Blackhawk and Trailer Park Trash December 15, 1999 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1(3, 2) 48 24 Bolin Services(Mr. Black and Bull Buchanan) February 1, 2000 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(3, 1) 43 Mr. Black previously known as Cousin Otter. 25 The Paynethrillers(B.J. Payne and Scotty Sabre) March 15, 2000 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 14 26 The Suicide Blondes(Derrick King and Jason Lee) March 29, 2000 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1(1, 4) 6 27 The Paynethrillers(B.J. Payne and Scotty Sabre) April 4, 2000 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 2 80 28 The Disciples of Synn(Damian and Slash) June 23, 2000 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 26 29 The Paynethrillers(B.J. Payne and Scotty Sabre) July 19, 2000 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 3 16 30 Steve Armstrong and Tracy Smothers July 21, 2000 OVW TV Tapings Knoxville, TN 1 14 31 The Disciples of Synn(Damian and Slash) August 4, 2000 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 74 32 B.J. Payne and Flash Flanagan October 17, 2000 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(4, 4) 78 33 The Disciples of Synn(B.J. Payne and Damian) January 3, 2001 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1(5, 3) 41 B.J. Payne defeated Flanagan in a singles match for the tag titles, then chose Damian as his new partner. 34 The Minnesota Stretching Crew(Brock Lesnar and Shelton Benjamin) February 13, 2001 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1 67 35 The Disciples of Synn(B.J. Payne and Damian) April 22, 2001 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2(6, 4) 24 36 The Minnesota Stretching Crew(Brock Lesnar and Shelton Benjamin) May 16, 2001 WWF Sunday Night Heat Dark Match Louisville, KY 2 59 Defeated The Disciples of Synn at a WWF Sunday Night Heat show in a dark match. — Vacated July 14, 2001 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY — — Titles were vacated when Shelton Benjamin was injured. 37 Bolin Services(The Prototype and Rico Constantino) August 15, 2001 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1 75 Defeated The Disciples of Synn in a tournament finals. 38 The Minnesota Stretching Crew(Brock Lesnar and Shelton Benjamin) October 29, 2001 WWF Jakked dark match Louisville, KY 3 9 Defeated Bolin Services at a WWF Jakked/Metal show in a dark match. 39 The Suicide Blondes(Derrick King and Jason Lee) November 7, 2001 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2(2, 5) 35 40 The Lords of the Ring(Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway) December 12, 2001 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 8(9, 8) 56 41 The Basham Brothers(Damaja and Doug Basham) February 6, 2002 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1(3, 2) 100 42 The Lords of the Ring(Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway) May 17, 2002 WWE Raw House Show Louisville, KY 9(10, 9) 14 Defeated Doug and Damaja Basham at a WWE Raw house show. 43 Flash Flanagan and Trailer Park Trash May 31, 2002 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2(5, 3) 14 44 The Lords of the Ring(Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway) June 14, 2002 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 10(11, 10) 14 45 Flash Flanagan and Trailer Park Trash June 28, 2002 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 3(6, 4) 19 46 The Dogg Pound(Redd Dogg and Shelton Benjamin) July 17, 2002 OVW TV Tapings Jeffersonville, IN 1(1, 4) 175 — Vacated January 8, 2003 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY — — Titles declared vacant, after Benjamin and Dogg were both called up to WWE. 47 The Disciples of Synn(Seven and Travis Bane) March 5, 2003 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 36 Defeated Bolin Services (Lance Cade and René Duprée) in tournament final. 48 The A.P.A.(Bradshaw and Ron Simmons) April 10, 2003 Live Event Lafayette, IN 1 50 — Vacated May 8, 2003 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY — — Titles vacated when Bradshaw and Simmons were called back up by WWE. 49 Adrenaline(Chris Cage and Tank Toland) June 27, 2003 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 105 Defeated Bolin Services (Lance Cade and Mark Jindrak) in a tournament finals. 50 The Jersey Shore Crew(Aaron Stevens and Nova) October 10, 2003 WWE Raw House Show Louisville, KY 1 146 Defeated Adrenaline at a WWE Raw house show. 51 Adrenaline(Chris Cage and Tank Toland) March 4, 2004 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 27 52 Brent Albright and Chris Masters March 31, 2004 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 91 53 Mac Johnson and Seth Skyfire June 30, 2004 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 70 54 Adrenaline(Chris Cage and Tank Toland) September 8, 2004 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 3 <1 — Vacated September 8, 2004 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY — — Titles held up after a controversial finish in the September 8 match between Adrenaline and Mac Johnson and Seth Skyfire. 55 Mac Johnson and Seth Skyfire September 29, 2004 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 46 Defeated Adrenaline in a rematch. 56 MNM(Joey Matthews and Johnny Nitro) November 14, 2004 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 66 57 The Thrillseekers(Johnny Jeter and Matt Cappotelli) January 19, 2005 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 83 58 The Blonde Bombers(Chad and Tank Toland) April 12, 2005 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(1, 4) 183 59 Chet Jablonski and Seth Skyfire October 12, 2005 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(1, 3) 119 60 Bolin Services(Chris Cage and The Miz) February 8, 2006 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(4, 1) 39 61 The Untouchables(Deuce and Domino) March 19, 2006 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 17 Deuce Shade pinned The Miz in a singles match. Won the titles after Cage was fired by WWE. 62 Kasey James and Roadkill April 5, 2006 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 52 Defeated The Untouchables and The Spirit Squad (Kenny and Mikey) in a three-way match. The WWE World Tag Team Championship was also on the line, but only the OVW Tag Team Championship changed hands since Roadkills pinned Shade. 63 The Gang Stars(The Neighborhoodie and Shad Gaspard) May 27, 2006 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 62 64 CM Punk and Seth Skyfire July 28, 2006 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(1, 4) 5 65 The Untouchables(Deuce and Domino) August 2, 2006 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 77 66 Cody Runnels and Shawn Spears October 18, 2006 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 49 — Vacated December 6, 2006 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY — — Held up after a match against The Untouchables ended as a draw. 67 The Untouchables(Deuce and Domino) December 6, 2006 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 3 7 Defeated Cody Runnels and Shawn Spears in a rematch. 68 Cody Runnels and Shawn Spears December 13, 2006 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 119 69 Bolin Services(Charles Evans and Justin LaRouche) April 11, 2007 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 65 70 The Major Brothers(Brett Major and Brian Major) June 15, 2007 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 14 Defeated Evans, LaRouche, and Dr. Tomas in a three-on-two handicap match. 71 The James Boys(K.C. James and Kassidy James) June 29, 2007 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(2, 1) 22 K.C. previously known as Kasey James. 72 Cryme Tyme(JTG and Shad Gaspard) July 21, 2007 Live Event Owensboro, KY 2 1 73 The James Boys(K.C. James and Kassidy James) July 22, 2007 Live Event Louisville, KY 2(3, 2) 10 74 Jamin Olivencia and T.J. Dalton August 1, 2007 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 23 75 The James Boys(K.C. James and Kassidy James) August 24, 2007 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 3(4, 3) 12 Defeated Jamin Olivencia and Chris Cage substituting for J.T. Dalton. 76 Terminal Velocity(Chet Jablonski and Steve Lewington) September 5, 2007 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(2, 1) 21 77 The James Boys(K.C. James and Kassidy James) September 26, 2007 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 4(5, 4) 10 — Vacated October 6, 2007 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY — — Titles were stripped after a match, The James Boys attacked Terminal Velocity. 78 Colt Cabana and Shawn Spears November 7, 2007 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(1, 3) 42 Defeated Paul Burchill and Stu Sanders in a tournament finals to win the vacant titles. 79 Colt Cabana December 19, 2007 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY. 1 14 Cabana defeated Shawn Spears in a ladder match for control of the titles. 80 Colt Cabana and Charles Evans January 2, 2008 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(2, 2) <1 Cabana chose Charles Evans as his new partner. 81 Paul Burchill and Stu Sanders January 2, 2008 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 56 82 Los Locos(Ramón and Raúl) February 27, 2008 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 77 Defeated Paul Burchill and Stu Sanders, The Insurgency (Ali and Omar Akbar) and The Mobile Homers (Ted McNaler and Adam Revolver) in a fatal four-way match. 83 The Insurgency(Ali Akbar and Omar Akbar) May 14, 2008 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 14 84 The Men of Iron(Pat Buck and Rob Conway) May 28, 2008 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(1, 11) 70 85 Darriel Kelly and Josh Lowry August 6, 2008 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 35 86 Apoc and Vaughn Lilas September 10, 2008 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 49 87 Dirty Money and Scott Cardinal October 29, 2008 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 42 88 Totally Awesome(Kamikaze Kid and Sucio) December 10, 2008 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 49 89 Dirty Money and Scott Cardinal January 28, 2009 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 35 90 Totally Awesome(Kamikaze Kid and Sucio) March 4, 2009 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 28 91 Fang and Igotta Brewski April 1, 2009 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 21 92 Top Shelf Talent(JD Maverick and Pat Buck) April 22, 2009 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(1, 2) 49 93 Totally Awesome(Kamikaze Kid and Sucio) June 10, 2009 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 3 7 94 The Network(Andrew the Director and Benny the Producer) June 17, 2009 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 102 95 Big Men on Campus(Moose and Tilo) September 27, 2009 OVW Fall Brawl Louisville, KY 1 45 Defeated The Network in a four-team gauntlet match that also involved the Kamikaze Kid and DC, and Hog Wild and Kevin Hundley. 96 Mike Mondo and Turcan Celik November 11, 2009 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 7 97 The Network(Andrew the Director and Benny the Producer) November 18, 2009 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 84 Defeated Turcan Celik and Mike Mondo, Big Men on Campus and the Mobile Homers in a fatal four-way match. 98 Benjamin Bray February 10, 2010 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(3) 7 Benjamin Bray defeated Andrew Lacroix for full control over the titles. 99 Benjamin Bray and Andrew LaCroix February 17, 2010 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 3(4, 3) 35 Formerly known as The Network. Bray picked LaCroix as his partner over James the Saved. 100 The Elite(Adam Revolver and Ted McNaler) March 27, 2010 OVW Riot Act Louisville, KY 1 157 101 The Invincibles/Fighting Spirit(Fang and Sucio) August 28, 2010 OVW Summer Scorcher Louisville, KY 1(2, 4) 103 During their reign, they changed their names to Fighting Spirit (Christopher Silvio and Raphael Constantine). 102 The Elite(Adam Revolver and Ted McNaler) December 9, 2010 Ring of Honor TV tapings Louisville, KY 2 30 103 Christopher Silvio and Ryan Nemeth January 8, 2011 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(5, 1) 25 — Vacated February 2, 2011 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY — — Declared vacant after an attack on Ryan Nemeth by Fighting Spirit as the result of a victory by Nemeth over Raphael Constantine to determine who would be Silvio's partner. 104 Paredyse and Ryan Nemeth February 5, 2011 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(4, 2) 28 Defeated Fighting Spirit in a Tag Team Elimination match. Paredyse previously known as Kamikaze Kid. 105 Fighting Spirit(Christopher Silvio and Raphael Constantine) March 5, 2011 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 2(6, 3) 28 106 The Elite(Adam Revolver and Ted McNaler) April 2, 2011 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 3 74 107 The Fat and The Furious(Mr. Black and Trailer Park Trash) June 15, 2011 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(4, 5) 52 108 Bolin Services 2.0(James "Moose" Thomas and Rocco Bellagio) August 6, 2011 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(2, 1) 18 109 The Fat and The Furious(Mr. Black and Trailer Park Trash) August 24, 2011 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2(5, 6) 10 Defeated James Thomas and Raúl LaMotta. Chris Bolin subbed Lamotta for Bellagio. 110 The Elite(Adam Revolver and Ted McNaler) September 3, 2011 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 4 91 Defeated The Fat and The Furious and James Thomas and Rocco Bellagio in a three-way match. 111 OMG(Johnny Spade and Shiloh Jonze) December 3, 2011 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1 39 Defeated The Elite and James Onno and Tony Gunn in a three-way match. 112 The Mascagni Family(Jessie Godderz and Marcus Anthony) January 11, 2012 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 7 113 OMG(Johnny Spade and Shiloh Jonze) January 18, 2012 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 35 114 The Family(Jessie Godderz, Rob Terry and Rudy Switchblade) February 22, 2012 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(2, 1, 1) 45 Godderz, Terry and Rudy Switchblade defeated Jonze and Jason Wayne (subbing for Spade) in a handicap match to win the titles. The three defended the titles under the "Family Rule". 115 Los Locos(Anarquia and Raul LaMotta) April 7, 2012 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 2 4 Defeated Jessie Godderz and Rudy Switchblade to win the titles. 116 The Family/The Best Team Ever(Jessie Godderz and Rudy Switchblade) April 11, 2012 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2(3, 2) 52 Godderz and Switchblade defeated Raul LaMotta in a handicap match to win the titles. 117 Loco-MG(Raul LaMotta and Shiloh Jonze) June 2, 2012 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(3, 3) 4 118 The Family/The Best Team Ever(Jessie Godderz and Rudy Switchblade) June 6, 2012 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 3(4, 3) 14 — Vacated June 20, 2012 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY — — Stripped of the titles, by OVW Board of Directors member Ken Wayne, after referee Chris Sharpe allowed Godderz and Switchblade to cheat to win the titles. 119 The Family/The Best Team Ever(Jessie Godderz and Rudy Switchblade) July 7, 2012 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 4(5, 4) 147 Defeated Brandon Espinosa and Paredyse in a ladder match to win the vacant title. 120 The Gutcheckers(Alex Silva and Sam Shaw) December 1, 2012 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1 46 121 The Coalition(Crimson and Jason Wayne) January 16, 2013 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 42 122 The Gutcheckers/New School(Alex Silva and Sam Shaw) February 27, 2013 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 35 123 The Coalition(Crimson and Jason Wayne) April 3, 2013 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 84 This was a two-out-of-three falls match. 124 Michael Hayes and Mohammed Ali Vaez June 26, 2013 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(1, 2) 164 Ali was known as Ali Akbar. 125 The Mobile Homers(Adam Revolver and Ted McNaler) December 7, 2013 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 5 21 Previously known as The Elite. 126 Michael Hayes and Mohammed Ali Vaez December 28, 2013 Live Event Elizabethtown, KY 2(2, 3) 63 127 Dylan Bostic and The Mexicutioner March 1, 2014 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1 70 This was a two-on-one handicap tag team match. 128 The Skywalkers(Aaron Sky and Robbie Walker) May 10, 2014 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1 56 129 The Fabulous Free Bodies(The Bodyguy and Big Jon) July 5, 2014 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1 28 130 Silvi-O-livencia(Chris Silvio and Jamin Olivencia) August 2, 2014 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(7, 2) 35 131 War Machine(Eric Locker and Shiloh Jonze) September 6, 2014 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(1, 4) 56 132 TerreMex(The Mexicutioner and Randy Terrez) November 1, 2014 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(2, 1) 42 133 The Fabulous Free Bodies(The Bodyguy and Big Jon) December 13, 2014 OVW 800th TV Episode Louisville, KY 2 32 134 TerreMex(The Mexicutioner and Randy Terrez) January 14, 2015 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2(3, 2) 52 135 Walk on the Wylde side(Adam Wylde and Robbie Walker) March 7, 2015 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(1, 2) 18 136 War Machine(Eric Locker and Big Jon) March 25, 2015 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(2, 3) 105 This was a singles match between Big Jon and Adam Wylde. 137 Wylde and Reckless(Adam Wylde and Robbie Walker) July 8, 2015 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2(2, 3) 87 Formerly known as Walk on the Wylde Side. 138 The Van Zandt Family Circus(Dapper Dan Van Zandt and The Ringmaster) October 3, 2015 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1 63 139 Band of Brothaz(General Pope and Private Anthony) December 5, 2015 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(1, 2) 67 Anthony was previously known as Marcus Anthony. 140 The Tag Buddies(Adam Revolver and Reverend Stuart Miles) February 10, 2016 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(6, 1) 94 141 The Bad Boys Club(Randy Royal and Shane Andrews) May 14, 2016 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1 39 142 The Tag Buddies(Adam Revolver and Reverend Stuart Miles) June 22, 2016 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2(7, 2) 35 143 The Van Zandt Family Circus(Dapper Dan Van Zandt and Mad Man Pondo) July 27, 2016 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(2, 1) 38 144 Adam Revolver and The Mexicutioner September 3, 2016 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(8, 4) 4 145 The Legacy of Brutality(Big Zo and Hy-Zaya) September 7, 2016 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 70 146 Big Jon and Elijah Burke November 16, 2016 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(4, 2) 17 Burke previously known as General Pope. 147 Big Smooth(Big Jon and Justin Smooth) December 3, 2016 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(5, 1) 53 Smooth replaced Elijah Burke as Big Jon's tag partner. 148 Team Next Level(Devin Driscoll and Tony Gunn) January 25, 2017 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 42 149 Billy O and Kevin Giza March 8, 2017 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 38 150 The Bad Boys Club(Randy Royal and Shane Andrews) April 15, 2017 Live Event Louisville, KY 2 88 151 The Legacy of Brutality(Ca$h Flo and Dapper Dan) July 12, 2017 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(2)(1, 3) 52 Dapper Dan was previously known as Dapper Dan Van Zandt. 152 The Top Guyz(Adam Slade and Kevin Giza) September 2, 2017 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(1, 2) 81 153 The Bad Boys Club(Randy Royal and Shane Andrews) November 22, 2017 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 3 73 154 The Bro Godz(Colton Cage and Dustin Jackson) February 3, 2018 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1 28 Jessie Belle replaced Shane Andrews in the match. 155 The Top Guyz(Adam Slade and Kevin Giza) March 3, 2018 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 2(2, 3) 18 Dimes replaced Colton Cage in the match. 156 David Lee Lorenze III and Scott Cardinal March 21, 2018 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(2, 3) 42 This was a three-way tag team match, also involving The Bro Godz (Colton Cage and Dustin Jackson). Lorenze was previously known as The Ringmaster. 157 The Bro Godz(Colton Cage and Dustin Jackson) May 2, 2018 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 66 158 David Lee Lorenze III and Shiloh Jonze July 7, 2018 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(3, 5) 4 This was a "Bronado" tag team match. 159 The Bro Godz(Colton Cage and Dustin Jackson) July 11, 2018 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 3 24 160 War Kings(Crimson and Jax Dane) August 4, 2018 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(3, 1) 42 161 The Bro Godz(Colton Cage and Dustin Jackson) September 15, 2018 Live Event Elizabethtown, KY 4 49 162 War Kings(Crimson and Jax Dane) November 3, 2018 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 2(4, 2) 154 163 Kings Ransom(Leonis Khan and Maximus Khan) April 6, 2019 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1 119 164 The Legacy of Brutality(Big Zo, Ca$h Flo, Hy-Zaya and Jay Bradley) August 3, 2019 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1(3)(2, 2, 2, 1) 101 Big Zo replaced Leonis Khan in the match. Ca$h Flo and Jay Bradley won the match, but Big Zo and Hy-Zaya were also recognized as champions under the Freebird Rule. 165 Corey Storm and Dimes November 12, 2019 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 81 Ca$h Flo and Jay Bradley represented The Legacy of Brutality. 166 The Legacy of Brutality(Big Zo, Ca$h Flo, Hy-Zaya, Jay Bradley, and Steve Michaels) February 1, 2020 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 2(4)(3, 3, 3, 2, 1) 280 Big Zo and Hy-Zaya won the match, but Ca$h Flo, Jay Bradley, and Steve Michaels were also recognized as champions under the Freebird Rule. In their last defence against The Tate Twins, cagematch.de states that Josh Ashcraft was also allowed to defend, but it is currently unknown if he was recognized as an official champion. 167 The Tate Twins(Brandon Tate and Brent Tate) November 7, 2020 OVW Saturday Night Special Louisville, KY 1 150 Ca$h Flo and Josh Ashcraft defended the titles in the match. 168 The Pec-TacularGunns(Jessie Godderz and Tony Gunn) April 6, 2021 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(6, 2) 46 169 The Tate Twins(Brandon Tate and Brent Tate) May 22, 2021 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 98 170 Darkkloudz(Deget Bundlez and Eric Darkstorm) August 28, 2021 OVW Saturday Night Special - Reckoning 2021 Louisville, KY 1 87 This was a six-team ladder match also involving The Legacy Of Brutality (Big Zo and Steve Michaels), The Fanny Pack Party (Dustin Jackson and Kal Herro), The Box Office Blonds (Adam Swayze and Rex), and The Recusants (Brandon Espinosa and Tom Coffey). 171 The Fanny Pack Party(Dustin Jackson and Kal Herro) November 23, 2021 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(5, 1) 79 This was also for The Party's Nightmare Cup. 172 Darkkloudz(Deget Bundlez and Eric Darkstorm) February 10, 2022 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2 84 This was a two-on-one handicap match as only Dustin Jackson defended both titles. 173 Bankroll(Ca$h Flo and Dimes) May 5, 2022 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(4, 2) 14 174 The Pec-TacularGunns(Jessie Godderz and Tony Gunn) May 19, 2022 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 2(7, 3) 7 This was a four corner match also involving Darkkloudz (Deget Bundlez and Eric Darkstorm) and The Outrunners (Truth Magnum and Turbo Floyd). — Vacated May 26, 2022 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY — — 175 The Outrunners(Truth Magnum and Turbo Floyd) June 2, 2022 OVW TV: All Systems Go Louisville, KY 1(6, 1) 23 Truth Magnum was previously known as Shiloh Jonze. 176 Bankroll(Ca$h Flo and Dimes) June 25, 2022 OVW Saturday Night Special: Independence Rage Louisville, KY 2(5, 3) 47 177 The Fallen(D'Mone Solavino and Ronnie Roberts) August 11, 2022 OVW TV #1200 Louisville, KY 1 105 This was a three way match also involving Level X (Axton Ray and Blanco Loco). 178 Luscious Lawrence and Omar Amir November 24, 2022 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1 100 179 The Outrunners(Truth Magnum and Turbo Floyd) March 4, 2023 OVW Saturday Night Special: March Mayhem 2023 Louisville, KY 2(7, 2) 82 180 Derby City Destroyers(Big Zo and Gnarls Garvin) May 25, 2023 OVW TV: All Systems Go Louisville, KY 1(4, 1) 107 181 The Overmen(Joe Mack and Luke Kurtis) September 9, 2023 OVW Saturday Night Special: Hard Reset Louisville, KY 1 73 182 Beaches and Cream(Luscious Lawrence and Omar Amir) November 21, 2023 OVW TV: Thanksgiving Thunder Louisville, KY 2 25 This was a three way match also involving Golden Lions (Ca$h Flo and Mahabali Shera). 183 Golden Lions(Ca$h Flo and Mahabali Shera) December 16, 2023 OVW Christmas Chaos 2023 Louisville, KY 1(6, 1) 40 This was a three way match also involving The Overmen (Joe Mack and Luke Kurtis). 184 The Overmen(Adam Revolver and Joe Mack) January 25, 2024 OVW TV Tapings Louisville, KY 1(2)(9, 2) 51 — Vacated March 16, 2024 OVW March Mayhem 2024 Louisville, KY — — 185 The Overmen(Adam Revolver and Beau Amir) March 16, 2024 OVW March Mayhem 2024 Louisville, KY 1(3)(10, 1) 47 Defeated Tusk and Chains (Donovan Cecil and TW3) to win the vacant championship. 186 Tusk and Chains(Donovan Cecil and TW3) May 2, 2024 OVW Double Crossed Louisville, KY 1 47+ This was a three way match also involving Beaches and Cream (Luscious Lawrence and Omar Amir). Combined reigns As of June 18, 2024. Rob Conway (left) and Nick Dinsmore (right), record ten-time champions By team † Indicates the current champion Rank Team No. ofreigns Combined days 1 The Legacy Of Brutality(1st reign: Big Zo and Hy-Zaya)(2nd reign: Ca$h Flo and Dapper Dan)(Reigns 3–4: Big Zo, Ca$h Flo, Hy-Zaya and Jay Bradley) 4 503 2 The Elite/The Mobile Homers(Ted McNaler and Adam Revolver) 5 373 3 The Family/The Best Team Ever(1st reign: Jessie Godderz, Rob Terry and Rudy Switchblade)(Reigns 2–4: Jessie Godderz and Rudy Switchblade) 4 258 4 The Tate Twins (Brandon Tate and Brent Tate) 2 248 5 Michael Hayes and Mohammed Ali Vaez 2 227 6 The Network(Andrew LaCroix and Benjamin Bray) 3 224 7 The Bad Boys Club(Randy Royal and Shane Andrews) 3 200 8 The Lords of the Ring(Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway) 10 199 9 War Kings(Crimson and Jax Dane) 2 196 10 The Blonde Bombers(Chad and Tank Toland) 1 183 11 The Dogg Pound(Redd Dogg and Shelton Benjamin) 1 175 12 The Overmen(1st reign: Joe Mack and Luke Kurtis)(2nd reign: Adam Revolver and Joe Mack)(3rd reign: Adam Revolver and Beau Amir) 3 171 Darkkloudz(Deget Bundlez and Eric Darkstorm) 2 171 14 Cody Runnels and Shawn Spears 2 168 15 The Bro Godz(Colton Cage and Dustin Jackson) 4 167 16 The Suicide Blondes(Jason Lee and Rip Rogers) 1 148 17 Aaron Stevens and Nova 1 146 18 Flash Flanagan and Trailer Park Trash 3 145 19 The Minnesota Stretching Crew(Brock Lesnar and Shelton Benjamin) 3 135 20 Adrenaline(Chris Cage and Tank Toland) 3 133 21 Fighting Spirit/The Invincibles(Christopher Silvio and Raphael Constantine) 2 131 22 The Tag Buddies(Adam Revolver and Reverend Stuart Miles) 2 129 23 The Coalition(Crimson and Jason Wayne) 2 126 24 Beaches and Cream(Luscious Lawrence and Omar Amir) 2 125 David C. and Jason Lee 2 125 26 Kings Ransom(Leonis Khan and Maximus Khan) 1 119 Chet Jablonski and Seth Skyfire 1 119 28 Mac Johnson and Seth Skyfire 2 116 29 The Paynethrillers(B.J. Payne and Scotty Sabre) 3 110 30 Derby City Destroyers(Big Zo and Gnarls Garvin) 1 107 31 The Outrunners(Truth Magnum and Turbo Floyd) 2 105 Walk on the Wylde side/Wylde and Reckless(Adam Wylde and Robbie Walker) 2 105 War Machine(Big Jon and Eric Locker) 1 105 The Fallen(D'Mone Solavino and Ronnie Roberts) 1 105 35 The Untouchables(Deuce and Domino) 3 101 36 Basham Brothers(Damaja and Doug Basham) 1 100 The Disciples of Synn(Damian and Slash) 2 100 38 The Top Guyz(Adam Slade and Kevin Giza) 2 99 39 TerreMex(The Mexicutioner and Randy Terrez) 2 94 40 Brent Albright and Chris Masters 1 91 41 Jebediah Blackhawk and Cousin Otter 2 90 42 Totally Awesome(Kamikaze Kid and Sucio) 3 84 43 The Thrillseekers(Johnny Jeter and Matt Cappotelli) 1 83 44 Corey Storm and Dimes 1 81 The Gutcheckers/New School(Alex Silva and Sam Shaw) 2 81 Los Locos(Anarquia and Raul LaMotta) 2 81 47 The Fanny Pak Party(Dustin Jackson and Kal Herro) 1 79 48 B.J. Payne and Flash Flanagan 1 78 49 Dirty Money and Scott Cardinal 2 77 50 Bolin Services(The Prototype and Rico Constantino) 1 75 51 OMG(Johnny Spade and Shiloh Jonze) 2 74 52 Dylan Bostic and The Mexicutioner 1 70 The Men of Iron(Pat Buck and Rob Conway) 1 70 54 Band of Brothaz(Private Anthony and General Pope) 1 67 55 MNM(Joey Matthews and Johnny Nitro) 1 66 56 The Disciples of Synn(B.J. Payne and Damian) 2 65 Bolin Services(Charles Evans and Justin LaRouche) 1 65 58 Cryme Tyme(JTG and Shad Gaspard) 2 63 The Van Zandt Family Circus(Dapper Dan Van Zandt and The Ringmaster) 1 63 60 The Fat and The Furious(Mr. Black and Trailer Park Trash) 2 62 61 Bankroll(Ca$h Flo and Dimes) 2 61 62 The Fabulous Free Bodies(The Bodyguy and Big Jon) 2 60 63 Paul Burchill and Stu Sanders 1 56 The Skywalkers(Aaron Sky and Robbie Walker) 1 56 War Machine(Eric Locker and Shiloh Jonze) 1 56 66 The James Boys(K.C. and Kassidy James) 4 54 67 The Pec-TacularGunns(Jessie Godderz and Tony Gunn) 2 53 Big Smooth(Big Jon and Justin Smooth) 1 53 69 Kasey James and Roadkill 1 52 70 The A.P.A.(Bradshaw and Ron Simmons) 1 50 71 Apoc and Vaughn Lilas 1 49 Top Shelf Talent(JD Maverick and Pat Buck) 1 49 73 Jebediah Blackhawk and Trailer Park Trash 1 48 74 Tusk and Chains †(Donovan Cecil and TW3) 1 47+ 75 Big Men on Campus(Moose and Tilo) 1 45 76 Bryan Cash and Juan Hurtado 1 44 77 Bolin Services(Mr. Black and Bull Buchanan) 1 43 78 Colt Cabana and Shawn Spears 1 42 David Lee Lorenze III and Scott Cardinal 1 42 Team Next Level(Devin Driscoll and Tony Gunn) 1 42 81 The Suicide Blondes(Derrick King and Jason Lee) 2 41 82 Golden Lions (Ca$h Flo and Mahabali Shera) 1 40 83 Bolin Services(Chris Cage and The Miz) 1 39 84 Billy O and Kevin Giza 1 38 The Van Zandt Family Circus(Dapper Dan Van Zandt and Mad Man Pondo) 1 38 86 The Disciples of Synn(Seven and Travis Bane) 1 36 87 Darriel Kelly and Josh Lowry 1 35 Silvi-O-livencia(Chris Silvio and Jamin Olivencia) 1 35 89 Flash Flanagan and Nick Dinsmore 1 31 90 The Andretti Express(Guido and Vito Andretti) 1 30 91 Paredyse and Ryan Nemeth 1 28 92 Christopher Silvio and Ryan Nemeth 1 25 93 T.J. Dalton and Jamin Olivencia 1 23 94 Fang and Igotta Brewski 1 21 Terminal Velocity(Chet Jablonski and Steve Lewington) 1 21 96 Bolin Services 2.0(James Thomas and Rocco Bellagio) 1 18 97 Dave the Rave and Rip Rogers 2 17 Big Jon and Elijah Burke 1 17 99 Damaja and David C. 2 16 100 Colt Cabana 1 14 Doug Basham and Flash Flanagan 1 14 The Insurgency(Ali Akbar and Omar Akbar) 1 14 The Major Brothers(Brett Major and Brian Major) 1 14 Steve Armstrong and Tracy Smothers 1 14 105 Benjamin Bray 1 7 Mike Mondo and Turcan Celik 1 7 The Mascagni Family(Jessie Godderz and Marcus Anthony) 1 7 108 CM Punk and Seth Skyfire 1 5 109 Adam Revolver and The Mexicutioner 1 4 David Lee Lorenze III and Shiloh Jonze 1 4 Loco-MG(Raul LaMotta and Shiloh Jonze) 1 4 112 Juan Hurtado and Dave the Rave 1 3 113 Charles Evans and Colt Cabana 1 <1 By wrestler Rank Wrestler No. ofreigns Combined days 1 Adam Revolver 10 623 2 Big Zo 4 558 3 Ca$h Flo 6 534 4 Hy-Zaya 3 451 5 Jay Bradley 2 381 6 Ted McNaler 5 373 7 Crimson 4 322 8 Jessie Godderz 7 318 9 Tank Toland 4 315 10 Jason Lee 5 314 11 Shelton Benjamin 4 310 12 Sucio/Christopher Silvio 7 275 13 Rob Conway 11 269 14 Flash Flanagan 6 268 15 Rudy Switchblade 4 258 16 Trailer Park Trash 6 255 17 Shiloh Jonze/Truth Magnum 7 243 18 B.J. Payne 6 253 19 Brandon Tate 2 248 Brent Tate 2 248 21 Dustin Jackson 5 246 22 Ali Akbar/Mohamed Ali Vaez 3 241 23 Seth Skyfire 4 240 24 Big Jon 5 235 25 Benny the Producer/Benjamin Bray 4 231 26 Nick Dinsmore 11 230 27 Michael Hayes 2 227 28 Andrew the Director/Andrew LaCroix 3 224 29 Shawn Spears 3 210 30 Randy Royal 3 200 Shane Andrews 3 200 32 Jax Dane 2 196 33 Cousin Otter/Mr. Black 5 195 34 Chad Toland 1 183 35 Redd Dogg 1 175 36 Chris Cage 4 172 37 Deget Bundlez 2 171 Erik Darkstorm 2 171 39 Cody Runnels 2 168 The Mexicutioner 4 168 41 Colton Cage 4 167 42 Damian 4 165 Rip Rogers 3 165 44 Eric Locker 2 161 Robbie Walker 3 161 46 Dapper Dan/Dapper Dan Van Zandt 3 153 47 Fang/Raphael Constantine 3 152 48 Aaron Stevens 1 146 Nova 1 146 50 Dimes 3 142 51 David C. 4 141 52 Chet Jablonski 2 140 53 Jebediah Blackhawk 3 138 54 Kevin Giza 3 137 55 Brock Lesnar 3 135 56 Reverend Stuart Miles 2 129 57 Jason Wayne 2 126 58 Luscious Lawrence 2 125 Omar Amir 2 125 60 Joe Mack 2 124 61 Leonis Khan 1 119 Maximus Khan 1 119 Pat Buck 2 119 Scott Cardinal 3 119 65 Damaja 3 116 Mac Johnson 2 116 67 Kamikaze Kid/Paredyse 4 115 68 Doug Basham 2 114 69 Scotty Sabre 3 110 70 David Lee Lorenze III/The Ringmaster 3 109 71 Gnarls Garvin 1 107 72 K.C. James 5 106 73 Adam Wylde 2 105 Turbo Floyd 2 105 D'Mone Solavino 1 105 Ronnie Roberts 1 105 77 Tony Gunn 3 102 78 Deuce 3 101 Domino 3 101 80 Slash 2 100 81 Adam Slade 2 99 82 Randy Terrez 2 94 83 Brent Albright 1 91 Chris Masters 1 91 85 Raúl/Raul LaMotta 3 85 86 Elijah Burke/General Pope 2 84 87 Johnny Jeter 1 83 Matt Cappotelli 1 83 89 Alex Silva 2 81 Anarquia 2 81 Corey Storm 1 81 Sam Shaw 2 81 93 Kal Herro 1 79 94 Dirty Money 2 77 95 Rico Constantino 1 75 The Prototype 1 75 97 Johnny Spade 2 74 Marcus Anthony 2 74 99 Luke Kurtis 1 73 100 Dylan Bostic 1 70 101 Joey Matthews 1 66 Johnny Nitro 1 66 103 Charles Evans 2 65 Justin LaRouche 1 65 105 James "Moose" Thomas 2 63 JTG 2 63 Shad Gaspard 2 63 108 The Bodyguy 2 60 109 Jamin Olivencia 2 58 110 Aaron Sky 1 56 Colt Cabana 2 56 Paul Burchill 1 56 Stu Sanders 1 56 114 Kassidy James 4 54 115 Justin Smooth 1 53 Ryan Nemeth 2 53 117 Roadkill 1 52 118 Bradshaw 1 50 Ron Simmons 1 50 120 Apoc 1 49 JD Maverick 1 49 Vaughn Lilas 1 49 123 Donovan Cecil † 1 47+ TW3 † 1 47+ 125 Beau Amir 1 47 Juan Hurtado 2 47 127 Rob Terry 1 45 Tilo 1 45 129 Bryan Cash 1 44 130 Bull Buchanan 1 43 131 Devin Driscoll 1 42 132 Derrick King 2 41 133 Mahabali Shera 1 40 134 The Miz 1 39 135 Billy O 1 38 Mad Man Pondo 1 38 137 Seven 1 36 Travis Bane 1 36 139 Darriel Kelly 1 35 Josh Lowry 1 35 141 Guido Andretti 1 30 Vito Andretti 1 30 143 T.J. Dalton 1 23 144 Igotta Brewski 1 21 Steve Lewington 1 21 146 Dave the Rave 3 20 147 Rocco Bellagio 1 18 148 Brett Major 1 14 Brian Major 1 14 Omar Akbar 1 14 Steve Armstrong 1 14 Tracy Smothers 1 14 153 Mike Mondo 1 7 Turcan Celik 1 7 155 CM Punk 1 5 See also OVW Heavyweight Championship OVW Television Championship OVW Women's Championship References ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (May 3, 1998). "OVW - Event @ Davis Arena in Jeffersonville, Indiana, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 29, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (May 13, 1998). "OVW TV - TV-Show @ Davis Arena in Jeffersonville, Indiana, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 29, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (June 28, 1998). "OVW - Event @ Davis Arena in Jeffersonville, Indiana, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 29, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (July 1, 1998). "OVW TV - TV-Show @ Davis Arena in Jeffersonville, Indiana, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 29, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (August 9, 1998). "OVW - Event @ Davis Arena in Jeffersonville, Indiana, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 29, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (October 25, 1998). "OVW - Event @ Davis Arena in Jeffersonville, Indiana, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 29, 2021. ^ Hoops, Brian (July 20, 2015). "On this day in pro wrestling history: Brisco beats Race for NWA title, Gagne beats Crusher for AWA title, Robinson vs. Gagen". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ Hoops, Brian (February 13, 2017). "On this day in pro wrestling history (Feb 13): Shawn Michaels loses his smile". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 15, 2017. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (2001-05-16). "WWF Sunday Night Heat (International Version)". Cagematch. Retrieved 2012-05-31. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (2001-10-29). "WWF Jakked #114". Cagematch. Retrieved 2012-05-31. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (2002-05-17). "WWE RAW House Show". Cagematch. Retrieved 2012-05-31. ^ Hoops, Brian (July 17, 2015). "On this day in pro wrestling history, Kangaroos, Gagne vs. Kiniski in Hawaii, Gordy wins Triple Crown, Hogan wins WCW title from Flair at Bash at the Beach, famous Punk vs. Cena Chicago bout". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ Hoops, Brian (March 5, 2017). "Daily Pro Wrestling History (03/05): The Hardy Boyz win WWF tag team gold". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved March 5, 2017. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (2003-10-10). "WWE RAW House Show". Cagematch. Retrieved 2012-05-30. ^ Hoops, Brian (January 19, 2019). "Pro wrestling history (01/19): Ric Flair wins WWF title in 1992 Royal Rumble". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved January 18, 2019. ^ Van Drisse, Trent (2012-01-12). "OVW TV tapings report 1-11 Louisville". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 2012-01-12. ^ Van Drisse, Trent (2012-01-19). "OVW TV tapings report 1-18 Louisville featuring Rob Terry". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 2012-01-19. ^ Martin, Adam (2012-02-23). "Indy News #3: AAW on February 24, Godderz/OVW titles". WrestleView. Retrieved 2012-02-23. ^ Van Drisse, Trent (2012-03-15). "OVW TV taping report". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 2012-03-15. ^ Van Drisse, Trent (2012-04-08). "OVW Saturday Night Special report 4-7 (updated with main events)". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 2012-04-08. ^ Van Drisse, Trent (2012-06-03). "OVW Saturday Night special report 6-2 Louisville". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 2012-06-03. ^ Martin, Adam (June 7, 2012). "Indy News #2: Adam Pearce, TNA's Mr. Pec-Tacular". WrestleView. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024. ^ Van Drisse, Trent (2012-06-21). "OVW TV report 6-20 Louisville". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 2012-07-07. ^ Van Drisse, Trent (2012-12-02). "OVW Saturday Night Special report 12-1 Louisville Big Robbie T vs. Crimson". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 2012-12-02. ^ Cannon, Brian (2013-01-17). "Ohio Valley Wrestling episode 700 TV taping live report". Pro Wrestling Insider. Retrieved 2013-01-17. ^ "Ovw Tv Taping Live Report". PWInsider.com. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ "OVW TV #723 « Event-Datenbank « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database". Cagematch.de. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ "OVW Saturday Night Special « Event-Datenbank « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database". Cagematch.de. 1998-09-14. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ "OVW Elizabethtown Show at Vaughn Reno Starks Community Center wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database". Profightdb.com. 2013-12-28. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ "OVW Saturday Night Special at New Davis Arena wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database". Profightdb.com. 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ "OVW Saturday Night Special at New Davis Arena wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database". Profightdb.com. 2014-05-10. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (August 4, 2018). "OVW Saturday Night Special - Event @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 7, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (November 3, 2018). "OVW Saturday Night Special - A Night Of Anarchy - Event @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 7, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (April 6, 2019). "OVW Saturday Night Special - Event @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 7, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (August 3, 2019). "OVW Saturday Night Special - After The Storm Settles - Event @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 7, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (November 12, 2019). "OVW TV #1057 - TV-Show @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 7, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (February 1, 2020). "OVW Saturday Night Special #105 - Event @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 7, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (November 7, 2020). "OVW Saturday Night Special - Nightmare Cup 2020 - Event @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved January 13, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (April 6, 2021). "OVW TV #1130 - TV-Show @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 7, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (May 22, 2021). "OVW Saturday Night Special - Defiance 2021 - Event @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 29, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (August 29, 2021). "OVW Saturday Night Special - Reckoning 2021 - TV-Show @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved August 29, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (November 23, 2021). "OVW TV #1163 - Thanksgiving Thunder". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved November 28, 2021. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (February 10, 2022). "OVW TV #1174". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved February 13, 2022. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (May 19, 2022). "OVW TV #1186". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 19, 2022. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (May 19, 2022). "OVW TV #1188". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 19, 2022. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (June 2, 2022). "OVW TV #1190 - All Systems Go - TV-Show @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved June 3, 2022. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (June 25, 2022). "OVW Independence Rage - Pay Per View @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved September 7, 2022. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (August 11, 2022). "OVW TV #1200". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved January 16, 2023. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (March 4, 2023). "OVW Saturday Night Special - March Mayhem 2023 - Pay Per View @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved April 18, 2023. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (May 25, 2023). "OVW TV #1240 - All Systems Go - TV-Show @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved June 4, 2023. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (September 9, 2023). "OVW Saturday Night Special - Hard Reset - Pay Per View @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved October 1, 2023. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (November 21, 2023). "OVW TV #1266 - Thanksgiving Thunder - TV-Show @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved November 27, 2023. ^ Black, Ethan (December 12, 2023). "OVW Christmas Chaos Results – December 16, 2023". PWMania. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (January 25, 2024). "OVW TV #1249". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved February 2, 2024. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (March 16, 2024). "OVW March Mayhem 2024". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved April 13, 2024. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (May 2, 2024). "OVW Double Crossed". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved June 1, 2024. External links OVW Tag Team Championship at Solie's Title Histories OVW Tag Team Championship vteOhio Valley WrestlingChampionshipsPrimary Heavyweight (reigns) National Heavyweight (reigns) Kentucky Heavyweight (reigns) Secondary Anarchy (reigns) Rush Division (reigns) Tag Team Division Tag Team (reigns) Women's Division Women's (reigns) Accomplishments Triple Crown Other tournaments Talent Roster Programming OVW TV Clash in the Bluegrass Sacrifice Wrestlers PartnershipsCurrent Impact Wrestling Former World Wrestling Entertainment Ring of Honor National Wrestling Alliance Ownership Craig Greenberg Matt Jones Al Snow vteOVW Tag Team Champions1990s Nick Dinsmore and Flash Flanagan David C. and Jason Lee Doug Basham and Flash Flanagan The Lords of the Ring (Nick Dinsmore and Rob Conway) Dave the Rave and Rip Rogers Dave the Rave and Juan Hurtado Cousin Otter and Jebediah Blackhawk Bryan Cash and Juan Hurtado The Andretti Express (Guido Andretti and Vito Andretti) Damaja and David C. Flash Flanagan and Trailer Park Trash The Suicide Blondes (Jason Lee and Rip Rogers) Jebediah Blackhawk and Trailer Park Trash 2000s Bolin Services (Mr. Black and Bull Buchanan) The Paynethrillers (B.J. Payne and Scotty Sabre) The Suicide Blondes (Derrick King and Jason Lee) The Disciples of Synn (Damian and Slash) Steve Armstrong and Tracy Smothers B.J. Payne and Flash Flanagan The Disciples of Synn (B.J. Payne and Damian) The Minnesota Stretching Crew (Brock Lesnar and Shelton Benjamin) Bolin Services (The Prototype and Rico Constantino) Basham Brothers (Damaja and Doug Basham) The Dogg Pound (Redd Dogg and Shelton Benjamin) The Disciples of Synn (Seven and Travis Bane) The APA (Bradshaw and Ron Simmons) Adrenaline (Chris Cage and Tank Toland) The Jersey Shore Crew (Aaron Stevens and Nova) Brent Albright and Chris Masters Mac Johnson and Seth Skyfire MNM (Joey Matthews and Johnny Nitro) The Thrillseekers (Johnny Jeter and Matt Cappotelli) The Blonde Bombers (Chad Toland and Tank Toland) Chet Jablonski and Seth Skyfire Bolin Services (Chris Cage and The Miz) The Untouchables (Deuce and Domino) Kasey James and Roadkill The Gang Stars/Cryme Tyme (The Neighborhoodie/JTG and Shad Gaspard) CM Punk and Seth Skyfire Cody Runnels and Shawn Spears Bolin Services (Charles Evans and Justin LaRouche) The Major Brothers (Brett Major and Brian Major) The James Boys (K.C. James and Kassidy James) Jamin Olivencia and T.J. Dalton Terminal Velocity (Chet Jablonski and Steve Lewington) Colt Cabana and Shawn Spears Colt Cabana Colt Cabana and Charles Evans Paul Burchill and Stu Sanders Los Locos (Ramón/Anarquia and Raúl/Raul LaMotta) The Insurgency (Ali Akbar and Omar Akbar) The Men of Iron (Pat Buck and Rob Conway) Darriel Kelly and Josh Lowry Apoc and Vaughn Lilas Dirty Money and Scott Cardinal Totally Awesome (Kamikaze Kid and Sucio) Fang and Igotta Brewski Top Shelf Talent (JD Maverick and Pat Buck) The Network (Andrew the Director and Benny the Producer) Big Men on Campus (Moose and Tilo) Mike Mondo and Turcan Celik 2010s Benjamin Bray Benjamin Bray and Andrew LaCroix The Elite (Adam Revolver and Ted McNaler) The Invincibles/The Fighting Spirit (Fang/Christopher Silvio and Sucio/Raphael Constantine) Christopher Silvio and Ryan Nemeth Paredyse and Ryan Nemeth The Fat and The Furious (Mr. Black and Trailer Park Trash) Bolin Services 2.0 (James "Moose" Thomas and Rocco Bellagio) OMG (Johnny Spade and Shiloh Jonze) The Mascagni Family (Jessie Godderz and Marcus Anthony) The Family (Jessie Godderz, Rob Terry and Rudy Switchblade) The Best Team Ever (Jessie Godderz and Rudy Switchblade) Loco-MG (Raul LaMotta and Shiloh Jonze) The Gutcheckers (Alex Silva and Sam Shaw) The Coalition (Crimson and Jason Wayne) Michael Hayes and Mohammed Ali Vaez Dylan Bostic and The Mexicutioner The Skywalkers (Aaron Sky and Robbie Walker) The Fabulous Free Bodies (The Bodyguy and Big Jon) Silvi-O-livencia (Chris Silvio and Jamin Olivencia) War Machine (Eric Locker and Shiloh Jonze) TerreMex (The Mexicutioner and Randy Terrez) Walk on the Wylde side (Adam Wylde and Robbie Walker) War Machine (Eric Locker and Big Jon) The Van Zandt Family Circus (Dapper Dan Van Zandt and The Ringmaster) Band of Brothaz (General Pope and Private Anthony) The Tag Buddies (Adam Revolver and Reverend Stuart Miles) The Bad Boys Club (Randy Royal and Shane Andrews) The Van Zandt Family Circus (Dapper Dan Van Zandt and Mad Man Pondo) Adam Revolver and The Mexicutioner The Legacy of Brutality (Big Zo and Hy-Zaya) Big Jon and Elijah Burke Big Smooth (Big Jon and Justin Smooth) Team Next Level (Devin Driscoll and Tony Gunn) Billy O and Kevin Giza Legacy of Brutality (Ca$h Flo and Dapper Dan) The Top Guyz (Adam Slade and Kevin Giza) The Bro Godz (Colton Cage and Dustin Jackson) David Lee Lorenze III and Scott Cardinal David Lee Lorenze III and Shiloh Jonze War Kings (Crimson and Jax Dane) Kings Ransom (Leonis Khan and Maximus Khan) The Legacy of Brutality (Big Zo, Ca$h Flo, Hy-Zaya and Jay Bradley) Corey Storm and Dimes 2020s The Tate Twins (Brandon Tate and Brent Tate) The Pec-TacularGunns (Jessie Godderz and Tony Gunn) Darkkloudz (Deget Bundlez and Eric Darkstorm) The Fanny Pack Party (Dustin Jackson and Kal Herro) Bankroll (Ca$h Flo and Dimes) The Outrunners (Truth Magnum and Turbo Floyd) The Fallen (D'Mone Solavino and Ronnie Roberts) Beaches and Cream (Luscious Lawrence and Omar Amir) Derby City Destroyers (Big Zo and Gnarls Garvin) Golden Lions (Ca$h Flo and Mahabali Shera) (current)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tag team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team"},{"link_name":"Ohio Valley Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Nick Dinsmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Dinsmore"},{"link_name":"Flash Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Flanagan"}],"text":"The OVW Tag Team Championship formerly known as the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship is the tag team titles of Ohio Valley Wrestling. Created in 1997, the first champions were Nick Dinsmore and Flash Flanagan. There have been 186 reigns shared between 115 different teams consisting of 155 distinctive champions. The current champions are Tusk and Chains (Donovan Cecil and TW3) in their first reign as a team.","title":"OVW Southern Tag Team Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Title history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rob_Conway_%26_Eugene_(159935765).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rob Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Conway"},{"link_name":"Nick Dinsmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Dinsmore"}],"text":"As of June 18, 2024.Rob Conway (left) and Nick Dinsmore (right), record ten-time champions","title":"Combined reigns"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By team","title":"Combined reigns"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By wrestler","title":"Combined reigns"}]	[{"image_text":"Rob Conway (left) and Nick Dinsmore (right), record ten-time champions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rob_Conway_%26_Eugene_%28159935765%29.jpg/235px-Rob_Conway_%26_Eugene_%28159935765%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"OVW Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVW_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"title":"OVW Television Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVW_Television_Championship"},{"title":"OVW Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVW_Women%27s_Championship"}]	[{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip (May 3, 1998). \"OVW - Event @ Davis Arena in Jeffersonville, Indiana, USA\". 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Retrieved May 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=91332","url_text":"\"OVW - Event @ Davis Arena in Jeffersonville, Indiana, USA\""}]},{"reference":"Hoops, Brian (July 20, 2015). \"On this day in pro wrestling history: Brisco beats Race for NWA title, Gagne beats Crusher for AWA title, Robinson vs. Gagen\". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.f4wonline.com/daily-updates/day-pro-wrestling-history-brisco-beats-race-nwa-title-gagne-beats-crusher-awa-title","url_text":"\"On this day in pro wrestling history: Brisco beats Race for NWA title, Gagne beats Crusher for AWA title, Robinson vs. Gagen\""}]},{"reference":"Hoops, Brian (February 13, 2017). \"On this day in pro wrestling history (Feb 13): Shawn Michaels loses his smile\". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/daily-pro-wrestling-history-0213-shawn-michaels-loses-his-smile-230076","url_text":"\"On this day in pro wrestling history (Feb 13): Shawn Michaels loses his smile\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip (2001-05-16). \"WWF Sunday Night Heat (International Version)\". Cagematch. Retrieved 2012-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=9442","url_text":"\"WWF Sunday Night Heat (International Version)\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip (2001-10-29). \"WWF Jakked #114\". Cagematch. Retrieved 2012-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=16213","url_text":"\"WWF Jakked #114\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip (2002-05-17). \"WWE RAW House Show\". Cagematch. 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Retrieved 2015-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cagematch.de/?id=1&nr=104738","url_text":"\"OVW Saturday Night Special « Event-Datenbank « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"OVW Elizabethtown Show at Vaughn Reno Starks Community Center wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database\". Profightdb.com. 2013-12-28. Retrieved 2015-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.profightdb.com/cards/ovw/elizabethtown-show-17531.html","url_text":"\"OVW Elizabethtown Show at Vaughn Reno Starks Community Center wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"OVW Saturday Night Special at New Davis Arena wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database\". Profightdb.com. 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2015-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.profightdb.com/cards/ovw/saturday-night-special-17770.html","url_text":"\"OVW Saturday Night Special at New Davis Arena wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"OVW Saturday Night Special at New Davis Arena wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database\". Profightdb.com. 2014-05-10. Retrieved 2015-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.profightdb.com/cards/ovw/saturday-night-special-17982.html","url_text":"\"OVW Saturday Night Special at New Davis Arena wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip (August 4, 2018). \"OVW Saturday Night Special - Event @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA\". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. 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Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved February 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=336155","url_text":"\"OVW TV #1174\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip (May 19, 2022). \"OVW TV #1186\". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=342375","url_text":"\"OVW TV #1186\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip (May 19, 2022). \"OVW TV #1188\". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=343262","url_text":"\"OVW TV #1188\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip (June 2, 2022). \"OVW TV #1190 - All Systems Go - TV-Show @ Davis Arena in Louisville, Kentucky, USA\". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. 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Retrieved December 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pwmania.com/ovw-christmas-chaos-results-december-16-2023","url_text":"\"OVW Christmas Chaos Results – December 16, 2023\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231225203748/https://www.pwmania.com/ovw-christmas-chaos-results-december-16-2023","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip (January 25, 2024). \"OVW TV #1249\". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved February 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=386551","url_text":"\"OVW TV #1249\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip (March 16, 2024). \"OVW March Mayhem 2024\". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved April 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=392134","url_text":"\"OVW March Mayhem 2024\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip (May 2, 2024). \"OVW Double Crossed\". Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scissor_Girls	The Scissor Girls	["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 First releases","1.3 Lineup changes","1.4 Television appearances","1.5 Further releases","1.6 Breakup","1.7 After the Scissor Girls","2 Personnel","3 Discography","3.1 Singles","3.2 EPs","3.3 Albums","3.4 Video","4 References","5 External links"]	American rock band This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Scissor Girls" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Scissor GirlsOriginChicago, Illinois, United StatesGenresNo wave, noise rock, experimental rockYears active1991—1996LabelsMonkeyTechQuinnah RecordsAtavistic RecordsLoad RecordsPast membersAzita YoussefiHeather MelowicSue Anne ZollingerKelly Kuvo The Scissor Girls were an American, Chicago-based band formed by Azita Youssefi, Sue Anne Zollinger, and Heather Melowic in 1991. The idea to form the group was conceived during the late 1980s by Azita Youssefi and Heather Melowic while they were living in the Washington, D.C. area. After both Youssefi and Sue Anne Zollinger moved to Chicago to attend the Art Institute of Chicago, they were joined in 1989 by Melowic, and the original lineup of the band was set: Azita Youssefi on bass and vocals, Sue Anne Zollinger on guitar, and Heather Melowic on drums. The group recorded and released a demo-cassette, a 7” single, as well as two full-length albums with their original lineup before Zollinger chose to leave. In 1994, Zollinger's roommate, guitarist Kelly Kuvo, became her permanent replacement. After Kuvo's induction into the band, the group released the 7" singles "New Tactical Outline Sec. 1" and "New Tactical Outline Sec. 2." in February 1995, and the 10" EP "S-T-A-T-I-C-L-A-N-D" in March 1996 before disbanding, leaving a third full-length album unfinished in the studio. In 1997, following the band's breakup, a singles compilation was released by Atavistic Records. History Early years In 1989, Azita Youssefi left Washington, D.C. suburbia to attend the Art Institute of Chicago, intending to pursue a study in painting and drawing. While still in her first year of school, Youssefi had begun to grow tired of producing only visual art, and a blossoming relationship with Elliot Dicks, who worked at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago store, prompted Youssefi to begin experimenting with sound and music. After convincing a teenage friend from the D.C. scene, Heather Melowic, to join her in Chicago, Youssefi, along with Melowic, managed to persuade fellow teenage friend from the D.C. scene, guitarist, Silver Springs, Maryland native, and also a student at SAIC, Sue Anne Zollinger to fill out their three-piece. The Scissor Girls formed in the summer of 1991 with Azita on bass, Zollinger on guitar, and Melowic on drums. At the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Azita and Sue Anne became friends with Kelly Kuvo, formerly of Denver, Colorado, hence the KUVO nom de plume. Azita was cast playing herself in Kuvo's SAIC final thesis Film and TV project, a Chicago Cable Access television production, Miss Artificial Spring. Kuvo lived and worked in the Wicker Park district of Chicago. While working at Copy Max, Kuvo offered to make The Scissor Girls fliers, demo tape inserts, and posters as a trade for a copy of their first demo cassette. Both Azita and Sue Anne signed it for her. The first gig by The Scissor Girls was a local performance that took place on Halloween night 1992. Also in 1992, the band began to record their first 7-inch, Phy, Diablo!, issuing the release on Chicago indie label Monkeytech. The album sleeve of each release included a real dried cricket smashed and taped to the cover. At around the same time, the Scissor Girls contributed to the Mira Records-released split 7-inch single "Time Expired", accompanied by tracks from Slant 6, Drinking Woman, and Rasto. First releases In 1994 the Scissor Girls began recording their first 10” LP, “From: The Scissor Girls To: The Imaginary Layer On Skeletons,” this time for Quinnah Records. The Scissor Girls first LP was delayed numerous times due to Quinnah’s tight budget at the time. When Quinnah finally did send the group’s master tapes to be pressed, the group discovered that the record pressing plant to which the masters had been sent had burned down, further delaying the album, but not affecting the master tapes, which were unharmed. The album was finally released in late 1994 as an expanded 12” LP, 500 copies of which were released on marbled gray vinyl, and all of which included a fold-out map hand-drawn by Youssefi. The CD version of “From: The Scissor Girls To: The Imaginary Layer on Skeletons” was released by The Making of Americans label, run by the New York City queercore duo, God is My Co-Pilot. The album was to be described as "blood red math rock" by Kathleen Hanna of Bikini Kill, Julie Ruin, and Le Tigre. Lineup changes Following the recording of “From: The Scissor Girls To: The Imaginary Layer on Skeletons” the band immediately set to work on a follow-up LP titled, “We People Space with Phantoms.” This album would be the final Scissor Girls album to include founding member Sue Anne Zollinger, who left the band after the recording to continue her education and pursue a master's degree, then ultimately a PhD. Following Zollinger's departure, the band hired guitarist James Yoo to accompany them on a tour. Youssefi and Melowic, the remaining Scissor Girls, quickly realized that the guitar style of Zollinger's replacement did not mesh well with their own sound, and opted to replace Yoo mid-tour. Newly minted guitarist Kelly Kuvo, a big fan of the band since the early days following their formation and who had actually been living with Zollinger before the latter's departure from The Scissor Girls, was chosen to replace Yoo for the remainder of the tour. Though initially reluctant to collaborate with The Scissor Girls due to her commitments to her two other groups, Blackgrass with Forrester Cobalt, Dylan Posa, and Rose Meyers, and, Dot Dot Dot with Rose Meyers of Zeek Sheck, 0th, etc., and Jodie McCann Mechanic Baltazar of MATH, Duotron, Monotrona, etc. Her productions of video art and television shows for Public-access television cable TV were also extremely time consuming. Alas, Kuvo agreed to take a week off work in order to help the band finish their tour. Eventually Kuvo would go on to become a full-time member of the group, collaborating as singer, songwriter and guitarist on the band's self-released 7" singles "New Tactical Outline Sec. 1" and "New Tactical Outline Sec. 2." in 1995, and the 10" EP "S-T-A-T-I-C-L-A-N-D" released on Load Records, her self-produced SG Research Music Videos, and to the band's road shows until the band's breakup in 1996. Television appearances After finishing up their first tour with the new lineup, the Scissor Girls began to look for new opportunities to expand their audience. With this goal in mind, Kelly Kuvo produced an SG Research 96 music video show for Chicago Cable Access TV, and the band began making appearances on local Chicago-area television programs such as "Ben Loves Chicago" and the American Bandstand-like, all-ages cable-access dance show Chic-a-Go-Go. One of the prerequisites for performing on Chic-a-Go-Go stipulated that the trio would have to lip-sync their contribution to the program. This became a point of contention with drummer Heather Melowic, who refused to perform on the show. Despite Melowic's refusal to appear on the program, the other members of the band opted not to cancel their performance. In Melowics' stead, a young girl dressed as a cavewoman volunteered to intermittently beat a snare drum with a plastic dinosaur bone in lieu of Melowic's percussive accompaniment. After the Chic-a-go-go performance The Scissor Girls were offered a chance to appear on The Jenny Jones Show, but the performance was dropped. Further releases In March 1996, the Scissor Girls, now with Kuvo on guitar, released their first EP, the Load Records-released 10" EP, "So That You Can Start to See What S-T-A-T-I-C-L-A-N-D." The album was jointly produced by Tom Smith and Sonic Youth guitarist Jim O'Rourke in the winter of 1995. It was during the recording of this first EP that the band finally managed to secure a release for their second album We People Space with Phantoms, which the band had recorded with original guitarist Sue Anne Zollinger, but which had sat unreleased on the shelf since it was recorded in October 1994. The job of issuing the album ultimately fell to Atavistic Records, which released the LP on April 16, 1996. Following the release of their second album, the Scissor Girls were offered a contract by Atavistic with the stipulation that the band would release two further records for the label. For some reason, guitarist Kelly Kuvo's name was not on the offer, but both Youssefi and Melowic agreed to be signed to Atavistic. Despite not being signed to the contract, Kelly Kuvo remained in the band to perform and record anyway. Breakup In 1996, with the band now committed to a label, the trio of Youssefi, Melowic, and Kuvo returned to the studio to record the band's third LP. Though work was started on the album, it was never completed. After recording her drum parts for the album, Melowic opted to continue her education, ultimately achieving a PhD. Melowic's exit prompted Kuvo to depart after recording her guitar parts for the album, leaving Azita to finish recording her bass parts alone. The band's final album is incomplete and unreleased. The Scissor Girls officially disbanded in October 1996, without fulfilling their two-album contract with Atavistic, who instead released a singles compilation, "Here Is the 'Is-Not'," in April 1997. "Here Is the 'Is-Not'" would be the band's final release. After the Scissor Girls After the breakup of the band, Azita Youssefi went on to form the short-lived Bride of No No. Following the breakup of Bride of No No, Youssefi went on to perform solo as "Azita", crafting much softer and more accessible piano-based compositions far removed from the Scissor Girls noisy experimentation. During her last year in The Scissor Girls, Melowic also joined forces in the Chicago no-wave supergroup Lake of Dracula, contributing drums alongside the Flying Luttenbachers' Weasel Walter, who provided lead guitar, Couch's Marlon Magas, who supplied vocals, and Shorty and U.S. Maple vocalist Al Johnson (billed as the Manhattanite) on backing vocals. The group lasted through 1997 at which point Melowic decided to continue her education, studying virology at the University of Illinois. Melowic eventually went on to obtain a Ph.D. in biochemistry. and now enjoys teaching Chemistry to High School students in New Jersey. After her time in The Scissor Girls, Kelly Kuvo went on to receive an MA in Studio Art and Art Therapy from New York University. She moved to Brooklyn where she helped form the band Sweet Thunder of Niagara Falls with Jodie McCann Mechanic Baltazar of MATH, Duotron, Monotrona, etc., Peter Redgrave, Heather Romney, Alexander Eiserloh, Gavilan Rayna Russom of The Crystal Ark, Ladies of LCD Soundsystem, etc., as well as with Casey Spooner and Lizzy Yoder of Fischerspooner. Kuvo continues writing as a freelancer and has written for magazines such as The Lumpen Times, Index, Roctober Magazine, Oui, Scram Magazine, Art US, and Vice Magazine, including six reviews published in the music anthology book, Lost In The Grooves. Kuvo produced a DVD retrospective video compilation for The Scissor Girls in 2004 later to be released by Savage Land Records in 2011. She continues to make and collaborate on art, video, literature, and music projects, such as Who Killed Pan with pianist Katie McKay. In Los Angeles, Kuvo hosted The Bubblegum Music Achievement Awards Ceremony, twice. Currently, Kelly Kuvo has retired from teaching art and technology to public school children, now living the quiet life selling her wares at an Artists & Fleas booth in Venice Beach, California. Upon her departure from the band, original guitarist SueAnne Zollinger went on to receive a Ph.D in Biology and Neuroscience, studying sound production and vocal learning. Personnel Azita Youssefi — Vocals, bass Heather Melowic — Drums Sue Anne Zollinger — Guitar (1991–94) Kelly Kuvo—Guitar — (1994–96) Discography Singles "Hey Diablo!" 7" (MonkeyTech, 1993) "New Tactical Outline Sec. 1" 7" (SG Research, 1995) "New Tactical Outline Sec. 2" 7" (SG Research, 1995) EPs So That You Can Start To See What S-T-A-T-I-C-L-A-N-D 10” (Load, 1996) Albums From: The Scissor Girls To: The Imaginary Layer On Skeletons LP (Quinnah, 1994) We People Space with Phantoms LP/CD (Atavistic, 1996) Here is the "Is-Not" CD (Atavistic, 1997) Video SG DVD 2004 DVD-R ( 2hr video compilation, Released by Kelly Kuvo in an edition of 30, 2004) THE SGs ARE DEAD, LONG LIVE THE SGs DVD (2 hour video compilation, released by Savage Land Records, 2011) References ^ ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Scissor Girls \| Biography & History". AllMusic. ^ "Scissor Girls". 22 July 2001. Archived from the original on 2001-07-22. Retrieved 8 September 2020. ^ Kendrick, Monica (September 12, 1996). "Sexless Appeal". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2010-05-08. ^ Armstrong, Liz (August 1, 2000). "Here Comes the Bride". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2010-05-08. ^ a b "Chicago No-Wave Part 3: Scissor Girls". Blog.wfmu.org. Retrieved 2020-03-25. ^ Margasak, Peter (May 19, 2011). "Experimental:...Scissor Girls hit DVD". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2010-05-08. External links Ankeny, Jason. Biography. Yahoo.com. Accessed August 14, 2007. Scissor Girls. Loadrecords.com. Accessed August 14, 2007. Scissor Girls Data-Sector https://savagelandrecords.bandcamp.com/album/sg-dvd https://vimeo.com/missartificialspring https://seagullhair.typepad.com/seagull/2013/02/the-scissor-girls.html Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Azita Youssefi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azita_Youssefi"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Atavistic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atavistic_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-1"}],"text":"The Scissor Girls were an American, Chicago-based band formed by Azita Youssefi, Sue Anne Zollinger, and Heather Melowic in 1991. The idea to form the group was conceived during the late 1980s by Azita Youssefi and Heather Melowic while they were living in the Washington, D.C. area. After both Youssefi and Sue Anne Zollinger moved to Chicago to attend the Art Institute of Chicago, they were joined in 1989 by Melowic, and the original lineup of the band was set: Azita Youssefi on bass and vocals, Sue Anne Zollinger on guitar, and Heather Melowic on drums.The group recorded and released a demo-cassette, a 7” single, as well as two full-length albums with their original lineup before Zollinger chose to leave. In 1994, Zollinger's roommate, guitarist Kelly Kuvo, became her permanent replacement. After Kuvo's induction into the band, the group released the 7\" singles \"New Tactical Outline Sec. 1\" and \"New Tactical Outline Sec. 2.\" in February 1995, and the 10\" EP \"S-T-A-T-I-C-L-A-N-D\" in March 1996 before disbanding, leaving a third full-length album unfinished in the studio. In 1997, following the band's breakup, a singles compilation was released by Atavistic Records.[1]","title":"The Scissor Girls"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azita Youssefi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azita_Youssefi"},{"link_name":"visual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_art"},{"link_name":"Wicker Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicker_Park,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Slant 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_6"},{"link_name":"Drinking Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drinking_Woman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rasto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rastro_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"In 1989, Azita Youssefi left Washington, D.C. suburbia to attend the Art Institute of Chicago, intending to pursue a study in painting and drawing. While still in her first year of school, Youssefi had begun to grow tired of producing only visual art, and a blossoming relationship with Elliot Dicks, who worked at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago store, prompted Youssefi to begin experimenting with sound and music. After convincing a teenage friend from the D.C. scene, Heather Melowic, to join her in Chicago, Youssefi, along with Melowic, managed to persuade fellow teenage friend from the D.C. scene, guitarist, Silver Springs, Maryland native, and also a student at SAIC, Sue Anne Zollinger to fill out their three-piece. The Scissor Girls formed in the summer of 1991 with Azita on bass, Zollinger on guitar, and Melowic on drums.At the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Azita and Sue Anne became friends with Kelly Kuvo, formerly of Denver, Colorado, hence the KUVO nom de plume. Azita was cast playing herself in Kuvo's SAIC final thesis Film and TV project, a Chicago Cable Access television production, Miss Artificial Spring. Kuvo lived and worked in the Wicker Park district of Chicago. While working at Copy Max, Kuvo offered to make The Scissor Girls fliers, demo tape inserts, and posters as a trade for a copy of their first demo cassette. Both Azita and Sue Anne signed it for her. The first gig by The Scissor Girls was a local performance that took place on Halloween night 1992. Also in 1992, the band began to record their first 7-inch, Phy, Diablo!, issuing the release on Chicago indie label Monkeytech. The album sleeve of each release included a real dried cricket smashed and taped to the cover. 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The CD version of “From: The Scissor Girls To: The Imaginary Layer on Skeletons” was released by The Making of Americans label, run by the New York City queercore duo, God is My Co-Pilot.[2] The album was to be described as \"blood red math rock\" by Kathleen Hanna of Bikini Kill, Julie Ruin, and Le Tigre.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"We People Space with Phantoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_People_Space_with_Phantoms"},{"link_name":"Public-access television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-access_television"},{"link_name":"cable TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_TV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"sub_title":"Lineup changes","text":"Following the recording of “From: The Scissor Girls To: The Imaginary Layer on Skeletons” the band immediately set to work on a follow-up LP titled, “We People Space with Phantoms.” This album would be the final Scissor Girls album to include founding member Sue Anne Zollinger, who left the band after the recording to continue her education and pursue a master's degree, then ultimately a PhD. Following Zollinger's departure, the band hired guitarist James Yoo to accompany them on a tour. Youssefi and Melowic, the remaining Scissor Girls, quickly realized that the guitar style of Zollinger's replacement did not mesh well with their own sound, and opted to replace Yoo mid-tour. Newly minted guitarist Kelly Kuvo, a big fan of the band since the early days following their formation and who had actually been living with Zollinger before the latter's departure from The Scissor Girls, was chosen to replace Yoo for the remainder of the tour. Though initially reluctant to collaborate with The Scissor Girls due to her commitments to her two other groups, Blackgrass with Forrester Cobalt, Dylan Posa, and Rose Meyers, and, Dot Dot Dot with Rose Meyers of Zeek Sheck, 0th, etc., and Jodie McCann Mechanic Baltazar of MATH, Duotron, Monotrona, etc. Her productions of video art and television shows for Public-access television cable TV were also extremely time consuming. Alas, Kuvo agreed to take a week off work in order to help the band finish their tour. Eventually Kuvo would go on to become a full-time member of the group, collaborating as singer, songwriter and guitarist on the band's self-released 7\" singles \"New Tactical Outline Sec. 1\" and \"New Tactical Outline Sec. 2.\" in 1995, and the 10\" EP \"S-T-A-T-I-C-L-A-N-D\" released on Load Records, her self-produced SG Research Music Videos, and to the band's road shows until the band's breakup in 1996.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Bandstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bandstand"},{"link_name":"Chic-a-Go-Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic-a-Go-Go"},{"link_name":"lip-sync","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip-sync"},{"link_name":"The Jenny Jones Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jenny_Jones_Show"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"sub_title":"Television appearances","text":"After finishing up their first tour with the new lineup, the Scissor Girls began to look for new opportunities to expand their audience. With this goal in mind, Kelly Kuvo produced an SG Research 96 music video show for Chicago Cable Access TV, and the band began making appearances on local Chicago-area television programs such as \"Ben Loves Chicago\" and the American Bandstand-like, all-ages cable-access dance show Chic-a-Go-Go. One of the prerequisites for performing on Chic-a-Go-Go stipulated that the trio would have to lip-sync their contribution to the program. This became a point of contention with drummer Heather Melowic, who refused to perform on the show. Despite Melowic's refusal to appear on the program, the other members of the band opted not to cancel their performance. In Melowics' stead, a young girl dressed as a cavewoman volunteered to intermittently beat a snare drum with a plastic dinosaur bone in lieu of Melowic's percussive accompaniment. After the Chic-a-go-go performance The Scissor Girls were offered a chance to appear on The Jenny Jones Show, but the performance was dropped.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Load Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_Records"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"Jim O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O%27Rourke_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Atavistic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atavistic_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"sub_title":"Further releases","text":"In March 1996, the Scissor Girls, now with Kuvo on guitar, released their first EP, the Load Records-released 10\" EP, \"So That You Can Start to See What S-T-A-T-I-C-L-A-N-D.\" The album was jointly produced by Tom Smith and Sonic Youth guitarist Jim O'Rourke in the winter of 1995.[3] It was during the recording of this first EP that the band finally managed to secure a release for their second album We People Space with Phantoms, which the band had recorded with original guitarist Sue Anne Zollinger, but which had sat unreleased on the shelf since it was recorded in October 1994. The job of issuing the album ultimately fell to Atavistic Records, which released the LP on April 16, 1996. Following the release of their second album, the Scissor Girls were offered a contract by Atavistic with the stipulation that the band would release two further records for the label. For some reason, guitarist Kelly Kuvo's name was not on the offer, but both Youssefi and Melowic agreed to be signed to Atavistic.[2] Despite not being signed to the contract, Kelly Kuvo remained in the band to perform and record anyway.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Breakup","text":"In 1996, with the band now committed to a label, the trio of Youssefi, Melowic, and Kuvo returned to the studio to record the band's third LP. Though work was started on the album, it was never completed. After recording her drum parts for the album, Melowic opted to continue her education, ultimately achieving a PhD. Melowic's exit prompted Kuvo to depart after recording her guitar parts for the album, leaving Azita to finish recording her bass parts alone. The band's final album is incomplete and unreleased. The Scissor Girls officially disbanded in October 1996, without fulfilling their two-album contract with Atavistic, who instead released a singles compilation, \"Here Is the 'Is-Not',\" in April 1997. \"Here Is the 'Is-Not'\" would be the band's final release.[2][4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azita Youssefi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azita_Youssefi"},{"link_name":"Bride of No No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bride_of_No_No&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake of Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_of_Dracula"},{"link_name":"Flying Luttenbachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Luttenbachers"},{"link_name":"Weasel Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel_Walter"},{"link_name":"Shorty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorty_(band)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Maple"},{"link_name":"virology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"The Crystal Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Ark"},{"link_name":"Fischerspooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischerspooner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"freelancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelancer"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Oui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oui_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"}],"sub_title":"After the Scissor Girls","text":"After the breakup of the band, Azita Youssefi went on to form the short-lived Bride of No No. Following the breakup of Bride of No No, Youssefi went on to perform solo as \"Azita\", crafting much softer and more accessible piano-based compositions far removed from the Scissor Girls noisy experimentation.During her last year in The Scissor Girls, Melowic also joined forces in the Chicago no-wave supergroup Lake of Dracula, contributing drums alongside the Flying Luttenbachers' Weasel Walter, who provided lead guitar, Couch's Marlon Magas, who supplied vocals, and Shorty and U.S. Maple vocalist Al Johnson (billed as the Manhattanite) on backing vocals. The group lasted through 1997 at which point Melowic decided to continue her education, studying virology at the University of Illinois.[2] Melowic eventually went on to obtain a Ph.D. in biochemistry.[6] and now enjoys teaching Chemistry to High School students in New Jersey.After her time in The Scissor Girls, Kelly Kuvo went on to receive an MA in Studio Art and Art Therapy from New York University. She moved to Brooklyn where she helped form the band Sweet Thunder of Niagara Falls with Jodie McCann Mechanic Baltazar of MATH, Duotron, Monotrona, etc., Peter Redgrave, Heather Romney, Alexander Eiserloh, Gavilan Rayna Russom of The Crystal Ark, Ladies of LCD Soundsystem, etc., as well as with Casey Spooner and Lizzy Yoder of Fischerspooner.[2] Kuvo continues writing as a freelancer and has written for magazines such as The Lumpen Times, Index, Roctober Magazine, Oui, Scram Magazine, Art US, and Vice Magazine, including six reviews published in the music anthology book, Lost In The Grooves.[2] Kuvo produced a DVD retrospective video compilation for The Scissor Girls in 2004 later to be released by Savage Land Records in 2011. She continues to make and collaborate on art, video, literature, and music projects, such as Who Killed Pan with pianist Katie McKay. In Los Angeles, Kuvo hosted The Bubblegum Music Achievement Awards Ceremony, twice. Currently, Kelly Kuvo has retired from teaching art and technology to public school children, now living the quiet life selling her wares at an Artists & Fleas booth in Venice Beach, California.Upon her departure from the band, original guitarist SueAnne Zollinger went on to receive a Ph.D in Biology and Neuroscience, studying sound production and vocal learning.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azita Youssefi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azita_Youssefi"}],"text":"Azita Youssefi — Vocals, bass\nHeather Melowic — Drums\nSue Anne Zollinger — Guitar (1991–94)\nKelly Kuvo—Guitar — (1994–96)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Hey Diablo!\" 7\" (MonkeyTech, 1993)\n\"New Tactical Outline Sec. 1\" 7\" (SG Research, 1995)\n\"New Tactical Outline Sec. 2\" 7\" (SG Research, 1995)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_Records"}],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"So That You Can Start To See What S-T-A-T-I-C-L-A-N-D 10” (Load, 1996)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"From: The Scissor Girls To: The Imaginary Layer On Skeletons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From:_The_Scissor_Girls_To:_The_Imaginary_Layer_On_Skeletons"},{"link_name":"We People Space with Phantoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_People_Space_with_Phantoms"},{"link_name":"Atavistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atavistic_Records"},{"link_name":"Atavistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atavistic_Records"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"From: The Scissor Girls To: The Imaginary Layer On Skeletons LP (Quinnah, 1994)\nWe People Space with Phantoms LP/CD (Atavistic, 1996)\nHere is the \"Is-Not\" CD (Atavistic, 1997)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Video","text":"SG DVD 2004 DVD-R ( 2hr video compilation, Released by Kelly Kuvo in an edition of 30, 2004)[7]\nTHE SGs ARE DEAD, LONG LIVE THE SGs DVD (2 hour video compilation, released by Savage Land Records, 2011)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Scissor Girls \| Biography & History\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-scissor-girls-mn0000501294/biography","url_text":"\"The Scissor Girls \| Biography & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scissor Girls\". 22 July 2001. Archived from the original on 2001-07-22. Retrieved 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010722111855/http://www.loadrecords.com/bands/scissor.html","url_text":"\"Scissor Girls\""},{"url":"http://www.loadrecords.com/bands/scissor.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kendrick, Monica (September 12, 1996). \"Sexless Appeal\". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2010-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monica_Kendrick&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Kendrick, Monica"},{"url":"https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/sexless-appeal/Content?oid=891542","url_text":"\"Sexless Appeal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Reader","url_text":"Chicago Reader"}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Liz (August 1, 2000). \"Here Comes the Bride\". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2010-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Armstrong","url_text":"Armstrong, Liz"},{"url":"https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/here-comes-the-bride/Content?oid=902963","url_text":"\"Here Comes the Bride\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago No-Wave Part 3: Scissor Girls\". Blog.wfmu.org. Retrieved 2020-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2006/06/chicago_nowave_.html","url_text":"\"Chicago No-Wave Part 3: Scissor Girls\""}]},{"reference":"Margasak, Peter (May 19, 2011). \"Experimental:...Scissor Girls hit DVD\". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2010-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Margasak","url_text":"Margasak, Peter"},{"url":"https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/three-beats-vic-spencer-odd-future-hideout-scissor-girls-my-silence/Content?oid=3834366&storyPage=3","url_text":"\"Experimental:...Scissor Girls hit DVD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Reader","url_text":"Chicago Reader"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Scissor+Girls%22","external_links_name":"\"The Scissor Girls\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Scissor+Girls%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Scissor+Girls%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Scissor+Girls%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Scissor+Girls%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Scissor+Girls%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://music.yahoo.com/ar-27050537-bio--Azita","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-scissor-girls-mn0000501294/biography","external_links_name":"\"The Scissor Girls \| Biography & History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010722111855/http://www.loadrecords.com/bands/scissor.html","external_links_name":"\"Scissor Girls\""},{"Link":"http://www.loadrecords.com/bands/scissor.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/sexless-appeal/Content?oid=891542","external_links_name":"\"Sexless Appeal\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/here-comes-the-bride/Content?oid=902963","external_links_name":"\"Here Comes the Bride\""},{"Link":"https://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2006/06/chicago_nowave_.html","external_links_name":"\"Chicago No-Wave Part 3: Scissor Girls\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/three-beats-vic-spencer-odd-future-hideout-scissor-girls-my-silence/Content?oid=3834366&storyPage=3","external_links_name":"\"Experimental:...Scissor Girls hit DVD\""},{"Link":"http://music.yahoo.com/ar-27050537-bio--Azita","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.loadrecords.com/bands/scissor.html","external_links_name":"Scissor Girls"},{"Link":"http://rogerdeforest.com/scissorgirls/index.shtml","external_links_name":"Scissor Girls Data-Sector"},{"Link":"https://savagelandrecords.bandcamp.com/album/sg-dvd","external_links_name":"https://savagelandrecords.bandcamp.com/album/sg-dvd"},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/missartificialspring","external_links_name":"https://vimeo.com/missartificialspring"},{"Link":"https://seagullhair.typepad.com/seagull/2013/02/the-scissor-girls.html","external_links_name":"https://seagullhair.typepad.com/seagull/2013/02/the-scissor-girls.html"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/85667f78-83d0-4345-8b85-89cbc179b7e9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Briksh_Benipuri	Rambriksh Benipuri	["1 Writing career","1.1 Yuvak Hindi Journal","1.2 As a Playwright","1.3 Short stories","1.4 Style and influence","2 In the freedom movement","3 Homage","4 Centenary celebrations","5 Major literary works","5.1 Memoirs and essays","5.2 Dramas","5.3 Editing and critical","5.4 Biography","5.5 Lalit Gadya","5.6 Collected works","5.7 Selected works/anthology","6 Works on Rambriksha Benipuri","7 See also","8 References"]	Indian Writer Ramavriksha BenipuriBorn23 December 1899Benipur Village, Muzaffarpur, IndiaDied9 September 1968 (aged 68)Muzaffarpur, IndiaOccupation Freedom fighter socialist leader editor writer dramatist essayist novelist politician NationalityIndianLiterary movementKisan Mahasabha, Quit India Movement, Janaue Todo AbhiyaanNotable worksAmbpali, Patiton Ke Desh Mein, Genhu Aur Gulab, Maati Ki Muratien, Zanjeerein Aur Deewarien, Vijeta, Shakuntala etc.Notable awardsLifetime Achievement Award For Contribution In Literature From Rashtra Bhasha ParishadChildrenDr. Prabha BenipuriRelativesShyam Sunder Das Ramavriksha Benipuri (pronunciationⓘ, 23 December 1899 – 9 September 1968) was an independence activist, socialist leader, editor and Hindi writer. He was born in a small village named Benipur in Muzaffarpur district in a Bhumihar Brahmin family in the Indian state of Bihar. He had spent nine years in prison for fighting for India's independence. He was the founder of Bihar Socialist Party in 1931 and Congress Socialist Party in 1934. He served as the president of Patna District Congress Committee of Indian National Congress from 1935 to 1937 during the 1937 Indian provincial elections. He was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly (India) from Katra North in 1957. In 1958, he was elected as the Syndicate Member of Bihar University (Now Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University), Muzaffarpur. Ramvriksha Benipuri hailed from Muzaffarpur in Bihar and took active part in the Indian freedom movement. He was also a journalist of Hindi Literature and started several newspapers like Yuvak in 1929 and regularly contributed in various others to spread the idea of nationalism and freedom from British rule. Writing career Benipuriji's first writing was published in Pratapa of Kanpur in 1916. Since then, till the attainment of Independence of India, his was a life of political activities and struggle. In 1928–29, Benipuri established Yuvaka-Ashram in front of Patna College in Patna with his friends and lifelong colleagues Ganga Sharan Singh and Pandit Ramnandan Mishra. In 1929, Benipuri started the publication of Yuvaka, a Hindi monthly from this organization, under his editorship. Benipuri started his literary career in 1921 with a weekly Hindi journal Tarun Bharat of which he was an associate editor. He also worked as an associate editor of the Kisan Mitra weekly in 1922, Golmal in 1924 and as an editor of the monthly journal Balak in 1926, but the publication of Yuvak made him more popular. Yuvak Hindi Journal Yuvak, an illustrated Hindi monthly magazine, was launched in January 1929 by Rambriksh Benipuri, a distinguished Hindi writer, critic, poet, journalist and freedom fighter. He was assisted by Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha), Ambica Kant Sinha and Jagdish Narayan in its publication. Devoted to 'strength, courage and culture', Yuvak was edited, printed and published by Rambriksh Benipuri from the Patna Yuvak Ashram. It was printed at the Searchlight Press. Yuvak was the official organ of the Patna Yuvak Sangh founded in 1927 by Manindra Narayan Roy, a journalist of The Searchlight. Yuvak made Benipuri an eyesore of the colonial British government as its mission was to secure Swaraj for India promoting armed revolution and overthrowing the British regime. Its writings had a clear impact of Marxism as its contributors were political elites, avowed nationalists and Marxist revolutionaries. As a Playwright Ramvriksha Benipuri stands in a class apart as a playwright. He wrote Ambapalai during his detention in the Hazaribagh Central Jail. Later on he wrote a series of one-act plays and radio-dramas, more notable being: the Netra-dan, Tathagat, Sanghamitra, Singhal Vijay and Vijeta. Benipuri had a forceful pen and was a prolific writer. Main attraction of Benipuri's plays lies in his way of writing. There is a delightful mixture of romanticism and idealism in his plays. Short stories In most of Ramvriksha Benipuri's short stories pictures of rural life of north Bihar, specially that of Muzaffarpur district have been vividly presented. His Mati ki Mooraten, though not a story book in strict sense of the term, actually presents persons of flesh and blood, each throbbing with life, on a rural canvas. Style and influence Benipuri wrote mostly big stories and essays. His dramas covered mostly ancient events. For example, Amipure depicts the life of the famous courtesan Ambipure who adopted and converted to Buddhism after meeting Buddha. Likewise Netradaan (that is, Gift of Eyes), another drama, is based on a historical legend involving Ashoka and his son Kunal. He was also a distinguished playwright. A stanza from one of his famous poems, "Shahido – tumhari yaad me" goes like this: "Hey, the Martyrs of August Revolution, We shall forever keep the flag high For which thy hath given the lives; We shall always esteem the path of martyrdom Sanctified by the blood of the supreme sacrifice." The eminent Hindi writer, poet, play-wright, journalist and nationalist Rambriksh Benipuri, who spent more than eight years in prison fighting for India's independence writes of Non-co-operation movement as: When I recall Non-Cooperation era of 1921, the image of a storm confronts my eyes. From the time I became aware, I have witnessed numerous movements, however, I can assert that no other movement upturned the foundations of Indian society to the extent that the Non-Cooperation movement did. from the most humble huts to the high places, from villages to cities, everywhere there was a ferment, a loud echo. Benipuri (right) at Kisan Sabha CSP Patna rally, August 1936 In the freedom movement Benipuri was a close associate of Jayaprakash Narayan and a leading light of the Congress Socialist Party. He took active part in the agitation against the Rowlatt Act and participated in the Non-cooperation movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920. He was an active member of the Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee, a member of the Indian National Congress, one of the founder members of the Bihar Socialist Party and a member of the working committee of the All India Congress Socialist Party. He had also been the President of the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha and the Vice-President of the All India Kisan Sabha. At the 50th session of the All India Congress Committee held at Faizpur in 1937 he moved a resolution on the abolition of Zamindari. Again, it was Benipuri who helped Jayaprakash Narayan escape from the Hazaribagh Central Jail along with Jogendra Shukul, Suraj Narayan Singh, Gulali Sonar, Pandit Ramnandan Mishra, and Shaligram Singh on 9 November 1942 keeping the prisoners engaged in Diwali Celebration. In Hazaribagh Central Jail, he initiated a campaign " Janaeu Todo Abhiyaan" (Breaking of the Upanayana threads) against Casteism. As Upnayan threads are the symbol of upper castes epesically Brahmin and Zamindar. Homage Benipuri on a 1999 stamp of India In 1999, Benipuri was one of the Hindi writers depicted in a set of commemorative postal stamps released to celebrate the "Linguistic Harmony of India," marking the 50th anniversary since India adopted Hindi as its official language. Centenary celebrations The chief guest on the occasion of the birth centenary of Benipuri held in zonal railway training centre at Muzaffarpur, held under the auspices of railway ministry, was the former Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar. The main speakers included litterateur Namwar Singh and journalist Prabhash Joshi. Namwar Singh described Benipuri as only the second litterateur who preferred to associate his name with that of his village. Prabhash Joshi ranked Benipuri with Makhanlal Chaturvedi and Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, who were both contemporary writers and journalists as well. He said '"Benipuri was not like today's journalists who work only to earn. Benipuri had a desire to create a "samtawadi samaj" and fight against imperialism." Major literary works Memoirs and essays Patiton Ke Desh Mein-1930-33 Chita Ke Phool-1930-32 Lal Taaraa-1937-39 Lal Tara is the symbol of a new light of the morning. The light is very near and therefore the darkness has increased. The writer wants to say that the darkness would disappear within a short time and a new rising light would come out. There are 16 such sketches in the collection. Benipuri tries to search out a new society, a new way of living and a new culture. Kaidee Ki Patni-1940 Maate -1941-45 Gehun Aur Gulaab- 1948–50 It was published in 1950. This composition also brought much laurels and fame to Benipuri and was welcomed in the Hindi world like the former two titles, "Lal Tara" and "Mati ki Murten". Zanjeeren Aur Deewaren Udate Chalo, Udate Chalo Dramas Ambpali-1941-46 Sita Ki maan-1948-50 Sanghamitra-1948-50 Amar Jyoti-1951 Tathaagat Singhal Vijay Shakuntala Ramrajya Netradaan-1948-50 Gaao Ke Devata Nayaa samaaj Vijeta-1953. Baiju Mama, National Book Trust, 1994 Editing and critical Vidyapati Ki Padaavali Bihari (poet) satsai Ki Subodh Teekaa Biography Jayaprakash Narayan only with the initials Jayaprakash Lalit Gadya Vande Vaani Vinayaka −1953-54. Collected works Collected Works of Rambriksh Benipuri, 8 volumes, Radhakrishna Prakashan Selected works/anthology Rambriksh Benipuri Rachna Sanchayan, Sahitya Akademi Works on Rambriksha Benipuri Gajanan Pandurang Chavan, Ramvriksha aur unka sahitya, 1984. Dr. Prabha Benipuri, Benipuriji ke natakon me samajik chetna, 1989. Ram Bachan Rai, Ramvriksh Benipuri, Sahitya Akademi, 1995, ISBN 81-7201-974-2. Raśmi Caturvedī, Rāmavr̥ksha Benīpurī ke rekhācitra, eka adhyayana, Sāhitya Nilaya, 2005. Indu Prakash Pandey, Hindi Literature: Trends & Traits, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1975. See also List of Indian writers References ^ a b Rai, Ram Bachan (1995). Ramvriksh Benipuri. Sahitya Akademi. p. 66. ISBN 81-7201-974-2. ^ कुछ मैं कुछ वें. New Delhi: Anamika Publishers And Distributors Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9788179755198. ^ "Special Postage Stamps on Linguistic Harmony of India". Latest PIB Releases. Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. September 1999. Retrieved 26 September 2008. ^ Das, Sisir Kumar (2006). A History of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-7201-798-9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jha, Sureshwar. Gems of Mithila (2014 ed.). Mithila Sanskrit Post Graduate Study & research Institute (Publication Director – Dev Narain Yadav). pp. 241–249. OCLC 895247051. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Srivastava, N.M.P. (2015). Anguish, Protest and Surcharged Nationalism: A Study of the Proscribed Literature in Colonial Bihar (1912–47) (2015 ed.). Directorate of Bihar State Archives, Government of Bihar, Patna. pp. 378–79. ISBN 978-93-81456-36-1. ^ a b c d e f g h Datta, Kali Kinkar (ed.). The Comprehensive History of Bihar Volume – III, Part – II (1976 ed.). Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute, Patna. pp. 511–512. ISBN 81-89785-02-8. ^ Niyogi, Sumanta (2010). Essays on Modern History (7.The 1942 Movement in Bihar – A stanza from the Hindi poem, "Shahido – tumhari yaad me", composed by Ramvriksha Benipuri, the eminent Hindi poet, and an active participant in the 1942 movement, published in the Dainik Janata, Patna, 9th August 1951; translated into English by the author.). Janaki Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-907634-5-5. ^ Biswamoy Pati, Lata Singh, ed. (2014). Colonial and Contemporary Bihar and Jharkhand (Chapter 7. Lata Singh, Nationalism in Bihar, 1921–22: Mapping Resistances quoting Suresh Sharma (ed.) Benipuri Granthavali, vol. IV, 1998, p.38). Primus Books. p. 264 (at p. 127). ISBN 978-93-80607-92-4. ^ "Special Postage Stamps on Linguistic Harmony of India". Latest PIB Releases. Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. September 1989. Retrieved 4 May 2008. ^ a b c d e "Dictatorship threatening Indian democracy: Chandrashekhar". The Times of India. 20 December 2001. Retrieved 3 April 2009. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rambriksh Benipuri. Portals: Biography India Literature Languages Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Australia Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pronunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Rambriksha.ogg/Rambriksha.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rambriksha.ogg"},{"link_name":"socialist leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Leader"},{"link_name":"editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_literature"},{"link_name":"Bhumihar Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumihar_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rai_1995-1"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Congress Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna"},{"link_name":"District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"1937 Indian provincial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_Indian_provincial_elections"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)"},{"link_name":"Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicate"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babasaheb_Bhimrao_Ambedkar_Bihar_University"},{"link_name":"Muzaffarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarpur"},{"link_name":"Muzaffarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarpur"},{"link_name":"Indian freedom movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_freedom_movement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hindi Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_Literature"},{"link_name":"British rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_rule"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ramavriksha Benipuri (pronunciationⓘ, 23 December 1899 – 9 September 1968) was an independence activist, socialist leader, editor and Hindi writer. He was born in a small village named Benipur in Muzaffarpur district in a Bhumihar Brahmin family in the Indian state of Bihar. He had spent nine years in prison for fighting for India's independence.[1] He was the founder of Bihar Socialist Party in 1931 and Congress Socialist Party in 1934. He served as the president of Patna District Congress Committee of Indian National Congress from 1935 to 1937 during the 1937 Indian provincial elections.[2] He was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly (India) from Katra North in 1957. In 1958, he was elected as the Syndicate Member of Bihar University (Now Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University), Muzaffarpur.Ramvriksha Benipuri hailed from Muzaffarpur in Bihar and took active part in the Indian freedom movement.[3] He was also a journalist of Hindi Literature and started several newspapers like Yuvak in 1929 and regularly contributed in various others to spread the idea of nationalism and freedom from British rule.[4]","title":"Rambriksh Benipuri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha_2014-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha_2014-5"},{"link_name":"Patna College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna_College"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna"},{"link_name":"Ganga Sharan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_Sharan_Singh_(Sinha)"},{"link_name":"Pandit Ramnandan Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit_Ramnandan_Mishra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha_2014-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha_2014-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"}],"text":"Benipuriji's first writing was published in Pratapa of Kanpur in 1916.[5] Since then, till the attainment of Independence of India, his was a life of political activities and struggle.[5] In 1928–29, Benipuri established Yuvaka-Ashram in front of Patna College in Patna with his friends and lifelong colleagues Ganga Sharan Singh and Pandit Ramnandan Mishra.[5] In 1929, Benipuri started the publication of Yuvaka, a Hindi monthly from this organization, under his editorship.[5]Benipuri started his literary career in 1921 with a weekly Hindi journal Tarun Bharat of which he was an associate editor. He also worked as an associate editor of the Kisan Mitra weekly in 1922, Golmal in 1924 and as an editor of the monthly journal Balak in 1926, but the publication of Yuvak made him more popular.[6]","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"},{"link_name":"Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_Sharan_Singh_(Sinha)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"}],"sub_title":"Yuvak Hindi Journal","text":"Yuvak, an illustrated Hindi monthly magazine, was launched in January 1929 by Rambriksh Benipuri, a distinguished Hindi writer, critic, poet, journalist and freedom fighter.[6] He was assisted by Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha), Ambica Kant Sinha and Jagdish Narayan in its publication.[6] Devoted to 'strength, courage and culture', Yuvak was edited, printed and published by Rambriksh Benipuri from the Patna Yuvak Ashram.[6] It was printed at the Searchlight Press.[6] Yuvak was the official organ of the Patna Yuvak Sangh founded in 1927 by Manindra Narayan Roy, a journalist of The Searchlight.[6]Yuvak made Benipuri an eyesore of the colonial British government as its mission was to secure Swaraj for India promoting armed revolution and overthrowing the British regime.[6] Its writings had a clear impact of Marxism as its contributors were political elites, avowed nationalists and Marxist revolutionaries.[6]","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datta_1976-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datta_1976-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datta_1976-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datta_1976-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datta_1976-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datta_1976-7"}],"sub_title":"As a Playwright","text":"Ramvriksha Benipuri stands in a class apart as a playwright.[7] He wrote Ambapalai during his detention in the Hazaribagh Central Jail.[7] Later on he wrote a series of one-act plays and radio-dramas, more notable being: the Netra-dan, Tathagat, Sanghamitra, Singhal Vijay and Vijeta.[7] Benipuri had a forceful pen and was a prolific writer.[7] Main attraction of Benipuri's plays lies in his way of writing.[7] There is a delightful mixture of romanticism and idealism in his plays.[7]","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datta_1976-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datta_1976-7"}],"sub_title":"Short stories","text":"In most of Ramvriksha Benipuri's short stories pictures of rural life of north Bihar, specially that of Muzaffarpur district have been vividly presented.[7] His Mati ki Mooraten, though not a story book in strict sense of the term, actually presents persons of flesh and blood, each throbbing with life, on a rural canvas.[7]","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambipure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambapali"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautam_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Ashoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rai_1995-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JP,_Lohia_%26_Benipuri_at_Kisan_Sabha_CSP_Patna_Rally,_August_1936.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Style and influence","text":"Benipuri wrote mostly big stories and essays. His dramas covered mostly ancient events. For example, Amipure depicts the life of the famous courtesan Ambipure who adopted and converted to Buddhism after meeting Buddha. Likewise Netradaan (that is, Gift of Eyes), another drama, is based on a historical legend involving Ashoka and his son Kunal.He was also a distinguished playwright.[1]A stanza from one of his famous poems, \"Shahido – tumhari yaad me\" goes like this:\"Hey, the Martyrs of August Revolution,\nWe shall forever keep the flag high\nFor which thy hath given the lives;\nWe shall always esteem the path of martyrdom\n\nSanctified by the blood of the supreme sacrifice.\"[8]The eminent Hindi writer, poet, play-wright, journalist and nationalist Rambriksh Benipuri, who spent more than eight years in prison fighting for India's independence writes of Non-co-operation movement as:[9]When I recall Non-Cooperation era of 1921, the image of a storm confronts my eyes. From the time I became aware, I have witnessed numerous movements, however, I can assert that no other movement upturned the foundations of Indian society to the extent that the Non-Cooperation movement did. from the most humble huts to the high places, from villages to cities, everywhere there was a ferment, a loud echo.Benipuri (right) at Kisan Sabha CSP Patna rally, August 1936","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jayaprakash Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Congress Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"},{"link_name":"Rowlatt Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowlatt_Act"},{"link_name":"Non-cooperation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%9322)"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"All India Congress Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"},{"link_name":"All India Kisan Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"},{"link_name":"Faizpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faizpur"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"},{"link_name":"Jayaprakash Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Jogendra Shukul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla"},{"link_name":"Pandit Ramnandan Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit_Ramnandan_Mishra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava_2015-6"},{"link_name":"Upanayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanayana"},{"link_name":"Casteism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casteism"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Zamindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar"}],"text":"Benipuri was a close associate of Jayaprakash Narayan and a leading light of the Congress Socialist Party.[6] He took active part in the agitation against the Rowlatt Act and participated in the Non-cooperation movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920.[6] He was an active member of the Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee, a member of the Indian National Congress, one of the founder members of the Bihar Socialist Party and a member of the working committee of the All India Congress Socialist Party.[6] He had also been the President of the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha and the Vice-President of the All India Kisan Sabha.[6] At the 50th session of the All India Congress Committee held at Faizpur in 1937 he moved a resolution on the abolition of Zamindari.[6] Again, it was Benipuri who helped Jayaprakash Narayan escape from the Hazaribagh Central Jail along with Jogendra Shukul, Suraj Narayan Singh, Gulali Sonar, Pandit Ramnandan Mishra, and Shaligram Singh on 9 November 1942 keeping the prisoners engaged in Diwali Celebration.[6]In Hazaribagh Central Jail, he initiated a campaign \" Janaeu Todo Abhiyaan\" (Breaking of the Upanayana threads) against Casteism. As Upnayan threads are the symbol of upper castes epesically Brahmin and Zamindar.","title":"In the freedom movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rambriksh_Benipuri_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Benipuri on a 1999 stamp of IndiaIn 1999, Benipuri was one of the Hindi writers depicted in a set of commemorative postal stamps released to celebrate the \"Linguistic Harmony of India,\" marking the 50th anniversary since India adopted Hindi as its official language.[10]","title":"Homage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muzaffarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarpur"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"Chandra Shekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-11"},{"link_name":"Prabhash Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhash_Joshi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-11"},{"link_name":"Prabhash Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhash_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Makhanlal Chaturvedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhanlal_Chaturvedi"},{"link_name":"Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh_Shankar_Vidyarthi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-11"}],"text":"The chief guest on the occasion of the birth centenary of Benipuri held in zonal railway training centre at Muzaffarpur, held under the auspices of railway ministry, was the former Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar.[11] The main speakers included litterateur Namwar Singh and journalist Prabhash Joshi.[11] Namwar Singh described Benipuri as only the second litterateur who preferred to associate his name with that of his village.[11]Prabhash Joshi ranked Benipuri with Makhanlal Chaturvedi and Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, who were both contemporary writers and journalists as well.[11] He said '\"Benipuri was not like today's journalists who work only to earn. Benipuri had a desire to create a \"samtawadi samaj\" and fight against imperialism.\"[11]","title":"Centenary celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major literary works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha_2014-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha_2014-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha_2014-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha_2014-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha_2014-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha_2014-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha_2014-5"}],"sub_title":"Memoirs and essays","text":"Patiton Ke Desh Mein-1930-33\nChita Ke Phool-1930-32\nLal Taaraa-1937-39Lal Tara is the symbol of a new light of the morning.[5] The light is very near and therefore the darkness has increased.[5] The writer wants to say that the darkness would disappear within a short time and a new rising light would come out.[5]\nThere are 16 such sketches in the collection.[5] Benipuri tries to search out a new society, a new way of living and a new culture.[5]Kaidee Ki Patni-1940\nMaate-1941-45Gehun Aur Gulaab- 1948–50It was published in 1950.[5] This composition also brought much laurels and fame to Benipuri and was welcomed in the Hindi world like the former two titles, \"Lal Tara\" and \"Mati ki Murten\".[5]Zanjeeren Aur Deewaren\nUdate Chalo, Udate Chalo","title":"Major literary works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Book Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Trust"}],"sub_title":"Dramas","text":"Ambpali-1941-46\nSita Ki maan-1948-50\nSanghamitra-1948-50\nAmar Jyoti-1951\nTathaagat\nSinghal Vijay\nShakuntala\nRamrajya\nNetradaan-1948-50\nGaao Ke Devata\nNayaa samaaj\nVijeta-1953.\nBaiju Mama, National Book Trust, 1994","title":"Major literary works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vidyapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidyapati"},{"link_name":"Bihari (poet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihari_(poet)"}],"sub_title":"Editing and critical","text":"Vidyapati Ki Padaavali\nBihari (poet) satsai Ki Subodh Teekaa","title":"Major literary works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jayaprakash Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan"}],"sub_title":"Biography","text":"Jayaprakash Narayan only with the initials Jayaprakash","title":"Major literary works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lalit Gadya","text":"Vande Vaani Vinayaka −1953-54.","title":"Major literary works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Collected works","text":"Collected Works of Rambriksh Benipuri, 8 volumes, Radhakrishna Prakashan","title":"Major literary works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi"}],"sub_title":"Selected works/anthology","text":"Rambriksh Benipuri Rachna Sanchayan, Sahitya Akademi","title":"Major literary works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-7201-974-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7201-974-2"}],"text":"Gajanan Pandurang Chavan, Ramvriksha aur unka sahitya, 1984.\nDr. Prabha Benipuri, Benipuriji ke natakon me samajik chetna, 1989.\nRam Bachan Rai, Ramvriksh Benipuri, Sahitya Akademi, 1995, ISBN 81-7201-974-2.\nRaśmi Caturvedī, Rāmavr̥ksha Benīpurī ke rekhācitra, eka adhyayana, Sāhitya Nilaya, 2005.\nIndu Prakash Pandey, Hindi Literature: Trends & Traits, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1975.","title":"Works on Rambriksha Benipuri"}]	[{"image_text":"Benipuri (right) at Kisan Sabha CSP Patna rally, August 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JP%2C_Lohia_%26_Benipuri_at_Kisan_Sabha_CSP_Patna_Rally%2C_August_1936.jpg/220px-JP%2C_Lohia_%26_Benipuri_at_Kisan_Sabha_CSP_Patna_Rally%2C_August_1936.jpg"},{"image_text":"Benipuri on a 1999 stamp of India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rambriksh_Benipuri_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Rambriksh_Benipuri_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Indian writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_writers"}]	[{"reference":"Rai, Ram Bachan (1995). Ramvriksh Benipuri. Sahitya Akademi. p. 66. ISBN 81-7201-974-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi","url_text":"Sahitya Akademi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7201-974-2","url_text":"81-7201-974-2"}]},{"reference":"कुछ मैं कुछ वें. New Delhi: Anamika Publishers And Distributors Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9788179755198.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179755198","url_text":"9788179755198"}]},{"reference":"\"Special Postage Stamps on Linguistic Harmony of India\". Latest PIB Releases. Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. September 1999. Retrieved 26 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/l0999/r140999.html","url_text":"\"Special Postage Stamps on Linguistic Harmony of India\""}]},{"reference":"Das, Sisir Kumar (2006). A History of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-7201-798-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi","url_text":"Sahitya Akademi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-798-9","url_text":"978-81-7201-798-9"}]},{"reference":"Jha, Sureshwar. Gems of Mithila (2014 ed.). Mithila Sanskrit Post Graduate Study & research Institute (Publication Director – Dev Narain Yadav). pp. 241–249. OCLC 895247051.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/895247051","url_text":"895247051"}]},{"reference":"Srivastava, N.M.P. (2015). Anguish, Protest and Surcharged Nationalism: A Study of the Proscribed Literature in Colonial Bihar (1912–47) (2015 ed.). Directorate of Bihar State Archives, Government of Bihar, Patna. pp. 378–79. ISBN 978-93-81456-36-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Bihar","url_text":"Government of Bihar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81456-36-1","url_text":"978-93-81456-36-1"}]},{"reference":"Datta, Kali Kinkar (ed.). The Comprehensive History of Bihar Volume – III, Part – II (1976 ed.). Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute, Patna. pp. 511–512. ISBN 81-89785-02-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-89785-02-8","url_text":"81-89785-02-8"}]},{"reference":"Niyogi, Sumanta (2010). Essays on Modern History (7.The 1942 Movement in Bihar – A stanza from the Hindi poem, \"Shahido – tumhari yaad me\", composed by Ramvriksha Benipuri, the eminent Hindi poet, and an active participant in the 1942 movement, published in the Dainik Janata, Patna, 9th August 1951; translated into English by the author.). Janaki Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-907634-5-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-907634-5-5","url_text":"978-81-907634-5-5"}]},{"reference":"Biswamoy Pati, Lata Singh, ed. (2014). Colonial and Contemporary Bihar and Jharkhand (Chapter 7. Lata Singh, Nationalism in Bihar, 1921–22: Mapping Resistances quoting Suresh Sharma (ed.) Benipuri Granthavali, vol. IV, 1998, p.38). Primus Books. p. 264 (at p. 127). ISBN 978-93-80607-92-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primus_Books&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Primus Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-92-4","url_text":"978-93-80607-92-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Special Postage Stamps on Linguistic Harmony of India\". Latest PIB Releases. Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. September 1989. Retrieved 4 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/l0999/r140999.html","url_text":"\"Special Postage Stamps on Linguistic Harmony of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dictatorship threatening Indian democracy: Chandrashekhar\". The Times of India. 20 December 2001. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moo-Young_Han	Moo-Young Han	["1 Early life and career","2 Career","3 Publications","4 References","5 External links"]	In this Korean name, the family name is Han. Moo-Young HanBorn(1934-11-30)November 30, 1934Seoul, KoreaDiedMay 15, 2016(2016-05-15) (aged 81)Durham, North Carolina, United StatesAlma materCarroll CollegeUniversity of RochesterEmployerDuke UniversityKnown forIntroducing the SU(3) symmetry of quarksKorean nameHangul한무영Hanja韓武榮Revised RomanizationHan Mu-yeongMcCune–ReischauerHan Muyŏng Moo-Young Han (November 30, 1934 – May 15, 2016) was a South Korean-born American physicist. He was a professor of physics at Duke University. Along with Yoichiro Nambu of the University of Chicago, he is credited with introducing the SU(3) symmetry of quarks, today known as the color charge. The color charge is the basis of the strong force as explained by quantum chromodynamics. Early life and career Han was born in Seoul, Korea. He emigrated to the US after the Korean War to attend Carroll College. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Rochester in 1964 and joined the physics faculty at Duke University, Durham NC in 1967. He is survived by his wife, Chang Ki, three children, Grace Hewon, Christopher Su-Young, and Anthony Suh-Young, and an array of grandchildren. Career Han received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1964 from the University of Rochester. Han's research specialty is in the field of theoretical particle physics, with an emphasis on the symmetry principles of elementary particle physics. Han and Yoichiro Nambu of the University of Chicago first introduced a new hidden symmetry among quarks in 1965. This is the origin of the color SU(3) symmetry, distinct from the symmetry among hadrons which is the flavor SU(3). This SU(3) symmetry is the basis for the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which is now the standard theory for the strong nuclear force sector of the Standard Model. Nambu shared 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for a related work on applying the mechanism of spontaneously broken symmetry, enabling the electroweak sector of the Standard Model. From 1993 to 1995, Han served as the inaugurating chair of the Outstanding Young Researcher Award (OYRA) Committee of AKPA. He is a recipient of the 1998 Global Korea Award by the Council on Korean Studies of the Michigan State University. He delivered the keynote address at the 2001 Asian Pacific Heritage Month Celebration at the US-Environmental Protection Agency in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina in May, 2001. The title of his keynote address was "The New New World." Han is the founding chairman of the Society of Korean-American Scholars (SKAS) and since then, he has served as its editor-in-chief n SKAS. He publishes two alternating weekly electronic newsletters, KASTN and IEKAS, the Korean American Science and Technology News and the Information Exchange for Korean American Scholars. In the fall of 2008, Han left the University of California at Merced and delivered a special seminar explaining the spontaneously broken symmetry of Y. Nambu that earned Nambu the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics. Leaving the Seoul National University in Korea in the fall of 2009, Han delivered a colloquium titled "Nambu and the Standard Model" and taught a special course titled "Physics for Humanities and Social Sciences Course." In the fall of 2013, Han spent his time at KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) in Daejeon, South Korea and completed his fifth and sixth books. He also served as an adjunct professor of physics at KAIST. Publications Han is the author of 5 books and editor of a collection of papers on quantum physics and advanced technology: The Secret Life Of Quanta (1990, McGraw-Hill) The Probable Universe (1993, McGraw-Hill) Quarks And Gluons (1999, World Scientific) A Story Of Light: A Short Introduction to Quantum Field Theory of Quarks and Leptons (2004, World Scientific). From Photons to Higgs: A Story of Light (2014, World Scientific). Nambu: A Foreteller of Modern Physics (2014, World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, Vol.43). References ^ Ryder, Lewis H. (1996). Quantum Field Theory. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-521-47242-3. ^ a b c "Moo-Young Han's Profile". Archived from the original on 14 February 2005. Retrieved 7 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) External links William T. Chu; Kwang-Je Kim (2016). "Obituary: Moo-Young Han". Physics Today. 69 (11): 70. doi:10.1063/PT.3.3374. "Prof. Emeritus Moo Young Han Has Passed Away". Duke University. 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2018-08-30. Moo-Young Han's Pages at the Wayback Machine (archived 2005-02-13) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"Yoichiro Nambu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"SU(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)"},{"link_name":"quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarks"},{"link_name":"color charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"strong force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_force"},{"link_name":"quantum chromodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Han.Moo-Young Han (November 30, 1934 – May 15, 2016) was a South Korean-born American physicist. He was a professor of physics at Duke University. Along with Yoichiro Nambu of the University of Chicago, he is credited with introducing the SU(3) symmetry of quarks, today known as the color charge.[1] The color charge is the basis of the strong force as explained by quantum chromodynamics.","title":"Moo-Young Han"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Carroll College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_University"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"}],"text":"Han was born in Seoul, Korea. He emigrated to the US after the Korean War to attend Carroll College. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Rochester in 1964 and joined the physics faculty at Duke University, Durham NC in 1967. He is survived by his wife, Chang Ki, three children, Grace Hewon, Christopher Su-Young, and Anthony Suh-Young, and an array of grandchildren.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"theoretical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics"},{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"Yoichiro Nambu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"QCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics"},{"link_name":"Standard Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Standard Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phyduke-2"},{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phyduke-2"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Seoul National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_National_University"},{"link_name":"Standard Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model"},{"link_name":"KAIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAIST"},{"link_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Advanced_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"KAIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAIST"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phyduke-2"}],"text":"Han received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1964 from the University of Rochester. Han's research specialty is in the field of theoretical particle physics, with an emphasis on the symmetry principles of elementary particle physics. Han and Yoichiro Nambu of the University of Chicago first introduced a new hidden symmetry among quarks in 1965. This is the origin of the color SU(3) symmetry, distinct from the symmetry among hadrons which is the flavor SU(3). This SU(3) symmetry is the basis for the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which is now the standard theory for the strong nuclear force sector of the Standard Model. Nambu shared 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for a related work on applying the mechanism of spontaneously broken symmetry, enabling the electroweak sector of the Standard Model.[2]From 1993 to 1995, Han served as the inaugurating chair of the Outstanding Young Researcher Award (OYRA) Committee of AKPA. He is a recipient of the 1998 Global Korea Award by the Council on Korean Studies of the Michigan State University. He delivered the keynote address at the 2001 Asian Pacific Heritage Month Celebration at the US-Environmental Protection Agency in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina in May, 2001. The title of his keynote address was \"The New New World.\" Han is the founding chairman of the Society of Korean-American Scholars (SKAS) and since then, he has served as its editor-in-chief n SKAS. He publishes two alternating weekly electronic newsletters, KASTN and IEKAS, the Korean American Science and Technology News and the Information Exchange for Korean American Scholars.[2]In the fall of 2008, Han left the University of California at Merced and delivered a special seminar explaining the spontaneously broken symmetry of Y. Nambu that earned Nambu the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics. Leaving the Seoul National University in Korea in the fall of 2009, Han delivered a colloquium titled \"Nambu and the Standard Model\" and taught a special course titled \"Physics for Humanities and Social Sciences Course.\" In the fall of 2013, Han spent his time at KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) in Daejeon, South Korea and completed his fifth and sixth books. He also served as an adjunct professor of physics at KAIST.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quantum physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_physics"},{"link_name":"Quantum Field Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Field_Theory"}],"text":"Han is the author of 5 books and editor of a collection of papers on quantum physics and advanced technology:The Secret Life Of Quanta (1990, McGraw-Hill)\nThe Probable Universe (1993, McGraw-Hill)\nQuarks And Gluons (1999, World Scientific)\nA Story Of Light: A Short Introduction to Quantum Field Theory of Quarks and Leptons (2004, World Scientific).\nFrom Photons to Higgs: A Story of Light (2014, World Scientific).\nNambu: A Foreteller of Modern Physics (2014, World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, Vol.43).","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ryder, Lewis H. (1996). Quantum Field Theory. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Cr%C3%A9teil-Lusitanos	US Créteil-Lusitanos	["1 History","2 Supporters","3 Attendances","4 Stadium","5 Players","5.1 Current squad","5.2 Former players","6 Managers","6.1 Current coaching staff","6.2 Managerial history","7 Honours","8 References","9 External links"]	French football club Not to be confused with US Lusitanos Saint-Maur or FC Lusitanos. For the handball section, see US Créteil Handball. Football clubCréteilFull nameUnion Sportive Créteil-LusitanosNickname(s)Les Béliers (The Rams) Les Cristoliens (The Créteiliens) USCFounded1936; 88 years ago (1936)GroundStade Dominique DuvauchelleCapacity12,150ChairmanArmand LopesManagerStéphane MasalaLeagueNational 2 Group D2022–23National 2 Group B, 5thWebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Third colours Union Sportive Créteil-Lusitanos (commonly referred to as US Créteil, USC, or simply Créteil) is a French football club based in Créteil, a southeastern suburb of Paris. The club was founded in 1936 and currently play in the Championnat National 2, the fourth level of French football. The football club forms part of an omnisports club that is also known for its handball team. US Créteil was founded in 1936 as an omnisports club and have a rich history, despite achieving minimal honours. The club has won the Division d'Honneur on two occasions in 1962 and 1986. In 1987, Créteil were crowned champions of the now-defunct Division 4 and, a year later, captured the Division 3 title. The club's best finish in the prestigious Coupe de France was during the 1985–86 edition of the competition when the team reached the quarter-finals. For eight consecutive seasons (1999–2007), Créteil played in Ligue 2, the second division of French football. It returned to Ligue 2 in the 2013–14 season. In 2018, the club was relegated to the Championnat National 2. The team is affectionately known as Les Béliers ("The Rams") or Les Cristoliens, the name given to the inhabitants of Créteil. History Association football ventured to the city of Créteil relatively late compared to other communes located in and around Paris. The first club to enter the fray was Club Sportif de Créteil. However, the club was considered unstable from the start and was declared unofficial as the city was attempting to replicate the passion and heart clubs such as Red Star 93, CA Paris-Charenton, and Racing Club de France displayed in nearby communes. The declaration soon came to fruition following the foundation of Union Sportive Créteil in 1936 by a man commonly known as M. Hemon. Créteil spent almost 30 years hovering in the lower divisions. During this time, the football club played its home matches at the Stade Desmont, which seated only 800 spectators. Under the leadership of B. Hainque, Créteil reached the Championnat de France amateur in 1962. The team then proceeded to falter back into the Promotion d'Honneur before reaching the Division d'Honneur in the new decade. Créteil and Bordeaux lining up at the Stade Dominique Duvauchelle in 2012 Créteil were a lucky beneficiary in 1978 when the French Football Federation announced the creation of the Division 4. The club was promoted to the new league despite its 7th-place finish in the Division d'Honneur the previous season. The team's shaky form showed as they were in dead last after ten matches were contested. By the end of the season, Créteil were back in the Division d'Honneur. In 1983, the club moved into its new stadium, the Stade Dominique Duvauchelle, after having spent almost 50 years at the Stade Desmont. Two years later, under the guidance of the city's deputy mayor Laurent Cathala, Union Sportive Créteil merged with the Créteil omnisports club in order to give the city a better sporting identity. The club's main sports became football, swimming, athletics, and cycling. US Créteil spent the 2000s between the third division and Ligue 2 before being relegated back to Championnat de France National. In 2002, the club merged with its neighbor Lusitanos, from Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, changing its name to the current Créteil-Lusitanos. In the 2012–13 season, the club was promoted back to Ligue 2 and they reached the round of 16 in the 2012 Coupe de France competition before being eliminated by Girondins de Bordeaux. In 2016, the club was relegated from Ligue 2 back to the Championnat National. In 2018, US Créteil were relegated to the Championnat National 2 after finishing bottom of the table. On 27 May 2019, Créteil were promoted back to the Championnat National after finishing as champions of the Championnat National 2 Group D. They were relegated in May 2022, finishing 17th in the 2021–22 season. Supporters The club has a small but loyal and fanatical fan-base, mostly from Val-de-Marne, the southern and eastern suburbs of Paris. The club has two ultras groups; Urban Devils founded in 2002, later re-formed in 2005 and Kop de Banlieue founded in 2004. The fans are known as the Cristoliens, inhabitants of Créteil. Despite playing in a modern facility, the club's level attendance is very low, averaging only around 500 spectators during the Championnat National years, although after promotion that number has risen to around 2500 per game in Ligue 2. The club has rivalries with Red Star F.C. and Paris FC, with whom they contest the Parisian derbies. Attendances Average attendances: 2016–17: 508 2015–16: 2 188 2014–15: 2 389 2013–14: 2 603 2012–13: 945 2011–12: 424 2010–11: 515 2009–10: 695 2008–09: 373 2007–08: 403 Stadium Main article: Stade Dominique Duvauchelle Créteil play its home matches at the 12,000-seat Stade Dominique Duvauchelle, named after Dominique Duvauchelle, a local sports journalist from the city of Créteil. Players Current squad As of 17 July 2022 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK COD Riffi Mandanda 3 DF GLP Kelly Irep 4 DF FRA Mady Soaré 5 DF FRA Zakaria Belkouche 7 FW POR Alexis Araujo 8 MF ALG Abdelmalek Mokdad 10 MF FRA Christopher Baptista 12 DF FRA Julien Serrano 13 MF FRA Abdessalem Boujenfa 16 GK FRA Romain Cagnon 17 FW FRA Kamel Chergui 18 DF FRA Richard Richecard (on loan from Marseille) No. Pos. Nation Player 19 MF FRA Younes Aouladzian 20 DF SEN Elhadj Dabo 21 MF CAF Axel Urie 22 DF FRA Yamadou Fofana 26 DF MLI Mahamadou N'Diaye 27 MF POR Fábio Pereira 30 GK FRA Léonard Aggoune 33 MF GUF Thomas Némouthé — MF ANG Plamedi Buni Jorge — MF MLI Ismaël Keïta — FW ALG Nadjib Baouia Former players For a complete list of former US Créteil-Lusitanos players with a Wikipedia article, see here. Cédric N'Koum Managers Current coaching staff As of 27 June 2014. Position Name Nationality Manager Stéphane Masala French Assistant manager Francis de Percin French Assistant manager Jean-Michel Bridier French Goalkeeping coach Jean-Pascal Beaufreton French Physiotherapist Olivier Roussey French Medical Doctor Nicolas Bompard French Intendant Amandio Adubeiro Portuguese Managerial history US Créteil-Lusitanos has had numerous managers and caretaker managers since the club's foundation in 1936. The list below begins with the club's managers since 1986. Manager Créteil career Major Honours Jean-Marc Komano 1986–88 Won Division 4 and Division 3. Philippe Redon 1988–89, 1989–90 Philippe Troussier 1989 Ruben Umpierrez 1989 Fathi Chebel 1989 Jacky Lemée 1990–92 Marc Collat 1992–95 Robert Buiges 1995–96 Pierre Garcia 1996–97 Bernard Simondi 1997–99 Achieved promotion to Ligue 2. Gernot Rohr 1999–00 Laurent Roussey 2000–01 Slaviša Vukićević 2001 Ladislas Lozano 2001–02 Noël Tosi 2002–03 Jean-Michel Bridier 2003, 2004 Jean-Michel Cavalli 2003–04 Guy David 2004–05 Albert Rust 2006 Olivier Frapolli 2006, 2008–09 Artur Jorge 2006–07 Thierry Goudet 2007–08 Laurent Fournier 2009–10 Hubert Velud 2010–2011 Jean-Luc Vasseur 2011–2014 Won the 2012–13 Championnat National Philippe Hinschberger 2014 Thierry Froger 2014–2015 Laurent Roussey 2015–Unknown Stéphane Le Mignan 2017–2018 Carlos Secretário 2018–2020 Richard Déziré 2020–2021 Emmanuel Da Costa 2021–2022 Stéphane Masala 2022– Managers in italics were hired as caretakers Honours Championnat National Champions (1): 2013 Division 4 (CFA 2) Champions (1): 1987, 2019 Division d'Honneur (Île-de-France) Champions (2): 1962, 1986 Coupe de Paris – Ile de France Champions (1) 1998 Note: References ^ "Paris FC and Red Star mean Paris is more than PSG". 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018. ^ "National : Créteil continuerait avec le même président, malgré une relégation". 20 April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018. ^ "L'US CRÉTEIL LUSITANOS CHAMPION DES CHAMPIONS DE NATIONAL 2 !". www.actufoot.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2019-05-29. ^ "National. Pourquoi Créteil, Chambly et Boulogne sont déjà relégués" (in French). footamateur.fr. 4 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022. ^ a b "Ligue1.com - French Football League - Domino's Ligue 2 - Attendances". Archived from the original on 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2015-04-06. ^ "Créteil - Paris FC : Match et incident en photos". Archived from the original on 2019-07-28. Retrieved 2015-08-16. ^ "Classement National 2010 / 2011". Archived from the original on 2019-07-28. Retrieved 2015-04-06. ^ "Classement National de la journée 1 à 38 - 2017 / 2018". www.foot-national.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-05. ^ "EFFECTIF NATIONAL". uscl.fr. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2020. ^ "Staff technique". Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2010-03-06. ^ "Coupe de France. L'US Créteil vire (déjà) Richard Déziré !" (in French). footamateur.fr. 25 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021. ^ "National. Manu Da Costa nouvel entraîneur de l'US Créteil" (in French). footamateur.fr. 15 March 2021. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021. ^ "Football. National 2 : L'ancien entraîneur des Herbiers Stéphane Masala file à Créteil" . Ouest-France (in French). 30 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022. ^ "Palmarès - US Créteil 1936". Archived from the original on 2016-05-31. Retrieved 2016-05-01. External links (in French) Official website (in French) Unofficial website ran by supporters vteChampionnat National2024–25 clubs Aubagne Boulogne Bourg-Péronnas Châteauroux Concarneau Dijon Le Mans Nancy Nîmes Niort Orléans Paris 13 Atletico Quevilly-Rouen Rouen Sochaux Troyes Valenciennes Versailles Formerclubs AC Ajaccio Alès Alfortville Amiens Angers Angoulême Annecy Arles Avranches CA Bastia SC Bastia Bayonne Beaucaire Beauvais Belfort Besançon Béziers Borgo Bourges 18 Brest Calais Cannes Carquefou Cassis Carnoux Charleville Chambly Châtellerault Cherbourg Cholet Clermont Colmar Colomiers Créteil Drancy Dunkerque Entente SSG Épinal Evian TG Évry Fréjus Saint-Raphaël Gap Gazélec Ajaccio GOAL FC Grenoble Gueugnon Guingamp Hyères Istres La Roche-sur-Yon Laval Le Poiré-sur-Vie Le Puy Les Herbiers Libourne St-Seurin Louhans-Cuiseaux Luçon Lusitanos Luzenac Lyon La Duchère Marignane GCB Marseille Consolat Martigues Metz Moulins Mulhouse Noisy-le-Sec Pacy Paris FC Pau Plabennec Stade Poitevin Raon-l'Étape RC France Red Star Reims Rodez Romorantin Roye Saint-Denis Saint-Leu Saint-Priest Sedan Sète Stade Briochin Strasbourg Thouars Toulon Toulouse Tours Trélissac Uzès Valence Vannes Villefranche Villemomble Viry-Châtillon Wasquehal Yzeure Seasons 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vteChampionnat National 2 — Group D · 2023–24 clubs Auxerre (res) Racing Besançon Biesheim FC 93 Bourg-Péronnas Colmar Créteil Feignies Aulnoye Fleury Furiani-Agliani Haguenau Mâcon Saint-Quentin Wasquehal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Lusitanos Saint-Maur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Lusitanos_Saint-Maur"},{"link_name":"FC Lusitanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lusitanos"},{"link_name":"US Créteil Handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Cr%C3%A9teil_Handball"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Créteil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9teil"},{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Championnat National 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National_2"},{"link_name":"French football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_football"},{"link_name":"omnisports club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"handball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Cr%C3%A9teil_Handball"},{"link_name":"omnisports club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"Division d'Honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Division 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"1985–86 edition of the competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France_1985%E2%80%9386"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"French football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_football"},{"link_name":"Championnat National 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National_2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with US Lusitanos Saint-Maur or FC Lusitanos.For the handball section, see US Créteil Handball.Football clubUnion Sportive Créteil-Lusitanos (commonly referred to as US Créteil, USC, or simply Créteil) is a French football club based in Créteil, a southeastern suburb of Paris. The club was founded in 1936 and currently play in the Championnat National 2, the fourth level of French football. The football club forms part of an omnisports club that is also known for its handball team.US Créteil was founded in 1936 as an omnisports club and have a rich history, despite achieving minimal honours.The club has won the Division d'Honneur on two occasions in 1962 and 1986. In 1987, Créteil were crowned champions of the now-defunct Division 4 and, a year later, captured the Division 3 title. The club's best finish in the prestigious Coupe de France was during the 1985–86 edition of the competition when the team reached the quarter-finals. For eight consecutive seasons (1999–2007), Créteil played in Ligue 2, the second division of French football. It returned to Ligue 2 in the 2013–14 season. In 2018, the club was relegated to the Championnat National 2.The team is affectionately known as Les Béliers (\"The Rams\") or Les Cristoliens, the name given to the inhabitants of Créteil.","title":"US Créteil-Lusitanos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Créteil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9teil"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Red Star 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Saint-Ouen"},{"link_name":"CA Paris-Charenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Paris-Charenton"},{"link_name":"Racing Club de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Championnat de France amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_amateur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Cr%C3%A9teil_-_Bordeaux_Coupe_de_France.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girondins_de_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Stade Dominique Duvauchelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Dominique_Duvauchelle"},{"link_name":"beneficiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficiary"},{"link_name":"French Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Stade Dominique Duvauchelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Dominique_Duvauchelle"},{"link_name":"deputy mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_mayor"},{"link_name":"omnisports club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics"},{"link_name":"cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sport"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Championnat de France National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_National"},{"link_name":"Lusitanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Lusitanos_Saint-Maur"},{"link_name":"Saint-Maur-des-Fossés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"Girondins de Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girondins_de_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Championnat National 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National_2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Championnat National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"Championnat National 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National_2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2021–22 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Association football ventured to the city of Créteil relatively late compared to other communes located in and around Paris. The first club to enter the fray was Club Sportif de Créteil. However, the club was considered unstable from the start and was declared unofficial as the city was attempting to replicate the passion and heart clubs such as Red Star 93, CA Paris-Charenton, and Racing Club de France displayed in nearby communes. The declaration soon came to fruition following the foundation of Union Sportive Créteil in 1936 by a man commonly known as M. Hemon. Créteil spent almost 30 years hovering in the lower divisions. During this time, the football club played its home matches at the Stade Desmont, which seated only 800 spectators. Under the leadership of B. Hainque, Créteil reached the Championnat de France amateur in 1962. The team then proceeded to falter back into the Promotion d'Honneur before reaching the Division d'Honneur in the new decade.Créteil and Bordeaux lining up at the Stade Dominique Duvauchelle in 2012Créteil were a lucky beneficiary in 1978 when the French Football Federation announced the creation of the Division 4. The club was promoted to the new league despite its 7th-place finish in the Division d'Honneur the previous season. The team's shaky form showed as they were in dead last after ten matches were contested. By the end of the season, Créteil were back in the Division d'Honneur. In 1983, the club moved into its new stadium, the Stade Dominique Duvauchelle, after having spent almost 50 years at the Stade Desmont. Two years later, under the guidance of the city's deputy mayor Laurent Cathala, Union Sportive Créteil merged with the Créteil omnisports club in order to give the city a better sporting identity. The club's main sports became football, swimming, athletics, and cycling.US Créteil spent the 2000s between the third division and Ligue 2 before being relegated back to Championnat de France National. In 2002, the club merged with its neighbor Lusitanos, from Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, changing its name to the current Créteil-Lusitanos.In the 2012–13 season, the club was promoted back to Ligue 2 and they reached the round of 16 in the 2012 Coupe de France competition before being eliminated by Girondins de Bordeaux. In 2016, the club was relegated from Ligue 2 back to the Championnat National. In 2018, US Créteil were relegated to the Championnat National 2 after finishing bottom of the table.[1][2]On 27 May 2019, Créteil were promoted back to the Championnat National after finishing as champions of the Championnat National 2 Group D.[3] They were relegated in May 2022, finishing 17th in the 2021–22 season.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Val-de-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"ultras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras"},{"link_name":"Kop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spion_Kop_(stadiums)"},{"link_name":"Banlieue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banlieue"},{"link_name":"Créteil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9teil"},{"link_name":"Championnat National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"},{"link_name":"Red Star F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_F.C."},{"link_name":"Paris FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Parisian derbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_derbies_in_France"}],"text":"The club has a small but loyal and fanatical fan-base, mostly from Val-de-Marne, the southern and eastern suburbs of Paris. The club has two ultras groups; Urban Devils founded in 2002, later re-formed in 2005 and Kop de Banlieue founded in 2004. The fans are known as the Cristoliens, inhabitants of Créteil.Despite playing in a modern facility, the club's level attendance is very low, averaging only around 500 spectators during the Championnat National years, although after promotion that number has risen to around 2500 per game in Ligue 2.[5]The club has rivalries with Red Star F.C. and Paris FC,[6] with whom they contest the Parisian derbies.","title":"Supporters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Championnat_National"}],"text":"Average attendances:[5][7][8]2016–17: 508\n2015–16: 2 188\n2014–15: 2 389\n2013–14: 2 603\n2012–13: 945\n2011–12: 424\n2010–11: 515\n2009–10: 695\n2008–09: 373\n2007–08: 403","title":"Attendances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stade Dominique Duvauchelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Dominique_Duvauchelle"},{"link_name":"sports journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_journalist"},{"link_name":"Créteil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9teil"}],"text":"Créteil play its home matches at the 12,000-seat Stade Dominique Duvauchelle, named after Dominique Duvauchelle, a local sports journalist from the city of Créteil.","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 17 July 2022[9]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:US_Cr%C3%A9teil-Lusitanos_players"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Cédric N'Koum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_N%27Koum"}],"sub_title":"Former players","text":"For a complete list of former US Créteil-Lusitanos players with a Wikipedia article, see here.Cédric N'Koum","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Managers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Current coaching staff","text":"As of 27 June 2014.[10]","title":"Managers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caretaker managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_manager"},{"link_name":"caretakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_manager"}],"sub_title":"Managerial history","text":"US Créteil-Lusitanos has had numerous managers and caretaker managers since the club's foundation in 1936. The list below begins with the club's managers since 1986.Managers in italics were hired as caretakers","title":"Managers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Championnat National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"CFA 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFA_2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Championnat National\nChampions (1): 2013\nDivision 4 (CFA 2)\nChampions (1): 1987, 2019\nDivision d'Honneur (Île-de-France)\nChampions (2): 1962, 1986\nCoupe de Paris – Ile de France\nChampions (1) 1998Note: [14]","title":"Honours"}]	[{"image_text":"Créteil and Bordeaux lining up at the Stade Dominique Duvauchelle in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/US_Cr%C3%A9teil_-_Bordeaux_Coupe_de_France.jpg/220px-US_Cr%C3%A9teil_-_Bordeaux_Coupe_de_France.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Paris FC and Red Star mean Paris is more than PSG\". 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://frenchfootballweekly.com/2017/04/25/paris-fc-and-red-star-mean-paris-is-more-than-psg/","url_text":"\"Paris FC and Red Star mean Paris is more than PSG\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181030210315/http://frenchfootballweekly.com/2017/04/25/paris-fc-and-red-star-mean-paris-is-more-than-psg/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"National : Créteil continuerait avec le même président, malgré une relégation\". 20 April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/ile-de-france/national-creteil-conserverait-son-president-malgre-une-relegation-20-04-2018-7673967.php","url_text":"\"National : Créteil continuerait avec le même président, malgré une relégation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181030205904/http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/ile-de-france/national-creteil-conserverait-son-president-malgre-une-relegation-20-04-2018-7673967.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"L'US CRÉTEIL LUSITANOS CHAMPION DES CHAMPIONS DE NATIONAL 2 !\". www.actufoot.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2019-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.actufoot.com/75/lus-creteil-lusitanos-champion-champions-de-national-2/","url_text":"\"L'US CRÉTEIL LUSITANOS CHAMPION DES CHAMPIONS DE NATIONAL 2 !\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529113553/http://www.actufoot.com/75/lus-creteil-lusitanos-champion-champions-de-national-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"National. Pourquoi Créteil, Chambly et Boulogne sont déjà relégués\" (in French). footamateur.fr. 4 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footamateur.fr/national-pourquoi-creteil-chambly-et-boulogne-sont-deja-relegues/","url_text":"\"National. 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Retrieved 2015-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190728004741/http://www.foot-national.com/foot-creteil-paris-fc-match-et-incident-en-photos-16884.html","url_text":"\"Créteil - Paris FC : Match et incident en photos\""},{"url":"http://www.foot-national.com/foot-creteil-paris-fc-match-et-incident-en-photos-16884.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Classement National 2010 / 2011\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-28. Retrieved 2015-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190728004657/http://www.foot-national.com/2010-2011-classement-national.html","url_text":"\"Classement National 2010 / 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.foot-national.com/2010-2011-classement-national.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Classement National de la journée 1 à 38 - 2017 / 2018\". www.foot-national.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171205095400/http://www.foot-national.com/2017-2018-classement-national-type-domicile-spectateur-journees-1-38.html","url_text":"\"Classement National de la journée 1 à 38 - 2017 / 2018\""},{"url":"http://www.foot-national.com/2017-2018-classement-national-type-domicile-spectateur-journees-1-38.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EFFECTIF NATIONAL\". uscl.fr. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uscl.fr/championnats/effectif-national/","url_text":"\"EFFECTIF NATIONAL\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190829024207/https://www.uscl.fr/championnats/effectif-national/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Staff technique\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2010-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uscl.fr/spip.php?article51","url_text":"\"Staff technique\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071015032547/http://www.uscl.fr/spip.php?article51","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Coupe de France. L'US Créteil vire (déjà) Richard Déziré !\" (in French). footamateur.fr. 25 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footamateur.fr/coupe-de-france-lus-creteil-vire-deja-richard-dezire/","url_text":"\"Coupe de France. L'US Créteil vire (déjà) Richard Déziré !\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210301041627/https://www.footamateur.fr/coupe-de-france-lus-creteil-vire-deja-richard-dezire/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"National. Manu Da Costa nouvel entraîneur de l'US Créteil\" (in French). footamateur.fr. 15 March 2021. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footamateur.fr/national-manu-da-costa-nouvel-entraineur-de-lus-creteil/","url_text":"\"National. Manu Da Costa nouvel entraîneur de l'US Créteil\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210315090421/https://www.footamateur.fr/national-manu-da-costa-nouvel-entraineur-de-lus-creteil/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Football. National 2 : L'ancien entraîneur des Herbiers Stéphane Masala file à Créteil\" [Football. National 2: Former Les Herbiers manager Stéphane Masala signs for Créteil]. Ouest-France (in French). 30 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/les-herbiers-football/football-national-2-l-ancien-entraineur-des-herbiers-stephane-masala-file-a-creteil-07f48cc4-e039-11ec-b2a8-056c7579e285","url_text":"\"Football. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2B4	CD244	["1 Gene","2 Structure","3 Function","4 Role of CD244 in viral infections","5 Role of CD244 in cancer","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Protein found in humans Not to be confused with KIR2DL4. CD244Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1Z2K, 2PTT, 2PTUIdentifiersAliasesCD244, 2B4, NAIL, NKR2B4, Nmrk, SLAMF4, CD244 moleculeExternal IDsOMIM: 605554; MGI: 109294; HomoloGene: 9493; GeneCards: CD244; OMA:CD244 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 1 (human)Band1q23.3Start160,830,160 bpEnd160,862,887 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 1 (mouse)Band1 H3\|1 79.52 cMStart171,386,761 bpEnd171,437,314 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed ingranulocytemonocytebloodtesticlespleenbone marrowbone marrow cellslymph nodeappendixright lobe of liverTop expressed ingranulocytebloodspleenPaneth cellpharynxbone marrowdeciduaduodenumjejunumcrypt of lieberkuhn of small intestineMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function MHC class I protein binding protein binding signaling receptor activity Cellular component plasma membrane membrane integral component of membrane external side of plasma membrane Biological process innate immune response positive regulation of granzyme B production immune system process leukocyte migration adaptive immune response signal transduction positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process immune response natural killer cell activation involved in immune response Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez5174418106EnsemblENSG00000122223ENSMUSG00000004709UniProtQ9BZW8Q07763RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001166663NM_001166664NM_016382NM_018729RefSeq (protein)NP_001160135NP_001160136NP_057466NP_061199Location (UCSC)Chr 1: 160.83 – 160.86 MbChr 1: 171.39 – 171.44 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse CD244 (Cluster of Differentiation 244) also known as 2B4 or SLAMF4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD244 gene. CD244 is a type-I transmembrane protein belonging to the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family of receptors (SLAMF) which are expressed in different types of hematopoietic cells. CD244 plays a role in the regulation of the immune system. A ligand of CD244 is CD48 (SLAMF2). CD48 also belongs to the SLAMF, it does not have an intracellular domain and it is anchored to the plasma membrane by a GPI-anchor. Only these two receptors from the SLAMF mediate heterophilic interactions. Gene The receptor CD244 is encoded by the CD244 gene located on the long arm of human chromosome 1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. CD244 was first described in NK cells but it is also expressed in monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, and T cells. Structure The receptor is composed of intracellular, transmembrane, and extracellular domains. The intracellular domain contains four intracellular tyrosine-based switch motives (ITSMs) and interacts with SH2 domain-containing proteins which are involved in the signaling and determine whether it will be activating or inhibitory. The extracellular region of the receptor is composed of one Ig variable-like domain and one Ig constant 2-like domain. Function CD244 can function as an activating or inhibitory receptor. The expression and availability of an adaptor protein SAP determine whether the signal is activating or inhibitory. The inhibitory signal is mediated by binding of phosphatases SHP1, SHP2, SHIP-1 or the kinase CsK on the third ITSM. Activating signaling is associated with the adaptor protein SAP. SAP binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in ITSMs. Then it binds to the kinase Fyn and that enhances downstream signaling. Binding of EAT2 is associated with both the activating and the inhibitory signal. CD244 is expressed in all types of NK cells, and it activates their cytotoxicity and IFNγ production. It is also expressed in a subset of effector and effector memory CD8+ T cells where the activating signaling via CD244 enhances their proliferation and cytotoxic effect. Role of CD244 in viral infections NK cells and CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in antiviral immunity. The activating signaling via CD244 leads to the enhancement of their cytolytic activity that they use for killing infected cells. The expression of CD244 is increased but the expression of SAP is decreased during some chronic viral infections, such as HIV, HBV and HCV, and that is associated with the inhibitory signal and the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells. Role of CD244 in cancer NK cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment express CD244. The type of the signal is determined by the ratio of expressed CD244 and adaptor protein SAP. However, inhibitory signaling has been shown to predominate in the tumor-associated immune cells. NK cells and CD8+ T cells use their cytolytic activity to kill tumor cells. Increased CD244 expression in these cells is associated with the inhibitory signal and the exhaustion of the cells. That leads to the impaired antitumor immunity caused by decreased cytotoxicity and proliferation of NK cells and CD8+ T cells. Dendritic cells are important antigen presenting cells. CD244 expression in dendritic cells is also associated with the inhibitory signal due to the low expression of SAP and therefore, they have decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines and reduced ability to activate NK cells and T cells. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are suppressive cells also found in tumors. Their increased number in the tumor is associated with the progression of the disease. It is known that CD244 signaling in these cells enhances their immunosuppressive capacity resulting in the reduced immune response against tumors. See also Cluster of differentiation References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000122223 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000004709 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Entrez Gene: CD244 CD244 molecule, natural killer cell receptor 2B4". ^ a b c d e f g Pahima H, Puzzovio PG, Levi-Schaffer F (July 2019). "2B4 and CD48: A powerful couple of the immune system". Clinical Immunology. 204: 64–68. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2018.10.014. PMID 30366105. S2CID 53091716. ^ a b c d e Sun L, Gang X, Li Z, Zhao X, Zhou T, Zhang S, Wang G (2021). "Advances in Understanding the Roles of CD244 (SLAMF4) in Immune Regulation and Associated Diseases". Frontiers in Immunology. 12: 648182. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.648182. PMC 8024546. PMID 33841431. ^ a b c van Driel BJ, Liao G, Engel P, Terhorst C (2016). "Responses to Microbial Challenges by SLAMF Receptors". Frontiers in Immunology. 7: 4. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00004. PMC 4718992. PMID 26834746. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Agresta L, Hoebe KH, Janssen EM (2018). "The Emerging Role of CD244 Signaling in Immune Cells of the Tumor Microenvironment". Frontiers in Immunology. 9: 2809. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02809. PMC 6279924. PMID 30546369. ^ a b c Buller CW, Mathew PA, Mathew SO (July 2020). "Roles of NK Cell Receptors 2B4 (CD244), CS1 (CD319), and LLT1 (CLEC2D) in Cancer". Cancers. 12 (7): 1755. doi:10.3390/cancers12071755. PMC 7409338. PMID 32630303. ^ Dragovich MA, Mor A (July 2018). "The SLAM family receptors: Potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases". Autoimmunity Reviews. 17 (7): 674–682. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.018. PMC 6508580. PMID 29729453. Further reading Vaidya SV, Mathew PA (June 2006). "Of mice and men: different functions of the murine and human 2B4 (CD244) receptor on NK cells". Immunology Letters. 105 (2): 180–184. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2006.02.006. PMID 16621032. Siu G, Strauss EC, Lai E, Hood LE (November 1986). "Analysis of a human V beta gene subfamily". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 164 (5): 1600–1614. doi:10.1084/jem.164.5.1600. PMC 2188445. PMID 3772297. Latchman Y, McKay PF, Reiser H (December 1998). "Identification of the 2B4 molecule as a counter-receptor for CD48". Journal of Immunology. 161 (11): 5809–5812. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.5809. PMID 9834056. S2CID 7819238. Brown MH, Boles K, van der Merwe PA, Kumar V, Mathew PA, Barclay AN (December 1998). "2B4, the natural killer and T cell immunoglobulin superfamily surface protein, is a ligand for CD48". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 188 (11): 2083–2090. doi:10.1084/jem.188.11.2083. PMC 2212392. PMID 9841922. Tangye SG, Lazetic S, Woollatt E, Sutherland GR, Lanier LL, Phillips JH (June 1999). "Cutting edge: human 2B4, an activating NK cell receptor, recruits the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and the adaptor signaling protein SAP". Journal of Immunology. 162 (12): 6981–6985. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.12.6981. PMID 10358138. S2CID 28826299. Nakajima H, Cella M, Langen H, Friedlein A, Colonna M (May 1999). "Activating interactions in human NK cell recognition: the role of 2B4-CD48". European Journal of Immunology. 29 (5): 1676–1683. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199905)29:05<1676::AID-IMMU1676>3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 10359122. Boles KS, Nakajima H, Colonna M, Chuang SS, Stepp SE, Bennett M, et al. (July 1999). "Molecular characterization of a novel human natural killer cell receptor homologous to mouse 2B4". Tissue Antigens. 54 (1): 27–34. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540103.x. PMID 10458320. Kubin MZ, Parshley DL, Din W, Waugh JY, Davis-Smith T, Smith CA, et al. (November 1999). "Molecular cloning and biological characterization of NK cell activation-inducing ligand, a counterstructure for CD48". European Journal of Immunology. 29 (11): 3466–3477. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3466::AID-IMMU3466>3.0.CO;2-9. PMID 10556801. Parolini S, Bottino C, Falco M, Augugliaro R, Giliani S, Franceschini R, et al. (August 2000). "X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. 2B4 molecules displaying inhibitory rather than activating function are responsible for the inability of natural killer cells to kill Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 192 (3): 337–346. doi:10.1084/jem.192.3.337. PMC 2193227. PMID 10934222. Kumaresan PR, Mathew PA (September 2000). "Structure of the human natural killer cell receptor 2B4 gene and identification of a novel alternative transcript". Immunogenetics. 51 (11): 987–992. doi:10.1007/s002510000237. PMID 11003394. S2CID 450708. Watzl C, Stebbins CC, Long EO (October 2000). "NK cell inhibitory receptors prevent tyrosine phosphorylation of the activation receptor 2B4 (CD244)". Journal of Immunology. 165 (7): 3545–3548. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.7.3545. PMID 11034353. Tangye SG, Cherwinski H, Lanier LL, Phillips JH (June 2000). "2B4-mediated activation of human natural killer cells". Molecular Immunology. 37 (9): 493–501. doi:10.1016/S0161-5890(00)00076-6. PMID 11163399. Chuang SS, Pham HT, Kumaresan PR, Mathew PA (May 2001). "A prominent role for activator protein-1 in the transcription of the human 2B4 (CD244) gene in NK cells". Journal of Immunology. 166 (10): 6188–6195. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.6188. PMID 11342640. Morra M, Simarro-Grande M, Martin M, Chen AS, Lanyi A, Silander O, et al. (September 2001). "Characterization of SH2D1A missense mutations identified in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease patients". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (39): 36809–36816. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101305200. hdl:2437/230556. PMID 11477068. S2CID 39889619. Morra M, Lu J, Poy F, Martin M, Sayos J, Calpe S, et al. (November 2001). "Structural basis for the interaction of the free SH2 domain EAT-2 with SLAM receptors in hematopoietic cells". The EMBO Journal. 20 (21): 5840–5852. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.21.5840. PMC 125701. PMID 11689425. Speiser DE, Colonna M, Ayyoub M, Cella M, Pittet MJ, Batard P, et al. (December 2001). "The activatory receptor 2B4 is expressed in vivo by human CD8+ effector alpha beta T cells". Journal of Immunology. 167 (11): 6165–6170. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6165. PMID 11714776. Chuang SS, Kumaresan PR, Mathew PA (December 2001). "2B4 (CD244)-mediated activation of cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma release in human NK cells involves distinct pathways". Journal of Immunology. 167 (11): 6210–6216. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6210. PMID 11714782. Bottino C, Parolini S, Biassoni R, et al. (2001). "X-linked lymphoproliferative disease: The dark side of 2b4 function". Progress in Basic and Clinical Immunology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 495. pp. 63–7. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0685-0_9. ISBN 978-1-4613-5194-8. PMID 11774610. Aoukaty A, Tan R (April 2002). "Association of the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease gene product SAP/SH2D1A with 2B4, a natural killer cell-activating molecule, is dependent on phosphoinositide 3-kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (15): 13331–13337. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112029200. PMID 11815622. Sivori S, Falco M, Marcenaro E, Parolini S, Biassoni R, Bottino C, et al. (April 2002). "Early expression of triggering receptors and regulatory role of 2B4 in human natural killer cell precursors undergoing in vitro differentiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (7): 4526–4531. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.4526S. doi:10.1073/pnas.072065999. PMC 123681. PMID 11917118. Assarsson E, Kambayashi T, Persson CM, Ljunggren HG, Chambers BJ (February 2005). "2B4 co-stimulation: NK cells and their control of adaptive immune responses". Molecular Immunology. 42 (4): 419–423. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.021. PMID 15607793. External links CD244+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human CD244 genome location and CD244 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. vteProteins: clusters of differentiation (see also list of human clusters of differentiation)1–50 CD1 a-c 1A 1B 1D 1E CD2 CD3 γ δ ε CD4 CD5 CD6 CD7 CD8 a CD9 CD10 CD11 a b c d CD13 CD14 CD15 CD16 A B CD18 CD19 CD20 CD21 CD22 CD23 CD24 CD25 CD26 CD27 CD28 CD29 CD30 CD31 CD32 A B CD33 CD34 CD35 CD36 CD37 CD38 CD39 CD40 CD41 CD42 a b c d CD43 CD44 CD45 CD46 CD47 CD48 CD49 a b c d e f CD50 51–100 CD51 CD52 CD53 CD54 CD55 CD56 CD57 CD58 CD59 CD61 CD62 E L P CD63 CD64 A B C CD66 a b c d e f CD68 CD69 CD70 CD71 CD72 CD73 CD74 CD78 CD79 a b CD80 CD81 CD82 CD83 CD84 CD85 a d e h j k CD86 CD87 CD88 CD89 CD90 CD91 - CD92 CD93 CD94 CD95 CD96 CD97 CD98 CD99 CD100 101–150 CD101 CD102 CD103 CD104 CD105 CD106 CD107 a b CD108 CD109 CD110 CD111 CD112 CD113 CD114 CD115 CD116 CD117 CD118 CD119 CD120 a b CD121 a b CD122 CD123 CD124 CD125 CD126 CD127 CD129 CD130 CD131 CD132 CD133 CD134 CD135 CD136 CD137 CD138 CD140b CD141 CD142 CD143 CD144 CD146 CD147 CD148 CD150 151–200 CD151 CD152 CD153 CD154 CD155 CD156 a b c CD157 CD158 (a d e i k) CD159 a c CD160 CD161 CD162 CD163 CD164 CD166 CD167 a b CD168 CD169 CD170 CD171 CD172 a b g CD174 CD177 CD178 CD179 a b CD180 CD181 CD182 CD183 CD184 CD185 CD186 CD191 CD192 CD193 CD194 CD195 CD196 CD197 CDw198 CDw199 CD200 201–250 CD201 CD202b CD204 CD205 CD206 CD207 CD208 CD209 CDw210 a b CD212 CD213a 1 2 CD217 CD218 (a b) CD220 CD221 CD222 CD223 CD224 CD225 CD226 CD227 CD228 CD229 CD230 CD233 CD234 CD235 a b CD236 CD238 CD239 CD240CE CD240D CD241 CD243 CD244 CD246 CD247 - CD248 CD249 251–300 CD252 CD253 CD254 CD256 CD257 CD258 CD261 CD262 CD263 CD264 CD265 CD266 CD267 CD268 CD269 CD271 CD272 CD273 CD274 CD275 CD276 CD278 CD279 CD280 CD281 CD282 CD283 CD284 CD286 CD288 CD289 CD290 CD292 CDw293 CD294 CD295 CD297 CD298 CD299 301–350 CD300A CD301 CD302 CD303 CD304 CD305 CD306 CD307 CD309 CD312 CD314 CD315 CD316 CD317 CD318 CD320 CD321 CD322 CD324 CD325 CD326 CD327 CD328 CD329 CD331 CD332 CD333 CD334 CD335 CD336 CD337 CD338 CD339 CD340 CD344 CD349 CD350 This membrane protein–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KIR2DL4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIR2DL4"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"},{"link_name":"type-I transmembrane protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-pass_membrane_protein#Topology-based_classification"},{"link_name":"signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family of receptors (SLAMF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_lymphocytic_activation_molecule"},{"link_name":"hematopoietic cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_cell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pahima_2019-6"},{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sun_2021-7"},{"link_name":"CD48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD48"},{"link_name":"CD48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD48"},{"link_name":"SLAMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_lymphocytic_activation_molecule"},{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"plasma membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane"},{"link_name":"GPI-anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylphosphatidylinositol"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pahima_2019-6"},{"link_name":"receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"SLAMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_lymphocytic_activation_molecule"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van_Driel_2016-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sun_2021-7"}],"text":"Not to be confused with KIR2DL4.CD244 (Cluster of Differentiation 244) also known as 2B4 or SLAMF4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD244 gene.[5]CD244 is a type-I transmembrane protein belonging to the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family of receptors (SLAMF) which are expressed in different types of hematopoietic cells.[6] CD244 plays a role in the regulation of the immune system.[7]A ligand of CD244 is CD48 (SLAMF2). CD48 also belongs to the SLAMF, it does not have an intracellular domain and it is anchored to the plasma membrane by a GPI-anchor.[6] Only these two receptors from the SLAMF mediate heterophilic interactions.[8][7]","title":"CD244"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van_Driel_2016-8"},{"link_name":"isoforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_isoform"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agresta_2018-9"},{"link_name":"NK cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell"},{"link_name":"monocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocyte"},{"link_name":"basophils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basophil"},{"link_name":"eosinophils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil"},{"link_name":"mast cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cell"},{"link_name":"dendritic cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell"},{"link_name":"T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van_Driel_2016-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buller_2020-10"}],"text":"The receptor CD244 is encoded by the CD244 gene located on the long arm of human chromosome 1.[8] Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[9] CD244 was first described in NK cells but it is also expressed in monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, and T cells.[8][10]","title":"Gene"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"SH2 domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH2_domain"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agresta_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pahima_2019-6"},{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buller_2020-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pahima_2019-6"}],"text":"The receptor is composed of intracellular, transmembrane, and extracellular domains. The intracellular domain contains four intracellular tyrosine-based switch motives (ITSMs) and interacts with SH2 domain-containing proteins which are involved in the signaling and determine whether it will be activating or inhibitory.[9][6] The extracellular region of the receptor is composed of one Ig variable-like domain and one Ig constant 2-like domain.[10][6]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"SAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAM-associated_protein"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agresta_2018-9"},{"link_name":"phosphatases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatase"},{"link_name":"SHP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPN6"},{"link_name":"SHP2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPN11"},{"link_name":"SHIP-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHIP1"},{"link_name":"kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"CsK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine-protein_kinase_CSK"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pahima_2019-6"},{"link_name":"signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling"},{"link_name":"SAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAM-associated_protein"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agresta_2018-9"},{"link_name":"SAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAM-associated_protein"},{"link_name":"kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"Fyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FYN"},{"link_name":"signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agresta_2018-9"},{"link_name":"NK cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agresta_2018-9"},{"link_name":"cytotoxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity"},{"link_name":"IFNγ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agresta_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pahima_2019-6"},{"link_name":"CD8+ T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agresta_2018-9"},{"link_name":"signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling"},{"link_name":"proliferation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_proliferation"},{"link_name":"cytotoxic effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pahima_2019-6"}],"text":"CD244 can function as an activating or inhibitory receptor. The expression and availability of an adaptor protein SAP determine whether the signal is activating or inhibitory.[9] The inhibitory signal is mediated by binding of phosphatases SHP1, SHP2, SHIP-1 or the kinase CsK on the third ITSM.[6] Activating signaling is associated with the adaptor protein SAP.[9] SAP binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in ITSMs. Then it binds to the kinase Fyn and that enhances downstream signaling.[11] Binding of EAT2 is associated with both the activating and the inhibitory signal.[9]CD244 is expressed in all types of NK cells,[9] and it activates their cytotoxicity and IFNγ production.[9][6] It is also expressed in a subset of effector and effector memory CD8+ T cells[9] where the activating signaling via CD244 enhances their proliferation and cytotoxic effect.[6]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NK cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell"},{"link_name":"CD8+ T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sun_2021-7"},{"link_name":"SAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAM-associated_protein"},{"link_name":"viral infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_disease"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"HBV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B"},{"link_name":"HCV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C"},{"link_name":"CD8+ T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sun_2021-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agresta_2018-9"}],"text":"NK cells and CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in antiviral immunity. The activating signaling via CD244 leads to the enhancement of their cytolytic activity that they use for killing infected cells.[7] The expression of CD244 is increased but the expression of SAP is decreased during some chronic viral infections, such as HIV, HBV and HCV, and that is associated with the inhibitory signal and the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells.[7][9]","title":"Role of CD244 in viral infections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NK cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell"},{"link_name":"T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell"},{"link_name":"dendritic cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell"},{"link_name":"myeloid-derived suppressor cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloid-derived_suppressor_cell"},{"link_name":"tumor microenvironment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_microenvironment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sun_2021-7"},{"link_name":"SAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH2D1A"},{"link_name":"signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling"},{"link_name":"immune cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buller_2020-10"},{"link_name":"NK cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell"},{"link_name":"CD8+ T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cytotoxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity"},{"link_name":"proliferation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_proliferation"},{"link_name":"NK cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell"},{"link_name":"CD8+ T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"Dendritic cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell"},{"link_name":"antigen presenting cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell"},{"link_name":"dendritic cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell"},{"link_name":"SAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAM-associated_protein"},{"link_name":"proinflammatory cytokines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_cytokine"},{"link_name":"NK cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell"},{"link_name":"T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell"},{"link_name":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloid-derived_suppressor_cell"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"immune response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_response"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agresta_2018-9"}],"text":"NK cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment express CD244.[7] The type of the signal is determined by the ratio of expressed CD244 and adaptor protein SAP. However, inhibitory signaling has been shown to predominate in the tumor-associated immune cells.[10]NK cells and CD8+ T cells use their cytolytic activity to kill tumor cells. Increased CD244 expression in these cells is associated with the inhibitory signal and the exhaustion of the cells. That leads to the impaired antitumor immunity caused by decreased cytotoxicity and proliferation of NK cells and CD8+ T cells. Dendritic cells are important antigen presenting cells. CD244 expression in dendritic cells is also associated with the inhibitory signal due to the low expression of SAP and therefore, they have decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines and reduced ability to activate NK cells and T cells. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are suppressive cells also found in tumors. Their increased number in the tumor is associated with the progression of the disease. It is known that CD244 signaling in these cells enhances their immunosuppressive capacity resulting in the reduced immune response against tumors.[9]","title":"Role of CD244 in cancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.imlet.2006.02.006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.imlet.2006.02.006"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16621032","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16621032"},{"link_name":"\"Analysis of a human V beta gene 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CD48\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.161.11.5809"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.5809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.161.11.5809"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9834056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9834056"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7819238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7819238"},{"link_name":"\"2B4, the natural killer and T cell immunoglobulin superfamily surface protein, is a ligand for 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2B4\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1399-0039.1999.540103.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540103.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1399-0039.1999.540103.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10458320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10458320"},{"link_name":"\"Molecular cloning and biological characterization of NK cell activation-inducing ligand, a counterstructure for 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pathways\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.167.11.6210"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.167.11.6210"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11714782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11714782"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-1-4615-0685-0_9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0685-0_9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4613-5194-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-5194-8"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11774610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11774610"},{"link_name":"\"Association of the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease gene product SAP/SH2D1A with 2B4, a natural killer cell-activating molecule, is dependent on phosphoinositide 3-kinase\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M112029200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M112029200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M112029200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11815622","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11815622"},{"link_name":"\"Early expression of triggering receptors and regulatory role of 2B4 in human natural killer cell precursors undergoing in vitro differentiation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123681"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2002PNAS...99.4526S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99.4526S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.072065999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.072065999"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"123681","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123681"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11917118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917118"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molimm.2004.07.021"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15607793","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15607793"}],"text":"Vaidya SV, Mathew PA (June 2006). \"Of mice and men: different functions of the murine and human 2B4 (CD244) receptor on NK cells\". Immunology Letters. 105 (2): 180–184. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2006.02.006. PMID 16621032.\nSiu G, Strauss EC, Lai E, Hood LE (November 1986). \"Analysis of a human V beta gene subfamily\". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 164 (5): 1600–1614. doi:10.1084/jem.164.5.1600. PMC 2188445. PMID 3772297.\nLatchman Y, McKay PF, Reiser H (December 1998). \"Identification of the 2B4 molecule as a counter-receptor for CD48\". Journal of Immunology. 161 (11): 5809–5812. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.5809. PMID 9834056. S2CID 7819238.\nBrown MH, Boles K, van der Merwe PA, Kumar V, Mathew PA, Barclay AN (December 1998). \"2B4, the natural killer and T cell immunoglobulin superfamily surface protein, is a ligand for CD48\". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 188 (11): 2083–2090. doi:10.1084/jem.188.11.2083. PMC 2212392. PMID 9841922.\nTangye SG, Lazetic S, Woollatt E, Sutherland GR, Lanier LL, Phillips JH (June 1999). \"Cutting edge: human 2B4, an activating NK cell receptor, recruits the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and the adaptor signaling protein SAP\". Journal of Immunology. 162 (12): 6981–6985. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.12.6981. PMID 10358138. S2CID 28826299.\nNakajima H, Cella M, Langen H, Friedlein A, Colonna M (May 1999). \"Activating interactions in human NK cell recognition: the role of 2B4-CD48\". European Journal of Immunology. 29 (5): 1676–1683. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199905)29:05<1676::AID-IMMU1676>3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 10359122.\nBoles KS, Nakajima H, Colonna M, Chuang SS, Stepp SE, Bennett M, et al. (July 1999). \"Molecular characterization of a novel human natural killer cell receptor homologous to mouse 2B4\". Tissue Antigens. 54 (1): 27–34. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540103.x. PMID 10458320.\nKubin MZ, Parshley DL, Din W, Waugh JY, Davis-Smith T, Smith CA, et al. (November 1999). \"Molecular cloning and biological characterization of NK cell activation-inducing ligand, a counterstructure for CD48\". European Journal of Immunology. 29 (11): 3466–3477. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3466::AID-IMMU3466>3.0.CO;2-9. PMID 10556801.\nParolini S, Bottino C, Falco M, Augugliaro R, Giliani S, Franceschini R, et al. (August 2000). \"X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. 2B4 molecules displaying inhibitory rather than activating function are responsible for the inability of natural killer cells to kill Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells\". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 192 (3): 337–346. doi:10.1084/jem.192.3.337. PMC 2193227. PMID 10934222.\nKumaresan PR, Mathew PA (September 2000). \"Structure of the human natural killer cell receptor 2B4 gene and identification of a novel alternative transcript\". Immunogenetics. 51 (11): 987–992. doi:10.1007/s002510000237. PMID 11003394. S2CID 450708.\nWatzl C, Stebbins CC, Long EO (October 2000). \"NK cell inhibitory receptors prevent tyrosine phosphorylation of the activation receptor 2B4 (CD244)\". Journal of Immunology. 165 (7): 3545–3548. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.7.3545. PMID 11034353.\nTangye SG, Cherwinski H, Lanier LL, Phillips JH (June 2000). \"2B4-mediated activation of human natural killer cells\". Molecular Immunology. 37 (9): 493–501. doi:10.1016/S0161-5890(00)00076-6. PMID 11163399.\nChuang SS, Pham HT, Kumaresan PR, Mathew PA (May 2001). \"A prominent role for activator protein-1 in the transcription of the human 2B4 (CD244) gene in NK cells\". Journal of Immunology. 166 (10): 6188–6195. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.6188. PMID 11342640.\nMorra M, Simarro-Grande M, Martin M, Chen AS, Lanyi A, Silander O, et al. (September 2001). \"Characterization of SH2D1A missense mutations identified in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease patients\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (39): 36809–36816. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101305200. hdl:2437/230556. PMID 11477068. S2CID 39889619.\nMorra M, Lu J, Poy F, Martin M, Sayos J, Calpe S, et al. (November 2001). \"Structural basis for the interaction of the free SH2 domain EAT-2 with SLAM receptors in hematopoietic cells\". The EMBO Journal. 20 (21): 5840–5852. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.21.5840. PMC 125701. PMID 11689425.\nSpeiser DE, Colonna M, Ayyoub M, Cella M, Pittet MJ, Batard P, et al. (December 2001). \"The activatory receptor 2B4 is expressed in vivo by human CD8+ effector alpha beta T cells\". Journal of Immunology. 167 (11): 6165–6170. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6165. PMID 11714776.\nChuang SS, Kumaresan PR, Mathew PA (December 2001). \"2B4 (CD244)-mediated activation of cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma release in human NK cells involves distinct pathways\". Journal of Immunology. 167 (11): 6210–6216. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6210. PMID 11714782.\nBottino C, Parolini S, Biassoni R, et al. (2001). \"X-linked lymphoproliferative disease: The dark side of 2b4 function\". Progress in Basic and Clinical Immunology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 495. pp. 63–7. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0685-0_9. ISBN 978-1-4613-5194-8. PMID 11774610.\nAoukaty A, Tan R (April 2002). \"Association of the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease gene product SAP/SH2D1A with 2B4, a natural killer cell-activating molecule, is dependent on phosphoinositide 3-kinase\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (15): 13331–13337. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112029200. PMID 11815622.\nSivori S, Falco M, Marcenaro E, Parolini S, Biassoni R, Bottino C, et al. (April 2002). \"Early expression of triggering receptors and regulatory role of 2B4 in human natural killer cell precursors undergoing in vitro differentiation\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (7): 4526–4531. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.4526S. doi:10.1073/pnas.072065999. PMC 123681. PMID 11917118.\nAssarsson E, Kambayashi T, Persson CM, Ljunggren HG, Chambers BJ (February 2005). \"2B4 co-stimulation: NK cells and their control of adaptive immune responses\". Molecular Immunology. 42 (4): 419–423. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.021. PMID 15607793.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cluster of differentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_of_differentiation"}]	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=51744","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=18106","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: CD244 CD244 molecule, natural killer cell receptor 2B4\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=51744","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: CD244 CD244 molecule, natural killer cell receptor 2B4\""}]},{"reference":"Pahima H, Puzzovio PG, Levi-Schaffer F (July 2019). \"2B4 and CD48: A powerful couple of the immune system\". Clinical Immunology. 204: 64–68. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2018.10.014. PMID 30366105. S2CID 53091716.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clim.2018.10.014","url_text":"10.1016/j.clim.2018.10.014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30366105","url_text":"30366105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53091716","url_text":"53091716"}]},{"reference":"Sun L, Gang X, Li Z, Zhao X, Zhou T, Zhang S, Wang G (2021). \"Advances in Understanding the Roles of CD244 (SLAMF4) in Immune Regulation and Associated Diseases\". Frontiers in Immunology. 12: 648182. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.648182. PMC 8024546. PMID 33841431.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024546","url_text":"\"Advances in Understanding the Roles of CD244 (SLAMF4) in Immune Regulation and Associated Diseases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2021.648182","url_text":"10.3389/fimmu.2021.648182"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024546","url_text":"8024546"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33841431","url_text":"33841431"}]},{"reference":"van Driel BJ, Liao G, Engel P, Terhorst C (2016). \"Responses to Microbial Challenges by SLAMF Receptors\". Frontiers in Immunology. 7: 4. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00004. PMC 4718992. PMID 26834746.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4718992","url_text":"\"Responses to Microbial Challenges by SLAMF Receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2016.00004","url_text":"10.3389/fimmu.2016.00004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4718992","url_text":"4718992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26834746","url_text":"26834746"}]},{"reference":"Agresta L, Hoebe KH, Janssen EM (2018). \"The Emerging Role of CD244 Signaling in Immune Cells of the Tumor Microenvironment\". Frontiers in Immunology. 9: 2809. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02809. PMC 6279924. PMID 30546369.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6279924","url_text":"\"The Emerging Role of CD244 Signaling in Immune Cells of the Tumor Microenvironment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2018.02809","url_text":"10.3389/fimmu.2018.02809"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6279924","url_text":"6279924"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30546369","url_text":"30546369"}]},{"reference":"Buller CW, Mathew PA, Mathew SO (July 2020). \"Roles of NK Cell Receptors 2B4 (CD244), CS1 (CD319), and LLT1 (CLEC2D) in Cancer\". Cancers. 12 (7): 1755. doi:10.3390/cancers12071755. PMC 7409338. PMID 32630303.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409338","url_text":"\"Roles of NK Cell Receptors 2B4 (CD244), CS1 (CD319), and LLT1 (CLEC2D) in Cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcancers12071755","url_text":"10.3390/cancers12071755"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409338","url_text":"7409338"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32630303","url_text":"32630303"}]},{"reference":"Dragovich MA, Mor A (July 2018). \"The SLAM family receptors: Potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases\". Autoimmunity Reviews. 17 (7): 674–682. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.018. PMC 6508580. PMID 29729453.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6508580","url_text":"\"The SLAM family receptors: Potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.autrev.2018.01.018","url_text":"10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6508580","url_text":"6508580"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29729453","url_text":"29729453"}]},{"reference":"Vaidya SV, Mathew PA (June 2006). \"Of mice and men: different functions of the murine and human 2B4 (CD244) receptor on NK cells\". Immunology Letters. 105 (2): 180–184. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2006.02.006. 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PMID 3772297.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2188445","url_text":"\"Analysis of a human V beta gene subfamily\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.164.5.1600","url_text":"10.1084/jem.164.5.1600"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2188445","url_text":"2188445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3772297","url_text":"3772297"}]},{"reference":"Latchman Y, McKay PF, Reiser H (December 1998). \"Identification of the 2B4 molecule as a counter-receptor for CD48\". Journal of Immunology. 161 (11): 5809–5812. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.5809. PMID 9834056. 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Molecular Immunology. 42 (4): 419–423. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.021. 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15607793.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molimm.2004.07.021","url_text":"10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15607793","url_text":"15607793"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=Q07763%20or%20Q9BZW8","external_links_name":"PDBe"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:Q07763,Q9BZW8","external_links_name":"RCSB"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1Z2K","external_links_name":"1Z2K"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2PTT","external_links_name":"2PTT"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2PTU","external_links_name":"2PTU"},{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/18171","external_links_name":"CD244"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/605554","external_links_name":"605554"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:109294","external_links_name":"109294"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=9493","external_links_name":"9493"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CD244","external_links_name":"CD244"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000122223","external_links_name":"CD244 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattooed_in_Reverse	Tattooed in Reverse	["1 Composition and style","2 Release and promotion","3 Music video","3.1 Critical reception","4 Credits and personnel","5 Charts","6 Release history","7 References"]	2018 promotional single by Marilyn Manson"Tattooed in Reverse"Promotional single by Marilyn Mansonfrom the album Heaven Upside Down ReleasedMarch 6, 2018GenreGlam rockelectrogothic rockLength4:24LabelLoma VistaSongwriter(s)Marilyn MansonTyler BatesProducer(s)BatesMusic video"Tattooed in Reverse" on YouTube "Tattooed in Reverse" is a song by American rock band Marilyn Manson. It was first released as the second track on the band's tenth studio album, Heaven Upside Down (2017). The song was released as an airplay-only promotional single in the United States on March 6, 2018, when it was serviced to active rock radio formats. It peaked at number 35 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Chart, making Heaven Upside Down their first album since 1998's Mechanical Animals to contain more than one charting song on Mainstream Rock, following the top five peak of preceding single "Kill4Me". The song received positive reviews upon release, with several publications praising its lyrics and Tyler Bates' production. The music video was directed by Bill Yukich and uploaded onto YouTube on March 22. It stars model Glo Taylorr as a patient in a psychiatric hospital, and features cameo appearances by Courtney Love and Lisa Marie Presley, who portray nurses. The video also received generally positive reviews, with writers favorably comparing it to some of the band's earlier music videos, while noting similarities to the imagery of American television series American Horror Story. Composition and style In one of the first reviews published online for parent album Heaven Upside Down, Greg Kennelty of Metal Injection said that "Tattooed in Reverse" uses "a swung rhythm effectively because it comes off less like Manson trying to emulate a jazzier feel, and more like he's brandishing a bat and slowly pacing the floor until he decides to cave your skull in. 'Tatooted in Reverse' makes one thing evident that could only be assumed whilst listening to 'Revelation #12'—Manson is going to liberally use distortion on Heaven Upside Down, and it's going to work extremely well for him. The fuzzy guitars, keyboards, vocals, and bass all retain their own identities through the heavy haze, but ultimately become this massive ball of threateningly vile sound when used all at once. It's great." The same publication later described it as one of the "catchier numbers" on the record, while The Line of Best Fit called it an album highlight. Other writers, such as Lina Lecaro of Consequence of Sound and Sasha Geffen of Pitchfork, said the song was "groovy". Geffen additionally noted that the track "boasts a chorus as catchy as anything since 'The Dope Show' (1998)." Loudwire praised the quality of the song's lyrics, saying that they demonstrate the eponymous vocalists' "infamous ... biting whimsy". The Jakarta Post commended Tyler Bates' production, saying: "The stoner/blues guitars of the sludgy 'Tattooed' find a quixotic partner in the song's high-pitched synths and samples and marching percussion. Manson even growls in that exasperated/theatrical way his old goth self did." Release and promotion "Tattooed in Reverse" is the fourth track from Heaven Upside Down to receive a music video, following "We Know Where You Fucking Live", "Kill4Me" and "Say10". The latter two videos co-starred Johnny Depp. The song was serviced to active rock radio formats in the United States on March 6. It went on to peak at number 35 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Chart, making Heaven Upside Down the band's first studio album since 1998's Mechanical Animals to contain more than one song which appeared that chart, following the number 5 peak of preceding single "Kill4Me". On March 21, the band's vocalist shared a ten-second video on his Twitter account of him being pushed in a wheelchair by Courtney Love, with the caption: "Who allowed Courtney Love to be my nurse? Oh shit...I did." He had been injured six months earlier while performing on-stage at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City during the "Heaven Upside Down Tour", when a large stage prop fell on top of him. The incident broke Manson's fibula in two places, which required a plate and ten screws to be inserted into his bone, and resulted in the cancellation of an entire portion of the tour. Music video The song's music video was directed by Bill Yukich. It portrays Manson using a wheelchair, with him and model Glo Taylorr as patients in a psychiatric hospital, who are seen receiving various forms of "experimental" medical treatment. Like every other music video created for Heaven Upside Down, it begins with an explicit content warning, informing the observer that "viewer discretion is advised." The video starts with scenes of the character portrayed by Taylorr struggling against nursing staff while lying on an operating table, before she is made unconscious after being connected to an anaesthetic machine. As the video progresses, Taylorr's character becomes "torn between her unconscious state and reality"—her unconscious visions consist of torture, Satanic rituals and "predatory-looking sex". Courtney Love and Lisa Marie Presley both make cameo appearances, portraying nurses. Critical reception The video received generally positive reviews upon release. Joe DiVita of Loudwire said: "Nobody does music videos quite like Marilyn Manson. Throughout his career, his videos have intrigued, confused and disturbed fans, usually relying on an abstract artistic bent, and the clip for 'Tattooed in Reverse' adheres to this ethos." Metal Injection said that "Marilyn Manson has really been stepping up his game with music videos for his latest release, Heaven Upside Down. The budgets make it feel like we're back in the late 90s, when music videos meant something." Similarly, Bianca Gracie of Fuse.tv said the clip would "bring you back to the '90s heyday of Manson's career", elaborating: "Whether you listen to his music or not, you have to give credit for consistently releasing cinematic videos that are visually appealing with a heavy dose of insanity." Several writers noted similarities to the imagery of American television series American Horror Story, including Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting, who said it was reminiscent of promotional materials created for the series' seventh season, Cult. Gracie of Fuse.tv also went on to say: "If you're a fan of American Horror Story like myself, certain points of 'Tattooed In Reverse' will bring memories of seasons like Asylum and Cult. The hospital scenes are reminiscent of Lana Winters being taken advantage of with electroshock therapy, while the faceless mob scenes are coincidentally similar to Cult's creepy clown sequences. It's a wonder that Ryan Murphy didn't have a hand in creating this video." NME described it as one of the band's most "unsettling" music videos to date, while Abby Jones of Billboard called it "quintessentially creepy", and said: "The appearance of the Hole singer and the glitchy, grainy visuals elicit a major '90s ambience that recalls memories of Manson's earlier ." A writer for Variety called it "characteristically provocative", while Kerrang! said it was a "brilliantly exhilarating watch". Although Consequence of Sound gave a positive review, they called Love's cameo "brief and a bit forgettable, especially considering everything else that's happening in the video". Conversely, Derrick Rossignol of Uproxx said that Love's cameo was "perhaps the most notable thing about the video", highlighting comments Manson had made previously about the singer. Stereogum was negative, saying the clip was "utterly packed with '90s shock rock clichés" and describing it as Manson "descend even further into self-parody". Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Heaven Upside Down. Credits Recorded at Abattoir Studios, Studio City, California Songs of Golgotha (BMI)/Box Cutter Music. (BMI), under exclusive licence to Loma Vista Recordings and Caroline International Personnel Marilyn Manson – vocals Tyler Bates – instrumentation, engineering, recording, production, mixing Robert Carranza – mixing Gil Sharone – drums Joanne Higginbottom – assistant engineer Brian Lucey – mastering (at Magic Garden Mastering, Los Angeles, California) Charts Chart (2018) Peakposition US Mainstream Rock (Billboard) 35 Release history Region Date Format Ref. Worldwide October 6, 2017 Heaven Upside Down United States March 6, 2018 Active rock airplay Worldwide March 22, 2018 Music video References ^ Goodman, Eleanor (September 19, 2017). "Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down album review". Metal Hammer. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ Kennelty, Greg (September 27, 2017). "Marilyn Manson's Heaven Upside Down: A Track-By-Track Review". Metal Injection. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017. ^ a b "Marilyn Manson's "Tattooed In Reverse" Music Video Features Courtney Love & Is NSFW". Metal Injection. March 23, 2018. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Leivers, Dannii (October 6, 2017). "Heaven Upside Down by Marilyn Manson". thelineofbestfit.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ Lecaro, Lina (October 4, 2017). "Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017. ^ Geffen, Sasha (October 11, 2017). "Marilyn Manson: Heaven Upside Down Album Review". Pitchfork. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2018. ^ Christopher, Michael (October 6, 2017). "Marilyn Manson, 'Heaven Upside Down' - Album Review". Loudwire. Townsquare Media. Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2018. ^ Thee, Marcel (October 27, 2017). "Album Review: Heaven Upside Down by Marilyn Manson". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ a b c d e DiVita, Joe (March 23, 2018). "Courtney Love Stars in Marilyn Manson's 'Tattooed in Reverse' Vid". Loudwire. Townsquare Media. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Kreps, Daniel (March 23, 2018). "See Marilyn Manson's Hellish Hospital in New Video With Courtney Love". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Hill, John (March 23, 2018). "See Marilyn Manson Nursed to Insanity by Courtney Love in "Tattooed In Reverse" Video". Revolver. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ a b "Rock Future Releases". All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on March 5, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018. ^ a b "Marilyn Manson Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ a b c d Jones, Abby (March 23, 2018). "Marilyn Manson Drops Bone-Chilling 'Tattooed In Reverse' Video With Courtney Love: Watch". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018. ^ Munro, Scott (March 23, 2018). "Marilyn Manson releases Tattooed In Reverse video starring Courtney Love". Metal Hammer. TeamRock. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Sokol, Tony (March 26, 2018). "Marilyn Manson Gets the Ink Out with Tattooed in Reverse Music Video". Den of Geek. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ a b Variety Staff (March 23, 2018). "Watch Marilyn Manson's Creepy Video for 'Tattooed in Reverse,' Featuring Courtney Love and Lisa Marie Presley". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ "Marilyn Manson cancels tour dates due to stage injury". The Guardian. October 2, 2017. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2017. ^ Reed, Ryan (October 13, 2017). "Marilyn Manson on 'Terrifying' Stage Injury: 'The Pain Was Excruciating'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017. ^ Maxwell, Jackson (March 23, 2018). "See Marilyn Manson Team Up with Courtney Love for New "Tattooed in Reverse" Music Video". Guitar World. NewBay Media. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Bulut, Selim (March 23, 2018). "Courtney Love plays Marilyn Manson's nurse in his twisted new video". Dazed Digital. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Murphy, Sarah (March 23, 2018). "Marilyn Manson Unveils "Tattooed in Reverse" Video Starring Courtney Love". Exclaim!. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Kielty, Martin (March 23, 2018). "Watch Marilyn Manson and Courtney Love's New Video". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Cook-Wilson, Winston (March 23, 2018). "Marilyn Manson's "Tattooed in Reverse" Video Featuring Courtney Love". Spin. SpinMedia. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ a b Gracie, Bianca (March 23, 2018). "Marilyn Manson's Disturbing 'Tattooed In Reverse' Video With Courtney Love Belongs In 'American Horror Story'". Fuse.tv. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Miska, Brad (March 23, 2018). "Marilyn Manson's "Tattooed In Reverse" Video Pulls From "American Horror Story"". Bloody Disgusting. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Trendell, Andrew (March 23, 2018). "Tattooed In Reverse: Marilyn Manson releases creepy AF new video with Courtney Love". NME. Time Inc. UK. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Kerrang! Staff (March 23, 2018). "Watch Marilyn Manson's NSFW Tattooed In Reverse Video". Kerrang!. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Schatzon, Lake (March 23, 2018). "Courtney Love guests in Marilyn Manson's devilish video for "Tattooed In Reverse": Watch". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Rossignol, Derrick (March 23, 2018). " Marilyn Manson And Courtney Love's 'Tattooed In Reverse' Video". Uproxx. Uproxx Media Group. Archived from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ Breihan, Tom (March 23, 2018). "Marilyn Manson – "Tattooed In Reverse" Video (Feat. Courtney Love)". Stereogum. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018. ^ "Booklet". Heaven Upside Down (liner notes). Marilyn Manson. Los Angeles, United States: Loma Vista Recordings. 2017. LVR00229.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Hartmann, Graham (September 11, 2017). "Marilyn Manson Unveils 'Heaven Upside Down' Release + Shares New Song". Loudwire. Townsquare Media. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. ^ "Marilyn Manson - Tattooed In Reverse (Music Video)". YouTube. March 22, 2018. Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. vteMarilyn Manson Marilyn Manson Paul Wiley Juan Alderete Zsa Zsa Speck Olivia Newton Bundy Gidget Gein Sara Lee Lucas Daisy Berkowitz Zim Zum John 5 Madonna Wayne Gacy Tim Skold Ginger Fish Chris Vrenna Fred Sablan Twiggy Ramirez Tyler Bates Gil Sharone Brandon Pertzborn Studio albums Portrait of an American Family Antichrist Superstar Mechanical Animals Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) The Golden Age of Grotesque Eat Me, Drink Me The High End of Low Born Villain The Pale Emperor Heaven Upside Down We Are Chaos Live albums The Last Tour on Earth Compilations Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows Lest We Forget: The Best Of Lost & Found Extended plays Smells Like Children Remix & Repent Singles "Get Your Gunn" "Lunchbox" "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" "The Beautiful People" "Long Hard Road Out of Hell" "Tourniquet" "The Dope Show" "I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me)" "Rock Is Dead" "Disposable Teens" "The Fight Song" "The Nobodies" "Tainted Love" "Mobscene" "This Is the New Shit" "Personal Jesus" "Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand)" "Putting Holes in Happiness" "We're from America" "Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon" "No Reflection" "Slo-Mo-Tion" "Third Day of a Seven Day Binge" "Deep Six" "Cupid Carries a Gun" "We Know Where You Fucking Live" "Kill4Me" "Cry Little Sister" "God's Gonna Cut You Down" "The End" "We Are Chaos" "Don't Chase the Dead" Promotional singles "Dope Hat" "Antichrist Superstar" "Man That You Fear" "Coma White" "Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes" "You and Me and the Devil Makes 3" "The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles" "The Devil Beneath My Feet" "Tattooed in Reverse" Other songs "Apple of Sodom" "This Is Halloween" "If I Was Your Vampire" "Running to the Edge of the World" "WOW" "Killing Strangers" "Say10" Video albums Dead to the World God Is in the T.V. Guns, God and Government Books The Long Hard Road Out of Hell Holy Wood Genealogies of Pain Campaign Films Born Villain Concert tours Portrait of an American Family Tour Smells Like Children Tour Dead to the World Tour Mechanical Animals Tour Beautiful Monsters Tour Rock Is Dead Tour Guns, God and Government Tour Grotesk Burlesk Tour The High End of Low Tour Hey Cruel World... Tour Twins of Evil Tour Masters of Madness Tour The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour The End Times Tour Heaven Upside Down Tour Twins of Evil: The Second Coming Tour Twins of Evil: Hell Never Dies Tour Related Discography Awards and nominations Band members List of songs The Manson Family Album Posthuman Records Hell, etc. Columbine massacre controversy Alice Cooper Godhead Goon Moon Jack Off Jill Loser Nine Inch Nails Rob Zombie Slipknot The Smashing Pumpkins Rasputina Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson_(band)"},{"link_name":"Heaven Upside Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_Upside_Down"},{"link_name":"airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay"},{"link_name":"promotional single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_single"},{"link_name":"active rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_rock"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Rock Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Mechanical Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_Animals"},{"link_name":"Kill4Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill4Me"},{"link_name":"Tyler Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Bates"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Courtney Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Love"},{"link_name":"Lisa Marie Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Presley"},{"link_name":"American Horror Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story"}],"text":"\"Tattooed in Reverse\" is a song by American rock band Marilyn Manson. It was first released as the second track on the band's tenth studio album, Heaven Upside Down (2017). The song was released as an airplay-only promotional single in the United States on March 6, 2018, when it was serviced to active rock radio formats. It peaked at number 35 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Chart, making Heaven Upside Down their first album since 1998's Mechanical Animals to contain more than one charting song on Mainstream Rock, following the top five peak of preceding single \"Kill4Me\".The song received positive reviews upon release, with several publications praising its lyrics and Tyler Bates' production. The music video was directed by Bill Yukich and uploaded onto YouTube on March 22. It stars model Glo Taylorr as a patient in a psychiatric hospital, and features cameo appearances by Courtney Love and Lisa Marie Presley, who portray nurses. The video also received generally positive reviews, with writers favorably comparing it to some of the band's earlier music videos, while noting similarities to the imagery of American television series American Horror Story.","title":"Tattooed in Reverse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heaven Upside Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_Upside_Down"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metal-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Consequence of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Dope Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dope_Show"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Loudwire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire"},{"link_name":"eponymous vocalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Jakarta Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post"},{"link_name":"Tyler Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Bates"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"synths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In one of the first reviews published online for parent album Heaven Upside Down, Greg Kennelty of Metal Injection said that \"Tattooed in Reverse\" uses \"a swung rhythm effectively because it comes off less like Manson trying to emulate a jazzier feel, and more like he's brandishing a bat and slowly pacing the floor until he decides to cave your skull in. 'Tatooted in Reverse' makes one thing evident that could only be assumed whilst listening to [preceding track] 'Revelation #12'—Manson is going to liberally use distortion on Heaven Upside Down, and it's going to work extremely well for him. The fuzzy guitars, keyboards, vocals, and bass all retain their own identities through the heavy haze, but ultimately become this massive ball of threateningly vile sound when used all at once. It's great.\"[2]The same publication later described it as one of the \"catchier numbers\" on the record,[3] while The Line of Best Fit called it an album highlight.[4] Other writers, such as Lina Lecaro of Consequence of Sound and Sasha Geffen of Pitchfork, said the song was \"groovy\".[5] Geffen additionally noted that the track \"boasts a chorus as catchy as anything since 'The Dope Show' (1998).\"[6] Loudwire praised the quality of the song's lyrics, saying that they demonstrate the eponymous vocalists' \"infamous ... biting whimsy\".[7] The Jakarta Post commended Tyler Bates' production, saying: \"The stoner/blues guitars of the sludgy 'Tattooed' find a quixotic partner in the song's high-pitched synths and samples and marching percussion. Manson even growls in that exasperated/theatrical way his old goth self did.\"[8]","title":"Composition and style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"We Know Where You Fucking Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Know_Where_You_Fucking_Live"},{"link_name":"Kill4Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill4Me"},{"link_name":"Say10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudwire-9"},{"link_name":"Johnny Depp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"active rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_rock"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airplay-12"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Rock Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Mechanical Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_Animals"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainstream-13"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Courtney Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Love"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hammerstein Ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerstein_Ballroom"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Heaven Upside Down Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_Upside_Down_Tour"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-17"},{"link_name":"stage prop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_prop"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"fibula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"\"Tattooed in Reverse\" is the fourth track from Heaven Upside Down to receive a music video, following \"We Know Where You Fucking Live\", \"Kill4Me\" and \"Say10\".[9] The latter two videos co-starred Johnny Depp.[10][11] The song was serviced to active rock radio formats in the United States on March 6.[12] It went on to peak at number 35 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Chart, making Heaven Upside Down the band's first studio album since 1998's Mechanical Animals to contain more than one song which appeared that chart, following the number 5 peak of preceding single \"Kill4Me\".[13] On March 21, the band's vocalist shared a ten-second video on his Twitter account of him being pushed in a wheelchair by Courtney Love,[14] with the caption: \"Who allowed Courtney Love to be my nurse? Oh shit...I did.\"[15] He had been injured six months earlier while performing on-stage at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City during the \"Heaven Upside Down Tour\",[16][17] when a large stage prop fell on top of him.[18] The incident broke Manson's fibula in two places, which required a plate and ten screws to be inserted into his bone, and resulted in the cancellation of an entire portion of the tour.[19]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-14"},{"link_name":"psychiatric hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"explicit content warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_Advisory"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimate-23"},{"link_name":"anaesthetic machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudwire-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudwire-9"},{"link_name":"Satanic rituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mass"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Lisa Marie Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Presley"},{"link_name":"cameo appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudwire-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-14"}],"text":"The song's music video was directed by Bill Yukich.[20] It portrays Manson using a wheelchair, with him and model Glo Taylorr[14] as patients in a psychiatric hospital,[21] who are seen receiving various forms of \"experimental\" medical treatment.[22] Like every other music video created for Heaven Upside Down, it begins with an explicit content warning, informing the observer that \"viewer discretion is advised.\"[23] The video starts with scenes of the character portrayed by Taylorr struggling against nursing staff while lying on an operating table, before she is made unconscious after being connected to an anaesthetic machine.[9] As the video progresses, Taylorr's character becomes \"torn between her unconscious state and reality\"[9]—her unconscious visions consist of torture, Satanic rituals and \"predatory-looking sex\".[24] Courtney Love and Lisa Marie Presley both make cameo appearances, portraying nurses.[9][14]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loudwire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudwire-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metal-3"},{"link_name":"Fuse.tv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fuse-25"},{"link_name":"American Horror Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story"},{"link_name":"Brad Miska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Miska"},{"link_name":"Bloody Disgusting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting"},{"link_name":"Cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Cult"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Asylum"},{"link_name":"Lana Winters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Horror_Story:_Asylum_characters#Lana_Winters"},{"link_name":"electroshock therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroshock_therapy"},{"link_name":"Ryan Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fuse-25"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole_(band)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-14"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-17"},{"link_name":"Kerrang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Consequence of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Uproxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Stereogum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum"},{"link_name":"shock rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_rock"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"The video received generally positive reviews upon release. Joe DiVita of Loudwire said: \"Nobody does music videos quite like Marilyn Manson. Throughout his career, his videos have intrigued, confused and disturbed fans, usually relying on an abstract artistic bent, and the clip for 'Tattooed in Reverse' adheres to this ethos.\"[9] Metal Injection said that \"Marilyn Manson has really been stepping up his game with music videos for his latest release, Heaven Upside Down. The budgets make it feel like we're back in the late 90s, when music videos meant something.\"[3] Similarly, Bianca Gracie of Fuse.tv said the clip would \"bring you back to the '90s heyday of Manson's career\", elaborating: \"Whether you listen to his music or not, you have to give [Manson] credit for consistently releasing cinematic videos that are visually appealing with a heavy dose of insanity.\"[25]Several writers noted similarities to the imagery of American television series American Horror Story, including Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting, who said it was reminiscent of promotional materials created for the series' seventh season, Cult.[26] Gracie of Fuse.tv also went on to say: \"If you're a fan of American Horror Story like myself, certain points of 'Tattooed In Reverse' will bring memories of seasons like Asylum and Cult. The hospital scenes are reminiscent of Lana Winters being taken advantage of with electroshock therapy, while the faceless mob scenes are coincidentally similar to Cult's creepy clown sequences. It's a wonder that Ryan Murphy didn't have a hand in creating this video.\"[25]NME described it as one of the band's most \"unsettling\" music videos to date,[27] while Abby Jones of Billboard called it \"quintessentially creepy\", and said: \"The appearance of the Hole singer and the glitchy, grainy visuals elicit a major '90s ambience that recalls memories of Manson's earlier [videos].\"[14] A writer for Variety called it \"characteristically provocative\",[17] while Kerrang! said it was a \"brilliantly exhilarating watch\".[28] Although Consequence of Sound gave a positive review, they called Love's cameo \"brief and a bit forgettable, especially considering everything else that's happening in the video\".[29] Conversely, Derrick Rossignol of Uproxx said that Love's cameo was \"perhaps the most notable thing about the video\", highlighting comments Manson had made previously about the singer.[30] Stereogum was negative, saying the clip was \"utterly packed with '90s shock rock clichés\" and describing it as Manson \"descend[ing] even further into self-parody\".[31]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Studio City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_City,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Loma Vista Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loma_Vista_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Caroline International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_International"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson"},{"link_name":"Tyler Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Bates"},{"link_name":"Robert Carranza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carranza"},{"link_name":"Gil Sharone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Sharone"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of Heaven Upside Down.[32]CreditsRecorded at Abattoir Studios, Studio City, California\nSongs of Golgotha (BMI)/Box Cutter Music. (BMI), under exclusive licence to Loma Vista Recordings and Caroline InternationalPersonnelMarilyn Manson – vocals\nTyler Bates – instrumentation, engineering, recording, production, mixing\nRobert Carranza – mixing\nGil Sharone – drums\nJoanne Higginbottom – assistant engineer\nBrian Lucey – mastering (at Magic Garden Mastering, Los Angeles, California)","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Goodman, Eleanor (September 19, 2017). \"Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down album review\". Metal Hammer. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/marilyn-manson-heaven-upside-down-album-review-1","url_text":"\"Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down album review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer","url_text":"Metal Hammer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180402201414/https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/marilyn-manson-heaven-upside-down-album-review-1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kennelty, Greg (September 27, 2017). \"Marilyn Manson's Heaven Upside Down: A Track-By-Track Review\". Metal Injection. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. 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Retrieved March 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalinjection.net/video/marilyn-mansons-tattooed-in-reverse-music-video-features-courtney-love-is-nsfw","url_text":"\"Marilyn Manson's \"Tattooed In Reverse\" Music Video Features Courtney Love & Is NSFW\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180402201413/http://www.metalinjection.net/video/marilyn-mansons-tattooed-in-reverse-music-video-features-courtney-love-is-nsfw","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leivers, Dannii (October 6, 2017). \"Heaven Upside Down by Marilyn Manson\". thelineofbestfit.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. 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Retrieved October 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2017/10/album-review-marilyn-manson-heaven-upside-down/","url_text":"\"Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound","url_text":"Consequence of Sound"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171004100400/https://consequence.net/2017/10/album-review-marilyn-manson-heaven-upside-down/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Geffen, Sasha (October 11, 2017). \"Marilyn Manson: Heaven Upside Down Album Review\". Pitchfork. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. 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Retrieved March 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNTIOZ3jJJo","url_text":"\"Marilyn Manson - Tattooed In Reverse (Music Video)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180330002159/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNTIOZ3jJJo","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNTIOZ3jJJo","external_links_name":"\"Tattooed in Reverse\""},{"Link":"https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/marilyn-manson-heaven-upside-down-album-review-1","external_links_name":"\"Marilyn Manson – Heaven Upside Down album review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180402201414/https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/marilyn-manson-heaven-upside-down-album-review-1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000830/http://www.metalinjection.net/reviews/marilyn-manson-heaven-upside-down-review","external_links_name":"\"Marilyn Manson's Heaven Upside Down: A 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamat	Hamat	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 34°17′N 35°41′E / 34.283°N 35.683°E / 34.283; 35.683For the ancient city alternatively translated 'Hama,' 'Hamat,' and 'Hamath', see Hama.For other uses, see Hama (disambiguation). City in North GovernorateHamat حاماتCityHamatLocation within LebanonCoordinates: 34°17′N 35°41′E / 34.283°N 35.683°E / 34.283; 35.683Country LebanonGovernorateNorth GovernorateDistrictBatroun DistrictElevation287 m (942 ft)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Dialing code+961 Hamat is a village in Lebanon. It is located 287 meters atop the historic cape of Theoprosopon. It is home to the historic shrine and monastery of Our Lady of Nourieh. The village is also home to Saint Elias Church, which overlooks the Jawz River, or the River of Walnuts and the ancient Phoenician coastal town of Batroun. The locals are Orthodox Christians. References ^ Tourism @ Lebanon.com External links Hamat, Localiban vte Batroun District, North GovernorateCapital: BatrounTowns and villages Aabdelli Aabrine Aalali Aaoura Aartiz Asia Batroun Basbina Bchaaleh Beit Chlala Beit Kassab Bijdarfil Boqsmaiya Chatine Chekka Chibtine Daael Dahr Abi Yaghi Darya Deir Billa Douma Douq Eddeh Ftahat Ghouma Hadtoun Hamat Harbouna Hardine Heri Hilta Ijdabra Jebla Jrabta Jran Kandoula Kfar Abida Kfar Chleymane Kfar Hatna Kfar Hay Kfar Hilda Kfar Shlaimane Kfifane Kfour El Arabi Koubba Kour Madfoun Mehmarch Mar Mama Masrah Mrah Chdid Mrah Ez Ziyat Nahla Niha Ouajh El Hajar Ouata Houb Qandola Racha Rachana Rachkida Ram, Batroun Ras Nahhach Selaata Sghar Smar Jbeil Sourat Tannourine El Faouqa Thoum Toula Wata Hob Zane	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama"},{"link_name":"Hama (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Theoprosopon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoprosopon"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Nourieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Nourieh"},{"link_name":"Batroun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batroun"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the ancient city alternatively translated 'Hama,' 'Hamat,' and 'Hamath', see Hama.For other uses, see Hama (disambiguation).City in North GovernorateHamat is a village in Lebanon. It is located 287 meters atop the historic cape of Theoprosopon. It is home to the historic shrine and monastery of Our Lady of Nourieh. The village is also home to Saint Elias Church, which overlooks the Jawz River, or the River of Walnuts and the ancient Phoenician coastal town of Batroun. The locals are Orthodox Christians.[1]","title":"Hamat"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lebanon_districts_Batroun.png/85px-Lebanon_districts_Batroun.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamat&params=34_17_N_35_41_E_region:LB_type:city","external_links_name":"34°17′N 35°41′E / 34.283°N 35.683°E / 34.283; 35.683"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamat&params=34_17_N_35_41_E_region:LB_type:city","external_links_name":"34°17′N 35°41′E / 34.283°N 35.683°E / 34.283; 35.683"},{"Link":"http://www.lebanon.com/tourism/chekka.htm","external_links_name":"Tourism @ Lebanon.com"},{"Link":"http://www.localiban.org/article3485.html","external_links_name":"Hamat"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Dominic_(Titian)	Saint Dominic (Titian)	["1 See also","2 References"]	C. 1565 painting by Titian This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Saint Dominic" Titian – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) Saint Dominic is a c.1565 painting of Saint Dominic by Titian, now in the Galleria Borghese in Rome. See also List of works by Titian References ^ (in Italian) Lionello Puppi, Tiziano: l'ultimo atto, Skira, 2007, p. 386 vteTitian List of works Portraits Jacopo Pesaro being presented by Pope Alexander VI to Saint Peter (1503–1506) A Man with a Quilted Sleeve (c. 1509) La Schiavona (1510–1512) A Man New York, c. 1512) (Indianapolis, c. 1515 Shepherd with a Flute (c. 1510–1515) A Man in a Red Cap (c. 1510–1515) A Sick Man (1515) Jacopo Sannazaro (c. 1514–1518) Gian Giacomo Bartolotti da Parma (c. 1515) A Knight of Malta (c. 1515) Vincenzo Mosti (c. 1520) Young Woman in a Black Dress (c. 1520) Man with a Glove (c. 1520) Laura Dianti (c. 1520–1525) Alfonso I d'Este (1523) A Lady (c. 1525–1565) Federico II Gonzaga (c. 1529) Giacomo di Andrea Dolfin (c. 1531–1532) Alfonso d'Avalos with a Page (1533) Charles V with a Dog (1533) Ippolito de' Medici (1532–1533) Giacomo Doria (1533–1535) Charles V (1533–1535) Isabella d'Este (1534–1536) La Bella (1536) Girl in a Fur (1536–1538) Count Antonio Porcia and Brugnera (c. 1535–1540) A Man with a Falcon (c. 1537) Eleonora Gonzaga della Rovere (1538) Francesco Maria della Rovere (1538) Cardinal Pietro Bembo (1539–1540) Benedetto Varchi (c. 1540) Pope Sixtus IV (c. 1540) A Young Englishman (1540–1545) Ranuccio Farnese (c. 1542) Clarissa Strozzi (1542) The Vendramin Family (1543–1547) Pietro Aretino (1545) Lavinia Vecellio (c. 1545) Pope Paul III (1545–1546) Pope Paul III Wearing a Camauro (1545–1546) Pope Paul III and His Grandsons (1545–1546) Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (c. 1545–1546) Pier Luigi Farnese (1546) Andrea Gritti (c. 1546–1550) Charles V (on horseback) (1548) Charles V (seated) (1548) Isabella of Portugal (1548) John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (c. 1550–1551) A General (c. 1550) Philip II in Armour (1551) Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo (1552) Philip II (1554) Woman Holding an Apple (c. 1550–1555) Christina of Denmark (1555–1556) Girl with a Platter of Fruit (c. 1555–1558) Fabrizio Salvaresio (1558) An Unknown Lady (c. 1550–1560 – also attributed to Titian's workshop) Jacopo Strada (1567–1568) A Lady in White (c. 1561) Self portraits Self-Portrait (1546–1547) Self-Portrait (c. 1560) Secular Detroit Trio (c. 1500 – also attributed to Giorgione and others) The Birth of Adonis (c. 1506–1508) The Legend of Polydoros (c. 1506–1508) Justice (c. 1508) Pastoral Concert (c. 1509 – also attributed to Giorgione) Dresden Venus (with Giorgione, c. 1510) The Lovers (c. 1510 – attributed) The Three Ages of Man (c. 1512–1514) Sacred and Profane Love (c. 1514) The Feast of the Gods (1514) Venus and Cupid (1510–1515) Lucretia and her Husband (1515) The Bravo (c. 1515) Flora (c. 1515) Vanity (c. 1515) Violante (c. 1515) Woman with a Mirror (c. 1515) The Worship of Venus (1518–19) Venus Anadyomene (c. 1520) Bacchus and Ariadne (1520–1523) The Bacchanal of the Andrians (1523–1526) Allegory of Marriage (c. 1530–1535) Eleven Caesars (1536–1540) Venus of Urbino (1538) Alfonso d'Avalos Addressing his Troops (1540) Venus and Musician (several versions, 1540s–1570s) Tityus (1549) Sisyphus (1549) Danaë (several versions; 1543–1565) Venus and Adonis (several versions) Mars, Venus and Amor (c. 1550) Pardo Venus (1551) Venus with a Mirror (1555) Perseus and Andromeda (1554–1556) Diana and Actaeon (1556–1559) Diana and Callisto (1556–1559) The Death of Actaeon (c. 1559–1575) The Rape of Europa (c. 1560–1562) The Concert (c. 1543–1564) Venus Blindfolding Cupid (c. 1565) Allegory of Prudence (c. 1565–1570) Nymph and Shepherd (c. 1570) Tarquin and Lucretia (comp. 1571) Flaying of Marsyas (1570–1576) Religious Christ Carrying the Cross (c. 1505 – also attributed to Giorgione) Bache Madonna (c. 1508) Flight into Egypt (c. 1508) Lochis Madonna (1508–1510) St. Mark Enthroned (c. 1510) The Gypsy Madonna (c. 1510) Holy Family with a Shepherd (c. 1510) Christ and the Adulteress Glasgow, c. 1510) (Vienna, c. 1520 Madonna and Child with St Anthony of Padua and St Roch (c. 1511) The Resurrected Christ (c. 1511–12) Bapitsm of Christ (c. 1512) Virgin and Child with Saint Stephen, Saint Jerome and Saint Maurice (c. 1510–1525) Miracle of the Jealous Husband (1511) Rest on the Flight into Egypt (c. 1512) Balbi Holy Conversation (c. 1513) Noli me tangere (c. 1514) The Archangel Raphael and Tobias (c. 1512–1514; c. 1540–1545) Salome Rome, c. 1515) (Madrid, c. 1550) (Private, c. 1570 Madonna of the Cherries (1515) The Tribute Money (c. 1516) Assumption of the Virgin (1516–1518) The Virgin and Child with Saint George and Saint Dorothy (1516–1518) Virgin and Child with Saint John the Baptist and an Unidentified Saint (c. 1515–1520) Madonna and Child with Four Saints (c. 1516–1520) Pesaro Madonna (1519–1526) Madonna and Child with Three Saints (c. 1519) Gozzi Altarpiece (1520) Mary with Child and Saints Stephen, Jerome and Mauritius (c. 1520) Malchiostro Annunciation (c. 1520) The Entombment of Christ (c. 1520) Averoldi Polyptych (1520–1522) Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (1525) The Assassination of Saint Peter Martyr (1529) Aldobrandini Madonna (1530) Madonna of the Rabbit (1530) Madonna of the Roses (c. 1530) Penitent Magdalene (1531) Saint Jerome in Penitence (1531) Pilgrims at Emmaus (c. 1533–1534) Supper at Emmaus (c. 1534; c. 1545) The Presentation of the Virgin at the Temple (1534–1538) Saint John the Baptist (1540) Sciarra Madonna (c. 1540) The Crowning with Thorns (1542–43) Ecce Homo Vienna, 1543 David and Goliath (c. 1542–1544) Abraham and Isaac (c. 1543–1544) Cain and Abel (c. 1543–1545) Serravalle Altarpiece (1548) Castello Roganzuolo Altarpiece (1549) The Fall of Man (c. 1550) Penitent Magdalene (c. 1550) Saint Jerome in Penitence (1552) The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence (c. 1548–1559) La Gloria (1554) Christ Appearing to his Mother after his Resurrection (1554) Mater Dolorosa (c. 1555) Saint Jerome in Penitence (1575) Crucifixion (1558) The Entombment (1559) St Margaret and the Dragon (c. 1559) Annunciation (1559–1564) Madonna and Child with Saints Luke and Catherine of Alexandria (c. 1560) Penitent Magdalene (1565) Saint Dominic (c. 1565) Judith with the Head of Holofernes (c. 1570) Religion saved by Spain (1572–1575) Saint Sebastian (c. 1575) The Crowning with Thorns (1576) Pietà (1576) Related Orazio Vecellio (son) Francesco Vecellio (brother) This article about a sixteenth-century painting is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dominikus_von_Tizian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Dominic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Dominic"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"Galleria Borghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_Borghese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Saint Dominic is a c.1565 painting of Saint Dominic by Titian, now in the Galleria Borghese in Rome.[1]","title":"Saint Dominic (Titian)"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dominikus_von_Tizian.jpg/350px-Dominikus_von_Tizian.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of works by Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Titian"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Dominic_(Titian)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Saint+Dominic%22+Titian","external_links_name":"\"Saint Dominic\" Titian"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Saint+Dominic%22+Titian+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Saint+Dominic%22+Titian&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Saint+Dominic%22+Titian+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Saint+Dominic%22+Titian","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Saint+Dominic%22+Titian&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Dominic_(Titian)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasimah_Ismail	Rasimah Ismail	["1 References"]	Indonesian politician Rasimah Ismail (born 1911) was an Indonesian activist and women's rights advocate who fought for independence during the Indonesian National Awakening era. Hailed from Bukittinggi, Minangkabau region, she was a friend of Rasuna Said, a National Hero. Both were once members of the Union of Indonesian Muslims (PERMI), a political party advocated for Islamic-nationalism and opposed to the colonialism. Due to her persistent resistance against the Dutch colonial government, Rasimah and Rasuna were arrested and later deported to Semarang on June 9, 1933, aboard on SS van Linskhoten from Emma Haven port (today's Teluk Bayur port) in Padang. At the time, the two were around 22 years old, and they were sent off by thousands of supporters arrived from the whole Minangkabau. Rasimah was a sister of Abdul Gaffar Ismail, an ulama and fighter against the colonialism. She was also an aunt of Taufiq Ismail, a poet. References ^ Blackburn, Susan. Indonesian women and political Islam. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies / Volume 39 / Issue 01 / February 2008, pp 83–105. p.87. ^ Pandoe, Marthias Dusky.Jernih melihat cermat mencatat: antologi karya jurnalistik wartawan senior Kompas. Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2010. p.64. ^ Pandoe, Marthias Dusky.Jernih melihat cermat mencatat: antologi karya jurnalistik wartawan senior Kompas. Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2010. p.29. This Indonesia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian National Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening"},{"link_name":"Bukittinggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukittinggi"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Rasuna Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasuna_Said"},{"link_name":"National Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heroes_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Union of Indonesian Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Indonesian_Muslims"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dutch colonial government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Semarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semarang"},{"link_name":"Teluk Bayur port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Bayur"},{"link_name":"Padang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jernih_melihat_cermat_mencatat1-2"},{"link_name":"Abdul Gaffar Ismail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Gaffar_Ismail"},{"link_name":"ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"Taufiq Ismail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taufiq_Ismail"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jernih_melihat_cermat_mencatat2-3"}],"text":"Rasimah Ismail (born 1911) was an Indonesian activist and women's rights advocate who fought for independence during the Indonesian National Awakening era. Hailed from Bukittinggi, Minangkabau region, she was a friend of Rasuna Said, a National Hero. Both were once members of the Union of Indonesian Muslims (PERMI), a political party advocated for Islamic-nationalism and opposed to the colonialism.[1]Due to her persistent resistance against the Dutch colonial government, Rasimah and Rasuna were arrested and later deported to Semarang on June 9, 1933, aboard on SS van Linskhoten from Emma Haven port (today's Teluk Bayur port) in Padang. At the time, the two were around 22 years old, and they were sent off by thousands of supporters arrived from the whole Minangkabau.[2]Rasimah was a sister of Abdul Gaffar Ismail, an ulama and fighter against the colonialism. She was also an aunt of Taufiq Ismail, a poet.[3]","title":"Rasimah Ismail"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasimah_Ismail&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge_feeding	Aquatic feeding mechanisms	["1 Suction feeding","1.1 Tradeoffs","2 Ram feeding","3 Lunge feeding","4 Jaw protrusion","5 Pivot feeding","6 Filter versus suspension feeding","6.1 Filter feeding","6.2 Suspension feeding","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Autonomous feeding of animals Grouper capture their prey by sucking them into their mouths Aquatic feeding mechanisms face a special difficulty as compared to feeding on land, because the density of water is about the same as that of the prey, so the prey tends to be pushed away when the mouth is closed. This problem was first identified by Robert McNeill Alexander. As a result, underwater predators, especially bony fish, have evolved a number of specialized feeding mechanisms, such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, protrusion, and pivot feeding. Most underwater predators combine more than one of these basic principles. For example, a typical generalized predator, such as the cod, combines suction with some amount of protrusion and pivot feeding. Suction feeding External videos Video of a red bay snook catching prey by suction feeding See also: Cranial kinesis Suction feeding is a method of ingesting a prey item in fluids by sucking the prey into the predator's mouth. It is a highly coordinated behavior achieved by the dorsal rotation of the dermatocranium, lateral expansion of the suspensorium, and the depression of the lower jaw and hyoid. Suction feeding leads to successful prey capture through rapid movements creating a drop in pressure in the buccal cavity causing the water in front of the mouth to rush into the oral cavity, entrapping the prey in this flow. This mode of feeding has two main phases: expansion and compression. The expansion phase involves the initial opening of the jaws to capture prey. These movements during the expansion phase are similar across all suction feeders with the kinesis of the skull leading to slight variations. During the compression phase the jaws close and water is compressed out of the gills. Though suction feeding can be seen across fish species, those with more cranial kinesis show an increase in suction potential as a result of more complex skull linkages that allow greater expansion of the buccal cavity and thereby create a greater negative pressure. Most commonly, this is achieved by increasing the lateral expansion of the skull. In addition, the derived trait of anterior protrusion via the premaxillary bone in the upper jaw is acknowledged to increase the force exerted on the prey to be engulfed. Protrusible jaws via a mobile premaxilla can only be seen in fishes within the teleostei clade. However, a common misconception of these fishes is that suction feeding is the only or primary method employed. In Micropterus salmoides, ram feeding is the primary method for prey capture; however, they can modulate between the two methods or use both as with many teleosts. Also, it is commonly thought that fishes with more primitive characteristics also exhibit suction feeding. Although suction may be created upon the mouth opening in such fishes, the criteria for pure suction feeding includes little or no bodily movement towards their prey. Tradeoffs The morphologies and behaviors during suction feeding have led to three main proposed tradeoffs that determine the success of prey capture: the rate of jaw opening and closing, the mobility of the bony elements in the skull, and the ratio of ram to suction feeding behavior. The first two qualifications center around the situation that results from a highly kinetic skull. Having a highly mobile skull introduces a tradeoff between the ability to have high speed jaw opening (high kinesis) or higher bite transmission (lower kinesis). While there is a more complex relationship between mechanical advantage and the speed of lower jaw depression, there is consensus that species using high-speed attacks have more cranial kinesis compared to species that exhibit low speed attacks. Species that have a durophagous diet have also evolved skull morphologies to crush the hard-shelled prey that is a part of their diet. Durophagous species skulls consistently have more fused skulls and shorter jaw lengths. This morphology leads to the skulls being less kinetic than their piscivorous counterparts. Having shorter jaw lengths, with a more akinetic skull allows for an individual to have a higher bite force, compromising the ability to have a faster jaw opening when the jaw lengths are longer. The third main tradeoff within suction feeding occurs with the incorporation of ram feeding with suction feeding behaviors. Ram feeding involves movement of the predator with its mouth open to engulf the prey. Most species use ram feeding combined with suction feeding to increase the chances of capturing elusive prey by swimming towards their prey while using suction to draw prey into the mouth. This diversity in relative use is quantified using the Ram Suction Index (RSI) that calculates the ratio of use for ram and suction during prey capture. The RSI ratio can be influenced by the morphology of the predator and by the elusiveness of the prey. Ram feeding and suction feeding are on opposite sides of the feeding spectrum, where extreme ram feeding is when a predator swims over an immobile prey item with open jaws to engulf the prey. Extreme suction feeding is demonstrated by sit-and-wait predators that rely on rapid depression of the jaws to capture prey (e.g. frogfish, Antennariidae). There is wide diversity on how much of each feeding strategy an individual uses, especially when body ram movements are considered. The relative use of ram and suction feeding is species dependent, but it can help determine the accuracy of prey capture. The mouth aperture represents another tradeoff between the ability to capture large elusive prey with more chances of failure—large gape—or to capture smaller elusive prey with greater success—smaller gape. A predator with a small mouth aperture can generate strong suction force compared to an individual with a wider gape. This was demonstrated by Wainwright et al. (2007) by comparing the feeding success of the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, and the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. L. macrochirus has a smaller gape and was found to have higher accuracy with higher flow velocity and acceleration while M. salmoides has a larger gape with lower accuracy and lower flow velocity and acceleration. However, with the larger gape the largemouth bass were able to capture larger elusive prey. Using ram feeding in combination with suction feeding can also influence the direction of water into the mouth of the predator. With use of ram, predators are able to change the flow of water around the mouth and focus the flow of water into the mouth. But with too much ram, a bow wave is created in front of the predator which can push the prey away from the predator's body. The mouth aperture and RSI represent the overall tradeoff between having a large gape with lower accuracy but being able to capture larger prey vs. having a smaller gape with increased accuracy but the size of prey is limited. The three main tradeoffs within the fish skull have occurred because of the high kinesis in the skull and the elusiveness of some prey types. However, having kinesis in the skull can enable a predator to evolve new techniques on increasing the performance of prey capture. Ram feeding Ram feeding is a method of feeding underwater in which the predator moves forward with its mouth open, engulfing the prey along with the water surrounding it. During ram feeding, the prey remains fixed in space, and the predator moves its jaws past the prey to capture it. The motion of the head may induce a bow wave in the fluid which pushes the prey away from the jaws, but this can be avoided by allowing water to flow through the jaw. This can be accomplished by means of a swept-back mouth, as in balaenid whales, or by allowing water to flow out through the gills, as in sharks and herring. A number of species have evolved narrow snouts, as in gar fish and water snakes. Herrings often hunt copepods. If they encounter copepods schooling in high concentrations, the herrings switch to ram feeding. They swim with their mouth wide open and their opercula fully expanded. Every several feet, they close and clean their gill rakers for a few milliseconds (filter feeding). The fish all open their mouths and opercula wide at the same time (the red gills are visible in the photo below—click to enlarge). The fish swim in a grid where the distance between them is the same as the jump length of the copepods. Foraging Mobula alfredi ram-feeding, swimming against the tidal current with its mouth open and sieving zooplankton from the water Herring ram-feeding on a school of copepods School of adult Indian mackerel ram feeding on macroplankton Lunge feeding A humpback whale straining water through its baleen after lunging. Rorquals feed on plankton by a technique called lunge feeding. Lunge feeding could be regarded as a kind of inverted suction feeding, during which a whale takes a huge gulp of water, which is then filtered through the baleen. Biomechanically this is a unique and extreme feeding method, for which the animal at first must accelerate to gain enough momentum to fold its elastic throat (buccal cavity) around the volume of water to be swallowed. Subsequently, the water flows back through the baleen, keeping back the food particles. The highly elastic and muscular buccal rills are a specialized adaptation to this feeding mode. Jaw protrusion External videos Video of a slingjaw wrasse catching prey by protruding its jaw Main article: Jaw protrusion Jaw protrusion is the outward movement of the premaxilla or mouthparts towards the prey, which is achieved via more mobile mechanical linkages in the articulations of the mouth. Vertebrate jaw protrusion is known only among modern bony fishes, which possess many forms of coupled linkages in their head. Remarkable examples are the slingjaw wrasse and the sand eel, which can protrude their mouth by several centimeters. This is usually done to extend the striking range of suction feeding, and the retraction of the jaw after protrusion can also help retrieval once the prey has been swallowed. Another example of protrusion is seen in dragonfly larvae (nymphs), which have hydraulic lower mandibles that can extend rapidly, protruding forward to catch prey and bring it to the top jaw. Pivot feeding Pivot feeding is a method to transport the mouth towards the prey by an upward turning of the head, which is pivoting on the neck joint. Pipefish such as sea horses and sea dragons are specialized on this feeding mechanism. With prey capture times of down to 5 ms (shrimpfish Centriscus scutatus) this method is used by the fastest feeders in the animal kingdom. The secret of the speed of pivot feeding is in a locking mechanism, in which the hyoid arch is folded under the head and is aligned with the urohyal which connects to the shoulder girdle. A four-bar linkage at first locks the head in a ventrally bent position by the alignment of two bars. The release of the locking mechanism jets the head up and moves the mouth toward the prey within 5–10 ms. The trigger mechanism of unlocking is debated, but is probably in lateral adduction. Seahorses rely on stealth to ambush small prey such as copepods. They use pivot feeding to catch the copepod, which involves rotating their snout at high speed and then sucking in the copepod. Filter versus suspension feeding Krill feeding under high phytoplankton concentration (slowed down by a factor of 12) These are contrasting methods for the removal of food particles from a water flow: for example, by the gill rakers of fish, the baleen of whales, or the ostia of sponges. Filter feeding In filter feeding, the water flow is primarily generated by the organism itself, for example by creating a pressure gradient, by active swimming, or by ciliary movements. Suspension feeding In suspension feeding, the water flow is primarily external and the particles themselves move with respect to the ambient water flow, such as in sea lilies. See also Cleaner fish Feeding behaviour of fish Lepidophagy List of feeding behaviours Paedophagy References ^ Alexander, R. McNeill (1967). Functional design in fishes. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-084770-9. OCLC 456355. ^ a b c d Lauder, George V. (May 1982). "Patterns of Evolution in the Feeding Mechanism of Actinopterygian Fishes". American Zoologist. 22 (2): 275–285. doi:10.1093/icb/22.2.275. ISSN 0003-1569. ^ Lauder, George V. (March 1980). "Evolution of the feeding mechanism in primitive actionopterygian fishes: A functional anatomical analysis of Polypterus, Lepisosteus, and Amia". Journal of Morphology. 163 (3): 283–317. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051630305. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 30170473. S2CID 26805223. ^ Holzman, Roi; Day, Steven W.; Mehta, Rita S.; Wainwright, Peter C. (10 June 2008). "Jaw protrusion enhances forces exerted on prey by suction feeding fishes". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 5 (29): 1445–1457. doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0159. PMC 2607355. PMID 18544504. ^ a b Gardiner, Jayne M.; Motta, Philip J. (28 January 2012). "Largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides) switch feeding modalities in response to sensory deprivation". Zoology (Jena, Germany). 115 (2): 78–83. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2011.09.004. PMID 22285791. ^ a b c d Norton, S. F.; Brainerd, E. L. (1993-03-01). "Convergence in the Feeding Mechanics of Ecomorphologically Similar Species in the Centrarchidae and Cichlidae". Journal of Experimental Biology. 176 (1): 11–29. doi:10.1242/jeb.176.1.11. ISSN 0022-0949. ^ Gidmark, Nicholas J.; Pos, Kelsie; Matheson, Bonne; Ponce, Esai; Westneat, Mark W. (2019), "Functional Morphology and Biomechanics of Feeding in Fishes", Feeding in Vertebrates, Springer International Publishing, pp. 297–332, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_9, ISBN 9783030137380, S2CID 150135750 ^ a b Westneat, M. W. (2004-11-01). "Evolution of Levers and Linkages in the Feeding Mechanisms of Fishes". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 44 (5): 378–389. doi:10.1093/icb/44.5.378. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 21676723. ^ Bellwood, D.R; Wainwright, P.C; Fulton, C.J; Hoey, A.S (2005-10-12). "Functional versatility supports coral reef biodiversity". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1582): 101–107. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3276. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1560014. PMID 16519241. ^ a b Oufiero, C. E.; Holzman, R. A.; Young, F. A.; Wainwright, P. C. (2012-08-01). "New insights from serranid fishes on the role of trade-offs in suction-feeding diversification". Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (21): 3845–3855. doi:10.1242/jeb.074849. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 22855615. ^ WAINWRIGHT, PETER C.; BELLWOOD, DAVID R.; WESTNEAT, MARK W.; GRUBICH, JUSTIN R.; HOEY, ANDREW S. (2004-04-22). "A functional morphospace for the skull of labrid fishes: patterns of diversity in a complex biomechanical system". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 82 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00313.x. ISSN 0024-4066. ^ Lauder, George V.; Liem, Karel F. (November 1981). "Prey capture by Luciocephalus pulcher: implications for models of jaw protrusion in teleost fishes". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 6 (3–4): 257–268. Bibcode:1981EnvBF...6..257L. doi:10.1007/bf00005755. ISSN 0378-1909. S2CID 24315046. ^ a b Martinez, Christopher M.; McGee, Matthew D.; Borstein, Samuel R.; Wainwright, Peter C. (2018-07-10). "Feeding ecology underlies the evolution of cichlid jaw mobility". Evolution. 72 (8): 1645–1655. doi:10.1111/evo.13518. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 29920668. S2CID 49311313. Archived from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2020-09-06. ^ Collar, David C.; Reece, Joshua S.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Wainwright, Peter C.; Mehta, Rita S. (June 2014). "Imperfect Morphological Convergence: Variable Changes in Cranial Structures Underlie Transitions to Durophagy in Moray Eels". The American Naturalist. 183 (6): E168–E184. doi:10.1086/675810. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 24823828. S2CID 17433961. ^ Durie, C.J.; Turingan, R. (2001). "Relationship between durophagy and feeding biomechanics in gray triggerfish, Balistes capriscus: intraspecific variation in ecological morphology". Florida Scientist. 64: 20–28. ^ Westneat, Mark W. (2005), "Skull Biomechanics and Suction Feeding in Fishes", Fish Biomechanics, Fish Physiology, vol. 23, Elsevier, pp. 29–75, doi:10.1016/s1546-5098(05)23002-9, ISBN 9780123504470 ^ Longo, Sarah J.; McGee, Matthew D.; Oufiero, Christopher E.; Waltzek, Thomas B.; Wainwright, Peter C. (2015-11-23). "Body ram, not suction, is the primary axis of suction-feeding diversity in spiny-rayed fishes". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 219 (1): 119–128. doi:10.1242/jeb.129015. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 26596534. ^ a b c Wainwright, P.C.; Carroll, A.M.; Collar, D.C.; Day, S.W.; Higham, T.E.; Holzman, R.A. (2007). "Suction feeding mechanics, performance, and diversity in fishes". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 47 (1): 96–106. doi:10.1093/icb/icm032. PMID 21672823. ^ Ferry-Graham, Lara A.; Lauder, George V. (2001). "Aquatic prey capture in ray-finned fishes: A century of progress and new directions". Journal of Morphology. 248 (2): 99–119. doi:10.1002/jmor.1023. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 11304743. S2CID 4996900. ^ a b Higham, T. E. (2005-07-15). "Sucking while swimming: evaluating the effects of ram speed on suction generation in bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus using digital particle image velocimetry". Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (14): 2653–2660. doi:10.1242/jeb.01682. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 16000535. ^ Lambertsen, R. H.; Rasmussen, K. J.; Lancaster, W. C.; Hintz, R. J. (2005). "Functional Morphology of the Mouth of the Bowhead Whale and Its Implications For Conservation". Journal of Mammalogy. 86 (2): 342–352. doi:10.1644/BER-123.1. ^ Van Wassenbergh, Sam; Brecko, Jonathan; Aerts, Peter; Stouten, Ilona; Vanheusden, Gwen; Camps, Andy; Van Damme, Raoul; Herrel, Anthony (2010). "Hydrodynamic constraints on prey-capture performance in forward-striking snakes". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 7 (46): 773–785. doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0385. PMC 2874232. PMID 19828500. ^ Jaine, FRA; Couturier, LIE; Weeks, SJ; Townsend, KA; Bennett, MB; Fiora, K; Richardson, AJ (2012). "When Giants Turn Up: Sighting Trends, Environmental Influences and Habitat Use of the Manta Ray Manta alfredi at a Coral Reef". PLOS ONE. 7 (10): e46170. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...746170J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046170. PMC 3463571. PMID 23056255. ^ a b Goldbogen, J. A.; Calambokidis, J.; Shadwick, R. E.; Oleson, E. M.; McDonald, M. A.; Hildebrand, J. A. (2006). "Kinematics of foraging dives and lunge-feeding in fin whales". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (7): 1231–1244. doi:10.1242/jeb.02135. PMID 16547295. S2CID 17923052. ^ Potvin, J; Goldbogen, JA (2009). "Passive versus active engulfment: verdict from trajectory simulations of lunge-feeding fin whales Balaenoptera physalus". J. R. Soc. Interface. 6 (40): 1005–1025. doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0492. PMC 2827442. PMID 19158011. ^ Muller, M (1996). "A novel classification of planar four-bar linkages and its application to the mechanical analysis of animal systems". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 351 (1340): 689–720. Bibcode:1996RSPTB.351..689M. doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0065. PMID 8927640. ^ Gonzalez, Robbie (13 November 2014). "What Do This Dragonfly's Prehensile Mouthparts Have To Do With Its Anus?". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-03. ^ de Lussanet, M. H. E.; Muller, M. (2007). "The smaller your mouth, the longer your snout: predicting the snout length of Syngnathus acus, Centriscus scutatus and other pipette feeders". J. R. Soc. Interface. 4 (14): 561–573. doi:10.1098/rsif.2006.0201. PMC 2373409. PMID 17251161. ^ Langley, Liz (26 November 2013). "Why Does the Seahorse Have Its Odd Head? Mystery Solved". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ Gemmell, B. J.; Sheng, J.; Buskey, E. J. (2013). "Morphology of seahorse head hydrodynamically aids in capture of evasive prey". Nature Communications. 4: 2840. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2840G. doi:10.1038/ncomms3840. PMID 24281430. S2CID 205321320. External links FishBase is a comprehensive database of bony fishes: /fishbase.org vteFeeding behavioursCarnivoresadult Avivore Egg predation Hematophagy Insectivore Lepidophagy Man-eater Molluscivore Mucophagy Myrmecophagy Ophiophagy Piscivore Spongivore Vermivore reproductive Oophagy Paedophagy Placentophagy Breastfeeding Weaning cannibalistic Animal cannibalism Human cannibalism Self-cannibalism Sexual cannibalism Herbivores Folivore Florivore Frugivore Graminivore Seed predation Nectarivore Mellivory Palynivore Xylophagy Osteophagy Cellular Phagocytosis Myzocytosis Others Microbivory Bacterivore Fungivore Coprophagia Detritivore Geophagia Omnivore Planktivore Saprophagy Xenophagy Lithotroph Plastivore Pica Methods Predation Ambush predator Apex predator Egg predator Intraguild predator Pursuit predator Aquatic predation Lunge feeder Pivot feeder Ram feeder Suction feeder Bait balls Bottom feeder Feeding frenzy Filter feeder Browsing Cattle feeding Fodder Grazing Forage Hypercarnivore Hypocarnivore Mesocarnivore Parasitism Scavenger Surplus killing Trophallaxis Antipredator adaptation Carnivorous plant Carnivorous fungus Carnivorous protist Category:Eating behaviors vteFishAbout fish Diversity Ethnoichthyology Evolution Diseases and parasites Fishing Fisheries Environmental impact of fishing - as food Fear of - FishBase Fish kill Hypoxia in - Ichthyology Anatomy andphysiology Age determination Anguilliformity Bone dermal intramembranous ossification Cleithrum Chromatophore Fins dorsal fin Gill branchial arch gill raker gill slit pharyngeal arch pharyngeal slit pseudobranch Glossohyal Jaw hyomandibula pharyngeal jaw Leydig's organ Mauthner cell Meristics Operculum papillare Papilla Photophore Root effect Shark cartilage Scales ganoine Spiral valve Suckermouth Swim bladder physoclisti physostome Teeth pharyngeal shark Teleost leptins Digital Library Sensorysystems Ampullae of Lorenzini Barbel Hydrodynamic reception Electroreception and electrogenesis Jamming avoidance response Lateral line Otolith Capacity for pain Schreckstoff Surface wave detection Vision Weberian apparatus Reproduction Bubble nest Clasper Egg case Development Ichthyoplankton Juvenile Life history theory Milt Mouthbrooder Polyandry Pregnancy Roe Sequential hermaphroditism Spawning triggers Locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Amphibious Walking Flying Undulatory locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water RoboTuna Otherbehaviour Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Bait ball Bottom feeders Cleaner fish Corallivory Diel vertical migration Electric fish Filter feeders Forage fish Migratory Paedophagy Predatory Salmon run Sardine run Scale eaters Schooling fish Sleep Venomous Intelligence By habitat Cave Coastal Coldwater Coral reef Deep-sea Demersal Euryhaline Freshwater Groundfish Pelagic Tropical Other types Bait Coarse Diversity Game Genetically modified Hallucinogenic Oily Poisonous Rough Whitefish CommerceFarming Carp Catfish Octopus Salmonids Tilapia Wild fisheries Predatory billfish mackerel salmon tuna Forage anchovy herring sardine sprats Demersal cod flatfish pollock Major groups Jawless hagfish lampreys Cartilaginous chimaeras sharks rays Bony spiny-finned fleshy-finned Lists Aquarium life Blind Fish common names Fish families Glossary of ichthyology Largest Smallest Threatened rays sharks Prehistoric more lists... Category WikiProject	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_Aquarium_-_Giant_Grouper.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grouper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouper"},{"link_name":"Robert McNeill Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McNeill_Alexander"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexander67-1"},{"link_name":"predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator"},{"link_name":"bony fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_fish"},{"link_name":"filter feeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_feeding"},{"link_name":"cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod"}],"text":"Grouper capture their prey by sucking them into their mouthsAquatic feeding mechanisms face a special difficulty as compared to feeding on land, because the density of water is about the same as that of the prey, so the prey tends to be pushed away when the mouth is closed. This problem was first identified by Robert McNeill Alexander.[1] As a result, underwater predators, especially bony fish, have evolved a number of specialized feeding mechanisms, such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, protrusion, and pivot feeding.Most underwater predators combine more than one of these basic principles. For example, a typical generalized predator, such as the cod, combines suction with some amount of protrusion and pivot feeding.","title":"Aquatic feeding mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cranial kinesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_kinesis"},{"link_name":"dermatocranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatocranium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lauder1982-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lauder1982-2"},{"link_name":"kinesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_kinesis"},{"link_name":"cranial kinesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_kinesis"},{"link_name":"skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_head"},{"link_name":"prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"teleostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lauder1982-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Micropterus salmoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largemouth_bass"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"primitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lauder1982-2"}],"text":"See also: Cranial kinesisSuction feeding is a method of ingesting a prey item in fluids by sucking the prey into the predator's mouth. It is a highly coordinated behavior achieved by the dorsal rotation of the dermatocranium, lateral expansion of the suspensorium, and the depression of the lower jaw and hyoid.[2] Suction feeding leads to successful prey capture through rapid movements creating a drop in pressure in the buccal cavity causing the water in front of the mouth to rush into the oral cavity,[3] entrapping the prey in this flow. This mode of feeding has two main phases: expansion and compression.[2] The expansion phase involves the initial opening of the jaws to capture prey. These movements during the expansion phase are similar across all suction feeders with the kinesis of the skull leading to slight variations. During the compression phase the jaws close and water is compressed out of the gills.Though suction feeding can be seen across fish species, those with more cranial kinesis show an increase in suction potential as a result of more complex skull linkages that allow greater expansion of the buccal cavity and thereby create a greater negative pressure. Most commonly, this is achieved by increasing the lateral expansion of the skull. In addition, the derived trait of anterior protrusion via the premaxillary bone in the upper jaw is acknowledged to increase the force exerted on the prey to be engulfed.[4] Protrusible jaws via a mobile premaxilla can only be seen in fishes within the teleostei clade.[2] However, a common misconception of these fishes is that suction feeding is the only or primary method employed.[5] In Micropterus salmoides, ram feeding is the primary method for prey capture; however, they can modulate between the two methods or use both as with many teleosts.[5][6] Also, it is commonly thought that fishes with more primitive characteristics also exhibit suction feeding. Although suction may be created upon the mouth opening in such fishes, the criteria for pure suction feeding includes little or no bodily movement towards their prey.[2]","title":"Suction feeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-10"},{"link_name":"durophagous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durophagous"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"}],"sub_title":"Tradeoffs","text":"The morphologies and behaviors during suction feeding have led to three main proposed tradeoffs that determine the success of prey capture:[7] the rate of jaw opening and closing, the mobility of the bony elements in the skull, and the ratio of ram to suction feeding behavior. The first two qualifications center around the situation that results from a highly kinetic skull.[8] Having a highly mobile skull introduces a tradeoff between the ability to have high speed jaw opening (high kinesis) or higher bite transmission (lower kinesis). While there is a more complex relationship between mechanical advantage and the speed of lower jaw depression,[9][10][11] there is consensus that species using high-speed attacks have more cranial kinesis compared to species that exhibit low speed attacks.[12][13][10] Species that have a durophagous diet have also evolved skull morphologies to crush the hard-shelled prey that is a part of their diet.[14][15] Durophagous species skulls consistently have more fused skulls and shorter jaw lengths. This morphology leads to the skulls being less kinetic than their piscivorous counterparts.[13][8][16] Having shorter jaw lengths, with a more akinetic skull allows for an individual to have a higher bite force, compromising the ability to have a faster jaw opening when the jaw lengths are longer.The third main tradeoff within suction feeding occurs with the incorporation of ram feeding with suction feeding behaviors. Ram feeding involves movement of the predator with its mouth open to engulf the prey.[6] Most species use ram feeding combined with suction feeding to increase the chances of capturing elusive prey[6] by swimming towards their prey while using suction to draw prey into the mouth. This diversity in relative use is quantified using the Ram Suction Index (RSI) that calculates the ratio of use for ram and suction during prey capture.[6] The RSI ratio can be influenced by the morphology of the predator and by the elusiveness of the prey. Ram feeding and suction feeding are on opposite sides of the feeding spectrum, where extreme ram feeding is when a predator swims over an immobile prey item with open jaws to engulf the prey. Extreme suction feeding is demonstrated by sit-and-wait predators that rely on rapid depression of the jaws to capture prey (e.g. frogfish, Antennariidae). There is wide diversity on how much of each feeding strategy an individual uses, especially when body ram movements are considered.[17] The relative use of ram and suction feeding is species dependent, but it can help determine the accuracy of prey capture.[18]The mouth aperture represents another tradeoff between the ability to capture large elusive prey with more chances of failure—large gape—or to capture smaller elusive prey with greater success—smaller gape. A predator with a small mouth aperture can generate strong suction force compared to an individual with a wider gape.[19][18] This was demonstrated by Wainwright et al. (2007) by comparing the feeding success of the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, and the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. L. macrochirus has a smaller gape and was found to have higher accuracy with higher flow velocity and acceleration while M. salmoides has a larger gape with lower accuracy and lower flow velocity and acceleration.[18] However, with the larger gape the largemouth bass were able to capture larger elusive prey. Using ram feeding in combination with suction feeding can also influence the direction of water into the mouth of the predator. With use of ram, predators are able to change the flow of water around the mouth and focus the flow of water into the mouth.[20] But with too much ram, a bow wave is created in front of the predator which can push the prey away from the predator's body.[20] The mouth aperture and RSI represent the overall tradeoff between having a large gape with lower accuracy but being able to capture larger prey vs. having a smaller gape with increased accuracy but the size of prey is limited. The three main tradeoffs within the fish skull have occurred because of the high kinesis in the skull and the elusiveness of some prey types. However, having kinesis in the skull can enable a predator to evolve new techniques on increasing the performance of prey capture.","title":"Suction feeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bow wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_wave"},{"link_name":"balaenid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaenid"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambertsen2005-21"},{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"gar fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar_fish"},{"link_name":"water snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_snake_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wassenbergh-22"},{"link_name":"Herrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"hunt copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage_fish#Hunting_copepods"},{"link_name":"schooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling"},{"link_name":"opercula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(fish)"},{"link_name":"gill rakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_raker"},{"link_name":"filter feeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_feeding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manta_alfredi_ram_feeding.png"},{"link_name":"Mobula alfredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobula_alfredi"},{"link_name":"zooplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herringramkils.jpg"},{"link_name":"Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepod"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Group_of_fish_near_the_beach_of_Sharm_El_Naga.jpg"},{"link_name":"School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling"},{"link_name":"Indian mackerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mackerel"},{"link_name":"macroplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroplankton"}],"text":"Ram feeding is a method of feeding underwater in which the predator moves forward with its mouth open, engulfing the prey along with the water surrounding it. During ram feeding, the prey remains fixed in space, and the predator moves its jaws past the prey to capture it. The motion of the head may induce a bow wave in the fluid which pushes the prey away from the jaws, but this can be avoided by allowing water to flow through the jaw. This can be accomplished by means of a swept-back mouth, as in balaenid whales,[21] or by allowing water to flow out through the gills, as in sharks and herring. A number of species have evolved narrow snouts, as in gar fish and water snakes.[22]Herrings often hunt copepods. If they encounter copepods schooling in high concentrations, the herrings switch to ram feeding. They swim with their mouth wide open and their opercula fully expanded. Every several feet, they close and clean their gill rakers for a few milliseconds (filter feeding). The fish all open their mouths and opercula wide at the same time (the red gills are visible in the photo below—click to enlarge). The fish swim in a grid where the distance between them is the same as the jump length of the copepods.Foraging Mobula alfredi ram-feeding, swimming against the tidal current with its mouth open and sieving zooplankton from the water[23]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHerring ram-feeding on a school of copepods\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSchool of adult Indian mackerel ram feeding on macroplankton","title":"Ram feeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Humpback_whale_Robert_Pitman_NOAA_PS9.jpg"},{"link_name":"humpback whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale"},{"link_name":"baleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleen"},{"link_name":"Rorquals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorqual"},{"link_name":"plankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton"},{"link_name":"lunge feeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge_feed#Predator_strategies"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldbogen2006-24"},{"link_name":"baleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleen"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldbogen2006-24"},{"link_name":"momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum"},{"link_name":"buccal cavity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccal_cavity"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"muscular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular"}],"text":"A humpback whale straining water through its baleen after lunging.Rorquals feed on plankton by a technique called lunge feeding.[24] Lunge feeding could be regarded as a kind of inverted suction feeding, during which a whale takes a huge gulp of water, which is then filtered through the baleen.[24] Biomechanically this is a unique and extreme feeding method, for which the animal at first must accelerate to gain enough momentum to fold its elastic throat (buccal cavity) around the volume of water to be swallowed.[25] Subsequently, the water flows back through the baleen, keeping back the food particles. The highly elastic and muscular buccal rills are a specialized adaptation to this feeding mode.","title":"Lunge feeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"premaxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premaxilla"},{"link_name":"mouthparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod_mouthpart"},{"link_name":"mechanical linkages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)#Biological_linkages"},{"link_name":"bony fishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_fishes"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"slingjaw wrasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingjaw_wrasse"},{"link_name":"sand eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_eel"},{"link_name":"dragonfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"hydraulic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic"},{"link_name":"mandibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Jaw protrusion is the outward movement of the premaxilla or mouthparts towards the prey, which is achieved via more mobile mechanical linkages in the articulations of the mouth. Vertebrate jaw protrusion is known only among modern bony fishes, which possess many forms of coupled linkages in their head.[26] Remarkable examples are the slingjaw wrasse and the sand eel, which can protrude their mouth by several centimeters. This is usually done to extend the striking range of suction feeding, and the retraction of the jaw after protrusion can also help retrieval once the prey has been swallowed.Another example of protrusion is seen in dragonfly larvae (nymphs), which have hydraulic lower mandibles that can extend rapidly, protruding forward to catch prey and bring it to the top jaw.[27]","title":"Jaw protrusion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pipefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipefish"},{"link_name":"sea horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_horses"},{"link_name":"sea dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafy_seadragon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lussanet-28"},{"link_name":"shrimpfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimpfish"},{"link_name":"locking mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)#Biological_linkages"},{"link_name":"hyoid arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoid_arch"},{"link_name":"shoulder girdle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_girdle"},{"link_name":"four-bar linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar_linkage"},{"link_name":"adduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Sea_fauna_Seahorse.JPG"},{"link_name":"Seahorses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse"},{"link_name":"copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepod"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langley2013-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Pivot feeding is a method to transport the mouth towards the prey by an upward turning of the head, which is pivoting on the neck joint. Pipefish such as sea horses and sea dragons are specialized on this feeding mechanism.[28] With prey capture times of down to 5 ms (shrimpfish Centriscus scutatus) this method is used by the fastest feeders in the animal kingdom.The secret of the speed of pivot feeding is in a locking mechanism, in which the hyoid arch is folded under the head and is aligned with the urohyal which connects to the shoulder girdle. A four-bar linkage at first locks the head in a ventrally bent position by the alignment of two bars. The release of the locking mechanism jets the head up and moves the mouth toward the prey within 5–10 ms. The trigger mechanism of unlocking is debated, but is probably in lateral adduction.Seahorses rely on stealth to ambush small prey such as copepods. They use pivot feeding to catch the copepod, which involves rotating their snout at high speed and then sucking in the copepod.[29][30]","title":"Pivot feeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Filterkrillkils2.gif"},{"link_name":"Krill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krill"},{"link_name":"phytoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"},{"link_name":"gill rakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_raker"},{"link_name":"whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleen_whales"},{"link_name":"ostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostium_(sponges)"},{"link_name":"sponges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge"}],"text":"Krill feeding under high phytoplankton concentration (slowed down by a factor of 12)These are contrasting methods for the removal of food particles from a water flow: for example, by the gill rakers of fish, the baleen of whales, or the ostia of sponges.","title":"Filter versus suspension feeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filter feeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_feeding"},{"link_name":"ciliary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilium"}],"sub_title":"Filter feeding","text":"In filter feeding, the water flow is primarily generated by the organism itself, for example by creating a pressure gradient, by active swimming, or by ciliary movements.","title":"Filter versus suspension feeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sea lilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_lilies"}],"sub_title":"Suspension feeding","text":"In suspension feeding, the water flow is primarily external and the particles themselves move with respect to the ambient water flow, such as in sea lilies.","title":"Filter versus suspension feeding"}]	[{"image_text":"Grouper capture their prey by sucking them into their mouths","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Georgia_Aquarium_-_Giant_Grouper.jpg/250px-Georgia_Aquarium_-_Giant_Grouper.jpg"},{"image_text":"A humpback whale straining water through its baleen after lunging.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Humpback_whale_Robert_Pitman_NOAA_PS9.jpg/220px-Humpback_whale_Robert_Pitman_NOAA_PS9.jpg"},{"image_text":"Krill feeding under high phytoplankton concentration (slowed down by a factor of 12)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Filterkrillkils2.gif/170px-Filterkrillkils2.gif"}]	[{"title":"Cleaner fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaner_fish"},{"title":"Feeding behaviour of fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding_behaviour_of_fish"},{"title":"Lepidophagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidophagy"},{"title":"List of feeding behaviours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours"},{"title":"Paedophagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paedophagy"}]	[{"reference":"Alexander, R. McNeill (1967). Functional design in fishes. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-084770-9. OCLC 456355.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/456355","url_text":"Functional design in fishes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-084770-9","url_text":"0-09-084770-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/456355","url_text":"456355"}]},{"reference":"Lauder, George V. (May 1982). \"Patterns of Evolution in the Feeding Mechanism of Actinopterygian Fishes\". American Zoologist. 22 (2): 275–285. doi:10.1093/icb/22.2.275. ISSN 0003-1569.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F22.2.275","url_text":"\"Patterns of Evolution in the Feeding Mechanism of Actinopterygian Fishes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F22.2.275","url_text":"10.1093/icb/22.2.275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1569","url_text":"0003-1569"}]},{"reference":"Lauder, George V. (March 1980). \"Evolution of the feeding mechanism in primitive actionopterygian fishes: A functional anatomical analysis of Polypterus, Lepisosteus, and Amia\". Journal of Morphology. 163 (3): 283–317. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051630305. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 30170473. S2CID 26805223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.1051630305","url_text":"10.1002/jmor.1051630305"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-2525","url_text":"0362-2525"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30170473","url_text":"30170473"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26805223","url_text":"26805223"}]},{"reference":"Holzman, Roi; Day, Steven W.; Mehta, Rita S.; Wainwright, Peter C. (10 June 2008). \"Jaw protrusion enhances forces exerted on prey by suction feeding fishes\". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 5 (29): 1445–1457. doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0159. PMC 2607355. PMID 18544504.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607355","url_text":"\"Jaw protrusion enhances forces exerted on prey by suction feeding fishes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2008.0159","url_text":"10.1098/rsif.2008.0159"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607355","url_text":"2607355"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18544504","url_text":"18544504"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Jayne M.; Motta, Philip J. (28 January 2012). \"Largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides) switch feeding modalities in response to sensory deprivation\". Zoology (Jena, Germany). 115 (2): 78–83. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2011.09.004. PMID 22285791.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2011.09.004","url_text":"\"Largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides) switch feeding modalities in response to sensory deprivation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.zool.2011.09.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.zool.2011.09.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22285791","url_text":"22285791"}]},{"reference":"Norton, S. F.; Brainerd, E. L. (1993-03-01). \"Convergence in the Feeding Mechanics of Ecomorphologically Similar Species in the Centrarchidae and Cichlidae\". Journal of Experimental Biology. 176 (1): 11–29. doi:10.1242/jeb.176.1.11. 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(2019), \"Functional Morphology and Biomechanics of Feeding in Fishes\", Feeding in Vertebrates, Springer International Publishing, pp. 297–332, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_9, ISBN 9783030137380, S2CID 150135750","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-13739-7_9","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030137380","url_text":"9783030137380"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150135750","url_text":"150135750"}]},{"reference":"Westneat, M. W. (2004-11-01). \"Evolution of Levers and Linkages in the Feeding Mechanisms of Fishes\". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 44 (5): 378–389. doi:10.1093/icb/44.5.378. ISSN 1540-7063. 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Retrieved 2020-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88v5p9np","url_text":"\"Feeding ecology underlies the evolution of cichlid jaw mobility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.13518","url_text":"10.1111/evo.13518"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-3820","url_text":"0014-3820"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29920668","url_text":"29920668"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49311313","url_text":"49311313"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200721222205/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88v5p9np","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collar, David C.; Reece, Joshua S.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Wainwright, Peter C.; Mehta, Rita S. (June 2014). \"Imperfect Morphological Convergence: Variable Changes in Cranial Structures Underlie Transitions to Durophagy in Moray Eels\". The American Naturalist. 183 (6): E168–E184. doi:10.1086/675810. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 24823828. S2CID 17433961.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F675810","url_text":"10.1086/675810"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0147","url_text":"0003-0147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24823828","url_text":"24823828"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17433961","url_text":"17433961"}]},{"reference":"Durie, C.J.; Turingan, R. (2001). \"Relationship between durophagy and feeding biomechanics in gray triggerfish, Balistes capriscus: intraspecific variation in ecological morphology\". Florida Scientist. 64: 20–28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Westneat, Mark W. (2005), \"Skull Biomechanics and Suction Feeding in Fishes\", Fish Biomechanics, Fish Physiology, vol. 23, Elsevier, pp. 29–75, doi:10.1016/s1546-5098(05)23002-9, ISBN 9780123504470","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1546-5098%2805%2923002-9","url_text":"10.1016/s1546-5098(05)23002-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123504470","url_text":"9780123504470"}]},{"reference":"Longo, Sarah J.; McGee, Matthew D.; Oufiero, Christopher E.; Waltzek, Thomas B.; Wainwright, Peter C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritika_(journal)	Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History	["1 Abstracting and indexing","2 References","3 External links"]	"Kritika (journal)" redirects here. For others, see Kritika (disambiguation). Academic journalKritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian HistoryDisciplineRussian historyLanguageEnglishEdited byAndrew Jenks, Susan Morrissey, Willard SunderlandPublication detailsHistory2000-presentPublisherSlavica PublishersFrequencyQuarterlyStandard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4KritikaIndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN1531-023X (print)1538-5000 (web)LCCN2002212208OCLC no.48818489Links Journal homepage Online access Online archive Journal page at publisher's website Online access at Project MUSE Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Slavica Publishers. It covers the history and culture of Russia and Eurasia. The editors-in-chief are Andrew Jenks (California State University), Susan Morrissey (University of California, Irvine), and Willard Sunderland (University of Cincinnati). The journal was co-founded by Marshall Poe, editor of the New Books Network. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: Arts and Humanities Citation Index Current Contents/Arts and Humanities EBSCO databases Modern Language Association Database Scopus References ^ a b "Master Journal List". Intellectual Property & Science. Clarivate Analytics. Retrieved 2019-07-05. ^ a b "Kritika". MIAR: Information Matrix for the Analysis of Journals. University of Barcelona. Retrieved 2019-07-05. ^ "Source details: Kritika". Scopus preview. Elsevier. Retrieved 2019-07-05. External links Official website This article about a history journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This Russian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kritika (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritika_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed"},{"link_name":"academic journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"Slavica Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavica_Publishers"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Eurasia"},{"link_name":"editors-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editors-in-chief"},{"link_name":"California State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of California, Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine"},{"link_name":"University of Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Marshall Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Poe"}],"text":"\"Kritika (journal)\" redirects here. For others, see Kritika (disambiguation).Academic journalKritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Slavica Publishers. It covers the history and culture of Russia and Eurasia. The editors-in-chief are Andrew Jenks (California State University), Susan Morrissey (University of California, Irvine), and Willard Sunderland (University of Cincinnati). The journal was co-founded by Marshall Poe, editor of the New Books Network.","title":"Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arts and Humanities Citation Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Citation_Index"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISI-1"},{"link_name":"Current Contents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Contents"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISI-1"},{"link_name":"EBSCO databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBSCO_Information_Services"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIAR-2"},{"link_name":"Modern Language Association Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Language_Association_Database"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIAR-2"},{"link_name":"Scopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scopus-3"}],"text":"The journal is abstracted and indexed in:Arts and Humanities Citation Index[1]\nCurrent Contents/Arts and Humanities[1]\nEBSCO databases[2]\nModern Language Association Database[2]\nScopus[3]","title":"Abstracting and indexing"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Master Journal List\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_W._Tiedemann	Mark W. Tiedemann	["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","2.1 Novels","2.2 Short fiction","3 References","4 External links"]	American novelist Mark W. TiedemannTiedemann in 2022Born1954 (age 69–70)St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.OccupationAuthorNationalityAmericanEducationClarion WorkshopGenres Science fiction detective fiction Websitewww.marktiedemann.com Mark W. Tiedemann (born 1954 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American science fiction and detective fiction author. He has written novels set in Isaac Asimov's Robot universe, and within his own original universe, known as the Secantis Sequence. In spring 2005 he was named president of the Missouri Center for the Book, which is the Missouri state adjunct program to the Library of Congress Center for the Book. Biography Born to Henry and Donna Tiedemann, Mark W. Tiedemann grew up an only child. He wrote several short stories, a few of which he submitted to major SF magazines of the day such as Galaxy, Worlds of If, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, though none were accepted for publication. Upon entering high school, he discovered photography, which became his primary career. Writing still attracted his interest though, and in 1978 he completed a novel, Random Factor, though it was never published. He then wrote several more novels. In 1980, he met his future partner, Donna, who encouraged him to pursue his passion for writing. He met with limited success, with three short stories published before 1988, in small press magazines, the most notable of which was Reveleven, published by Scott Edelman in Edelman's magazine Last Wave in 1986. Tiedemann then applied to and was accepted by the Clarion SF Writers Workshop In the summer of 1988, he attended Clarion with instructors Tim Powers, Lisa Goldstein, Samuel R. Delany, Kim Stanley Robinson, Kate Wilhelm, and Damon Knight. That workshop produced writers such as Kelley Eskridge, Nicola Griffith, and Peg Kerr, and within a year, Tiedemann began selling short stories. His first major sale was Targets, sold to Gardner Dozois, editor of Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine. Several more quickly followed. His next novel, Compass Reach, was shortlisted for the Philip K. Dick Award. This first in his Secantis Sequence, the novel approaches an interstellar empire from the perspective of the underclass, the main characters being so-called Freeriders---essentially hobos who stow away on translight ships and maintain a loose but widespread community. The novel deals with questions of class, material wealth, identity boundaries, and control, in the face of an expanding human presence that must deal with truly alien species. The novel ends with the principle polity, the Pan Humana, descending into civil war. The next novel in the series, Metal of Night, deals with that civil war, but from the standpoint of the victims and deals with issues of costs and consequence. The third Secantis novel, Peace and Memory, takes place some 80 years after the civil war and considers questions of self-determination, identity, and the parameters of appropriate political growth. These three novels, plus a number of short stories, are constructed in such a way as to offer multiple possibilities for future stories, none of which share common characters, only a common background. Meisha Merlin Publishing published the novels. Another novel, Remains, from BenBella Publishing, is separate from his Secantis universe. Remains is more of a "planetary romance", the action taking place within the confines of the Solar System. The novel was shortlisted for the James Tiptree Jr. Award in 2006. Bibliography This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2019) Novels The Secantis Sequence: Compass Reach (2001) Metal of Night (2002) Peace & Memory (2003) Other Ways:Three Tales From The Secant (chapbook) (2005) Isaac Asimov's Robot Mystery series: Asimov's Mirage (2000) Asimov's Chimera (2001) Asimov's Aurora (2002) Terminator series: Terminator 2: Hour of the Wolf (2004) Stand-alones: Extensions (chapbook) (1999) Realtime (2001) Of Stars And Shadows (2004) Remains (2005) Diva (chapbook) (2005) Short fiction Collections Tiedemann, Mark. Gravity box and other stories. Walrus Publishing. References ^ Tiedemann, Mark W. (October 19, 2008). "Ordinary world and underworld collide". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. ^ "Board Members". Missouri Center for the Book. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ Henderson, Jane (November 13, 2005). "Author Q&A: Mark W. Tiedemann". St. Louis Post Dispatch. p. F9. ^ Tiedemann, Chimera ^ a b Gifford, Russell (2004). "Interview: Time, Space and Mark Tiedemann". Vision: A Resource for Writers. Retrieved October 1, 2011. ^ The Clarion Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers' Workshop ^ This trilogy is set in the chronology of Isaac Asimov's Robot series, between the novels The Robots of Dawn and Robots and Empire. ^ A sequel to the New John Connor Chronicles trilogy by Russell Blackford. It is unrelated to the trilogy by S. M. Stirling or novels by Aaron Allston. ^ Briefly reviewed in the July 2015 issue of Asimov's Science Fiction, pp.107–111 External links MarkTiedemann.com Mark W. Tiedemann at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"detective fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_fiction"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"Robot universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_series_(Asimov)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Missouri Center for the Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Center_for_the_Book&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mark W. Tiedemann (born 1954 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American science fiction and detective fiction author. He has written novels set in Isaac Asimov's Robot universe, and within his own original universe, known as the Secantis Sequence.[1]In spring 2005 he was named president of the Missouri Center for the Book,[2] which is the Missouri state adjunct program to the Library of Congress Center for the Book.[3]","title":"Mark W. Tiedemann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Worlds of If","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worlds_of_If"},{"link_name":"The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-5"},{"link_name":"Scott Edelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Edelman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tim Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Powers"},{"link_name":"Lisa Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Goldstein"},{"link_name":"Samuel R. Delany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany"},{"link_name":"Kim Stanley Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Kate Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Wilhelm"},{"link_name":"Damon Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Knight"},{"link_name":"Kelley Eskridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelley_Eskridge"},{"link_name":"Nicola Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Peg Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peg_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Gardner Dozois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Dozois"},{"link_name":"Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimov%27s_Science_Fiction_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Philip K. Dick Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award"},{"link_name":"hobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobos"},{"link_name":"self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination"},{"link_name":"Meisha Merlin Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisha_Merlin_Publishing"},{"link_name":"James Tiptree Jr. Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award"}],"text":"Born to Henry and Donna Tiedemann,[4] Mark W. Tiedemann grew up an only child. He wrote several short stories, a few of which he submitted to major SF magazines of the day such as Galaxy, Worlds of If, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, though none were accepted for publication.[5]Upon entering high school, he discovered photography, which became his primary career.[5] Writing still attracted his interest though, and in 1978 he completed a novel, Random Factor, though it was never published. He then wrote several more novels. In 1980, he met his future partner, Donna, who encouraged him to pursue his passion for writing. He met with limited success, with three short stories published before 1988, in small press magazines, the most notable of which was Reveleven, published by Scott Edelman in Edelman's magazine Last Wave in 1986. Tiedemann then applied to and was accepted by the Clarion SF Writers Workshop[6] In the summer of 1988, he attended Clarion with instructors Tim Powers, Lisa Goldstein, Samuel R. Delany, Kim Stanley Robinson, Kate Wilhelm, and Damon Knight. That workshop produced writers such as Kelley Eskridge, Nicola Griffith, and Peg Kerr, and within a year, Tiedemann began selling short stories. His first major sale was Targets, sold to Gardner Dozois, editor of Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine. Several more quickly followed.His next novel, Compass Reach, was shortlisted for the Philip K. Dick Award. This first in his Secantis Sequence, the novel approaches an interstellar empire from the perspective of the underclass, the main characters being so-called Freeriders---essentially hobos who stow away on translight ships and maintain a loose but widespread community. The novel deals with questions of class, material wealth, identity boundaries, and control, in the face of an expanding human presence that must deal with truly alien species. The novel ends with the principle polity, the Pan Humana, descending into civil war. The next novel in the series, Metal of Night, deals with that civil war, but from the standpoint of the victims and deals with issues of costs and consequence. The third Secantis novel, Peace and Memory, takes place some 80 years after the civil war and considers questions of self-determination, identity, and the parameters of appropriate political growth.These three novels, plus a number of short stories, are constructed in such a way as to offer multiple possibilities for future stories, none of which share common characters, only a common background. Meisha Merlin Publishing published the novels.Another novel, Remains, from BenBella Publishing, is separate from his Secantis universe. Remains is more of a \"planetary romance\", the action taking place within the confines of the Solar System. The novel was shortlisted for the James Tiptree Jr. Award in 2006.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"The Secantis Sequence:Compass Reach (2001)\nMetal of Night (2002)\nPeace & Memory (2003)\nOther Ways:Three Tales From The Secant (chapbook) (2005)Isaac Asimov's Robot Mystery series:[7]Asimov's Mirage (2000)\nAsimov's Chimera (2001)\nAsimov's Aurora (2002)Terminator series:Terminator 2: Hour of the Wolf (2004)[8]Stand-alones:Extensions (chapbook) (1999)\nRealtime (2001)\nOf Stars And Shadows (2004)\nRemains (2005)\nDiva (chapbook) (2005)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Short fiction","text":"CollectionsTiedemann, Mark. Gravity box and other stories. Walrus Publishing.[9]","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tiedemann, Mark. Gravity box and other stories. Walrus Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tiedemann, Mark W. (October 19, 2008). \"Ordinary world and underworld collide\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Board Members\". Missouri Center for the Book. Retrieved 2009-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.missouri.org/?q=node/9","url_text":"\"Board Members\""}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Jane (November 13, 2005). \"Author Q&A: Mark W. Tiedemann\". St. Louis Post Dispatch. p. F9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Post_Dispatch","url_text":"St. Louis Post Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"Gifford, Russell (2004). \"Interview: Time, Space and Mark Tiedemann\". Vision: A Resource for Writers. 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Tiedemann"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000003743193X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/11846708","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpjjf6bHpqvvMKwJF6Frq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00023863","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/235719773","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masar_(horse)	Masar (horse)	["1 Background","2 Racing career","2.1 2017: two-year-old season","2.2 2018: three-year-old season","2.3 2019: four-year-old season","3 Assessment and honours","4 Pedigree","5 References","6 External links"]	Irish Thoroughbred racehorse MasarRacing silks of GodolphinSireNew ApproachGrandsireGalileoDamKhawlahDamsireCape CrossSexColtFoaled16 April 2015CountryIrelandColourChestnutBreederGodolphinOwnerGodolphinTrainerCharlie ApplebyRecord11: 4-0-3Earnings£1,028,797Major winsSolario Stakes (2017)Craven Stakes (2018)Epsom Derby (2018) Masar (foaled 16 April 2015) is an Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse, best known for winning the 2018 Epsom Derby. He was highly tried as a two-year-old, finishing third in the Chesham Stakes and winning the Solario Stakes before contesting major races in France and the United States. After racing unsuccessfully in Dubai he returned to Europe in the spring of 2018 to win the Craven Stakes and then ran third when favourite for the 2000 Guineas. After winning the Derby in June he had injury problems and was off the course for over a year before returning as four-year-old in 2019. He failed to recover his form in two starts and was retired from racing. Background Masar is a chestnut colt with a white blaze bred in Ireland by Sheikh Mohammed's Godolphin organisation. He was sent into training with Charlie Appleby at Moulton Paddocks in Newmarket, Suffolk. He was from the fifth crop of foals sired by New Approach, who won the Epsom Derby and Champion Stakes in 2008. His other foals have included Dawn Approach and Talent. Masar's dam Khawlah was a top-class racemare who won the UAE Oaks and UAE Derby in 2012. She was a great-granddaughter of Urban Sea, making her a close relative of Galileo, Sea the Stars, King's Best and Anabaa Blue. Racing career 2017: two-year-old season Masar made his racecourse debut in a minor event over six furlongs at Goodwood Racecourse on 25 May. Ridden by William Buick he was made the 5/2 favourite and won by a short head from Invincible Army. At Royal Ascot in June Masar ran third behind the Irish filly September in the Chesham Stakes. Following a two-month break, Masar returned to action in the Solario Stakes over seven furlongs at Sandown Park Racecourse and started the 11/8 favourite. Ridden by James Doyle he took the lead a furlong out and won "readily" by two lengths from Romanised (later to win the Irish 2000 Guineas). The colt was then sent to France for the Prix Jean-Luc Lagardère over 1600 metres at Chantilly Racecourse on 3 October. He took the lead in the straight but was overtaken in the final strides and finished third behind Happily and Olmedo. On his final appearance of the year, Masar was sent to California and started the 4/1 favourite for the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf at Del Mar on 3 November. He was repeatedly blocked when attempting to obtain a clear run and finished sixth of the fourteen runners behind Mendelssohn. 2018: three-year-old season Masar's owner Sheikh Mohammed In the winter of 2017/2018, Masar was sent to Godolphin's training base in the United Arab Emirates. On 10 March he started odds-on favourite for the Listed Al Bastakiya over 1900 metres at Meydan Racecourse but finished unplaced behind Yulong Warrior. On his first appearance in Europe in 2018, Masar started at odds of 7/2 for the Craven Stakes (a trial race for the 2000 Guineas) over the Rowley Mile at Newmarket Racecourse on 19 April. Ridden by William Buick, he led from the start and came home nine lengths clear of White Mocha, with Roaring Lion a head away in third place. After the race Appleby commented "He's a horse we held in high regard. He's growing up all the time and has done a professional job." While Buick said "He felt great, and he relaxed beautifully in front. He handled the dip and undulations really well. It was a really good performance and an exciting one. He feels like the finished article now." In the 2000 Guineas on 5 May, Masar, ridden by Buick, was made the 5/2 favourite in a fourteen-runner field but was beaten into third place behind Saxon Warrior and the 20/1 outsider Tip Two Win. On 3 June 2018 Masar was one of twelve colts to contest the 239th running of the Derby Stakes over one and a half miles at Epsom Racecourse and started a 16/1 outsider. Saxon Warrior went off the 4/5 favourite while the other runners included Roaring Lion, Young Rascal (Chester Vase), Hazapour (Derrinstown Stud Derby Trial), Knight to Behold, (Lingfield Derby Trial) and Sevenna Star (Sandown Classic Trial). William Buick settled Masar in mid division as Knight to Behold set the pace before moving to the outside to make his challenge in the straight. Masar took the lead approaching the final furlong and won by one and a half lengths from Dee Ex Bee. His victory in the race was a first for his owner, trainer and rider although members of Sheikh Mohammed's family had owned Lammtarra, New Approach, Nashwan, Erhaab and High-Rise. After the race Sheikh Mohammed said "It's amazing to win the Derby. We have tried to win it so many times. To finally win the race is very special. Horses are my blood so it is a special moment". William Buick commented "I'm not going to explain myself very well now, but this is huge—massive. He stayed the trip, traveled beautifully today, and the Guineas didn't happen for him. The team believed, and I'm very pleased. This is everything." Charlie Appleby said "All I could think of in the last furlongs was that I wanted to be the first trainer to win the Derby in the Godolphin blue. We just wanted to get him to switch off, and we thought he’d stay. William's given him a brilliant ride but the last 100 yards seemed a long time." Masar was being prepared for a run in the Eclipse Stakes in July when he sustained a leg injury in training, forcing him to miss the race. A week later, Appleby explained that the colt would miss the rest of the season, but was expected to return as a four-year-old. 2019: four-year-old season After an absence of over a year he returned in the Group 2 Hardwicke Stakes at Royal Ascot in which he was ridden by James Doyle. He lost any chance at the start when he stumbled badly, almost unseating Doyle, and eventually came home fifth of the eight runners behind Defoe. On his only subsequent start he was made the 5/6 favourite for the Princess of Wales's Stakes at Newmarket on 11 July but after pulling hard for most of the way he dropped from contention and finished last of the six runners. Five days later it was announced that the horse had been retired from racing to become a breeding stallion. Assessment and honours In the official European Classification for 2017, Masar was rated the fifteenth-best two-year-old colt of the season, ten pounds behind the top-ranked U S Navy Flag. In the 2018 World's Best Racehorse Rankings Masar was rated the fifth best three-year-old colt and the thirty-first best horse of any age or sex. Pedigree Pedigree of Masar (IRE), chestnut colt, 2015 SireNew Approach (IRE) 2005 Galileo (IRE)1998 Sadler's Wells Northern Dancer Fairy Bridge Urban Sea Miswaki Allegretta Park Express (IRE)1983 Ahonoora Lorenzaccio Helen Nichols Matcher Match Lachine DamKhawlah (GB)2008 Cape Cross (IRE)1994 Green Desert Danzig Foreign Courier Park Appeal Ahonoora Balidaress Villarrica (USA)2002 Selkirk Sharpen Up Annie Edge Melikah Lammtarra Urban Sea (Family: 9-h) Masar is inbred 3 × 4 to Urban Sea and Ahonoora, meaning that both horses appears in the third and fourth generations of the sire and dam side of his pedigree, respectively. References ^ a b "Masar pedigree". Equineline. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "New Approach – Stud Record". Racing Post. ^ "Khawlah – Race Record & Form". Racing Post. ^ a b "Adelaide – Family 9-h". Bloodlines.net. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ "Matchbook Betting Exchange EBF Novice Stakes result". Racing Post. 25 May 2017. ^ "Solario Stakes result". Racing Post. 2 September 2017. ^ "Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf result". Racing Post. 3 November 2017. ^ "Craven Stakes result". Racing Post. 19 April 2018. ^ Tom Haywood (19 April 2018). "Masar Draws Off Late in Impressive Craven Stakes Score". The Blood-Horse. ^ "Derby result". Racing Post. 2 June 2018. ^ Armytage, Marcus (2 June 2018). "Bookmakers join Sheikh Mohammed in toasting Masar Epsom Derby shot". Daily Telegraph. ^ Tom Haywood (2 June 2018). "Masar Gives Godolphin First Epsom Derby Victory". The Blood-Horse. ^ Wood, Greg (2 June 2018). "Masar wins first Derby for Sheikh Mohammed as Warrior only fourth". The Guardian. ^ Dench, Graham (15 July 2018). "Appleby looks to the future as injury rules Derby hero Masar out for the season". Racing Post. ^ Milnes, David (16 July 2019). "Derby winner Masar retired to stud after failing to hit Epsom heights". Racing Post. ^ "European-2yo-Classification" (PDF). britishhorseracing.com. ^ "The 2018 World Thoroughbred Rankings". International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities. Retrieved 23 January 2019. vteEpsom Derby winners 1780 Diomed 1781 Young Eclipse 1782 Assassin 1783 Saltram 1784 Serjeant 1785 Aimwell 1786 Noble 1787 Sir Peter Teazle 1788 Sir Thomas 1789 Skyscraper 1790 Rhadamanthus 1791 Eager 1792 John Bull 1793 Waxy 1794 Daedalus 1795 Spread Eagle 1796 Didelot 1797 colt by Fidget 1798 Sir Harry 1799 Archduke 1800 Champion 1801 Eleanor ♥ 1802 Tyrant 1803 Ditto 1804 Hannibal 1805 Cardinal Beaufort 1806 Paris 1807 Election 1808 Pan 1809 Pope 1810 Whalebone 1811 Phantom 1812 Octavius 1813 Smolensko 1814 Blucher 1815 Whisker 1816 Prince Leopold 1817 Azor 1818 Sam 1819 Tiresias 1820 Sailor 1821 Gustavus 1822 Moses 1823 Emilius 1824 Cedric 1825 Middleton 1826 Lap-dog 1827 Mameluke 1828 Cadland 1829 Frederick 1830 Priam 1831 Spaniel 1832 St. Giles 1833 Dangerous 1834 Plenipotentiary 1835 Mundig 1836 Bay Middleton 1837 Phosphorus 1838 Amato 1839 Bloomsbury 1840 Little Wonder 1841 Coronation 1842 Attila 1843 Cotherstone 1844 Orlando 1845 The Merry Monarch 1846 Pyrrhus The First 1847 Cossack 1848 Surplice 1849 The Flying Dutchman 1850 Voltigeur 1851 Teddington 1852 Daniel O'Rourke 1853 West Australian ₩ 1854 Andover 1855 Wild Dayrell 1856 Ellington 1857 Blink Bonny ♥ 1858 Beadsman 1859 Musjid 1860 Thormanby 1861 Kettledrum 1862 Caractacus 1863 Macaroni 1864 Blair Athol 1865 Gladiateur ₩ 1866 Lord Lyon ₩ 1867 Hermit 1868 Blue Gown 1869 Pretender 1870 Kingcraft 1871 Favonius 1872 Cremorne 1873 Doncaster 1874 George Frederick 1875 Galopin 1876 Kisber 1877 Silvio 1878 Sefton 1879 Sir Bevys 1880 Bend Or 1881 Iroquois 1882 Shotover ♥ 1883 St. Blaise 1884 St. Gatien Harvester 1885 Melton 1886 Ormonde ₩ 1887 Merry Hampton 1888 Ayrshire 1889 Donovan 1890 Sainfoin 1891 Common ₩ 1892 Sir Hugo 1893 Isinglass ₩ 1894 Ladas 1895 Sir Visto 1896 Persimmon 1897 Galtee More ₩ 1898 Jeddah 1899 Flying Fox ₩ 1900 Diamond Jubilee ₩ 1901 Volodyovski 1902 Ard Patrick 1903 Rock Sand ₩ 1904 St. Amant 1905 Cicero 1906 Spearmint 1907 Orby 1908 Signorinetta ♥ 1909 Minoru 1910 Lemberg 1911 Sunstar 1912 Tagalie ♥ 1913 Aboyeur 1914 Durbar 1915 Pommern ₩ 1916 Fifinella ♥ 1917 Gay Crusader ₩ 1918 Gainsborough ₩ 1919 Grand Parade 1920 Spion Kop 1921 Humorist 1922 Captain Cuttle 1923 Papyrus 1924 Sansovino 1925 Manna 1926 Coronach 1927 Call Boy 1928 Felstead 1929 Trigo 1930 Blenheim 1931 Cameronian 1932 April the Fifth 1933 Hyperion 1934 Windsor Lad 1935 Bahram ₩ 1936 Mahmoud 1937 Mid-day Sun 1938 Bois Roussel 1939 Blue Peter 1940 Pont l'Eveque 1941 Owen Tudor 1942 Watling Street 1943 Straight Deal 1944 Ocean Swell 1945 Dante 1946 Airborne 1947 Pearl Diver 1948 My Love 1949 Nimbus 1950 Galcador 1951 Arctic Prince 1952 Tulyar 1953 Pinza 1954 Never Say Die 1955 Phil Drake 1956 Lavandin 1957 Crepello 1958 Hard Ridden 1959 Parthia 1960 St. Paddy 1961 Psidium 1962 Larkspur 1963 Relko 1964 Santa Claus 1965 Sea Bird 1966 Charlottown 1967 Royal Palace 1968 Sir Ivor 1969 Blakeney 1970 Nijinsky ₩ 1971 Mill Reef 1972 Roberto 1973 Morston 1974 Snow Knight 1975 Grundy 1976 Empery 1977 The Minstrel 1978 Shirley Heights 1979 Troy 1980 Henbit 1981 Shergar 1982 Golden Fleece 1983 Teenoso 1984 Secreto 1985 Slip Anchor 1986 Shahrastani 1987 Reference Point 1988 Kahyasi 1989 Nashwan 1990 Quest For Fame 1991 Generous 1992 Dr Devious 1993 Commander in Chief 1994 Erhaab 1995 Lammtarra 1996 Shaamit 1997 Benny the Dip 1998 High-Rise 1999 Oath 2000 Sinndar 2001 Galileo 2002 High Chaparral 2003 Kris Kin 2004 North Light 2005 Motivator 2006 Sir Percy 2007 Authorized 2008 New Approach 2009 Sea the Stars 2010 Workforce 2011 Pour Moi 2012 Camelot 2013 Ruler of the World 2014 Australia 2015 Golden Horn 2016 Harzand 2017 Wings of Eagles 2018 Masar 2019 Anthony Van Dyck 2020 Serpentine 2021 Adayar 2022 Desert Crown 2023 Auguste Rodin 2024 City Of Troy Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners, ♥ = Filly External links Career 1-2-3 Colour Chart – Masar	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"2018 Epsom Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"Chesham Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesham_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Solario Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solario_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Craven Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craven_Stakes"},{"link_name":"2000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Guineas"}],"text":"Masar (foaled 16 April 2015) is an Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse, best known for winning the 2018 Epsom Derby. He was highly tried as a two-year-old, finishing third in the Chesham Stakes and winning the Solario Stakes before contesting major races in France and the United States. After racing unsuccessfully in Dubai he returned to Europe in the spring of 2018 to win the Craven Stakes and then ran third when favourite for the 2000 Guineas. After winning the Derby in June he had injury problems and was off the course for over a year before returning as four-year-old in 2019. He failed to recover his form in two starts and was retired from racing.","title":"Masar (horse)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaze_(horse_marking)"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Mohammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum"},{"link_name":"Godolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godolphin_Racing"},{"link_name":"Charlie Appleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Appleby_(racehorse_trainer)"},{"link_name":"Newmarket, Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"New Approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Approach"},{"link_name":"Epsom Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"Champion Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Dawn Approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Approach"},{"link_name":"Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"UAE Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Oaks"},{"link_name":"UAE Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Derby"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Urban Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Sea"},{"link_name":"Galileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Sea the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_the_Stars"},{"link_name":"King's Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Best"},{"link_name":"Anabaa Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaa_Blue"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbl-4"}],"text":"Masar is a chestnut colt with a white blaze bred in Ireland by Sheikh Mohammed's Godolphin organisation. He was sent into training with Charlie Appleby at Moulton Paddocks in Newmarket, Suffolk.He was from the fifth crop of foals sired by New Approach, who won the Epsom Derby and Champion Stakes in 2008. His other foals have included Dawn Approach and Talent.[2] Masar's dam Khawlah was a top-class racemare who won the UAE Oaks and UAE Derby in 2012.[3] She was a great-granddaughter of Urban Sea, making her a close relative of Galileo, Sea the Stars, King's Best and Anabaa Blue.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"furlongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlongs"},{"link_name":"Goodwood Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwood_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"William Buick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buick"},{"link_name":"5/2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_odds"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ascot"},{"link_name":"Chesham Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesham_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Sandown Park Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandown_Park_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"James Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Doyle_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"lengths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_length"},{"link_name":"Romanised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanised_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Irish 2000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_2000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Prix Jean-Luc Lagardère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Jean-Luc_Lagard%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Chantilly Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantilly_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Happily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happily_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Olmedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmedo_(horse)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile_Turf"},{"link_name":"Del Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Mar_racetrack"},{"link_name":"Mendelssohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelssohn_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"2017: two-year-old season","text":"Masar made his racecourse debut in a minor event over six furlongs at Goodwood Racecourse on 25 May. Ridden by William Buick he was made the 5/2 favourite and won by a short head from Invincible Army.[5] At Royal Ascot in June Masar ran third behind the Irish filly September in the Chesham Stakes. Following a two-month break, Masar returned to action in the Solario Stakes over seven furlongs at Sandown Park Racecourse and started the 11/8 favourite. Ridden by James Doyle he took the lead a furlong out and won \"readily\" by two lengths from Romanised (later to win the Irish 2000 Guineas).[6] The colt was then sent to France for the Prix Jean-Luc Lagardère over 1600 metres at Chantilly Racecourse on 3 October. He took the lead in the straight but was overtaken in the final strides and finished third behind Happily and Olmedo. On his final appearance of the year, Masar was sent to California and started the 4/1 favourite for the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf at Del Mar on 3 November. He was repeatedly blocked when attempting to obtain a clear run and finished sixth of the fourteen runners behind Mendelssohn.[7]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheik_Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Meydan Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meydan_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"2000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"Newmarket Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Saxon Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Warrior"},{"link_name":"239th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"Derby Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Epsom Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Roaring Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring_Lion_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Chester Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Vase"},{"link_name":"Derrinstown Stud Derby Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrinstown_Stud_Derby_Trial"},{"link_name":"Lingfield Derby Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingfield_Derby_Trial"},{"link_name":"Sandown Classic Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandown_Classic_Trial"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lammtarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lammtarra"},{"link_name":"New Approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Approach"},{"link_name":"Nashwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashwan"},{"link_name":"Erhaab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhaab"},{"link_name":"High-Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Rise_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Eclipse Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"2018: three-year-old season","text":"Masar's owner Sheikh MohammedIn the winter of 2017/2018, Masar was sent to Godolphin's training base in the United Arab Emirates. On 10 March he started odds-on favourite for the Listed Al Bastakiya over 1900 metres at Meydan Racecourse but finished unplaced behind Yulong Warrior. On his first appearance in Europe in 2018, Masar started at odds of 7/2 for the Craven Stakes (a trial race for the 2000 Guineas) over the Rowley Mile at Newmarket Racecourse on 19 April. Ridden by William Buick, he led from the start and came home nine lengths clear of White Mocha, with Roaring Lion a head away in third place.[8] After the race Appleby commented \"He's a horse we held in high regard. He's growing up all the time and has done a professional job.\" While Buick said \"He felt great, and he relaxed beautifully in front. He handled the dip and undulations really well. It was a really good performance and an exciting one. He feels like the finished article now.\"[9] In the 2000 Guineas on 5 May, Masar, ridden by Buick, was made the 5/2 favourite in a fourteen-runner field but was beaten into third place behind Saxon Warrior and the 20/1 outsider Tip Two Win.On 3 June 2018 Masar was one of twelve colts to contest the 239th running of the Derby Stakes over one and a half miles at Epsom Racecourse and started a 16/1 outsider. Saxon Warrior went off the 4/5 favourite while the other runners included Roaring Lion, Young Rascal (Chester Vase), Hazapour (Derrinstown Stud Derby Trial), Knight to Behold, (Lingfield Derby Trial) and Sevenna Star (Sandown Classic Trial). William Buick settled Masar in mid division as Knight to Behold set the pace before moving to the outside to make his challenge in the straight. Masar took the lead approaching the final furlong and won by one and a half lengths from Dee Ex Bee.[10] His victory in the race was a first for his owner, trainer and rider although members of Sheikh Mohammed's family had owned Lammtarra, New Approach, Nashwan, Erhaab and High-Rise. After the race Sheikh Mohammed said \"It's amazing to win the Derby. We have tried to win it so many times. To finally win the race is very special. Horses are my blood so it is a special moment\".[11] William Buick commented \"I'm not going to explain myself very well now, but this is huge—massive. He stayed the trip, traveled beautifully today, and the Guineas didn't happen for him. The team believed, and I'm very pleased. This is everything.\"[12] Charlie Appleby said \"All I could think of in the last furlongs was that I wanted to be the first trainer to win the Derby in the Godolphin blue. We just wanted to get him to switch off, and we thought he’d stay. William's given him a brilliant ride but the last 100 yards seemed a long time.\"[13]Masar was being prepared for a run in the Eclipse Stakes in July when he sustained a leg injury in training, forcing him to miss the race. A week later, Appleby explained that the colt would miss the rest of the season, but was expected to return as a four-year-old.[14]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hardwicke Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwicke_Stakes"},{"link_name":"James Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Doyle_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Defoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defoe_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Princess of Wales's Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Wales%27s_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"2019: four-year-old season","text":"After an absence of over a year he returned in the Group 2 Hardwicke Stakes at Royal Ascot in which he was ridden by James Doyle. He lost any chance at the start when he stumbled badly, almost unseating Doyle, and eventually came home fifth of the eight runners behind Defoe. On his only subsequent start he was made the 5/6 favourite for the Princess of Wales's Stakes at Newmarket on 11 July but after pulling hard for most of the way he dropped from contention and finished last of the six runners. Five days later it was announced that the horse had been retired from racing to become a breeding stallion.[15]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U S Navy Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_S_Navy_Flag"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2018 World's Best Racehorse Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_World%27s_Best_Racehorse_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In the official European Classification for 2017, Masar was rated the fifteenth-best two-year-old colt of the season, ten pounds behind the top-ranked U S Navy Flag.[16]In the 2018 World's Best Racehorse Rankings Masar was rated the fifth best three-year-old colt and the thirty-first best horse of any age or sex.[17]","title":"Assessment and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding"}],"text":"Masar is inbred 3 × 4 to Urban Sea and Ahonoora, meaning that both horses appears in the third and fourth generations of the sire and dam side of his pedigree, respectively.","title":"Pedigree"}]	[{"image_text":"Masar's owner Sheikh Mohammed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sheik_Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum.jpg/140px-Sheik_Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Masar pedigree\". Equineline. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm/Masar%20(IRE)?page_state=DISPLAY_REPORT&reference_number=9935420&registry=T&horse_name=Masar+%28IRE%29&foaling_year=2015&dam_name=%3DKhawlah+%28IRE%29&include_sire_line=N","url_text":"\"Masar pedigree\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Approach – Stud Record\". Racing Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/670119/new-approach","url_text":"\"New Approach – Stud Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khawlah – Race Record & Form\". Racing Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/765566/khawlah/form","url_text":"\"Khawlah – Race Record & Form\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adelaide – Family 9-h\". Bloodlines.net. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family9h.htm","url_text":"\"Adelaide – Family 9-h\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matchbook Betting Exchange EBF Novice Stakes result\". Racing Post. 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/21/goodwood/2017-05-25/674726","url_text":"\"Matchbook Betting Exchange EBF Novice Stakes result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solario Stakes result\". Racing Post. 2 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/54/sandown/2017-09-02/682135","url_text":"\"Solario Stakes result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf result\". Racing Post. 3 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/444/del-mar/2017-11-03/688194","url_text":"\"Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craven Stakes result\". Racing Post. 19 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/38/newmarket/2018-04-19/697411","url_text":"\"Craven Stakes result\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Haywood (19 April 2018). \"Masar Draws Off Late in Impressive Craven Stakes Score\". The Blood-Horse.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/227069/masar-draws-off-late-in-impressive-craven-stakes-score","url_text":"\"Masar Draws Off Late in Impressive Craven Stakes Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blood-Horse","url_text":"The Blood-Horse"}]},{"reference":"\"Derby result\". Racing Post. 2 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/17/epsom/2018-06-02/664783","url_text":"\"Derby result\""}]},{"reference":"Armytage, Marcus (2 June 2018). \"Bookmakers join Sheikh Mohammed in toasting Masar Epsom Derby shot\". Daily Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/racing/2018/06/02/bookmakers-join-sheikh-mohammed-toasting-masar-epsom-derby-shot/","url_text":"\"Bookmakers join Sheikh Mohammed in toasting Masar Epsom Derby shot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Tom Haywood (2 June 2018). \"Masar Gives Godolphin First Epsom Derby Victory\". The Blood-Horse.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/227842/masar-gives-godolphin-first-epsom-derby-victory#disqus_thread","url_text":"\"Masar Gives Godolphin First Epsom Derby Victory\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Greg (2 June 2018). \"Masar wins first Derby for Sheikh Mohammed as Warrior only fourth\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jun/02/masar-wins-derby-godolphin-saxon-warrior-fourth-epsom-derby-horse-racing","url_text":"\"Masar wins first Derby for Sheikh Mohammed as Warrior only fourth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Dench, Graham (15 July 2018). \"Appleby looks to the future as injury rules Derby hero Masar out for the season\". Racing Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/injury-ends-masar-s-campaign-but-connections-eye-four-year-old-career/339055","url_text":"\"Appleby looks to the future as injury rules Derby hero Masar out for the season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"Milnes, David (16 July 2019). \"Derby winner Masar retired to stud after failing to hit Epsom heights\". Racing Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/derby-hero-masar-retired-to-stud-after-disappointing-at-newmarket/390577","url_text":"\"Derby winner Masar retired to stud after failing to hit Epsom heights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"\"European-2yo-Classification\" (PDF). britishhorseracing.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishhorseracing.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/European-2yo-Classification-2017.pdf","url_text":"\"European-2yo-Classification\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2018 World Thoroughbred Rankings\". International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities. Retrieved 23 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifhaonline.org/resources/WTRRankings/LWBRR.asp?batch=61","url_text":"\"The 2018 World Thoroughbred Rankings\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm/Masar%20(IRE)?page_state=DISPLAY_REPORT&reference_number=9935420&registry=T&horse_name=Masar+%28IRE%29&foaling_year=2015&dam_name=%3DKhawlah+%28IRE%29&include_sire_line=N","external_links_name":"\"Masar pedigree\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/670119/new-approach","external_links_name":"\"New Approach – Stud Record\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/765566/khawlah/form","external_links_name":"\"Khawlah – Race Record & Form\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family9h.htm","external_links_name":"\"Adelaide – Family 9-h\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/21/goodwood/2017-05-25/674726","external_links_name":"\"Matchbook Betting Exchange EBF Novice Stakes result\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/54/sandown/2017-09-02/682135","external_links_name":"\"Solario Stakes result\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/444/del-mar/2017-11-03/688194","external_links_name":"\"Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf result\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/38/newmarket/2018-04-19/697411","external_links_name":"\"Craven Stakes result\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/227069/masar-draws-off-late-in-impressive-craven-stakes-score","external_links_name":"\"Masar Draws Off Late in Impressive Craven Stakes Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/17/epsom/2018-06-02/664783","external_links_name":"\"Derby result\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/racing/2018/06/02/bookmakers-join-sheikh-mohammed-toasting-masar-epsom-derby-shot/","external_links_name":"\"Bookmakers join Sheikh Mohammed in toasting Masar Epsom Derby shot\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/227842/masar-gives-godolphin-first-epsom-derby-victory#disqus_thread","external_links_name":"\"Masar Gives Godolphin First Epsom Derby Victory\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jun/02/masar-wins-derby-godolphin-saxon-warrior-fourth-epsom-derby-horse-racing","external_links_name":"\"Masar wins first Derby for Sheikh Mohammed as Warrior only fourth\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/injury-ends-masar-s-campaign-but-connections-eye-four-year-old-career/339055","external_links_name":"\"Appleby looks to the future as injury rules Derby hero Masar out for the season\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/news/derby-hero-masar-retired-to-stud-after-disappointing-at-newmarket/390577","external_links_name":"\"Derby winner Masar retired to stud after failing to hit Epsom heights\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishhorseracing.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/European-2yo-Classification-2017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"European-2yo-Classification\""},{"Link":"https://www.ifhaonline.org/resources/WTRRankings/LWBRR.asp?batch=61","external_links_name":"\"The 2018 World Thoroughbred Rankings\""},{"Link":"http://www.jockeycolours.com/horses/Masar.html?origin=wikipedia","external_links_name":"Career 1-2-3 Colour Chart"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_Kazakhstan	Rally Kazakhstan	["1 Winners","1.1 Cars","1.2 Motorcycles","1.3 Quads","2 References","3 External links"]	Off-road vehicle race Rally KazakhstanRegion KazakhstanInaugural season2017Official websiterallykazakhstan.com The Rally Kazakhstan is a rally-raid which is held in the country of Kazakhstan since 2017. Motorcycles first took part in 2021; with the original debut cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The event was part of the FIA World Cup for Cross-Country Rallies since 2017; now part of the combined World Rally-Raid Championship. The rally is organized and promoted by the Automotosport Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The 2020 and 2022 editions were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russian invasion of Ukraine, respectively. Winners Cars Year Driver Codriver Car 2017 Nasser Al-Attiyah Matthieu Baumel Toyota Hilux 2018 Yazeed Al Rajhi Timo Gottschalk Mini JCW Rally 2019 Nasser Al-Attiyah Matthieu Baumel Toyota Hilux 2020 Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic 2021 Lucio Alvarez Armand Monleón Toyota Hilux 2022 Cancelled due to Russian invasion of Ukraine Motorcycles Year Rider Motorcycle 2020 Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic 2021 Ross Branch Yamaha WRF 450 Rally 2022 Cancelled due to Russian invasion of Ukraine Quads Year Rider Motorcycle 2020 Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic 2021 Manuel Andujar Yamaha Raptor 700R 2022 Cancelled due to Russian invasion of Ukraine References ^ "Rally Kazakhstan 2017". rallykazakhstan.com. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ "Rally Kazakhstan - 2021 - long-awaited return, new route and expansion of categories of rally participants!". rallykazakhstan.com. Retrieved 19 January 2022. ^ "Kazakhstan Rally 2020: Race canceled due to COVID19 pandemic". Rally-Raid Network. 1 July 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2022. ^ Brunsdon, Stephen (17 March 2022). "Kazakhstan World Rally-Raid event canceled due to war". DirtFish. Retrieved 17 March 2022. External links Official website vteRally raidMarathons Dakar Rally‎ Africa Eco Race‎ Silk Way Rally‎ Rallies Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge Rally Kazakhstan Andalucía Rally Rallye du Maroc Merzouga Rally Bajas Baja Russia - Northern Forest Baja Aragón Dubai International Baja Jordan Baja Series World Rally-Raid Championship FIA World Cup for Cross-Country Bajas European Cup Middle-East Cup FIM Bajas World Cup Dakar Series Defunct FIA World Cup for Cross-Country Rallies FIM Cross-Country Rallies World Championship Rallye des Pharaons Organizations Amaury Sport Organization Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme Related Off-road racing Desert racing Rallying Extreme E SCORE International Baja 1000 Baja 500 San Felipe 250 Best in the Desert Mint 400 World Rally Championship	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rally-raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally-raid"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FIA World Cup for Cross-Country Rallies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA_World_Cup_for_Cross-Country_Rallies"},{"link_name":"World Rally-Raid Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally-Raid_Championship"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Rally Kazakhstan is a rally-raid which is held in the country of Kazakhstan since 2017.[1] Motorcycles first took part in 2021; with the original debut cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[2] The event was part of the FIA World Cup for Cross-Country Rallies since 2017; now part of the combined World Rally-Raid Championship.The rally is organized and promoted by the Automotosport Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.The 2020 and 2022 editions were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russian invasion of Ukraine, respectively.[3][4]","title":"Rally Kazakhstan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cars","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Motorcycles","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Quads","title":"Winners"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Rally Kazakhstan 2017\". rallykazakhstan.com. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://rallykazakhstan.com/en/news/rally-kazakhstan-2017_5","url_text":"\"Rally Kazakhstan 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rally Kazakhstan - 2021 - long-awaited return, new route and expansion of categories of rally participants!\". rallykazakhstan.com. Retrieved 19 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://rallykazakhstan.com/en/news/rally-kazakhstan---2021_64","url_text":"\"Rally Kazakhstan - 2021 - long-awaited return, new route and expansion of categories of rally participants!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kazakhstan Rally 2020: Race canceled due to COVID19 pandemic\". Rally-Raid Network. 1 July 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rallyraidnetwork.com/rally/index.php/news/asia-and-oceania-news/asia-and-oceania-news-all/asia/kazakhstan-rally-2020-race-canceled-due-to-covid19-pandemic.html","url_text":"\"Kazakhstan Rally 2020: Race canceled due to COVID19 pandemic\""}]},{"reference":"Brunsdon, Stephen (17 March 2022). \"Kazakhstan World Rally-Raid event canceled due to war\". DirtFish. Retrieved 17 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dirtfish.com/off-road/dakar/kazakhstan-world-rally-raid-event-canceled-due-to-war/","url_text":"\"Kazakhstan World Rally-Raid event canceled due to war\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://rallykazakhstan.com/","external_links_name":"rallykazakhstan.com"},{"Link":"http://rallykazakhstan.com/en/news/rally-kazakhstan-2017_5","external_links_name":"\"Rally Kazakhstan 2017\""},{"Link":"http://rallykazakhstan.com/en/news/rally-kazakhstan---2021_64","external_links_name":"\"Rally Kazakhstan - 2021 - long-awaited return, new route and expansion of categories of rally participants!\""},{"Link":"https://www.rallyraidnetwork.com/rally/index.php/news/asia-and-oceania-news/asia-and-oceania-news-all/asia/kazakhstan-rally-2020-race-canceled-due-to-covid19-pandemic.html","external_links_name":"\"Kazakhstan Rally 2020: Race canceled due to COVID19 pandemic\""},{"Link":"https://dirtfish.com/off-road/dakar/kazakhstan-world-rally-raid-event-canceled-due-to-war/","external_links_name":"\"Kazakhstan World Rally-Raid event canceled due to war\""},{"Link":"http://rallykazakhstan.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gunston	John Gunston	["1 References","2 Sources"]	This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sir John Welleseley Gunston, 3rd Baronet (born July 1962) is the third Baronet of Wickwar in the County of Gloucestershire in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. He is perhaps better known for his exploits as a photographer in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Born in Nyasaland (later Malawi), he was the son of the local British commissioner in the town of Blantyre. Having lived in Cape Town, Johannesburg and London, Gunston enrolled at Harrow when he was 13. Leaving after three years, Gunston returned to Africa to join the Police Anti-Terrorism Unit of the British South African Police in Rhodesia. He served for 18 months on the Mozambique-Zambian border seeing active service against both ZIPRA & ZANLA fighters attacking farms in the Sipolilo-Umvukwes area, before returning to England to enrol at the Royal Military Academy in Sandhurst, Surrey. From there he commissioned into the Irish Guards. After leaving the Guards, and having recovered from a serious car accident, in 1983, at the age of 21, Gunston decided to become a war photojournalist. Gunston made several trips into war-torn Afghanistan through the 1980s, covering the war between the occupying Soviet forces aligned to the Communist Afghan government, and mujahidin resistance groups. Overall making more than 25 trips with the mujahidin spending in excess of two years inside Afghanistan. Gunston was one of the relatively few western journalists who went inside Afghanistan during this period. He traveled at different times with the mujahidin groups controlled by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Ahmad Shah Massoud – he had the fortune of being captured in an ambush by Massoud's forces during which time he was wounded & taken prisoner, as result he was the only journalist to be with Massoud during the Soviet Panjshir VII operation . However it was with Haji Abdul Haq with whom Gunston formed a close friendship and it was with Haq's mujahidin in and around Kabul that he spent most of his time. Including a clandestine mission into Kabul to meet Afghan Army Generals who wanted to work with Haq following the Soviet withdrawal. Little has been written about Gunston's life before the Afghan war. Some relatively brief accounts of his exploits during the war can be found in Robert D. Kaplan's 1990 book, 'Soldiers of God – With the Mujahidin in Afghanistan.' Kaplan was a friend of Gunston, and also a journalist in Afghanistan during the 1980s. Also Rob Schultheis's 1992 book, 'Night Letters – Inside Wartime Afghanistan.' More recently, David Loyn's 2006 'Frontline: The True Story of the British Mavericks Who Changed the Face of War Reporting.' John Simpson also mentions meeting Gunston in Afghanistan in two of his memoirs. In the 1990s Gunston set up a documentary production company with Juliet Peck, the widow of his good friend Rory Peck with whom he traveled inside Afghanistan during the 1980s. In 1995 Gunston was also co-founder with Juliet Peck of the Rory Peck Award & Trust. Following the 9/11 attacks, Gunston was asked to join Abdul Haq in Rome who was then meeting with the late Afghan King Mohammed Zahir Shah. As a result, Gunston led a small advisory team to Peshawar Afghanistan to assist Abdul Haq, as he put together a force of former mujahidin to cross back into Afghanistan and fight the Taliban. Gunston was also liaising on Haq's behalf with both British & US governments, as Taliban military leaders were keen to work with Abdul Haq in overthrowing the Taliban political leadership and their Al-Qaeda allies. At the time of Haq's death Gunston was in Rome lobbying the king on Haq's behalf. Following Abdul Haq's death Gunston was asked to join Haji Abdul Qadir at the Bonn peace conference where he was appointed a personal adviser to Qadir and the interim Eastern Shura. In late November Haji Qadir asked Gunston if he could assist his son, Haji Zahir Qadir, who was leading Qadir's former mujahidin in a sector at the battle of Tora Bora. Gunston took a small team of advisers to Jalalabad to help Haji Zahir. His advisory appointment continued up until Vice President Qadir's assassination in July 2002. Since then, Gunston has continued to work closely with various Afghan leaders, NGOs, and companies involved in Afghanistan. References Sources Leigh Rayment's list of baronets Kaplan, D. Robert (1990). Soldiers of God – With the Mujahidin in Afghanistan. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-52132-7. Schulheis, Robert (1992). 'Night Letters – Inside Wartime Afghanistan. Orion Books, New York. ISBN 0-517-58861-7. Loyn, David (2006). Frontline: The True Story of the British Mavericks Who Changed the Face of War Reporting. Michael Joseph Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-101784-6. Rory Peck Trust Official website Baronetage of the United Kingdom Preceded byRichard Gunston Baronet(of Wickwar) 1991–present Incumbent Authority control databases: Artists Photographers' Identities	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wickwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickwar"},{"link_name":"County of Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Baronetage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"Irish Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Guards"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"mujahidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahidin"},{"link_name":"Gulbuddin Hekmatyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Shah Massoud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud"},{"link_name":"Abdul Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Haq_(Afghan_leader)"},{"link_name":"Robert D. Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Kaplan"},{"link_name":"Rob Schultheis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Schultheis"},{"link_name":"David Loyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Loyn"},{"link_name":"Juliet Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juliet_Peck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rory Peck Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Peck_Award"},{"link_name":"King Mohammed Zahir Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Mohammed_Zahir_Shah"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Abdul Qadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(Afghan_leader)"},{"link_name":"Zahir Qadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahir_Qadir"}],"text":"Sir John Welleseley Gunston, 3rd Baronet (born July 1962) is the third Baronet of Wickwar in the County of Gloucestershire in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. He is perhaps better known for his exploits as a photographer in Afghanistan in the 1980s.Born in Nyasaland (later Malawi), he was the son of the local British commissioner in the town of Blantyre. Having lived in Cape Town, Johannesburg and London, Gunston enrolled at Harrow when he was 13. Leaving after three years, Gunston returned to Africa to join the Police Anti-Terrorism Unit of the British South African Police in Rhodesia. He served for 18 months on the Mozambique-Zambian border seeing active service against both ZIPRA & ZANLA fighters attacking farms in the Sipolilo-Umvukwes area, before returning to England to enrol at the Royal Military Academy in Sandhurst, Surrey. From there he commissioned into the Irish Guards. After leaving the Guards, and having recovered from a serious car accident, in 1983, at the age of 21, Gunston decided to become a war photojournalist.Gunston made several trips into war-torn Afghanistan through the 1980s, covering the war between the occupying Soviet forces aligned to the Communist Afghan government, and mujahidin resistance groups. Overall making more than 25 trips with the mujahidin spending in excess of two years inside Afghanistan. Gunston was one of the relatively few western journalists who went inside Afghanistan during this period. He traveled at different times with the mujahidin groups controlled by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Ahmad Shah Massoud – he had the [mis] fortune of being captured in an ambush [1984] by Massoud's forces during which time he was wounded & taken prisoner, as result he was the only journalist to be with Massoud during the Soviet Panjshir VII operation [May–June 1984]. However it was with Haji Abdul Haq with whom Gunston formed a close friendship and it was with Haq's mujahidin in and around Kabul that he spent most of his time. Including a clandestine mission into Kabul [1988] to meet Afghan Army Generals who wanted to work with Haq following the Soviet withdrawal.Little has been written about Gunston's life before the Afghan war. Some relatively brief accounts of his exploits during the war can be found in Robert D. Kaplan's 1990 book, 'Soldiers of God – With the Mujahidin in Afghanistan.' Kaplan was a friend of Gunston, and also a journalist in Afghanistan during the 1980s. Also Rob Schultheis's 1992 book, 'Night Letters – Inside Wartime Afghanistan.' More recently, David Loyn's 2006 'Frontline: The True Story of the British Mavericks Who Changed the Face of War Reporting.' John Simpson also mentions meeting Gunston in Afghanistan in two of his memoirs.In the 1990s Gunston set up a documentary production company with Juliet Peck, the widow of his good friend Rory Peck with whom he traveled inside Afghanistan during the 1980s. In 1995 Gunston was also co-founder with Juliet Peck of the Rory Peck Award & Trust.Following the 9/11 attacks, Gunston was asked to join Abdul Haq in Rome who was then meeting with the late Afghan King Mohammed Zahir Shah. As a result, Gunston led a small advisory team to Peshawar Afghanistan to assist Abdul Haq, as he put together a force of former mujahidin to cross back into Afghanistan and fight the Taliban. Gunston was also liaising on Haq's behalf with both British & US governments, as Taliban military leaders were keen to work with Abdul Haq in overthrowing the Taliban political leadership and their Al-Qaeda allies. At the time of Haq's death Gunston was in Rome lobbying the king on Haq's behalf.Following Abdul Haq's death Gunston was asked to join Haji Abdul Qadir at the Bonn peace conference where he was appointed a personal adviser to Qadir and the interim Eastern Shura. In late November Haji Qadir asked Gunston if he could assist his son, Haji Zahir Qadir, who was leading Qadir's former mujahidin in a sector at the battle of Tora Bora. Gunston took a small team of advisers to Jalalabad to help Haji Zahir. His advisory appointment continued up until Vice President Qadir's assassination in July 2002.Since then, Gunston has continued to work closely with various Afghan leaders, NGOs, and companies involved in Afghanistan.","title":"John Gunston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leigh Rayment's list of baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-395-52132-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-52132-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-517-58861-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-58861-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-101784-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101784-6"},{"link_name":"Rory Peck Trust Official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091005085914/http://www.rorypecktrust.org/awards.htm"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7527809#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Photographers' Identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pic.nypl.org/constituents/388450"}],"text":"Leigh Rayment's list of baronets \nKaplan, D. Robert (1990). Soldiers of God – With the Mujahidin in Afghanistan. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-52132-7.\nSchulheis, Robert (1992). 'Night Letters – Inside Wartime Afghanistan. Orion Books, New York. ISBN 0-517-58861-7.\nLoyn, David (2006). Frontline: The True Story of the British Mavericks Who Changed the Face of War Reporting. Michael Joseph Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-101784-6.\nRory Peck Trust Official websiteAuthority control databases: Artists \nPhotographers' Identities","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's list of baronets"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091005085914/http://www.rorypecktrust.org/awards.htm","external_links_name":"Rory Peck Trust Official website"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/388450","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Aronson_Award	James Aronson Award	["1 List of winners","2 References"]	The James Aronson Award for Social Justice Journalism has been awarded since 1990 to honor Hunter College Professor, James Aronson. This award honors original, written English-language reporting from the U.S. media that brings to light widespread injustices, their human consequences, underlying causes, and possible reforms. This includes but is not limited to: discrimination, exploitation, violations of human rights or civil liberties, and environmental degradation. The Grambs Aronson Cartooning with a Conscience Award is named for his wife, (Blanche Mary) Grambs Aronson. The award, which was established in 1998, seeks to honor Hunter College students who demonstrate prowess in editorial cartooning in either print or digital media. List of winners Year Category Winner Work Organization 2009 A.C. Thompson "Katrina's Hidden Race War" The Nation 2009 JoAnn Wypijewski "Carnal Knowledge" The Nation 2009 Mother Jones "Climate Countdown," Mother Jones 2009 Nina Bernstein coverage of immigration issues The New York Times 2009 Cartooning Jen Sorensen "Slowpoke Comics" 2008 Lifetime Achievement Les Payne Newsday 2008 E.J. Graff "The Lie We Love" Foreign Policy 2008 Joseph Huff-Hannon "Facing Foreclosure" The Indypendent 2008 Nick Turse "A My Lai a Month" The Nation 2008 Blog Award Danny Schechter NewsDissector.org. 2008 Cartooning Ed Stein 2007 Brian Grow, Robert Berner, Keith Epstein "The Poverty Business" BusinessWeek 2007 Helen Benedict "The Private War of Women Soldiers" Salon.com 2007 Dahr Jamail Iraq reporting DahrJamailIraq.com 2007 Jeremy Scahill "Blackwater Worldwide" The Nation 2007 Matt O'Brien, Ray Chavez "The Mayan Way" Daily Review of Hayward, California 2007 Cartooning Marc Simont Lakeville Journal 2006 Lifetime Achievement Amy Goodman 2006 Julia Whitty "The Fate of the Ocean" Mother Jones 2006 Corine Hegland "Guantanamo's Grip" National Journal 2006 Judy Pasternak "Blighted Homeland" Los Angeles Times 2006 Tim Collie, Mike Stocker, Jim Amon "Orphans of AIDS" South Florida-Sentinel 2006 Cartooning John Sherffius Boulder Daily Camera 2005 Lifetime Achievement Molly Ivins 2005 Lifetime Achievement Anthony Lewis 2005 Gary Fields Wall Street Journal 2005 Kevin Fagan, Brant Ward San Francisco Chronicle 2005 Tracie McMillan City Limits magazine 2005 Blogs Juan Cole "Informed Comment" 2005 Cartooning Kirk Anderson 2004 Seymour M. Hersh "Abu Graib" The New Yorker 2004 Naomi Klein Harper's 2004 Frank Rich The New York Times 2004 Peter G. Gosselin "New Deal" Los Angeles Times 2004 Cartooning Bill Day Memphis Commercial-Appeal 2003 Paul Krugman political commentary The New York Times & The Nation 2003 Jake Bernstein & Dave Mann "The Rise of the Machine" The Texas Observer 2003 John Donnelly, Colin Nickerson, David Filipov, Raja Mishra "Lives Lost" The Boston Globe 2003 David Barstow & Lowell Bergman "Dangerous Business" & "When Workers Die" The New York Times 2003 Mohamad Bazzi Iraq War Newsday 2003 Cartooning Mark Fiore Animated Political Cartooning 2002 William Finnegan "Leasing the Rain" The New Yorker 2002 Seth Rosenfeld FBI & Clark Kerr San Francisco Chronicle 2002 Rebekah Denn African-American and white students Seattle Post-Intelligencer 2002 Katy Reckdahl mistreatment of the homeless Gambit Weekly 2002 Cartooning Ted Rall "Generalissimo El Busho" 2001 William Greider "regulatory takings" movement The Nation 2001 Dolores Barclay, Todd Lewan, Allen G. Breed "Torn From the Land" Associated Press 2001 Lifetime Achievement Robert Sherrill 2001 Cartooning Dan Perkins "Tom Tomorrow" 2001 Lifetime Achievement Edward Sorel 2000 Ellen E. Schultz "pension-paring spree" Wall Street Journal 2000 Dale Maharidge, Michael Williamson "This American Is Hungry" George magazine 2000 Robert Scheer Los Angeles Times & The Nation 2000 Juan Gonzalez New York Daily News 2000 Cartooning Steve Brodner "art journalism" 1999 Sasha Abramsky "When They Get Out" Atlantic Monthly 1999 Larry Johnson, Dan DeLong "Life and Death in Iraq" Seattle Post-Intelligencer 1999 Marcus Stern, Dana Wilkie, Dori Meinert, Toby Eckert "America's Immigration Dilemma" Copley News Service 1999 Lifetime Achievement Jules Feiffer 1999 Cartooning Art Spiegelman New Yorker magazine 1998 Newsday "The Health Divide" Newsday 1998 Christopher Cook "Plucking Workers" The Progressive 1998 Donald L. Barlett, James B. Steele corporate welfare Time 1997 Commentary Bob Herbert police brutality The New York Times 1997 Environmental Reporting Karl Grossman 1997 Socioeconomic Reporting Marc Kaufman & Dan Stets Philadelphia Board of City Trusts Philadelphia Inquirer 1997 International Reporting Eyal Press, Jennifer Washburn, Benn Terrall & Amy Goodman U.S.-Indonesia Society & Suharto The Progressive 1996 Charles M. Sennott "Armed for Profit: The Selling of U.S. Weapons" Boston Globe 1996 Gary Webb "Dark Alliance" San Jose Mercury News 1996 Honorable Mention Greg Davis Maine's DeCoster Egg Farms. 1995 Barry Bearak "The Waning Power of Workers" Los Angeles Times 1995 Honorable mention Nancy Stancill "Paid in Pain" Charlotte Observer 1995 Lifetime Achievement John Oakes The New York Times 1994 Allen Nairn Haiti The Nation 1994 Honorable mention Tony Horwitz "9 to Nowhere: The Grim Side of '90s Growth Jobs" Wall Street Journal 1994 Honorable mention Mike Hudson "Robbin' the Hood: How Wall Street Takes from the Poor and Gives to the Rich" Mother Jones 1993 Eileen Welsome "The Plutonium Experiment" Albuquerque Tribune 1993 Honorable mention Paul Salopek "“La Migra: The Border Patrol's Wall of Silence" Texas Observer 1993 Honorable mention New Orleans Times-Picayune "The Myth of Race" 1992 Mike Davis "L.A.: Burning All Illusions" The Nation 1992 Honorable mention Celia Dugger foster care, welfare and people in poverty The New York Times 1992 Honorable mention Robert Weissman "The Corporate Rap Sheet" Multinational Monitor 1991 Gloria Emerson "Gaza: A Year in the Intifada: A Personal Account from an Occupied Land." 1991 Honorable mention Ellen Ray, William Schaap press assumptions and practices Lies of Our Times 1991 Honorable mention Peter Sussman Lompoc Federal Penitentiary The San Francisco Chronicle 1990 Kathy Kadane CIA's role in Indonesia State News Service, The Washington Post 1990 Honorable Mention Lawrence Wechsler, Alan Nairn, Peter Kornbluh, William Finnegan "Talk of the Town" pieces on Central America New Yorker References ^ "The James Aronson Award for Social Justice Journalism". Filmmedia.hunter.cuny.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ "Aronson Awards". Aronson Awards. Retrieved 2017-02-17. ^ A. Kisselgof. "Illustrator Grambs Aronson Dies at 94 - 3/12/10 - Vineyard Gazette Online". US-MA: Mvgazette.com. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ "Aronson Awards". Aronson Awards. Retrieved 2017-02-17. ^ "Newsday's Les Payne Wins Aronson Lifetime Achievement Award At Hunter College – CUNY Newswire – CUNY". .cuny.edu. 2009-05-04. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ "Jen Sorensen, Cartoonist With Conscience : Ms Magazine Blog". Msmagazine.com. 2010-04-07. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ %time%. "Jen Sorensen Gets James Aronson Award for Social Justice Journalism \| Honors & Achievements \| AltWeeklies.com". Posting.altweeklies.com. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ "Les Payne Wins Aronson Lifetime Achievement Award At Hunter College". Blog.Lespayne.Net. 2009-05-14. Archived from the original on 2009-05-28. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ "The Ridenhour Prizes - Fostering the spirit of courage and truth". Ridenhour.org. 2010-01-27. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ "Professor Helen Benedict receives James Aronson Award - The Journalism School Columbia University". Journalism.columbia.edu. 2008-04-08. Archived from the original on 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ "Staff". Democracy Now!. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ "Chronicle writer wins social justice award - SFGate". Articles.sfgate.com. 2006-03-19. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ "Contributors: William Finnegan". The New Yorker. Retrieved 25 June 2014. ^ "Aronson Awards to Three.(James Aronson journalism awards)(Brief Article) - The Nation". Highbeam.com. 2002-05-13. Archived from the original on 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ "Ellen E. Schultz \| UCLA Anderson School of Management". Anderson.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-11-28. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ "1997 NATIONAL JOURNALISM AWARDS". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ "The James Aronson Award for Social Justice Journalism". Filmmedia.hunter.cuny.edu. 2008-04-25. Archived from the original on 2002-08-05. Retrieved 2010-07-20.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"James Aronson Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"[17]","title":"List of winners"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The James Aronson Award for Social Justice Journalism\". Filmmedia.hunter.cuny.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2010-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414190443/http://filmmedia.hunter.cuny.edu/aronson/index.html","url_text":"\"The James Aronson Award for Social Justice Journalism\""},{"url":"http://filmmedia.hunter.cuny.edu/aronson/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aronson Awards\". Aronson Awards. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_(Rod_Stewart_album)	Human (Rod Stewart album)	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","2.1 Production","3 Charts","4 References","5 External links"]	2001 studio album by Rod StewartHumanStudio album by Rod StewartReleased12 March 2001 (2001-03-12)Recorded2000Studio Metropolis Studios, London Riverside Studios, Fort Lauderdale, Florida Round One Studios, Los Angeles Olympic Studios, London Genre Rock pop rock Length45:23LabelAtlanticProducer Gregg Alexander Dennis Charles Rob Dickins (exec.) Karl Gordon Danny Kortchmar Christopher Neil Octave Brian Rawling Graham Stack Mark Taylor Rod Stewart chronology When We Were the New Boys(1998) Human(2001) The Story So Far(2001) Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic57/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllmusicEntertainment WeeklyC+MojoQRolling StoneWall of Sound65/100Yahoo! Music UK Human is the nineteenth studio album by Rod Stewart released on 12 March 2001. It was Stewart's first, and only release on Atlantic Records. It produced the singles "Run Back Into Your Arms", "I Can't Deny It", "Soul On Soul" and "Don't Come Around Here" with "I Can't Deny It" became a moderate hit, peaking at number 26 in the United Kingdom, Stewart's most recent Top 40 to date in that chart. The album was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry. Human was also his first album not to feature an original Stewart track. On the third track, "Don’t Come Around Here", Stewart is joined by Helicopter Girl. Track listing Standard versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Human"Karl Gordon, Conner ReevesGordon, Octave, Michelle Escoffery3:482."Smitten"Macy Gray, Dave Wilder, Jeremy Ruzuma, Arik MarshallDennis Charles, Danny Kortchmar5:003."Don't Come Around Here" (with Helicopter Girl)Jackie Joyce, Paul Berry, Mark Taylor, Kenny ThomasTaylor3:494."Soul on Soul"Marc Jordan, John CapekCharles, Christopher Neil4:305."Loveless"Reeves, David FrankNeil4:006."If I Had You"Andrew Davis, Sergei RachmaninoffNeil4:187."Charlie Parker Loves Me"Jordan, CapekCharles, Neil4:418."It Was Love That We Needed"Curtis MayfieldNeil4:119."To Be with You"Raul Malo, James HouseRod Stewart3:5610."Run Back into Your Arms"Graham Stack, John Reid, Brian RawlingTaylor, Rawling, Stack3:2611."I Can't Deny It"Gregg Alexander, Rick NowelsAlexander, Nowels, Danielle Brisebois3:44 European and Japanese version (bonus track)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length12."Peach"PrinceGordon, Octave, Dave Way, Keith Uddin3:47 Notes ^a signifies an additional producer ^b signifies an additional vocal producer ^c signifies a lead vocal producer ^d signifies a lead vocal producer Personnel Rod Stewart – vocals Steve Pigott – keyboards (5, 6, 8), bass (6, 8) Chris Pelcer – keyboards (6, 8), bass (6, 8) Slash – guitars (1) Robbie McIntosh – guitars (5, 6) Mark Knopfler – guitar solo (6) Jesse Johnson – guitars (8) Pino Palladino – bass (5) Nick Richards – drum programming (5, 6, 8), percussion (5, 6, 8) Robyn Smith – string arrangements and conductor (3) Toby Chapman – string arrangements (10) Gary Wallis – string arrangements (10) Gavyn Wright – string conductor and leader (10) Simon Hale – string transcriptions (10) The London Session Orchestra – orchestra (3, 10) Helicopter Girl – vocals (3) Connor Reeves – backing vocals (5) Alexandra Brown – backing vocals (6) Carl Carwell – backing vocals (6) Sue Ann Carwell – backing vocals (6, 8, 11) Jeff Pescetto – backing vocals (6) Jackie Simley-Stevens – backing vocals (6, 11) Yvonne Williams – backing vocals (6, 11) Danielle Brisebois – backing vocals (11) Joe Turano – backing vocals (11) Production Rob Dickins – executive producer Neil Aldridge – recording (1) André Hortsmann – recording (1) Sam Noel – recording (2, 4, 7) Steve Price – engineer (3) Simon Hurrell – lead vocal recording (4, 7), recording (5, 6, 8) Roger Sommers – recording (9) Walter Turbitt – guitars and bass recording (10) Chris Brown – recording (11) Ed Colman – recording (11) Moe El-Khamlichi – recording (11) Avril Mackintosh – Pro Tools engineer (11) Meredith Leung – recording assistant (1) Richard Wilkinson – recording assistant (1) Dave Way – mixing (1, 4-8) Keith Uddin – mix assistant (1, 4-8) Dennis Charles – mixing (2), remixing (4, 7) Niven Garland – mixing (2), remixing (4, 7) Mark Taylor – mixing (3, 10) Steve Churchyard – mixing (9), recording (11) Michael H. Brauer – mixing (11) Stewart Whitmore – digital editing Stephen Marcussen – mastering Marcussen Mastering (Hollywood, California) – editing and mastering location Richard Bates – art direction Andrea Brooks – art direction, design Tony Duran – photography Arnold Stiefel and Annie Challis – management Charts Chart performance for Human Chart (2001) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 55 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 19 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 25 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 9 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 13 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 36 UK Albums (OCC) 9 US Billboard 200 50 References ^ a b c d "Critic Reviews for Human". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Human – Rod Stewart: Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ Woodard, Josef (16 February 2001). "Album Review: 'Human' Review". Entertainment Weekly. p. 99. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2012. ^ Walters, Barry (5 February 2001). "Human \| Album Reviews". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ Flynn, Jackie (27 March 2001). "Review: Rod Stewart – 'Human'". Launch Music on Yahoo!. Dotmusic. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "British album certifications – Human". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 267. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Rod Stewart – Human" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "Top 40 Albums - 13 / 2001". Tracklisten. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Rod Stewart – Human" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 8 December 2021. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Rod Stewart – Human". Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Rod Stewart – Human". Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "Human – Rod Stewart: Awards". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 30 January 2013. Human album liner notes. Atlantic Records. External links http://www.rodstewartfanclub.com/about_rod/disco/album_detail.php?album_id=14 Archived 6 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Human at Metacritic vteRod StewartDiscographyStudio albums An Old Raincoat Won't Ever Let You Down (1969) Gasoline Alley (1970) Every Picture Tells a Story (1971) Never a Dull Moment (1972) Smiler (1974) Atlantic Crossing (1975) A Night on the Town (1976) Foot Loose & Fancy Free (1977) Blondes Have More Fun (1978) Foolish Behaviour (1980) Tonight I'm Yours (1981) Body Wishes (1983) Camouflage (1984) Every Beat of My Heart (1986) Out of Order (1988) Vagabond Heart (1991) A Spanner in the Works (1995) When We Were the New Boys (1998) Human (2001) It Had to Be You: The Great American Songbook (2002) As Time Goes By: The Great American Songbook, Volume II (2003) Stardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III (2004) Thanks for the Memory: The Great American Songbook, Volume IV (2005) Still the Same... Great Rock Classics of Our Time (2006) Soulbook (2009) Fly Me to the Moon... The Great American Songbook Volume V (2010) Merry Christmas, Baby (2012) Time (2013) Another Country (2015) Blood Red Roses (2018) The Tears of Hercules (2021) Swing Fever (2024) Live albums Coast to Coast: Overture and Beginners (1974) Absolutely Live (1982) Unplugged...and Seated (1993) Compilation albums Sing It Again Rod (1973) The Best of Rod Stewart (1976) The Best of Rod Stewart Vol. 2 (1976) Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 (1979) Storyteller – The Complete Anthology: 1964–1990 (1989) The Best of Rod Stewart (1989) Downtown Train – Selections from the Storyteller Anthology (1990) Lead Vocalist (1993) If We Fall in Love Tonight (1996) The Story So Far: The Very Best of Rod Stewart (2001) You're in My Heart: Rod Stewart with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (2019) Concert tours Blondes 'Ave More Fun Tour (1978–1979) Every Beat of My Heart Tour (1986) Out of Order Tour (1988–1989) Rod Stewart: The Hits (2011–2018) Live the Life Tour (2013) The Voice, The Guitar, The Songs Tour (2014) Hits 2016 From Gasoline Alley to Another Country: Hits 2016 (2016–2017) Family Alana Stewart (first wife) Kimberly Stewart (daughter) Ruby Stewart (daughter) Rachel Hunter (second wife) Penny Lancaster (third wife) Related articles Riva Records Jimmy Powell Steampacket Shotgun Express The Jeff Beck Group Faces Tonight's the Night Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"British Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Helicopter Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_Girl"}],"text":"2001 studio album by Rod StewartHuman is the nineteenth studio album by Rod Stewart released on 12 March 2001. It was Stewart's first, and only release on Atlantic Records. It produced the singles \"Run Back Into Your Arms\", \"I Can't Deny It\", \"Soul On Soul\" and \"Don't Come Around Here\" with \"I Can't Deny It\" became a moderate hit, peaking at number 26 in the United Kingdom, Stewart's most recent Top 40 to date in that chart. The album was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry.[6] Human was also his first album not to feature an original Stewart track. On the third track, \"Don’t Come Around Here\", Stewart is joined by Helicopter Girl.","title":"Human (Rod Stewart album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Gee"},{"link_name":"Conner Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conner_Reeves"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Macy Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy_Gray"},{"link_name":"Arik Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arik_Marshall"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"Helicopter Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_Girl"},{"link_name":"Jackie Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_Girl"},{"link_name":"Mark Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Taylor_(music_producer)"},{"link_name":"Kenny Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Thomas_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Marc Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Christopher Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Neil"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"Sergei Rachmaninoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"Curtis Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield"},{"link_name":"Raul Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Malo"},{"link_name":"James House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_House_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Graham Stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Stack_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"John Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robinson_Reid"},{"link_name":"Brian Rawling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Rawling"},{"link_name":"Gregg Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Rick Nowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Nowels"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Danielle Brisebois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Brisebois"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Peach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Dave Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Way"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_d"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_d"},{"link_name":"^a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"^b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b"},{"link_name":"^c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_c"},{"link_name":"^d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_d"}],"text":"Standard versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Human\"Karl Gordon, Conner ReevesGordon, Octave[a], Michelle Escoffery[b]3:482.\"Smitten\"Macy Gray, Dave Wilder, Jeremy Ruzuma, Arik MarshallDennis Charles, Danny Kortchmar[c]5:003.\"Don't Come Around Here\" (with Helicopter Girl)Jackie Joyce, Paul Berry, Mark Taylor, Kenny ThomasTaylor3:494.\"Soul on Soul\"Marc Jordan, John CapekCharles, Christopher Neil[c]4:305.\"Loveless\"Reeves, David FrankNeil4:006.\"If I Had You\"Andrew Davis, Sergei RachmaninoffNeil4:187.\"Charlie Parker Loves Me\"Jordan, CapekCharles, Neil[c]4:418.\"It Was Love That We Needed\"Curtis MayfieldNeil4:119.\"To Be with You\"Raul Malo, James HouseRod Stewart3:5610.\"Run Back into Your Arms\"Graham Stack, John Reid, Brian RawlingTaylor, Rawling, Stack3:2611.\"I Can't Deny It\"Gregg Alexander, Rick NowelsAlexander, Nowels[b], Danielle Brisebois[b]3:44European and Japanese version (bonus track)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length12.\"Peach\"PrinceGordon, Octave[a], Dave Way[d], Keith Uddin[d]3:47Notes^a signifies an additional producer\n^b signifies an additional vocal producer\n^c signifies a lead vocal producer\n^d signifies a lead vocal producer","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Pelcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pelcer"},{"link_name":"Slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Robbie McIntosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_McIntosh"},{"link_name":"Mark Knopfler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Knopfler"},{"link_name":"Jesse Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Johnson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Pino Palladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pino_Palladino"},{"link_name":"Gary Wallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Wallis"},{"link_name":"Gavyn Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavyn_Wright"},{"link_name":"Simon Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Hale"},{"link_name":"The London Session Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Session_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Helicopter Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_Girl"},{"link_name":"Jeff Pescetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Pescetto"},{"link_name":"Danielle Brisebois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Brisebois"}],"text":"Rod Stewart – vocals\nSteve Pigott – keyboards (5, 6, 8), bass (6, 8)\nChris Pelcer – keyboards (6, 8), bass (6, 8)\nSlash – guitars (1)\nRobbie McIntosh – guitars (5, 6)\nMark Knopfler – guitar solo (6)\nJesse Johnson – guitars (8)\nPino Palladino – bass (5)\nNick Richards – drum programming (5, 6, 8), percussion (5, 6, 8)\nRobyn Smith – string arrangements and conductor (3)\nToby Chapman – string arrangements (10)\nGary Wallis – string arrangements (10)\nGavyn Wright – string conductor and leader (10)\nSimon Hale – string transcriptions (10)\nThe London Session Orchestra – orchestra (3, 10)\nHelicopter Girl – vocals (3)\nConnor Reeves – backing vocals (5)\nAlexandra Brown – backing vocals (6)\nCarl Carwell – backing vocals (6)\nSue Ann Carwell – backing vocals (6, 8, 11)\nJeff Pescetto – backing vocals (6)\nJackie Simley-Stevens – backing vocals (6, 11)\nYvonne Williams – backing vocals (6, 11)\nDanielle Brisebois – backing vocals (11)\nJoe Turano – backing vocals (11)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rob Dickins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Dickins"},{"link_name":"Pro Tools engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Tools"},{"link_name":"Mark Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Taylor_(music_producer)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Marcussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Marcussen"},{"link_name":"Marcussen Mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Marcussen"},{"link_name":"Arnold Stiefel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Stiefel"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Rob Dickins – executive producer\nNeil Aldridge – recording (1)\nAndré Hortsmann – recording (1)\nSam Noel – recording (2, 4, 7)\nSteve Price – engineer (3)\nSimon Hurrell – lead vocal recording (4, 7), recording (5, 6, 8)\nRoger Sommers – recording (9)\nWalter Turbitt – guitars and bass recording (10)\nChris Brown – recording (11)\nEd Colman – recording (11)\nMoe El-Khamlichi – recording (11)\nAvril Mackintosh – Pro Tools engineer (11)\nMeredith Leung – recording assistant (1)\nRichard Wilkinson – recording assistant (1)\nDave Way – mixing (1, 4-8)\nKeith Uddin – mix assistant (1, 4-8)\nDennis Charles – mixing (2), remixing (4, 7)\nNiven Garland – mixing (2), remixing (4, 7)\nMark Taylor – mixing (3, 10)\nSteve Churchyard – mixing (9), recording (11)\nMichael H. Brauer – mixing (11)\nStewart Whitmore – digital editing\nStephen Marcussen – mastering\nMarcussen Mastering (Hollywood, California) – editing and mastering location\nRichard Bates – art direction\nAndrea Brooks – art direction, design\nTony Duran – photography\nArnold Stiefel and Annie Challis – management","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Critic Reviews for Human\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/human/rod-stewart/critic-reviews","url_text":"\"Critic Reviews for Human\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Human – Rod Stewart: Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. 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Retrieved 24 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090421124728/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,279791,00.html","url_text":"\"Album Review: 'Human' Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,279791,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walters, Barry (5 February 2001). \"Human \| Album Reviews\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141124144430/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/human-20010205","url_text":"\"Human \| Album Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/human-20010205","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Flynn, Jackie (27 March 2001). \"Review: Rod Stewart – 'Human'\". Launch Music on Yahoo!. Dotmusic. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040820165249/http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/l_reviews_a/18868.html","url_text":"\"Review: Rod Stewart – 'Human'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotmusic","url_text":"Dotmusic"},{"url":"http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/l_reviews_a/18868.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Human\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/3038-1824-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Human\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 267.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Human – Rod Stewart: Awards\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/human-mw0000621205/awards","url_text":"\"Human – Rod Stewart: Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Human album liner notes. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Johnny_Cash	The Sound of Johnny Cash	["1 Cover imagery","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 References"]	1962 studio album by Johnny CashThe Sound of Johnny CashStudio album by Johnny CashReleasedJune 4, 1962RecordedApril 28, 1961–February 12, 1962Genre Country rockabilly blues Length25:12LabelColumbiaProducer Don Law Frank Jones Johnny Cash chronology Hymns from the Heart(1962) The Sound of Johnny Cash(1962) All Aboard the Blue Train with Johnny Cash(1962) Singles from The Sound of Johnny Cash "In the Jailhouse Now"Released: May 4, 1962 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Billboard The Sound of Johnny Cash is the eighth studio album by American singer-songwriter Johnny Cash, released on June 4, 1962. Among other songs, it contains "In the Jailhouse Now", a Jimmie Rodgers cover which reached #8 on the Country charts, and "Delia's Gone", which Cash would re-record years later, on American Recordings, in 1994. Cash would also go on to record a significantly slower, more ballad-like version of "I'm Free from the Chain Gang Now", which was ultimately released in 2006 on American V: A Hundred Highways as the last track on the album. During the recording sessions for the album, Cash rerecorded his Sun Records hits "Folsom Prison Blues", "Hey, Porter" and "I Walk the Line", but none of these versions were ultimately used on the album and sat unreleased until the 1990s. Cover imagery The original 1962 album features a photograph of Johnny Cash taken by American photographer Leigh Wiener at his studio in Los Angeles, California. Track listing Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Lost on the Desert"Dallas Frazier, Buddy Mize2:012."Accidentally on Purpose"Darrell Edwards, George Jones1:563."In the Jailhouse Now"Jimmie Rodgers2:234."Mr. Lonesome"Tompall Glaser2:185."You Won't Have Far to Go"Charles Glaser1:506."Cotton Fields (The Cotton Song)"Lead Belly2:34 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length7."Delia's Gone"Karl Silbersdorf, Dick Toops2:018."I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know"Cecil A. Null2:279."You Remembered Me"Cash2:0510."I'm Free from the Chain Gang Now"Lou Herscher, Saul Klein1:5111."Let Me Down Easy"Tompall Glaser, Jim Glaser1:4612."Sing It Pretty, Sue"Cash2:00 Personnel Johnny Cash - vocals, rhythm guitar Luther Perkins - lead guitar Ray Edenton – guitar Marshall Grant - bass Floyd Cramer - piano Buddy Harman - drums Don Helms - steel guitar Charts The album did not chart in the Billboard album charts. In 1962 the single "In the Jailhouse Now" peaked at #8 in the Billboard Country Singles. References ^ The Sound of Johnny Cash at AllMusic ^ Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 16 June 1962. pp. 36–. ^ "Folsom Prison Blues". Retrieved 28 June 2020. ^ The Sound of Johnny Cash at AllMusic vteJohnny Cash Albums Singles Sun Records Songs Awards Studio albums1950s Johnny Cash with His Hot and Blue Guitar! The Fabulous Johnny Cash Hymns by Johnny Cash Songs of Our Soil 1960s Ride This Train Now, There Was a Song! Hymns from the Heart The Sound of Johnny Cash Blood, Sweat and Tears The Christmas Spirit I Walk the Line Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian Orange Blossom Special Johnny Cash Sings the Ballads of the True West Everybody Loves a Nut Happiness Is You Carryin' On with Johnny Cash & June Carter From Sea to Shining Sea The Holy Land 1970s Hello, I'm Johnny Cash Man in Black A Thing Called Love America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song The Johnny Cash Family Christmas Any Old Wind That Blows Johnny Cash and His Woman Ragged Old Flag The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me The Johnny Cash Children's Album Johnny Cash Sings Precious Memories John R. Cash Look at Them Beans One Piece at a Time The Last Gunfighter Ballad The Rambler I Would Like to See You Again Gone Girl Silver A Believer Sings the Truth 1980s Rockabilly Blues Classic Christmas The Baron The Adventures of Johnny Cash Johnny 99 Highwayman Rainbow Class of '55: Memphis Rock & Roll Homecoming Heroes Believe in Him Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town Classic Cash Water from the Wells of Home 1990s Highwayman 2 Boom Chicka Boom The Mystery of Life Country Christmas American Recordings The Road Goes on Forever American II: Unchained 2000–2020s American III: Solitary Man American IV: The Man Comes Around American V: A Hundred Highways American VI: Ain't No Grave Out Among the Stars Songwriter Live albums At Folsom Prison At San Quentin The Johnny Cash Show På Österåker Strawberry Cake Koncert v Praze (In Prague – Live) VH1 Storytellers: Johnny Cash & Willie Nelson At Madison Square Garden A Concert Behind Prison Walls Soundtracks I Walk the Line Little Fauss and Big Halsy Compilations Johnny Cash Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous Greatest! Johnny Cash Sings Hank Williams Now Here's Johnny Cash All Aboard the Blue Train with Johnny Cash Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash Ring of Fire: The Best of Johnny Cash Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 Heart of Cash Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 Sunday Morning Coming Down International Superstar Five Feet High and Rising Destination Victoria Station Greatest Hits, Vol. 3 The Unissued Johnny Cash Johnny & June Tall Man Encore Biggest Hits The Man in Black 1954–1958 The Man in Black 1959–1962 Come Along and Ride This Train The Essential Johnny Cash (1992) Wanted Man The Man in Black 1963–1969 The Man in Black – His Greatest Hits 16 Biggest Hits Love, God, Murder The Essential Johnny Cash (2002) Unearthed The Legend The Legend of Johnny Cash Patriot 16 Biggest Hits: Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II The Complete Columbia Album Collection Johnny Cash and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Songs "25 Minutes to Go" "Seasons of My Heart" "Any Old Wind That Blows" "A Wonderful Time Up There" "The Ballad of Boot Hill" "The Ballad of Ira Hayes" "Ballad of a Teenage Queen" "Big River" "Blistered" "A Boy Named Sue" "Busted" "Cat's in the Cradle" "Cocaine Blues" "Cry! Cry! Cry!" "Daddy Sang Bass" "Dark as a Dungeon" "Don't Take Your Guns to Town" "Engine 143" "Flesh and Blood" "The Folk Singer" "Folsom Prison Blues" "Forty Shades of Green" "Get Rhythm" "Give My Love to Rose" "Goodnight, Irene" "Green, Green Grass of Home" "Greystone Chapel" "Guess Things Happen That Way" "Hey, Porter" "Home of the Blues" "Hurt" "I Couldn't Keep from Crying" "I Love You Because" "I Still Miss Someone" "I Walk the Line" "If I Had a Hammer" "If I Were a Carpenter" "In My Life" "In the Jailhouse Now" "It Ain't Me Babe" "Jackson" "Kate" "Last Night I Had the Strangest Dream" "The Man Comes Around" "Man in Black" "The Matador" "Oh Lonesome Me" "One Piece at a Time" "Oney" "Orange Blossom Special" "The One on the Right Is on the Left" "Remember the Alamo" "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky" "Ring of Fire" "Rock Island Line" "So Doggone Lonesome" "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down" "Tennessee Flat Top Box" "There Ain't No Good Chain Gang" "A Thing Called Love" "Understand Your Man" "What Is Truth" "What'd I Say" "Without Love" "You Are My Sunshine" Television The Johnny Cash Show Biographies Man in Black: His Own Story in His Own Words Cash: The Autobiography Johnny Cash! The Man, His World, His Music My Father and the Man in Black Walk the Line Ring of Fire (musical) Ring of Fire (2013 film) Tribute albums The Sound Behind Johnny Cash Kindred Spirits: A Tribute to the Songs of Johnny Cash Dressed in Black: A Tribute to Johnny Cash Johnny's Blues: A Tribute to Johnny Cash Walk the Line: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Fade to Black: Memories of Johnny All Aboard: A Tribute to Johnny Cash Johnny Cash Remixed We Walk the Line: A Celebration of the Music of Johnny Cash Forever Words Associated acts The Highwaymen The Tennessee Three Bob Wootton Carl Perkins W. S. Holland Marshall Grant Luther Perkins Million Dollar Quartet The Great Eighties Eight Family June Carter Cash John Carter Cash Rosanne Cash Cindy Cash Carlene Carter Tommy Cash Carter Family Historical sites Dyess, Arkansas Johnny Cash Boyhood Home Johnny Cash Museum House of Cash Carter Family Fold Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1960s country music album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"In the Jailhouse Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Jailhouse_Now"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"American Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recordings_(album)"},{"link_name":"American V: A Hundred Highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_V:_A_Hundred_Highways"},{"link_name":"Sun Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Records"},{"link_name":"Folsom Prison Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folsom_Prison_Blues"},{"link_name":"Hey, Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey,_Porter"},{"link_name":"I Walk the Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Walk_the_Line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Sound of Johnny Cash is the eighth studio album by American singer-songwriter Johnny Cash, released on June 4, 1962. Among other songs, it contains \"In the Jailhouse Now\", a Jimmie Rodgers cover which reached #8 on the Country charts, and \"Delia's Gone\", which Cash would re-record years later, on American Recordings, in 1994. Cash would also go on to record a significantly slower, more ballad-like version of \"I'm Free from the Chain Gang Now\", which was ultimately released in 2006 on American V: A Hundred Highways as the last track on the album.During the recording sessions for the album, Cash rerecorded his Sun Records hits \"Folsom Prison Blues\", \"Hey, Porter\" and \"I Walk the Line\", but none of these versions were ultimately used on the album and sat unreleased until the 1990s.[3]","title":"The Sound of Johnny Cash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leigh Wiener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Wiener"}],"text":"The original 1962 album features a photograph of Johnny Cash taken by American photographer Leigh Wiener at his studio in Los Angeles, California.","title":"Cover imagery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas Frazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Frazier"},{"link_name":"George Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jones"},{"link_name":"In the Jailhouse Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Jailhouse_Now"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)"},{"link_name":"Tompall Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompall_Glaser"},{"link_name":"Cotton Fields (The Cotton Song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Fields"},{"link_name":"Lead Belly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Belly"},{"link_name":"Jim Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Glaser"}],"text":"Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Lost on the Desert\"Dallas Frazier, Buddy Mize2:012.\"Accidentally on Purpose\"Darrell Edwards, George Jones1:563.\"In the Jailhouse Now\"Jimmie Rodgers2:234.\"Mr. Lonesome\"Tompall Glaser2:185.\"You Won't Have Far to Go\"Charles Glaser1:506.\"Cotton Fields (The Cotton Song)\"Lead Belly2:34Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length7.\"Delia's Gone\"Karl Silbersdorf, Dick Toops2:018.\"I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know\"Cecil A. Null2:279.\"You Remembered Me\"Cash2:0510.\"I'm Free from the Chain Gang Now\"Lou Herscher, Saul Klein1:5111.\"Let Me Down Easy\"Tompall Glaser, Jim Glaser1:4612.\"Sing It Pretty, Sue\"Cash2:00","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luther Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Ray Edenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Edenton"},{"link_name":"Marshall Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Grant"},{"link_name":"Floyd Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Buddy Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Harman"},{"link_name":"Don Helms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Helms"},{"link_name":"steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_guitar"}],"text":"Johnny Cash - vocals, rhythm guitar\nLuther Perkins - lead guitar\nRay Edenton – guitar\nMarshall Grant - bass\nFloyd Cramer - piano\nBuddy Harman - drums\nDon Helms - steel guitar","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_magazine"},{"link_name":"In the Jailhouse Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Jailhouse_Now"},{"link_name":"Country Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The album did not chart in the Billboard album charts. In 1962 the single \"In the Jailhouse Now\" peaked at #8 in the Billboard Country Singles.[4]","title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 16 June 1962. pp. 36–.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ShcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Folsom Prison Blues\". Retrieved 28 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hankwilliamsdiscography.com/JohnnyCash/1954-1965%20Sessions.php","url_text":"\"Folsom Prison Blues\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r91925","external_links_name":"The Sound of Johnny Cash"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ShcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36","external_links_name":"Billboard"},{"Link":"http://www.hankwilliamsdiscography.com/JohnnyCash/1954-1965%20Sessions.php","external_links_name":"\"Folsom Prison Blues\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r91925/charts-awards","external_links_name":"The Sound of Johnny Cash"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/1e2773f6-5e57-31dc-acda-3819a5774ff6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sound_of_Johnny_Cash&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephroselmidophyceae	Nephroselmidaceae	["1 References"]	Family of algae This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Nephroselmidaceae" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) Nephroselmidaceae Nephroselmis olivacea, formerly Sennia commutata Scientific classification (unranked): Viridiplantae Division: Chlorophyta Class: NephrophyceaeCavalier-Smith Order: NephroselmidalesNakayama, Suda, Kawachi & Inouye Family: NephroselmidaceaeSkuja ex P.C.Silva Genera Anticomonas Argillamonas Bipedinomonas Fluitomonas Hiemalomonas Myochloris Nephroselmis Prototractomonas Pseudopedinomonas Sennia Sinamonas Nephroselmidaceae is a family of green algae, the only family in the order Nephroselmidales and the class Nephrophyceae within the division Chlorophyta. References ^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Nephroselmidaceae". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Taxon identifiersNephroselmidaceae Wikidata: Q12590277 Wikispecies: Nephroselmidaceae AlgaeBase: 4669 BioLib: 129338 CoL: 626F2 EoL: 4477 GBIF: 8919 iNaturalist: 1458030 IRMNG: 105635 ITIS: 9515 NBN: NHMSYS0020959043 NCBI: 2682465 NZOR: c9cbc00d-3743-4b92-8673-97d2f80a8c1d Open Tree of Life: 4736130 Tropicos: 100371212 WoRMS: 368875 Nephroselmidales Wikidata: Q21344410 Wikispecies: Nephroselmidales AlgaeBase: 87182 CoL: 3NB EoL: 2968284 GBIF: 8153819 iNaturalist: 550948 IRMNG: 12368 ITIS: 846585 NBN: NHMSYS0020959044 NCBI: 2682466 NZOR: 97f847ef-8ec4-4586-a670-76e7a800ec7b Open Tree of Life: 5602210 Tropicos: 100364782 WFO: wfo-9000000350 WoRMS: 368697 Nephrophyceae Wikidata: Q21286600 Wikispecies: Nephrophyceae AlgaeBase: 90428 ITIS: 954907 Nephroselmidophyceae Wikidata: Q12040693 AlgaeBase: 175157 CoL: 6225H GBIF: 7857160 iNaturalist: 550919 IRMNG: 1338 ITIS: 846517 NCBI: 1242998 NZOR: 7fa1b55c-9edd-496c-8ed6-d65085b5e41c Open Tree of Life: 1038762 Tropicos: 100370507 WoRMS: 368676 This green algae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"green algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae"},{"link_name":"Chlorophyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Nephroselmidaceae is a family of green algae, the only family in the order Nephroselmidales and the class Nephrophyceae within the division Chlorophyta.[1]","title":"Nephroselmidaceae"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. \"Nephroselmidaceae\". AlgaeBase. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots	2002 Gujarat riots	["1 Godhra train burning","2 Post-Godhra violence","3 Attacks on Muslims","4 Attacks on Hindus","5 Media coverage","6 Allegations of state complicity","7 Criminal prosecutions","7.1 Best Bakery case","7.2 Bilkis Bano case","7.3 Avdhootnagar case","7.4 Danilimda case","7.5 Eral case","7.6 Pavagadh and Dhikva case","7.7 Godhra train-burning case","7.8 Dipda Darwaza case","7.9 Naroda Patiya Massacre","7.10 Perjury cases","8 Inquiries","9 Aftermath","9.1 Rioting in Gujarat","9.2 Police transfers","9.3 Further violence promotion by extremist groups","9.4 Organisational changes and political reactions","9.5 Media investigation","9.6 Special Investigation Team","10 Diplomatic ban","11 Relief efforts","12 Media suppression","13 In popular culture","14 See also","15 References","15.1 Notes","15.2 Citations","16 Bibliography","17 External links"]	Sectarian violence in the Indian state 2002 Gujarat riotsPart of religious violence in IndiaThe skyline of Ahmedabad filled with smoke as buildings and shops are set on fire by rioting mobs.DateFebruary – March 2002LocationGujarat, IndiaCaused byGodhra train burningState terrorismEthnic cleansingMethodsRioting, pogrom, arson, mass rape, kidnapping, mass murderCasualtiesDeath(s)790 Muslims and 254 Hindus (official)1,926 to 2,000+ total (other sources)Injuries2,500+Part of a series onViolence against Muslimsin independent India Major incidents 1948 Hyderabad massacres 1964 Calcutta riots 1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots 1969 Gujarat riots 1970 Bhiwandi riots 1980 Moradabad riots 1983 Nellie massacre 1985 Gujarat riots 1987 Hashimpura massacre 1989 Bhagalpur violence 1992 Bombay riots 1993 Pangal massacre 2002 Gujarat riots 2006 Malegaon bombings 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 2014 Assam violence 2020 Delhi riots Freedom of religion Violence against Muslims Religious violence in India Religious persecution vte The 2002 Gujarat riots, also known as the 2002 Gujarat violence, was a three-day period of inter-communal violence in the western Indian state of Gujarat. The burning of a train in Godhra on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 58 Hindu pilgrims and karsevaks returning from Ayodhya, is cited as having instigated the violence. Following the initial riot incidents, there were further outbreaks of violence in Ahmedabad for three months; statewide, there were further outbreaks of violence against the minority Muslim population of Gujarat for the next year. According to official figures, the riots ended with 1,044 dead, 223 missing, and 2,500 injured. Of the dead, 790 were Muslim and 254 Hindu. The Concerned Citizens Tribunal Report, estimated that as many as 1,926 may have been killed. Other sources estimated death tolls in excess of 2,000. Many brutal killings and rapes were reported on as well as widespread looting and destruction of property. Narendra Modi, then Chief Minister of Gujarat and later Prime Minister of India, was accused of condoning the violence, as were police and government officials who allegedly directed the rioters and gave lists of Muslim-owned properties to them. In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by Special Investigation Team (SIT) appointed by the Supreme Court of India. The SIT also rejected claims that the state government had not done enough to prevent the riots. The Muslim community was reported to have reacted with anger and disbelief. In July 2013, allegations were made that the SIT had suppressed evidence. That December, an Indian court upheld the earlier SIT report and rejected a petition seeking Modi's prosecution. In April 2014, the Supreme Court expressed satisfaction over the SIT's investigations in nine cases related to the violence, and rejected a plea contesting the SIT report as "baseless". Though officially classified as a communalist riot, the events of 2002 have been described as a pogrom by many scholars, with some commentators alleging that the attacks had been planned, with the attack on the train was a "staged trigger" for what was actually premeditated violence. Other observers have stated that these events had met the "legal definition of genocide," or referred to them as state terrorism or ethnic cleansing. Instances of mass violence include the Naroda Patiya massacre that took place directly adjacent to a police training camp; the Gulbarg Society massacre where Ehsan Jafri, a former parliamentarian, was among those killed; and several incidents in Vadodara city. Scholars studying the 2002 riots state that they were premeditated and constituted a form of ethnic cleansing, and that the state government and law enforcement were complicit in the violence that occurred. Godhra train burning Main article: Godhra train burning On the morning of 27 February 2002, the Sabarmati Express, returning from Ayodhya to Ahmedabad, stopped near the Godhra railway station. The passengers were Hindu pilgrims, returning from Ayodhya. An argument erupted between the train passengers and the vendors on the railway platform. The argument became violent and, under uncertain circumstances, four coaches of the train caught fire with many people trapped inside. In the resulting conflagration, 59 people, including women and children, burned to death. The government of Gujarat set up Gujarat High Court judge K. G. Shah as a one-man commission to look into the incident, but following outrage among families of victims and in the media over Shah's alleged closeness to Modi, retired Supreme Court judge G.T. Nanavati was added as chairman of the now two-person commission. In 2003, The Concerned Citizens Tribunal (CCT) concluded that the fire had been an accident. Several other independent commentators have also concluded that the fire itself was almost certainly an accident, saying that the initial cause of the conflagration has never been conclusively determined. Historian Ainslie Thomas Embree stated that the official story of the attack on the train (that it was organized and carried out by people under orders from Pakistan) was entirely baseless. The Union government led by the Indian National Congress party in 2005 also set up a committee to probe the incident, headed up by retired Supreme Court judge Umesh Chandra Banerjee. The committee concluded that the fire had begun inside the train and was most likely accidental. However, the Gujarat High Court ruled in 2006 that the matter was outside the jurisdiction of the union government, and that the committee was therefore unconstitutional. After six years of going over the details, Nanavati-Mehta Commission submitted its preliminary report which concluded that the fire was an act of arson, committed by a mob of one to two thousand locals. Maulvi Husain Haji Ibrahim Umarji, a cleric in Godhra, and a dismissed Central Reserve Police Force officer named Nanumiyan were presented as the "masterminds" behind the arson. After 24 extensions, the commission submitted its final report on 18 November 2014. The findings of the commission were called into question by a video recording released by Tehelka magazine, which showed Arvind Pandya, counsel for the Gujarat government, stating that the findings of the Shah-Nanavati commission would support the view presented by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), as Shah was "their man" and Nanavati could be bribed. In February 2011, the trial court convicted 31 people and acquitted 63 others based on the murder and conspiracy provisions of the Indian Penal Code, saying the incident was a "pre-planned conspiracy." Of those convicted, 11 were sentenced to death and the other 20 to life in prison. Maulvi Umarji, presented by the Nanavati-Shah commission as the prime conspirator, was acquitted along with 62 others accused for lack of evidence. Post-Godhra violence VadodaraNarodaAhmedabadGodhraOdeGandhinagarMehsanaBharuchSuratRajkotHalvadModasaHimatnagarclass=notpageimage\| Location of major incidents. Following the attack on the train, the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) called for a statewide bandh, or strike. Although the Supreme Court had declared such strikes to be unconstitutional and illegal, and despite the common tendency for such strikes to be followed by violence, no action was taken by the state to prevent the strike. The government did not attempt to stop the initial outbreak of violence across the state. Independent reports indicate that the state BJP president Rana Rajendrasinh had endorsed the strike, and that Modi and Rana used inflammatory language which worsened the situation. Then-Chief Minister Narendra Modi declared that the attack on the train had been an act of terrorism, and not an incident of communal violence. Local newspapers and members of the state government used the statement to incite violence against the Muslim community by claiming, without proof, that the attack on the train was carried out by Pakistan's intelligence agency and that local Muslims had conspired with them to attack Hindus in the state. False stories were also printed by local newspapers which claimed that Muslim people had kidnapped and raped Hindu women. Numerous accounts describe the attacks on the Muslim community that began on 28 February (the day after the train fire) as highly coordinated with mobile phones and government-issued printouts listing the homes and businesses of Muslims. Attackers arrived in Muslim communities across the region in trucks, wearing saffron robes and khaki shorts, bearing a variety of weapons. In many cases, attackers damaged or burned Muslim-owned or occupied buildings while leaving adjacent Hindu buildings untouched. Although many calls to the police were made from victims, they were told by the police that "we have no orders to save you." In some cases, the police fired on Muslims who attempted to defend themselves. The rioters used mobile phones to coordinate their attacks. By the end of the day on 28 February a curfew had been declared in 27 towns and cities across the state. A government minister stated that although the circumstances were tense in Baroda and Ahmedabad, the situation was under control, and that the police who had been deployed were enough to prevent any violence. In Baroda, the administration imposed a curfew in seven areas of the city. M. D. Antani, then the deputy superintendent of police, deployed the Rapid Action Force to sensitive areas in Godhra. Gordhan Zadafia, the Minister of State for Home, believed there would be no retaliation from the Hindu community for the train burning. Modi stated that the violence was no longer as intense as it had been and that it would soon be brought under control, and that if the situation warranted it, the police would be supported by deploying the army. A shoot-to-kill order was issued. However the troop deployment was withheld by the state government until 1 March, when the most severe violence had ended. After more than two months of violence a unanimous vote to authorize central intervention was passed in the upper house of parliament. Members of the opposition made accusations that the government had failed to protect Muslim people in the worst rioting in India in more than 10 years. It is estimated that 230 mosques and 274 dargahs were destroyed during the violence. For the first time in the history of communal riots Hindu women took part, looting Muslim shops. It is estimated that up to 150,000 people were displaced during the violence. It is estimated that 200 police officers died while trying to control the violence, and Human Rights Watch reported that acts of exceptional heroism were committed by Hindus, Dalits and tribals who tried to protect Muslims from the violence. Attacks on Muslims In the aftermath of the violence, it became clear that many attacks were focused not only on Muslim populations, but also on Muslim women and children. Organizations such as Human Rights Watch criticised the Indian government and the Gujarat state administration for failure to address the resulting humanitarian condition of victims who fled their homes for relief camps during the violence, the "overwhelming majority of them Muslim." According to Teesta Setalvad on 28 February in the districts of Morjari Chowk and Charodia Chowk in Ahmedabad of all forty people who had been killed by police shooting were Muslim. An international fact-finding committee formed of all women international experts from US, UK, France, Germany and Sri Lanka reported, "sexual violence was being used as a strategy for terrorizing women belonging to minority community in the state." It is estimated that at least 250 girls and women were gang raped and then burned to death. Children were force fed petrol and then set on fire, pregnant women were gutted and then had their unborn child's body shown to them. In the Naroda Patiya mass grave of ninety-six bodies, forty-six were women. Rioters also flooded homes and electrocuted entire families inside. Violence against women also included them being stripped naked, violated with objects, and then killed. According to Kalpana Kannabiran the rapes were part of a well-organized, deliberate and pre-planned strategy, and which facts place the violence into the categories of political pogrom and genocide. Other acts of violence against women included acid attacks, beatings and the killing of women who were pregnant. Children were also killed in front of their parents. George Fernandes in a discussion in parliament on the violence caused widespread furor in his defense of the state government, saying that this was not the first time that women had been violated and raped in India. Children were killed by being burnt alive and those who dug the mass graves described the bodies interred within them as "burned and butchered beyond recognition." Children and infants were speared and held aloft before being thrown into fires. Describing the sexual violence perpetrated against Muslim women and girls, Renu Khanna writes that the survivors reported that it "consisted of forced nudity, mass rapes, gang-rapes, mutilation, insertion of objects into bodies, cutting of breasts, slitting the stomach and reproductive organs, and carving of Hindu religious symbols on women's body parts." The Concerned Citizens' Tribunal characterised the use of rape "as an instrument for the subjugation and humiliation of a community." Testimony heard by the committee stated that: A chilling technique, absent in pogroms unleashed hitherto but very much in evidence this time in a large number of cases, was the deliberate destruction of evidence. Barring a few, in most instances of sexual violence, the women victims were stripped and paraded naked, then gang-raped, and thereafter quartered and burnt beyond recognition. . . . The leaders of the mobs even raped young girls, some as young as 11 years old . . . before burning them alive. . . . Even a 20-day-old infant, or a fetus in the womb of its mother, was not spared. An autopsy report conducted on the deceased women states that the doctor who conducted the post-mortem, found the foetus intact. The doctor, who had conducted the autopsy said to the court that the foetus was intact in the woman's womb. Vandana Shiva stated that "Young boys have been taught to burn, rape and kill in the name of Hindutva." Dionne Bunsha, writing on the Gulbarg Society massacre and murder of Ehsan Jafri, has said that when Jafri begged the crowd to spare the women, he was dragged into the street and forced to parade naked for refusing to say "Jai Shri Ram." He was then beheaded and thrown onto a fire, after which rioters returned and burned Jafri's family, including two small boys, to death. After the massacre Gulbarg remained in flames for a week. Attacks on Hindus The Times of India reported that over ten thousand Hindus were displaced during the violence. According to police records, 157 riots after the Godhra incident were started by Muslims. In Mahajan No Vando, a Hindu residential area in Jamalpur, residents reported that Muslim attackers injured approximately twenty-five Hindu residents and destroyed five houses on 1 March. The community head reported that the police responded quickly, but were ineffectual as there were so few of them present to help during the attack. The colony was later visited by Modi on 6 March, who promised the residents that they would be taken care of. On 17 March, it was reported that Muslims attacked Dalits in the Danilimda area of Ahmedabad. In Himatnagar, a man was reportedly found dead with both his eyes gouged out. The Sindhi Market and Bhanderi Pole areas of Ahmedabad were also reportedly attacked by mobs. India Today reported on 20 May 2002 that there were sporadic attacks on Hindus in Ahmedabad. On 5 May, Muslim rioters attacked Bhilwas locality in the Shah Alam area. Hindu doctors were asked to stop practicing in Muslim areas after one Hindu doctor was stabbed. Frontline magazine reported that in Ahmedabad of the 249 bodies recovered by 5 March, thirty were Hindu. Of the Hindus that had been killed, thirteen had died as a result of police action and several others had died while attacking Muslim owned properties. Despite the relatively few attacks by Muslim mobs on Hindu neighbourhoods, twenty-four Muslims were reported to have died in police shootings. Media coverage The events in Gujarat were the first instance of communal violence in India in the age of 24-hour news coverage and were televised worldwide. This coverage played a central role in the politics of the situation. Media coverage was generally critical of the Hindu right; however, the BJP portrayed the coverage as an assault on the honor of Gujaratis and turned the hostility into an emotive part of their electoral campaign. With the violence receding in April, a peace meeting was arranged at Sabarmati Ashram, a former home of Mahatma Gandhi. Hindutva supporters and police officers attacked almost a dozen journalists. The state government banned television news channels critical of the government's response, and local stations were blocked. Two reporters working for STAR News were assaulted several times while covering the violence. On a return trip from having interviewed Modi when their car was surrounded by a crowd, one of the crowd claimed that they would be killed should they be a member of a minority community. The Editors Guild of India, in its report on media ethics and coverage on the incidents stated that the news coverage was exemplary, with only a few minor lapses. The local newspapers Sandesh and Gujarat Samachar, however, were heavily criticised. The report states that Sandesh had headlines which would "provoke, communalize and terrorize" people. The newspaper also used a quote from a VHP leader as a headline, "Avenge with blood." The report stated that Gujarat Samachar had played a role in increasing the tensions but did not give all of its coverage over to "hawkish and inflammatory reportage in the first few weeks". The paper carried reports to highlight communal harmony. Gujarat Today was given praise for showing restraint and for the balanced reportage of the violence. Critical reporting on the Gujarat government's handling of the situation helped bring about the Indian government's intervention in controlling the violence. The Editors Guild rejected the charge that graphic news coverage aggravated the situation, saying that the coverage exposed the "horrors" of the riots as well as the "supine if not complicit" attitude of the state, helping to propel remedial action. Allegations of state complicity Many scholars and commentators have accused the state government of being complicit in the attacks, either in failing to exert any effort to quell the violence or for actively planning and executing the attacks themselves. The United States Department of State ultimately banned Narendra Modi from travelling to the United States due to his alleged role in the attacks. These allegations center around several ideas. First, the state did little to quell the violence, with attacks continuing well through the Spring. The historian Gyanendra Pandey described these attacks as state terrorism, saying that they were not riots but "organized political massacres." According to Paul Brass the only conclusion from the evidence which is available points to the methodical coordination of an anti-Muslim pogrom which was carried out with exceptional brutality . The media has described the attacks as state terrorism rather than "communal riots" due to the lack of state intervention. Many politicians downplayed the incidents, claiming that the situation was under control. One minister who spoke with Rediff.com stated that though the circumstances were tense in Baroda and Ahmedabad, the situation was under control, and that the police who had been deployed were enough to prevent any violence. The deputy superintendent of police stated that the Rapid Action Force had been deployed to sensitive areas in Godhra. Gordhan Zadafia, the Minister of State for Home, stated that he believed there would be no retaliation from the Hindu community. Once troops were airlifted in on 1 March, Modi stated that the violence was no longer as intense as it had been and that it would soon be brought under control. The violence continued for 3 months with no intervention from the federal government until May. Local and state-level politicians were seen leading violent mobs, restraining the police and arranging the distribution of weapons, leading investigative reports to conclude that the violence was "engineered and launched." Throughout the violence, attacks were made in full view of police stations and police officers who did not intervene. In many instances, police joined the mobs in perpetrating violence. At one Muslim locality, of the twenty-nine deaths, sixteen were caused by police firing into the locality. Some rioters even had printouts of voter registration lists, allowing them to selectively target Muslim properties. Selective targeting of properties was shown by the destruction of the offices of the Muslim Wakf board which was located within the confines of the high security zone and just 500 meters from the office of the chief minister. According to Scott W. Hibbard, the violence had been planned far in advance, and that similar to other instances of communal violence the Bajrang Dal, the VHP and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) all took part in the attacks. Following the attack on the train the VHP called for a statewide bandh (strike), and the state took no action to prevent this. The Concerned Citizens Tribunal (CCT) report includes testimony of the then Gujarat BJP minister Haren Pandya (since murdered), who testified about an evening meeting convened by Modi the evening of the train burning. At this meeting, officials were instructed not to obstruct the Hindu rage following the incident. The report also highlighted a second meeting, held in Lunawada village of Panchmahal district, attended by state ministers Ashok Bhatt, and Prabhatsinh Chauhan, among other BJP and RSS leaders, where "detailed plans were made on the use of kerosene and petrol for arson and other methods of killing." The Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind claimed in 2002 that some regional Congress workers collaborated with the perpetrators of the violence. Dipankar Gupta believes that the state and police were clearly complicit in the violence, but that some officers were outstanding in the performance of their duties, such as Himanshu Bhatt and Rahul Sharma. Sharma was reported to have said "I don't think any other job would have allowed me to save so many lives." Human Rights Watch has reported on acts of exceptional heroism by Hindus, Dalits and tribals who tried to protect Muslims from the violence. In response to allegations of state involvement, Gujarat government spokesman, Bharat Pandya, told the BBC that the rioting was a spontaneous Hindu backlash fueled by widespread anger against Muslims. He said "Hindus are frustrated over the role of Muslims in the on-going violence in Indian-administered Kashmir and other parts of India." In support of this, the US Ambassador at-large for International Religious Freedom, John Hanford, expressed concern over religious intolerance in Indian politics and said that while the rioters may have been aided by state and local officials, he did not believe that the BJP-led central government was involved in inciting the riots. Criminal prosecutions Prosecution of the perpetrators of the violence hampered by witnesses being bribed or intimidated and the perpetrators' names being deleted from the charge sheets. Local judges were also biased. After more than two years of acquittals, the Supreme Court of India stepped in, transferring key cases to the Bombay High Court and ordering the police to reopen two thousand cases that had been previously closed. The Supreme Court also lambasted the Gujarat government as "modern day Neros" who looked elsewhere when innocent women and children were burning and then interfered with prosecution. Following this direction, police identified nearly 1,600 cases for re-investigation, arrested 640 accused and launched investigations against forty police officers for their failures. In March 2008, the Supreme Court ordered the setting up of a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to reinvestigate the Godhra train burning case and key cases of post-Godhra violence. The former CBI Director R. K. Raghavan was appointed to chair the Team. Christophe Jaffrelot notes that the SIT was not as independent as commonly believed. Other than Raghavan, half of the six members of the team were recruited from the Gujarat police, and the Gujarat High Court was still responsible for appointing judicial officers. The SIT made efforts to appoint independent prosecutors but some of them resigned due to their inability to function. No efforts were made to protect the witnesses and Raghavan himself was said to be an "absentee investigator," who spent only a few days every month in Gujarat, with the investigations being conducted by the remainder of the team. As of April 2013, 249 convictions had been secured of 184 Hindus and 65 Muslims. Thirty-one of the Muslim convictions were for the massacre of Hindus in Godhra. Best Bakery case The Best Bakery murder trial received wide attention after witnesses retracted testimony in court and all of the accused were acquitted. The Indian Supreme Court, acting on a petition by social activist Teesta Setalvad, ordered a retrial outside Gujarat in which nine accused were found guilty in 2006. A key witness, Zaheera Sheikh, who repeatedly changed her testimony during the trials and the petition was found guilty of perjury. Bilkis Bano case Main article: Bilkis Bano case During the Gujarat riots, a pregnant woman named Bilkis Bano was gang-raped and numerous members of her family were killed. After police dismissed the case against her assailants, she approached the National Human Rights Commission of India and petitioned the Supreme Court seeking a reinvestigation. The Supreme Court granted the motion, directing the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to take over the investigation. CBI appointed a team of experts from the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) Delhi and All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) under the guidance and leadership of Professor T. D. Dogra to exhume the mass graves to establish the identity and cause of death of the victims. The team successfully located and exhumed the remains of the victims. The trial of the case was transferred out of Gujarat and the central government was directed to appoint a public prosecutor. Charges were filed in a Mumbai court against nineteen people as well as six police officials and a government doctor over their role in the initial investigations. In January 2008, eleven men were sentenced to life imprisonment for rapes and murders and a policeman was convicted of falsifying evidence. The Mumbai High Court upheld the life imprisonment of the eleven men convicted for the gang rape of Bilkis Bano and the murder of her family members on 8 May 2017. On 15 August 2022, the Gujarat government released the eleven men sentenced to life imprisonment in the case. The judge who sentenced the rapists said the early release set a bad precedent by the Gujarat government and warned that the move would have wide ramifications. The panel which granted remission included two legislators from the BJP, which was the state government at that time, former BJP Godhra municipal councillor, and a BJP women wing member. A BJP MLA, one of the panellists, has said that some of the convicts are "Brahmins" with good 'sanskaar' or values. After being released from the jail, they were welcomed with sweets and their feet touched in respect. On 8 January 2024, Supreme Court of India ruled that the Gujarat government was not competent to grant remission and struck down the relief granted, in August 2022, to the 11 men who were sentenced to life imprisonment. The court ordered the 11 men to surrender to the jail authorities within 15 days. Avdhootnagar case In 2005, the Vadodara fast-track court acquitted 108 people accused of murdering two youths during a mob attack on a group of displaced Muslims returning under police escort to their homes in Avdhootnagar. The court passed strictures against the police for failing to protect the people under their escort and failing to identify the attackers they had seen. Danilimda case Nine people were convicted of killing a Hindu man and injuring another during group clashes in Danilimda, Ahmedabad on 12 April 2005, while twenty-five others were acquitted. Eral case Eight people, including a VHP leader and a member of the BJP, were convicted for the murder of seven members of a family and the rape of two minor girls in the village of Eral in Panchmahal district. Pavagadh and Dhikva case Fifty-two people from Pavagadh and Dhikva villages in Panchmahal district were acquitted of rioting charges for lack of evidence. Godhra train-burning case A stringent anti-terror law, the POTA, was used by the Gujarat government to charge 131 people in connection to the Godhra train fire, but not invoked in prosecuting any of the accused in the post-Godhra riots. In 2005 the POTA Review Committee set up by the central government to review the application of the law opined that the Godhra accused should not have been tried under the provisions of POTA. In February 2011 a special fast track court convicted thirty-one Muslims for the Godhra train burning incident and the conspiracy for the crime Dipda Darwaza case On 9 November 2011, a court in Ahmedabad sentenced thirty-one Hindus to life imprisonment for murdering dozens of Muslims by burning a building in which they took shelter. Forty-one other Hindus were acquitted of murder charges due to a lack of evidence. Twenty-two further people were convicted for attempted murder on 30 July 2012, while sixty-one others were acquitted. Naroda Patiya Massacre Main article: Naroda Patiya massacre On 29 July 2012, an Indian court convicted thirty people in the Naroda Patiya massacre case for their involvement in the attacks. The convicted included former state minister Maya Kodnani and Hindu leader Babu Bajrangi. The court case began in 2009, and over three hundred people (including victims, witnesses, doctors, and journalists) testified before the court. For the first time, the verdict acknowledged the role of a politician in inciting Hindu mobs. Activists asserted that the verdict would embolden the opponent of Narendra Modi, the then chief minister of Gujarat, in the crucial run-up to state elections later that year, when Modi would be seeking a third term (The BJP and he eventually went on to win the elections). Modi refused to apologise and denied that the government had a role in the riots. Twenty-nine people were acquitted during the verdict. Teesta Setalvad said "For the first time, this judgment actually goes beyond neighborhood perpetrators and goes up to the political conspiracy. The fact that convictions have gone that high means the conspiracy charge has been accepted and the political influencing of the mobs has been accepted by the judge. This is a huge victory for justice." Perjury cases In April 2009, the SIT submitted before the Court that Teesta Setalvad had cooked up cases of violence to spice up the incidents. The SIT which is headed by former CBI director, R. K. Raghavan has said that false witnesses were tutored to give evidence about imaginary incidents by Setalvad and other NGOs. The SIT charged her of "cooking up macabre tales of killings." The court was told that twenty-two witnesses, who had submitted identical affidavits before various courts relating to riot incidents, were questioned by SIT and it was found that the witnesses had not actually witnessed the incidents and they were tutored and the affidavits were handed over to them by Setalvad. Inquiries There were more than sixty investigations by national and international bodies many of which concluded that the violence was supported by state officials. A report from the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC) stated that res ipsa loquitur applied as the state had comprehensively failed to protect uphold the rights of the people as set out in the Constitution of India. It faulted the Gujarat government for failure of intelligence, failure to take appropriate action, and failure to identify local factors and players. NHRC also expressed "widespread lack of faith" in the integrity of the investigation of major incidents of violence. It recommended that five critical cases should be transferred to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). The US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report quoted the NHRC as concluding that the attacks had been premeditated, that state government officials were complicit, and that there was evidence of police not acting during the assaults on Muslims. The US State Department also cited how Gujarat's high school textbooks described Hitler's "charismatic personality" and the "achievements of Nazism." US Congressmen John Conyers and Joe Pitts subsequently introduced a resolution in the House condemning the conduct of Modi for inciting religious persecution. They stated that Modi's government had a role in "promoting the attitudes of racial supremacy, racial hatred and the legacy of Nazism through his government's support of school textbooks in which Nazism is glorified." They also wrote a letter to the US State Department asking it deny Modi a visa to the United States. The resolution was not adopted. The CCT consisting of eminent high court judges released a detailed three-volume report on the riots. Headed by retired Supreme Court Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, the CCT released its findings in 2003 and stated that, contrary to the government allegation of a conspiracy in Godhra, the incident had not been pre-planned and there was no evidence to indicate otherwise. On the statewide riots, the CCT reported that, several days before the Godhra incident, which was the excuse used for the attacks, homes belonging to Hindus in Muslim areas had been marked with pictures of Hindu deities or saffron flags, and that this had been done to prevent any accidental assaults on Hindu homes or businesses. The CCT investigation also discovered evidence that the VHP and the Bajrang Dal had training camps in which people were taught to view Muslims as an enemy. These camps were backed and supported by the BJP and RSS. They also reported that "The complicity of the state government is obvious. And, the support of the central government to the state government in all that it did is also by now a matter of common knowledge." The state government commissioned J. G. Shah to conduct, what became, a controversial one man inquiry into the Godhra incident, its credibility was questioned and the NHRC and the National Minorities Commission requested that a sitting judge from the supreme court be appointed. The supreme court overturned the findings by Shah stating, "this judgement is not based on the understanding of any evidence, but on imagination." Early in 2003, the state government of Gujarat set up the Nanavati-Shah commission to investigate the entire incident, from the initial one at Godhra to the ensuing violence. The commission was caught up in controversy from the beginning. Activists and members of the opposition insisted on a judicial commission to be set up and headed by a sitting judge rather than a retired one from the high court. The state government refused. Within a few months Nanavati, before hearing any testimony declared there was no evidence of lapses by either the police or government in their handling of the violence. In 2008 Shah died and was replaced by Justice Akshay Mehta, another retired high court judge. Metha's appointment was controversial as he was the judge who allowed Babu Bajrangi, a prime suspect in the massacre Naroda Patiya massacre, to be released on bail. In July 2013 the commission was given its 20th extension, and Mukul Sinha of the civil rights group Jan Sangharsh Manch said of the delays "I think the Commission has lost its significance and it now seems to be awaiting the outcome of the 2014 Lok Sabha election." In 2007 Tehelka in an undercover operation had said that the Nanavati-Shah commission had relied on "manufactured evidence." Tehelka editor Tarun Tejpal has claimed that they had taped witnesses who stated they had given false testimony after they had been bribed by the Gujarati police force. Tehelka also recorded Ranjitsinh Patel where he stated that he and Prabhatsinh Patel had been paid fifty thousand rupees each to amend earlier statements and to identify some Muslims as conspirators. According to B G Verghese, the Tehelka expose was far too detailed to have been fake. A fact finding mission by the Sahmat organisation led by Dr. Kamal Mitra Chenoy concluded that the violence was more akin to ethnic cleansing or a pogrom rather than communal violence. The report said that the violence surpassed other periods of communal violence such as in 1969, 1985, 1989, and 1992 not only in the total loss of life, but also in the savagery of the attacks. Aftermath Rioting in Gujarat There was widespread destruction of property. 273 dargahs, 241 mosques, 19 temples, and 3 churches were either destroyed or damaged. It is estimated that Muslim property losses were "100,000 houses, 1,100 hotels, 15,000 businesses, 3,000 handcarts and 5,000 vehicles." Overall, 27,780 people were arrested. Of them, 11,167 were arrested for criminal behavior (3,269 Muslim, 7,896 Hindu) and 16,615 were arrested as a preventive measure (2,811 Muslim, 13,804 Hindu). The CCT tribunal reported that 90 percent of those arrested were almost immediately granted bail, even if they had been arrested on suspicion of murder or arson. There were also media reports that political leaders gave those being released public welcomes. This contradicts the state government's statement during the violence that: "Bail applications of all accused persons are being strongly defended and rejected." Police transfers According to R. B. Sreekumar, police officers who followed the rule of law and helped prevent the riots from spreading were punished by the Modi government. They were subjected to disciplinary proceedings and transfers with some having to leave the state. Sreekumar also claims it is common practice to intimidate whistleblowers and otherwise subvert the justice system, and that the state government issued "unconstitutional directives", with officials asking him to kill Muslims involved in rioting or disrupting a Hindu religious event. The Gujarat government denied his allegations, claiming that they were "baseless" and based on malice because Sreekumar had not been promoted. Further violence promotion by extremist groups Following the violence Bal Thackeray then leader of the Hindu nationalist group Shiv Sena said "Muslims are a cancer to this country. Cancer is an incurable disease. Its only cure is operation. O Hindus, take weapons in your hands and remove this cancer from your roots." Pravin Togadia, international president of the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), said "All Hindutva opponents will get the death sentence" and Ashok Singhal, the then president of the VHP, has said that the violence in Gujarat was a "successful experiment" which would be repeated nationwide. The militant group Indian Mujahideen have carried out attacks in revenge and to also act as a deterrent against further instances of mass violence against Muslims. They also claimed to have carried out the 2008 Delhi bombings in revenge for mistreatment of Muslims, referencing the destruction of the Babri Mosque and the violence in Gujarat 2002. In September 2002 there was an attack on the Hindu temple of Akshardham, gunmen carried letters on their persons which suggested that it was a revenge attack for the violence that Muslims had undergone. In August 2002 Shahid Ahmad Bakshi, an operative for the militant group Lashkar-e-Toiba planned to assassinate Modi, Pravin Togadia of the VHP, and other members of the right wing nationalist movement to avenge the 2002 Gujarat violence. Human Rights Watch has accused the state of orchestrating a cover-up of their role in the violence. Human rights activists and Indian solicitors have urged that legislation be passed so that "communal violence is treated as genocide." Following the violence thousands of Muslims were fired from their places of work, and those who tried to return home had to endure an economic and social boycott. Organisational changes and political reactions On 3 May 2002, former Punjab police chief Kanwar Pal Singh Gill was appointed as security adviser to Modi. Defending the Modi administration in the Rajya Sabha against charges of genocide, BJP spokesman V. K. Malhotra said that the official toll of 254 Hindus, killed mostly by police fire, indicates how the state authorities took effective steps to curb the violence. Opposition parties and three coalition partners of the BJP-led central government demanded the dismissal of Modi for failing to contain the violence, with some calling for the removal of Union Home Minister L. K. Advani as well. On 18 July, Modi asked the Governor of Gujarat to dissolve the state assembly and call fresh elections. The Indian Election Commission ruled out early elections citing the prevailing law and order situation and held them in December 2002. The BJP capitalised on the violence using posters and videotapes of the Godhra incident and painting Muslims as terrorists. The party gained in all the constituencies affected by the communal violence and a number of candidates implicated in the violence were elected, which in turn ensured freedom from prosecution. Media investigation In 2004, the weekly magazine Tehelka published a hidden camera exposé alleging that BJP legislator Madhu Srivastava bribed Zaheera Sheikh, a witness in the Best Bakery case. Srivastava denied the allegation, and an inquiry committee appointed by the Supreme Court drew an "adverse inference" from the video footage, though it failed to uncover evidence that money was actually paid. In a 2007 expose, the magazine released hidden camera footage of several members of the BJP, VHP and the Bajrang Dal admitting their role in the riots. Among those featured in the tapes was the special counsel representing the Gujarat government before the Nanavati-Shah Commission, Arvind Pandya, who resigned from his post after the release. While the report was criticised by some as being politically motivated, some newspapers said the revelations simply reinforced what was common knowledge. However, the report contradicted official records with regard to Modi's alleged visit to Naroda Patiya and a local police superintendent's location. The Gujarat government blocked telecast of cable news channels broadcasting the expose, a move strongly condemned by the Editors Guild of India. Taking a stand decried by the media and other rights groups, Nafisa Hussain, a member of the National Commission for Women accused organisations and the media of needlessly exaggerating the plight of women victims of the riots, which was strongly disputed as Gujarat did not have a State Commission for Women to act on the ground. The newspaper Tribune reported that "The National Commission for Women has reluctantly agreed to the complicity of Gujarat Government in the communal violence in the state." The tone of their most recent report was reported by the Tribune as "lenient". Special Investigation Team In April 2012, the three-member SIT formed in 2008 by the Supreme Court as a response to a petition by one of the aggrieved in the Gulmerg massacre absolved Modi of any involvement in the Gulberg massacre, arguably the worst episode of the riots. In his report, Raju Ramachandran, the amicus curiae for the case, strongly disagreed with a key conclusion of R. K. Raghavan who led SIT: that IPS officer Sanjiv Bhatt was not present at a late-night meeting of top Gujarat cops held at the Chief Minister's residence in the wake of 27 February 2002 Godhra carnage. It has been Bhatt's claim—made in an affidavit before the apex court and in statements to the SIT and the amicus—that he was present at the meeting where Modi allegedly said Hindus must be allowed to carry out retaliatory violence against Muslims. Ramachandran was of the opinion that Modi could be prosecuted for alleged statements he had made. He said there was no clinching material available in the pre-trial stage to disbelieve Bhatt, whose claim could be tested only in court. "Hence, it cannot be said, at this stage, that Shri Bhatt should be disbelieved and no further proceedings should be taken against Shri Modi." Further, R. K. Shah, the public prosecutor in the Gulbarg Society massacre, resigned because he found it impossible to work with the SIT and further stated that "Here I am collecting witnesses who know something about a gruesome case in which so many people, mostly women and children huddled in Jafri's house, were killed and I get no cooperation. The SIT officers are unsympathetic towards witnesses, they try to browbeat them and don't share evidence with the prosecution as they are supposed to do." Teesta Setalvad referred to the stark inequalities between the SIT team's lawyers who are paid 9 lakh (900,000) rupees per day and the government prosecutors who are paid a pittance. SIT officers have been paid Rs. 1.5 lakh (150,000) per month for their participation in the SIT since 2008. Diplomatic ban Modi's failure to stop anti-Muslim violence led to a de facto travel ban imposed by the United Kingdom, United States, and several European nations, as well as the boycott of his provincial government by all but the most junior officials. In 2005, Modi was refused a US visa as someone held responsible for a serious violation of religious freedom. Modi had been invited to the US to speak before the Asian-American Hotel Owners Association. A petition was set up by Coalition Against Genocide led by Angana Chatterji and signed by 125 academics requesting that Modi be refused a diplomatic visa. Hindu groups in the US also protested and planned to demonstrate in cities in Florida. A resolution was submitted by John Conyers and Joseph R. Pitts in the House of Representatives which condemned Modi for inciting religious persecution. Pitts also wrote to then United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice requesting Modi be refused a visa. On 19 March Modi was denied a diplomatic visa and his tourist visa was revoked. As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK and the EU lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively, and after his election as prime minister he was invited to Washington, in the US. Relief efforts By 27 March 2002, nearly one-hundred thousand displaced people moved into 101 relief camps. This swelled to over 150,000 in 104 camps the next two weeks. The camps were run by community groups and NGOs, with the government committing to provide amenities and supplementary services. Drinking water, medical help, clothing and blankets were in short supply at the camps. At least another 100 camps were denied government support, according to a camp organiser, and relief supplies were prevented from reaching some camps due to fears that they may be carrying arms. Reactions to the relief effort were further critical of the Gujarat government. Relief camp organisers alleged that the state government was coercing refugees to leave relief camps, with twenty-five thousand people made to leave eighteen camps which were shut down. Following government assurances that further camps would not be shut down, the Gujarat High Court bench ordered that camp organizers be given a supervisory role to ensure that assurances were met. On 9 September 2002, Modi mentioned during a speech that he was against running relief camps. In January 2010, the Supreme Court ordered the government to hand over the speech and other documents to the SIT. What brother, should we run relief camps? Should I start children-producing centres there? We want to achieve progress by pursuing the policy of family planning with determination. Ame paanch, Amara pachhees! (we are five and we have twenty-five) . . . Can't Gujarat implement family planning? Whose inhibitions are coming in our way? Which religious sect is coming in the way? . . ." On 23 May 2008, the Union Government announced a 3.2 billion rupee (US$80 million) relief package for the victims of the riots. In contrast, Amnesty International's annual report on India in 2003 claimed the "Gujarat government did not actively fulfill its duty to provide appropriate relief and rehabilitation to the survivors". The Gujarat government initially offered compensation payments of 200,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the Godhra train fire and 100,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the subsequent riots, which local Muslims took to be discriminatory. Media suppression In January 2023, the BBC aired a documentary titled India: The Modi Question that probed Prime Minister Narendra Modi's role in the 2002 riots. The Indian government responded to the airing by attempting to block links to the documentary on YouTube and Twitter using provisions of the 'controversial' Information Technology Rules, 2021. In February, several weeks after the ban, the Indian tax authorities raided the British media group's local offices, seizing employees' laptops and mobile phones. Reporters Without Borders denounced the actions as "attempts to clamp down on independent media", noting that the raids had "all the appearance of a reprisal against the BBC for releasing a documentary critical of Prime Minister Narendra Modi". In popular culture Final Solution is a 2003 documentary directed by Rakesh Sharma about the 2002 Gujarat violence. The film was denied entry to Mumbai International Film Festival in 2004 due to objections by Censor Board of India, but won two awards at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival 2004. The ban was later lifted in October 2004. Passengers: A Video Journey in Gujarat is a 2003 documentary film co-directed by Akanksha Damini Joshi. It is a critically acclaimed 52-minute long film that narrates the journey of a Hindu and a Muslim family during and after the violence. The politics of division is experienced intimately through the lives two families in Ahmedabad. The film, completed in 2003, has been screened at the 9th Open Frame Festival, Artivist Film Festival, USA, Films for Freedom, Delhi, the World Social Forum 2004, Madurai International Documentary and Short Film Festival and Persistence Resistance, New Delhi. Gujarati play Dost Chokkas Ahin Ek Nagar Vastu Hatu by Saumya Joshi is a black comedy-based on 2002 riots. Parzania is a 2007 drama film set after the violence and looks at the aftermath of the riots. It is based on the true story of a ten-year-old Parsi boy, Azhar Mody. Rahul Dholakia won the Golden Lotus National Film Award for Best Direction and Sarika won the Silver Lotus National Film Award for Best Actress. T. V. Chandran made a trilogy of Malayalam films based on the aftermaths of the Gujarat riots. The trilogy consists of Kathavasheshan (2004), Vilapangalkkappuram (2008) and Bhoomiyude Avakashikal (2012). The narrative of all these films begin on the same day, 28 February 2002, that is, on the day after the Godhra train burning. Firaaq is a 2008 political thriller film set one month after the violence and looks at the aftermath in its effects on the lives of everyday people. Mausam is a 2011 romantic drama film directed by Pankaj Kapoor, spanned over the period between 1992 and 2002 covering major events. Kai Po Che! is a 2013 Hindi film which depicted riots in its plot. India: The Modi Question - a 2023 two-part documentary aired by the BBC. See also India portalCrime portalGenocide portal2000s portal Violence against Muslims in India 1969 Gujarat riots 1985 Gujarat riots 2006 Vadodara riots Religious violence in India Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a Cover Up, Rana Ayyub's investigative book on the riots List of massacres in India India: The Modi Question – a 2023 two-part documentary series aired by BBC Two about the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi References Notes ^ The Concerned Citizen's Tribunal (CCT) was an eight-member committee headed by V. R. Krishna Iyer, retired Judge of Supreme Court, with P. B. Sawant, Hosbet Suresh, K. G. Kannabiran, Aruna Roy, K. S. Subramanian, Ghanshyam Shah and Tanika Sarkar making up the rest. It was appointed by Citizens for Peace and Justice (CPJ), a group formed by some social activists from Mumbai and Ahmedabad. It released its first reports in 2003. CPJ members included Alyque Padamsee, Anil Dharkar, Cyrus Guzder, Ghulam Mohammed, I.M. 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(Ahmedabad Journal) "In India, a Child's Life Is Cheap Indeed". The New York Times. 7 March 2002 ^ "India blocks BBC documentary on Modi's role in Gujarat riots". www.aljazeera.com. ^ "Indian tax agents raid BBC offices in wake of Modi documentary". www.aljazeera.com. ^ "India accuses BBC of tax evasion after searching offices". www.aljazeera.com. ^ "A miss at MIFF, accolades at Berlinale". The Hindu. 17 February 2004. Archived from the original on 4 March 2004. Retrieved 11 July 2013. ^ "Mumbai reject finally shines in Berlin". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 17 February 2004. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013. ^ "Passengers". Magic Lantern Movies. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. ^ "Dr. Navras Jaat Aafreedi's Social Activism". openspacelucknow. 28 October 2009. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020. ^ "Passengers: A Video Journey in Gujarat". Earth Witness. 27 March 2014. 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External links Report: Nanavati Commission (PDF), Government of Gujarat, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2013, retrieved 25 September 2009 Godhra riots by Citizen Tribunal, Sabrang Communications Issue of Gujarat CM US visa, US State Department vte2002 Gujarat riotsIncidents Godhra train burning Naroda Patiya massacre Best Bakery case Gulbarg Society massacre Books Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a Cover Up Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat Films Final Solution Parzania Vilapangalkkappuram Bhoomiyude Avakashikal Chand Bujh Gaya Firaaq Thamassu Mausam Accident or Conspiracy: Godhra Other The Truth: Gujarat 2002 Coalition Against Genocide Nanavati-Mehta Commission vteReligious persecution and discriminationBy group Ahmadiyya Atheism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Catholicism Christianity post–Cold War era Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Jehovah's Witnesses Judaism Persecution LDS or Mormon Neopaganism Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Protestantism Rastafari Shi'ism Sufism Zoroastrianism Methods Censorship Communal violence Cultural genocide Deprogramming Desecration Domicide Discrimination Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic violence Extrajudicial killing Extrajudicial punishment Forced conversion Forced displacement Hate crime Iconoclasm Intolerance Pogrom Political violence Population cleansing Population transfer Sectarian violence Social cleansing Segregation State atheism State religion Terrorism Violence War Events Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (64–313) Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire (c. 324–c. 491) Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent (c.550–c. 1200) Yellow Turban Rebellion (c.184–c. 205) Battle of Tours (732) Rhineland massacres (1096) Jerusalem massacre (1099) Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent (643–1526) Inquisition (1184–1908) Massacre at Ayyadieh (1191) Northern Crusades (12th–16th cent.) 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Aboobacker Musliyar Asjad Raza Khan Ibrahim Chatuli Saeed Noori Ahmad Sirhindi Shah Turab ul Haq Muhammad Fazlur Rahman Ansari Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi Shah Ahmad Noorani Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi Arshadul Qaudri Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi Sahibzada Haji Muhammad Fazal Karim Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani Qazi Syed Rafi Mohammad Syed Hayatullah Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi Mian Tufail Mohammad Ashraf Ali Thanwi Anwar Shah Kashmiri Mahmud al-Hasan Ubaidullah Sindhi Ziya-ur-Rahman Azmi Mohammad Ali Jouhar Shaukat Ali Muhammad Iqbal Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Abul A'la Maududi Shah Ahmad Noorani Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Fazl-ur-Rehman Ghulam Azam Ilyas Qadri Motiur Rahman Nizami Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Hussain Najafi Grand Ayatollah Bashir Hussain Najafi Muhammad Taqi Usmani Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib Safdar Nagori Jalaluddin Umri Israr Ahmed Javed Ahmad Ghamidi Qazi Hussain Ahmad Arif Hussain Hussaini Delwar Hossain Sayeedi Syed Nazeer Husain Khalid Mehmood Soomro Siddiq Hasan Khan Ehsan Elahi Zaheer Sanaullah Amritsari Abul Kalam Azad Azizul Haque Fazlul Haque Amini Nurul Islam Farooqi Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria Sheikh Ahmadullah Maulana Sardar Ahmad Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar Asjad Raza Khan Saeed Noori Sultan Zauq Nadvi Events Direct Action Day Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization Hudood Ordinances Shah Bano case Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum, 1984 Babri Masjid Noakhali riots Part of Islamism Militant Islamism in South Asia Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhassem-Fachand20121-2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bilgrami2013-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berenschot2014-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"western Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_India"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"burning of a 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riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)"},{"link_name":"pogrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dhattiwala_2012-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrass2005388-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baldwin_2002-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garlough_2013-28"},{"link_name":"state terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_terrorism"},{"link_name":"ethnic cleansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandey_2005_b-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baruah_2012_b-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLane_2010-2"},{"link_name":"Naroda Patiya massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naroda_Patiya_massacre"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patiya_massacre-29"},{"link_name":"Gulbarg Society massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbarg_Society_massacre"},{"link_name":"Ehsan Jafri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Jafri"},{"link_name":"parliamentarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"},{"link_name":"Vadodara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodara"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vadodara_2007-30"},{"link_name":"ethnic cleansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrass2005388-26"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandey_2005_b-3"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patiya_massacre-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENussbaum200850-51-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bobbio-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShani2007b168%E2%80%93173-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buncombe-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaffrelot2013-35"}],"text":"Sectarian violence in the Indian stateThe 2002 Gujarat riots, also known as the 2002 Gujarat violence,[7][8][9][10] was a three-day period of inter-communal violence in the western Indian state of Gujarat. The burning of a train in Godhra on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 58 Hindu pilgrims and karsevaks returning from Ayodhya, is cited as having instigated the violence.[11][12][13][14] Following the initial riot incidents, there were further outbreaks of violence in Ahmedabad for three months; statewide, there were further outbreaks of violence against the minority Muslim population of Gujarat for the next year.[7][15]According to official figures, the riots ended with 1,044 dead, 223 missing, and 2,500 injured. Of the dead, 790 were Muslim and 254 Hindu.[16] The Concerned Citizens Tribunal Report,[17] estimated that as many as 1,926 may have been killed.[4] Other sources estimated death tolls in excess of 2,000.[5] Many brutal killings and rapes were reported on as well as widespread looting and destruction of property. Narendra Modi, then Chief Minister of Gujarat and later Prime Minister of India, was accused of condoning the violence, as were police and government officials who allegedly directed the rioters and gave lists of Muslim-owned properties to them.[18]In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by Special Investigation Team (SIT) appointed by the Supreme Court of India. The SIT also rejected claims that the state government had not done enough to prevent the riots.[19] The Muslim community was reported to have reacted with anger and disbelief.[20] In July 2013, allegations were made that the SIT had suppressed evidence.[21] That December, an Indian court upheld the earlier SIT report and rejected a petition seeking Modi's prosecution.[22] In April 2014, the Supreme Court expressed satisfaction over the SIT's investigations in nine cases related to the violence, and rejected a plea contesting the SIT report as \"baseless\".[23]Though officially classified as a communalist riot, the events of 2002 have been described as a pogrom by many scholars,[24][25] with some commentators alleging that the attacks had been planned, with the attack on the train was a \"staged trigger\" for what was actually premeditated violence.[26][27] Other observers have stated that these events had met the \"legal definition of genocide,\"[28] or referred to them as state terrorism or ethnic cleansing.[3][1][2] Instances of mass violence include the Naroda Patiya massacre that took place directly adjacent to a police training camp;[29] the Gulbarg Society massacre where Ehsan Jafri, a former parliamentarian, was among those killed; and several incidents in Vadodara city.[30] Scholars studying the 2002 riots state that they were premeditated and constituted a form of ethnic cleansing, and that the state government and law enforcement were complicit in the violence that occurred.[26][3][29][31][32][33][34][35]","title":"2002 Gujarat riots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabarmati Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Express"},{"link_name":"Ayodhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya"},{"link_name":"Godhra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhra"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sit-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Gujarat High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_High_Court"},{"link_name":"commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanavati-Shah_commission"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"G.T. Nanavati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.T._Nanavati"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaffrelot_77%E2%80%9380-41"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribunal_2003-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHRC_2003-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metcalf_2012-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffery_2011-47"},{"link_name":"Ainslie Thomas Embree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainslie_Thomas_Embree"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Embree_2012-48"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhra_train_burning#Banerjee_Committee"},{"link_name":"Umesh Chandra Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umesh_Chandra_Banerjee"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IE222-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press_Trust_2006-50"},{"link_name":"Nanavati-Mehta Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanavati-Mehta_Commission"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaffrelot_77%E2%80%9380-41"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan,_Times_of_India_2011-51"},{"link_name":"Maulvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)"},{"link_name":"Central Reserve Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India_2008-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Tehelka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehelka"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2011398-54"},{"link_name":"Indian Penal Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_of_India-Verdict-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindu1-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liveindia-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MD-60"}],"text":"On the morning of 27 February 2002, the Sabarmati Express, returning from Ayodhya to Ahmedabad, stopped near the Godhra railway station. The passengers were Hindu pilgrims, returning from Ayodhya.[36][37] An argument erupted between the train passengers and the vendors on the railway platform.[38] The argument became violent and, under uncertain circumstances, four coaches of the train caught fire with many people trapped inside. In the resulting conflagration, 59 people, including women and children, burned to death.[39]The government of Gujarat set up Gujarat High Court judge K. G. Shah as a one-man commission to look into the incident,[40] but following outrage among families of victims and in the media over Shah's alleged closeness to Modi, retired Supreme Court judge G.T. Nanavati was added as chairman of the now two-person commission.[41]In 2003, The Concerned Citizens Tribunal (CCT)[Note 1] concluded that the fire had been an accident.[42][43][44] Several other independent commentators have also concluded that the fire itself was almost certainly an accident, saying that the initial cause of the conflagration has never been conclusively determined.[45][46] Historian Ainslie Thomas Embree stated that the official story of the attack on the train (that it was organized and carried out by people under orders from Pakistan) was entirely baseless.[47]The Union government led by the Indian National Congress party in 2005 also set up a committee to probe the incident, headed up by retired Supreme Court judge Umesh Chandra Banerjee. The committee concluded that the fire had begun inside the train and was most likely accidental.[48] However, the Gujarat High Court ruled in 2006 that the matter was outside the jurisdiction of the union government, and that the committee was therefore unconstitutional.[49]After six years of going over the details, Nanavati-Mehta Commission submitted its preliminary report which concluded that the fire was an act of arson, committed by a mob of one to two thousand locals.[41][50] Maulvi Husain Haji Ibrahim Umarji, a cleric in Godhra, and a dismissed Central Reserve Police Force officer named Nanumiyan were presented as the \"masterminds\" behind the arson.[51] After 24 extensions, the commission submitted its final report on 18 November 2014.[52] The findings of the commission were called into question by a video recording released by Tehelka magazine, which showed Arvind Pandya, counsel for the Gujarat government, stating that the findings of the Shah-Nanavati commission would support the view presented by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), as Shah was \"their man\" and Nanavati could be bribed.[53]In February 2011, the trial court convicted 31 people and acquitted 63 others based on the murder and conspiracy provisions of the Indian Penal Code, saying the incident was a \"pre-planned conspiracy.\"[54]\n[55] Of those convicted, 11 were sentenced to death and the other 20 to life in prison.[56][57] Maulvi Umarji, presented by the Nanavati-Shah commission as the prime conspirator, was acquitted along with 62 others accused for lack of evidence.[58][59]","title":"Godhra train burning"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Gujarat_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Gujarat_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Vishva Hindu Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad"},{"link_name":"bandh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandh"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShani2007b171-61"},{"link_name":"Rana Rajendrasinh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendrasinh_Rana"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2009134-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune-63"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Embree_2012-48"},{"link_name":"intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hibbard_2010_b-64"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy_2011-18"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_2002-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan_2011_b-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oommen_2005_a-67"},{"link_name":"M. D. Antani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._D._Antani"},{"link_name":"Rapid Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Action_Force"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Gordhan Zadafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordhan_Zadafia"},{"link_name":"Minister of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhatt_2002-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Desai_2002-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dasgupta_2002-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margatt_2011-72"},{"link_name":"upper house of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabha"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_6_May_2002-73"},{"link_name":"mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"dargahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargah"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunsha2005-74"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oommen_2005_a-67"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubin_2010_b-75"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"Dalits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosser_2003-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heroism-77"}],"text":"VadodaraNarodaAhmedabadGodhraOdeGandhinagarMehsanaBharuchSuratRajkotHalvadModasaHimatnagarclass=notpageimage\| Location of major incidents.Following the attack on the train, the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) called for a statewide bandh, or strike. Although the Supreme Court had declared such strikes to be unconstitutional and illegal, and despite the common tendency for such strikes to be followed by violence, no action was taken by the state to prevent the strike. The government did not attempt to stop the initial outbreak of violence across the state.[60] Independent reports indicate that the state BJP president Rana Rajendrasinh had endorsed the strike, and that Modi and Rana used inflammatory language which worsened the situation.[61]Then-Chief Minister Narendra Modi declared that the attack on the train had been an act of terrorism, and not an incident of communal violence.[62] Local newspapers and members of the state government used the statement to incite violence against the Muslim community by claiming, without proof,[47] that the attack on the train was carried out by Pakistan's intelligence agency and that local Muslims had conspired with them to attack Hindus in the state. False stories were also printed by local newspapers which claimed that Muslim people had kidnapped and raped Hindu women.[63]Numerous accounts describe the attacks on the Muslim community that began on 28 February (the day after the train fire) as highly coordinated with mobile phones and government-issued printouts listing the homes and businesses of Muslims. Attackers arrived in Muslim communities across the region in trucks, wearing saffron robes and khaki shorts, bearing a variety of weapons. In many cases, attackers damaged or burned Muslim-owned or occupied buildings while leaving adjacent Hindu buildings untouched. Although many calls to the police were made from victims, they were told by the police that \"we have no orders to save you.\" In some cases, the police fired on Muslims who attempted to defend themselves.[18][64] The rioters used mobile phones to coordinate their attacks.[65] By the end of the day on 28 February a curfew had been declared in 27 towns and cities across the state.[66] A government minister stated that although the circumstances were tense in Baroda and Ahmedabad, the situation was under control, and that the police who had been deployed were enough to prevent any violence. In Baroda, the administration imposed a curfew in seven areas of the city.M. D. Antani, then the deputy superintendent of police, deployed the Rapid Action Force to sensitive areas in Godhra.[67] Gordhan Zadafia, the Minister of State for Home, believed there would be no retaliation from the Hindu community for the train burning.[68][69] Modi stated that the violence was no longer as intense as it had been and that it would soon be brought under control, and that if the situation warranted it, the police would be supported by deploying the army. A shoot-to-kill order was issued.[70] However the troop deployment was withheld by the state government until 1 March, when the most severe violence had ended.[71] After more than two months of violence a unanimous vote to authorize central intervention was passed in the upper house of parliament. Members of the opposition made accusations that the government had failed to protect Muslim people in the worst rioting in India in more than 10 years.[72]It is estimated that 230 mosques and 274 dargahs were destroyed during the violence.[73] For the first time in the history of communal riots Hindu women took part, looting Muslim shops.[66] It is estimated that up to 150,000 people were displaced during the violence.[74] It is estimated that 200 police officers died while trying to control the violence, and Human Rights Watch reported that acts of exceptional heroism were committed by Hindus, Dalits and tribals who tried to protect Muslims from the violence.[75][76]","title":"Post-Godhra violence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"Indian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW_May_2002-78"},{"link_name":"Teesta Setalvad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta_Setalvad"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Setalvad-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press_Trust_of_India-80"},{"link_name":"gang raped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_rape"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kabir_2011-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Naroda Patiya mass grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naroda_Patiya_massacre"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2011388-83"},{"link_name":"Kalpana Kannabiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpana_Kannabiran"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kannabiran_2012-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"acid attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_throwing"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gangoli_2012-86"},{"link_name":"George Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-Lucas_2010-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_2007-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkinson_2005-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renu_Khanna_2008-90"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renu_Khanna_2008-90"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renu_Khanna_2008-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Vandana Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandana_Shiva"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shiva_2003-92"},{"link_name":"Dionne Bunsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_Bunsha"},{"link_name":"Ehsan Jafri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Jafri"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunsha2005-74"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ahmed_2003-93"}],"text":"In the aftermath of the violence, it became clear that many attacks were focused not only on Muslim populations, but also on Muslim women and children. Organizations such as Human Rights Watch criticised the Indian government and the Gujarat state administration for failure to address the resulting humanitarian condition of victims who fled their homes for relief camps during the violence, the \"overwhelming majority of them Muslim.\"[77] According to Teesta Setalvad on 28 February in the districts of Morjari Chowk and Charodia Chowk in Ahmedabad of all forty people who had been killed by police shooting were Muslim.[78] An international fact-finding committee formed of all women international experts from US, UK, France, Germany and Sri Lanka reported, \"sexual violence was being used as a strategy for terrorizing women belonging to minority community in the state.\"[79]It is estimated that at least 250 girls and women were gang raped and then burned to death.[80]\nChildren were force fed petrol and then set on fire,[81] pregnant women were gutted and then had their unborn child's body shown to them. In the Naroda Patiya mass grave of ninety-six bodies, forty-six were women. Rioters also flooded homes and electrocuted entire families inside.[82] Violence against women also included them being stripped naked, violated with objects, and then killed. According to Kalpana Kannabiran the rapes were part of a well-organized, deliberate and pre-planned strategy, and which facts place the violence into the categories of political pogrom and genocide.[83][84] Other acts of violence against women included acid attacks, beatings and the killing of women who were pregnant. Children were also killed in front of their parents.[85] George Fernandes in a discussion in parliament on the violence caused widespread furor in his defense of the state government, saying that this was not the first time that women had been violated and raped in India.[86]Children were killed by being burnt alive and those who dug the mass graves described the bodies interred within them as \"burned and butchered beyond recognition.\"[87] Children and infants were speared and held aloft before being thrown into fires.[88] Describing the sexual violence perpetrated against Muslim women and girls, Renu Khanna writes that the survivors reported that it \"consisted of forced nudity, mass rapes, gang-rapes, mutilation, insertion of objects into bodies, cutting of breasts, slitting the stomach and reproductive organs, and carving of Hindu religious symbols on women's body parts.\"[89] The Concerned Citizens' Tribunal characterised the use of rape \"as an instrument for the subjugation and humiliation of a community.\"[89] Testimony heard by the committee stated that:A chilling technique, absent in pogroms unleashed hitherto but very much in evidence this time in a large number of cases, was the deliberate destruction of evidence. Barring a few, in most instances of sexual violence, the women victims were stripped and paraded naked, then gang-raped, and thereafter quartered and burnt beyond recognition. . . . The leaders of the mobs even raped young girls, some as young as 11 years old . . . before burning them alive. . . . Even a 20-day-old infant, or a fetus in the womb of its mother, was not spared.[89]An autopsy report conducted on the deceased women states that the doctor who conducted the post-mortem, found the foetus intact. The doctor, who had conducted the autopsy said to the court that the foetus was intact in the woman's womb.[90]Vandana Shiva stated that \"Young boys have been taught to burn, rape and kill in the name of Hindutva.\"[91]Dionne Bunsha, writing on the Gulbarg Society massacre and murder of Ehsan Jafri, has said that when Jafri begged the crowd to spare the women, he was dragged into the street and forced to parade naked for refusing to say \"Jai Shri Ram.\" He was then beheaded and thrown onto a fire, after which rioters returned and burned Jafri's family, including two small boys, to death. After the massacre Gulbarg remained in flames for a week.[73][92]","title":"Attacks on Muslims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fran%C3%A7ois-95"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_2002-65"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOommen200871-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book_-_Bunsha-97"},{"link_name":"Danilimda area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilimda_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Himatnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himatnagar"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"India Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Frontline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"text":"The Times of India reported that over ten thousand Hindus were displaced during the violence.[93] According to police records, 157 riots after the Godhra incident were started by Muslims.[94] In Mahajan No Vando, a Hindu residential area in Jamalpur, residents reported that Muslim attackers injured approximately twenty-five Hindu residents and destroyed five houses on 1 March. The community head reported that the police responded quickly, but were ineffectual as there were so few of them present to help during the attack. The colony was later visited by Modi on 6 March, who promised the residents that they would be taken care of.[64][95][96]On 17 March, it was reported that Muslims attacked Dalits in the Danilimda area of Ahmedabad. In Himatnagar, a man was reportedly found dead with both his eyes gouged out. The Sindhi Market and Bhanderi Pole areas of Ahmedabad were also reportedly attacked by mobs.[97]India Today reported on 20 May 2002 that there were sporadic attacks on Hindus in Ahmedabad. On 5 May, Muslim rioters attacked Bhilwas locality in the Shah Alam area.[98] Hindu doctors were asked to stop practicing in Muslim areas after one Hindu doctor was stabbed.[99]Frontline magazine reported that in Ahmedabad of the 249 bodies recovered by 5 March, thirty were Hindu. Of the Hindus that had been killed, thirteen had died as a result of police action and several others had died while attacking Muslim owned properties. Despite the relatively few attacks by Muslim mobs on Hindu neighbourhoods, twenty-four Muslims were reported to have died in police shootings.[100][101]","title":"Attacks on Hindus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehtaa_2006-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gupta_2012_p7-104"},{"link_name":"Sabarmati Ashram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Hindutva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva"},{"link_name":"STAR News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABP_News"},{"link_name":"media ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_ethics"},{"link_name":"Sandesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandesh_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Gujarat Samachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Samachar"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Gujarat Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Today"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sonwalkar_2009-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole_2006-107"}],"text":"The events in Gujarat were the first instance of communal violence in India in the age of 24-hour news coverage and were televised worldwide. This coverage played a central role in the politics of the situation. Media coverage was generally critical of the Hindu right; however, the BJP portrayed the coverage as an assault on the honor of Gujaratis and turned the hostility into an emotive part of their electoral campaign.[102][103] With the violence receding in April, a peace meeting was arranged at Sabarmati Ashram, a former home of Mahatma Gandhi. Hindutva supporters and police officers attacked almost a dozen journalists. The state government banned television news channels critical of the government's response, and local stations were blocked. Two reporters working for STAR News were assaulted several times while covering the violence. On a return trip from having interviewed Modi when their car was surrounded by a crowd, one of the crowd claimed that they would be killed should they be a member of a minority community.The Editors Guild of India, in its report on media ethics and coverage on the incidents stated that the news coverage was exemplary, with only a few minor lapses. The local newspapers Sandesh and Gujarat Samachar, however, were heavily criticised.[104] The report states that Sandesh had headlines which would \"provoke, communalize and terrorize\" people. The newspaper also used a quote from a VHP leader as a headline, \"Avenge with blood.\" The report stated that Gujarat Samachar had played a role in increasing the tensions but did not give all of its coverage over to \"hawkish and inflammatory reportage in the first few weeks\". The paper carried reports to highlight communal harmony. Gujarat Today was given praise for showing restraint and for the balanced reportage of the violence.[105] Critical reporting on the Gujarat government's handling of the situation helped bring about the Indian government's intervention in controlling the violence. The Editors Guild rejected the charge that graphic news coverage aggravated the situation, saying that the coverage exposed the \"horrors\" of the riots as well as the \"supine if not complicit\" attitude of the state, helping to propel remedial action.[106]","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Gyanendra Pandey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyanendra_Pandey_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandey_2005_b-3"},{"link_name":"Paul Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brass"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrass2005388-26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baruah_2012_b-1"},{"link_name":"Rediff.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com"},{"link_name":"Rapid Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Action_Force"},{"link_name":"Gordhan Zadafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordhan_Zadafia"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhatt_2002-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Desai_2002-70"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy_2011-18"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_6_May_2002-73"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berenschot2014-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy_2011-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berenschot2014-9"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan_2011_b-66"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubin_2010_b-75"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_2002-65"},{"link_name":"Wakf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakf"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShani2007b171-61"},{"link_name":"Bajrang Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajrang_Dal"},{"link_name":"Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hibbard_2010_b-64"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShani2007b171-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2009134-62"},{"link_name":"Haren Pandya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haren_Pandya"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puniyani_2009-109"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narula_2010-110"},{"link_name":"Panchmahal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchmahal_district"},{"link_name":"Ashok Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Desai_2002-70"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narula_2010-110"},{"link_name":"Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Hind"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramachandran_2003-111"},{"link_name":"Dipankar Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipankar_Gupta"},{"link_name":"Rahul Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Sharma_(Gujarat_police)"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gupta_2011-112"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosser_2003-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heroism-77"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen_March_2002-113"},{"link_name":"US Ambassador at-large for International Religious Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom"},{"link_name":"John Hanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hanford"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krishnaswami_2006-114"}],"text":"Many scholars and commentators have accused the state government of being complicit in the attacks, either in failing to exert any effort to quell the violence or for actively planning and executing the attacks themselves. The United States Department of State ultimately banned Narendra Modi from travelling to the United States due to his alleged role in the attacks.[107] These allegations center around several ideas. First, the state did little to quell the violence, with attacks continuing well through the Spring. The historian Gyanendra Pandey described these attacks as state terrorism, saying that they were not riots but \"organized political massacres.\"[3] According to Paul Brass the only conclusion from the evidence which is available points to the methodical coordination of an anti-Muslim pogrom which was carried out with exceptional brutality .[26]The media has described the attacks as state terrorism rather than \"communal riots\" due to the lack of state intervention.[1] Many politicians downplayed the incidents, claiming that the situation was under control. One minister who spoke with Rediff.com stated that though the circumstances were tense in Baroda and Ahmedabad, the situation was under control, and that the police who had been deployed were enough to prevent any violence. The deputy superintendent of police stated that the Rapid Action Force had been deployed to sensitive areas in Godhra. Gordhan Zadafia, the Minister of State for Home, stated that he believed there would be no retaliation from the Hindu community.[68][69] Once troops were airlifted in on 1 March, Modi stated that the violence was no longer as intense as it had been and that it would soon be brought under control.[18] The violence continued for 3 months with no intervention from the federal government until May.[72] Local and state-level politicians were seen leading violent mobs, restraining the police and arranging the distribution of weapons, leading investigative reports to conclude that the violence was \"engineered and launched.\"[9]Throughout the violence, attacks were made in full view of police stations and police officers who did not intervene.[18] In many instances, police joined the mobs in perpetrating violence. At one Muslim locality, of the twenty-nine deaths, sixteen were caused by police firing into the locality.[9] Some rioters even had printouts of voter registration lists, allowing them to selectively target Muslim properties.[65][74][64] Selective targeting of properties was shown by the destruction of the offices of the Muslim Wakf board which was located within the confines of the high security zone and just 500 meters from the office of the chief minister.[60]According to Scott W. Hibbard, the violence had been planned far in advance, and that similar to other instances of communal violence the Bajrang Dal, the VHP and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) all took part in the attacks.[63] Following the attack on the train the VHP called for a statewide bandh (strike), and the state took no action to prevent this.[60][61]The Concerned Citizens Tribunal (CCT) report includes testimony of the then Gujarat BJP minister Haren Pandya (since murdered), who testified about an evening meeting convened by Modi the evening of the train burning. At this meeting, officials were instructed not to obstruct the Hindu rage following the incident.[108][109] The report also highlighted a second meeting, held in Lunawada village of Panchmahal district, attended by state ministers Ashok Bhatt, and Prabhatsinh Chauhan, among other BJP and RSS leaders, where \"detailed plans were made on the use of kerosene and petrol for arson and other methods of killing.\"[69][109] The Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind claimed in 2002 that some regional Congress workers collaborated with the perpetrators of the violence.[110]Dipankar Gupta believes that the state and police were clearly complicit in the violence, but that some officers were outstanding in the performance of their duties, such as Himanshu Bhatt and Rahul Sharma. Sharma was reported to have said \"I don't think any other job would have allowed me to save so many lives.\"[111] Human Rights Watch has reported on acts of exceptional heroism by Hindus, Dalits and tribals who tried to protect Muslims from the violence.[75][76]In response to allegations of state involvement, Gujarat government spokesman, Bharat Pandya, told the BBC that the rioting was a spontaneous Hindu backlash fueled by widespread anger against Muslims. He said \"Hindus are frustrated over the role of Muslims in the on-going violence in Indian-administered Kashmir and other parts of India.\"[112] In support of this, the US Ambassador at-large for International Religious Freedom, John Hanford, expressed concern over religious intolerance in Indian politics and said that while the rioters may have been aided by state and local officials, he did not believe that the BJP-led central government was involved in inciting the riots.[113]","title":"Allegations of state complicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENussbaum20082-115"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"Bombay High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_High_Court"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC1-116"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narula_2010-110"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2-117"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"CBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"R. K. Raghavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._K._Raghavan"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narula_2010-110"},{"link_name":"Christophe Jaffrelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaffrelot_2012-123"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Correspondent_2013-124"}],"text":"Prosecution of the perpetrators of the violence hampered by witnesses being bribed or intimidated and the perpetrators' names being deleted from the charge sheets. Local judges were also biased.[114] After more than two years of acquittals, the Supreme Court of India stepped in, transferring key cases to the Bombay High Court and ordering the police to reopen two thousand cases that had been previously closed. The Supreme Court also lambasted the Gujarat government as \"modern day Neros\" who looked elsewhere when innocent women and children were burning and then interfered with prosecution.[115][109] Following this direction, police identified nearly 1,600 cases for re-investigation, arrested 640 accused and launched investigations against forty police officers for their failures.[116][117][Note 2]In March 2008, the Supreme Court ordered the setting up of a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to reinvestigate the Godhra train burning case and key cases of post-Godhra violence. The former CBI Director R. K. Raghavan was appointed to chair the Team.[109] Christophe Jaffrelot notes that the SIT was not as independent as commonly believed. Other than Raghavan, half of the six members of the team were recruited from the Gujarat police, and the Gujarat High Court was still responsible for appointing judicial officers. The SIT made efforts to appoint independent prosecutors but some of them resigned due to their inability to function. No efforts were made to protect the witnesses and Raghavan himself was said to be an \"absentee investigator,\" who spent only a few days every month in Gujarat, with the investigations being conducted by the remainder of the team.[121]As of April 2013, 249 convictions had been secured of 184 Hindus and 65 Muslims. Thirty-one of the Muslim convictions were for the massacre of Hindus in Godhra.[122]","title":"Criminal prosecutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Best Bakery murder trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Bakery_case"},{"link_name":"Indian Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"Teesta Setalvad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta_Setalvad"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Zaheera Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaheera_Sheikh"},{"link_name":"perjury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"sub_title":"Best Bakery case","text":"The Best Bakery murder trial received wide attention after witnesses retracted testimony in court and all of the accused were acquitted. The Indian Supreme Court, acting on a petition by social activist Teesta Setalvad, ordered a retrial outside Gujarat in which nine accused were found guilty in 2006.[123] A key witness, Zaheera Sheikh, who repeatedly changed her testimony during the trials and the petition was found guilty of perjury.[124]","title":"Criminal prosecutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"National Human Rights Commission of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_of_India"},{"link_name":"Central Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Central Forensic Science Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Forensic_Science_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"T. D. Dogra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirath_Das_Dogra"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deccan-Herald-Aug-9-04-129"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-Aug-7-04-130"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindu-Jan-14-05-131"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"}],"sub_title":"Bilkis Bano case","text":"During the Gujarat riots, a pregnant woman named Bilkis Bano was gang-raped and numerous members of her family were killed.[125] After police dismissed the case against her assailants, she approached the National Human Rights Commission of India and petitioned the Supreme Court seeking a reinvestigation.The Supreme Court granted the motion, directing the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to take over the investigation. CBI appointed a team of experts from the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) Delhi and All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) under the guidance and leadership of Professor T. D. Dogra to exhume the mass graves to establish the identity and cause of death of the victims. The team successfully located and exhumed the remains of the victims.[126]The trial of the case was transferred out of Gujarat and the central government was directed to appoint a public prosecutor.[127][128] Charges were filed in a Mumbai court against nineteen people as well as six police officials and a government doctor over their role in the initial investigations.[129] In January 2008, eleven men were sentenced to life imprisonment for rapes and murders and a policeman was convicted of falsifying evidence.[130] The Mumbai High Court upheld the life imprisonment of the eleven men convicted for the gang rape of Bilkis Bano and the murder of her family members on 8 May 2017.On 15 August 2022, the Gujarat government released the eleven men sentenced to life imprisonment in the case.[131] The judge who sentenced the rapists said the early release set a bad precedent by the Gujarat government and warned that the move would have wide ramifications.[132]The panel which granted remission included two legislators from the BJP, which was the state government at that time, former BJP Godhra municipal councillor, and a BJP women wing member.[133] A BJP MLA, one of the panellists, has said that some of the convicts are \"Brahmins\" with good 'sanskaar' or values.[134] After being released from the jail, they were welcomed with sweets and their feet touched in respect.[135]On 8 January 2024, Supreme Court of India ruled that the Gujarat government was not competent to grant remission[136] and struck down the relief granted, in August 2022, to the 11 men who were sentenced to life imprisonment. The court ordered the 11 men to surrender to the jail authorities within 15 days.[137][138]","title":"Criminal prosecutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"}],"sub_title":"Avdhootnagar case","text":"In 2005, the Vadodara fast-track court acquitted 108 people accused of murdering two youths during a mob attack on a group of displaced Muslims returning under police escort to their homes in Avdhootnagar. The court passed strictures against the police for failing to protect the people under their escort and failing to identify the attackers they had seen.[139][140]","title":"Criminal prosecutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"}],"sub_title":"Danilimda case","text":"Nine people were convicted of killing a Hindu man and injuring another during group clashes in Danilimda, Ahmedabad on 12 April 2005, while twenty-five others were acquitted.[141]","title":"Criminal prosecutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"}],"sub_title":"Eral case","text":"Eight people, including a VHP leader and a member of the BJP, were convicted for the murder of seven members of a family and the rape of two minor girls in the village of Eral in Panchmahal district.[142][143]","title":"Criminal prosecutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panchmahal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchmahal_district"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"}],"sub_title":"Pavagadh and Dhikva case","text":"Fifty-two people from Pavagadh and Dhikva villages in Panchmahal district were acquitted of rioting charges for lack of evidence.[144]","title":"Criminal prosecutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"POTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act,_2002"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindu1-57"}],"sub_title":"Godhra train-burning case","text":"A stringent anti-terror law, the POTA, was used by the Gujarat government to charge 131 people in connection to the Godhra train fire, but not invoked in prosecuting any of the accused in the post-Godhra riots.[145][146] In 2005 the POTA Review Committee set up by the central government to review the application of the law opined that the Godhra accused should not have been tried under the provisions of POTA.[147]In February 2011 a special fast track court convicted thirty-one Muslims for the Godhra train burning incident and the conspiracy for the crime[56]","title":"Criminal prosecutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava-150"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava-150"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"}],"sub_title":"Dipda Darwaza case","text":"On 9 November 2011, a court in Ahmedabad sentenced thirty-one Hindus to life imprisonment for murdering dozens of Muslims by burning a building in which they took shelter.[148] Forty-one other Hindus were acquitted of murder charges due to a lack of evidence.[148] Twenty-two further people were convicted for attempted murder on 30 July 2012, while sixty-one others were acquitted.[149]","title":"Criminal prosecutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naroda Patiya massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naroda_Patiya_massacre"},{"link_name":"Maya Kodnani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Kodnani"},{"link_name":"Babu Bajrangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babu_Bajrangi"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashPo_verdict-153"}],"sub_title":"Naroda Patiya Massacre","text":"On 29 July 2012, an Indian court convicted thirty people in the Naroda Patiya massacre case for their involvement in the attacks. The convicted included former state minister Maya Kodnani and Hindu leader Babu Bajrangi. The court case began in 2009, and over three hundred people (including victims, witnesses, doctors, and journalists) testified before the court. For the first time, the verdict acknowledged the role of a politician in inciting Hindu mobs. Activists asserted that the verdict would embolden the opponent of Narendra Modi, the then chief minister of Gujarat, in the crucial run-up to state elections later that year, when Modi would be seeking a third term (The BJP and he eventually went on to win the elections[150]). Modi refused to apologise and denied that the government had a role in the riots. Twenty-nine people were acquitted during the verdict. Teesta Setalvad said \"For the first time, this judgment actually goes beyond neighborhood perpetrators and goes up to the political conspiracy. The fact that convictions have gone that high means the conspiracy charge has been accepted and the political influencing of the mobs has been accepted by the judge. This is a huge victory for justice.\"[151]","title":"Criminal prosecutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toi-154"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economictimes-155"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economictimes-155"}],"sub_title":"Perjury cases","text":"In April 2009, the SIT submitted before the Court that Teesta Setalvad had cooked up cases of violence to spice up the incidents. The SIT which is headed by former CBI director, R. K. Raghavan has said that false witnesses were tutored to give evidence about imaginary incidents by Setalvad and other NGOs.[152] The SIT charged her of \"cooking up macabre tales of killings.\"[153][154]The court was told that twenty-two witnesses, who had submitted identical affidavits before various courts relating to riot incidents, were questioned by SIT and it was found that the witnesses had not actually witnessed the incidents and they were tutored and the affidavits were handed over to them by Setalvad.[153]","title":"Criminal prosecutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_2011-157"},{"link_name":"National Human Rights Commission of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_of_India"},{"link_name":"res ipsa loquitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_ipsa_loquitur"},{"link_name":"Constitution of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngineer2003262-158"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENussbaum200850-51-31"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"John Conyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers"},{"link_name":"Joe Pitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pitts_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"racial supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"racial hatred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigotry"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-161"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribunal-162"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deadlinkofgovernmentofficialreport-163"},{"link_name":"V. R. Krishna Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._R._Krishna_Iyer"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUCL_2006-164"},{"link_name":"Godhra incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhra_train_burning"},{"link_name":"NHRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_of_India"},{"link_name":"National Minorities Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Minorities_Commission"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha2002437-165"},{"link_name":"Nanavati-Shah commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanavati-Shah_commission"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOommen200873-166"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economic_Times_2012-167"},{"link_name":"Naroda Patiya massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naroda_Patiya_massacre"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tehelka_Magazine_2008-168"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akshay_Mehta_2008-169"},{"link_name":"Jan Sangharsh Manch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Sangharsh_Manch"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soni_2013-170"},{"link_name":"Tehelka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehelka"},{"link_name":"Tarun Tejpal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Tejpal"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India_Today_2008-171"},{"link_name":"B G Verghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._G._Verghese"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verghese_2010-172"},{"link_name":"Sahmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAHMAT#Legacy"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Gujarat_riots"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Gujarat_riots"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Bhagalpur_violence"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_riots"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen_March_2002-113"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chenoy_2002-173"}],"text":"There were more than sixty investigations by national and international bodies many of which concluded that the violence was supported by state officials.[155] A report from the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC) stated that res ipsa loquitur applied as the state had comprehensively failed to protect uphold the rights of the people as set out in the Constitution of India.[156] It faulted the Gujarat government for failure of intelligence, failure to take appropriate action, and failure to identify local factors and players. NHRC also expressed \"widespread lack of faith\" in the integrity of the investigation of major incidents of violence. It recommended that five critical cases should be transferred to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).The US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report quoted the NHRC as concluding that the attacks had been premeditated, that state government officials were complicit, and that there was evidence of police not acting during the assaults on Muslims. The US State Department also cited how Gujarat's high school textbooks described Hitler's \"charismatic personality\" and the \"achievements of Nazism.\"[31][157] US Congressmen John Conyers and Joe Pitts subsequently introduced a resolution in the House condemning the conduct of Modi for inciting religious persecution. They stated that Modi's government had a role in \"promoting the attitudes of racial supremacy, racial hatred and the legacy of Nazism through his government's support of school textbooks in which Nazism is glorified.\" They also wrote a letter to the US State Department asking it deny Modi a visa to the United States. The resolution was not adopted.[158]The CCT consisting of eminent high court judges released a detailed three-volume report on the riots.[159][160][161] Headed by retired Supreme Court Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, the CCT released its findings in 2003 and stated that, contrary to the government allegation of a conspiracy in Godhra, the incident had not been pre-planned and there was no evidence to indicate otherwise. On the statewide riots, the CCT reported that, several days before the Godhra incident, which was the excuse used for the attacks, homes belonging to Hindus in Muslim areas had been marked with pictures of Hindu deities or saffron flags, and that this had been done to prevent any accidental assaults on Hindu homes or businesses. The CCT investigation also discovered evidence that the VHP and the Bajrang Dal had training camps in which people were taught to view Muslims as an enemy. These camps were backed and supported by the BJP and RSS. They also reported that \"The complicity of the state government is obvious. And, the support of the central government to the state government in all that it did is also by now a matter of common knowledge.\"[162]The state government commissioned J. G. Shah to conduct, what became, a controversial one man inquiry into the Godhra incident, its credibility was questioned and the NHRC and the National Minorities Commission requested that a sitting judge from the supreme court be appointed. The supreme court overturned the findings by Shah stating, \"this judgement is not based on the understanding of any evidence, but on imagination.\"[163]Early in 2003, the state government of Gujarat set up the Nanavati-Shah commission to investigate the entire incident, from the initial one at Godhra to the ensuing violence. The commission was caught up in controversy from the beginning. Activists and members of the opposition insisted on a judicial commission to be set up and headed by a sitting judge rather than a retired one from the high court. The state government refused. Within a few months Nanavati, before hearing any testimony declared there was no evidence of lapses by either the police or government in their handling of the violence.[164] In 2008 Shah died and was replaced by Justice Akshay Mehta, another retired high court judge.[165] Metha's appointment was controversial as he was the judge who allowed Babu Bajrangi, a prime suspect in the massacre Naroda Patiya massacre, to be released on bail.[166][167] In July 2013 the commission was given its 20th extension, and Mukul Sinha of the civil rights group Jan Sangharsh Manch said of the delays \"I think the Commission has lost its significance and it now seems to be awaiting the outcome of the 2014 Lok Sabha election.\"[168] In 2007 Tehelka in an undercover operation had said that the Nanavati-Shah commission had relied on \"manufactured evidence.\" Tehelka editor Tarun Tejpal has claimed that they had taped witnesses who stated they had given false testimony after they had been bribed by the Gujarati police force. Tehelka also recorded Ranjitsinh Patel where he stated that he and Prabhatsinh Patel had been paid fifty thousand rupees each to amend earlier statements and to identify some Muslims as conspirators.[169] According to B G Verghese, the Tehelka expose was far too detailed to have been fake.[170]A fact finding mission by the Sahmat organisation led by Dr. Kamal Mitra Chenoy concluded that the violence was more akin to ethnic cleansing or a pogrom rather than communal violence. The report said that the violence surpassed other periods of communal violence such as in 1969, 1985, 1989, and 1992 not only in the total loss of life, but also in the savagery of the attacks.[112][171]","title":"Inquiries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dargahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargahs"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religious_structures_destroyed-174"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2011389-175"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies_2005-176"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngineer2003265-177"}],"sub_title":"Rioting in Gujarat","text":"There was widespread destruction of property. 273 dargahs, 241 mosques, 19 temples, and 3 churches were either destroyed or damaged.[172][173] It is estimated that Muslim property losses were \"100,000 houses, 1,100 hotels, 15,000 businesses, 3,000 handcarts and 5,000 vehicles.\"[174] Overall, 27,780 people were arrested. Of them, 11,167 were arrested for criminal behavior (3,269 Muslim, 7,896 Hindu) and 16,615 were arrested as a preventive measure (2,811 Muslim, 13,804 Hindu). The CCT tribunal reported that 90 percent of those arrested were almost immediately granted bail, even if they had been arrested on suspicion of murder or arson. There were also media reports that political leaders gave those being released public welcomes. This contradicts the state government's statement during the violence that: \"Bail applications of all accused persons are being strongly defended and rejected.\"[175]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R. B. Sreekumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._B._Sreekumar"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sreekumar_2012-178"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khetan_2011-179"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCUK-180"}],"sub_title":"Police transfers","text":"According to R. B. Sreekumar, police officers who followed the rule of law and helped prevent the riots from spreading were punished by the Modi government. They were subjected to disciplinary proceedings and transfers with some having to leave the state.[176] Sreekumar also claims it is common practice to intimidate whistleblowers and otherwise subvert the justice system,[177] and that the state government issued \"unconstitutional directives\", with officials asking him to kill Muslims involved in rioting or disrupting a Hindu religious event. The Gujarat government denied his allegations, claiming that they were \"baseless\" and based on malice because Sreekumar had not been promoted.[178]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bal Thackeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Thackeray"},{"link_name":"Shiv Sena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Sena"},{"link_name":"cancer to this country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliminationism"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haynes_2012_b-181"},{"link_name":"Pravin Togadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravin_Togadia"},{"link_name":"Vishva Hindu Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad"},{"link_name":"Hindutva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva"},{"link_name":"Ashok Singhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Singhal"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haynes_2012_b-181"},{"link_name":"Indian Mujahideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Mujahideen"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freedman_2012-182"},{"link_name":"2008 Delhi bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_September_2008_Delhi_bombings"},{"link_name":"Babri Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babri_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basset_2012-183"},{"link_name":"Akshardham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshardham_Temple_attack"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duffy_Toft_2012-184"},{"link_name":"Lashkar-e-Toiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar-e-Toiba"},{"link_name":"Pravin Togadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravin_Togadia"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swami_2005_p69-185"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kiernan_2008-186"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rauf_2011-187"}],"sub_title":"Further violence promotion by extremist groups","text":"Following the violence Bal Thackeray then leader of the Hindu nationalist group Shiv Sena said \"Muslims are a cancer to this country. Cancer is an incurable disease. Its only cure is operation. O Hindus, take weapons in your hands and remove this cancer from your roots.\"[179] Pravin Togadia, international president of the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), said \"All Hindutva opponents will get the death sentence\" and Ashok Singhal, the then president of the VHP, has said that the violence in Gujarat was a \"successful experiment\" which would be repeated nationwide.[179]The militant group Indian Mujahideen have carried out attacks in revenge and to also act as a deterrent against further instances of mass violence against Muslims.[180] They also claimed to have carried out the 2008 Delhi bombings in revenge for mistreatment of Muslims, referencing the destruction of the Babri Mosque and the violence in Gujarat 2002.[181] In September 2002 there was an attack on the Hindu temple of Akshardham, gunmen carried letters on their persons which suggested that it was a revenge attack for the violence that Muslims had undergone.[182] In August 2002 Shahid Ahmad Bakshi, an operative for the militant group Lashkar-e-Toiba planned to assassinate Modi, Pravin Togadia of the VHP, and other members of the right wing nationalist movement to avenge the 2002 Gujarat violence.[183]Human Rights Watch has accused the state of orchestrating a cover-up of their role in the violence. Human rights activists and Indian solicitors have urged that legislation be passed so that \"communal violence is treated as genocide.\"[184] Following the violence thousands of Muslims were fired from their places of work, and those who tried to return home had to endure an economic and social boycott.[185]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanwar Pal Singh Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanwar_Pal_Singh_Gill"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News_Service_2002-188"},{"link_name":"Rajya Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabha"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press_Trust_of_India_2005-189"},{"link_name":"L. K. Advani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._K._Advani"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Special_Correspondent_2002-190"},{"link_name":"Governor of Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Indian Election Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Election_Commission"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narula_2010-110"}],"sub_title":"Organisational changes and political reactions","text":"On 3 May 2002, former Punjab police chief Kanwar Pal Singh Gill was appointed as security adviser to Modi.[186] Defending the Modi administration in the Rajya Sabha against charges of genocide, BJP spokesman V. K. Malhotra said that the official toll of 254 Hindus, killed mostly by police fire, indicates how the state authorities took effective steps to curb the violence.[187] Opposition parties and three coalition partners of the BJP-led central government demanded the dismissal of Modi for failing to contain the violence, with some calling for the removal of Union Home Minister L. K. Advani as well.[188]On 18 July, Modi asked the Governor of Gujarat to dissolve the state assembly and call fresh elections.[189] The Indian Election Commission ruled out early elections citing the prevailing law and order situation and held them in December 2002.[190][191]\nThe BJP capitalised on the violence using posters and videotapes of the Godhra incident and painting Muslims as terrorists. The party gained in all the constituencies affected by the communal violence and a number of candidates implicated in the violence were elected, which in turn ensured freedom from prosecution.[192][109]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tehelka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehelka"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"2007 expose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Truth:_Gujarat_2002_-_Tehelka_report"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-express-oct-26-199"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-express-oct-26-199"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITMahurkar-208"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"National Commission for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Women's_groups_decry_NCW_stand-210"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Women's_groups_decry_NCW_stand-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"}],"sub_title":"Media investigation","text":"In 2004, the weekly magazine Tehelka published a hidden camera exposé alleging that BJP legislator Madhu Srivastava bribed Zaheera Sheikh, a witness in the Best Bakery case.[193] Srivastava denied the allegation,[194] and an inquiry committee appointed by the Supreme Court drew an \"adverse inference\" from the video footage, though it failed to uncover evidence that money was actually paid.[195] In a 2007 expose, the magazine released hidden camera footage of several members of the BJP, VHP and the Bajrang Dal admitting their role in the riots.[196][197] Among those featured in the tapes was the special counsel representing the Gujarat government before the Nanavati-Shah Commission, Arvind Pandya, who resigned from his post after the release.[198] While the report was criticised by some as being politically motivated,[199][200][201][202] some newspapers said the revelations simply reinforced what was common knowledge.[197][203][204][205] However, the report contradicted official records with regard to Modi's alleged visit to Naroda Patiya and a local police superintendent's location.[206] The Gujarat government blocked telecast of cable news channels broadcasting the expose, a move strongly condemned by the Editors Guild of India.[207]Taking a stand decried by the media and other rights groups, Nafisa Hussain, a member of the National Commission for Women accused organisations and the media of needlessly exaggerating the plight of women victims of the riots,[208][209][210] which was strongly disputed as Gujarat did not have a State Commission for Women to act on the ground.[208] The newspaper Tribune reported that \"The National Commission for Women has reluctantly agreed to the complicity of Gujarat Government in the communal violence in the state.\" The tone of their most recent report was reported by the Tribune as \"lenient\".[211]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Raju Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raju_Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"amicus curiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"Sanjiv Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjiv_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_hindu-215"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_hindu2-216"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"}],"sub_title":"Special Investigation Team","text":"In April 2012, the three-member SIT formed in 2008 by the Supreme Court as a response to a petition by one of the aggrieved in the Gulmerg massacre absolved Modi of any involvement in the Gulberg massacre, arguably the worst episode of the riots.[212]In his report, Raju Ramachandran, the amicus curiae for the case, strongly disagreed with a key conclusion of R. K. Raghavan who led SIT: that IPS officer Sanjiv Bhatt was not present at a late-night meeting of top Gujarat cops held at the Chief Minister's residence in the wake of 27 February 2002 Godhra carnage. It has been Bhatt's claim—made in an affidavit before the apex court and in statements to the SIT and the amicus—that he was present at the meeting where Modi allegedly said Hindus must be allowed to carry out retaliatory violence against Muslims. Ramachandran was of the opinion that Modi could be prosecuted for alleged statements he had made. He said there was no clinching material available in the pre-trial stage to disbelieve Bhatt, whose claim could be tested only in court. \"Hence, it cannot be said, at this stage, that Shri Bhatt should be disbelieved and no further proceedings should be taken against Shri Modi.\"[213][214]Further, R. K. Shah, the public prosecutor in the Gulbarg Society massacre, resigned because he found it impossible to work with the SIT and further stated that \"Here I am collecting witnesses who know something about a gruesome case in which so many people, mostly women and children huddled in Jafri's house, were killed and I get no cooperation. The SIT officers are unsympathetic towards witnesses, they try to browbeat them and don't share evidence with the prosecution as they are supposed to do.\"[215] Teesta Setalvad referred to the stark inequalities between the SIT team's lawyers who are paid 9 lakh (900,000) rupees per day and the government prosecutors who are paid a pittance. SIT officers have been paid Rs. 1.5 lakh (150,000) per month for their participation in the SIT since 2008.[216]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"religious freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_freedom"},{"link_name":"Asian-American Hotel Owners Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American_Hotel_Owners_Association"},{"link_name":"Coalition Against Genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Against_Genocide"},{"link_name":"Angana Chatterji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angana_P._Chatterji"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"John Conyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers"},{"link_name":"Joseph R. Pitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_R._Pitts"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Condoleezza Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENussbaum200850-51-31"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allamerican-221"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newyorker-may14-225"}],"text":"Modi's failure to stop anti-Muslim violence led to a de facto travel ban imposed by the United Kingdom, United States, and several European nations, as well as the boycott of his provincial government by all but the most junior officials.[217] In 2005, Modi was refused a US visa as someone held responsible for a serious violation of religious freedom. Modi had been invited to the US to speak before the Asian-American Hotel Owners Association. A petition was set up by Coalition Against Genocide led by Angana Chatterji and signed by 125 academics requesting that Modi be refused a diplomatic visa.[218]Hindu groups in the US also protested and planned to demonstrate in cities in Florida. A resolution was submitted by John Conyers and Joseph R. Pitts in the House of Representatives which condemned Modi for inciting religious persecution. Pitts also wrote to then United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice requesting Modi be refused a visa. On 19 March Modi was denied a diplomatic visa and his tourist visa was revoked.[31][219]As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK and the EU lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively,[220][221] and after his election as prime minister he was invited to Washington, in the US.[222][223]","title":"Diplomatic ban"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrass2005385-393-226"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timesoI_nostatehelp-227"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc_gujaratviolence-229"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modi_speech-231"},{"link_name":"Union Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI-2003-121"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dugger_child-233"}],"text":"By 27 March 2002, nearly one-hundred thousand displaced people moved into 101 relief camps. This swelled to over 150,000 in 104 camps the next two weeks.[224] The camps were run by community groups and NGOs, with the government committing to provide amenities and supplementary services. Drinking water, medical help, clothing and blankets were in short supply at the camps.[225] At least another 100 camps were denied government support, according to a camp organiser,[226] and relief supplies were prevented from reaching some camps due to fears that they may be carrying arms.[227]Reactions to the relief effort were further critical of the Gujarat government. Relief camp organisers alleged that the state government was coercing refugees to leave relief camps, with twenty-five thousand people made to leave eighteen camps which were shut down. Following government assurances that further camps would not be shut down, the Gujarat High Court bench ordered that camp organizers be given a supervisory role to ensure that assurances were met.[228]On 9 September 2002, Modi mentioned during a speech that he was against running relief camps. In January 2010, the Supreme Court ordered the government to hand over the speech and other documents to the SIT.What brother, should we run relief camps? Should I start children-producing centres there? We want to achieve progress by pursuing the policy of family planning with determination. Ame paanch, Amara pachhees! (we are five and we have twenty-five) . . . Can't Gujarat implement family planning? Whose inhibitions are coming in our way? Which religious sect is coming in the way? . . .\"[229]On 23 May 2008, the Union Government announced a 3.2 billion rupee (US$80 million) relief package for the victims of the riots.[230]\nIn contrast, Amnesty International's annual report on India in 2003 claimed the \"Gujarat government did not actively fulfill its duty to provide appropriate relief and rehabilitation to the survivors\".[120] The Gujarat government initially offered compensation payments of 200,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the Godhra train fire and 100,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the subsequent riots, which local Muslims took to be discriminatory.[231]","title":"Relief efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"India: The Modi Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India:_The_Modi_Question"},{"link_name":"Information Technology Rules, 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology_Rules,_2021"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"Reporters Without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"}],"text":"In January 2023, the BBC aired a documentary titled India: The Modi Question that probed Prime Minister Narendra Modi's role in the 2002 riots. The Indian government responded to the airing by attempting to block links to the documentary on YouTube and Twitter using provisions of the 'controversial' Information Technology Rules, 2021.[232] In February, several weeks after the ban, the Indian tax authorities raided the British media group's local offices, seizing employees' laptops and mobile phones.[233] Reporters Without Borders denounced the actions as \"attempts to clamp down on independent media\", noting that the raids had \"all the appearance of a reprisal against the BBC for releasing a documentary critical of Prime Minister Narendra Modi\".[234]","title":"Media suppression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Final Solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Rakesh Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakesh_Sharma_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Mumbai International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Censor Board of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censor_Board_of_India"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"Akanksha Damini Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akanksha_Damini_Joshi"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"World Social Forum 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Social_Forum"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Saumya Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saumya_Joshi"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fss-244"},{"link_name":"Parzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parzania"},{"link_name":"Rahul Dholakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Dholakia"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Direction"},{"link_name":"Sarika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarika"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"T. V. Chandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._V._Chandran"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Kathavasheshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathavasheshan"},{"link_name":"Vilapangalkkappuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilapangalkkappuram"},{"link_name":"Bhoomiyude Avakashikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoomiyude_Avakashikal"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thhh-245"},{"link_name":"Firaaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaaq"},{"link_name":"Mausam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausam_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Pankaj Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankaj_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Kai Po Che!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Po_Che!"},{"link_name":"India: The Modi Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India:_The_Modi_Question"}],"text":"Final Solution is a 2003 documentary directed by Rakesh Sharma about the 2002 Gujarat violence. The film was denied entry to Mumbai International Film Festival in 2004 due to objections by Censor Board of India, but won two awards at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival 2004. The ban was later lifted in October 2004.[235][236]\nPassengers: A Video Journey in Gujarat is a 2003 documentary film co-directed by Akanksha Damini Joshi. It is a critically acclaimed 52-minute long film that narrates the journey of a Hindu and a Muslim family during and after the violence. The politics of division is experienced intimately through the lives two families in Ahmedabad.[237][238][239][240] The film, completed in 2003, has been screened at the 9th Open Frame Festival,[241] Artivist Film Festival, USA, Films for Freedom, Delhi, the World Social Forum 2004, Madurai International Documentary and Short Film Festival and Persistence Resistance, New Delhi.\nGujarati play Dost Chokkas Ahin Ek Nagar Vastu Hatu by Saumya Joshi is a black comedy-based on 2002 riots.[242]\nParzania is a 2007 drama film set after the violence and looks at the aftermath of the riots. It is based on the true story of a ten-year-old Parsi boy, Azhar Mody. Rahul Dholakia won the Golden Lotus National Film Award for Best Direction and Sarika won the Silver Lotus National Film Award for Best Actress.\nT. V. Chandran made a trilogy of Malayalam films based on the aftermaths of the Gujarat riots. The trilogy consists of Kathavasheshan (2004), Vilapangalkkappuram (2008) and Bhoomiyude Avakashikal (2012). The narrative of all these films begin on the same day, 28 February 2002, that is, on the day after the Godhra train burning.[243]\nFiraaq is a 2008 political thriller film set one month after the violence and looks at the aftermath in its effects on the lives of everyday people.\nMausam is a 2011 romantic drama film directed by Pankaj Kapoor, spanned over the period between 1992 and 2002 covering major events.\nKai Po Che! is a 2013 Hindi film which depicted riots in its plot.\nIndia: The Modi Question - a 2023 two-part documentary aired by the BBC.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brass, Paul R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brass"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-295-98506-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98506-0"},{"link_name":"Bunsha, Dionne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_Bunsha"},{"link_name":"Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarred:_Experiments_with_Violence_in_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-400076-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400076-0"},{"link_name":"Engineer, Asgharali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgharali_Engineer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-250-2496-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2496-5"},{"link_name":"Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9755.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-15177-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15177-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-302901-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302901-4"},{"link_name":"Jaffrelot, Christophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1849041386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849041386"},{"link_name":"Kishwar, Madhu Purnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhu_Kishwar"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-929352-0-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-929352-0-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-93-5136-217-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5136-217-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-93-5029-187-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5029-187-0"},{"link_name":"Nussbaum, Martha Craven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-03059-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03059-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-317-1546-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1546-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-72753-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72753-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-54377-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54377-4"},{"link_name":"Varadarajan, Siddharth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharth_Varadarajan"},{"link_name":"Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_The_making_of_a_tragedy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-302901-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302901-4"}],"text":"Brass, Paul R. (2005). The Production of Hindu–Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. University of Washington Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-295-98506-0.\nBunsha, Dionne (2005). Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-400076-0.\nEngineer, Asgharali (2003). The Gujarat Carnage. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2496-5.\nGhassem-Fachandi, Parvis (2012). Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India (PDF). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15177-9.\nGuha, Ramachandra (2002). Gujarat, the making of a tragedy. India: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-302901-4.\nJaffrelot, Christophe (2011). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1849041386.\nKishwar, Madhu Purnima (2014). Modi, Muslims and Media: Voices from Narendra Modi's Gujarat. Manushi Publications. ISBN 978-81-929352-0-1.\nMarino, Andy (2014). Narendra Modi: A Political Biography. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-93-5136-217-3.\nMitta, Manoj (2014). The Fiction of Fact-Finding: Modi & Godhra. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-93-5029-187-0.\nNussbaum, Martha Craven (2008). The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03059-6.\nOommen, T. K. (2008). Reconciliation in Post-Godhra Gujarat: The Role of Civil Society. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-1546-8.\nShani, Ornit (2007). Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-72753-2.\nSimpson, Edward (2009). Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-54377-4.\nVaradarajan, Siddharth, ed. (2002). Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy. Penguin (India). ISBN 978-0-14-302901-4.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"title":"Crime portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Crime"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"title":"Genocide portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Genocide"},{"title":"2000s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:2000s"},{"title":"Violence against Muslims in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_India"},{"title":"1969 Gujarat riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Gujarat_riots"},{"title":"1985 Gujarat riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Gujarat_riots"},{"title":"2006 Vadodara riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Vadodara_riots"},{"title":"Religious violence in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India"},{"title":"Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a Cover Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Files"},{"title":"List of massacres in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India"},{"title":"India: The Modi Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India:_The_Modi_Question"}]	[{"reference":"Baruah, Bipasha (2012). Women and Property in Urban India. University of British Columbia Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7748-1928-2 – via ResearchGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319504819","url_text":"Women and Property in Urban India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1928-2","url_text":"978-0-7748-1928-2"}]},{"reference":"McLane, John R. (2010). \"Hindu Victimhood and India's Muslim Minority\". In Charles B. Strozier; David M. Terman; James W. Jones; Katherine A. Boyd (eds.). The Fundamentalist Mindset: Psychological Perspectives on Religion, Violence, and History. Oxford University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-19-537965-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oflQEAAAQBAJ&dq=In+2002+ethnic+violence+in+Gujarat,+which+for+decades+has+had+the+highest+level+of+ethnic+violence,+reached+Partition-level+proportions.&pg=PA212","url_text":"\"Hindu Victimhood and India's Muslim Minority\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537965-5","url_text":"978-0-19-537965-5"}]},{"reference":"Pandey, Gyanendra (November 2005). Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories. Stanford University Press. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0-8047-5264-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/187","url_text":"Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/187","url_text":"187–188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5264-0","url_text":"978-0-8047-5264-0"}]},{"reference":"Setalvad, Teesta. \"Talk by Teesta Setalvad at Ramjas college (March 2017)\". www.youtube.com. You tube. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKJDhISTtTk","url_text":"\"Talk by Teesta Setalvad at Ramjas college (March 2017)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191127203614/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKJDhISTtTk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jaffrelot, Christophe (July 2003). \"Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?\" (PDF). Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics: 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf","url_text":"\"Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131204131058/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective. Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2009. p. 28. ISBN 9780398079956. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&q=2000+deaths+gujarat+riots&pg=PA28","url_text":"The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780398079956","url_text":"9780398079956"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030956/https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&q=2000+deaths+gujarat+riots&pg=PA28","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bilgrami, Akeel (1 February 2013). Democratic Culture: Historical and Philosophical Essays. Routledge. p. 143. 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ISBN 978-0-415-59822-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59822-4","url_text":"978-0-415-59822-4"}]},{"reference":"Rosser, Yvette Claire (2003). Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangla (PDF). University of Texas at Austin. p. 356. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080911035259/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf","url_text":"Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangla"},{"url":"http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Watch, H R. (2003). \"Compounding Injustice: The Government's Failure to Redress Massacres in Gujarat\". Fédération internationale des droits de l'homme. p. 57. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. 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ISBN 978-1-84742-621-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84742-621-5","url_text":"978-1-84742-621-5"}]},{"reference":"Martin-Lucas, Belen (2010). Sorcha Gunne; Zoë Brigley (eds.). Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-415-80608-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-80608-4","url_text":"978-0-415-80608-4"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Paul J. (2007). The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century. M.E. Sharpe. p. 88. 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Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/11franc.htm","url_text":"\"Heed the New Hindu Mood\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030957/https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/11franc.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bunsha, Dionne (1 January 2006). Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat. Penguin Books India. p. 81. ISBN 9780144000760. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cQPdGXeh31AC&pg=PA81","url_text":"Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780144000760","url_text":"9780144000760"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211205031003/https://books.google.com/books?id=cQPdGXeh31AC&pg=PA81","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"End of Hope\". 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The Supreme Court, the SIT, the Police and the State Judiciary\""},{"url":"http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/8951350/680768191/name/Gujarat+2002+-+What+Justice+for+the+Victims.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Correspondent, Newzfirst (16 April 2013). \"Gujarat riots not sudden and spontaneous, SIT probe biased\". New Z First. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160905065319/http://www.newzfirst.com/web/guest/full-story/-/asset_publisher/Qd8l/content/gujarat-riots-not-sudden-and-spontaneous-sit-probe-biased?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Ffull%20story","url_text":"\"Gujarat riots not sudden and spontaneous, SIT probe biased\""},{"url":"http://www.newzfirst.com/web/guest/full-story/-/asset_publisher/Qd8l/content/gujarat-riots-not-sudden-and-spontaneous-sit-probe-biased?redirect=/web/guest/full%20story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Why did Zaheera Sheikh have to lie?\". Rediff.com. 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Scroll.in. 16 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/latest/1030549/bilkis-bano-gangrape-11-men-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-released-from-jail","url_text":"\"Bilkis Bano gangrape: 11 men sentenced to life imprisonment released from jail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bilkis Bano case: Gujarat has set bad precedent by releasing convicts, says judge who sentenced them\". Scroll.in. 19 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/latest/1030820/bilkis-bano-case-on-court-to-decide-if-releasing-convicts-is-right-says-judge-who-sentenced-them","url_text":"\"Bilkis Bano case: Gujarat has set bad precedent by releasing convicts, says judge who sentenced them\""}]},{"reference":"Langa, Mahesh (17 August 2022). \"Two BJP legislators on panel that backed remission in Bilkis Bano case\". The Hindu. 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Hindustan Times. 16 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/owaisi-questions-pm-modi-as-bilkis-bano-case-convicts-greeted-with-sweets-101660650551483.html","url_text":"\"Bilkis Bano case convicts greeted with sweets; Owaisi questions PM Modi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bilkis Bano case: SC says Gujarat government not competent to remit sentences of 11 convicts\". Hindustan Times. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bilkis-bano-case-sc-holds-gujarat-government-wasnt-competent-to-remit-sentence-101704691381488.html","url_text":"\"Bilkis Bano case: SC says Gujarat government not competent to remit sentences of 11 convicts\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Abuse of power': Supreme Court scraps release of Bilkis case rape-murder convicts\". The Indian Express. 8 January 2024. 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Retrieved 4 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7069809.stm","url_text":"\"Hindus jailed over Gujarat riots\""}]},{"reference":"\"Godhra court convicts 11 in Eral massacre case; 29 acquitted\". India Today. Retrieved 30 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Raped+German+girl+identifies+2+accused/1/1693","url_text":"\"Godhra court convicts 11 in Eral massacre case; 29 acquitted\""}]},{"reference":"\"52 acquitted in post-Godhra case\". Rediff News. 22 April 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/apr/22godhra.htm","url_text":"\"52 acquitted in post-Godhra case\""}]},{"reference":"Katharine Adeney (2005). \"Hindu Nationalists and federal structures in an era of regionalism\". In Katharine Adeney; Lawrence Sáez (eds.). Coalition Politics And Hindu Nationalism. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-415-35981-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/coalitionpolitic00aden","url_text":"Coalition Politics And Hindu Nationalism"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/coalitionpolitic00aden/page/n130","url_text":"114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35981-8","url_text":"978-0-415-35981-8"}]},{"reference":"Paranjoy Guha Thakurta; Shankar Raghuraman (2004). A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand. Sage Publications. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-7619-3237-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha/page/123","url_text":"A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha/page/123","url_text":"123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3237-6","url_text":"978-0-7619-3237-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Pota Review Committee Gives Opinion on Godhra Case To POTA Court\". Indlaw. 21 June 2005. 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Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111111061735/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-court-finds-31-hindus-guilty-of-killing-dozens-of-muslims-in-rioting-9-years-ago/2011/11/09/gIQA5HPL4M_story.html","url_text":"\"Indian court sentences 31 Hindus to life in prison for killing dozens of Muslims 9 years ago - the Washington Post\""},{"url":"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-court-finds-31-hindus-guilty-of-killing-dozens-of-muslims-in-rioting-9-years-ago/2011/11/09/gIQA5HPL4M_story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"India convictions over Gujarat Dipda Darwaza killings\". BBC News. 30 July 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. 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Retrieved 29 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/indian-court-convicts-former-government-minister-in-deadly-2002-riots/2012/08/29/3745a438-f1b3-11e1-b74c-84ed55e0300b_story.html","url_text":"\"Indian court convicts former state minister in deadly 2002 anti-Muslim riots\""}]},{"reference":"Dhananjay Mahapatra (14 April 2009). \"NGOs, Teesta spiced up Gujarat riot incidents: SIT\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811112141/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-14/india/28031729_1_riot-cases-r-k-raghavan-riot-victims","url_text":"\"NGOs, Teesta spiced up Gujarat riot incidents: SIT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-14/india/28031729_1_riot-cases-r-k-raghavan-riot-victims","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gujarat riot myths busted\". Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090520071215/http://www.dailypioneer.com/169490/Gujarat-riot-myths-busted.html","url_text":"\"Gujarat riot myths busted\""},{"url":"http://www.dailypioneer.com/169490/Gujarat-riot-myths-busted.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Carolyn (2011). John Witte, Jr.; M. Christian Green (eds.). Religion and Human Rights: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-19-973344-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973344-6","url_text":"978-0-19-973344-6"}]},{"reference":"\"International Religious Freedom Report 2003: India\". 2009-2017.state.gov. Bureau of democracy, human rights and labor, US State Department. The Gujarat State Higher Secondary Board, to which nearly 98 percent of schools in Gujarat belong, requires the use of certain textbooks in which Nazism is condoned. In the Standard 10 social studies textbook, the \"charismatic personality\" of \"Hitler the Supremo\" and the \"achievements of Nazism\" are described at length. The textbook does not acknowledge Nazi extermination policies or concentration camps except for a passing reference to \"a policy of opposition towards the Jewish people and [advocacy for] the supremacy of the German race.\" The Standard 9 social studies textbook implies that Muslims, Christians, Parsees, and Jews are \"foreigners.\" In 2002 the Gujarat State Higher Secondary Board administered an exam, while the riots were ongoing, in which students of English were asked to form one sentence out of the following: \"There are two solutions. One of them is the Nazi solution. If you don't like people, kill them, segregate them. Then strut up and down. Proclaim that you are the salt of the earth.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2003/24470.htm","url_text":"\"International Religious Freedom Report 2003: India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_State_Department","url_text":"US State Department"}]},{"reference":"Member, Any House (16 March 2005). \"Text - H.Res.160 - 109th Congress (2005-2006): Condemning the conduct of Chief Minister Narendra Modi for his actions to incite religious persecution and urging the United States to condemn all violations of religious freedom in India\". Congress.gov. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.congress.gov/","url_text":"\"Text - H.Res.160 - 109th Congress (2005-2006): Condemning the conduct of Chief Minister Narendra Modi for his actions to incite religious persecution and urging the United States to condemn all violations of religious freedom in India\""}]},{"reference":"Chandrasekaran, Rajeev. \"What really happened in Godhra\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Crimes against Humanity (3 volumes)\". www.sabrang.com. Official report on godhra riots by the Concerned Citizens Tribunal. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/","url_text":"\"Crimes against Humanity (3 volumes)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200115112215/https://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Nanavati Shah commission report\" (PDF). www.home.gujarat.gov.in. Government of Gujarat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090219062904/http://home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf","url_text":"\"Official Nanavati Shah commission report\""},{"url":"http://www.home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"PUCL Bulletin (January 2006). \"Crime Against Humanity\". Citizens for Justice and Peace. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316170313/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/gujarat-tribunal-report.htm","url_text":"\"Crime Against Humanity\""},{"url":"http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/gujarat-tribunal-report.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Economic Times (31 December 2012). \"Gujarat government extends term of Nanavati panel till June 30, 2013\". The Economic Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-31/news/36079392_1_godhra-train-justice-k-g-shah-akshay-mehta","url_text":"\"Gujarat government extends term of Nanavati panel till June 30, 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Tehelka Magazine (16 April 2008). \"A Compromised Commission\". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140326105457/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main38.asp?filename=Ne260408compromised_commission.asp","url_text":"\"A Compromised Commission\""},{"url":"http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main38.asp?filename=Ne260408compromised_commission.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"CNN-IBN (9 April 2008). \"Controversial ex-judge joins Gujarat riots probe\". CNN IBN. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100624012654/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/controversial-exjudge-joins-gujarat-riots-probe/62984-3.html","url_text":"\"Controversial ex-judge joins Gujarat riots probe\""},{"url":"http://ibnlive.in.com/news/controversial-exjudge-joins-gujarat-riots-probe/62984-3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Soni, Nikunj (3 July 2013). \"Nanavati commission: A new lease of life, for the 20th time!\". DNA India.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/1856383/report-nanavati-commission-a-new-lease-of-life-for-the-20th-time","url_text":"\"Nanavati commission: A new lease of life, for the 20th time!\""}]},{"reference":"India Today (27 September 2008). \"Nanavati report based on manufactured evidence: Tehelka\". India Today.","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nanavati+report+based+on+manufactured+evidence:+Tehelka/1/16298.html","url_text":"\"Nanavati report based on manufactured evidence: Tehelka\""}]},{"reference":"Verghese, B G (2010). First Draft: Witness to the Making of Modern India. Westland. p. 448. ISBN 978-93-80283-76-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80283-76-0","url_text":"978-93-80283-76-0"}]},{"reference":"Chenoy, Kamal Mitra (22 March 2002). \"Ethnic Cleansing in Ahmedabad\". Outlook India.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?214962","url_text":"\"Ethnic Cleansing in Ahmedabad\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Gloria (2005). Gloria Davies; Chris Nyland (eds.). Globalization in the Asian Region: Impacts And Consequences edited by Gloria Davies. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 111. 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Gujarat CM US visa"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564164205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2006004777","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_ferries_of_Europe	List of largest ferries of Europe	["1 Notes"]	In terms of gross tonnage, the largest ferry in the world is the 75,156-ton Color Magic, built by Aker Finnyards of Finland, and operated by Color Line on the route between Oslo in Norway and Kiel in Germany. Its sister ship Color Fantasy comes a close second in tonnage. As a measure of the total internal volume of a ship, gross tonnage is most commonly used to compare the size of civilian ships. However, single dimensions are also often compared. For example, Cruise Roma became the longest ferry in the world after being lengthened in 2019. The cruiseferry Silja Europa with a gross tonnage of around 60,000 tonnes can carry up to 3,750 passengers, more than any other ferry in Europe. The largest ferries of Europe Ship Length GT Passengers Speed Built Builder Company Registry Normal route(s) Notes Color Magic 223.70 m (733.9 ft) 75,156 2,812 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2007 Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard / Rauma shipyard, Finland Color Line Norway Oslo - Kiel Largest ferry in the world in terms of gross tonnage. Color Fantasy 223.70 m (733.9 ft) 74,027 2,605 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2004 Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard, Finland Color Line Norway Oslo - Kiel Moby Fantasy 237 m (778 ft) 69,500 2,500 23.5 kn (43.5 km/h; 27.0 mph) 2021 Guangzhou Shipyard International Company Limited Moby Lines Italy Livorno - Olbia it:Moby Legacy 237 m (778 ft) 69,500 2,500 23.5 kn (43.5 km/h; 27.0 mph) 2023 Guangzhou Shipyard International Company Limited Moby Lines Italy Livorno - Olbia (late 2023) Viking Glory 222.50 m (730.0 ft) 65,211 2,800 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2021 Xiamen Shipbuilding Industry Co Ltd China Viking Line Finland Turku - Mariehamn - Stockholm Fuel: Liquefied natural gas (LNG). Largest LNG powered ferry in the world. Finnsirius 235 m (771 ft) 64,603 1,100 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph) 2023 China Merchants Jinling Shipyard(Weihai) Co., Ltd Finnlines Finland Naantali - Långnäs - Kapellskär Fuel: diesel-battery hybrid. Finncanopus 235 m (771 ft) 64,603 1,100 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph) 2023 China Merchants Jinling Shipyard(Weihai) Co., Ltd Finnlines Finland Naantali - Långnäs - Kapellskär Fuel: diesel-battery hybrid. Stena Britannica 240 m (790 ft) 64,039 1,200 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2010 Wadan Yards, Wismar Stena Line United Kingdom Harwich - Hoek van Holland Stena Hollandica 240 m (790 ft) 64,039 1,200 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2010 Wadan Yards, Wismar Stena Line Netherlands Harwich - Hoek van Holland Cruise Barcelona 254 m (833 ft) 63,742 3,500 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph) 2008 Fincantieri, Castellammare di Stabia, Italy Grimaldi Lines Italy Rome (Civitavecchia) - Barcelona Originally 225 m., lengthened in 2019. Cruise Roma 254 m (833 ft) 63,742 3,500 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph) 2007 Fincantieri, Castellammare di Stabia, Italy Grimaldi Lines Italy Rome (Civitavecchia) - Barcelona Originally 225 m., lengthened in 2019. Pride of Rotterdam 215.44 m (706.8 ft) 59,925 1,360 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2001 Fincantieri, Venice, Italy P&O Ferries Netherlands Hull - Rotterdam (Europoort) Pride of Hull 215.44 m (706.8 ft) 59,925 ni 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2001 Fincantieri, Venice, Italy P&O Ferries Bahamas Hull - Rotterdam (Europoort) Silja Europa 203.03 m (666.1 ft) 59,914 3,750 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 1993 Meyer Werft, Papenburg, Germany Tallink Estonia Tallinn - Helsinki Ordered by Rederi AB Slite for Viking Line traffic. In Silja Line traffic between 1993 and 2013. The largest cruiseferry in the world between 1992 and 2002. Largest ferry in the world in terms of number of beds and passenger capacity Silja Symphony 203 m (666 ft) 58,377 2,850 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 1991 Masa-Yards Turku New Shipyard, Finland Silja Line Sweden Stockholm - Helsinki Silja Serenade 203 m (666 ft) 58,376 2,841 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 1990 Masa-Yards Turku New Shipyard, Finland Silja Line Finland Stockholm - Helsinki Stena Scandinavica 240.00 m (787.40 ft) 57,639 1,300 23 kn (43 km/h; 26 mph) 2003 Hyundai Heavy Industries, South Korea Stena Line Sweden Gothenburg - Kiel Originally 210.8 metres (692 ft), lengthened 2007. Viking Grace 213.00 m (698.82 ft) 57,565 2,800 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2013 STX Finland Turku Shipyard, Finland Viking Line Finland Stockholm - Mariehamn - Turku Fuel: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Nils Holgersson 229.40 m (752.6 ft) 56,138 800 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2022 Nanjing Jingling Shipyard, Yizheng China TT Line Germany Travemünde - Trelleborg Fuel: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Peter Pan 229.40 m (752.6 ft) 56,138 800 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2022 Nanjing Jingling Shipyard, Yizheng China TT Line Cyprus Travemünde - Trelleborg Fuel: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Aura Seaways 230.00 m (754.59 ft) 56,043 600 23 kn (43 km/h; 26 mph) 2021 Guangzhou Shipyard, China DFDS Seaways Denmark Klaipeda - Karlshamn Luna Seaways 230.00 m (754.59 ft) 56,043 600 23 kn (43 km/h; 26 mph) 2022 Guangzhou Shipyard, China DFDS Seaways Denmark Klaipeda - Karlshamn Cruise Europa 225 m (738 ft) 54,310 3,000 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph) 2009 Fincantieri, Castellammare di Stabia, Italy Grimaldi Lines Italy Livorno - Olbia Cruise Sardegna 225 m (738 ft) 54,310 3,000 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph) 2009 Fincantieri, Castellammare di Stabia, Italy Grimaldi Lines Italy Livorno - Olbia Ex. Cruise Olympia Tanit 212 m (696 ft) 52 645 3,200 27.5 kn (50.9 km/h; 31.6 mph) 2012 DMSE, South Korea CTN Tunisia La Goulette - Marseille; La Goulette - Genoa Stena Germanica 240 m (790 ft) 51,837 1,300 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2001 Astilleros Españoles, Puerto Real, Spain Stena Line Sweden Gothenburg - Kiel Originally 188.30 metres (617.8 ft), lengthened 2007, renamed from Stena Hollandica, renamed from Stena Germanica III W.B. Yeats 195 m (640 ft) 51,388 1,885 25 kn (46 km/h) 2018 Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft, Flensburg, Germany Irish Ferries Cyprus Dublin - Cherbourg (summer); Dublin - Holyhead (winter) Ulysses 209.02 m (685.8 ft) 50,940 2,166 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2001 Aker Finnyards Rauma shipyard, Finland Irish Ferries Cyprus Dublin - Holyhead MyStar 212.10 m (696 ft) 50,629 2,800 27 kn (50 km/h; 31 mph) 2022 Rauma Marine Constructions, Rauma, Finland Tallink Estonia Tallinn - Helsinki Fuel: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Badji Mokhtar III 199.9 m (655.8 ft) 49,785 1,800 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph) 2021 Guangzhou Shipyard International, China Algérie Ferries Algeria Algiers - Marseille La Suprema 211 m (692 ft) 49,270 3,000 29 kn (54 km/h; 33 mph) 2003 Nuovi Cantieri Apuania, Marina di Carrara, Italy Grandi Navi Veloci Italy Genoa - Palermo; Genoa - Tunis La Superba 211 m (692 ft) 49,270 3,000 29 kn (54 km/h; 33 mph) 2002 Nuovi Cantieri Apuania, Marina di Carrara, Italy Grandi Navi Veloci Italy Genoa - Palermo; Genoa - Tunis Megastar 212.10 m (696 ft) 49,134 2,800 27 kn (50 km/h; 31 mph) 2017 Meyer Turku, Turku, Finland Tallink Estonia Tallinn - Helsinki Fuel: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Baltic Queen 212.10 m (695.9 ft) 48,915 2,800 24.5 kn (45.4 km/h; 28.2 mph) 2009 STX Europe Rauma shipyard, Finland Tallink Estonia Tallinn - Mariehamn - Stockholm Baltic Princess 212.10 m (695.9 ft) 48,915 2,800 24.5 kn (45.4 km/h; 28.2 mph) 2008 Aker Finnyards Helsinki Shipyard, Finland Silja Line Finland Stockholm - Mariehamn - Turku Galaxy 212.10 m (695.9 ft) 48,915 2,700 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2006 Aker Finnyards Rauma shipyard, Finland Tallink Latvia Stockholm - Mariehamn - Turku Spirit of Britain 213.00 m (698.82 ft) 47,600 2,000 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2010 STX Europe Rauma shipyard, Finland Irish Ferries Cyprus Dover - Calais Spirit of France 213.00 m (698.82 ft) 47,600 2,000 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2011 STX Europe Rauma shipyard, Finland P&O Ferries Cyprus Dover - Calais In service September 2011. P&O Pioneer 230.5 m (756 ft) 47,394 1,500 20.8 kn (38.5 km/h; 23.9 mph) 2022 Guangzhou Shipyard International Company Limited P&O Ferries Cyprus Dover - Calais Fuel: diesel-electric hybrid. In service April 2023. Largest double ended ferry in the world. P&O Liberte 230.5 m (756 ft) 47,394 1,500 20.8 kn (38.5 km/h; 23.9 mph) 2023 Guangzhou Shipyard International Company Limited P&O Ferries Cyprus Dover - Calais Fuel: diesel-electric hybrid. In service late 2023. Viking Cinderella 191 m (627 ft) 46,398 2,700 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 1989 Wärtsilä Marine Perno Shipyard, Finland Viking Line Finland Helsinki - Stockholm Stena Estelle 239.7 m (786.41 ft) 45,000 1,200 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2022 China Merchants Jinling Shipyard(Weihai) Co., Ltd Stena Line Denmark Karlskrona - Gdynia Stena Ebba 239.7 m (786.41 ft) 45,000 1,200 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2022 China Merchants Jinling Shipyard(Weihai) Co., Ltd Stena Line Denmark Karlskrona - Gdynia Rhapsody 172 m (564 ft) 44,307 2,450 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph) 1996 Chantiers de l'Atlantique, Saint Nazaire, France Grandi Navi Veloci Italy Tangier - Barcelona - Genoa Tinker Bell 220m 44,245 744 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2001 Schichau Seebeckwerft GmbH, Bremerhaven, Germany TT-Line Sweden Travemunde - Trelleborg - Rostock Originally 191m and 36,468GT. Lengthened 2018. Renamed from Peter Pan was renamed Tinker Bell to release the name for a new build sister to Nils Holgersson Stena Adventurer 211.56 m (694.1 ft) 43,532 1,500 23 kn (43 km/h; 26 mph) 2003 Hyundai Heavy Industries, Ulsan, South Korea Stena Line United Kingdom Holyhead - Dublin Finnstar 218.8 m (718 ft) 42,923 500 25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph) 2006 Finncantieri, Ancona, Italy Finnlines Finland Helsinki - Travemunde Finnmaid 218.8 m (718 ft) 42,923 500 25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph) 2006 Finncantieri, Ancona, Italy Finnlines Finland Helsinki - Travemunde Finnlady 218.8 m (718 ft) 42,923 500 25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph) 2007 Finncantieri, Ancona, Italy Finnlines Finland Helsinki - Travemunde Ordered as Europalink. Renamed prior entering service. Europalink 218.8 m (718 ft) 42,923 500 25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph) 2007 Finncantieri, Ancona, Italy Finnlines Sweden Naantali - Långnäs - Kapellskär Ordered as Finnlady. Renamed prior entering service. Finnswan 218.8 m (718 ft) 42,923 500 25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph) 2007 Finncantieri, Ancona, Italy Finnlines Finland Naantali - Långnäs - Kapellskär Formerly Nordink. Skåne 199 m (653 ft) 42,705 600 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph) 1998 Astilleros Españoles, Puerto Real, Spain Stena Line Sweden Trelleborg - Rostock Biggest train ferry in the world Rusadir 187.4 m (615 ft) 42,400 1,680 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2022 Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft Baleària Cyprus Malaga - Melilla Ordered for Brittany Ferries, cancelled order before completion. Currently available for sale or charter. Fuel: Liquified natural gas (LNG) Piana 180 m (590.6 ft) 42,180 750 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph) 2011 Brodosplit, Split, Croatia La Méridionale France Marseille - Bastia; Marseille - Ajaccio Santoña 214.5 m (703.7 ft) 41,863 1,015 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2022 China Merchants Jinling Shipyard(Weihai) Co., Ltd Brittany Ferries France Portsmouth - Santander; Portsmouth - Cherbourg Fuel: Liquefied natural gas (LNG). Entry into service March 2023. Salamanca 214.5 m (703.7 ft) 41,863 1,015 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2021 China Merchants Jinling Shipyard(Weihai) Co., Ltd Brittany Ferries France Portsmouth - Bilbao; Portsmouth - Cherbourg Fuel: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Galicia 214.5 m (703.7 ft) 41,863 1,015 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2020 China Merchants Jinling Shipyard(Weihai) Co., Ltd Brittany Ferries France Rosslare - Bilbao; Rosslare - Cherbourg Currently serving Portsmouth - Santander and Cherbourg, transferring to Ireland-based routes once replaced by Santoña. Pont-Aven 184.6 m (606 ft) 41,758 2,400 27 kn (50 km/h; 31 mph) 2004 Meyer Werft, Papenburg, Germany Brittany Ferries France Santander - Plymouth - Roscoff - Cork; Portsmouth - St. Malo (winter only) Stena Estrid 214.5 m (703.7 ft) 41,671 1,000 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2019 China Merchants Jinling Shipyard(Weihai) Co., Ltd Stena Line Cyprus Holyhead - Dublin Stena Edda 214.5 m (703.7 ft) 41,671 1,000 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2020 China Merchants Jinling Shipyard(Weihai) Co., Ltd Stena Line Cyprus Liverpool (Birkenhead) - Belfast Stena Embla 214.5 m (703.7 ft) 41,671 1,000 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2020 China Merchants Jinling Shipyard(Weihai) Co., Ltd Stena Line Cyprus Liverpool (Birkenhead) - Belfast Danielle Casanova 175 m (574 ft) 41,447 2,600 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph) 2002 Fincantieri, Ancona, Italy Corsica Linea France Marseille - Algiers; Marseille - Tunis; Marseille - Ajaccio Victoria I 193.80 m (635.8 ft) 40,975 2,500 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2004 Aker Finnyards Rauma shipyard, Finland Tallink Estonia Tallinn - Helsinki Romantika 193.80 m (635.8 ft) 40,803 2,500 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2001 Aker Finnyards Rauma shipyard, Finland Tallink Latvia TBD Cote D'Opale 215.87 m (708.2 ft) 40,331 1,000 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2021 China Merchants Jinling Shipyard(Weihai) Co., Ltd DFDS Seaways France Dover - Calais Pearl Seaways 178.40 m (585.3 ft) 40,039 2,200 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph) 1989 Wärtsilä Marine Perno Shipyard, Finland DFDS Seaways Denmark Copenhagen - Frederikshavn - Oslo Nuraghes 214 m (702 ft) 39,780 3,000 29 kn (54 km/h; 33 mph) 2004 Fincantieri, Castellammare di Stabia, Italy Tirrenia di Navigazione Italy Olbia - Rome (Civitavecchia) Sharden 214 m (702 ft) 39,780 3,000 29 kn (54 km/h; 33 mph) 2005 Fincantieri, Castellammare di Stabia, Italy Tirrenia di Navigazione Italy Genoa - Porto Torres Excelsior 201.20 m (660.1 ft) 39,739 2,000 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph) 1999 Fincantieri, Genoa, Italy Grandi Navi Veloci Italy Genoa - Palermo; Genoa - Barcelona - Tangier/Tunis Excellent 202.83 m (665.5 ft) 39,739 2,330 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph) 1998 Nuovi Cantieri Apuania, Marina di Carrara, Italy Grandi Navi Veloci Italy Genoa - Palermo; Genoa - Barcelona - Tangier/Tunis Stena Vision 175.37 m (575.4 ft) 39,178 1,700 21.5 kn (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph) 1987 Stocznia im. Komuny Paryskiej, Gdynia, Poland Stena Line Cyprus Rosslare - Cherbourg Formerly Stena Germanica. Stena Spirit 175.37 m (575.4 ft) 39,178 1,700 21.5 kn (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph) 1988 Stocznia im. Lenina, Gdańsk, Poland Stena Line Cyprus Karlskrona - Gdynia Splendid 214.12 m (702.5 ft) 39,139 2,000 23 kn (43 km/h; 26 mph) 1994 Nuovi Cantieri Apuania, Marina di Carrara, Italy Grandi Navi Veloci Italy Multiple routes from Genoa and Civitavecchia Originally 188.22 metres (617.5 ft), lengthened 1996 El Venizelos 205.40 m (673.9 ft) 38,261 3,000 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 1992 Perama, Greece ANEK Lines Greece Multiple routes Elyros 192.10 m (630.2 ft) 38,261 2,500 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2009 Stocznia im. Komuny Paryskiej, Gdynia, Poland / Perama, Greece ANEK Lines Greece Piraeus - Chania Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 199.95 m (656.0 ft) 37,987 887 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph) 1996 Schichau Seebeckswerft, Bremerhaven, Germany Stena Line Sweden Rostock - Trelleborg Mega Regina 177 m (581 ft) 37,799 2,500 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 1985 Wärtsilä Perno Shipyard, Turku, Finland Corsica Ferries Italy Toulon/Nice - Corsica Formerly Mariella with Viking Line Princess Anastasia 177 m (581 ft) 37,583 2,500 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 1986 Wärtsilä Perno Shipyard, Turku, Finland St Peter Line Malta St. Petersburg - Helsinki - Tallinn - Stockholm Formerly Olympia with Viking Line and Pride of Bilbao with P&O Ferries. Kydon Palace 214 m (702 ft) 37,482 2,200 29.5 kn (55 km/h; 34 mph) 2001 Fincantieri, Genoa, Italy Minoan Lines Greece Piraeus - Chania Formerly Festos Palace. Name changed to Kydon Palace in 2020. Cruise Bonaira 214 m (702 ft) 37,482 2,200 29.5 kn (55 km/h; 34 mph) 2001 Fincantieri, Genoa, Italy Grimaldi Lines Italy TBC Formerly Knossos Palace. Name changed to Cruise Bonaria in 2020. Festos Palace 214 m (702 ft) 36,825 2,182 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph) 2002 Fincantieri, Venice, Italy Minoan Lines Greece Piraeus - Heraklion Formerly Europa Palace. Name changed to Festos Palace in 2020. Knossos Palace 214 m (702 ft) 36,825 2,182 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph) 2001 Fincantieri, Venice, Italy Minoan Lines Greece Piraeus - Heraklion Formerly Olympia Palace and Cruise Bonaria. Became Knossos Palace in 2020. Superspeed 1 212.8 m (698.2 ft) 36,822 2,315 27 kn (50 km/h; 31 mph) 2008 Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard / Rauma shipyard, Finland Color Line Norway Kristiansand - Hirtshals Gross tonnage increased in 2011 following extension of passenger accommodation. Bithia 214.6 m (704 ft) 36,475 2,781 29.5 kn (54.6 km/h; 33.9 mph) 2001 Fincantieri, Castellammare di Stabia, Italy Tirrenia di Navigazione Italy Genoa - Olbia/Porto Torres Janas 214.6 m (704 ft) 36,475 2,700 28.9 kn (53.5 km/h; 33.3 mph) 2001 Fincantieri, Castellammare di Stabia, Italy Tirrenia di Navigazione Italy Genoa - Olbia/Porto Torres Akka 190m (623 ft) 36,468 744 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) 2001 Schichau Seebeckwerft GmbH, Bremerhaven, Germany TT-Line Germany Travemunde - Trelleborg - Rostock Formerly Nils Nolgersson Finlandia 175 m (547.2 ft) 36,365 2,080 27 kn (50 km/h; 31 mph) 2001 DSME, Seoul, South Korea Eckerö Line Finland Helsinki - Tallinn Formerly Moby Freedom Athara 214.6 m (704 ft) 36,300 2,700 28.9 kn (53.5 km/h; 33.3 mph) 2001 Fincantieri, Castellammare di Stabia, Italy Tirrenia di Navigazione Italy Genoa - Olbia/Porto Torres Pascal Lota 177 m (580,ft) 36,299 2,080 27.5 kn (51.0 km/h; 31.6 mph) 2007 Fincantieri, Castellammare di Stabia, Italy Corsica Ferries Italy Toulon - Bastia - Ajaccio; Bastia - Livorno Formerly M/S Superstar, Tallink Moby Aki 175 m (547.2 ft) 36,284 2,200 27 kn (50 km/h; 31 mph) 2005 Fincantieri, Castellammare di Stabia, Italy Moby Lines Italy Livorno - Olbia Oscar Wilde 186.0 m (610.2 ft) 36,249 1,900 27 kn (50 km/h; 31 mph) 2007 Aker Finnyards, Helsinki Shipyard, Finland Irish Ferries Cyprus Tallinn - Helsinki Chartered from Tallink, initially serving Pembroke Dock - Rosslare Moby Wonder 175 m (547.2 ft) 36,093 2,200 27 kn (50 km/h; 31 mph) 2001 DSME, Seoul, South Korea Moby Lines Italy Livorno - Olbia Norröna 161 m (528 ft) 35,966 1,482 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph) 2003 Flender Werft, Lübeck, Germany Smyril Line Faroe Islands Hirtshals - Tórshavn - Seyðisfjørður Dunkerque Seaways 186.65 m (612.4 ft) 35,923 930 25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph) 2005 Samsung Heavy Industries, South Korea DFDS Seaways United Kingdom Dover - Dunkerque Dover Seaways 186.65 m (612.4 ft) 35,923 930 25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph) 2005 Samsung Heavy Industries, South Korea DFDS Seaways United Kingdom Dover - Dunkerque Delft Seaways 186.65 m (612.4 ft) 35,923 930 25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph) 2005 Samsung Heavy Industries, South Korea DFDS Seaways United Kingdom Dover - Dunkerque Viking XPRS 185 m (606.9 ft) 35,918 2500 25 kn (46 km/h; 29 mph) 2007 Aker Finnyards, Helsinki Shipyard, Finland Viking Line Finland Helsinki - Tallinn Mont St Michel 173.95 m (570.7 ft) 35,891 2,123 21 kn (39 km/h; 31 mph) 2002 Van der Giessen de Noord, Krimpen a/d IJssel, Netherlands Brittany Ferries France Caen (Ouistreham) - Portsmouth Pascal Paoli 176 m (576 ft) 35,760 550 23 kn (42.6 km/h; 24.5 mph) 2002 Van der Giessen de Noord, Krimpen a/d IJssel, Netherlands Corsica Linea France Marseille - Bastia Crown Seaways 171.5 m (563 ft) 35,498 2,136 21.5 kn (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph) 1994 Brodosplit, Split, Croatia DFDS Seaways Denmark Copenhagen - Frederikshavn - Oslo Stena Scandica 222 m (728ft) 35,456 970 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph) 2005 Cantiere Navale Visentini, Donada, Italy Stena Line Denmark Nynäshamn – Ventspils Originally 186.6 metres (612 ft), lengthened 2021, renamed from Stena Lagan Stena Baltica 222 m (728ft) 35,456 970 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph) 2005 Cantiere Navale Visentini, Donada, Italy Stena Line Denmark Nynäshamn – Ventspils Originally 186.6 metres (612 ft), lengthened 2021, renamed from Stena Mersey Gabriella 171.20 m (561.7 ft) 35,285 2,400 21.5 kn (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph) 1992 Brodosplit, Split, Croatia Viking Line Finland Stockholm - Mariehamn - Helsinki Mega Victoria 169.40 m (555.8 ft) 34,384 2,420 20.5 kn (38.0 km/h; 23.6 mph) 1988 Brodosplit, Split, Croatia Corsica Ferries Italy Stockholm - Mariehamn - Helsinki Notes ^ PETER, BRUCE (2021). FERRY : a design voyage. : FERRY PUBLICATIONS. ISBN 1-911268-46-5. OCLC 1240415867. ^ WIDDOWS, NICK (2020). FERRIES 2021. : FERRY PUBLICATIONS. ISBN 1-911268-37-6. OCLC 1157070214. ^ PETER, BRUCE (2020). COLOR LINE : and the development of norwegian international ferry services since 1825. : FERRY PUBLICATIONS. ISBN 1-911268-39-2. OCLC 1157053035. ^ Wir heißen Tinker Bell in unserer TT-Line Familie Herzlich Willkommen, retrieved 2022-05-30 ^ faktaomfartyg.se ^ "Akka (Schiff, 2001)", Wikipedia (in German), 2022-03-06, retrieved 2022-05-30 ^ "New cruise ferry Oscar Wilde \| Irish Ferries \| News". www.irishferries.com. Retrieved 2023-05-14.	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FERRY : a design voyage. [S.l.]: FERRY PUBLICATIONS. ISBN 1-911268-46-5. OCLC 1240415867.\n\n^ WIDDOWS, NICK (2020). FERRIES 2021. [S.l.]: FERRY PUBLICATIONS. ISBN 1-911268-37-6. OCLC 1157070214.\n\n^ PETER, BRUCE (2020). COLOR LINE : and the development of norwegian international ferry services since 1825. [S.l.]: FERRY PUBLICATIONS. ISBN 1-911268-39-2. OCLC 1157053035.\n\n^ Wir heißen Tinker Bell in unserer TT-Line Familie Herzlich Willkommen, retrieved 2022-05-30\n\n^ faktaomfartyg.se\n\n^ \"Akka (Schiff, 2001)\", Wikipedia (in German), 2022-03-06, retrieved 2022-05-30\n\n^ \"New cruise ferry Oscar Wilde \| Irish Ferries \| News\". www.irishferries.com. Retrieved 2023-05-14.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"PETER, BRUCE (2021). FERRY : a design voyage. [S.l.]: FERRY PUBLICATIONS. ISBN 1-911268-46-5. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Kingdom	Toy Kingdom	["1 Toy Kingdom Amazing Card","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Chain of toy stores This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Toy Kingdom" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Toy KingdomToy Kingdom branch at SM City Cebu.Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryRetailFounded1991HeadquartersSM Retail Headquarters, J.W. Diokno Boulevard corner Bayshore Ave. MOA Complex, Pasay City, PhilippinesArea servedNationwideProductsToysOwnerSM RetailNumber of employees59,000Websitetoykingdom.com.ph International Toyworld Inc., doing business as Toy Kingdom, is a large toy store chain owned and developed by the SM Group by the late Chinese Filipino taipan, Henry Sy, Sr.. It features a variety of toys, gizmos & gadgets. The first branch opened at SM Megamall in 1991. Now more than 20 branches are opened inside and outside SM Supermalls. Aside from the regular Toy Kingdom stores, SM Stores have smaller toy sections called Toy Kingdom Express. Toy Kingdom's main rivals in the Philippines are Toys "R" Us (located at several Robinsons Malls, and Ayala Malls) and ToyTown (with branches at Glorietta, Festival Alabang, and Market! Market!). Kidz Station (with three locations in Makati and one at the Shangri-La Plaza in Mandaluyong) was also a rival store until Toys "R" Us acquired them on November 2010. Toy Kingdom holds the biennial major event Toy Expo Philippines, which gathers toy brands to showcase their latest offerings through exhibit set-ups and activities. A free-admission event, usually held during August at the SMX Convention Center in the Mall of Asia Complex, Toy Expo Philippines started in 2012. It held its 4th edition in 2018 from August 24 to 26 participated by brands such as Peppa Pig, My Little Pony, Play-Doh, Shopkins, Littlest Pet Shop, PAW Patrol, Super Wings, and many more. In March 2020, Toy Kingdom temporarily shut down its stores and paused their operations in Metro Manila, Luzon and Cagayan de Oro due to the implementation of the community quarantine and the enhanced community quarantine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. Later however, all other Toy Kingdom stores nationwide, along with their online stores in Lazada and Metromart, as well as customer service support, followed closure and also ceased operations due to the pandemic. Toy Kingdom Amazing Card It is a loyalty program in which members get to earn rewards points, big savings, and are entitled to exclusive privileges throughout the membership period. Simply avail the Toy Kingdom Amazing Kit at any Toy Kingdom mall branch, fill up and submit the membership form, and get your Toy Kingdom Amazing Card once the payment has been completed. See also Toys "R" Us Philippines, Toy Kingdom's main competitor References ^ Toys "R" Us Philippines locations ^ "TOY KINGDOM'S TOY EXPO 2012". Mommy Fleur. August 29, 2012. ^ "TOY EXPO PHILIPPINES 2014". Toy Kingdom. ^ "Toy Kingdom Toy Expo Philippines 2014". YouTube: ToyKingdomPH. August 14, 2014. ^ "TOY EXPO 2016". Toy Kingdom. ^ "Amazing toy expo". The Manila Standard. August 22, 2018. ^ "Toy Kingdom stores in Metro Manila are temporarily closed starting March 16, 2020, until further notice". Facebook: ToyKingdomPH. Retrieved March 16, 2020. ^ "Toy Kingdom: We're temporarily closing all our stores in Metro Manila, Luzon and Cagayan de Oro to keep everyone safe". Facebook: ToyKingdomPH. March 17, 2020. ^ "We are temporarily closing the Toy Kingdom flagship store in Lazada due to the Enhance Community Quarantine in the entire Luzon, including Metro Manila". Facebook: ToyKingdomPH. Retrieved March 18, 2020. ^ "To keep you our customers and staff safe from the threats of COVID-19, all Toy Kingdom stores nationwide will be temporarily closed until further notice". Facebook: ToyKingdomPH. March 20, 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toy Kingdom. Toy Kingdom The official website of Toy Kingdom The SM Store. The official website of The SM Store SM Prime Holdings. The official website of the parent company. vteSM PrimePhilippine shopping malls(Supermalls)SM Estates North EDSA Megamall Southmall Mall of Asia Lanang Seaside City CDO Downtown Specialty malls Aura The Podium S Maison at Conrad Manila SM City Sta. Mesa Cebu Fairview Iloilo Pampanga Davao CDO Uptown Baguio Dasmariñas Valenzuela Santa Rosa Clark Bacolod Marikina Rosales Baliwag Naga Rosario Tarlac San Pablo San Fernando Downtown General Santos Cauayan San Mateo Cabanatuan Legazpi Olongapo Central Butuan Tanza SM Center Las Piñas Angono Tuguegarao Downtown Dagupan Others Delgado Quiapo Acquired Mindpro (70%) Grand Central China shopping mallsOperating malls Xiamen Lifestyle Center Jinjiang Suzhou Chengdu US (Guam) shopping mallsAcquired Agana Shopping Center Commercial properties SM Mall of Asia Arena SM Seaside Arena Residential properties Tagaytay Highlands Hotels and convention centers Conrad Manila SMX Convention Center Manila Key people and related articles Henry Sy Sky Ranch SM Estates SM Investments SM Retail Teresita Sy-Coson Walter Mart	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doing business as","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_business_as"},{"link_name":"SM Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Investments"},{"link_name":"Chinese Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Filipino"},{"link_name":"Henry Sy, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sy"},{"link_name":"SM Megamall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Megamall"},{"link_name":"SM Supermalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Supermalls"},{"link_name":"Toys \"R\" Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us"},{"link_name":"Robinsons Malls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinsons_Malls"},{"link_name":"Ayala Malls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayala_Malls"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Glorietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorietta"},{"link_name":"Festival Alabang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Alabang"},{"link_name":"Market! Market!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market!_Market!"},{"link_name":"Makati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati"},{"link_name":"Shangri-La Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangri-La_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Mandaluyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong"},{"link_name":"SMX Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMX_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"Mall of Asia Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_asia_complex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Peppa Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppa_Pig"},{"link_name":"My Little Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Pony"},{"link_name":"Play-Doh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-Doh"},{"link_name":"Shopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopkins"},{"link_name":"Littlest Pet Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlest_Pet_Shop"},{"link_name":"PAW Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAW_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Super Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Wings"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Cagayan de Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro"},{"link_name":"community quarantine and the enhanced community quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Lazada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazada"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"International Toyworld Inc., doing business as Toy Kingdom, is a large toy store chain owned and developed by the SM Group by the late Chinese Filipino taipan, Henry Sy, Sr.. It features a variety of toys, gizmos & gadgets. The first branch opened at SM Megamall in 1991. Now more than 20 branches are opened inside and outside SM Supermalls. Aside from the regular Toy Kingdom stores, SM Stores have smaller toy sections called Toy Kingdom Express.Toy Kingdom's main rivals in the Philippines are Toys \"R\" Us (located at several Robinsons Malls, and Ayala Malls)[1] and ToyTown (with branches at Glorietta, Festival Alabang, and Market! Market!). Kidz Station (with three locations in Makati and one at the Shangri-La Plaza in Mandaluyong) was also a rival store until Toys \"R\" Us acquired them on November 2010.Toy Kingdom holds the biennial major event Toy Expo Philippines, which gathers toy brands to showcase their latest offerings through exhibit set-ups and activities. A free-admission event, usually held during August at the SMX Convention Center in the Mall of Asia Complex, Toy Expo Philippines started in 2012.[2][3][4][5] It held its 4th edition in 2018 from August 24 to 26 participated by brands such as Peppa Pig, My Little Pony, Play-Doh, Shopkins, Littlest Pet Shop, PAW Patrol, Super Wings, and many more.[6]In March 2020, Toy Kingdom temporarily shut down its stores and paused their operations in Metro Manila, Luzon and Cagayan de Oro due to the implementation of the community quarantine and the enhanced community quarantine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. Later however, all other Toy Kingdom stores nationwide, along with their online stores in Lazada and Metromart, as well as customer service support, followed closure and also ceased operations due to the pandemic.[7][8][9][10]","title":"Toy Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"It is a loyalty program in which members get to earn rewards points, big savings, and are entitled to exclusive privileges throughout the membership period. Simply avail the Toy Kingdom Amazing Kit at any Toy Kingdom mall branch, fill up and submit the membership form, and get your Toy Kingdom Amazing Card once the payment has been completed.","title":"Toy Kingdom Amazing Card"}]	[]	[{"title":"Toys \"R\" Us Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us"}]	[{"reference":"\"TOY KINGDOM'S TOY EXPO 2012\". Mommy Fleur. August 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mommyfleur.com/2012/08/29/toy-kingdoms-toy-expo-2012/","url_text":"\"TOY KINGDOM'S TOY EXPO 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"TOY EXPO PHILIPPINES 2014\". Toy Kingdom.","urls":[{"url":"http://toykingdom.ph/pages/toy-expo-philippines-2014.html","url_text":"\"TOY EXPO PHILIPPINES 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toy Kingdom Toy Expo Philippines 2014\". YouTube: ToyKingdomPH. August 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9fPs86EWoY","url_text":"\"Toy Kingdom Toy Expo Philippines 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"TOY EXPO 2016\". Toy Kingdom.","urls":[{"url":"http://toykingdom.ph/pages/Toy-Expo-2016.html","url_text":"\"TOY EXPO 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazing toy expo\". The Manila Standard. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V190	SMS V190	["1 Construction and design","1.1 Modifications","2 Service","2.1 Between the wars","2.2 Second World War","3 Notes","4 References","5 Bibliography"]	V190's sister ship V182 underway, 1910-1914 History Germany NameSMS V190 BuilderAG Vulcan, Stettin Launched12 April 1911 Completed5 August 1911 Renamed1938, Claus von Bevern FateScuttled in 1946 General characteristics Class and typeS138-class torpedo boat Displacement650 t (640 long tons) design Length73.9 m (242 ft 5 in) o/a Beam7.9 m (25 ft 11 in) Draught3.1 m (10 ft 2 in) Installed power18,000 PS (18,000 shp; 13,000 kW) Propulsion 3 × boilers 2 × steam turbines Speed32 kn (37 mph; 59 km/h) Complement84 Armament 2× 8.8 cm guns 4× 50 cm torpedo tubes SMS V190 was a S-138-class large torpedo boat of the Imperial German Navy. She was built by the AG Vulcan shipyard at Stettin between 1910 and 1911, completing on 5 August 1911. She served throughout the First World War, taking part in the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28 August 1914. She was renamed T190 in February 1918. Post war, T190 served in the Weimar Republic's Reichsmarine, classed as a destroyer due to the Treaty of Versailles. She was rebuilt and modernised in 1923. She was renamed Claus von Bevern in 1938, serving as a research ship. The ship was still in service on the outbreak of the Second World War, taking part in the German Invasion of Denmark in 1940. At the end of the war, Claus von Bevern was captured by the United States. She was scuttled in 1946. Construction and design The Imperial German Navy ordered 12 large torpedo boats (Große Torpedoboote) as part of the fiscal year 1910 shipbuilding programme, with one half-flotilla of six ships (V186–V191) ordered from AG Vulcan and the other six ships from Germaniawerft. The two groups of torpedo boats were of basically similar layout but differed slightly in detailed design, with a gradual evolution of design and increase in displacement with each year's orders. V190 was 73.9 metres (242 ft 5 in) long overall and 73.6 metres (241 ft 6 in) between perpendiculars, with a beam of 7.9 metres (25 ft 11 in) and a draught of 3.1 metres (10 ft 2 in). The ship displaced 666 tonnes (655 long tons) design and 775 tonnes (763 long tons) deep load. Three coal-fired and one oil-fired water-tube boiler fed steam at a pressure of 18.5 standard atmospheres (272 psi) to two sets of direct-drive steam turbines. The ship's machinery was rated at 18,000 PS (18,000 shp; 13,000 kW) giving a design speed of 32 knots (37 mph; 59 km/h), with members of the class reaching a speed of 33.5 knots (38.6 mph; 62.0 km/h) during sea trials. 136 tons of coal and 67 tons of oil fuel were carried, giving an endurance of 2,360 nautical miles (2,720 mi; 4,370 km) at 12 knots (14 mph; 22 km/h), 1,250 nautical miles (1,440 mi; 2,320 km) at 17 knots (20 mph; 31 km/h) or 480 nautical miles (550 mi; 890 km) at 30 knots (35 mph; 56 km/h). The ship was armed with two 8.8 cm L/45 guns, one on the forecastle and one aft. Four single 50 cm (19.7 in) torpedo tubes were fitted, with two on the ship's beam in the gap between the forecastle and the ship's bridge which were capable of firing straight ahead, one between the ship's two funnels, and one aft of the funnels. The ship had a crew of 84 officers and men. V190 was laid down at AG Vulcan's Stettin shipyard as Yard number 308 and was launched on 12 April 1911 and completed on 5 August 1911. Modifications The ship was modified in 1923, and again in 1927–28. The ship's boilers were replaced by three oil-fired boilers, with 198t of oil carried, giving a range of 1,400 nautical miles (1,600 mi; 2,600 km) at 17 knots (20 mph; 31 km/h). Two 10.5 cm L/45 guns replaced the 8.8 cm guns, while the torpedo armament remained four 50 cm tubes, but arranged in two twin mounts. When serving as a research ship, one of the 10.5 cm guns was removed, as was at least one set of torpedo tubes, with two 20mm anti-aircraft guns added. Service On 28 August 1914, the British Harwich Force, supported by light cruisers and battlecruisers of the Grand Fleet, carried out a raid towards Heligoland with the intention of destroying patrolling German torpedo boats. The German defensive patrols around Heligoland consisted of one flotilla (I Torpedo Flotilla) of 12 modern torpedo boats forming an outer patrol line about 25 nautical miles (29 mi; 46 km) North and West of Heligoland, with an inner line of older torpedo boats of the 3rd Minesweeping Division at about 12 nautical miles (14 mi; 22 km). Four German light cruisers and another flotilla of torpedo boats (V Torpedo Boat Flotilla) was in the vicinity of Heligoland. V190 , a member of the 2nd Half Flotilla of I Torpedo Boat Flotilla, formed part of the outer screen of torpedo boats. At about 06:00 on 28 August, G194, another member of the outer screen reported spotting the periscope of a submarine. As a result, the 5th Torpedo Boat Flotilla was ordered out to hunt the hostile submarine. At 07:57 G194 was fired on by British warships, and was soon retreating towards Heligoland, pursued by four British destroyers. V Flotilla and the old torpedo boats of the 3rd Minesweeping Division also came under British fire, and were only saved by the intervention of the German cruisers Stettin and Frauenlob, with the torpedo boats V1, D8 and T33 damaged. V190 managed to successfully avoid the British ships and returned to base However, sister ship V187, leader of I Flotilla, ran into the midst of the Harwich force when trying to return to Heligoland and was sunk. The intervention of the supporting British forces resulted in the sinking of the German cruisers Mainz, Cöln and Ariadne. The British light cruiser Arethusa and destroyers Laurel, Laertes and Liberty were badly damaged but safely returned to base. V190, part of VII Flotilla, was part of High Seas Fleet when it sailed to cover the Lowestoft Raid on 24–25 April 1916. The ship was still part of I Flotilla on 19 August 1916, when the High Seas Fleet sailed to cover a sortie of the battlecruisers of the 1st Scouting Group, but was absent at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May–1 June 1916. On 22 February 1918, V190 was renamed T190, in order to free her number for new construction, in this case the destroyer H190 which was ordered from Howaldswerke, but was cancelled at the end of the war. At the end of the war T190 was a member of the 15th Half-flotilla of the 8th Torpedo Boat Flotilla. Between the wars After the end of the First World War, the scuttling of the German High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow on 21 June 1919 and the Treaty of Versailles left Germany with a small navy of obsolete warships, the Reichsmarine. The Versailles treaty limited the German Navy's torpedo forces to 16 destroyers and 16 torpedo boats, with only twelve of each in active service, with replacement of the existing ships not allowed until 15 years after they were launched. Replacements could not exceed 800 t displacement for destroyers and 200 t for torpedo boats. T190 was one of the ships retained, and was classed as a destroyer for treaty purposes, although like the other ships retained as "destroyers", was always treated as a torpedo boat by the Reichsmarine. T190 was listed as being in reserve in 1922. She was refitted and modernised in 1922. In July 1926 T190 accompanied the battleship Hessen on a visit to Neufahrwasser; they were the first German warships to visit the Free City of Danzig since Germany lost control of the city to Poland after the war. She was refitted again in 1927–28, but by the 1930s these old torpedo boats were obsolete and were either scrapped or transferred to subsidiary roles. T190 became a research ship, and was renamed Claus von Bevern in 1938. Second World War Claus von Bevern remained in use during the Second World War, and during the German invasion of Denmark in April 1940, returned briefly to operational service, taking part in landing operations at Nyborg and Korsør alongside the battleship Schleswig-Holstein as part of Warship Group Seven. At the end of the war, Claus von Bevern was captured by Allied forces and allocated to the United States. She was scuttled in the Skagerrak in 1946. Notes ^ "SMS" stands for "Seiner Majestät Schiff" (transl. His Majesty's Ship) ^ The "V" in V190 denoted the shipbuilder who constructed her, in this case AG Vulcan. ^ Both Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships and Jane's Fighting Ships claim L/30 guns were fitted. ^ Campbell notes that seven older torpedo boats of I Flotilla were absent at Jutland - presumably this includes V190. ^ While some sources, claim that Claus von Bevern was laden with chemical weapons when scuttled, other sources state that there is no evidence that any German warships scuttled in the Skaggerak after the end of the war were part of the chemical weapons disposal programme, with the scuttlings instead being to meet a deadline for disposal of ships incapable of repair. References ^ Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 164 ^ a b c d e f g h Gardiner & Gray 1985, pp. 166–167 ^ Gardiner & Gray 1985, pp. 164, 167 ^ Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, p. 46 ^ a b Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, p. 47 ^ a b Moore 1990, p. 118 ^ Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, pp. 46, 49 ^ Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, pp. 46–47, 50 ^ a b c d e Gardiner & Chesneau 1980, p. 223 ^ Parkes 1973, p. 235 ^ Lenton 1975, p. 98 ^ Massie 2007, pp. 97–101 ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 11 1921, pp. 122–123 ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 11 1921, pp. 123–125 ^ Massie 2007, pp. 104–113 ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 32 1927, p. 46 ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 33 1927, p. 46 ^ Campbell 1998, p. 25 ^ Campbell 1998, p. 26 ^ a b c Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, p. 49 ^ Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 263 ^ Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 17 ^ Fock 1989, p. 348 ^ Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 139 ^ Koop & Schmolke 2014, p. 9 ^ Lenton 1975, pp. 13–14 ^ Hildebrand, Röhr & Steinmetz 1993, pp. 150–151 ^ Lenton 1975, p. 99 ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, pp. 14–15 ^ Dodson 2019, p. 143 ^ Dodson 2019, p. 144, note 18 ^ "Report on Sea Dumping of Chemical Weapons by the United Kingdom in the Skaggerrak Waters post World War Two" (PDF). p. 17. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Bibliography Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-750-3. Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6. Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5. Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4. Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Robert, eds. (1980). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7. Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5. Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1983). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graef Verlag. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6. Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert; Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe (Band 4) . Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ASIN B003VHSRKE. Koop, Gerhard; Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (2014). German Destroyers of World War II. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-193-9. Lenton, H. T. (1975). German Warships of the Second World War. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0-356-04661-3. Massie, Robert K. (2007). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-099-52378-9. Moore, John (1990). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I. London: Studio. ISBN 1-85170-378-0. Monograph No. 11: The Battle of the Heligoland Bight, August 28th, 1914 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. III. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1921. pp. 108–166. Monograph No. 32: Lowestoft Raid: 24th–25th April 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVI. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927. Monograph No. 33: Home Waters: Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVII. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927. Parkes, Oscar, ed. (1973) . Jane's Fighting Ships 1931. David & Charles (Publishers) Limited. ISBN 0-7153-5849-9. Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-117-7. vteS138-class torpedo boat Kaiserliche MarineSchichau ElbingS138 group (1906 Programme) S138 S139 S140 S141 S142 S143 S144 S145 S146 S147 S148 S146 Vulcan Stettin V150 group (1907 Programme) V150 V151 V152 V153 V154 V155 V156 V157 V158 V159 V160 V161 Vulcan Stettin V162 group (1908 programme) V162 V163 V164 Schichau Elbing S165 group (1908 programme replacements) S165 S166 S167 S168 Germaniawerft KielG169 group (1908–1909 programmes) G169 G170 G171 G172 G173 G174 G175 Schichau ElbingS176 group (1909 programme) S176 S177 S178 S179 Vulcan StettinV180 group (1909–1910 programmes) V180 V181 V182 V183 V184 V185 V186 V187 V188 V189 V190 V191 Germaniawerft KielG192 group (1910 programme) G192 G193 G194 G195 G196 G197 Turkish NavySchichau ElbingMuavenet-i Milliye-class Muâvenet-i Milliye Yadigar-i Millet Nümune-i Hamiyet Gayret-i Vataniye Category:Torpedo boats of the Imperial German Navy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"S-138-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S138-class_torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"torpedo boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"AG Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Vulcan"},{"link_name":"Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettin"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Heligoland Bight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_Bight_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Reichsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmarine"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"German Invasion of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)"}],"text":"SMS V190[a][b] was a S-138-class large torpedo boat of the Imperial German Navy. She was built by the AG Vulcan shipyard at Stettin between 1910 and 1911, completing on 5 August 1911.She served throughout the First World War, taking part in the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28 August 1914. She was renamed T190 in February 1918. Post war, T190 served in the Weimar Republic's Reichsmarine, classed as a destroyer due to the Treaty of Versailles. She was rebuilt and modernised in 1923. She was renamed Claus von Bevern in 1938, serving as a research ship. The ship was still in service on the outbreak of the Second World War, taking part in the German Invasion of Denmark in 1940. At the end of the war, Claus von Bevern was captured by the United States. She was scuttled in 1946.","title":"SMS V190"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"fiscal year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year"},{"link_name":"AG Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Vulcan"},{"link_name":"Germaniawerft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniawerft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p166-7-4"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p164,7-5"},{"link_name":"overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"between perpendiculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_between_perpendiculars"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(ship)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"displaced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p166-7-4"},{"link_name":"water-tube boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"steam turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"sea trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trials"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grnv2_p46-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p166-7-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grnv2_p47-7"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"forecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecastle"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p166-7-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jfww1_p118-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p166-7-4"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettin"},{"link_name":"Yard number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard_number"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grnv2_p46,9-10"}],"text":"The Imperial German Navy ordered 12 large torpedo boats (Große Torpedoboote) as part of the fiscal year 1910 shipbuilding programme, with one half-flotilla of six ships (V186–V191) ordered from AG Vulcan and the other six ships from Germaniawerft.[2] The two groups of torpedo boats were of basically similar layout but differed slightly in detailed design, with a gradual evolution of design and increase in displacement with each year's orders.[3]V190 was 73.9 metres (242 ft 5 in) long overall and 73.6 metres (241 ft 6 in) between perpendiculars, with a beam of 7.9 metres (25 ft 11 in) and a draught of 3.1 metres (10 ft 2 in). The ship displaced 666 tonnes (655 long tons) design and 775 tonnes (763 long tons) deep load.[2]Three coal-fired and one oil-fired water-tube boiler fed steam at a pressure of 18.5 standard atmospheres (272 psi) to two sets of direct-drive steam turbines. The ship's machinery was rated at 18,000 PS (18,000 shp; 13,000 kW) giving a design speed of 32 knots (37 mph; 59 km/h), with members of the class reaching a speed of 33.5 knots (38.6 mph; 62.0 km/h) during sea trials.[4] 136 tons of coal and 67 tons of oil fuel were carried, giving an endurance of 2,360 nautical miles (2,720 mi; 4,370 km) at 12 knots (14 mph; 22 km/h), 1,250 nautical miles (1,440 mi; 2,320 km) at 17 knots (20 mph; 31 km/h) or 480 nautical miles (550 mi; 890 km) at 30 knots (35 mph; 56 km/h).[2]The ship was armed with two 8.8 cm L/45 guns,[5][c] one on the forecastle and one aft. Four single 50 cm (19.7 in) torpedo tubes were fitted, with two on the ship's beam in the gap between the forecastle and the ship's bridge which were capable of firing straight ahead, one between the ship's two funnels, and one aft of the funnels.[2][6] The ship had a crew of 84 officers and men.[2]V190 was laid down at AG Vulcan's Stettin shipyard as Yard number 308 and was launched on 12 April 1911 and completed on 5 August 1911.[7]","title":"Construction and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grnv2_p46-7,0-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways22_p223-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jfs31_p235-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grnv2_p47-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lenp98-14"}],"sub_title":"Modifications","text":"The ship was modified in 1923, and again in 1927–28. The ship's boilers were replaced by three oil-fired boilers, with 198t of oil carried, giving a range of 1,400 nautical miles (1,600 mi; 2,600 km) at 17 knots (20 mph; 31 km/h). Two 10.5 cm L/45 guns replaced the 8.8 cm guns, while the torpedo armament remained four 50 cm tubes, but arranged in two twin mounts.[8][9][10] When serving as a research ship, one of the 10.5 cm guns was removed, as was at least one set of torpedo tubes, with two 20mm anti-aircraft guns added.[5][11]","title":"Construction and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harwich Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich_Force"},{"link_name":"Grand Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Fleet"},{"link_name":"raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_Bight_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Heligoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heligoland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"G194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G194"},{"link_name":"Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Stettin"},{"link_name":"Frauenlob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Frauenlob"},{"link_name":"V1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V1"},{"link_name":"D8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_D8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_G33&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"V187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V187"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Cöln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_C%C3%B6ln_(1909)"},{"link_name":"Ariadne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Ariadne"},{"link_name":"Arethusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Arethusa_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Laurel_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Laertes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Laertes_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Liberty_(1913)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Lowestoft Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowestoft_Raid"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grov2p49-24"},{"link_name":"Howaldswerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howaldtswerke-Deutsche_Werft"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"On 28 August 1914, the British Harwich Force, supported by light cruisers and battlecruisers of the Grand Fleet, carried out a raid towards Heligoland with the intention of destroying patrolling German torpedo boats.[12] The German defensive patrols around Heligoland consisted of one flotilla (I Torpedo Flotilla) of 12 modern torpedo boats forming an outer patrol line about 25 nautical miles (29 mi; 46 km) North and West of Heligoland, with an inner line of older torpedo boats of the 3rd Minesweeping Division at about 12 nautical miles (14 mi; 22 km). Four German light cruisers and another flotilla of torpedo boats (V Torpedo Boat Flotilla) was in the vicinity of Heligoland. V190 , a member of the 2nd Half Flotilla of I Torpedo Boat Flotilla, formed part of the outer screen of torpedo boats.[13] At about 06:00 on 28 August, G194, another member of the outer screen reported spotting the periscope of a submarine. As a result, the 5th Torpedo Boat Flotilla was ordered out to hunt the hostile submarine. At 07:57 G194 was fired on by British warships, and was soon retreating towards Heligoland, pursued by four British destroyers. V Flotilla and the old torpedo boats of the 3rd Minesweeping Division also came under British fire, and were only saved by the intervention of the German cruisers Stettin and Frauenlob, with the torpedo boats V1, D8 and T33 damaged. V190 managed to successfully avoid the British ships and returned to base[14] However, sister ship V187, leader of I Flotilla, ran into the midst of the Harwich force when trying to return to Heligoland and was sunk. The intervention of the supporting British forces resulted in the sinking of the German cruisers Mainz, Cöln and Ariadne. The British light cruiser Arethusa and destroyers Laurel, Laertes and Liberty were badly damaged but safely returned to base.[15]V190, part of VII Flotilla, was part of High Seas Fleet when it sailed to cover the Lowestoft Raid on 24–25 April 1916.[16] The ship was still part of I Flotilla on 19 August 1916, when the High Seas Fleet sailed to cover a sortie of the battlecruisers of the 1st Scouting Group,[17] but was absent at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May–1 June 1916.[18][d]On 22 February 1918, V190 was renamed T190,[20] in order to free her number for new construction, in this case the destroyer H190 which was ordered from Howaldswerke, but was cancelled at the end of the war.[21][22] At the end of the war T190 was a member of the 15th Half-flotilla of the 8th Torpedo Boat Flotilla.[23]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scuttling of the German High Seas Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_in_Scapa_Flow"},{"link_name":"Scapa Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapa_Flow"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Reichsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmarine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p139-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lenp13-4-30"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways22_p223-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways22_p223-12"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grov2p49-24"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways22_p223-12"},{"link_name":"Hessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Hessen"},{"link_name":"Neufahrwasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neufahrwasser"},{"link_name":"Free City of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grov2p49-24"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways22_p223-12"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Len_p99-32"}],"sub_title":"Between the wars","text":"After the end of the First World War, the scuttling of the German High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow on 21 June 1919 and the Treaty of Versailles left Germany with a small navy of obsolete warships, the Reichsmarine.[24] The Versailles treaty limited the German Navy's torpedo forces to 16 destroyers and 16 torpedo boats, with only twelve of each in active service, with replacement of the existing ships not allowed until 15 years after they were launched. Replacements could not exceed 800 t displacement for destroyers and 200 t for torpedo boats. T190 was one of the ships retained, and was classed as a destroyer for treaty purposes, although like the other ships retained as \"destroyers\", was always treated as a torpedo boat by the Reichsmarine.[25][26][9]T190 was listed as being in reserve in 1922.[9] She was refitted and modernised in 1922.[20][9] In July 1926 T190 accompanied the battleship Hessen on a visit to Neufahrwasser; they were the first German warships to visit the Free City of Danzig since Germany lost control of the city to Poland after the war.[27] She was refitted again in 1927–28, but by the 1930s these old torpedo boats were obsolete and were either scrapped or transferred to subsidiary roles. T190 became a research ship, and was renamed Claus von Bevern in 1938.[20][9][28]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German invasion of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Nyborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyborg"},{"link_name":"Korsør","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kors%C3%B8r"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Skagerrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagerrak"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p166-7-4"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Second World War","text":"Claus von Bevern remained in use during the Second World War, and during the German invasion of Denmark in April 1940, returned briefly to operational service, taking part in landing operations at Nyborg and Korsør alongside the battleship Schleswig-Holstein as part of Warship Group Seven.[29] At the end of the war, Claus von Bevern was captured by Allied forces and allocated to the United States. She was scuttled in the Skagerrak in 1946.[2][30][e]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Seiner Majestät Schiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiner_Majest%C3%A4t_Schiff"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p164-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p166-7-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jfww1_p118-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p166-7-4"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"^ \"SMS\" stands for \"Seiner Majestät Schiff\" (transl. His Majesty's Ship)\n\n^ The \"V\" in V190 denoted the shipbuilder who constructed her, in this case AG Vulcan.[1]\n\n^ Both Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships[2] and Jane's Fighting Ships[6] claim L/30 guns were fitted.\n\n^ Campbell notes that seven older torpedo boats of I Flotilla were absent at Jutland[19] - presumably this includes V190.\n\n^ While some sources,[2] claim that Claus von Bevern was laden with chemical weapons when scuttled, other sources state that there is no evidence that any German warships scuttled in the Skaggerak after the end of the war were part of the chemical weapons disposal programme, with the scuttlings instead being to meet a deadline for disposal of ships incapable of repair.[31][32]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-750-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-750-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4728-3595-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3595-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-133-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-133-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7822-0207-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7822-0207-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-146-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-146-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-245-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7637-4801-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-4801-6"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B003VHSRKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.de/dp/B003VHSRKE"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84832-193-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-193-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-356-04661-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-04661-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-099-52378-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-099-52378-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85170-378-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85170-378-0"},{"link_name":"Monograph No. 11: The Battle of the Heligoland Bight, August 28th, 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.III_opt.pdf"},{"link_name":"Monograph No. 32: Lowestoft Raid: 24th–25th April 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVI_opt.pdf"},{"link_name":"Monograph No. 33: Home Waters: Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7153-5849-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-5849-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85367-117-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-117-7"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:S138-class_torpedo_boats"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:S138-class_torpedo_boats"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:S138-class_torpedo_boats"},{"link_name":"S138-class torpedo boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S138-class_torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"Kaiserliche Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"Schichau Elbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schichau-Werke"},{"link_name":"S138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S138_(1906)"},{"link_name":"S139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S139_(1906)"},{"link_name":"S140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S140&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S141&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S142&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S143"},{"link_name":"S144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S144&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S145&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S146&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S147&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S148&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S146&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vulcan Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Vulcan_Stettin"},{"link_name":"V150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V150&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V151&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V152&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V153&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V154&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V155&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V156&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V157&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V158&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V159","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V159&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V160&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V161&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V162&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V163&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V164&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S165&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S166&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S167&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S168&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Germaniawerft Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Krupp_Germaniawerft"},{"link_name":"G169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_G169&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_G170&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_G171&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_G172&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_G173&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_G174&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_G175&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S176&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S177&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S178&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_S179&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V180&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V181&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V182&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V183&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_V184&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V185"},{"link_name":"V186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V186"},{"link_name":"V187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V187"},{"link_name":"V188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V188"},{"link_name":"V189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V189"},{"link_name":"V190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"V191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V191"},{"link_name":"G192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G192"},{"link_name":"G193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G193"},{"link_name":"G194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G194"},{"link_name":"G195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G195"},{"link_name":"G196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G196"},{"link_name":"G197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G197"},{"link_name":"Turkish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Navy"},{"link_name":"Muâvenet-i Milliye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_destroyer_Muavenet-i_Milliye"},{"link_name":"Yadigar-i Millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_destroyer_Yadigar-i_Millet"},{"link_name":"Nümune-i Hamiyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_destroyer_N%C3%BCmune-i_Hamiyet"},{"link_name":"Gayret-i Vataniye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_destroyer_Gayret-i_Vataniye"},{"link_name":"Category:Torpedo boats of the Imperial German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Torpedo_boats_of_the_Imperial_German_Navy"}],"text":"Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-750-3.\nDodson, Aidan (2019). \"Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918\". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6.\nChesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.\nFock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4.\nGardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Robert, eds. (1980). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.\nGardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.\nGröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1983). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graef Verlag. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6.\nHildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert; Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe (Band 4) [The German Warships (Volume 4)]. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ASIN B003VHSRKE.\nKoop, Gerhard; Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (2014). German Destroyers of World War II. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-193-9.\nLenton, H. T. (1975). German Warships of the Second World War. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0-356-04661-3.\nMassie, Robert K. (2007). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-099-52378-9.\nMoore, John (1990). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I. London: Studio. ISBN 1-85170-378-0.\nMonograph No. 11: The Battle of the Heligoland Bight, August 28th, 1914 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. III. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1921. pp. 108–166.\nMonograph No. 32: Lowestoft Raid: 24th–25th April 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVI. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927.\nMonograph No. 33: Home Waters: Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVII. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927.\nParkes, Oscar, ed. (1973) [First published 1931 by Sampson Low, Marston]. Jane's Fighting Ships 1931. David & Charles (Publishers) Limited. ISBN 0-7153-5849-9.\nRohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-117-7.vteS138-class torpedo boat Kaiserliche MarineSchichau ElbingS138 group (1906 Programme)\nS138\nS139\nS140\nS141\nS142\nS143\nS144\nS145\nS146\nS147\nS148\nS146\nVulcan Stettin V150 group (1907 Programme)\nV150\nV151\nV152\nV153\nV154\nV155\nV156\nV157\nV158\nV159\nV160\nV161\nVulcan Stettin V162 group (1908 programme)\nV162\nV163\nV164\nSchichau Elbing S165 group (1908 programme replacements)\nS165\nS166\nS167\nS168\nGermaniawerft KielG169 group (1908–1909 programmes)\nG169\nG170\nG171\nG172\nG173\nG174\nG175\nSchichau ElbingS176 group (1909 programme)\nS176\nS177\nS178\nS179\nVulcan StettinV180 group (1909–1910 programmes)\nV180\nV181\nV182\nV183\nV184\nV185\nV186\nV187\nV188\nV189\nV190\nV191\nGermaniawerft KielG192 group (1910 programme)\nG192\nG193\nG194\nG195\nG196\nG197\n Turkish NavySchichau ElbingMuavenet-i Milliye-class\nMuâvenet-i Milliye\nYadigar-i Millet\nNümune-i Hamiyet\nGayret-i Vataniye\n\nCategory:Torpedo boats of the Imperial German Navy","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Report on Sea Dumping of Chemical Weapons by the United Kingdom in the Skaggerrak Waters post World War Two\" (PDF). p. 17. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121026065214/www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9C3F6C5A-A1DB-4A7C-AC29-F8B1E5F98A7F/0/rep_skagerrak_cw_dump.pdf","url_text":"\"Report on Sea Dumping of Chemical Weapons by the United Kingdom in the Skaggerrak Waters post World War Two\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-750-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-750-3","url_text":"0-85177-750-3"}]},{"reference":"Dodson, Aidan (2019). \"Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918\". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3595-6","url_text":"978-1-4728-3595-6"}]},{"reference":"Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-133-5","url_text":"0-85177-133-5"}]},{"reference":"Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7822-0207-4","url_text":"3-7822-0207-4"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Robert, eds. (1980). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-146-7","url_text":"0-85177-146-7"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5","url_text":"0-85177-245-5"}]},{"reference":"Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1983). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graef Verlag. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-4801-6","url_text":"3-7637-4801-6"}]},{"reference":"Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert; Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe (Band 4) [The German Warships (Volume 4)]. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ASIN B003VHSRKE.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/dp/B003VHSRKE","url_text":"B003VHSRKE"}]},{"reference":"Koop, Gerhard; Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (2014). German Destroyers of World War II. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-193-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-193-9","url_text":"978-1-84832-193-9"}]},{"reference":"Lenton, H. T. (1975). German Warships of the Second World War. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0-356-04661-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-04661-3","url_text":"0-356-04661-3"}]},{"reference":"Massie, Robert K. (2007). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-099-52378-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-099-52378-9","url_text":"978-0-099-52378-9"}]},{"reference":"Moore, John (1990). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I. London: Studio. ISBN 1-85170-378-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85170-378-0","url_text":"1-85170-378-0"}]},{"reference":"Monograph No. 11: The Battle of the Heligoland Bight, August 28th, 1914 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. III. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1921. pp. 108–166.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.III_opt.pdf","url_text":"Monograph No. 11: The Battle of the Heligoland Bight, August 28th, 1914"}]},{"reference":"Monograph No. 32: Lowestoft Raid: 24th–25th April 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVI. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVI_opt.pdf","url_text":"Monograph No. 32: Lowestoft Raid: 24th–25th April 1916"}]},{"reference":"Monograph No. 33: Home Waters: Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVII. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf","url_text":"Monograph No. 33: Home Waters: Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916"}]},{"reference":"Parkes, Oscar, ed. (1973) [First published 1931 by Sampson Low, Marston]. Jane's Fighting Ships 1931. David & Charles (Publishers) Limited. ISBN 0-7153-5849-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-5849-9","url_text":"0-7153-5849-9"}]},{"reference":"Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-117-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-117-7","url_text":"1-85367-117-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121026065214/www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9C3F6C5A-A1DB-4A7C-AC29-F8B1E5F98A7F/0/rep_skagerrak_cw_dump.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report on Sea Dumping of Chemical Weapons by the United Kingdom in the Skaggerrak Waters post World War Two\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.de/dp/B003VHSRKE","external_links_name":"B003VHSRKE"},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.III_opt.pdf","external_links_name":"Monograph No. 11: The Battle of the Heligoland Bight, August 28th, 1914"},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVI_opt.pdf","external_links_name":"Monograph No. 32: Lowestoft Raid: 24th–25th April 1916"},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf","external_links_name":"Monograph No. 33: Home Waters: Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_(short_film)	Witch (short film)	["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	1971 film WitchFilm posterDirected byHenry BarakatWritten byTawfiq al-HakimScreenplay byAhmed SalehProduced byAdel SadekStarringSalah ZulfikarFaten HamamaCinematographyAbdel Aziz FahmyEdited byKamal Abu El-ElaProductioncompanyEgyptian Television NetworkDistributed byEgyptian Television NetworkRelease date 1971 (1971) Running time26 minutesCountryEgyptLanguageEgyptian Arabic Witch (Egyptian Arabic: ساحرة, translit. Sahira) is a 1971 Egyptian television short film written by Tawfiq al-Hakim and directed by Henry Barakat. It stars Salah Zulfikar and Faten Hamama. The film is produced by Egyptian Television Network. Synopsis The events take place in the year 1948, where delusions dominate the mind of Souad and she believes that she can be linked to Ezz El-Din, the man she loves through magic, so she puts a piece of sugar that she brought from one of the impostors in his cup of tea for her lover, Ezz El-Din. She manages to marry him, but the magic turns against the magician, as Ezz El-Din suffers severe pain in his stomach and learns about it. Cast Salah Zulfikar as Ezz El-Din Faten Hamama as Souad Adel Emam as Waiter Saeed Saleh as Waiter See also Short film Nefertiti y Aquenatos Salah Zulfikar filmography Faten Hamama filmography References ^ الشماع, محمد. الشعب يبدي رأيه في كل ما حدث (in Arabic). ktab INC. ^ Badawi, M. M. (1988). "A Passion for Experimentation: The Novels and Plays of Tawfiq al-Hakim". Third World Quarterly. 10 (2): 949–960. doi:10.1080/01436598808420089. ISSN 0143-6597. JSTOR 3992674. ^ Nooter, Sarah (2013). "Reception Studies and Cultural Reinvention in Aristophanes and Tawfiq Al-Hakim". Ramus. 42 (1–2): 138–161. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00000114. ISSN 0048-671X. S2CID 163375816. ^ Shūshah, Muḥammad al-Sayyid (1984). 85 شمعة في حياة توفيق الحكيم (in Arabic). دار المعارف،. ISBN 978-977-01-0376-0. ^ "Must Watch: 3 Classic Egyptian Short Films Based on Tawfiq al-Hakim Stories Online \| Egyptian Streets". 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2023-01-25. ^ "Streaming med Faten Hamamah". Filmtopp.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-01-25. ^ a b "Remembering Faten Hamama: More than Egypt's 'Lady of the Silver Screen' - Screens - Arts & Culture". Ahram Online. Retrieved 2023-01-25. ^ Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Cinema (PDF). ^ الشكور, محمود عبد; الكرمة, دار (2016-02-01). كنت صبيا في السبعينيات: سيرة ثقافية واجتماعية (in Arabic). Al-Karma. ISBN 978-977-6467-36-1. ^ "Remembering Faten Hamama: More than Egypt's 'Lady of the Silver Screen' - Screens - Arts & Culture". Ahram Online. Retrieved 2023-01-25. External links Witch on elCinema	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egyptian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"translit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_in_film"},{"link_name":"Tawfiq al-Hakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Hakim"},{"link_name":"Henry Barakat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Barakat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Salah Zulfikar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar"},{"link_name":"Faten Hamama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faten_Hamama"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ahram-7"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ahram-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Witch (Egyptian Arabic: ساحرة, translit. Sahira) is a 1971 Egyptian television short film written by Tawfiq al-Hakim and directed by Henry Barakat.[1][2][3][4] It stars Salah Zulfikar and Faten Hamama.[5][6][7] The film is produced by Egyptian Television Network.[7][8][9][10]","title":"Witch (short film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The events take place in the year 1948, where delusions dominate the mind of Souad and she believes that she can be linked to Ezz El-Din, the man she loves through magic, so she puts a piece of sugar that she brought from one of the impostors in his cup of tea for her lover, Ezz El-Din. She manages to marry him, but the magic turns against the magician, as Ezz El-Din suffers severe pain in his stomach and learns about it.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salah Zulfikar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar"},{"link_name":"Faten Hamama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faten_Hamama"},{"link_name":"Adel Emam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel_Emam"},{"link_name":"Saeed Saleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Saleh"}],"text":"Salah Zulfikar as Ezz El-Din\nFaten Hamama as Souad\nAdel Emam as Waiter\nSaeed Saleh as Waiter","title":"Cast"}]	[]	[{"title":"Short film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"title":"Nefertiti y Aquenatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti_y_Aquenatos"},{"title":"Salah Zulfikar filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar_filmography"},{"title":"Faten Hamama filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faten_Hamama_filmography"}]	[{"reference":"الشماع, محمد. الشعب يبدي رأيه في كل ما حدث (in Arabic). ktab INC.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DZwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86+%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9&pg=PT45","url_text":"الشعب يبدي رأيه في كل ما حدث"}]},{"reference":"Badawi, M. M. (1988). \"A Passion for Experimentation: The Novels and Plays of Tawfiq al-Hakim\". Third World Quarterly. 10 (2): 949–960. doi:10.1080/01436598808420089. ISSN 0143-6597. JSTOR 3992674.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992674","url_text":"\"A Passion for Experimentation: The Novels and Plays of Tawfiq al-Hakim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436598808420089","url_text":"10.1080/01436598808420089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-6597","url_text":"0143-6597"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992674","url_text":"3992674"}]},{"reference":"Nooter, Sarah (2013). \"Reception Studies and Cultural Reinvention in Aristophanes and Tawfiq Al-Hakim\". Ramus. 42 (1–2): 138–161. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00000114. ISSN 0048-671X. 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Filmtopp.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmtopp.se/person/faten-hamamah-1233924","url_text":"\"Streaming med Faten Hamamah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Faten Hamama: More than Egypt's 'Lady of the Silver Screen' - Screens - Arts & Culture\". Ahram Online. Retrieved 2023-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/413064/Arts--Culture/Screens/Remembering-Faten-Hamama-More-than-Egypt;s-;Lady-o.aspx","url_text":"\"Remembering Faten Hamama: More than Egypt's 'Lady of the Silver Screen' - Screens - Arts & Culture\""}]},{"reference":"Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Cinema (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://analepsis.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/2010-historical-dictionary-of-middle-eastern-cinema-t-ginsberg-c-lippard.pdf","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Cinema"}]},{"reference":"الشكور, محمود عبد; الكرمة, دار (2016-02-01). كنت صبيا في السبعينيات: سيرة ثقافية واجتماعية (in Arabic). Al-Karma. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimatum:_Marry_or_Move_On	The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On	["1 Format","2 Contestants","3 Season summary","3.1 Season 1 (2022)","3.2 Season 2 (2023)","4 Episodes","4.1 Season 1 (2022)","4.2 Season 2 (2023)","5 Production","5.1 Filming","5.2 Release","6 Reception","6.1 Viewership","6.2 Critical response","7 Spin-offs","8 References","9 External links"]	Dating reality television series Not to be confused with The Ultimatum (Singaporean TV series) or Ultimatum (The Office). The Ultimatum: Marry or Move OnGenreRealityCreated byChris CoelenPresented by Nick Lachey Vanessa Lachey Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes20ProductionExecutive producers Chris Coelen Chris Cullen Eric Detwiler Sarah Dillistone Kelly Montalvo Stephanie Boyriven James Smith-Hill Running time35–58 minutesProduction companyKinetic ContentOriginal releaseNetworkNetflixReleaseApril 6, 2022 (2022-04-06) –present (present)RelatedThe Ultimatum: Queer Love The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On is a dating reality television series created by Chris Coelen and produced by Kinetic Content that premiered on Netflix on April 6, 2022. The show is hosted by Nick and Vanessa Lachey. The series has aired for two seasons. An international version The Ultimatum: France premiered in 2022. A spin-off series The Ultimatum: Queer Love premiered in 2023. Format The Ultimatum is a self-proclaimed social experiment that wants to see how many couples will get married when presented with ultimatums. The show features couples on the verge of marriage. Each pair has eight weeks to decide whether they want to get married or split forever. Couples will later be split up as they choose new partners from the rest of the group, and then move in with them for three weeks. Contestants Season 1 (2022) Issuing ultimatum Age Partner Age April Marie 23 Jake Cunningham 26 Colby Kissinger 25 Madlyn Ballatori 24 Rae Williams 24 Zay Wilson 25 Shanique Imari 24 Randall Griffen 26 Alexis Maloney 25 Hunter Parr 28 Nate Ruggles 30 Lauren Pounds 29 Season 2 (2023) Issuing ultimatum Age Partner Age Antonio Mattei 30 Roxanne Kaiser 31 Lisa Horne 32 Brian Okoye 29 Ryann McCracken 24 James Morris 24 Trey Brunson 29 Riah Nyree 25 Kat Shelton 28 Alex Chapman 32 Season summary Season 1 (2022) Trial marriages Contestants Result Jake and Rae Relationship Colby and April Split Zay and Shanique Split Randall and Madlyn Split Overview Original couple Result Status April and Jake Split Split Colby and Madlyn Married Married Rae and Zay Split Split Shanique and Randall Engaged Engaged Alexis and Hunter Engaged Married Nate and Lauren Engaged Married Season 2 (2023) Trial marriages Contestants Result Antonio and Kat Split James and Riah Split Trey and Ryann Split Alex and Roxanne Split Overview Original couple Result Status Antonio and Roxanne Engaged Engaged Lisa and Brian Relationship Engaged Ryann and James Engaged Married Trey and Riah Engaged Engaged Kat and Alex Engaged Married Episodes SeasonEpisodesOriginally releasedFirst releasedLast released110April 6, 2022 (2022-04-06)April 13, 2022 (2022-04-13)210August 23, 2023 (2023-08-23)August 30, 2023 (2023-08-30) Season 1 (2022) No.overallNo. inseasonTitle Original release date 11"The Split"April 6, 2022 (2022-04-06) 22"The Choice"April 6, 2022 (2022-04-06) 33"New Bed, New Partner"April 6, 2022 (2022-04-06) 44"Girls & Guys Night Out"April 6, 2022 (2022-04-06) 55"Pushing Boundaries"April 6, 2022 (2022-04-06) 66"The Changeover"April 6, 2022 (2022-04-06) 77"Back to Reality"April 6, 2022 (2022-04-06) 88"Time to Answer the Ultimatum"April 6, 2022 (2022-04-06) 99"Ultimatum Day"April 13, 2022 (2022-04-13) Special 1010"The Reunion"April 13, 2022 (2022-04-13) Season 2 (2023) No.overallNo. inseasonTitle Original release date 111"The Split"August 23, 2023 (2023-08-23) 122"Unexpected Revelations"August 23, 2023 (2023-08-23) 133"The Choice"August 23, 2023 (2023-08-23) 144"Catching Feelings"August 23, 2023 (2023-08-23) 155"Are You The One?"August 23, 2023 (2023-08-23) 166"The Changeover"August 23, 2023 (2023-08-23) 177"Change of Heart"August 23, 2023 (2023-08-23) 188"Time to Answer the Ultimatum"August 23, 2023 (2023-08-23) 199"Ultimatum Day"August 30, 2023 (2023-08-30) Special 2010"The Reunion"August 30, 2023 (2023-08-30) Production Filming Season one of the series was filmed in various locations in Austin, Texas. The first week the contestants spent dating each other was filmed at the Marriott Downtown Hotel in the city, while the rest of the series was filmed at the Aloft Austin Downtown Hotel. Filming started in May 2021 and lasted for eight weeks with the reunion being filmed later. Season two of the series was filmed in Charlotte, North Carolina from September 2022 to November 2022. Release A trailer was in the reunion episode of season two of Love Is Blind on March 4, 2022. It was advertised as "the next great social experiment" with the same creator as Love Is Blind. The first season consisting of eight episodes released to Netflix on April 6, 2022, and later released the final episode along with a reunion special on April 13, a week later. The second season consisting of eight episodes released to Netflix on August 23, 2023, and later released the final episode along with a reunion special on August 30, a week later. Reception Viewership Season one of the series reached number one on Netflix in television shows in the United States on April 10, 2022. The Ultimatum Season One spent four weeks in the Netflix Global Top Ten, with 43,710,000 hours watched during its first week of release, 58,470,000 during week two, 29,010,000 during week three, and 13,140,000 during week four. With a total of 144,330,000 hours watched within its first four weeks of release, The Ultimatum Season One ranked second, after only Love is Blind, as the most watched ongoing nonscripted series on Netflix in 2022, based on a tally of all hours viewed across all programs while in the Netflix Global Top Ten. Critical response Daniel D'Addario of Variety writes "Love is Blind and The Ultimatum are the new standard-bearers for romantic reality TV." D'Addario states The Ultimatum "inverts Love is Blind's formula to great success...(creator) Coelen's series occupy a more unsettled place, one that uses the tools of reality (big organizing ideas, people attuned to the dramatic) to create stagings that look like our world." Jenny Singer from Glamour writes "The Ultimatum on Netflix is even better than Love Is Blind. Yes, really." Singer continues "The Ultimatum feels like an actual attempt at partnership—love, sex, intimacy, friendship, caring for each other’s dogs. The ending is insane, and so is the beginning, and the middle. That just makes it, oddly, realistic." Alexandra Whittington at Collider says "The Ultimatum: Marry Or Move On is Netflix's wildest reality series yet...If you like reality dating shows then you are going to love The Ultimatum: Marry Or Move On." Grant Rindner of GQ stated "critical reception has been mixed." Sarah Manavis of New Statesman was highly critical of the show, writing, "The awfulness of marriage shows is on full display here... The premise is shoddy and unclear, especially in comparison to other dating programmes." Sophia June of Nylon wrote no one from the series should get married based on the premise and "the manipulation techniques". Morgan Smith of Highsnobiety called it the "messiest reality dating show we hate to love" and stated he loved it. Spin-offs The first international version of the series was released on Netflix on December 30, 2022 (2022-12-30) titled The Ultimatum: France. A second international version, based in South Africa, was released on Netflix on 10 May, 2024. Salamina Mosese and Tshepo Howza Mosese are the hosts. Ahead of the first season premiere, Netflix announced a spin-off of the show that would feature an all-queer cast titled The Ultimatum: Queer Love. The spin-off series premiered on May 24, 2023 (2023-05-24) and featured JoAnna Garcia Swisher as the host. References ^ Longeretta, Emily (2022-03-04). "'Love Is Blind' Creators Reveal Spicy New Dating Series 'The Ultimatum' on Netflix: Watch the Trailer". Variety. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ a b Walsh, Charlotte. "'The Ultimatum' Is Putting Couples to the Test". Netflix. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ "Meet the Couples Looking for Answers in 'The Ultimatum'". Netflix Tudum. Retrieved 2022-04-13. ^ Evans, Olivia (24 August 2023). "'The Ultimatum' Season 2 Cast Is Blowing Up The Internet RN". Women's Health. Retrieved 31 August 2023. ^ a b c Boyle, Kelli (30 August 2023). "'The Ultimatum' Season 2: Which Couples Are Still Together?". TV Insider. Retrieved 31 August 2023. ^ a b c d Longeretta, Emily (23 August 2023). "'The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On' Season 2 Cast Guide: Who Issued the Ultimatum, Which Pairs Swapped and Who's Pregnant?". Variety. ^ a b Hatchett, Keisha (13 April 2022). "The Ultimatum Finale Recap: Congrats, I Guess — Plus, Who Stayed Together?". TVLine. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ a b Woo, Kelly (14 April 2022). "The Ultimatum season 1 finale and cast reunion: Which couples are still together?". Tom's Guide. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ @randallgriffin (16 July 2023). "Yes! — Today and all of our tomorrows" – via Instagram. ^ Goldstein, Joelle. "The Ultimatum's Alexis Maloney and Hunter Parr Marry in 'Traditional' Dream Wedding: 'So Happy'". Peoplemag. Retrieved 1 September 2023. ^ Grant, Tamara (16 October 2022). "'The Ultimatum': Lauren Pounds and Nate Ruggles Are Married". Showbiz Cheat Sheet. Retrieved 1 September 2023. ^ Brockington, Ariana (30 August 2023). "Are Antonio and Roxanne from 'The Ultimatum' still together?". TODAY.com. Retrieved 1 September 2023. ^ a b c George, Crystal (4 March 2022). "The Ultimatum release date, episode count, hosts, synopsis, teaser, and more". Netflix Life. ^ Kranc, Lauren (12 April 2022). "Here's Where They Filmed Netflix's Insane Reality Show The Ultimatum". Esquire. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ Honore, Pretty (13 April 2022). "When Was 'The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On' Reunion Filmed?". Distractify. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ Miller, Korin (23 August 2023). "'The Ultimatum' Season 2 Filmed At These Trendy Charlotte Spots". Women's Health. ^ "The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On TOP 10". FlixPatrol. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ "Netflix Top 10 - Global". top10.netflix.com. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ "Netflix Top 10 - Global". top10.netflix.com. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ "Netflix Top 10 - Global". top10.netflix.com. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ "Netflix Top 10 - Global". top10.netflix.com. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ "Netflix Top 10 - Global". top10.netflix.com. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ D'Addario, Daniel (2022-04-05). "Why 'Love Is Blind' and 'The Ultimatum' Are the New Standard-Bearers for Romantic Reality TV (Column)". Variety. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ "'The Ultimatum' on Netflix Is Even Better Than 'Love Is Blind'". Glamour. 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ Whittington, Alexandra (2022-04-09). "Is 'The Ultimatum: Marry Or Move On' Worth Watching? The Best & Worst Parts Of The New Show". Collider. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ Rindner, Grant (April 12, 2022). "The Ultimatum Is Netflix's Latest Crazy Reality Dating Show". GQ. Retrieved April 27, 2022. ^ Manavis, Sarah (April 23, 2022). "The ugliness of Netflix's The Ultimatum". New Statesman. Retrieved April 27, 2022. ^ June, Sophia. "Nobody on Netflix's The Ultimatum Should Get Married". Nylon. Retrieved April 27, 2022. ^ Smith, Morgan (April 17, 2022). "Netflix's 'The Ultimatum' is Messy & That's Why We Love It". Highsnobiety. Retrieved April 27, 2022. ^ S, Tamilchandran (31 March 2023). "The Ultimatum France where are they now? Who are they? - News". Fresherslive. Retrieved 31 August 2023. ^ BBFC. "The Ultimatum: South Africa". www.bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-05-14. ^ Keteyi, Oluthando (13 May 2024). "'The Ultimatum South Africa' has viewers hooked as mean girl Khanya leaves viewers shook". IOL. ^ Longeretta, Emily (March 24, 2022). "'The Ultimatum' Renewed for All-Queer Season 2 Ahead of Netflix Premiere". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2022. ^ Donnellan, Sara (2023-04-18). "Ready for More Drama? Everything We Know About 'The Ultimatum' Season 2". Us Weekly. Retrieved 2023-04-19. ^ Longeretta, Emily (2022-09-22). "Netflix Renews 'Love on the Spectrum' and 'The Ultimatum,' Brings in New Host for 'The Ultimatum: Queer Love'". Variety. Retrieved 2023-06-06. ^ The couple split after leaving the show. ^ a b The couple left the show early after they got engaged in Episode 3. ^ The couple left the show early in Episode 3. 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The show is hosted by Nick and Vanessa Lachey.The series has aired for two seasons. An international version The Ultimatum: France premiered in 2022. A spin-off series The Ultimatum: Queer Love premiered in 2023.","title":"The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1Announcement-2"}],"text":"The Ultimatum is a self-proclaimed social experiment that wants to see how many couples will get married when presented with ultimatums.[2] The show features couples on the verge of marriage. Each pair has eight weeks to decide whether they want to get married or split forever. Couples will later be split up as they choose new partners from the rest of the group, and then move in with them for three weeks.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2022)","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2023)","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2022)_2"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2023)_2"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally releasedFirst releasedLast released110April 6, 2022 (2022-04-06)April 13, 2022 (2022-04-13)210August 23, 2023 (2023-08-23)August 30, 2023 (2023-08-30)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2022)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2023)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-when_filmed-18"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Season one of the series was filmed in various locations in Austin, Texas. The first week the contestants spent dating each other was filmed at the Marriott Downtown Hotel in the city, while the rest of the series was filmed at the Aloft Austin Downtown Hotel.[14]Filming started in May 2021 and lasted for eight weeks with the reunion being filmed later.[15]Season two of the series was filmed in Charlotte, North Carolina from September 2022 to November 2022.[16]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Love Is Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Blind_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1Announcement-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1EpRef-16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2Ref-6"}],"sub_title":"Release","text":"A trailer was in the reunion episode of season two of Love Is Blind on March 4, 2022. It was advertised as \"the next great social experiment\" with the same creator as Love Is Blind.[2]The first season consisting of eight episodes released to Netflix on April 6, 2022, and later released the final episode along with a reunion special on April 13, a week later.[13]The second season consisting of eight episodes released to Netflix on August 23, 2023, and later released the final episode along with a reunion special on August 30, a week later.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Viewership","text":"Season one of the series reached number one on Netflix in television shows in the United States on April 10, 2022.[17]The Ultimatum Season One spent four weeks in the Netflix Global Top Ten, with 43,710,000 hours watched during its first week of release,[18] 58,470,000 during week two,[19] 29,010,000 during week three,[20] and 13,140,000 during week four.[21]With a total of 144,330,000 hours watched within its first four weeks of release, The Ultimatum Season One ranked second, after only Love is Blind, as the most watched ongoing nonscripted series on Netflix in 2022, based on a tally of all hours viewed across all programs while in the Netflix Global Top Ten.[22]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Glamour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Love Is Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Blind_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Collider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review_gq-29"},{"link_name":"New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manavis-30"},{"link_name":"Nylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nylon_review-31"},{"link_name":"Highsnobiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highsnobiety"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Highsnobiety_review-32"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Daniel D'Addario of Variety writes \"Love is Blind and The Ultimatum are the new standard-bearers for romantic reality TV.\" D'Addario states The Ultimatum \"inverts Love is Blind's formula to great success...(creator) Coelen's series occupy a more unsettled place, one that uses the tools of reality (big organizing ideas, people attuned to the dramatic) to create stagings that look like our world.\"[23]Jenny Singer from Glamour writes \"The Ultimatum on Netflix is even better than Love Is Blind. Yes, really.\" Singer continues \"The Ultimatum feels like an actual attempt at partnership—love, sex, intimacy, friendship, caring for each other’s dogs. The ending is insane, and so is the beginning, and the middle. That just makes it, oddly, realistic.\"[24]Alexandra Whittington at Collider says \"The Ultimatum: Marry Or Move On is Netflix's wildest reality series yet...If you like reality dating shows then you are going to love The Ultimatum: Marry Or Move On.\"[25]Grant Rindner of GQ stated \"critical reception has been mixed.\"[26] Sarah Manavis of New Statesman was highly critical of the show, writing, \"The awfulness of marriage shows is on full display here... The premise is shoddy and unclear, especially in comparison to other dating programmes.\"[27] Sophia June of Nylon wrote no one from the series should get married based on the premise and \"the manipulation techniques\".[28] Morgan Smith of Highsnobiety called it the \"messiest reality dating show we hate to love\" and stated he loved it.[29]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ultimatum: France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ultimatum:_France&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Salamina Mosese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamina_Mosese"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The Ultimatum: Queer Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimatum:_Queer_Love"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"JoAnna Garcia Swisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoAnna_Garcia_Swisher"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"The first international version of the series was released on Netflix on December 30, 2022 (2022-12-30) titled The Ultimatum: France.[30] A second international version, based in South Africa, was released on Netflix on 10 May, 2024. [31] Salamina Mosese and Tshepo Howza Mosese are the hosts.[32]Ahead of the first season premiere, Netflix announced a spin-off of the show that would feature an all-queer cast titled The Ultimatum: Queer Love.[33] The spin-off series premiered on May 24, 2023 (2023-05-24) and featured JoAnna Garcia Swisher as the host.[34][35]","title":"Spin-offs"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Longeretta, Emily (2022-03-04). \"'Love Is Blind' Creators Reveal Spicy New Dating Series 'The Ultimatum' on Netflix: Watch the Trailer\". Variety. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/love-is-blind-the-ultimatum-netflix-trailer-1235195857/","url_text":"\"'Love Is Blind' Creators Reveal Spicy New Dating Series 'The Ultimatum' on Netflix: Watch the Trailer\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Charlotte. \"'The Ultimatum' Is Putting Couples to the Test\". Netflix. Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/the-ultimatum-trailer","url_text":"\"'The Ultimatum' Is Putting Couples to the Test\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the Couples Looking for Answers in 'The Ultimatum'\". Netflix Tudum. Retrieved 2022-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/the-ultimatum-season-1-cast-instagram","url_text":"\"Meet the Couples Looking for Answers in 'The Ultimatum'\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Olivia (24 August 2023). \"'The Ultimatum' Season 2 Cast Is Blowing Up The Internet RN\". Women's Health. Retrieved 31 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.womenshealthmag.com/life/g44840723/ultimatum-season-2-netflix-cast-instagrams/","url_text":"\"'The Ultimatum' Season 2 Cast Is Blowing Up The Internet RN\""}]},{"reference":"Boyle, Kelli (30 August 2023). \"'The Ultimatum' Season 2: Which Couples Are Still Together?\". TV Insider. Retrieved 31 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvinsider.com/gallery/the-ultimatum-marry-or-move-on-season-2-couples-still-together","url_text":"\"'The Ultimatum' Season 2: Which Couples Are Still Together?\""}]},{"reference":"Longeretta, Emily (23 August 2023). \"'The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On' Season 2 Cast Guide: Who Issued the Ultimatum, Which Pairs Swapped and Who's Pregnant?\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/lists/the-ultimatum-season-2-cast-couples-guide/","url_text":"\"'The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On' Season 2 Cast Guide: Who Issued the Ultimatum, Which Pairs Swapped and Who's Pregnant?\""}]},{"reference":"Hatchett, Keisha (13 April 2022). \"The Ultimatum Finale Recap: Congrats, I Guess — Plus, Who Stayed Together?\". TVLine. Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvline.com/lists/the-ultimatum-finale-reunion-recap-engaged-broke-up-netflix/","url_text":"\"The Ultimatum Finale Recap: Congrats, I Guess — Plus, Who Stayed Together?\""}]},{"reference":"Woo, Kelly (14 April 2022). \"The Ultimatum season 1 finale and cast reunion: Which couples are still together?\". Tom's Guide. Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tomsguide.com/news/the-ultimatum-season-1-finale-and-cast-reunion-which-couples-are-still-together","url_text":"\"The Ultimatum season 1 finale and cast reunion: Which couples are still together?\""}]},{"reference":"@randallgriffin (16 July 2023). \"Yes! — Today and all of our tomorrows\" – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cuxl3Bvuqm7/?img_index=1/","url_text":"\"Yes! — Today and all of our tomorrows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Joelle. \"The Ultimatum's Alexis Maloney and Hunter Parr Marry in 'Traditional' Dream Wedding: 'So Happy'\". Peoplemag. Retrieved 1 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/tv/the-ultimatum-alexis-maloney-and-hunter-parr-get-married/","url_text":"\"The Ultimatum's Alexis Maloney and Hunter Parr Marry in 'Traditional' Dream Wedding: 'So Happy'\""}]},{"reference":"Grant, Tamara (16 October 2022). \"'The Ultimatum': Lauren Pounds and Nate Ruggles Are Married\". Showbiz Cheat Sheet. Retrieved 1 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/the-ultimatum-lauren-pounds-and-nate-ruggles-are-married.html/","url_text":"\"'The Ultimatum': Lauren Pounds and Nate Ruggles Are Married\""}]},{"reference":"Brockington, Ariana (30 August 2023). \"Are Antonio and Roxanne from 'The Ultimatum' still together?\". TODAY.com. Retrieved 1 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.today.com/popculture/tv/ultimatum-antonio-roxanne-still-together-now-rcna102423","url_text":"\"Are Antonio and Roxanne from 'The Ultimatum' still together?\""}]},{"reference":"George, Crystal (4 March 2022). \"The Ultimatum release date, episode count, hosts, synopsis, teaser, and more\". Netflix Life.","urls":[{"url":"https://netflixlife.com/2022/03/04/the-ultimatum-release-date-episode-count-hosts-synopsis-teaser/","url_text":"\"The Ultimatum release date, episode count, hosts, synopsis, teaser, and more\""}]},{"reference":"Kranc, Lauren (12 April 2022). \"Here's Where They Filmed Netflix's Insane Reality Show The Ultimatum\". Esquire. Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a39694045/the-ultimatum-filmed-location/","url_text":"\"Here's Where They Filmed Netflix's Insane Reality Show The Ultimatum\""}]},{"reference":"Honore, Pretty (13 April 2022). \"When Was 'The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On' Reunion Filmed?\". Distractify. Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.distractify.com/p/when-was-the-ultimatum-reunion-filmed","url_text":"\"When Was 'The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On' Reunion Filmed?\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Korin (23 August 2023). \"'The Ultimatum' Season 2 Filmed At These Trendy Charlotte Spots\". Women's Health.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.womenshealthmag.com/life/a44890051/the-ultimatum-season-2-filming-locations/","url_text":"\"'The Ultimatum' Season 2 Filmed At These Trendy Charlotte Spots\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On TOP 10\". FlixPatrol. Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://flixpatrol.com/title/the-ultimatum-marry-or-move-on/top10/","url_text":"\"The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On TOP 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\". top10.netflix.com. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://top10.netflix.com/tv?week=2022-04-10","url_text":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\". top10.netflix.com. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://top10.netflix.com/tv?week=2022-04-17","url_text":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\". top10.netflix.com. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://top10.netflix.com/tv?week=2022-04-24","url_text":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\". top10.netflix.com. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://top10.netflix.com/tv?week=2022-05-01","url_text":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\". top10.netflix.com. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://top10.netflix.com/","url_text":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\""}]},{"reference":"D'Addario, Daniel (2022-04-05). \"Why 'Love Is Blind' and 'The Ultimatum' Are the New Standard-Bearers for Romantic Reality TV (Column)\". Variety. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/columns/the-ultimatum-love-is-blind-netflix-reality-tv-1235225554/","url_text":"\"Why 'Love Is Blind' and 'The Ultimatum' Are the New Standard-Bearers for Romantic Reality TV (Column)\""}]},{"reference":"\"'The Ultimatum' on Netflix Is Even Better Than 'Love Is Blind'\". Glamour. 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glamour.com/story/the-ultimatum-on-netflix-review","url_text":"\"'The Ultimatum' on Netflix Is Even Better Than 'Love Is Blind'\""}]},{"reference":"Whittington, Alexandra (2022-04-09). \"Is 'The Ultimatum: Marry Or Move On' Worth Watching? The Best & Worst Parts Of The New Show\". Collider. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/is-the-ultimatum-worth-watching-the-best-worst-parts-of-the-new-show/","url_text":"\"Is 'The Ultimatum: Marry Or Move On' Worth Watching? The Best & Worst Parts Of The New Show\""}]},{"reference":"Rindner, Grant (April 12, 2022). \"The Ultimatum Is Netflix's Latest Crazy Reality Dating Show\". GQ. Retrieved April 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq.com/story/the-ultimatum-netflix-latest-crazy-reality-dating-show","url_text":"\"The Ultimatum Is Netflix's Latest Crazy Reality Dating Show\""}]},{"reference":"Manavis, Sarah (April 23, 2022). \"The ugliness of Netflix's The Ultimatum\". New Statesman. Retrieved April 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/tv/2022/04/the-ugliness-of-netflixs-the-ultimatum","url_text":"\"The ugliness of Netflix's The Ultimatum\""}]},{"reference":"June, Sophia. \"Nobody on Netflix's The Ultimatum Should Get Married\". Nylon. Retrieved April 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nylon.com/life/the-ultimatium-netflix-marriage-dating","url_text":"\"Nobody on Netflix's The Ultimatum Should Get Married\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Morgan (April 17, 2022). \"Netflix's 'The Ultimatum' is Messy & That's Why We Love It\". Highsnobiety. Retrieved April 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/the-ultimatum-netflix-reactions/","url_text":"\"Netflix's 'The Ultimatum' is Messy & That's Why We Love It\""}]},{"reference":"S, Tamilchandran (31 March 2023). \"The Ultimatum France where are they now? Who are they? - News\". Fresherslive. Retrieved 31 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fresherslive.com/latest/articles/the-ultimatum-france-where-are-they-now-who-are-they-10026163","url_text":"\"The Ultimatum France where are they now? Who are they? - News\""}]},{"reference":"BBFC. \"The Ultimatum: South Africa\". www.bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-ultimatum-south-africa-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdixmtgy","url_text":"\"The Ultimatum: South Africa\""}]},{"reference":"Keteyi, Oluthando (13 May 2024). \"'The Ultimatum South Africa' has viewers hooked as mean girl Khanya leaves viewers shook\". IOL.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/streaming/the-ultimatum-south-africa-has-viewers-hooked-as-mean-girl-khanya-leaves-viewers-shook-d3b1639a-9af1-4324-9fa4-7155558e8adb","url_text":"\"'The Ultimatum South Africa' has viewers hooked as mean girl Khanya leaves viewers shook\""}]},{"reference":"Longeretta, Emily (March 24, 2022). \"'The Ultimatum' Renewed for All-Queer Season 2 Ahead of Netflix Premiere\". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/the-ultimatum-renewed-queer-season-2-netflix-1235213434/","url_text":"\"'The Ultimatum' Renewed for All-Queer Season 2 Ahead of Netflix Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Donnellan, Sara (2023-04-18). \"Ready for More Drama? Everything We Know About 'The Ultimatum' Season 2\". Us Weekly. Retrieved 2023-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/pictures/the-ultimatum-season-2-cast-and-everything-to-know-2/","url_text":"\"Ready for More Drama? Everything We Know About 'The Ultimatum' Season 2\""}]},{"reference":"Longeretta, Emily (2022-09-22). \"Netflix Renews 'Love on the Spectrum' and 'The Ultimatum,' Brings in New Host for 'The Ultimatum: Queer Love'\". Variety. Retrieved 2023-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/the-ultimatum-queer-love-host-love-on-the-spectrum-renewed-netflix-1235380623/","url_text":"\"Netflix Renews 'Love on the Spectrum' and 'The Ultimatum,' Brings in New Host for 'The Ultimatum: Queer Love'\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/love-is-blind-the-ultimatum-netflix-trailer-1235195857/","external_links_name":"\"'Love Is Blind' Creators Reveal Spicy New Dating Series 'The Ultimatum' on Netflix: Watch the Trailer\""},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/the-ultimatum-trailer","external_links_name":"\"'The Ultimatum' Is Putting Couples to the Test\""},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/the-ultimatum-season-1-cast-instagram","external_links_name":"\"Meet the Couples Looking for Answers in 'The Ultimatum'\""},{"Link":"https://www.womenshealthmag.com/life/g44840723/ultimatum-season-2-netflix-cast-instagrams/","external_links_name":"\"'The Ultimatum' Season 2 Cast Is Blowing Up The Internet RN\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvinsider.com/gallery/the-ultimatum-marry-or-move-on-season-2-couples-still-together","external_links_name":"\"'The Ultimatum' Season 2: Which Couples Are Still Together?\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/lists/the-ultimatum-season-2-cast-couples-guide/","external_links_name":"\"'The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On' Season 2 Cast Guide: Who Issued the Ultimatum, Which Pairs Swapped and Who's Pregnant?\""},{"Link":"https://tvline.com/lists/the-ultimatum-finale-reunion-recap-engaged-broke-up-netflix/","external_links_name":"\"The Ultimatum Finale Recap: Congrats, I Guess — Plus, Who Stayed Together?\""},{"Link":"https://www.tomsguide.com/news/the-ultimatum-season-1-finale-and-cast-reunion-which-couples-are-still-together","external_links_name":"\"The Ultimatum season 1 finale and cast reunion: Which couples are still together?\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cuxl3Bvuqm7/?img_index=1/","external_links_name":"\"Yes! — Today and all of our tomorrows\""},{"Link":"https://people.com/tv/the-ultimatum-alexis-maloney-and-hunter-parr-get-married/","external_links_name":"\"The Ultimatum's Alexis Maloney and Hunter Parr Marry in 'Traditional' Dream Wedding: 'So Happy'\""},{"Link":"https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/the-ultimatum-lauren-pounds-and-nate-ruggles-are-married.html/","external_links_name":"\"'The Ultimatum': Lauren Pounds and Nate Ruggles Are Married\""},{"Link":"https://www.today.com/popculture/tv/ultimatum-antonio-roxanne-still-together-now-rcna102423","external_links_name":"\"Are Antonio and Roxanne from 'The Ultimatum' still together?\""},{"Link":"https://netflixlife.com/2022/03/04/the-ultimatum-release-date-episode-count-hosts-synopsis-teaser/","external_links_name":"\"The Ultimatum release date, episode count, hosts, synopsis, teaser, and more\""},{"Link":"https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a39694045/the-ultimatum-filmed-location/","external_links_name":"\"Here's Where They Filmed Netflix's Insane Reality Show The Ultimatum\""},{"Link":"https://www.distractify.com/p/when-was-the-ultimatum-reunion-filmed","external_links_name":"\"When Was 'The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On' Reunion Filmed?\""},{"Link":"https://www.womenshealthmag.com/life/a44890051/the-ultimatum-season-2-filming-locations/","external_links_name":"\"'The Ultimatum' Season 2 Filmed At These Trendy Charlotte Spots\""},{"Link":"https://flixpatrol.com/title/the-ultimatum-marry-or-move-on/top10/","external_links_name":"\"The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On TOP 10\""},{"Link":"https://top10.netflix.com/tv?week=2022-04-10","external_links_name":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\""},{"Link":"https://top10.netflix.com/tv?week=2022-04-17","external_links_name":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\""},{"Link":"https://top10.netflix.com/tv?week=2022-04-24","external_links_name":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\""},{"Link":"https://top10.netflix.com/tv?week=2022-05-01","external_links_name":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\""},{"Link":"https://top10.netflix.com/","external_links_name":"\"Netflix Top 10 - Global\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/columns/the-ultimatum-love-is-blind-netflix-reality-tv-1235225554/","external_links_name":"\"Why 'Love Is Blind' and 'The Ultimatum' Are the New Standard-Bearers for Romantic Reality TV (Column)\""},{"Link":"https://www.glamour.com/story/the-ultimatum-on-netflix-review","external_links_name":"\"'The Ultimatum' on Netflix Is Even Better Than 'Love Is Blind'\""},{"Link":"https://collider.com/is-the-ultimatum-worth-watching-the-best-worst-parts-of-the-new-show/","external_links_name":"\"Is 'The Ultimatum: Marry Or Move On' Worth Watching? The Best & Worst Parts Of The New Show\""},{"Link":"https://www.gq.com/story/the-ultimatum-netflix-latest-crazy-reality-dating-show","external_links_name":"\"The Ultimatum Is Netflix's Latest Crazy Reality Dating Show\""},{"Link":"https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/tv/2022/04/the-ugliness-of-netflixs-the-ultimatum","external_links_name":"\"The ugliness of Netflix's The Ultimatum\""},{"Link":"https://www.nylon.com/life/the-ultimatium-netflix-marriage-dating","external_links_name":"\"Nobody on Netflix's The Ultimatum Should Get Married\""},{"Link":"https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/the-ultimatum-netflix-reactions/","external_links_name":"\"Netflix's 'The Ultimatum' is Messy & That's Why We Love It\""},{"Link":"https://www.fresherslive.com/latest/articles/the-ultimatum-france-where-are-they-now-who-are-they-10026163","external_links_name":"\"The Ultimatum France where are they now? Who are they? - News\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-ultimatum-south-africa-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdixmtgy","external_links_name":"\"The Ultimatum: South Africa\""},{"Link":"https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/streaming/the-ultimatum-south-africa-has-viewers-hooked-as-mean-girl-khanya-leaves-viewers-shook-d3b1639a-9af1-4324-9fa4-7155558e8adb","external_links_name":"\"'The Ultimatum South Africa' has viewers hooked as mean girl Khanya leaves viewers shook\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/the-ultimatum-renewed-queer-season-2-netflix-1235213434/","external_links_name":"\"'The Ultimatum' Renewed for All-Queer Season 2 Ahead of Netflix Premiere\""},{"Link":"https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/pictures/the-ultimatum-season-2-cast-and-everything-to-know-2/","external_links_name":"\"Ready for More Drama? Everything We Know About 'The Ultimatum' Season 2\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/the-ultimatum-queer-love-host-love-on-the-spectrum-renewed-netflix-1235380623/","external_links_name":"\"Netflix Renews 'Love on the Spectrum' and 'The Ultimatum,' Brings in New Host for 'The Ultimatum: Queer Love'\""},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/title/81292203","external_links_name":"The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt18396952/","external_links_name":"The Ultimatum: Marry or Move On"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_(engineering)	Overhead (engineering)	["1 Example","2 See also"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Overhead" engineering – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In engineering, some methods or components make special demands on the system. The extra design features necessary to meet these demands are called overhead. For instance, in electrical engineering, a particular integrated circuit might draw large current, requiring a robust power delivery circuit and a heat-dissipation mechanism. Example An example from software engineering is the encoding of information and data. The date and time "2011-07-12 07:18:47" can be expressed as Unix time with the 32-bit signed integer 1310447927, consuming only 4 bytes. Represented as ISO 8601 formatted UTF-8 encoded string 2011-07-12 07:18:47 the date would consume 19 bytes, a size overhead of 375% over the binary integer representation. As XML this date can be written as follows with an overhead of 218 characters, while adding the semantic context that it is a CHANGEDATE with index 1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <DATETIME qualifier="CHANGEDATE" index="1"> <YEAR>2011</YEAR> <MONTH>07</MONTH> <DAY>12</DAY> <HOUR>07</HOUR> <MINUTE>18</MINUTE> <SECOND>47</SECOND> </DATETIME> The 349 bytes resulting from the UTF-8 encoded XML correspond to a size overhead of 8725% over the original integer representation. See also Overhead (business) This engineering-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"integrated circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"}],"text":"In engineering, some methods or components make special demands on the system. The extra design features necessary to meet these demands are called overhead. For instance, in electrical engineering, a particular integrated circuit might draw large current, requiring a robust power delivery circuit and a heat-dissipation mechanism.","title":"Overhead (engineering)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering"},{"link_name":"encoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding"},{"link_name":"Unix time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time"},{"link_name":"signed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signedness"},{"link_name":"integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"bytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte"},{"link_name":"ISO 8601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601"},{"link_name":"UTF-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"},{"link_name":"string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_literal"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"}],"text":"An example from software engineering is the encoding of information and data. The date and time \"2011-07-12 07:18:47\" can be expressed as Unix time with the 32-bit signed integer 1310447927, consuming only 4 bytes. Represented as ISO 8601 formatted UTF-8 encoded string 2011-07-12 07:18:47 the date would consume 19 bytes, a size overhead of 375% over the binary integer representation. As XML this date can be written as follows with an overhead of 218 characters, while adding the semantic context that it is a CHANGEDATE with index 1.<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n <DATETIME qualifier=\"CHANGEDATE\" index=\"1\">\n <YEAR>2011</YEAR>\n <MONTH>07</MONTH>\n <DAY>12</DAY>\n <HOUR>07</HOUR>\n <MINUTE>18</MINUTE>\n <SECOND>47</SECOND>\n </DATETIME>The 349 bytes resulting from the UTF-8 encoded XML correspond to a size overhead of 8725% over the original integer representation.","title":"Example"}]	[]	[{"title":"Overhead (business)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_(business)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kfig.svg"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overhead_(engineering)&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Engineering-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Engineering-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Engineering-stub"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Overhead%22+engineering","external_links_name":"\"Overhead\" engineering"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Overhead%22+engineering+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Overhead%22+engineering&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Overhead%22+engineering+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Overhead%22+engineering","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Overhead%22+engineering&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overhead_(engineering)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestitor	Vestitor	["1 References","2 Sources"]	The vestitor, Hellenized as vestētōr (Greek: βεστήτωρ) was a lowly Byzantine palace position and rank. As their name suggests, the vestitores were originally officials of the imperial wardrobe (Latin: vestiarium, adopted into Greek as vestiarion), and are first attested as such in the 6th century. By the 9th century, the title had also become an honorary dignity (δια βραβείου άξια, dia brabeiou axia) intended for "bearded men" (i.e. non-eunuchs), marked in the Klētorologion of 899 as the third-lowest of the imperial hierarchy, coming between the silentiarios and the mandatōr (both also classes of palace officials). Its distinctive insignia was a fiblatorium, a cloak fastened by a fibula brooch. According to the Klētorologion, together with the silentiarioi, the vestētores were under the command of the court official known as the epi tēs katastaseōs. The later De Ceremoniis of Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (r. 913–959) indicates that they assisted the praipositos in dressing the emperor, while the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor calls them wardens of the imperial crown. From sigillographic evidence, in the 9th century the rank was held by senior provincial officials, i.e. prōtonotarioi (heads of the civil administration) and kommerkiarioi (customs officials) of the themes. The term last occurs in the 10th century. References ^ Bury 1911, p. 25. ^ Bury 1911, p. 22. ^ a b Kazhdan 1991, p. 2164. Sources Bury, J. B. (1911). The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 1046639111. Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). "Vestitor". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2164. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.	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Its distinctive insignia was a fiblatorium, a cloak fastened by a fibula brooch.[2]According to the Klētorologion, together with the silentiarioi, the vestētores were under the command of the court official known as the epi tēs katastaseōs. The later De Ceremoniis of Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (r. 913–959) indicates that they assisted the praipositos in dressing the emperor, while the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor calls them wardens of the imperial crown.[3] From sigillographic evidence, in the 9th century the rank was held by senior provincial officials, i.e. prōtonotarioi (heads of the civil administration) and kommerkiarioi (customs officials) of the themes. The term last occurs in the 10th century.[3]","title":"Vestitor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bury, J. B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Bury"},{"link_name":"The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/imperialadminist00buryrich"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1046639111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1046639111"},{"link_name":"Kazhdan, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan"},{"link_name":"Kazhdan, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-504652-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"}],"text":"Bury, J. B. (1911). The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 1046639111.\nKazhdan, Alexander (1991). \"Vestitor\". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2164. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bury, J. B. (1911). The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 1046639111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Bury","url_text":"Bury, J. B."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/imperialadminist00buryrich","url_text":"The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1046639111","url_text":"1046639111"}]},{"reference":"Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). \"Vestitor\". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2164. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan","url_text":"Kazhdan, Alexander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan","url_text":"Kazhdan, Alexander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium","url_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8","url_text":"0-19-504652-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/imperialadminist00buryrich","external_links_name":"The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1046639111","external_links_name":"1046639111"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girth_(geometry)	Girth (geometry)	["1 Surfaces of constant girth","2 Projection versus cross-section","3 Application","4 References"]	Perimeter of a 3D object's parallel projection in a given direction In three-dimensional geometry, the girth of a geometric object, in a certain direction, is the perimeter of its parallel projection in that direction. For instance, the girth of a unit cube in a direction parallel to one of the three coordinate axes is four: it projects to a unit square, which has four as its perimeter. Surfaces of constant girth The girth of a sphere in any direction equals the circumference of its equator, or of any of its great circles. More generally, if S is a surface of constant width w, then every projection of S is a curve of constant width, with the same width w. All curves of constant width have the same perimeter, the same value πw as the circumference of a circle with that width (this is Barbier's theorem). Therefore, every surface of constant width is also a surface of constant girth: its girth in all directions is the same number πw. Hermann Minkowski proved, conversely, that every convex surface of constant girth is also a surface of constant width. Projection versus cross-section For a prism or cylinder, its projection in the direction parallel to its axis is the same as its cross section, so in these cases the girth also equals the perimeter of the cross section. In some application areas such as shipbuilding this alternative meaning, the perimeter of a cross section, is taken as the definition of girth. Application Girth is sometimes used by postal services and delivery companies as a basis for pricing. For example, Canada Post requires that an item's length plus girth not exceed a maximum allowed value. For a rectangular box, the girth is 2 * (height + width), i.e. the perimeter of a projection or cross section perpendicular to its length. References ^ a b Hilbert, David; Cohn-Vossen, Stephan (1952), Geometry and the Imagination (2nd ed.), Chelsea, pp. 216–217, ISBN 0-8284-1087-9. ^ a b Groemer, H. (1996), Geometric Applications of Fourier Series and Spherical Harmonics, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 61, Cambridge University Press, p. 219, ISBN 9780521473187. ^ Gillmer, Thomas Charles (1982), Introduction to Naval Architecture, Naval Institute Press, p. 305, ISBN 9780870213182. ^ "Canada". Canada Post. 2008-01-14. Retrieved 2008-03-13.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"three-dimensional geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_geometry"},{"link_name":"perimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeter"},{"link_name":"parallel projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_projection"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gati-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-groemer-2"},{"link_name":"unit cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_cube"},{"link_name":"unit square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_square"}],"text":"In three-dimensional geometry, the girth of a geometric object, in a certain direction, is the perimeter of its parallel projection in that direction.[1][2] For instance, the girth of a unit cube in a direction parallel to one of the three coordinate axes is four: it projects to a unit square, which has four as its perimeter.","title":"Girth (geometry)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"circumference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumference"},{"link_name":"equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"great circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle"},{"link_name":"surface of constant width","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_of_constant_width"},{"link_name":"curve of constant width","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve_of_constant_width"},{"link_name":"Barbier's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbier%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"Hermann Minkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Minkowski"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gati-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-groemer-2"}],"text":"The girth of a sphere in any direction equals the circumference of its equator, or of any of its great circles. More generally,\nif S is a surface of constant width w, then every projection of S is a curve of constant width, with the same width w. All curves of constant width have the same perimeter, the same value πw as the circumference of a circle with that width (this is Barbier's theorem). Therefore, every surface of constant width is also a surface of constant girth: its girth in all directions is the same number πw. Hermann Minkowski proved, conversely, that every convex surface of constant girth is also a surface of constant width.[1][2]","title":"Surfaces of constant girth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"cross section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For a prism or cylinder, its projection in the direction parallel to its axis is the same as its cross section, so in these cases the girth also equals the perimeter of the cross section. In some application areas such as shipbuilding this alternative meaning, the perimeter of a cross section, is taken as the definition of girth.[3]","title":"Projection versus cross-section"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Post"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Girth is sometimes used by postal services and delivery companies as a basis for pricing. For example, Canada Post requires that an item's length plus girth not exceed a maximum allowed value.[4] For a rectangular box, the girth is 2 * (height + width), i.e. the perimeter of a projection or cross section perpendicular to its length.","title":"Application"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hilbert, David; Cohn-Vossen, Stephan (1952), Geometry and the Imagination (2nd ed.), Chelsea, pp. 216–217, ISBN 0-8284-1087-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert","url_text":"Hilbert, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Cohn-Vossen","url_text":"Cohn-Vossen, Stephan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7WY5AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216","url_text":"Geometry and the Imagination"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8284-1087-9","url_text":"0-8284-1087-9"}]},{"reference":"Groemer, H. (1996), Geometric Applications of Fourier Series and Spherical Harmonics, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 61, Cambridge University Press, p. 219, ISBN 9780521473187","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WSVyJLgJRHYC&pg=PA219","url_text":"Geometric Applications of Fourier Series and Spherical Harmonics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521473187","url_text":"9780521473187"}]},{"reference":"Gillmer, Thomas Charles (1982), Introduction to Naval Architecture, Naval Institute Press, p. 305, ISBN 9780870213182","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontona0000gill/page/305","url_text":"Introduction to Naval Architecture"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontona0000gill/page/305","url_text":"305"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870213182","url_text":"9780870213182"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada\". Canada Post. 2008-01-14. Retrieved 2008-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadapost.ca/tools/pg/prices/CPcanada-e.asp","url_text":"\"Canada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Post","url_text":"Canada Post"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7WY5AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216","external_links_name":"Geometry and the Imagination"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WSVyJLgJRHYC&pg=PA219","external_links_name":"Geometric Applications of Fourier Series and Spherical Harmonics"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontona0000gill/page/305","external_links_name":"Introduction to Naval Architecture"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontona0000gill/page/305","external_links_name":"305"},{"Link":"http://www.canadapost.ca/tools/pg/prices/CPcanada-e.asp","external_links_name":"\"Canada\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)	Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)	["1 History","1.1 Origins (1967–1979)","1.2 RCPB-ML (1979–present)","2 CPE (ML) election results","2.1 By-elections, 1970–1974","2.2 February 1974 UK general election","2.3 October 1974 UK general election","2.4 By-elections, 1974–1979","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Orthodox communist party in Britain Not to be confused with Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist); Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist); Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1978); or Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 2024). Revolutionary Communist Partyof Britain (Marxist-Leninist) Leader National Leader:Chris Coleman General Secretary:Michael Chant Collective leadership:Central Committee Founded1979; 45 years ago (1979)HeadquartersJohn Buckle Centre,170 Wandsworth Road,London SW8 2LANewspaper Workers Daily Workers Weekly Membership (1985 est.)750Ideology Communism Marxism-Leninism Hoxhaism Anti-revisionism Political positionFar-leftColours RedWebsitewww.RCPBML.org.ukPolitics of the United KingdomPolitical partiesElections Part of a series onCommunist parties Africa Algeria Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Egypt Eswatini Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Libya Madagascar Namibia Morocco Réunion Senegal South Africa South Sudan Sudan Togo Tunisia Americas Argentina PCA PCCE PCRA Bolivia Brazil PCdoB PCB PCR Canada CPC CPC-ML Chile PCCh PC(AP) Colombia PCC PC de C (M–L) Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador PCE PCMLE Mexico PC PPS PPSM PCMML Panama PPP PC(ml)P Paraguay Peru PCP PCdelP–PR Uruguay United States CPUSA WWP PSL RCPUSA PLP Venezuela PCV PCMLV Asia Bahrain Bangladesh CPB WPB Bhutan Burma China India CPI CPI(M) CPI-ML(L) CPI(Mst) SUCI(C) Iran CPI Tudeh Toufan Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Nepal CPN (UML) CPN (MC) CPN (US) NWPP North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines CPP PKP-1930 Sri Lanka CPSL JVP FLSP Syria SCP (Bakdash) SCP (Unified) Tajikistan Vietnam Former parties Cambodia KPRP CPK Indonesia Korea Malaya and Singapore Marxist–Leninist Revolutionary Faction Saudi Arabia Sarawak Taiwan Thailand Europe Albania Armenia Austria KPÖ PdA Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium KP PC Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria KPB SKB Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark DKP KP APK Estonia Finland France PCF PCOF PRCF PCRF Georgia Germany KPD DKP MLPD Greece ΚΚΕ ΚΟΕ Anasintaxi Hungary Munkáspárt Munkáspárt 2006 Ireland CPI WPI Italy PC PRC Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal PCP PCTP Romania Russia KR CPRF PDP RCWP-CPSU San Marino Serbia Slovakia Spain PCE CC PCPE PCE (M–L) PCTE Sweden KP SKP Switzerland Communist Party (Switzerland) PdA Turkey DHKP/C EMEP HTKP KDH/L KKP TKP MKP MLKP TDKP TKEP TKEP/L TKIP TKP/ML Ukraine KPU SKU United Kingdom CPB CPB-ML CPGB-ML CPGB-PCC CPS NCPB RCG RCP RCPB-ML Former parties Albania Czechoslovakia East Germany Italy Netherlands Poland Romania Soviet Union Turkey United Kingdom West Germany Yugoslavia Oceania Australia CPA CPA(ML) Socialist Alliance Socialist Alternative Victorian Socialists New Zealand CL OMU SPA Former parties Australia Communist Alliance CPA DSP RSP Victorian Socialist Party New Zealand CPNZ SUP CL International organizations IMCWP Comintern Cominform INITIATIVE ICS Related topics Central committee Communism (history) Criticism of rule List of communist parties Democratic centralism General Secretary Marxism–Leninism Politburo Secretariat Vanguardism Communism portalvte The Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) (RCPB-ML) is a small British communist political party, previously named the Communist Party of England (Marxist-Leninist) (CPE (ML)) on formation in 1972 until being reorganised in 1979 after rejecting Maoism and aligning with Albania. The party's thinking is based on the politics of Hardial Bains, who travelled the world founding orthodox (anti-revisionist) communist parties. History Origins (1967–1979) Part of a series onSocialism inthe United Kingdom Ideologies Agrarian socialism Bennism Black radical tradition Chartism Christian socialism Corbynism Democratic socialism Eco-socialism Ethical socialism Guild socialism Marxism (Centrist · Humanist · Marxism–Leninism · Trotskyism) Owenism Republicanism Revolutionary socialism Ricardian socialism Utopian socialism Principles Anti-capitalism Anti-imperialism Anti-racism Environmental justice Equality Equality of opportunity Fairness Freedom Justice Peace Progress Radical democracy Redistribution Sustainability State intervention Social justice Solidarity Intellectuals More Winstanley Hall Owen Hodgskin Barmby Morris Mainwaring Carpenter Marx Wells Tawney Cole Dobb Orwell Hobsbawm Thompson Hill Ward Russell Miliband Sivanandan Berger Williams Harvey Eagleton Hall Anderson Ali Gibson Rowbotham Jessop Bhaskar Cockshott Gilroy Monbiot Hatherley Miéville Fisher Jones Seymour Thorn Blakeley Works The Communist Manifesto News from Nowhere The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius The Future of Socialism The Making of the English Working Class The Country and the City Ways of Seeing Towards a New Socialism Capitalist Realism The Establishment: And How They Get Away with It History British left History of the Labour Party (UK) Political figures Harney Hyndman Hardie Webb (Sidney) Webb (Beatrice) Lansbury Maclean Pankhurst Attlee Inkpin Pollitt Bevan Foot Jones Wilson Meltzer Benn Skinner Scargill Taaffe Livingstone Corbyn McDonnell Tatchell Abbott Galloway Crow Fisher Long-Bailey Burgon Schneider Sultana Parties(Current UK parties - Defunct UK parties) Social democracy Co-operative Party Labour Party (UK) Socialism Breakthrough Party Left Unity (UK) Socialist Labour Party (UK) Socialist Party GB Socialist Workers Party (UK) Transform TUSC Communism Communist Party of Britain Communist Party Britain-ML Communist Party GB-ML Communist Party GB-PCC New Communist Party of Britain RCG Revolutionary Communist Party RCPB-ML Northern Ireland People Before Profit Sinn Féin Scotland Scottish Labour Scottish National Party Scottish Socialist Party Wales Plaid Cymru Welsh Labour OrganisationsUK Trade unions ICTU STUC TUC (Wales TUC) RMT Unite the Union Other IPPR Left Book Club Momentum The World Transformed Media New Left Review New Statesman Novara Media Race & Class Socialist Worker Tribune Related topics Communism in the United Kingdom Hard left Soft left Politics in the United Kingdom New Left Miliband–Poulantzas debate Socialism portal Organised labour portal United Kingdom portalvte The Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) has its origins in the Sussex University-based English student movement, part of the Hardial Bains-inspired tendency, known as the Internationalists; and it formed following their Necessity For Change conference in 1967. Renamed the English Communist Movement (Marxist-Leninist) in 1970, the group founded the Communist Party of England (Marxist-Leninist) (CPE (ML)) in March 1972. Like other Bains-inspired parties, the CPE (ML) took the Chinese side in the Sino-Soviet split, thus being endorsed by Albania, allied at the time with Maoist China, and opposing both the capitalist West and the Soviet bloc in accordance with the Three Worlds Theory promoted by Beijing. However, during the deterioration in Sino-Albanian relations, the CPE (ML) increasingly sided with Enver Hoxha, developed party-to-party relations with the Party of Labour of Albania, and renounced China as revisionist. The CPE (ML) made headlines during its first two years. In May 1973, members of affiliated group, the Birmingham Student Movement, instigated a widely reported physical attack on Hans Eysenck at the London School of Economics (LSE), though Eysenck declined to press charges. In January 1974, four members of the party were found guilty of possession of petrol bombs and assaulting police. At least one member had received a five-year sentence for malicious wounding and assault the previous year. In 1973, the party put forward two candidates in parliamentary by-elections, and in 1974, stood for six seats in the February general election, and eight in the October general election. Their highest recorded vote was 612 (1.2%) in Portsmouth South during the second 1974 general election. In 1974, the Communist Party of England (Marxist-Leninist) lost around a tenth of its membership following the expulsion of Aravindan Balakrishnan and an associated group accused of "conspiratorial and splittist activities and social fascist slanders against the Party and the proletarian movement". The group became the Workers' Institute of Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought. The party had links with the progressive music milieu in the 1970s, with avant-garde composers such as Cornelius Cardew and Michael Chant being leading members. RCPB-ML (1979–present) The Communist Party of England (Marxist-Leninist) was renamed the Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) in 1979. It is closely related to the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist), and has good relations with the New Communist Party of Britain (founded 1977). It produces an internet newspaper called Workers' Daily Internet Edition (WDIE), and has a bookshop in south London named John Buckle Books (named after the RCPB-ML founding general secretary). It has been active in promoting solidarity with North Korea. In 2004, the party declared electoral support for the Respect Coalition, but it now calls for an end to the system that brings parties to power, and calls on workers' and peoples' collectives to intervene directly in the political process. The party has a system of collective leadership, and its General Secretary is Michael Chant. The party's logo is a black hammer and sickle within a yellow star on a red background. Cornelius Cardew died in 1981, John Buckle in 1983, and Hardial Bains in 1997. RCPB-ML official Roger Nettleship has stood for House of Commons seats such as Jarrow in 2005 and South Shields in 2001 and 2010. The party supported Brexit in the 2016 referendum. CPE (ML) election results By-elections, 1970–1974 election candidate votes percentage position 1973 Manchester Exchange by-election Ruth Pushkin 109 1.1 4 1973 Hove by-election Carole Reakes 128 0.3 5 February 1974 UK general election constituency candidate votes percentage position Battersea North Carole Reakes 208 0.7 4 Birmingham Handsworth S. Thompson 334 1.0 4 Brighton Kemptown John Buckle 170 0.3 4 Lambeth Central Ekins Denton Brome 107 0.4 5 Manchester Moss Side Ruth Pushkin 206 0.6 4 Portsmouth South A. D. Rifkin 394 0.7 4 October 1974 UK general election constituency candidate votes percentage position Battersea North Carole Reakes 102 0.4 5 Birmingham Handsworth J. L. Hutchinson 103 0.3 5 Brighton Kemptown John Buckle 125 0.3 5 Bristol South East P. Rowe 79 0.1 6 Cardiff South East B. C. D. Harris 75 0.2 5 Lambeth Central Peter John Bratton 88 0.3 5 Leicester South G. H. Rousseau 136 0.3 5 Portsmouth South A. D. Rifkin 612 1.2 4 Source. By-elections, 1974–1979 election candidate votes percentage position 1978 Ilford North by-election Carole Rowe 89 0.2 6 1978 Lambeth Central by-election Stuart Munro 38 0.2 10 Rowe stood as East London Peoples Front, and Munro stood as South London Peoples Front. See also Politics portalCommunism portalUnited Kingdom portal List of communist parties List of political parties in the United Kingdom Sino-Soviet split References ^ Hobday, Charles (1986). Communist and Marxist Parties of the World. Harlow: Longman. p. 84. ISBN 0-582-90264-9. ^ "High Tide: the consolidation of Maoism by the late 1970s – index page". www.Marxists.org. Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism on-line. ^ a b Boothroyd, David (2001). The History of British Political Parties. London: Politicos. p. 244. ^ a b "The Rise & Fall of Maoism: the English Experience" (PDF). www.Marxists.org. Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism on-line. ^ Buchanan, Roderick D. (2010). Playing with Fire: The Controversial Career of Hans J. Eysenck. Oxford University Press. p. 300. ^ Shipley, Peter (1976). Revolutionaries in Modern Britain. Bodley Head. ^ a b "High Tide" (PDF). www.Marxists.org. Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism on-line. ^ "Statements of the National Executive Committee, CPE (ML)". www.Marxists.org. Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism on-line. ^ Richard Gott. "Liberation Music". A review of Cornelius Cardew: A Life Unfinished by John Tilbury by London Review of Books (15 March 2009). ^ "Leader". www.RCPBML.org.uk. Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist). ^ "John Buckle Books". www.RCPBML.org.uk. Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist). ^ "Meet North Korea's UK fan club: 'They have their own way of doing things'". The Guardian. 22 September 2015. ^ "A Model Communist". rtuc.wordpress.com. 19 March 2014. ^ "Workers Daily Internet Edition". www.RCPBML.org.uk. Vol. Year 2005, no. 43. Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist). ^ "Workers Daily Internet Edition". www.RCPBML.org.uk. Vol. Year 2010, no. 21. Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist). ^ "Workers' Weekly Internet Edition". www.RCPBML.org.uk. Vol. Year 2016, no. 46. Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist). Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1975). Minor Parties in British by-elections, 1885-1974. London: Macmillan Press. p. 17. 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(Marxist–Leninist) Revolutionary Vanguard (Communist Proletarian) Peru Communist Party of Suriname Communist Party of New Zealand Communist Party of Benin Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray Ethiopia vteOrthodox communist parties in Europe Abkhazia Albania PKSH PKSH 8 Nëntori Armenia Austria KPÖ PdA Azerbaijan AKP AYNKP Basque Country Belarus CPB JW Belgium PvdA/PTB PC Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria KPB BKP-M SKB Catalan Countries Endavant Poble Lliure Communists of Catalonia Croatia SRP CA Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark KP KPiD DKP AKP Donetsk People's Republic Finland KTP SKP KL France PCF PCRF PRC PRCF Galicia UPG MGS FPG PCPG Georgia Germany DKP KPD MLPD Greece KKE KKE (m-l) Anasintaxi M-L KKE ΚΟΕ NAR Hungary MKM MM 2006 MSZMP Ireland WPI CPI Italy PRC PCI PC PMLI PCIM-L Latvia Lithuania LKP SLF Luhansk People's Republic Luxembourg Macedonia SKM STLS Moldova Netherlands Norway NKP Rødt Poland PZPR KPP Portugal PCP PCTP Romania Russia CPRF CR ROT Front RCWP UCP AUCPB UC San Marino Slovakia KSS VZDOR South Ossetia Spain PCE PCPE PCTE PCOE PTD PCE(r) RC PCE (m-l) Sweden KP SKP Switzerland Transnistria Turkey 1920TKP ESP EHP EMEP HKP MKP SYKP TİP TKH TKP TKİP TSİP United Kingdom CPB RCG CPGB-ML NCPB CPGB-PCC CPB-ML RCPB-ML CL CPS Ukraine KPU KPU(o) KPRS Borotba Communism portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(UK,_1978)"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 2024)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(UK,_2024)"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Maoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxhaism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boothroyd-3"},{"link_name":"Hardial Bains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardial_Bains"},{"link_name":"anti-revisionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-revisionism"},{"link_name":"communist parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist); Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist); Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1978); or Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 2024).The Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) (RCPB-ML) is a small British communist political party, previously named the Communist Party of England (Marxist-Leninist) (CPE (ML)) on formation in 1972[2] until being reorganised in 1979 after rejecting Maoism and aligning with Albania.[3] The party's thinking is based on the politics of Hardial Bains, who travelled the world founding orthodox (anti-revisionist) communist parties.","title":"Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sussex University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R&F-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R&F-4"},{"link_name":"Sino-Soviet split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Maoist China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist_China"},{"link_name":"Soviet bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_bloc"},{"link_name":"Three Worlds Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Worlds_Theory"},{"link_name":"Sino-Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split"},{"link_name":"Enver Hoxha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha"},{"link_name":"Party of Labour of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"revisionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hans Eysenck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Eysenck"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT-7"},{"link_name":"February general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"October general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boothroyd-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Workers' Institute of Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Institute_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Mao_Zedong_Thought"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Cardew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Cardew"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Chant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chant"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Origins (1967–1979)","text":"The Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) has its origins in the Sussex University-based English student movement, part of the Hardial Bains-inspired tendency, known as the Internationalists; and it formed following their Necessity For Change conference in 1967.[4] Renamed the English Communist Movement (Marxist-Leninist) in 1970, the group founded the Communist Party of England (Marxist-Leninist) (CPE (ML)) in March 1972.[4]Like other Bains-inspired parties, the CPE (ML) took the Chinese side in the Sino-Soviet split, thus being endorsed by Albania, allied at the time with Maoist China, and opposing both the capitalist West and the Soviet bloc in accordance with the Three Worlds Theory promoted by Beijing. However, during the deterioration in Sino-Albanian relations, the CPE (ML) increasingly sided with Enver Hoxha, developed party-to-party relations with the Party of Labour of Albania, and renounced China as revisionist.[citation needed]The CPE (ML) made headlines during its first two years. In May 1973, members of affiliated group, the Birmingham Student Movement, instigated a widely reported physical attack on Hans Eysenck at the London School of Economics (LSE),[5] though Eysenck declined to press charges. In January 1974, four members of the party were found guilty of possession of petrol bombs and assaulting police.[6] At least one member had received a five-year sentence for malicious wounding and assault the previous year.[7]In 1973, the party put forward two candidates in parliamentary by-elections, and in 1974, stood for six seats in the February general election, and eight in the October general election. Their highest recorded vote was 612 (1.2%) in Portsmouth South during the second 1974 general election.[3]In 1974, the Communist Party of England (Marxist-Leninist) lost around a tenth of its membership[7] following the expulsion of Aravindan Balakrishnan and an associated group accused of \"conspiratorial and splittist activities and social fascist slanders against the Party and the proletarian movement\".[8] The group became the Workers' Institute of Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought.The party had links with the progressive music milieu in the 1970s, with avant-garde composers such as Cornelius Cardew[9] and Michael Chant being leading members.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist-Leninist)"},{"link_name":"New Communist Party of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Respect Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RESPECT_The_Unity_Coalition"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Jarrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"South Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shields_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"2016 referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"RCPB-ML (1979–present)","text":"The Communist Party of England (Marxist-Leninist) was renamed the Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) in 1979. It is closely related to the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist), and has good relations with the New Communist Party of Britain (founded 1977). It produces an internet newspaper called Workers' Daily Internet Edition (WDIE), and has a bookshop in south London named John Buckle Books[11] (named after the RCPB-ML founding general secretary). It has been active in promoting solidarity with North Korea. In 2004, the party declared electoral support for the Respect Coalition, but it now calls for an end to the system that brings parties to power, and calls on workers' and peoples' collectives to intervene directly in the political process. The party has a system of collective leadership, and its General Secretary is Michael Chant.[12] The party's logo is a black hammer and sickle within a yellow star on a red background.Cornelius Cardew died in 1981, John Buckle in 1983,[13] and Hardial Bains in 1997.RCPB-ML official Roger Nettleship has stood for House of Commons seats such as Jarrow in 2005[14] and South Shields in 2001 and 2010.[15]The party supported Brexit in the 2016 referendum.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"CPE (ML) election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By-elections, 1970–1974","title":"CPE (ML) election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"February 1974 UK general election","title":"CPE (ML) election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"October 1974 UK general election","text":"Source.[17]","title":"CPE (ML) election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By-elections, 1974–1979","text":"Rowe stood as East London Peoples Front, and Munro stood as South London Peoples Front.","title":"CPE (ML) election results"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Communism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Communism"},{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of communist parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communist_parties"},{"title":"List of political parties in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Sino-Soviet split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split"}]	[{"reference":"Hobday, Charles (1986). Communist and Marxist Parties of the World. Harlow: Longman. p. 84. ISBN 0-582-90264-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow","url_text":"Harlow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longman","url_text":"Longman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-90264-9","url_text":"0-582-90264-9"}]},{"reference":"\"High Tide: the consolidation of Maoism by the late 1970s – index page\". www.Marxists.org. Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism on-line.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.hightide/index.htm#cpeml","url_text":"\"High Tide: the consolidation of Maoism by the late 1970s – index page\""}]},{"reference":"Boothroyd, David (2001). The History of British Political Parties. London: Politicos. p. 244.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicos","url_text":"Politicos"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rise & Fall of Maoism: the English Experience\" (PDF). www.Marxists.org. Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism on-line.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.secondwave/uk-maoism.pdf","url_text":"\"The Rise & Fall of Maoism: the English Experience\""}]},{"reference":"Buchanan, Roderick D. (2010). Playing with Fire: The Controversial Career of Hans J. Eysenck. Oxford University Press. p. 300.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Shipley, Peter (1976). Revolutionaries in Modern Britain. Bodley Head.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodley_Head","url_text":"Bodley Head"}]},{"reference":"\"High Tide\" (PDF). www.Marxists.org. Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism on-line.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.hightide/high-tide.pdf","url_text":"\"High Tide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statements of the National Executive Committee, CPE (ML)\". www.Marxists.org. Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism on-line.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.hightide/cpestatements.htm","url_text":"\"Statements of the National Executive Committee, CPE (ML)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leader\". www.RCPBML.org.uk. Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/spokes.htm","url_text":"\"Leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Buckle Books\". www.RCPBML.org.uk. Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/jbbooks.htm","url_text":"\"John Buckle Books\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet North Korea's UK fan club: 'They have their own way of doing things'\". The Guardian. 22 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/22/north-korea-friends-of-korea-michael-chant","url_text":"\"Meet North Korea's UK fan club: 'They have their own way of doing things'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"A Model Communist\". rtuc.wordpress.com. 19 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://rtuc.wordpress.com/2014/03/19/a-model-communist/","url_text":"\"A Model Communist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Workers Daily Internet Edition\". www.RCPBML.org.uk. Vol. Year 2005, no. 43. Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/wdie-05/d05-043.htm","url_text":"\"Workers Daily Internet Edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Workers Daily Internet Edition\". www.RCPBML.org.uk. Vol. Year 2010, no. 21. Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/wdie-10/d10-021.htm","url_text":"\"Workers Daily Internet Edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Workers' Weekly Internet Edition\". www.RCPBML.org.uk. Vol. Year 2016, no. 46. Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist). Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/wwie-16/ww16_special_edition_eu.htm","url_text":"\"Workers' Weekly Internet Edition\""}]},{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S. (1975). Minor Parties in British by-elections, 1885-1974. London: Macmillan Press. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Press","url_text":"Macmillan Press"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://johnbucklecentre.org.uk/opensite/wdnews/news.xml","external_links_name":"Workers Daily"},{"Link":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/wwie-14/index.htm","external_links_name":"Workers Weekly"},{"Link":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/","external_links_name":"www.RCPBML.org.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.hightide/index.htm#cpeml","external_links_name":"\"High Tide: the consolidation of Maoism by the late 1970s – index page\""},{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.secondwave/uk-maoism.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Rise & Fall of Maoism: the English Experience\""},{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.hightide/high-tide.pdf","external_links_name":"\"High Tide\""},{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.hightide/cpestatements.htm","external_links_name":"\"Statements of the National Executive Committee, CPE (ML)\""},{"Link":"http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n05/richard-gott/liberation-music","external_links_name":"\"Liberation Music\""},{"Link":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/spokes.htm","external_links_name":"\"Leader\""},{"Link":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/jbbooks.htm","external_links_name":"\"John Buckle Books\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/22/north-korea-friends-of-korea-michael-chant","external_links_name":"\"Meet North Korea's UK fan club: 'They have their own way of doing things'\""},{"Link":"https://rtuc.wordpress.com/2014/03/19/a-model-communist/","external_links_name":"\"A Model Communist\""},{"Link":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/wdie-05/d05-043.htm","external_links_name":"\"Workers Daily Internet Edition\""},{"Link":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/wdie-10/d10-021.htm","external_links_name":"\"Workers Daily Internet Edition\""},{"Link":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/wwie-16/ww16_special_edition_eu.htm","external_links_name":"\"Workers' Weekly Internet Edition\""},{"Link":"http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/","external_links_name":"The Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/140405284","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007585558805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88130115","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029284856","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Ride_into_Morning	A Ride into Morning	["1 Summary","2 References"]	1991 novel by Ann Rinaldi This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "A Ride into Morning" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A Ride into Morning First editionAuthorAnn RinaldiLanguageEnglishSeriesGreat EpisodesGenreHistoricalPublisherHarcourt BooksPublication date1991Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (paperback)Pages368 ppISBN0-15-204683-6OCLC50417272LC ClassPZ7.R459 Ri 2003Followed byA Break with Charity A Ride into Morning is a historical novel by Ann Rinaldi about the legend surrounding Tempe Wick, one of America's most famous heroines. It is part of the Great Episodes series. It is told in first-person narration. Summary In the midst of the American Revolution, fourteen-year-old Mary Cooper moves in with her twenty-two-year-old cousin, Tempe Wick, and Tempe's elderly mother, Mary Wick, after Mary's Tory family discovered that she was participating in the Patriot cause. Her brother, Abraham is also a Patriot soldier. Mary's cousin lives near where the American soldiers have camped for the winter. Two of Mary's young friends, David Hamilton Morris and Jeremiah Levering, are stationed here too. Mary has fallen in love with General Anthony Wayne. The Patriot soldiers and all those who live on farms near the magazine are now facing an incredibly cold winter. A mutiny is imminent. Tempe befriends Billy Bowzar, a Patriot soldier and probably leader of the mutiny. Tempe lends Bowzar her beloved white horse. Mary learns of Bowzar's plans and discovers that Tempe is growing hesitant as well. The cousins stop fighting so they can keep Aunt Mary safe, a plan that involves keeping Tempe's horse, Colonel, in the house overnight. References ^ Jackson, Lynn M. (May 2, 1991). "Branchburg author brings history to life for young people". The Courier-News (Bridgewater, New Jersey). p. 66. vteNovels by Ann RinaldiEpisodes A Ride into Morning (1991) A Break with Charity (1992) The Fifth of March (1993) Finishing Becca (1994) The Secret of Sarah Revere (1995) Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons (1996) An Acquaintance with Darkness (1997) Cast Two Shadows (1998) The Coffin Quilt (1999) The Staircase (2000) Girl in Blue (2001) Numbering all the Bones (2002) Or Give Me Death (2003) An Unlikely Friendship (2007) Come Juneteenth (2007) The Ever-After Bird (2007) Juliet's Moon (2008) The Letter Writer (2008) Other novels Wolf by the Ears (1991) The Redheaded Princess (2008) This article about a historical novel of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article on a novel about the American Revolutionary War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_novel"},{"link_name":"Ann Rinaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Rinaldi"},{"link_name":"Tempe Wick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_Wick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Great Episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Episodes"},{"link_name":"first-person narration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_narration"}],"text":"A Ride into Morning is a historical novel by Ann Rinaldi about the legend surrounding Tempe Wick, one of America's most famous heroines.[1] It is part of the Great Episodes series. It is told in first-person narration.","title":"A Ride into Morning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tempe Wick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_Wick"},{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory"},{"link_name":"Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"General Anthony Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Anthony_Wayne"}],"text":"In the midst of the American Revolution, fourteen-year-old Mary Cooper moves in with her twenty-two-year-old cousin, Tempe Wick, and Tempe's elderly mother, Mary Wick, after Mary's Tory family discovered that she was participating in the Patriot cause. Her brother, Abraham is also a Patriot soldier. Mary's cousin lives near where the American soldiers have camped for the winter. Two of Mary's young friends, David Hamilton Morris and Jeremiah Levering, are stationed here too. Mary has fallen in love with General Anthony Wayne.The Patriot soldiers and all those who live on farms near the magazine are now facing an incredibly cold winter. A mutiny is imminent. Tempe befriends Billy Bowzar, a Patriot soldier and probably leader of the mutiny. Tempe lends Bowzar her beloved white horse. Mary learns of Bowzar's plans and discovers that Tempe is growing hesitant as well. The cousins stop fighting so they can keep Aunt Mary safe, a plan that involves keeping Tempe's horse, Colonel, in the house overnight.","title":"Summary"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jackson, Lynn M. (May 2, 1991). \"Branchburg author brings history to life for young people\". The Courier-News (Bridgewater, New Jersey). p. 66.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90198825/ride-morning-rinaldi/","url_text":"\"Branchburg author brings history to life for young people\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22A+Ride+into+Morning%22","external_links_name":"\"A Ride into Morning\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22A+Ride+into+Morning%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22A+Ride+into+Morning%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22A+Ride+into+Morning%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22A+Ride+into+Morning%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22A+Ride+into+Morning%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50417272","external_links_name":"50417272"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90198825/ride-morning-rinaldi/","external_links_name":"\"Branchburg author brings history to life for young people\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Ride_into_Morning&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Ride_into_Morning&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_It_Love_(TV_series)	Call It Love (TV series)	["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","2.1 Main","2.2 Supporting","3 References","4 External links"]	2023 South Korean series Call It LovePromotional posterHangul사랑이라 말해요Hanja思量이라 말해요Revised RomanizationSarang-ira MalhaeyoMcCune–ReischauerSarang-ira Marhaeyo GenreMelodramaRomanceCreated byAhn Chang-hyunDeveloped byDisney+Written byKim Ga-eunDirected byLee Kwang-youngKim Ji-yeonStarringLee Sung-kyungKim Young-kwangMusic byPark Se-joonCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes16ProductionExecutive producersSong Mi-jooKim Eun-jiProducersHan Hye-yeonChoi Myung-kyuBae Jun-oYoo Jeong-hwanKim Chu-seokHong Hyun-jaePark Hae-minLee Yong-seokCinematographyJin Seung-hwanLee Seung-kyuEditorYoo Hyun-hyeProduction companiesArc MediaStudio Santa Claus EntertainmentCulture & StoryOriginal releaseNetworkDisney+ReleaseFebruary 22 (2023-02-22) –April 12, 2023 (2023-04-12) Call It Love (Korean: 사랑이라 말해요) is a 2023 South Korean television series starring Lee Sung-kyung and Kim Young-kwang. It is a romantic melodrama about a woman whose life goes downhill after finding out about her father's affair and falling in love with his mistress's son. It aired on Disney+ from February 22 to April 12, 2023 in selected territories. Synopsis Woo-joo's life hits rock bottom when she learns about her father's infidelity. After the father dies, she is kicked out of her family home by her father’s mistress. Woo-joo plans to take revenge, but she falls in love with Dong-jin, the son of the mistress of her late father. Cast Main Lee Sung-kyung as Shim Woo-joo Kim Young-kwang as Han Dong-jin Sung Joon as Yoon Jun Ahn Hee-yeon as Kang Min-yeong Kim Ye-won as Shim Hye-seong Supporting Jang Sung Bum as Shim Ji-gu Kim Hee-jung as Kim Hyun-joo Jeon Seok-ho as Choi Sun-woo Seo Dong-won as Cha Young-min Park Jin-ah as Hyun Ji-hyung Yeon Je-hyung as Kang-gun Nam Gi-ae as Ma Hee-ja Jin So-yeon as Baek Soo-hee Sung young as Kim Yu-ri Ahn Nae-sang as Shim Chul-min Shin Mun-sung as Shin Sung-man Seo Yi-seo as Park Su-ho Lee Joon-hyeok as Kang Nam-il Yoon Bok-in as Yoon Jun's mother Kim Mi-hwa as Sim Woo-joo's aunt Ko Kyu-pil as mart staff (cameo, episode 2) References ^ a b Kim Soo-young (January 19, 2023). " 이광영 감독 '사랑이라 말해요', "불그스름한 노을빛 멜로드라마"" Director Lee Kwang-young 'Say it's love', "A reddish sunset melodrama"] (in Korean). Cine21. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Angela Patricia Suacillo (January 16, 2023). "Disney+ announces release date for romance K-drama 'Call It Love'". NME. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023. ^ Yoon Hyo-jeong (April 21, 2022). " 이성경, 로맨스 한 번 더…'사랑이라 말해요' 주인공 발탁" Lee Sung-kyung, one more romance... Selected as the main character of 'Tell Me It's Love] (in Korean). News1. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Kim Myung-mi (April 21, 2022). "김영광 측 "'사랑이라 말해요' 캐스팅, 현재 촬영 중"" ] (in Korean). Newsen. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Ha Ji-won (July 1, 2022). "성준, '사랑이라 말해요' 주연 캐스팅 …"현재 촬영 중" " ] (in Korean). X-ports News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Lee Mi-ji (January 16, 2023). "안희연, '사랑이라 말해요' 출연확정..김영광X이성경과 호흡(공식)" (in Korean). Herald Pop. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Kim Na-yeon (January 13, 2023). "김영광X이성경 '사랑이라 말해요', 2월 22일 디즈니+ 공개 " ]. Star News (in Korean). Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023. ^ Choi Ji-yoon (January 27, 2023). "서동원, 현실적인 영업팀 과장…'사랑이라 말해요'" (in Korean). Newsis. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Yoo Jung-min (January 30, 2023). "박진아, '사랑이라 말해요' 출연 확정…김예원과 호흡" (in Korean). MBC Entertainment. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Han Hae-sun (February 8, 2023). "연제형, 軍 전역 후 첫 작품..'사랑이라 말해요' 확정" ] (in Korean). MT Star News. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Lee Yoo-min (February 23, 2023). "'사랑이라 말해요' 이성경, 시작부터 위기다" ] (in Korean). Sports Kyunghyang. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023 – via Naver. ^ "'셀러브리티' 비니맘 진소연, 짙은 연기력으로 '씬스틸러 등극'". MBC Entertainment. December 19, 2023. ^ Son Bong-seok (March 21, 2023). "배우 성령, '사랑이라 말해요'에서 '우리 연애 시뮬레이션'까지 OTT 멜러물 열일" (in Korean). Sports Kyunghyang. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023 – via Naver. External links Call It Love on Disney+ Call It Love at HanCinema Call It Love at IMDb Call It Love at Daum (in Korean) vteStar original programmingCurrent That One Word – Feyenoord (since 2021) Boris (season 4; 2022) Gannibal (since 2022) Wedding Season (since 2022) The Zone: Survival Mission (since 2022) The Artful Dodger (since 2023) Extraordinary (since 2023) The Invisible Girl (since 2023) The Lions of Sicily (since 2023) Sand Land (since 2024) Shardlake (since 2024) Uncle Samsik (since 2024) Upcoming Light Shop (2024) Red Swan (2024) Seoul Busters (2024) The Tyrant (2024) Last Days of the Space Age (TBA) Ended Blowing Kisses (2021) Connect (2022) Grid (2022) The Ignorant Angels (2022) Kiss Sixth Sense (2022) May It Please the Court (2022) Oussekine (2022) Our Only Chance (2022) Revenge of Others (2022) Rookie Cops (2022) Soundtrack #1 (2022) Women in Taipei (2022) Big Bet (2023) Call It Love (2023) The Clearing (2023) Culprits (2023) Faraway Downs (2023) The Full Monty (2023) The Good Mothers (2023) Moving (2023) Soundtrack #2 (2023) Taiwan Crime Stories (2023) Vigilante (2023) The Worst of Evil (2023) Blood Free (2024) Cristóbal Balenciaga (2024) The Impossible Heir (2024) See You in Another Life (2024) A Shop for Killers (2024) Disney+ original series template Hulu original series template	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"South Korean television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_television_series"},{"link_name":"Lee Sung-kyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Sung-kyung"},{"link_name":"Kim Young-kwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Young-kwang_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Call It Love (Korean: 사랑이라 말해요) is a 2023 South Korean television series starring Lee Sung-kyung and Kim Young-kwang. It is a romantic melodrama about a woman whose life goes downhill after finding out about her father's affair and falling in love with his mistress's son. It aired on Disney+ from February 22 to April 12, 2023 in selected territories.[2]","title":"Call It Love (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Woo-joo's life hits rock bottom when she learns about her father's infidelity. After the father dies, she is kicked out of her family home by her father’s mistress. Woo-joo plans to take revenge, but she falls in love with Dong-jin, the son of the mistress of her late father.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Sung-kyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Sung-kyung"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kim Young-kwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Young-kwang_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sung Joon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung_Joon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ahn Hee-yeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hani_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kim Ye-won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ye-won_(actress,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Lee Sung-kyung as Shim Woo-joo[3]\nKim Young-kwang as Han Dong-jin[4]\nSung Joon as Yoon Jun[5]\nAhn Hee-yeon as Kang Min-yeong[6]\nKim Ye-won as Shim Hye-seong[7]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kim Hee-jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Hee-jung_(actress,_born_1970)"},{"link_name":"Jeon Seok-ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeon_Seok-ho"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nam Gi-ae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Gi-ae"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jin So-yeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_So-yeon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ahn Nae-sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahn_Nae-sang"},{"link_name":"Lee Joon-hyeok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Jun-hyeok_(actor,_born_1972)"},{"link_name":"Yoon Bok-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Bok-in"},{"link_name":"Ko Kyu-pil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Kyu-pil"}],"sub_title":"Supporting","text":"Jang Sung Bum as Shim Ji-gu\nKim Hee-jung as Kim Hyun-joo\nJeon Seok-ho as Choi Sun-woo\nSeo Dong-won as Cha Young-min[8]\nPark Jin-ah as Hyun Ji-hyung[9]\nYeon Je-hyung as Kang-gun[10]\nNam Gi-ae as Ma Hee-ja[11]\nJin So-yeon as Baek Soo-hee[12]\nSung young as Kim Yu-ri[13]\nAhn Nae-sang as Shim Chul-min\nShin Mun-sung as Shin Sung-man\nSeo Yi-seo as Park Su-ho\nLee Joon-hyeok as Kang Nam-il\nYoon Bok-in as Yoon Jun's mother\nKim Mi-hwa as Sim Woo-joo's aunt\nKo Kyu-pil as mart staff (cameo, episode 2)","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kim Soo-young (January 19, 2023). \"[2023 시리즈⑥] 이광영 감독 '사랑이라 말해요', \"불그스름한 노을빛 멜로드라마\"\" [[2023 Series⑥] Director Lee Kwang-young 'Say it's love', \"A reddish sunset melodrama\"] (in Korean). Cine21. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/140/0000049417","url_text":"\"[2023 시리즈⑥] 이광영 감독 '사랑이라 말해요', \"불그스름한 노을빛 멜로드라마\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine21","url_text":"Cine21"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230119165249/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/140/0000049417","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Angela Patricia Suacillo (January 16, 2023). \"Disney+ announces release date for romance K-drama 'Call It Love'\". NME. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/tv/call-it-love-kdrama-disney-release-date-3380363","url_text":"\"Disney+ announces release date for romance K-drama 'Call It Love'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117224311/https://www.nme.com/news/tv/call-it-love-kdrama-disney-release-date-3380363","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yoon Hyo-jeong (April 21, 2022). \"[단독] 이성경, 로맨스 한 번 더…'사랑이라 말해요' 주인공 발탁\" [[Exclusive] Lee Sung-kyung, one more romance... Selected as the main character of 'Tell Me It's Love] (in Korean). News1. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0006042753","url_text":"\"[단독] 이성경, 로맨스 한 번 더…'사랑이라 말해요' 주인공 발탁\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220421074801/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0006042753","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Kim Myung-mi (April 21, 2022). \"김영광 측 \"'사랑이라 말해요' 캐스팅, 현재 촬영 중\"[공식입장]\" [Kim Young-kwang’s side \"Casting 'Tell Me It's Love' is currently filming\" [Official Position]] (in Korean). Newsen. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000565367","url_text":"\"김영광 측 \"'사랑이라 말해요' 캐스팅, 현재 촬영 중\"[공식입장]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112002154/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000565367","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Ha Ji-won (July 1, 2022). \"성준, '사랑이라 말해요' 주연 캐스팅 …\"현재 촬영 중\" [공식입장]\" [Sung-Jun, cast as the lead in 'Tell Me It's Love'... \"Currently filming\" [Official position]] (in Korean). X-ports News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001469415","url_text":"\"성준, '사랑이라 말해요' 주연 캐스팅 …\"현재 촬영 중\" [공식입장]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230119014627/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001469415","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Lee Mi-ji (January 16, 2023). \"안희연, '사랑이라 말해요' 출연확정..김영광X이성경과 호흡(공식)\" [Ahn Hee-yeon confirmed to appear in 'Say it's love'...Kim Young-kwang X Lee Sung-kyung and breathing (official)] (in Korean). Herald Pop. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=112&aid=0003610069","url_text":"\"안희연, '사랑이라 말해요' 출연확정..김영광X이성경과 호흡(공식)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Pop","url_text":"Herald Pop"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230119014630/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=112&aid=0003610069","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Kim Na-yeon (January 13, 2023). \"김영광X이성경 '사랑이라 말해요', 2월 22일 디즈니+ 공개 [공식]\" [Kim Young-kwang X Lee Sung-kyung 'Say it's love', released on February 22nd Disney+ [Official]]. Star News (in Korean). Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003121006","url_text":"\"김영광X이성경 '사랑이라 말해요', 2월 22일 디즈니+ 공개 [공식]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113003803/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003121006","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Choi Ji-yoon (January 27, 2023). \"서동원, 현실적인 영업팀 과장…'사랑이라 말해요'\" [Seo Dong-won, realistic sales team manager... 'Say it's love'] (in Korean). Newsis. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=003&aid=0011660827","url_text":"\"서동원, 현실적인 영업팀 과장…'사랑이라 말해요'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsis","url_text":"Newsis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230130063513/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=003&aid=0011660827","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Yoo Jung-min (January 30, 2023). \"박진아, '사랑이라 말해요' 출연 확정…김예원과 호흡\" [Park Jin-ah confirmed to appear in 'Say it's love'... Breathing with Kim Ye-won] (in Korean). MBC Entertainment. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=408&aid=0000178948","url_text":"\"박진아, '사랑이라 말해요' 출연 확정…김예원과 호흡\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230130063509/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=408&aid=0000178948","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Han Hae-sun (February 8, 2023). \"연제형, 軍 전역 후 첫 작품..'사랑이라 말해요' 확정[공식]\" [Yeon Je-hyung, first work after discharge from the military...'Say it's love' confirmed [Official]] (in Korean). MT Star News. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003127332","url_text":"\"연제형, 軍 전역 후 첫 작품..'사랑이라 말해요' 확정[공식]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230208071916/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003127332","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Lee Yoo-min (February 23, 2023). \"'사랑이라 말해요' 이성경, 시작부터 위기다[종합]\" ['Say it's love' Lee Sung-kyung, it's a crisis from the beginning [Comprehensive]] (in Korean). Sports Kyunghyang. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=144&aid=0000869119","url_text":"\"'사랑이라 말해요' 이성경, 시작부터 위기다[종합]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Kyunghyang","url_text":"Sports Kyunghyang"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230223004020/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=144&aid=0000869119","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"'셀러브리티' 비니맘 진소연, 짙은 연기력으로 '씬스틸러 등극'\". MBC Entertainment. December 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://enews.imbc.com/News/RetrieveNewsInfo/389189","url_text":"\"'셀러브리티' 비니맘 진소연, 짙은 연기력으로 '씬스틸러 등극'\""}]},{"reference":"Son Bong-seok (March 21, 2023). \"배우 성령, '사랑이라 말해요'에서 '우리 연애 시뮬레이션'까지 OTT 멜러물 열일\" [Actor Sung-seong, ten days of OTT melodies from ‘Say it’s love’ to ‘Our dating simulation] (in Korean). Sports Kyunghyang. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=144&aid=0000874903","url_text":"\"배우 성령, '사랑이라 말해요'에서 '우리 연애 시뮬레이션'까지 OTT 멜러물 열일\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Kyunghyang","url_text":"Sports Kyunghyang"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321145414/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=144&aid=0000874903","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/140/0000049417","external_links_name":"\"[2023 시리즈⑥] 이광영 감독 '사랑이라 말해요', \"불그스름한 노을빛 멜로드라마\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230119165249/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/140/0000049417","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/tv/call-it-love-kdrama-disney-release-date-3380363","external_links_name":"\"Disney+ announces release date for romance K-drama 'Call It Love'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117224311/https://www.nme.com/news/tv/call-it-love-kdrama-disney-release-date-3380363","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0006042753","external_links_name":"\"[단독] 이성경, 로맨스 한 번 더…'사랑이라 말해요' 주인공 발탁\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220421074801/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0006042753","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000565367","external_links_name":"\"김영광 측 \"'사랑이라 말해요' 캐스팅, 현재 촬영 중\"[공식입장]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112002154/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000565367","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001469415","external_links_name":"\"성준, '사랑이라 말해요' 주연 캐스팅 …\"현재 촬영 중\" [공식입장]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230119014627/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001469415","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=112&aid=0003610069","external_links_name":"\"안희연, '사랑이라 말해요' 출연확정..김영광X이성경과 호흡(공식)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230119014630/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=112&aid=0003610069","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003121006","external_links_name":"\"김영광X이성경 '사랑이라 말해요', 2월 22일 디즈니+ 공개 [공식]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113003803/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003121006","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=003&aid=0011660827","external_links_name":"\"서동원, 현실적인 영업팀 과장…'사랑이라 말해요'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230130063513/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=003&aid=0011660827","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=408&aid=0000178948","external_links_name":"\"박진아, '사랑이라 말해요' 출연 확정…김예원과 호흡\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230130063509/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=408&aid=0000178948","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003127332","external_links_name":"\"연제형, 軍 전역 후 첫 작품..'사랑이라 말해요' 확정[공식]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230208071916/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003127332","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=144&aid=0000869119","external_links_name":"\"'사랑이라 말해요' 이성경, 시작부터 위기다[종합]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230223004020/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=144&aid=0000869119","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://enews.imbc.com/News/RetrieveNewsInfo/389189","external_links_name":"\"'셀러브리티' 비니맘 진소연, 짙은 연기력으로 '씬스틸러 등극'\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=144&aid=0000874903","external_links_name":"\"배우 성령, '사랑이라 말해요'에서 '우리 연애 시뮬레이션'까지 OTT 멜러물 열일\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321145414/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=144&aid=0000874903","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.disneyplus.com/series/wp/3IR3Vo2mCd4s","external_links_name":"Call It Love"},{"Link":"https://www.hancinema.net/korean_drama_Call_It_Love.php","external_links_name":"Call It Love"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26228312/","external_links_name":"Call It Love"},{"Link":"https://search.daum.net/search?w=tv&q=%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%91%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC_%EB%A7%90%ED%95%B4%EC%9A%94","external_links_name":"Call It Love"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasht_Kuh-e_Anjirak	Dasht Kuh-e Anjirak	["1 References"]	Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranDasht Kuh-e Anjirak دشت كوه انجيركvillageCountry IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyKhashBakhshIrandeganRural DistrictKahnukPopulation (2006) • Total18Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Dasht Kuh-e Anjirak (Persian: دشت كوه انجيرك, also Romanized as Dasht Kūh-e Ānjīrak) is a village in Kahnuk Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 18, in 4 families. References Iran portal ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Khash CountyCapital Khash DistrictsCentralCities Khash Rural Districts and villagesEsmailabad Abbasabad Akbarabad Aliabad Chah-e Sam Eftekharabad Esmailabad Espidak Gharibabad Hajjiabad Hajjiabad-e Esmailabad Hasanabad Industrial Estate Kalchat-e Heydarabad Karimabad-e Kheybar Karuji Khash Garrison Khosrowabad Mahmudabad Mashay-e Dasht Kalla Chat Menab Ab Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mowtowr-e Davazdah Bahman Mowtowr-e Davazdah Farurdin Mowtowr-e Fajr Mowtowr-e Hajj Azim Gangu Zehi Mowtowr-e Hajji Gaza Beyk Mowtowr-e Hajji Hanif Mowtowr-e Jamhuri Mowtowr-e Jehad Mowtowr-e Nazer Mowtowr-e Panzdah Khordad Najafabad Naserabad Nasirabad Nematabad Nikabad Nushabad Qasemabad Rostamabad Rud-e Gaz Saidabad Seh Chahan Shahid Chamran Shahid Rejai Shahid Modarres Karvandar Ab Gushtukan Agosk Akramabad Allahabad Allahabad Allahabad-e Bala Chah-e Baluch Khan Chah-e Kamal Chah-e Kan Chah-e Salar Chah-e Shahi Darreh Garm Eslamabad Gadukan Gardak Gazdivan Gidbast Gol Shir Gunich Gur Mordan Tigh Ab Habibabad Hajjiabad Heydarabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Junazi Kahnak Karvandar Kohan Nuk Kug Mirzaabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad-e Padgan Mojtame-ye Mowtowr-e Hay Tigh Ab Mowtowr-e Nur Mohmmadabad Mowtowr-e Seyyed Mohammad Ney Padan Nukabad Nurabad-e Dasht Abkhvan Nurabad-e Sar Talap Padgan-e Golzar Pigol Rahmanabad Richkan Saidabad Shahruk Sharifabad-e Chah Kan Siah Kut Tang-e Hanzab Kuh Sefid Abbasabad Aliabad-e Garnechin Allahabad Bayatabad Borhanabad Chah-e Dar Mohammad Chah-e Gargin Chah-e Isa Chah-e Jelai Chah-e Mohammad Omar Dasht Robat Chah-e Rahmat Chah-e Saadat Emamiyeh Eslamabad-e Garnechin Gharibabad Gharibabad Gidbast Hesharkeh Judin Kalak Dinar Kalkali Kalkali-ye Now Kamalabad Khan Bibi Mahmudabad Mehrabad Mirabad Mirzaabad Mohammadabad Mohammadi Mowtowr-e Garsaz Hoseynabad Mowtowr-e Qader Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Saheb Khan Muzan Naseri Nosratabad Nukabad Posht Gorg Qasemabad Rahmatabad Saidabad Shahrak-e Piman Poshtkuh Afzalabad Allahabad Azadabad Balalabad Baluchabad Bilari Chah-e Dekal Chah-e Kamal Nurollah Chah-e Kamal Siah Jinad Chah-e Nali Chah-e Rahmat Chahok Chahtuk Dasht-e Zar Deh-e Bala Esmailabad Feyzabad Gazdanan Gazeh Shahnavazi Gazu Gurchan Hasanabad-e Dastgerd Heydarabad Hoseynabad-e Nilgun Kahn-e Karam Shah Kalleh Sakan Kam Zard Kamalabad Karimabad-e Seyyed Ali Khamenehi Kashtag-e Dastgerd Khalilabad Lulakdan Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mowtowr-e Khvabiar Mowtowr-e Mirza Naderabad Nasrabad-e Rutak Nukabad Pil Gushkan Posht Giaban Poshteh-ye Kamal Rahmatabad-e Pain Roknabad Sabz Gaz-e Olya Sabz Gaz-e Sofla Sabz Gaz-e Vosta Shahid Qalanbar Shahrak-e Posht Giaban Shahr-e Deraz Sharifabad Tilag Sangan Aliabad-e Chah Zar Amidiyeh-ye Chah Zar Bar Abak Bulani Chah Zaman Chakol Cheh-e Zar Deh-e Now Deruk Deruneh Dorudi Dumak Espetk-e Hajji Gholam Estakhr Gazok Golkan-e Shahid Medani Gorz Gurehi Hajjiabad Kalleh Kaz Kand-e Zard Kashik Khalband Kulaku Khvoshab Mowtowr-e Hajji Abbas Paval Sangan Sangan-e Sofla Sarsaru Shundeh Suleki Tang-e Vajeg Tappeh-ye Lal Mohammad Terati Terati-ye Sang Tiab Torshab Tudi Zaghak IrandeganCities none Rural Districts and villagesIrandegan Bala Qaleh Dadkan Dahaneh Dakab-e Rughan Damikan Darin Darreh-ye Shargan Darsan Deh Qaleh Eslamabad Gar Abdy Gazaki Genz Genzerig Hakimabad Hedkan Heshik Hitgar Jangal Jangal-e Mukan Jangaluk Javadabad Kah Gishan Kaminak Kashen Kuh-e Nurk Kuh-e Pasan Nimgan Perom Pusar Shahrak Shavatk Varedan Zirkeyk Kahnuk Akbarabad Ali Morady Angiar Anjirak Anjirak Baghak Baha ol Din Barataki Bibah Binag Bok Bumask Chah-e Nikabakht Chegerd Cheshmeh-ye Kondur Dak Jamal Darenan Darkeshan Dasht Kuh-e Anjirak Deh Qola Deh-e Rais Del Morad Espah Gari Dasht Kuh Gary Gat Rais Golestan Gavatamak Gavatamak Gavi Gomn Gunak Gur Band Hashemabad Hirgan Hisek Hushab Aluk Kahurak Kal Shab Ravan Kallah Gur Kalleh Garmak Kalleh Maran Karuchi Kasab Kasap Dasht Kuh Kerstan Keshikan Khuki Kuy Patkuk Dasht Kuh Lashkeran Mahmudabad Marandegan Mareghan Kand Mirabad Nabahri Nagan Nali Nargan Nilgan Palizan Pedehi Pestak Purjangi Qaderabad Qanat-e Mir Qalandar Rahmanabad Randak Rasulabad Rishpesh Saptuk Sar Kand Seh Rud Seyah Takan Shamgat Shandan Sharaf ol Din Shirabad Shurak Sir Gavanani Sorkh Degar Sorkh Gazi Sorkhkan Sur Chahi Yek Muki Yusefabad Zardian Zardin Gar Ziarat Konar Zirogdan Zohian NukabadCities Nukabad Rural Districts and villagesEskelabad Allahabad Anjir Mehi Baluchabad-e Kahnaki Bidak-e Bala Bidak-e Pain Bidan Sarzeh Biduk-e Murtak Chahak Chah-e Nabiabad Chah-e Shur Deh-e Pabid Eskelabad Garjumak Garuk Gharibabad Gunak Gushan-e Bala Hajjiabad Kafeh Hajjiabad Kahnak Kahn-e Nuk Karimabad-e Deh Tajgi Khalilabad Khaz-e Bahari Kolli Malekabad Milman Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Murtak-e Pain Narap Rahmatabad Rigabad Rostamabad Rubahuk Sar Band Sazink-e Olya Senjedak Siah Tir-e Pain Sohrababad Takhtun Gowhar Kuh Abd ol Azizabad Aliabad Arzantak Azimabad Azizabad Bag Bahadorabad Beheshtiabad Chacheragh Chah-e Hajji Siah Khan Chah-e Mirza Deh-e Bala Ebrahimabad Eslamabad Esmailabad (south) Esmailabad (north) Eydabad Faqirabad Fiselabad Gowhar Kuh Shahrak Habibabad Hafezabad Hajjiabad Hajjiabad Hasanabad-e Shandak Hoseynabad Jadidabad-e Shandak Kalleh Shahu Kalleh-ye Espid Kalleh-ye Espid-e Eslamabad Karimabad Karimabad-e Hajji Karim Kavari Kureh-ye Bi Barg Khan Lalabad Malek Mohammadabad Mansurabad Mazraeh-ye Barani Mohsenabad Mowtowr-e Amirabad Mowtowr-e Bajar Mowtowr-e Bulan Zehi Kach Mowtowr-e Hajji Mehrab Mowtowr-e Hajji Qader Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad Mowtowr-e Kamal ol Din Mohammadani Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer Mowtowr-e Khodadad Mowtowr-e Nowruz Mowtowr-e Pasran Mahmud Isa Zehi Mowtowr-e Qalandar Mowtowr-e Saraj Naserabad Nazarabad Nazarabad Nazarabad Nematabad Nematabad Nukabad Nurabad Padagi Pardelabad Qaderabad Rahmatabad Rigabad Seyyedabad Shahid Shah Nazar Shahidayit-e Shandak Sharifabad Sherkat-e Tamp Shirabad Shurabad-e Fandaq Tajabad Vali Mohammadabad Valiabad Zafarabad Ziruki-ye Gowhar Kuh Nazil Ab Namard Ahmadabad Akbarabad Alamabad Amirabad Anari Anjirak Arzuni Azizabad Bahrabad Bidak Biduk-e Bala Biduk-e Pain Chah-e Ahmad Chah-e Hajji Ahmad Deh Nadam Deh Shahdust Dehnow Eslamabad Eslamabad Esmailabad Estakhru Gharibabad-e Allah Dad Gharibabad-e Nark Gholam Nabi Gol Gaz Gol Kan Golabad Gorgunak Gunak Hajji Rasul Hajjiabad Haqabad Hasanabad Hasanabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Hulmadian-e Bala Hulmadian-e Pain Kalak Shiman Kalleh Shahtut Kam-e Zard Karamabad Karimabad Kheyrabad Lalabad-e Huti Mahmudabad Malekabad Mehrababad Mirabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad-e Pain Talarak Mohammadabad-e Shah Nur Molla Qus Moradabad Mowtowr-e Abdol Vahad Mowtowr-e Amid Mowtowr-e Baluch Khan Mowtowr-e Emanollah Mowtowr-e Gol Zaman Mowtowr-e Golab Mowtowr-e Hajji Pir Mohammad Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad Shah Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer Mowtowr-e Mir Beyk Mowtowr-e Nader Mowtowr-e Pasand Mowtowr-e Rasul Mowtowr-e Sharif Mowtowr-e Zaman Musaabad Nabiabad Nabiabad Naimabad \|Nalaki Naserabad Naserabad Naserabad Naserabad-e Talarak Nazil Nukabad Patmati Pur Janki Rahimabad Rahmatabad Rahmatabad Rasulabad Rihani Saidabad Sangary Sar Kang Sar Tall Seyah Darreh Shah Nazerabad Shahidabad-e Saruk Shahrak Shand Shirabad Shurcheh-ye Purgazy Siah Kelak Siah Kut-e Anjireh Tah Rud Tuzaki Valiabad Yusefabad Yusefabad Taftan-e Jonubi(South Taftan) Aliyeh Dorudy Biahu Dushing-e Pain Bida Setar Chah Zilan Chahak Cheshmeh-ye Abek Chihaki Darreh-ye Talayi Deh-e Mir Baluch Dejang-e Bala Dejang-e Pain Do Dar Do Rudi Do Rudi Narun Do Shang Dowlatabad Eslamabad Firuzabad Garuk Gati Gazmeh-ye Marishan Gurmurik Hamidabad Jamchin Kalleh-ye Shurehi Kamsegari Karimabad Khanak Kharaki Kheyrabad Kolangur Kusheh Kusheh-ye Gardak Kusheh-ye Qaleh Rashid Khan Kuteh Lisabad Mahmudabad Malekabad Marishan Mashin Mehran Mohammadabad Narun Narun Posht-e Zard Rahmatabad Rahmatabad Rud-e Sanib Sangan-e Kuknak Sar Kam Shandi Sihaki Sihaki Kuteh Takht Tamandan Towd Lang Tudak-e Taqiabad Vellan Yusefabad Yusefabad-e Tudak This Khash County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"Kahnuk Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnuk_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Irandegan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irandegan_District"},{"link_name":"Khash County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khash_County"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Dasht Kuh-e Anjirak (Persian: دشت كوه انجيرك, also Romanized as Dasht Kūh-e Ānjīrak) is a village in Kahnuk Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 18, in 4 families.[1]","title":"Dasht Kuh-e Anjirak"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasht_Kuh-e_Anjirak&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashore_wildlife	Seashore wildlife	["1 British seashores","2 West African seashores","3 Northeastern United States Seashores","4 Pacific United States Seashores","5 See also","6 References"]	Seashore wildlife habitats exist from the Tropics to the Arctic and Antarctic. Seashores and beaches provide varied habitats in different parts of the world, and even within the same beach. Phytoplankton is at the bottom of some food chains, while zooplankton and other organisms eat phytoplankton. Kelp is also autotrophic and at the bottom of many food chains. Coastal areas are stressed through rapid changes, for example due to tides. A marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus, on the beach at Tortuga Bay on Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos British seashores The coasts around Great Britain and the sea nearby are of international significance. Animal life varies from large whales, dolphins and porpoises, grey seals and common seals, through to microscopic animals. There are more than 200 species of fish, ranging from small fish like blennies through to basking sharks that are the second largest shark in the world. Habitats include areas of landslips, beaches with sand, shingle and rock, cliffs, coastal lagoons, isolated sea stacks and islands, muddy estuaries, salt marshes, submaritime zones (i.e. land influenced by sea spray) and the sea itself. British coasts are affected by strong winds and in some areas large waves. British tidal ranges are large compared to some other parts of the world. Sheltered shores support different life from exposed shores. Non-flowering plants range from microscopic plants through to seaweed or kelp up to 5 meters in height. Many animals feed on kelp and kelp provides sheltered habitats for yet others. Sea grass is the only type of flowering plant that grows in British seas, but it nonetheless forms vast beds. Invertebrates in coastal Britain are very diverse and include brittle stars, hermit crabs, mussels, prawns, sponges, sea anemones and sea squirts. Efforts are made to conserve rare plants and animals in nature reserves. Cliffs, islands and sea stacks are a habitat for breeding sea birds such as guillemots, kittiwake and razor bills, as well as rock doves which can live inland as well. Peregrine falcons hunt the doves. Estuaries provide a habitat for waders and ducks, especially in winter. West African seashores The coastline of West Africa extends from Senegal to Gabon and like many other coastlines worldwide, it is characterized by a variety of ecosystems (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Common on this coast are sandy shores interspersed with rocky shores and several rivers, which empty into the Gulf of Guinea. Well-known rocky beaches on the West African coast include Cape Verde in Senegal, Cape Three Points in Ghana and Mount Cameroun. There are other smaller rocky beaches and between them are sandy beaches, which may be small, or extensive (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). On the coast of Ghana for instance, the greatest extent of almost continuous rock shore is on either side of Cape Three Points and stretches from the Ankobra River in the west to Sekondi in the east, a distance of about 45 miles. The west of the Ankobra is characterized by sandy beaches extending through Ivory Coast. Also, between Takoradi and Prampram, 150 miles to the east, sandy shores dominate but rocky shores of limited extent occur in several places, notably in the region of Cape Coast and Elmina and in the Accra area. At the east of Prampram, sandy beaches stretch almost continuously along the eastern coast of Ghana and throughout Nigeria until a rocky shore is met with again in the Cameroons (Gauld and Buchanan, 1959). Various surveys of the West African seashore have found barnacles and gastropods dominating the invertebrate community (Gauld and Buchanan, 1959; Yankson and Akpabey, 2001; Yankson and Kendall, 2001; Lamptey, Armah and Allotey, 2009). Three species of barnacles, namely Cthamalus dentatus, Megabalanus tintinnabulum and Tetraclita squamata are found on the West African rocky shores. C. dentatus is the common barnacle of open coasts. They have a kite shaped opening to the shell. Six plates are clearly visible in isolated individuals. The plates have projecting ribs giving the animal a star-shaped outline. Recently settled animals are a pale brown color but as they age, they quickly become dirty white. C. dentatus have no calcareous base between the body of the animal and the rock surface (Edmunds, 1978; Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Tetraclita squamata tends to be conical in shape and can reach a large size (25mm or more in length). Unlike Chthamalus species, it does not occur in vast sheets of interlocking animals. The plates making up the shell become fused as the animal grows and in large specimens can be difficult to distinguish. The plates are perforated by rows of fine holes. This species is often heavily overgrown by algae (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Megabalanus tintinnabulum is found worldwide and has been described on this site. The most common hermit crabs on this shore are Clibernarius chapini and Clibernarius senegalensis. Identification of species is complex but the common rule is C. chapini occurs mostly in long turreted gastropod shells while C. senegalensis in short, more rounded shells (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Three types of keyhole limpets, family Fissurellidae are encountered on the West African seashore. Diodora menkeana (Dunker) has an aperture length between 6–15 mm; height about half its length and a small apical hole markedly anterior. It has sculpture of intersecting radiating and concentric ridges, color may be cream, pale pink or brown. This species occurs throughout West Africa in shallow and low on rocky shores though rare (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). The genus Fissurella is distinguished from Diodora by its flatter shell, a larger more central apical hole, sculpture of only radiating ridges and height about a third of its length. Species of this genus are found low on the shore attached to rocks from which they scrape minute algae. They rest on open rock and do not seek crevices (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Two species has been recorded. Fissurella coarctata has a large apical hole and of characteristic shape, color pale pink or brown. It has a length of about 25–35 mm. This species is fairly common in Senegal and Sierra Leone, rare in Ghana and has not been recorded further east (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Fissurella nubecula has an aperture length of 15–25 mm, medium sized apical hole and color pink or violet often with radiating white bands. This species is common from Ghana eastwards and in Senegal though it seems to be rarer in between. It is commoner in sheltered rather than in exposed areas (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Siphonaria pectinata (Family: Siphonariidae, described on another page) has an aperture length of 20–30 mm long, slightly less wide, height about half its length or more, sculpture of fine radiating ridges, often worn smooth at apex. This species has a color that is externally dark brown or grey, paler at worn apex, internally shining black at edges, paler at center. It is common at all levels on the West African rocky shores and it rests on exposed shores (Edmunds, 1978). Patella safiana (see Cymbula safiana, family Patellidae) has an oval aperture height about 40–60 mm or more. It is sculptured by radiating ridges, colored grey externally, and blue-grey and white internally, with a horseshoe shaped paler scar, which is interrupted anteriorly to make room for the head. It is found throughout West Africa usually common on open rocks from low to mid shore or sometimes higher on exposed shores. It is often found in damp hollows, but does not particularly seek crevices. It feeds by scraping minute algae and grasping pieces of seaweeds. Each individual rests in the same place and wears a slight depression in the rock into which the shell fits exactly. It is hard to remove when attached to the rock with its foot (Edmunds, 1978). Nerita senegalensis (Family Neritiidae) has shell height and width almost the same length, 15–20 mm, with teeth occurring on the outer lip of aperture. It has a pleated collumella with irregular tubercles and very fine spiral ridges on shell. This species has a dark grey color with small paler markings and sometimes uniformly yellow color. This is one of the commonest gastropod species on West African rocky shores, occurring from low tide level to the upper shore. It usually rests in crevices when the tide is out, and may also be found on the open rock and in rocky pools. In Senegal, it extends into rocky estuaries (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Three species of the gastropod family Littorinidae are common on the West Africa shore. Littorina punctata has a shell height of about 8–15 mm, color brown or grey with white markings in spiral rows often giving a checked appearance. This species is usually common on all rocky West African shores, occurring from the middle to upper parts, though young specimen occur lower down and in rock pools (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Littorina cinguilifera has a shell height of about 8–12 mm, color alternating brown or grey and white bands, the darker bands sometimes interrupted with white dots especially near the top of the whorl. This species occurs from the middle to upper parts of rocky shores and extends into rocky estuaries. It is usually rarer than the previous species though common in Sierra Leone, it is rare in Senegal and probably Nigeria but extends to Cameroun (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Littorina angulifera (Littoraria angulifera) Thais species (Muricidae) have wide oval aperture, notched at base; columella callosity smooth and arched; operculum is horny thin, nucleus at outside edge; sculpture of rounded or pointed tubercles. This genus is distributed worldwide. The species found on the West Africa shore are Thais forbesi, Thais nodosa, Thais callifera and Thais haemostoma. Thais nodosa shell height is about 40–55 mm, width somewhat less; body whorl large, spire short and blunt; outer lip is spreading outwards; columella callosity broad, almost flat, white with usually two purple spots on it, sculpture of five spiral rows or rounded tubercles, the two upper ones being the most prominent; color pale fawn. This is a fairly common species low on rocky shores especially in crevices under overhanging rocks, etc (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Thais haemostoma (see Stramonita haemastoma described on this site). Thais forbesi shell height is about 25–35 mm, width somewhat less and aperture about half height of shell. It is not usually toothed; spire somewhat pointed; two or three spiral rows of pointed tubercles. This species is grey to brown in color, often overgrown; and inside of the aperture is grey(Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Thais callifera has a shell height of 30 – 70 mm, with width slightly less, aperture notched near suture as well as below; body whorl large, spire short and blunt, sculpture two or four rows or rounded tubercles, color pale fawn, inside of aperture pale orange. This species has been recorded in Nigeria and Cameroun. Shells may sometimes be confused with Thais haemostoma, but are paler and fatter (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Rotula sp. (Echinodermata: West African sand dollar) have the appearance of flattened sea urchin. They are circular to heart shaped in outline and little more than the thickness of a coin in depth. A mat of flat lying spines covers them. Sand dollars bury into intertidal sand leaving a characteristic mark at the sediment surface. This species had been recorded in Ghana though rare (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Other species found on the West Africa shore such as sea anemone, Perna perna, Ocypode cursor, Diadema antillarum have already been described on this site. Northeastern United States Seashores The Northeast region of coastline in the U.S. ranges from Maine to Virginia, and encompasses 11 states in total. The region holds multiple important ecosystems such as the Gulf of Maine, Midatlantic Bight, and Georges Bank. These ecosystems are home to thousands of marine plant and animal species, as well as over 180 different species of seabirds. Pacific United States Seashores Wildlife on the Pacific coast of the United States is home to many different families of animals, such as birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic. In the San Francisco Bay Area network of national parks alone, there are over 250 species of birds. Point Reyes National Seashore is home to almost 40 different species of land mammals, and the area also provides haul-out and breeding sites for multiple species of seals and sea lions. Oregon's seashore also provides a habitat for many animals, such as the high-speed peregrine falcon, the dungeness crab, or social California sea lion. See also Rocky shores References ^ "Sea & seashore". When to Watch Wildlife. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ "Marine Life". Wildlifetrust.org.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ "Northeast Region \| National Marine Ecosystem Status". ecowatch.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-27. ^ "Birds - Pacific Coast Science and Learning Center (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-29. ^ "Mammals - Pacific Coast Science and Learning Center (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-29. ^ "GORP Oregon Coast 101 Species List « Oregon Sea Grant Sustainable Tourism". Retrieved 2024-05-29. Edmunds, J. (1978). Sea shells and other molluscs found on West African coast and estuaries. Arakan Press Ltd. Accra. 146pp. Gauld, D. T. and Buchanan, J. B. (1959). The principal features of the rock shore fauna in Ghana. Fasc. Oikos 1 (10): 121-132. Lamptey, E., Armah,A.K and Allotey, L.C. (2000). Spatial Assemblages of Tropical Intertidal Rocky Shore Communities in Ghana, West Africa. Environmental Science, Engineering and Technology. Yankson, K. and Akpabey, F.J. 2001. A preliminary survey of the macro-invertebrate fauna at Iture Rocky Beach, Cape Coast, Ghana. Journal of Natural Sciences, 1: 11-22. Yankson, K. and Kendall, M. (2001). A student's Guide to the Fauna of Seashores in West Africa. Darwin Initiative. Newcastle. 132pp. vteAquatic ecosystemsGeneral components and freshwater ecosystemsGeneral Acoustic ecology Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic adaptation Aquatic animal Insect Mammal Water bird Aquatic biomonitoring Aquatic plant Aquatic population dynamics Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Aquatic science Aquatic toxicology Benthos Bioluminescence Biomass Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Dead zone Ecohydrology Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Macrobenthos Meiobenthos Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Pelagic zone Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Pleuston Productivity Ramsar Convention Sediment trap Shoaling and schooling Siltation Spawn Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems Substrate Thermal pollution Trophic level Underwater camouflage Water column Zooplankton Freshwater Freshwater biology Freshwater biome Freshwater environmental quality parameters Freshwater fish Hyporheic zone Limnology Lake ecosystem Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis River ecosystem Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland Bog Brackish marsh Fen Freshwater marsh Freshwater swamp forest Ecoregions List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) Africa and Madagascar Latin America and the Caribbean List of marine ecoregions Specific examples Everglades Maharashtra North Pacific Subtropical Gyre San Francisco Estuary Marine ecosystemsGeneral Deep scattering layer Diel vertical migration f-ratio Iron fertilization Large marine ecosystem Marine biology Marine chemistry Marine food web Marine primary production Marine snow Ocean fertilization Oceanic physical-biological process Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson's rule Upwelling Viral shunt Whale fall Marine life Census of Marine Life Deep-sea community Deep-water coral Marine fungi Marine invertebrates Marine larval ecology Seagrass Seashore wildlife Wild fisheries Microorganisms Marine bacteriophage Marine prokaryotes Marine protists Marine viruses Paradox of the plankton Vertebrates Marine mammal Marine reptile Saltwater fish Coastal fish Coral reef fish Deep-sea fish Demersal fish Pelagic fish Seabird Marine habitats Bay mud Marine coastal ecosystem Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seep Coral reef Davidson Seamount § Ecology Estuary Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetland Kelp forest Hydrothermal vent Lagoon Mangrove Marine biomes Mudflat Oyster reef Rocky shore Salt marsh Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadow Sponge ground Sponge reef Tide pool Conservation Coral bleaching Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Human impact on marine life Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine protected area Lakes portal Oceans portal Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iguana_on_the_beach_at_Tortuga_Bay_Galapagos_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG"},{"link_name":"marine iguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_iguana"},{"link_name":"Tortuga Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortuga_Bay"},{"link_name":"Galapagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos"}],"text":"A marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus, on the beach at Tortuga Bay on Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos","title":"Seashore wildlife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale"},{"link_name":"dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin"},{"link_name":"porpoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porpoise"},{"link_name":"grey seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_seal"},{"link_name":"common seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_seal"},{"link_name":"blennies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blennies"},{"link_name":"basking sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basking_shark"},{"link_name":"tidal ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_range"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height"},{"link_name":"Sea grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_grass"},{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"brittle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_stars"},{"link_name":"hermit crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab"},{"link_name":"mussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel"},{"link_name":"prawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn"},{"link_name":"sponges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge"},{"link_name":"sea anemones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anemone"},{"link_name":"sea squirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_squirt"},{"link_name":"nature reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"guillemots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillemot"},{"link_name":"kittiwake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittiwake"},{"link_name":"razor bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_bill"},{"link_name":"rock doves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_dove"},{"link_name":"Peregrine falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falcons"},{"link_name":"Estuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaries"},{"link_name":"waders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wader"},{"link_name":"ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck"}],"text":"The coasts around Great Britain and the sea nearby are of international significance. Animal life varies from large whales, dolphins and porpoises, grey seals and common seals, through to microscopic animals. There are more than 200 species of fish, ranging from small fish like blennies through to basking sharks that are the second largest shark in the world.Habitats include areas of landslips, beaches with sand, shingle and rock, cliffs, coastal lagoons, isolated sea stacks and islands, muddy estuaries, salt marshes, submaritime zones (i.e. land influenced by sea spray) and the sea itself. British coasts are affected by strong winds and in some areas large waves. British tidal ranges are large compared to some other parts of the world. Sheltered shores support different life from exposed shores.[1][2]Non-flowering plants range from microscopic plants through to seaweed or kelp up to 5 meters in height. Many animals feed on kelp and kelp provides sheltered habitats for yet others. Sea grass is the only type of flowering plant that grows in British seas, but it nonetheless forms vast beds.Invertebrates in coastal Britain are very diverse and include brittle stars, hermit crabs, mussels, prawns, sponges, sea anemones and sea squirts. Efforts are made to conserve rare plants and animals in nature reserves.Cliffs, islands and sea stacks are a habitat for breeding sea birds such as guillemots, kittiwake and razor bills, as well as rock doves which can live inland as well. Peregrine falcons hunt the doves. Estuaries provide a habitat for waders and ducks, especially in winter.","title":"British seashores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Littoraria angulifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoraria_angulifera"},{"link_name":"Muricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muricidae"},{"link_name":"Stramonita haemastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stramonita_haemastoma"}],"text":"The coastline of West Africa extends from Senegal to Gabon and like many other coastlines worldwide, it is characterized by a variety of ecosystems (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Common on this coast are sandy shores interspersed with rocky shores and several rivers, which empty into the Gulf of Guinea. Well-known rocky beaches on the West African coast include Cape Verde in Senegal, Cape Three Points in Ghana and Mount Cameroun. There are other smaller rocky beaches and between them are sandy beaches, which may be small, or extensive (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). On the coast of Ghana for instance, the greatest extent of almost continuous rock shore is on either side of Cape Three Points and stretches from the Ankobra River in the west to Sekondi in the east, a distance of about 45 miles. The west of the Ankobra is characterized by sandy beaches extending through Ivory Coast. Also, between Takoradi and Prampram, 150 miles to the east, sandy shores dominate but rocky shores of limited extent occur in several places, notably in the region of Cape Coast and Elmina and in the Accra area. At the east of Prampram, sandy beaches stretch almost continuously along the eastern coast of Ghana and throughout Nigeria until a rocky shore is met with again in the Cameroons (Gauld and Buchanan, 1959).Various surveys of the West African seashore have found barnacles and gastropods dominating the invertebrate community (Gauld and Buchanan, 1959; Yankson and Akpabey, 2001; Yankson and Kendall, 2001; Lamptey, Armah and Allotey, 2009).Three species of barnacles, namely Cthamalus dentatus, Megabalanus tintinnabulum and Tetraclita squamata are found on the West African rocky shores. \nC. dentatus is the common barnacle of open coasts. They have a kite shaped opening to the shell. Six plates are clearly visible in isolated individuals. The plates have projecting ribs giving the animal a star-shaped outline. Recently settled animals are a pale brown color but as they age, they quickly become dirty white. C. dentatus have no calcareous base between the body of the animal and the rock surface (Edmunds, 1978; Yankson and Kendall, 2001).Tetraclita squamata tends to be conical in shape and can reach a large size (25mm or more in length). Unlike Chthamalus species, it does not occur in vast sheets of interlocking animals. The plates making up the shell become fused as the animal grows and in large specimens can be difficult to distinguish. The plates are perforated by rows of fine holes. This species is often heavily overgrown by algae (Yankson and Kendall, 2001).Megabalanus tintinnabulum is found worldwide and has been described on this site.The most common hermit crabs on this shore are Clibernarius chapini and Clibernarius senegalensis. Identification of species is complex but the common rule is C. chapini occurs mostly in long turreted gastropod shells while C. senegalensis in short, more rounded shells (Yankson and Kendall, 2001).Three types of keyhole limpets, family Fissurellidae are encountered on the West African seashore.Diodora menkeana (Dunker) has an aperture length between 6–15 mm; height about half its length and a small apical hole markedly anterior. It has sculpture of intersecting radiating and concentric ridges, color may be cream, pale pink or brown. This species occurs throughout West Africa in shallow and low on rocky shores though rare (Yankson and Kendall, 2001).The genus Fissurella is distinguished from Diodora by its flatter shell, a larger more central apical hole, sculpture of only radiating ridges and height about a third of its length. Species of this genus are found low on the shore attached to rocks from which they scrape minute algae. They rest on open rock and do not seek crevices (Yankson and Kendall, 2001). Two species has been recorded.Fissurella coarctata has a large apical hole and of characteristic shape, color pale pink or brown. It has a length of about 25–35 mm. This species is fairly common in Senegal and Sierra Leone, rare in Ghana and has not been recorded further east (Yankson and Kendall, 2001).Fissurella nubecula has an aperture length of 15–25 mm, medium sized apical hole and color pink or violet often with radiating white bands. This species is common from Ghana eastwards and in Senegal though it seems to be rarer in between. It is commoner in sheltered rather than in exposed areas (Yankson and Kendall, 2001).Siphonaria pectinata (Family: Siphonariidae, described on another page) has an aperture length of 20–30 mm long, slightly less wide, height about half its length or more, sculpture of fine radiating ridges, often worn smooth at apex. This species has a color that is externally dark brown or grey, paler at worn apex, internally shining black at edges, paler at center. It is common at all levels on the West African rocky shores and it rests on exposed shores (Edmunds, 1978).Patella safiana (see Cymbula safiana, family Patellidae) has an oval aperture height about 40–60 mm or more. It is sculptured by radiating ridges, colored grey externally, and blue-grey and white internally, with a horseshoe shaped paler scar, which is interrupted anteriorly to make room for the head. It is found throughout West Africa usually common on open rocks from low to mid shore or sometimes higher on exposed shores. It is often found in damp hollows, but does not particularly seek crevices. It feeds by scraping minute algae and grasping pieces of seaweeds. Each individual rests in the same place and wears a slight depression in the rock into which the shell fits exactly. It is hard to remove when attached to the rock with its foot (Edmunds, 1978).Nerita senegalensis (Family Neritiidae) has shell height and width almost the same length, 15–20 mm, with teeth occurring on the outer lip of aperture. It has a pleated collumella with irregular tubercles and very fine spiral ridges on shell. This species has a dark grey color with small paler markings and sometimes uniformly yellow color. This is one of the commonest gastropod species on West African rocky shores, occurring from low tide level to the upper shore. It usually rests in crevices when the tide is out, and may also be found on the open rock and in rocky pools. In Senegal, it extends into rocky estuaries (Yankson and Kendall, 2001).Three species of the gastropod family Littorinidae are common on the West Africa shore. \nLittorina punctata has a shell height of about 8–15 mm, color brown or grey with white markings in spiral rows often giving a checked appearance. This species is usually common on all rocky West African shores, occurring from the middle to upper parts, though young specimen occur lower down and in rock pools (Yankson and Kendall, 2001).Littorina cinguilifera has a shell height of about 8–12 mm, color alternating brown or grey and white bands, the darker bands sometimes interrupted with white dots especially near the top of the whorl. This species occurs from the middle to upper parts of rocky shores and extends into rocky estuaries. It is usually rarer than the previous species though common in Sierra Leone, it is rare in Senegal and probably Nigeria but extends to Cameroun (Yankson and Kendall, 2001).Littorina angulifera (Littoraria angulifera) \nThais species (Muricidae) have wide oval aperture, notched at base; columella callosity smooth and arched; operculum is horny thin, nucleus at outside edge; sculpture of rounded or pointed tubercles. This genus is distributed worldwide. The species found on the West Africa shore are Thais forbesi, Thais nodosa, Thais callifera and Thais haemostoma.Thais nodosa shell height is about 40–55 mm, width somewhat less; body whorl large, spire short and blunt; outer lip is spreading outwards; columella callosity broad, almost flat, white with usually two purple spots on it, sculpture of five spiral rows or rounded tubercles, the two upper ones being the most prominent; color pale fawn. This is a fairly common species low on rocky shores especially in crevices under overhanging rocks, etc (Yankson and Kendall, 2001).Thais haemostoma (see Stramonita haemastoma described on this site).Thais forbesi shell height is about 25–35 mm, width somewhat less and aperture about half height of shell. It is not usually toothed; spire somewhat pointed; two or three spiral rows of pointed tubercles. This species is grey to brown in color, often overgrown; and inside of the aperture is grey(Yankson and Kendall, 2001).Thais callifera has a shell height of 30 – 70 mm, with width slightly less, aperture notched near suture as well as below; body whorl large, spire short and blunt, sculpture two or four rows or rounded tubercles, color pale fawn, inside of aperture pale orange. This species has been recorded in Nigeria and Cameroun. Shells may sometimes be confused with Thais haemostoma, but are paler and fatter (Yankson and Kendall, 2001).Rotula sp. (Echinodermata: West African sand dollar) have the appearance of flattened sea urchin. They are circular to heart shaped in outline and little more than the thickness of a coin in depth. A mat of flat lying spines covers them. Sand dollars bury into intertidal sand leaving a characteristic mark at the sediment surface. This species had been recorded in Ghana though rare (Yankson and Kendall, 2001).Other species found on the West Africa shore such as sea anemone, Perna perna, Ocypode cursor, Diadema antillarum have already been described on this site.","title":"West African seashores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Northeast region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Midatlantic Bight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Bight"},{"link_name":"seabirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Northeast region of coastline in the U.S. ranges from Maine to Virginia, and encompasses 11 states in total. The region holds multiple important ecosystems such as the Gulf of Maine, Midatlantic Bight, and Georges Bank. These ecosystems are home to thousands of marine plant and animal species, as well as over 180 different species of seabirds.[3]","title":"Northeastern United States Seashores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific coast of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Point Reyes National Seashore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Reyes_National_Seashore"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"peregrine falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falcon"},{"link_name":"dungeness crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeness_crab"},{"link_name":"California sea lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_sea_lion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Wildlife on the Pacific coast of the United States is home to many different families of animals, such as birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic. In the San Francisco Bay Area network of national parks alone, there are over 250 species of birds.[4] Point Reyes National Seashore is home to almost 40 different species of land mammals, and the area also provides haul-out and breeding sites for multiple species of seals and sea lions.[5] Oregon's seashore also provides a habitat for many animals, such as the high-speed peregrine falcon, the dungeness crab, or social California sea lion.[6]","title":"Pacific United States Seashores"}]	[{"image_text":"A marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus, on the beach at Tortuga Bay on Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Iguana_on_the_beach_at_Tortuga_Bay_Galapagos_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG/220px-Iguana_on_the_beach_at_Tortuga_Bay_Galapagos_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Rocky shores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_shore"}]	[{"reference":"\"Sea & seashore\". When to Watch Wildlife. Retrieved 2015-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whentowatchwildlife.org/Index/Habitats/Sea_seashore/Sea_seashore.htm","url_text":"\"Sea & seashore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marine Life\". Wildlifetrust.org.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/facts/marine.htm","url_text":"\"Marine Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northeast Region \| National Marine Ecosystem Status\". ecowatch.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://ecowatch.noaa.gov/regions/northeast","url_text":"\"Northeast Region \| National Marine Ecosystem Status\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birds - Pacific Coast Science and Learning Center (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/rlc/pacificcoast/birds.htm","url_text":"\"Birds - Pacific Coast Science and Learning Center (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mammals - Pacific Coast Science and Learning Center (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/rlc/pacificcoast/mammals.htm","url_text":"\"Mammals - Pacific Coast Science and Learning Center (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]},{"reference":"\"GORP Oregon Coast 101 Species List « Oregon Sea Grant Sustainable Tourism\". Retrieved 2024-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://tourism.oregonstate.edu/gorp-oregon-coast-101-species-list/","url_text":"\"GORP Oregon Coast 101 Species List « Oregon Sea Grant Sustainable Tourism\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.whentowatchwildlife.org/Index/Habitats/Sea_seashore/Sea_seashore.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sea & seashore\""},{"Link":"http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/facts/marine.htm","external_links_name":"\"Marine Life\""},{"Link":"https://ecowatch.noaa.gov/regions/northeast","external_links_name":"\"Northeast Region \| National Marine Ecosystem Status\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/rlc/pacificcoast/birds.htm","external_links_name":"\"Birds - Pacific Coast Science and Learning Center (U.S. National Park Service)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/rlc/pacificcoast/mammals.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mammals - Pacific Coast Science and Learning Center (U.S. National Park Service)\""},{"Link":"https://tourism.oregonstate.edu/gorp-oregon-coast-101-species-list/","external_links_name":"\"GORP Oregon Coast 101 Species List « Oregon Sea Grant Sustainable Tourism\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bullen	Anne Boleyn	["1 Early years","1.1 The Netherlands and France","2 At the court of Henry VIII: 1522–1533","2.1 Henry's annulment","2.2 Premarital role and marriage","3 Queen of England: 1533–1536","3.1 Struggle for a son","3.2 Strife with the king","4 Downfall and execution: 1536","4.1 Charges of adultery, incest and treason","4.2 Final hours","4.3 Death and burial","5 Recognition and legacy","6 Appearance and portraits","6.1 Holbein sketches","7 Faith and spirituality","8 Legends","9 Issue","10 Ancestry","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","14 Bibliography","15 Further reading","16 External links"]	Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 For other people named Anne Boleyn, see Anne Boleyn (disambiguation). Anne BoleynMarchioness of PembrokeNear contemporary portrait of Anne Boleyn at Hever Castle, c. 1550Queen consort of EnglandTenure28 May 1533 – 17 May 1536Coronation1 June 1533Bornc. 1501 or 1507Blickling Hall, Norfolk, EnglandDied(1536-05-19)19 May 1536 (aged 29 or 35)Tower of London, London, EnglandBurial19 May 1536Church of St Peter ad Vincula, Tower of London, LondonSpouse Henry VIII of England (m. 1533; ann. 1536)IssueElizabeth I of EnglandFamilyBoleynFatherThomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of WiltshireMotherElizabeth HowardSignature Anne Boleyn (/ˈbʊlɪn, bʊˈlɪn/; c. 1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536, as the second wife of King Henry VIII. The circumstances of her marriage and execution by beheading for treason, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that marked the start of the English Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn (later Earl of Wiltshire), and his wife, Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France. Anne returned to England in early 1522, to marry her cousin James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond; the marriage plans were broken off, and instead, she secured a post at court as maid of honour to Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon. Early in 1523, Anne was secretly betrothed to Henry Percy, son of Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland, but the betrothal was broken off when the Earl refused to support it. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey refused the match in January 1524. In February or March 1526, Henry VIII began his pursuit of Anne. She resisted his attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress, as her sister Mary had previously been. Henry focused on annulling his marriage to Catherine, so he would be free to marry Anne. After Wolsey failed to obtain an annulment from Pope Clement VII, it became clear the marriage would not be annulled by the Catholic Church. As a result, Henry and his advisers, such as Thomas Cromwell, began breaking the Church's power in England and closing the monasteries. Henry and Anne formally married on 25 January 1533, after a secret wedding on 14 November 1532. On 23 May 1533, the newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer declared Henry and Catherine's marriage null and void; five days later, he declared Henry and Anne's marriage valid; Clement excommunicated Henry and Cranmer. As a result of the marriage and excommunications, the first break between the Church of England and Catholic Church took place, and the king took control of the Church of England. Anne was crowned queen on 1 June 1533. On 7 September, she gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth I. Henry was disappointed to have a daughter, but hoped a son would follow and professed to love Elizabeth. Anne subsequently had three miscarriages and by March 1536, Henry was courting Jane Seymour. Henry had Anne investigated for high treason in April 1536. On 2 May, she was arrested and sent to the Tower of London, where she was tried before a jury, including Henry Percy, her former betrothed, and her uncle Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk; she was convicted on 15 May and beheaded four days later. Historians view the charges, which included adultery, incest with her brother George, and plotting to kill the king, as unconvincing. After her daughter, Elizabeth, became queen in 1558, Anne became venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of George Wyatt. She has inspired, or been mentioned in, many cultural works and retained her hold on the popular imagination. She has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had", as she provided the occasion for Henry to declare the English Church's independence from the Vatican. Early years Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, later Earl of Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond, and his wife, Elizabeth Howard, who was the eldest daughter of Thomas Howard, then Earl of Surrey and future 2nd Duke of Norfolk, and his first wife Elizabeth Tilney. Anne's date of birth is unknown. As with Anne, it is uncertain when her two siblings were born, but it seems clear that her sister Mary was older than Anne. Mary's children clearly believed their mother was the elder sister. Mary's grandson claimed the Ormond title in 1596 on the basis that she was the elder daughter, which Elizabeth I accepted. Their brother George was born around 1504. Thomas Boleyn, writing in the 1530s, stated that his children were born before the death of his father, William Boleyn, in 1505. Portrait of Anne's elder sister Mary Boleyn, by Remigius van Leemput, c. 1630–1670 The academic debate about Anne's birth date focuses on two key dates: c. 1501 and c. 1507. Eric Ives, a British historian and legal expert, advocates 1501, while Retha Warnicke, an American scholar who has also written a biography of Anne, prefers 1507. The key piece of surviving written evidence is a letter Anne wrote sometime in 1514. She wrote it in French to her father, who was still living in England while Anne was completing her education at Mechelen, in the Burgundian Netherlands, now Belgium. Ives argues that the style of the letter and its mature handwriting prove that Anne must have been about 13 at the time of its composition, while Warnicke argues that the numerous misspellings and grammar errors show that the letter was written by a child. In Ives's view, this would also be around the minimum age that a girl could be a maid of honour, as Anne was to the regent, Margaret of Austria. This is supported by claims of a chronicler from the late 16th century, who wrote that Anne was 20 when she returned from France. These findings are contested by Warnicke in several books and articles, and the evidence does not conclusively support either date. An independent contemporary source supports the 1507 date: William Camden wrote a history of the reign of Elizabeth I and was granted access to the private papers of Lord Burghley and to the state archives. In that history, in the chapter dealing with Elizabeth's early life, he records that Anne was born in 1507. Anne's paternal ancestor, Geoffrey Boleyn, had been a mercer and wool merchant before becoming Lord Mayor. The Boleyn family originally came from Blickling in Norfolk, 15 miles (24 km) north of Norwich. Anne's relatives included the Howards, one of the preeminent families in England; and Anne's ancestors included King Edward I of England. According to Eric Ives, she was certainly of more noble birth than Jane Seymour and Catherine Parr, Henry VIII's other English wives. The spelling of the Boleyn name was variable, as common at the time. Sometimes it was written as Bullen, hence the bull's heads which formed part of her family arms. At the court of Margaret of Austria in the Netherlands, Anne is listed as Boullan. From there she signed the letter to her father as Anna de Boullan. She was also called "Anna Bolina"; this Latinised form is used in most portraits of her. Anne's early education was typical for women of her class. In 1513, she was invited to join the schoolroom of Margaret of Austria and her four wards. Her academic education was limited to arithmetic, her family genealogy, grammar, history, reading, spelling and writing. She also developed domestic skills such as dancing, embroidery, good manners, household management, music, needlework and singing. Anne learned to play games, such as cards, chess and dice. She was also taught archery, falconry, horseback riding and hunting. The Netherlands and France Drawing of Claude of France by Jean Clouet, c. 1520. The wife of Francis I of France, she was served by Anne as maid of honour for nearly seven years. Interior Court of Savoy, Mechelen Anne's father continued his diplomatic career under Henry VIII. In Europe, his charm won many admirers, including Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. During this period, Margaret ruled the Netherlands on her nephew Charles's behalf and was so impressed with Boleyn that she offered his daughter Anne a place in her household. Ordinarily, a girl had to be 12 years old to have such an honour, but Anne may have been younger, as Margaret affectionately called her la petite Boulin . Anne made a good impression in the Netherlands with her manners and studiousness; Margaret reported that she was well spoken and pleasant for her young age, and told Thomas that his daughter was "so presentable and so pleasant, considering her youthful age, that I am more beholden to you for sending her to me, than you to me". Anne stayed at the Court of Savoy in Mechelen from spring 1513 until her father arranged for her to attend Henry VIII's sister Mary, who was about to marry Louis XII of France in October 1514. In France, Anne was a maid of honour to Queen Mary, and then to Mary's 15-year-old stepdaughter Queen Claude, with whom she stayed for nearly seven years. In the Queen's household, she completed her study of French and developed interests in art, fashion, illuminated manuscripts, literature, music, poetry and religious philosophy. Ives asserts that she "owed her evangelicalism to France", studying "reformist books", and Jacques Lefevre's translations into French of the bible and the Pauline epistles. She also acquired knowledge of French culture, dance, etiquette, literature, music and poetry; and gained experience in flirtation and courtly love. Though all knowledge of Anne's experiences in the French court is conjecture, even Ives suggests that she was likely to have made the acquaintance of King Francis I's sister, Marguerite de Navarre, a patron of humanists and reformers. Marguerite de Navarre was also an author in her own right, and her works include elements of Christian mysticism and reform that verged on heresy, though she was protected by her status as the French king's beloved sister. She or her circle may have encouraged Anne's interest in religious reform, as well as in poetry and literature. Anne's education in France proved itself in later years, inspiring many new trends among the ladies and courtiers of England. It may have been instrumental in pressing their King toward England's break with the Papacy. William Forrest, author of a contemporary poem about Catherine of Aragon, complimented Anne's "passing excellent" skill as a dancer. "Here", he wrote, "was fresh young damsel, that could trip and go." At the court of Henry VIII: 1522–1533 Anne was recalled to marry her Irish cousin, James Butler, a man several years older than her, who was living at the English court. The marriage was intended to settle a dispute over the title and estates of the Earldom of Ormond. The 7th Earl of Ormond died in 1515, leaving his daughters, Margaret Boleyn and Anne St Leger, as co-heiresses. In Ireland, the great-great-grandson of the third earl, Sir Piers Butler, contested the will and claimed the earldom himself. He was already in possession of Kilkenny Castle, the earls' ancestral seat. Sir Thomas Boleyn, being the son of the eldest daughter, believed the title properly belonged to him and protested to his brother-in-law, the Duke of Norfolk, who spoke to the king about the matter. Henry, fearful the dispute could ignite civil war in Ireland, sought to resolve the matter by arranging an alliance between Piers's son, James and Anne Boleyn. She would bring her Ormond inheritance as dowry and thus end the dispute. The plan ended in failure, perhaps because Sir Thomas hoped for a grander marriage for his daughter or because he himself coveted the titles. Whatever the reason, the marriage negotiations came to a complete halt. James Butler later married Lady Joan Fitzgerald, daughter and heiress of James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond and Amy O'Brien. King Henry and Anne Boleyn Deer shooting in Windsor Forest by William Powell Frith, 1903 Mary Boleyn, Anne Boleyn's older sister, had been recalled from France in late 1519, ostensibly to end her affairs with the French king and his courtiers. She married William Carey, a minor noble, in February 1520, at Greenwich, with Henry VIII in attendance. Soon after, Mary became the English King's mistress. Historians dispute Henry VIII's paternity of one or both of Mary Boleyn's children born during this marriage. Henry VIII: The King and His Court, by Alison Weir, questions the paternity of Henry Carey; Dr G. W. Bernard (The King's Reformation) and Joanna Denny (Anne Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen) argue that Henry VIII was their father. Henry did not acknowledge either child, but he did recognise his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, by Elizabeth Blount, Lady Talboys. As the daughter of courtier Thomas Boleyn, by New Year 1522 Anne had gained a position at the royal court, as lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine. Her public début at a court event was at the Château Vert (Green Castle) pageant in honour of the imperial ambassadors on 4 March 1522, playing "Perseverance" (one of the dancers in the spectacle, third in precedence behind Henry's sister Mary, and Gertrude Courtenay, Marchioness of Exeter). All wore gowns of white satin embroidered with gold thread. She quickly established herself as one of the most stylish and accomplished women at the court, and soon a number of young men were competing for her. Six wives of Henry VIIIand years of marriagevteCatherine of Aragonm. 1509–1533Anne Boleynm. 1533–1536Jane Seymourm. 1536–1537Anne of Clevesm. 1540Catherine Howardm. 1540–1542Catherine Parrm. 1543–1547 Warnicke writes that Anne was "the perfect woman courtier... her carriage was graceful and her French clothes were pleasing and stylish; she danced with ease, had a pleasant singing voice, played the lute and several other musical instruments well, and spoke French fluently... A remarkable, intelligent, quick-witted young noblewoman... that first drew people into conversation with her and then amused and entertained them. In short, her energy and vitality made her the center of attention in any social gathering". Henry VIII's biographer J. J. Scarisbrick adds that Anne "revelled in" the attention she received from her admirers. During this time, Anne was courted by Henry Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, and entered into a secret betrothal with him. Thomas Wolsey's gentleman usher, George Cavendish, maintained the two had not been lovers. The romance was broken off when Percy's father refused to support their engagement. Wolsey refused the match for several conjectured reasons. According to Cavendish, Anne was sent from court to her family's countryside estates, but it is not known for how long. Upon her return to court, she again entered the service of Catherine of Aragon. Percy was married to Lady Mary Talbot, to whom he had been betrothed since adolescence. Before marrying Henry VIII, Anne had befriended Sir Thomas Wyatt, one of the greatest poets of the Tudor period. In 1520, Wyatt married Elizabeth Cobham, who by many accounts was not a wife of his choosing. In 1525, Wyatt charged his wife with adultery and separated from her; coincidentally, historians believe that it was also the year when his interest in Anne intensified. In 1532, Wyatt accompanied the royal couple to Calais. In 1526, Henry VIII became enamoured of Anne and began his pursuit. Anne was a skilful player at the game of courtly love, which was often played in the antechambers. This may have been how she caught the eye of Henry, who was also an experienced player. Anne resisted Henry's attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress, and often leaving court for the seclusion of Hever Castle. But within a year, he proposed marriage to her, and she accepted. Both assumed an annulment could be obtained within months. There is no evidence to suggest that they engaged in a sexual relationship until very shortly before their marriage; Henry's love letters to Anne suggest that their love affair remained unconsummated for much of their seven-year courtship. Henry's annulment It is probable that Henry had thought of the idea of annulment (not divorce as commonly assumed) much earlier than this as he strongly desired a male heir to secure the Tudor claim to the crown. Before Henry VII ascended the throne, England was beset by civil warfare over rival claims to the crown, and Henry VIII wanted to avoid similar uncertainty over the succession. He and Catherine had no living sons: all Catherine's children except Mary died in infancy. Catherine had first come to England to be bride to Henry's brother Arthur, who died soon after their marriage. Since Spain and England still wanted an alliance, Pope Julius II granted a dispensation for their marriage on the grounds that Catherine was "perchance" (forsum) still a virgin. Catherine and Henry married in 1509 but eventually he became dubious about the marriage's validity, claiming that Catherine's inability to provide an heir was a sign of God's displeasure. His feelings for Anne, and her refusals to become his mistress, probably contributed to Henry's decision that no pope had a right to overrule the Bible. This meant that he had been living in sin with Catherine, although Catherine hotly contested this and refused to concede that her marriage to Arthur had been consummated. It also meant that his daughter Mary was a bastard, and that the new pope (Clement VII) would have to admit the previous pope's mistake and annul the marriage. Henry's quest for an annulment became euphemistically known as the "King's Great Matter". Anne saw an opportunity in Henry's infatuation and the convenient moral quandary. She determined that she would yield to his embraces only as his acknowledged queen. She began to take her place at his side in policy and in state, but not yet in his bed. Scholars and historians hold various opinions as to how deep Anne's commitment to the Reformation was, how much she was perhaps only personally ambitious, and how much she had to do with Henry's defiance of papal power: Ives, Maria Dowling and Joseph S. Block (California State Polytechnic University) are among those who believe that she was a "devout evangelical, eager for reform", whereas Warnicke and George Bernard hold that her religious beliefs were "conventional". There is anecdotal evidence, related to biographer George Wyatt by her former lady-in-waiting Anne Gainsford, that Anne brought to Henry's attention a heretical pamphlet, perhaps Tyndale's The Obedience of a Christian Man or one by Simon Fish called A Supplication for the Beggars, which cried out to monarchs to rein in the evil excesses of the Catholic Church. She was sympathetic to those seeking further reformation of the Church, and actively protected scholars working on English translations of the scriptures. According to Maria Dowling, "Anne tried to educate her waiting-women in scriptural piety" and is believed to have reproved her cousin, Mary Shelton, for "having 'idle poesies' written in her prayer book." In 1528, sweating sickness broke out with great severity. In London, the mortality rate was great and the court was dispersed. Henry left London, frequently changing his residence; Anne Boleyn retreated to the Boleyn residence at Hever Castle, but contracted the illness; her brother-in-law, William Carey, died. Henry sent his own physician to Hever Castle to care for Anne, and shortly afterwards she recovered. Henry was soon absorbed in securing an annulment from Catherine. He set his hopes upon a direct appeal to the Holy See, acting independently of Wolsey, to whom he at first communicated nothing of his plans. In 1527 William Knight, the king's secretary, was sent to Pope Clement VII to sue for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine, on the grounds that the dispensing bull of Julius II permitting him to marry his brother's widow, Catherine, had been obtained under false pretences. Henry also petitioned, in the event of his becoming free, a dispensation to contract a new marriage with any woman even in the first degree of affinity, whether the affinity was contracted by lawful or unlawful connection. This clearly referred to Anne. 16th-century portrait of Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife, by an unidentified English painter As Clement was at that time a prisoner of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, as a result of the Sack of Rome in May 1527, Knight had some difficulty obtaining access. In the end he had to return with a conditional dispensation, which Wolsey insisted was technically insufficient. Henry then had no choice but to put his great matter into Wolsey's hands, who did all he could to secure a decision in Henry's favour, even going so far as to convene an ecclesiastical court in England, with a special emissary, Lorenzo Campeggio, from Clement to decide the matter. But Clement had not empowered his deputy to make a decision. He was still Charles V's hostage, and Charles V was loyal to his aunt Catherine. The pope forbade Henry to contract a new marriage until a decision was reached in Rome, not in England. Convinced that Wolsey's loyalties lay with the pope, not England, Anne, as well as Wolsey's many enemies, ensured his dismissal from public office in 1529. Cavendish, Wolsey's chamberlain, records that the servants who waited on the king and Anne at dinner in 1529 in Grafton heard her say that the dishonour Wolsey had brought upon the realm would have cost any other Englishman his head. Henry replied, "Why then I perceive...you are not the Cardinal's friend.". Henry finally agreed to Wolsey's arrest on grounds of praemunire. Had it not been for his death from illness in 1530, Wolsey might have been executed for treason. In 1531 (two years before Henry's marriage to Anne), Catherine was banished from court and her rooms given to Anne. Public support remained with Catherine. One evening, in the autumn of 1531, Anne was dining at a manor house on the River Thames and was almost seized by a crowd of angry women. Anne just managed to escape by boat. When Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham died in 1532, the Boleyn family chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, was appointed, with papal approval. In 1532, Thomas Cromwell brought before Parliament a number of acts, including the Supplication against the Ordinaries and Submission of the Clergy, which recognised royal supremacy over the church, thus finalising the break with Rome. Following these acts, Thomas More resigned as Chancellor, leaving Cromwell as Henry's chief minister. Premarital role and marriage Even before her marriage, Anne Boleyn was able to grant petitions, receive diplomats and give patronage, and had an influence over Henry to plead the cause of foreign diplomats. During this period, Anne played an important role in England's international position by solidifying an alliance with France. She established an excellent rapport with the French ambassador, Gilles de la Pommeraie. On 1 September 1532, Henry granted Anne the Marquessate of Pembroke, an appropriate peerage for a future queen (and, as a former lady-in-waiting at the French court, a necessary mark of her status before Anne and Henry attended a meeting with the French king Francis I at Calais in winter 1532—Henry hoped to enlist Francis's public support for the intended marriage). Henry performed the investiture himself, with de la Pommeraie as guest of honour. The conference at Calais was a political triumph, but even though the French government gave implicit support for Henry's remarriage and Francis I had a private conference with Anne, the French king maintained alliances with the Pope that he could not explicitly defy. Portrait of Henry VIII by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1537 Anne's family also profited from the relationship. Her father, already Viscount Rochford, was created Earl of Wiltshire. Henry also came to an arrangement with Anne's Irish cousin and created him Earl of Ormond. At the magnificent banquet to celebrate her father's elevation, Anne took precedence over the Duchesses of Suffolk and Norfolk, seated in the place of honour beside the king that was usually occupied by the queen. Thanks to Anne's intervention, her widowed sister Mary received an annual pension of £100 (although later, when Mary remarried, Anne was to countermand this) and Mary's son, Henry Carey, was educated at the prestigious Brigettine nunnery of Syon Abbey. Anne arranged for Nicholas Bourbon, exiled from France for his support for religious reform, to be Henry's tutor there. Soon after returning to Dover, Henry and Anne married in a secret ceremony on 14 November 1532. She soon became pregnant and as the first wedding was considered to be unlawful at the time, a second wedding service, also private in accordance with the precedents established in The Royal Book, took place in London on 25 January 1533. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer (who had been hastened, with the Pope's assent, into the position of Archbishop of Canterbury recently vacated by the death of Warham) sat in judgement at a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the validity of Henry's marriage to Catherine. He declared it null and void. Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne good and valid. vte Family tree of the wives of Henry VIII King Henry VIII and all six of his wives were related through a common ancestor, King Edward I of England. 1239–1307Edward IKing of Englandr. 1272–1307 b. 1275MargaretDuchess of Brabantc. 1282–1316ElizabethCountess of Hereford1284–1327Edward IIKing of Englandr. 1307–1327 1300–1355John IIIDuke of Brabant1312–1360William de BohunEarl of Northampton1312–1377Edward IIIKing of Englandr. 1327–1377 1323–1380Margaret of BrabantCountess of Flanders1338–1368Lionel of AntwerpDuke of Clarence1340–1399John of GauntDuke of Lancaster 1350–1405Margaret IIICountess of Flandersc. 1350–1385Elizabeth FitzalanCountess of Arundel1355–1382PhilippaCountess of Ulster 1371–1419JohnDuke of Burgundy1366–1425Elizabeth FitzalanDuchess of Norfolk1371–1417Elizabeth Mortimer1374–1398Roger MortimerEarl of Marchc. 1371–1410John BeaufortEarl of Somerset1373–1418CatherineQueen of Castilec. 1379–1440Joan BeaufortCountess of Westmorland 1393–1466MaryDuchess of Clevesb. 1388Margaret de Mowbrayc. 1395–1436ElizabethBaroness de Clifford1388–c. 1411Anne de Mortimer1404–1444John BeaufortDuke of Somerset1405–1454John IIKing of Castile1400–1460Richard NevilleEarl of Salisbury 1419–1481John IDuke of Clevesc. 1425–1485John HowardDuke of NorfolkMary Clifford1411–1460RichardDuke of Yorkb. c. 1430Alice NevilleBaroness FitzHugh of Ravensworth 1458–1521John IIDuke of Cleves1443–1524Thomas HowardDuke of Norfolkc. 1448–1499/1501Henry Wentworth1442–1483Edward IVKing of Englandr. 1461–1470r. 1470–14831441/43–1509Margaret Beaufort1451–1504Isabella IQueen of Castilec. 1455/1465–bef. 1507Elizabeth FitzHughLady Parr of Kendal 1490–1538/1539John IIIDuke of Clevesc. 1478–1539Edmund Howardc. 1480–1536Elizabeth BoleynCountess of Wiltshirec. 1478–1550Margery Wentworth1466–1503Elizabeth of York1457–1509Henry VIIKing of Englandr. 1485–1509c. 1483–1517Sir Thomas Parr 1515–1557Anne of Cleves4th wife:1540c. 1524–1542Catherine Howard5th wife:1540–1542c. 1507–1536Anne Boleyn2nd wife:1533–1536c. 1508–1537Jane Seymour3rd wife:1536–15371491–1547Henry VIIIKing of Englandr. 1509–15471485–1536Catherine of Aragon1st wife:1509–15331512–1548Catherine Parr6th wife:1543–1547 1533–1603Elizabeth IQueen of Englandr. 1558–16031537–1553Edward VIKing of Englandr. 1547–15531516–1558Mary IQueen of Englandr. 1553–1558 Queen of England: 1533–1536 Anne Boleyn's coat of arms as queen consort Bishop John Fisher, by Hans Holbein the Younger. Fisher refused to recognise Henry's marriage to Anne. Catherine was formally stripped of her title as queen and Anne was consequently crowned queen consort on 1 June 1533 in a magnificent ceremony at Westminster Abbey with a banquet afterwards. She was the last queen consort of England to be crowned separately from her husband. Unlike any other queen consort, Anne was crowned with St Edward's Crown, which had previously been used to crown only monarchs. Historian Alice Hunt suggests that this was done because Anne's pregnancy was visible by then and the child was presumed to be male. On the previous day, Anne had taken part in an elaborate procession through the streets of London seated in a litter of "white cloth of gold" that rested on two palfreys clothed to the ground in white damask, while the barons of the Cinque Ports held a canopy of cloth of gold over her head. In accordance with tradition, she wore white, and on her head, a gold coronet beneath which her long dark hair hung down freely. The public's response to her appearance was lukewarm. Meanwhile, the House of Commons had forbidden all appeals to Rome and exacted the penalties of praemunire against all who introduced papal bulls into England. It was only then that Pope Clement, at last, took the step of announcing a provisional excommunication of Henry and Cranmer. He condemned the marriage to Anne, and in March 1534 declared the marriage to Catherine legal and again ordered Henry to return to her. Henry now required his subjects to swear an oath attached to the First Succession Act, which effectively rejected papal authority in legal matters and recognised Anne Boleyn as queen. Those who refused, such as Sir Thomas More, who had resigned as Lord Chancellor, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, were placed in the Tower of London. In late 1534 parliament declared Henry "the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England". The Church in England was now under Henry's control, not Rome's. On 14 May 1534, in one of the realm's first official acts protecting Protestant Reformers, Anne wrote a letter to Thomas Cromwell seeking his aid in ensuring that English merchant Richard Herman be reinstated a member of the merchant adventurers in Antwerp and no longer persecuted simply because he had helped in "setting forth of the New testament in English". Before and after her coronation, Anne protected and promoted evangelicals and those wishing to study the scriptures of William Tyndale. She had a decisive role in influencing the Protestant reformer Matthew Parker to attend court as her chaplain, and before her death entrusted her daughter to Parker's care. Struggle for a son After her coronation, Anne settled into a quiet routine at the king's favourite residence, Greenwich Palace, to prepare for the birth of her baby. The child was a girl, born slightly prematurely on 7 September 1533. She was christened Elizabeth, probably in honour of either Anne's mother Elizabeth Howard or Henry's mother Elizabeth of York, or both. The birth of a girl was a heavy blow to her parents, who had confidently expected a boy. All but one of the royal physicians and astrologers had predicted a son and the French king had been asked to stand as his godfather. Now the prepared letters announcing the birth of a prince had an s hastily added to them to read princes and the traditional jousting tournament for the birth of an heir was cancelled. Greenwich Palace, also known as the Palace of Placentia, after a 17th-century drawing The infant princess was given a splendid christening, but Anne feared that Catherine's daughter Mary, now stripped of her title of princess and labelled a bastard, posed a threat to Elizabeth's position. Henry soothed his wife's fears by separating Mary from her many servants and sending her to live at Hatfield House, where Elizabeth would also reside with her own sizeable staff of servants as the country air was thought better for the baby's health. Anne frequently visited her daughter at Hatfield and other residences. The new queen had a larger staff of servants than Catherine. There were more than 250 servants to tend to her personal needs, from priests to stable boys, and more than 60 maids-of-honour who served her and accompanied her to social events. She also employed several priests to act as her confessors, chaplains and religious advisers. One of these was Matthew Parker, who became one of the chief architects of Anglican thought during the reign of Anne's daughter, Elizabeth I. Strife with the king Henry's reconciliation with Anne Boleyn, by George Cruikshank, 19th century The king and his new queen enjoyed a reasonably happy accord with periods of calm and affection. Anne's sharp intelligence, political acumen and forward manner, although desirable in a mistress, were at the time unacceptable in a wife. She was once reported to have spoken to her uncle in words that "shouldn't be used to a dog". After a stillbirth or miscarriage as early as Christmas 1534, Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the possibility of divorcing her without having to return to Catherine. Nothing came of the matter as the royal couple reconciled and spent the summer of 1535 on progress, visiting Gloucester and hunting in the local countryside. By October, she was again pregnant. Anne presided over a court within the royal household. She spent lavish amounts of money on gowns, jewels, head-dresses, ostrich-feather fans, riding equipment, furniture and upholstery, maintaining the ostentatious display required by her status. Numerous palaces were renovated to suit the extravagant tastes she and Henry shared. Her motto was "The most happy", and she chose a white falcon as her personal device. Anne was blamed for Henry's tyranny and called by some of her subjects "the king's whore" or a "naughty paike ". Public opinion turned further against her after the marriage produced no male heir. It sank even lower after the executions of her enemies More and Fisher. Downfall and execution: 1536 Shortly after Anne's execution, Jane Seymour became Henry's third wife. On 8 January 1536, news of Catherine of Aragon's death reached Anne and the king, who was overjoyed. The following day, Henry wore yellow, a symbol of joy and celebration in England but of mourning in Spain, from head to toe, and celebrated Catherine's death with festivities. With Catherine dead, Anne attempted to make peace with Mary. Mary rebuffed Anne's overtures, perhaps because of rumours circulating that Catherine had been poisoned by Anne or Henry. These began after the discovery during her embalming that Catherine's heart was blackened. Modern medical experts are in agreement that this was not the result of poisoning, but from heart cancer, the cause of her death and an extremely rare condition that was not understood at the time. Queen Anne, pregnant again, was aware of the dangers if she failed to give birth to a son. With Catherine dead, Henry would be free to marry without any taint of illegality. At this time, Henry began paying court to one of Anne's maids-of-honour, Jane Seymour, and allegedly gave her a locket containing a portrait miniature of himself. While wearing this locket in the presence of Anne, Jane began opening and closing it. Anne responded by ripping the locket off Jane's neck with such force that her fingers bled. Later that month, the king was unhorsed in a tournament and knocked unconscious for two hours, a worrying incident that Anne believed led to her miscarriage five days later. Another possible cause of the miscarriage was an incident in which, upon entering a room, Anne saw Jane Seymour sitting on Henry's lap and flew into a rage. Whatever the cause, on the day that Catherine of Aragon was buried at Peterborough Abbey, Anne miscarried a baby which, according to the imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys, she had borne for about three and a half months, and which "seemed to be a male child". Chapuys commented "She has miscarried of her saviour." In Chapuys's opinion, this loss was the beginning of the end of the royal marriage. Given Henry's desperate desire for a son, the sequence of Anne's pregnancies has attracted much interest. Mike Ashley speculated that Anne had two stillborn children after Elizabeth's birth and before the male child she miscarried in 1536. Gynaecologist John Dewhurst studied the sequence of the birth of Elizabeth in September 1533 and the series of reported miscarriages that followed, including the miscarriage of a male child of almost four months' gestation in January 1536, and postulates that, instead of a series of miscarriages, Anne was experiencing pseudocyesis, a condition "occur in women desperate to prove their fertility". As Anne recovered from her miscarriage, Henry declared that he had been seduced into the marriage by means of "sortileges" – a French term indicating either "deception" or "spells". His new favourite Jane Seymour was quickly moved into royal quarters at Greenwich; Jane's brother Edward and his wife, for the sake of propriety, moved with her. This was followed by Anne's brother George Boleyn being refused the prestigious honour of the Order of the Garter, given instead to Sir Nicholas Carew. Charges of adultery, incest and treason Thomas Cromwell, Anne's one-time strong ally, with whom she clashed over foreign policy and the redistribution of church wealth. Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1532. Anne's biographer Eric Ives believes that her fall and execution were primarily engineered by her former ally Thomas Cromwell. The conversations between Chapuys and Cromwell indicate Cromwell as the instigator of the plot to remove Anne; evidence of this is seen through letters written from Chapuys to Charles V. Anne argued with Cromwell over the redistribution of Church revenues and over foreign policy. She advocated that revenues be distributed to charitable and educational institutions; and she favoured a French alliance. Cromwell preferred an imperial alliance and insisted on filling the king's depleted coffers. For these reasons, Ives suggests, "Anne Boleyn had become a major threat to Thomas Cromwell." Cromwell's biographer John Schofield, on the other hand, contends that no power struggle existed between Anne and Cromwell and that "not a trace can be found of a Cromwellian conspiracy against Anne ... Cromwell became involved in the royal marital drama only when Henry ordered him onto the case." Schofield claims that evidence for the power struggle between Anne and Cromwell comprises no more than "fly-by-night stories from Alesius and the Spanish Chronicle, words of Chapuys taken out of context, and an untrustworthy translation of the Calendar of State Papers." Cromwell did not manufacture the accusations of adultery, though he and other officials used them to bolster Henry's case against Anne. Warnicke questions whether Cromwell could have or wished to manipulate the king in such a matter. Such a bold attempt by Cromwell, given the limited evidence, could have risked his office, even his life. Henry himself issued the crucial instructions: his officials, including Cromwell, carried them out. The result was by modern standards a legal travesty; however, the rules of the time were not bent in order to assure a conviction; there was no need to tamper with rules that guaranteed the desired result since law at the time was an engine of state, not a mechanism for justice. Towards the end of April, a Flemish musician in Anne's service named Mark Smeaton was arrested. He initially denied being the queen's lover but later confessed, perhaps after being tortured or promised freedom. Another courtier, Sir Henry Norris, was arrested on May Day, but being an aristocrat, could not be tortured. Prior to his arrest, Norris was treated kindly by the king, who offered him his own horse to use on the May Day festivities. It seems likely that during the festivities, the king was notified of Smeaton's confession and it was shortly thereafter the alleged conspirators were arrested upon his orders. Norris denied his guilt and swore that Queen Anne was innocent; one of the most damaging pieces of evidence against Norris was an overheard conversation with Anne at the end of April, where she accused him of coming often to her chambers not to pay court to her lady-in-waiting Madge Shelton but to herself. Sir Francis Weston was arrested two days later on the same charge, as was Sir William Brereton, a groom of the king's Privy Chamber. Sir Thomas Wyatt, a poet and friend of the Boleyns who was allegedly infatuated with her before her marriage to the king, was also imprisoned for the same charge but later released, most likely due to his or his family's friendship with Cromwell. Sir Richard Page was also accused of having a sexual relationship with the queen, but he was acquitted of all charges after further investigation could not implicate him with Anne. The final accused was Queen Anne's own brother, George Boleyn, arrested on charges of incest and treason. He was accused of two incidents of incest: November 1535 at Whitehall and the following month at Eltham. On 2 May 1536 Anne was arrested and taken to the Tower of London. In the Tower, she collapsed, demanding to know the location of her father and "swete broder", as well as the charges against her. The charge was treason, in that she and the other defendants had intended Henry's death: the shock of the news of her adultery was alleged to have put his life at risk. Anne was by taken by barge from Greenwich to The Tower and lodged in the royal apartments. In what is reputed to be her last letter to Henry, dated 6 May, she wrote: Sir, Your Grace's displeasure, and my imprisonment are things so strange unto me, as what to write, or what to excuse, I am altogether ignorant. Whereas you send unto me (willing me to confess a truth, and so obtain your favour) by such an one, whom you know to be my ancient professed enemy. I no sooner received this message by him, than I rightly conceived your meaning; and if, as you say, confessing a truth indeed may procure my safety, I shall with all willingness and duty perform your demand. But let not your Grace ever imagine, that your poor wife will ever be brought to acknowledge a fault, where not so much as a thought thereof preceded. And to speak a truth, never prince had wife more loyal in all duty, and in all true affection, than you have ever found in Anne Boleyn: with which name and place I could willingly have contented myself, if God and your Grace's pleasure had been so pleased. Neither did I at any time so far forget myself in my exaltation or received Queenship, but that I always looked for such an alteration as I now find; for the ground of my preferment being on no surer foundation than your Grace's fancy, the least alteration I knew was fit and sufficient to draw that fancy to some other object. You have chosen me, from a low estate, to be your Queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire. If then you found me worthy of such honour, good your Grace let not any light fancy, or bad council of mine enemies, withdraw your princely favour from me; neither let that stain, that unworthy stain, of a disloyal heart toward your good grace, ever cast so foul a blot on your most dutiful wife, and the infant-princess your daughter. Try me, good king, but let me have a lawful trial, and let not my sworn enemies sit as my accusers and judges; yea let me receive an open trial, for my truth shall fear no open flame; then shall you see either my innocence cleared, your suspicion and conscience satisfied, the ignominy and slander of the world stopped, or my guilt openly declared. So that whatsoever God or you may determine of me, your grace may be freed of an open censure, and mine offense being so lawfully proved, your grace is at liberty, both before God and man, not only to execute worthy punishment on me as an unlawful wife, but to follow your affection, already settled on that party, for whose sake I am now as I am, whose name I could some good while since have pointed unto, your Grace being not ignorant of my suspicion therein. But if you have already determined of me, and that not only my death, but an infamous slander must bring you the enjoying of your desired happiness; then I desire of God, that he will pardon your great sin therein, and likewise mine enemies, the instruments thereof, and that he will not call you to a strict account of your unprincely and cruel usage of me, at his general judgment-seat, where both you and myself must shortly appear, and in whose judgment I doubt not (whatsoever the world may think of me) mine innocence shall be openly known, and sufficiently cleared. My last and only request shall be, that myself may only bear the burden of your Grace's displeasure, and that it may not touch the innocent souls of those poor gentlemen, who (as I understand) are likewise in strait imprisonment for my sake. If ever I found favour in your sight, if ever the name of Anne Boleyn hath been pleasing in your ears, then let me obtain this request, and I will so leave to trouble your Grace any further, with mine earnest prayers to the Trinity to have your Grace in his good keeping, and to direct you in all your actions. From my doleful prison in the Tower, this sixth of May; Your most loyal and ever faithful wife, Anne Boleyn. Four of the accused men were tried in Westminster on 12 May 1536. Weston, Brereton and Norris publicly maintained their innocence and only Smeaton supported the Crown by pleading guilty. Three days later, Anne and George Boleyn were tried separately in the Tower of London, before a jury of 27 peers. She was accused of adultery, incest, and high treason. The treason alleged against her (after Cromwell had used the nine days of her imprisonment to develop his case) was that of plotting the king's death, with her "lovers", so that she might later marry Henry Norris. Anne's one-time betrothed, Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland, sat on the jury that unanimously found Anne guilty. When the verdict was announced, he collapsed and had to be carried from the courtroom. He died childless eight months later and was succeeded by his nephew. On 17 May, Cranmer declared Anne's marriage to Henry null and void. Final hours Anne Boleyn in the Tower by Édouard Cibot (1799–1877) The accused were found guilty and condemned to death. George Boleyn and the other accused men were executed on 17 May 1536. William Kingston, the Constable of the Tower, reported that Anne seemed very happy and ready to be done with life. Henry commuted Anne's sentence from burning to beheading, and rather than have a queen beheaded with the common axe, he brought an expert swordsman from Saint-Omer in France to perform the execution. An anonymous manuscript of a poem O Death Rock Me Asleep that came into the possession of prolific 18th-century author John Hawkins, and now in the British Museum, was thought to be in the style of "the time of Henry VIII". On this weak premise, Hawkins conjectured that the writer was "very probabl" Anne Boleyn, writing after her conviction. Defiled is my Name, a similar lament, is also attributed to Anne. According to Ives, she could not have produced any such writings while under the scrutiny of the ladies set to watch over her in the Tower. Mary Joiner of the Royal Musical Association examined the BM documents and concluded that the attributions, although held in wide belief, are no more than an "improbable legend". On the morning of 19 May, Kingston wrote: This morning she sent for me, that I might be with her at such time as she received the good Lord, to the intent I should hear her speak as touching her innocency alway to be clear. And in the writing of this she sent for me, and at my coming she said, "Mr. Kingston, I hear I shall not die afore noon, and I am very sorry therefore, for I thought to be dead by this time and past my pain." I told her it should be no pain, it was so little. And then she said, "I heard say the executioner was very good, and I have a little neck," and then put her hands about it, laughing heartily. I have seen many men and also women executed, and that they have been in great sorrow, and to my knowledge this lady has much joy in death. Sir, her almoner is continually with her, and had been since two o'clock after midnight. Shortly before dawn, she called Kingston to hear mass with her and swore in his presence, on the eternal salvation of her soul and upon the Holy Sacraments, that she had never been unfaithful to the king. She ritually repeated this oath immediately before and after receiving the sacrament of the Eucharist. On the morning of Friday 19 May, Anne was taken to a scaffold erected on the north side of the White Tower. She wore a red petticoat under a loose, dark grey gown of damask trimmed in fur, and a mantle of ermine. Accompanied by two female attendants, Anne made her final walk from the Queen's House to the scaffold; she showed a "devilish spirit" and looked "as gay as if she was not going to die". She climbed the scaffold and made a short speech to the crowd: Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord. And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best. And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me. O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul. This version of her speech is found in Foxe's Actes and Monuments. Lancelot de Carle, a secretary to the French Ambassador, Antoine de Castelnau, was in London in May 1536, and was an eyewitness to her trial and execution. Two weeks after Anne's death, de Carle composed the 1,318-line poem Épistre Contenant le Procès Criminel Faict à l'Encontre de la Royne Anne Boullant d'Angleterre (A Letter Containing the Criminal Charges Laid Against Queen Anne Boleyn of England), which provides a moving account of her last words and their effect on the crowd: She gracefully addressed the people from the scaffold with a voice somewhat overcome by weakness, but which gathered strength as she went on. She begged her hearers to forgive her if she had not used them all with becoming gentleness, and asked for their prayers. It was needless, she said, to relate why she was there, but she prayed the Judge of all the world to have compassion on those who had condemned her, and she begged them to pray for the king, in whom she had always found great kindness, fear of God, and love of his subjects. The spectators could not refrain from tears. It is thought that Anne avoided criticising Henry because she wished to save Elizabeth and her family from further consequences, but even under such extreme pressure, she did not confess guilt and indeed subtly implied her innocence in her appeal to those who might "meddle of my cause". Death and burial Thomas Cranmer, Anne's sole supporter in the council The ermine mantle was removed, and Anne lifted off her headdress and tucked her hair under a coif. After a brief farewell to her weeping ladies and a request for prayers, she knelt down; one of the ladies tied a blindfold over Anne's eyes. She knelt upright, in the French style of beheadings. Her final prayer consisted of her continually repeating, "Jesu receive my soul; O Lord God have pity on my soul." The execution, which consisted of a single stroke, was witnessed by Thomas Cromwell; Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk; the king's illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy; and the Lord Mayor of London, as well as aldermen, sheriffs and representatives of the various craft guilds. Most of the King's Council was also present. Cranmer, who was at Lambeth Palace, reportedly broke down in tears after telling Alexander Ales, "She who has been the Queen of England on earth will today become a Queen in heaven." When the charges were first brought against Anne, Cranmer had expressed his astonishment to Henry and his belief that "she should not be culpable". Anne Boleyn's grave marker Cranmer felt vulnerable because of his closeness to the queen; on the night before the execution, he declared Henry's marriage to Anne to have been void, like Catherine's before her. He made no serious attempt to save Anne's life, although some sources record that he had prepared her for death by hearing her last private confession of sins, in which she had stated her innocence before God. On the day of the execution, a Scottish friend found Cranmer weeping uncontrollably in his London gardens, saying that he was sure that Anne had now gone to Heaven. She was buried in an unmarked grave in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula at the Tower of London. Her skeleton was identified during renovations of the chapel in 1876, in the reign of Queen Victoria, and reinterred there in 1877. Her grave is now clearly marked on the marble floor, although the historian Alison Weir believes that the bones identified as belonging to Anne might in fact be those of Catherine Howard. Recognition and legacy See also: Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Nicholas Sander, a Catholic recusant born c. 1530, was committed to deposing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism in England. In his De Origine ac Progressu schismatis Anglicani (The Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism), published in 1585, he was the first to write that Anne had six fingers on her right hand. Since physical deformities were generally interpreted as a sign of evil, it is unlikely that Anne Boleyn would have gained Henry's romantic attention had she had any. Upon exhumation in 1876, no abnormalities were discovered. Her frame was described as delicate, approximately 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m), "the hand and feet bones indicated delicate and well-shaped hands and feet, with tapering fingers and a narrow foot". Anne Boleyn was described by contemporaries as intelligent and gifted in musical arts and scholarly pursuits. She was also strong-willed and proud, and often quarrelled with Henry. Biographer Eric Ives evaluates the apparent contradictions in Anne's persona: To us she appears inconsistent—religious yet aggressive, calculating yet emotional, with the light touch of the courtier yet the strong grip of the politician—but is this what she was, or merely what we strain to see through the opacity of the evidence? As for her inner life, short of a miraculous cache of new material, we shall never really know. Yet what does come to us across the centuries is the impression of a person who is strangely appealing to the early 21st century: A woman in her own right—taken on her own terms in a man's world; a woman who mobilised her education, her style and her presence to outweigh the disadvantages of her sex; of only moderate good looks, but taking a court and a king by storm. Perhaps, in the end, it is Thomas Cromwell's assessment that comes nearest: intelligence, spirit and courage. Following the coronation of her daughter as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe, who argued that Anne had saved England from the evils of Roman Catholicism and that God had provided proof of her innocence and virtue by making sure her daughter Elizabeth I ascended the throne. An example of Anne's direct influence in the reformed church is what Alexander Ales described to Queen Elizabeth as the "evangelical bishops whom your holy mother appointed from among those scholars who favoured the purer doctrine". Over the centuries, Anne has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. As a result, she has remained in the popular memory and has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had." Appearance and portraits Copy from a lost original at National Portrait Gallery, London Anne's appearance has been much discussed by historians, as all of her portraits were destroyed following an order by Henry VIII, who wanted to erase her from history. Many surviving depictions of her may be copies of a lost original that apparently existed as late as 1773. One of the only contemporary likenesses of Anne was captured on a medal referred to as "The Moost Happi Medal" which was struck in 1536, probably to celebrate her pregnancy which occurred around that time. The other possible portrait of Anne was a secret locket ring that her daughter Elizabeth I possessed and was taken from one of her fingers at her death in 1603. Nidd Hall Portrait currently unidentified Another possible portrait of Anne was discovered in 2015 painted by artist Nidd Hall. Some scholars believe that it portrays Anne because it resembles the 1536 medal more than any other depiction. However, others believe that it is actually a portrait of her successor Jane Seymour. Holbein sketches A sketch by Holbein, depicting Anne Boleyn Sketch headed with Anne's name Hans Holbein originally painted Anne's portrait and also sketched her during her lifetime. There are two surviving sketches that have been identified to be of Anne, by historians and people who knew her. Most scholars believe that Anne cannot be one of the two, as the portrayals do not look similar to each other, whilst others think that they do show the same woman but in one sketch she is pregnant, whilst in the other she is not. She was considered brilliant, charming, driven, elegant, forthright and graceful, with a keen wit and a lively, opinionated and passionate personality. Anne was depicted as "sweet and cheerful" in her youth and enjoyed cards and dice games, drinking wine, French cuisine, flirting, gambling, gossiping and good jokes. She was fond of archery, falconry, hunting and the occasional game of bowls. She also had a sharp tongue and a terrible temper. Anne exerted a powerful charm on those who met her, though opinions differed on her attractiveness. The Venetian diarist Marino Sanuto, who saw Anne when Henry VIII met Francis I at Calais in October 1532, described her as "not one of the handsomest women in the world; she is of middling stature, swarthy complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much raised ... eyes, which are black and beautiful". Simon Grynée wrote to Martin Bucer in September 1531 that Anne was "young, good-looking, of a rather dark complexion". Lancelot de Carle called her "beautiful with an elegant figure", and a Venetian in Paris in 1528 also reported that she was said to be beautiful. The most influential description of Anne, but also the least reliable, was written by the Catholic propagandist and polemicist Nicholas Sander in 1586, half a century after Anne's death: Anne Boleyn was rather tall of stature, with black hair, and an oval face of a sallow complexion, as if troubled with jaundice. It is said she had a projecting tooth under the upper lip, and on her right hand six fingers. There was a large wen under her chin, and therefore to hide its ugliness she wore a high dress covering her throat ... She was handsome to look at, with a pretty mouth. As Sander held Anne responsible for Henry VIII's rejection of the Catholic Church he was keen to demonise her. Sander's description contributed to what Ives calls the "monster legend" of Anne Boleyn. Though his details were fictitious, they have formed the basis for references to Anne's appearance even in some modern textbooks. Faith and spirituality Because of Anne's early exposure to court life, she had powerful influences around her for most of her life. These early influences were mostly women who were engaged with art, history and religion. Eric Ives described the women around Anne as "aristocratic women seeking spiritual fulfillment". They included Queen Claude, of whose court Anne was a member, and Marguerite of Angoulême, who was a well-known figure during the Renaissance and held strong religious views that she expressed through poetry. These women along with Anne's immediate family members, such as her father, may have had a large influence on Anne's personal faith. Anne's experience in France made her a devout Christian in the new tradition of Renaissance humanism. Anne knew little Latin and, trained at a French court, she was influenced by an "evangelical variety of French humanism", which led her to champion the vernacular Bible. She later held the reformist position that the papacy was a corrupting influence on Christianity, but her conservative tendencies could be seen in her devotion to the Virgin Mary. Anne's European education ended in 1521, when her father summoned her back to England. She sailed from Calais in January 1522. Another clue to Anne's personal faith could be found in Anne's book of hours, in which she wrote, "le temps viendra" . Alongside this inscription, she drew an armillary sphere, an emblem (also used by her daughter Elizabeth) representing contemplation of heavenly wisdom. Anne Boleyn's last words before her beheading were a prayer for her salvation, her king, and her country. She said, "Good Christian people! I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law, I am judged to death; and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I come hither to accuse no man, nor to any thing of that whereof I am accused and condemned to die; but I pray God save the king, and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler, or a more merciful prince was there never; and to me he was ever a good, a gentle, and a sovereign lord." John Foxe, martyrologist, included Anne in his book, Foxe's Book of Martyrs, claiming she was a good woman who had sincere faith and trust in her God. Foxe also believed a sign of Anne's good faith was God's blessing on her daughter, Elizabeth I, and God allowing Elizabeth to prosper as queen. St Mary's Church, Erwarton, Suffolk, where Boleyn's heart was allegedly buried Legends Many legends and stories about Anne Boleyn have existed over the centuries. One is that she was secretly buried in Salle Church in Norfolk under a black slab near the tombs of her ancestors. Her body was said to have rested in an Essex church on its journey to Norfolk. Another is that her heart, at her request, was buried in Erwarton (Arwarton) Church, Suffolk by her uncle Sir Philip Parker. In 18th-century Sicily, the peasants of the village of Nicolosi believed that Anne Boleyn, for having made Henry VIII a heretic, was condemned to burn for eternity inside Mount Etna. This legend was often told for the benefit of foreign travellers. A number of people have claimed to have seen Anne's ghost at Hever Castle, Blickling Hall, Salle Church, the Tower of London and Marwell Hall. One account of her reputed sighting was given by paranormal researcher Hans Holzer. In 1864, Captain (later Major General) J. D. Dundas of the 60th Rifles regiment was billeted in the Tower of London. As he was looking out the window of his quarters, he noticed a guard below in the courtyard, in front of the lodgings where Anne had been imprisoned, behaving strangely. He appeared to challenge something, which to Dundas "looked like a whitish, female figure sliding towards the soldier". The guard charged through the form with his bayonet, then fainted. Only the captain's testimony and corroboration at the court-martial saved the guard from a lengthy prison sentence for having fainted while on duty. Issue Name Birth Death Notes Elizabeth I 7 September 1533 24 March 1603 Never married, no issue Miscarriage or false pregnancy Christmas 1534 Miscarried son 1535 Miscarried son 29 January 1536 Ancestry Ancestors of Anne Boleyn 8. Geoffrey Boleyn 4. William Boleyn 9. Anne Hoo 2. Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire 10. Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond 5. Lady Margaret Butler 11. Anne Hankford 1. Anne Boleyn 12. John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk 6. Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 13. Katherine Moleyns 3. Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire 14. Frederick Tilney 7. Elizabeth Tilney, Countess of Surrey 15. Elizabeth Cheney (1422–1473) See also Biography portalEngland portalChristianity portal Bring Up the Bodies, a book by Hilary Mantel (2012) Anna Bolena, an opera by Gaetano Donizetti with lyrics by Felice Romani (1830) Anne of the Thousand Days, a 1969 film distributed by Universal Pictures based on the stage play by Maxwell Anderson "With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm", a darkly humorous song about Anne's ghost The Other Boleyn Girl, a book by Philippa Gregory later adapted into a 2008 film which has Mary's sister Anne as one of the main characters. An earlier television adaptation of the book was made by the BBC in 2003. The Boleyn Heresy: The Time Will Come by Kathleen McGowan, a novel about a 21st century researcher into the life of Anne Boleyn seeking to exonerate her reputation. Notes ^ Anne Boleyn's marriage to Henry VIII was annulled on 17 May 1536, two days before her execution. ^ Historian Amy Licence notes that surviving examples of Burghley's handwriting show that he would use a long lead-in stroke for the number "1", so that it could be mistaken for a "7". ^ The rooms had previously been occupied by the king's secretary, Thomas Cromwell, and were connected to those of the king by hidden passageways. ^ The Spanish Chronicle was an unreliable contemporary account based on "hearsay and rumour" by an unknown author. One passage describes how the musician Mark Smeaton was supposedly hidden, naked, in Anne's confectionery cupboard and smuggled into her bedroom by a waiting-woman. One Thomas Percy, another member of Anne's household, became jealous and reported the affair to Cromwell. ^ Eric Ives points out that the king, amusing himself with Jane Seymour, was far from perturbed by any news of Anne's activities. The other strand of the indictment, that adultery with the queen was a treasonable offence, had to be twisted to fit Cromwell's purported facts because this was a moral offence only, triable exclusively in the church courts. ^ A copy of this letter was found among the papers of the king's secretary, Thomas Cromwell, after his execution. References ^ "Doubts raised over Anne Boleyn portraits". Hever Castle. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ Spender, Anna. "The many faces of Anne Boleyn" (PDF). Hever Castle. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ "The Offspring of Thomas and Elizabeth Boleyn". The Tudor Society. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2021. ^ "Letters and papers, foreign and domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII". Internet Archive. 13 December 1862. Retrieved 21 October 2021. ^ a b c Ives 2004, p. 3. ^ Weir 1991 ^ Pronunciations with stress on the second syllable were rare until recently and were not mentioned by reference works until the 1960s; see The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations (2006) by Charles Harrington Elster ^ Jones, Daniel Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary 12th edition (1963) ^ Wells, John C. (1990). Longman pronunciation dictionary. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 83. ISBN 0-582-05383-8. entry "Boleyn" ^ Gairdner, James, ed. (1887). Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10, January–June 1536. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 349–371. ^ Wriothesley, Charles (1875). A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors, From A.D. 1485 to 1559. Vol. 1. Camden Society. pp. 189–226. ^ Ives 2004, pp. 48–50. ^ a b Ives 2004, p. xv. ^ The argument that Mary might have been the younger sister is refuted by firm evidence from the reign of Queen Elizabeth I that the surviving Boleyns knew Mary had been born before Anne, not after. See Ives 2004, pp. 16–17 and Fraser 1992, p. 119. ^ Ives 2004, pp. 16–17. ^ a b Fraser 1992, p. 119. ^ Warnicke, p. 9. ^ Ives 2004, p. 15. ^ Fraser 1992, p. 117 ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 260–261 ^ Ives 2004, pp. 14–15 ^ Ives 2004, pp. 18–20. ^ The date 1507 was accepted in Roman Catholic circles. The 16th-century author William Camden inscribed a date of birth of 1507 in the margin of his Miscellany. The date was generally favoured until the late 19th century: in the 1880s, Paul Friedmann suggested a birth date of 1503. Art historian Hugh Paget, in 1981, was the first to place Anne Boleyn at the court of Margaret of Austria. See Eric Ives's biography The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn for the most extensive arguments favouring 1500/1501 and Retha Warnicke's The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn for her proposal of 1507. ^ Warnicke 1989, p. 12. ^ Licence, Amy (2017). "Anne's World 1501–6". Anne Boleyn Adultery, Heresy, Desire. Stroud, England: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1445643533. ^ Fraser 1992, pp. 116–117. ^ Ives 2004, p. 4. "She was better born than Henry VIII's three other English wives". ^ a b Fraser 1992, p. 115. ^ a b Ives 2004, plate 14. ^ Wilkinson, p. 12. ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 259–260. ^ Fraser and Ives argue that this appointment proves Anne was probably born in 1501; but Warnicke disagrees, partly on the evidence of Anne's being described as "petite" physically. See Warnicke, pp. 12–13. ^ Warnicke, p. 12. ^ Fraser 1992, p. 147. ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 261–263. ^ a b Fraser 1992, p. 121. ^ Ives, Eric (August 1998). "A Frenchman at the court of Anne Boleyn". History Today. 48 (8): 21. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 263. ^ Ives 1994 ^ Fraser 1992, p. 122. ^ Fraser 1992, pp. 121–124. ^ Weir 2001, p. 216. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 264. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 265; Ives 2004, pp. 37–39. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 271; Ives 2004, p. 45. ^ Warnicke 1989, p. 59. ^ Scarisbrick 1972, p. 349. ^ Fraser 1992, pp. 126–127; Ives 2004, pp. 67, 80. ^ 6E. K. Chambers, Sir Thomas Wyatt and Some Collected Studies (London, 1933), p. 138; Richard. ^ Warnicke 1986, pp. 565–579. ^ Scarisbrick 1972, p. 154. ^ Loades, David (2003). Elizabeth I. London: Hambledon and London. p. 6. ISBN 1-85285-304-2. ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 278–283. ^ Norton 2009, p. 64. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 197 ^ Lacey 1972, p. 70. ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 86–87. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 224. ^ Fraser 1992, p. 133. ^ Graves 2003, p. 132. ^ Ives 1994. ^ Fraser 1992, p. 145. ^ Borman 2023, Chapter 1 "Fettered with chains of gold". ^ Dowling 1986, p. 232. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 331. ^ Brigden 2000, p. 114. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 301. ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 308–312. ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 314, 329. ^ Morris 1998, p. 166. ^ Cavendish 1641, p. 242 ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 430–433. ^ Haigh 1993, pp. 88–95. ^ Fraser 1992, p. 171. ^ Graves 2003, pp. 21–22; Starkey 2003, pp. 467–473. ^ Williams 1971, p. 136. ^ Ives 2004, pp. 107–108, 144. ^ Ives 2004, p. 54. ^ Ives 2004, p. 158 ^ Starkey 2003, p. 459—The Pembroke lands and the title of Earl of Pembroke had been held by Henry's great-uncle. ^ Wooding 2009, p. 167. ^ Williams 1971, p. 123. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 366. ^ Weir 2011, pp. 218, 226 ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 462–464. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 463. ^ Williams 1971, p. 124. ^ Fraser, Antonia (1993). "genealogical tables". The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage Books. ^ Anselme. Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France. Vol. 2, p. 741. ^ Fraser, Antonia (1993). "Anne of Cleves". The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage Books. ^ Boutell, Charles (1863). A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular. London: Winsor & Newton. pp. 242–243. Retrieved 10 February 2016. ^ Fraser 1992, p. 195. ^ Strong, Roy (2005). Coronation: a history of kingship and the British monarchy. London: HarperCollinsPublishers. p. xxix. ISBN 978-0-00-716054-9. ^ Ives 2004, p. 179. ^ Alice Hunt, The Drama of Coronation: Medieval Ceremony in Early Modern England, Cambridge University Press, 2008. ^ Ives 2004, p. 177; Starkey 2003, pp. 489–500. ^ Fraser 1992, pp. 191–194. ^ 1533: 24 Henry VIII cap. 12: An Act that the appeals in such cases as have been used to be pursued to the see of Rome shall not be from henceforth had nor used but within this realm. ^ Scarisbrick 1972, pp. 414–418; Haigh 1993, pp. 117–118. ^ Haigh 1993, pp. 118–120. ^ Robert Demaus. William Tyndale, a Biography. Religious Tract Society. London. 1904 p. 456. ^ Brian Moynahan. William Tyndale. Abacus, London 2002 p. 293. ^ Brian Moynahan. William Tyndale. Abacus, London 2002 pp. 294–295. ^ Ives 2004, p. 170 ^ Williams 1971, pp. 128–131. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 508. ^ "1112. Letter from Chapuys to Emperor Charles V, dated 10 Sept. 1533". British History Online. Henry VIII: September 1533, 1–10: pp. 449–466 in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 6, 1533, (HMSO, London, 1882). Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Sunday last, the eve of Our Lady (7 Sept.), about 3 p.m., the king's mistress (amie) was delivered of a daughter, to the great regret both of him and the lady, and to the great reproach of the physicians, astrologers, sorcerers, and sorceresses, who affirmed that it would be a male child. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 512. ^ Somerset 1997, pp. 5–6. ^ "About Matthew Parker & The Parker Library". ParkerWeb.Stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015. ^ a b Fraser 1992 ^ a b Williams 1971, p. 138. ^ Historical Manuscripts Commission, 12th Report, Appendix 9: Gloucester (London, 1891), p. 444. ^ Ives 2004, pp. 231–260. ^ Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals, p. 67. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9. ^ Williams 1971, pp. 137–138. ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 549–551; Scarisbrick 1972, p. 436. ^ Cobham Brewer 1810–1897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 551. ^ Bordo 2014, pp. 14–15 ^ Weir 1991 ^ Scarisbrick 1972, p. 452. ^ Ives 2004, p. 300 ^ Scarisbrick 1972, pp. 452–453; Starkey 2003, pp. 552–553. ^ a b Dewhurst, John (January 1984). "The alleged miscarriages of Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn". Medical History. 28 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1017/S0025727300035316. PMC 1139382. PMID 6387336. ^ Weir 1991. ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 553–554. ^ Ashley 2002, p. 240. ^ Fraser 1992, p. 233 ^ Fraser 1992, p. 241 ^ Fraser 1992, p. 241 ^ Williams 1971, p. 142. ^ Ives 2004, pp. 318–319. See also Starkey 2003, pp. 559–569, and Elton 1977, pp. 252–253, who share this view. ^ Bordo 2014, p. 83 ^ Ives 2004, p. 315 ^ Ives 2004, p. 329 ^ Weir 2010, p. 436 ^ Crónica del rey Enrico Octavo de Ingalaterra (in Spanish). Translated by Hume, Martin. London: George Bell. 1889 . p. 57. ^ Schofield 2008, pp. 106–108 ^ Warnicke, pp. 212, 242; Wooding 2009, p. 194. ^ Warnicke, pp. 210–212. Warnicke observes: "Neither Chapuys nor modern historians have explained why if the secretary could manipulate Henry into agreeing to the execution of Anne, he could not simply persuade the king to ignore her advice on foreign policy". ^ Scarisbrick 1972, p. 350:"Clearly, he was bent on undoing her by any means." ^ Wooding 2009, pp. 194–195; Scarisbrick 1972, pp. 454–455; Fraser 1992, p. 245. ^ Schauer, Margery; Schauer, Frederick (October 1980). "Law as the Engine of State: The Trial of Anne Boleyn". William & Mary Law Review. 22 (1): 49. ^ MacCulloch 2018, pp. 337–338. ^ Warnicke 1989, p. 212. ^ Bernard 2011, pp. 174–175. ^ Williams 1971, pp. 143–144. ^ a b Ives 2004, p. 344. ^ "Anne (c. 1500–1536)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/557. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Ives 2004, p. 334. ^ Strickland, Agnes (1845). Lives of the Queens of England. Vol. IV. London: Henry Colburn. p. 196. ^ Hibbert 1971, pp. 54–55. ^ Ives 2004, pp. 333–338. ^ Ives 2004, pp. 339, 341. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 581. ^ Starkey 2003, p. 582 ^ Hawkins, John (1776). A General History of the Science and Practice of Music. Vol. III. London: T. Payne & Son. p. 30. ^ Ives 2004, p. 58. ^ Joiner, Mary (1969). "British Museum Add MS. 15117: A Commentary, Index and Bibliography". R.M.A. Research Chronicle. 7 (7). Cambridge University Press: 68. doi:10.1080/14723808.1969.10540840. ISSN 0080-4460. JSTOR 25093674. ^ Hibbert 1971, p. 59. ^ Ives 2004, p. 356. ^ Ives 2004, p. 423, based on the contemporary Lisle letters. ^ Williams 1971, p. 146. ^ Fraser 1992, p. 256. ^ a b Foxe 1838, p. 134. ^ Ives 2004, pp. 357–358 ^ Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, 12(2), 78. ^ Schmid 2011, pp. 7–11. ^ For a French version of the poem, Épistre Contenant le Procès Criminel Faict à l'Encontre de la Royne Anne Boullant d'Angleterre, at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, see de Carle 1545. ^ Schmid 2013, pp. 110–175. A complete English translation of the entire poem, side by side with the original French is provided here. ^ Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, 10, 1036 An English summary of the poem is given here. ^ Schmid 2013, pp. 171–172. ^ Weir 2010, p. 340. ^ Guy 2009: John Guy contends that a letter, purportedly from Crispin de Milherve corroborating de Carle's account, was in 1845 shown by French scholars to be a forgery. ^ William Hickman Smith Aubrey, The National and Domestic History of England (1867), p. 471. ^ a b Ives 2004, p. 358. ^ Weir 2010, pp. 338, 343–344. ^ Ives 2004, pp. 358–359. ^ Hibbert 1971, p. 60. ^ Bruce, Marie Louise (1973). Anne Boleyn. New York: Warner Paperback Library Edition. p. 333. ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 159. ^ Nicholas, A. H., ed. (1835). The Republic of Letters: A Republication of Standard Literature. Vol. III. New York: George Dearborn. p. 70. And I am in such a perplexity, that my mind is clean amazed: for I never had better opinion in woman than I had in her; which maketh me to the that she should not be culpable. ^ Schama 2000, p. 307. ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 149–159 ^ Warnicke 1989, p. 235 ^ Bell, Doyne C. (1877). Notices of the Historic Persons Buried in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. pp. 20–21. ^ Weir 2010, pp. 411–415 ^ Ives 2004, p. 39. ^ Warnicke, pp. 58–59. ^ British Archaeological Association (1877). The Archaeological Journal (Vol. 34 ed.). Longman, Rrown Green, and Longman. p. 508. Retrieved 3 August 2020. ^ Warnicke, pp. 58–59; Graves 2003, p. 135. ^ Ives 2004, p. 359. ^ Ives 2004, p. 261 ^ "El misterioso rostro de Ana Bolena" . El Mundo (in Spanish). 20 February 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2022. ^ a b Sample, Ian (15 February 2015). "Possible Anne Boleyn portrait found using facial recognition software". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2022. ^ Maev Kennedy (26 July 2002). "Ring that could hold clue to Elizabeth I". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2022. ^ Susan Foister (2006). Holbein in England, London: Tate: 2006. Harry N. Abrams. p. 58. ISBN 978-1854376459. ^ Ives 2004, pp. 42–44. ^ Weir, p. 47. ^ Strong 1969, p. 6. ^ Ives 2004, p. 20. ^ Warnicke, p. 243. ^ Strong 1969, p. 6; Ives 2004, p. 39. ^ Ives 2004, p. 39. ^ Warnicke, p. 247. ^ Ives 2004, p. 278. ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 368–370. ^ Dowling 1991, p. 39. ^ Ives 2004, pp. 219–226. For a reevaluation of Anne's religious beliefs, see Ives 2004, pp. 277–287. ^ Williams 1971, p. 103. ^ Ives 2004, p. 240. ^ Borman 2016, pp. 290–291. ^ Ives 2004, p. 358. ^ Lofts 1979, p. 181. ^ "St Mary, Erwarton". Suffolk Churches. Retrieved 21 June 2023. ^ "Anne Boleyn's Heart". Notes and Queries. 6. 4: 326. 1881. ^ Pratt, Michael (2005). Nelson's Duchy, A Sicilian Anomaly. UK: Spellmount Limited. p.48 ISBN 1-86227-326-X ^ Lofts 1979, p. 182. ^ "Ghosts and Hauntings". The Shadowlands. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ "Marwell Hall – Haunted Mansions Around the World". www.zurichmansion.org. ^ Holzer, Hans (1965). Ghosts I've Met. Barnes & Noble, Incorporated. p. 196. ISBN 978-0760766316. ^ Eustace Chapuys wrote to Charles V on 28 January reporting that Anne was pregnant. A letter from George Taylor to Lady Lisle dated 27 April 1534 says that "The queen hath a goodly belly, praying our Lord to send us a prince". In July, Anne's brother, Lord Rochford, was sent on a diplomatic mission to France to ask for the postponement of a meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I because of Anne's condition: "being so far gone with child she could not cross the sea with the king". Chapuys backs this up in a letter dated 27 July, where he refers to Anne's pregnancy. We do not know what happened with this pregnancy as there is no evidence of the outcome. Dewhurst writes of how the pregnancy could have resulted in a miscarriage or stillbirth, but there is no evidence to support this, he therefore wonders if it was a case of pseudocyesis, a false pregnancy, caused by the stress that Anne was under – the pressure to provide a son. Chapuys wrote on 27 September 1534 "Since the king began to doubt whether his lady was enceinte or not, he has renewed and increased the love he formerly had for a beautiful damsel of the court". Muriel St Clair Byrne, editor of the Lisle Letters, believes that this was a false pregnancy too. ^ The only evidence for a miscarriage in 1535 is a sentence from a letter from Sir William Kingston to Lord Lisle on 24 June 1535 when Kingston says "Her Grace has as fair a belly as I have ever seen". 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Thomas Cromwell: A Life. Penguin. ISBN 978-1846144295. Morris, T. A. (1998). Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203014639. ISBN 978-0203014639. Norton, Elizabeth (2009). Anne Boleyn: Henry VIII's Obsession. Amberley. ISBN 978-1-84868-084-5. Parker, K. T. The Drawings of Hans Holbein at Windsor Castle Oxford: Phaidon (1945), OCLC 822974 Rowlands, John The Age of Dürer and Holbein London: British Museum (1988) ISBN 0-7141-1639-4 Scarisbrick, J. J. (1972). Henry VIII. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01130-4. Schama, Simon (2000). A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World?: 3000 BC–AD 1603. ISBN 0-563-38497-2. Schmid, Susan Walters (2013) . "Chapter 3: The Poem: Poem Translation". Anne Boleyn, Lancelot de Carle, and the Uses of Documentary Evidence (PhD thesis). Ann Arbor: Arizona State University. pp. 110–175. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. —— (March 2011). "Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII". History Review. 69: 7–11. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014. Schofield, John (2008). The rise and fall of Thomas Cromwell: Henry VIII's most faithful servant. Stroud: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4604-2. Somerset, Anne (1997). Elizabeth I. London: Phoenix. ISBN 0-385-72157-9. Starkey, David (2003). Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-000550-5. Strong, Roy (1969). Tudor & Jacobean Portraits. London: HMSO. OCLC 71370718. Walker, Greg. "Rethinking the Fall of Anne Boleyn", Historical Journal, March 2002, Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp 1–29; blames what she said in incautious conversations with the men who were executed with her Warnicke, Retha M. "The Fall of Anne Boleyn: A Reassessment", History, Feb 1985, Vol. 70 Issue 228, pp 1–15; stresses role of Sir Thomas Cromwell, the ultimate winner —— (Winter 1986). "The Eternal Triangle and Court Politics: Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, and Sir Thomas Wyatt". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 18 (4): 565–579. doi:10.2307/4050130. JSTOR 4050130. —— (1989). The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family Politics at the Court of Henry VIII. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521370004. ——. Sexual heresy at the court of Henry VIII. Historical Journal 30.2 (1987): 247–268. Weir, Alison (1991). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3683-1. —— (2001). Henry VIII: The King and His Court. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345436598. —— (2010). The Lady in the Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-7126-4017-6. —— (2011). Mary Boleyn The Mistress of Kings. Ballantine. ISBN 978-0771089220. Williams, Neville (1971). Henry VIII and His Court. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0297003690. Wilson, Derek Hans Holbein: Portrait of an Unknown Man London: Pimlico, Revised Edition (2006) ISBN 978-1-84413-918-7 Wooding, Lucy (2009). Henry VIII. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-33995-7. Further reading Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). "Anne Boleyn". A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography: 46–47. Wikidata Q115749742. To Die For: A Novel of Anne Boleyn, (2011) by Sandra Byrd, ISBN 978-1-4391-8311-3 The Politics of Marriage by David Loades (1994) The Hever Castle Guide Book External links Wikisource has original works by or about:Anne Boleyn Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne Boleyn. Wikiquote has quotations related to Anne Boleyn. Free scores by Anne Boleyn at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Leanda de Lisle: Why Anne Boleyn was Beheaded with a Sword and not an Axe Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn: the love letters at the Internet Archive Anne Boleyn at Salle church Norfolk, UK Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911). "Boleyn, Anne" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 159–161. Works by Anne Boleyn at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Portraits of Anne Boleyn at the National Portrait Gallery, London English royalty VacantTitle last held byCatherine of Aragon Queen consort of EnglandLady of Ireland 28 May 1533 – 17 May 1536 VacantTitle next held byJane Seymour vteEnglish, Scottish and British royal consortsRoyal consorts in England until 1603Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603 Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury Æthelflæd of Damerham Ælfgifu Ælfthryth Ælfgifu of York Sigrid the Haughty/Świętosława Ealdgyth Emma of Normandy Edith of Wessex Edith of Mercia Matilda of Flanders Matilda of Scotland Adeliza of Louvain Matilda of Boulogne Geoffrey Plantagenet Eleanor of Aquitaine Margaret of France Berengaria of Navarre Isabella of Angoulême Blanche of Castile Eleanor of Provence Eleanor of Castile Margaret of France Isabella of France Philippa of Hainault Anne of Bohemia Isabella of Valois Joan of Navarre Catherine of Valois Margaret of Anjou Elizabeth Woodville Anne Neville Elizabeth of York Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Guildford Dudley Gruoch Ingibiorg Finnsdottir Margaret of Wessex Ethelreda of Northumbria Sybilla of Normandy Maud of Northumbria Ermengarde de Beaumont Joan of England Marie de Coucy Margaret of England Yolande de Dreux Elizabeth de Burgh Joan of the Tower Margaret Drummond Euphemia de Ross Anabella Drummond Joan Beaufort Mary of Guelders Margaret of Denmark Margaret Tudor Madeleine of Valois Mary of Guise Francis II of France Henry Stuart James Hepburn Anne of Denmark Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 Anne of Denmark Henrietta Maria of France Catherine of Braganza Mary of Modena George of Denmark and Norway British royal consorts after the Acts of Union 1707 George of Denmark and Norway Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Alexandra of Denmark Mary of Teck Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Philip of Greece and Denmark Camilla Shand Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in italics vteAnne BoleynFamily Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (father) Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (mother) George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford (brother) Mary Boleyn (sister) Elizabeth I (daughter) Henry VIII (husband) Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland (betrothed) Lady Margaret Butler (paternal grandmother) William Boleyn (paternal grandfather) Elizabeth Tilney, Countess of Surrey (maternal grandmother) Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (maternal grandfather) Elizabeth Boleyn, Lady Boleyn (aunt) Joyce Culpeper (aunt) James Boleyn (uncle) Catherine Howard (cousin) Jane Boleyn (sister-in-law) Geoffrey Boleyn (great grandfather) George Boleyn (priest) Thomas Hoo, Baron Hoo and Hastings (great great grandfather) Films Anna Boleyn (1920) Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) The Other Boleyn Girl (2008) Stage Anna Bolena (1830 opera) Anne Boleyn (2010 play) Literature Murder Most Royal (1949) Doomed Queen Anne (2002) Other Coronation Cultural depictions O Death Rock Me Asleep (poem) "With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm" (1934 song) vte16th-century Protestant women in the ReformationTheological writers and scholars Argula von Grumbach Anne Bacon Anne Locke Magdalena Heymair Elizabeth Melville Katharina Zell Catherine Vasa of Sweden Elisabeth of Brandenburg Emilia Lanier Elisabeth Cruciger Catherine Tishem Former nuns Katharina von Bora Ursula of Munsterberg Charlotte of Bourbon Katharina von Zimmern Marie Dentière Cecily Bodenham Birgitta Botolfsdotter Elizabeth Zouche Anna II, Abbess of Quedlinburg Reformation martyrs Anne Askew María de Bohórquez Alice Driver Joan Bocher Wendelmoet Claesdochter Anneke Esaiasdochter Aefgen Listincx Elizabeth Pepper Guernsey Martyrs Alice Benden Maria van Beckum Ursula van Beckum Marietje Jan de Gortersdochter Weyn Ockers Anneke Ogiers Elisabeth Wandscherer Joan Waste Katarzyna Weiglowa Benefactors Anne Boleyn Elisabeth of Hesse Anna Maria of the Palatinate Jeanne d'Albret Inger Ottesdotter Rømer Anna Radziwiłłówna Kiszczyna Renée of France Marguerite de Navarre Elisabeth of Brandenburg Barbara von Wertheim Significant for another reason Amalia of Cleves Anna Pehrsönernas moder Catharina Herman Catherine Tishem Idelette Calvin Rose Lok Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Chile France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Finland United States Sweden 2 Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Artists MusicBrainz People Netherlands Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC 2 IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈbʊlɪn, bʊˈlɪn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Queen of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"second wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wives_of_Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"King Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"English Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Thomas Boleyn (later Earl of Wiltshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Boleyn,_1st_Earl_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth 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Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boleyn,_Viscount_Rochford"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"English Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"George Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wyatt_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"cultural works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives,_p._xv-14"},{"link_name":"the Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"}],"text":"Queen of England from 1533 to 1536For other people named Anne Boleyn, see Anne Boleyn (disambiguation).Anne Boleyn (/ˈbʊlɪn, bʊˈlɪn/;[7][8][9] c. 1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536, as the second wife of King Henry VIII. The circumstances of her marriage and execution by beheading for treason, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that marked the start of the English Reformation.Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn (later Earl of Wiltshire), and his wife, Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France. Anne returned to England in early 1522, to marry her cousin James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond; the marriage plans were broken off, and instead, she secured a post at court as maid of honour to Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon. Early in 1523, Anne was secretly betrothed to Henry Percy, son of Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland, but the betrothal was broken off when the Earl refused to support it. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey refused the match in January 1524.In February or March 1526, Henry VIII began his pursuit of Anne. She resisted his attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress, as her sister Mary had previously been. Henry focused on annulling his marriage to Catherine, so he would be free to marry Anne. After Wolsey failed to obtain an annulment from Pope Clement VII, it became clear the marriage would not be annulled by the Catholic Church. As a result, Henry and his advisers, such as Thomas Cromwell, began breaking the Church's power in England and closing the monasteries. Henry and Anne formally married on 25 January 1533, after a secret wedding on 14 November 1532. On 23 May 1533, the newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer declared Henry and Catherine's marriage null and void; five days later, he declared Henry and Anne's marriage valid; Clement excommunicated Henry and Cranmer. As a result of the marriage and excommunications, the first break between the Church of England and Catholic Church took place, and the king took control of the Church of England. Anne was crowned queen on 1 June 1533. On 7 September, she gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth I. Henry was disappointed to have a daughter, but hoped a son would follow and professed to love Elizabeth. Anne subsequently had three miscarriages and by March 1536, Henry was courting Jane Seymour.Henry had Anne investigated for high treason in April 1536. On 2 May, she was arrested and sent to the Tower of London, where she was tried before a jury, including Henry Percy, her former betrothed, and her uncle Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk; she was convicted on 15 May and beheaded four days later. Historians view the charges, which included adultery, incest with her brother George, and plotting to kill the king, as unconvincing.[10][11]After her daughter, Elizabeth, became queen in 1558, Anne became venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of George Wyatt.[12] She has inspired, or been mentioned in, many cultural works and retained her hold on the popular imagination. She has been called \"the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had\",[13] as she provided the occasion for Henry to declare the English Church's independence from the Vatican.","title":"Anne Boleyn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Boleyn,_1st_Earl_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Earl of Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Earl of Ormond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Ormond_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Boleyn,_Countess_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Thomas Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Tilney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Tilney,_Countess_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser119-17"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boleyn,_Viscount_Rochford"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"William Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attributed_to_Remigius_van_Leemput_(d._1675)_-_Portrait_of_a_Woman_-_RCIN_402991_-_Royal_Collection.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mary Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Remigius van Leemput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remigius_van_Leemput"},{"link_name":"Eric Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ives"},{"link_name":"Retha Warnicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retha_Warnicke"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Mechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechelen"},{"link_name":"Burgundian Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"William Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Camden"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"Lord Burghley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_mayor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives,_p.3-5"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Blickling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blickling"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives,_p.3-5"},{"link_name":"Howards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_family"},{"link_name":"Edward I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Jane Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour"},{"link_name":"Catherine Parr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Parr"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser115-30"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser119-17"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives,_plate_14-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives,_plate_14-31"},{"link_name":"falconry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, later Earl of Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond, and his wife, Elizabeth Howard, who was the eldest daughter of Thomas Howard, then Earl of Surrey and future 2nd Duke of Norfolk, and his first wife Elizabeth Tilney. Anne's date of birth is unknown.As with Anne, it is uncertain when her two siblings were born, but it seems clear that her sister Mary was older than Anne. Mary's children clearly believed their mother was the elder sister.[14] Mary's grandson claimed the Ormond title in 1596 on the basis that she was the elder daughter, which Elizabeth I accepted.[15][16] Their brother George was born around 1504.[17][18] Thomas Boleyn, writing in the 1530s, stated that his children were born before the death of his father, William Boleyn, in 1505.[19]Portrait of Anne's elder sister Mary Boleyn, by Remigius van Leemput, c. 1630–1670The academic debate about Anne's birth date focuses on two key dates: c. 1501 and c. 1507. Eric Ives, a British historian and legal expert, advocates 1501, while Retha Warnicke, an American scholar who has also written a biography of Anne, prefers 1507. The key piece of surviving written evidence is a letter Anne wrote sometime in 1514.[20] She wrote it in French to her father, who was still living in England while Anne was completing her education at Mechelen, in the Burgundian Netherlands, now Belgium. Ives argues that the style of the letter and its mature handwriting prove that Anne must have been about 13 at the time of its composition, while Warnicke argues that the numerous misspellings and grammar errors show that the letter was written by a child. In Ives's view, this would also be around the minimum age that a girl could be a maid of honour, as Anne was to the regent,[21] Margaret of Austria. This is supported by claims of a chronicler from the late 16th century, who wrote that Anne was 20 when she returned from France.[22] These findings are contested by Warnicke in several books and articles, and the evidence does not conclusively support either date.[23]An independent contemporary source supports the 1507 date: William Camden wrote a history of the reign of Elizabeth I and was granted access to the private papers of Lord Burghley and to the state archives. In that history, in the chapter dealing with Elizabeth's early life, he records that Anne was born in 1507.[24][b]Anne's paternal ancestor, Geoffrey Boleyn, had been a mercer and wool merchant before becoming Lord Mayor.[5][26] The Boleyn family originally came from Blickling in Norfolk, 15 miles (24 km) north of Norwich.[5] Anne's relatives included the Howards, one of the preeminent families in England; and Anne's ancestors included King Edward I of England. According to Eric Ives, she was certainly of more noble birth than Jane Seymour and Catherine Parr, Henry VIII's other English wives.[27] The spelling of the Boleyn name was variable, as common at the time. Sometimes it was written as Bullen, hence the bull's heads which formed part of her family arms.[28]At the court of Margaret of Austria in the Netherlands, Anne is listed as Boullan.[16] From there she signed the letter to her father as Anna de Boullan.[29] She was also called \"Anna Bolina\"; this Latinised form is used in most portraits of her.[29]Anne's early education was typical for women of her class. In 1513, she was invited to join the schoolroom of Margaret of Austria and her four wards. Her academic education was limited to arithmetic, her family genealogy, grammar, history, reading, spelling and writing. She also developed domestic skills such as dancing, embroidery, good manners, household management, music, needlework and singing. Anne learned to play games, such as cards, chess and dice. She was also taught archery, falconry, horseback riding and hunting.[30]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_de_France_(1499-1524).png"},{"link_name":"Claude of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_of_France"},{"link_name":"Jean Clouet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Clouet"},{"link_name":"Francis I of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"maid of honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_of_honour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Court_of_Savoy,_Mechlin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechelen"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Court of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Mechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechelen"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"Queen Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Claude"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser_a-38"},{"link_name":"illuminated manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts"},{"link_name":"religious philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lefevre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lefevre"},{"link_name":"Pauline epistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_epistles"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"courtly love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtly_love"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"King Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Francis_I"},{"link_name":"Marguerite de Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Christian mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mysticism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser_a-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"William Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forrest_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser115-30"}],"sub_title":"The Netherlands and France","text":"Drawing of Claude of France by Jean Clouet, c. 1520. The wife of Francis I of France, she was served by Anne as maid of honour for nearly seven years.Interior Court of Savoy, MechelenAnne's father continued his diplomatic career under Henry VIII. In Europe, his charm won many admirers, including Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. During this period, Margaret ruled the Netherlands on her nephew Charles's behalf and was so impressed with Boleyn that she offered his daughter Anne a place in her household.[31] Ordinarily, a girl had to be 12 years old to have such an honour, but Anne may have been younger, as Margaret affectionately called her la petite Boulin [sic].[32] Anne made a good impression in the Netherlands with her manners and studiousness; Margaret reported that she was well spoken and pleasant for her young age,[33] and told Thomas that his daughter was \"so presentable and so pleasant, considering her youthful age, that I am more beholden to you for sending her to me, than you to me\".[34] Anne stayed at the Court of Savoy in Mechelen from spring 1513 until her father arranged for her to attend Henry VIII's sister Mary, who was about to marry Louis XII of France in October 1514.In France, Anne was a maid of honour to Queen Mary, and then to Mary's 15-year-old stepdaughter Queen Claude, with whom she stayed for nearly seven years.[35][36] In the Queen's household, she completed her study of French and developed interests in art, fashion, illuminated manuscripts, literature, music, poetry and religious philosophy. Ives asserts that she \"owed her evangelicalism to France\", studying \"reformist books\", and Jacques Lefevre's translations into French of the bible and the Pauline epistles.[37] She also acquired knowledge of French culture, dance, etiquette, literature, music and poetry; and gained experience in flirtation and courtly love.[38] Though all knowledge of Anne's experiences in the French court is conjecture, even Ives suggests that she was likely to have made the acquaintance of King Francis I's sister, Marguerite de Navarre, a patron of humanists and reformers. Marguerite de Navarre was also an author in her own right, and her works include elements of Christian mysticism and reform that verged on heresy, though she was protected by her status as the French king's beloved sister. She or her circle may have encouraged Anne's interest in religious reform, as well as in poetry and literature.[36] Anne's education in France proved itself in later years, inspiring many new trends among the ladies and courtiers of England. It may have been instrumental in pressing their King toward England's break with the Papacy.[39] William Forrest, author of a contemporary poem about Catherine of Aragon, complimented Anne's \"passing excellent\" skill as a dancer. \"Here\", he wrote, \"was [a] fresh young damsel, that could trip and go.\"[28]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_9th_Earl_of_Ormond"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Earldom of Ormond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Ormond_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"7th Earl of Ormond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Butler,_7th_Earl_of_Ormond"},{"link_name":"Margaret Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Butler"},{"link_name":"Sir Piers Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Butler,_8th_Earl_of_Ormond"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny_Castle"},{"link_name":"Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Lady Joan Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Joan_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_FitzGerald,_10th_Earl_of_Desmond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Henry_and_Anne_Boleyn_Deer_shooting_in_Windsor_Forest.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Powell Frith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Powell_Frith"},{"link_name":"Mary Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"William Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carey_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich"},{"link_name":"Alison Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Weir"},{"link_name":"Henry Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Carey,_1st_Baron_Hunsdon"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"G. W. Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._W._Bernard"},{"link_name":"Joanna Denny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Denny"},{"link_name":"Henry Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_FitzRoy,_Duke_of_Richmond_and_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blount"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Courtenay, Marchioness of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Courtenay,_Marchioness_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Six wives of Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wives_of_Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wives_of_Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wives_of_Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wives_of_Henry_VIII"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catherine_of_Aragon_(1485-1536).jpg"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AnneBoleynHever.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour,_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jane Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_d%27Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anne of Cleves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HowardCatherine02.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Catherine Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catherine Parr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Parr"},{"link_name":"lute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"J. J. Scarisbrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Scarisbrick"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Henry Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_6th_Earl_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Earl of Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_5th_Earl_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wolsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey"},{"link_name":"gentleman usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Usher#History"},{"link_name":"George Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cavendish_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Percy's father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_5th_Earl_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Lady Mary Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Percy,_Countess_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Tudor period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_period"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"Anne was recalled to marry her Irish cousin, James Butler, a man several years older than her, who was living at the English court.[40] The marriage was intended to settle a dispute over the title and estates of the Earldom of Ormond. The 7th Earl of Ormond died in 1515, leaving his daughters, Margaret Boleyn and Anne St Leger, as co-heiresses. In Ireland, the great-great-grandson of the third earl, Sir Piers Butler, contested the will and claimed the earldom himself. He was already in possession of Kilkenny Castle, the earls' ancestral seat. Sir Thomas Boleyn, being the son of the eldest daughter, believed the title properly belonged to him and protested to his brother-in-law, the Duke of Norfolk, who spoke to the king about the matter. Henry, fearful the dispute could ignite civil war in Ireland, sought to resolve the matter by arranging an alliance between Piers's son, James and Anne Boleyn. She would bring her Ormond inheritance as dowry and thus end the dispute. The plan ended in failure, perhaps because Sir Thomas hoped for a grander marriage for his daughter or because he himself coveted the titles. Whatever the reason, the marriage negotiations came to a complete halt.[41] James Butler later married Lady Joan Fitzgerald, daughter and heiress of James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond and Amy O'Brien.King Henry and Anne Boleyn Deer shooting in Windsor Forest by William Powell Frith, 1903Mary Boleyn, Anne Boleyn's older sister, had been recalled from France in late 1519, ostensibly to end her affairs with the French king and his courtiers. She married William Carey, a minor noble, in February 1520, at Greenwich, with Henry VIII in attendance. Soon after, Mary became the English King's mistress. Historians dispute Henry VIII's paternity of one or both of Mary Boleyn's children born during this marriage. Henry VIII: The King and His Court, by Alison Weir, questions the paternity of Henry Carey;[42] Dr G. W. Bernard (The King's Reformation) and Joanna Denny (Anne Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen) argue that Henry VIII was their father. Henry did not acknowledge either child, but he did recognise his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, by Elizabeth Blount, Lady Talboys.As the daughter of courtier Thomas Boleyn, by New Year 1522 Anne had gained a position at the royal court, as lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine.[43] Her public début at a court event was at the Château Vert (Green Castle) pageant in honour of the imperial ambassadors on 4 March 1522, playing \"Perseverance\" (one of the dancers in the spectacle, third in precedence behind Henry's sister Mary, and Gertrude Courtenay, Marchioness of Exeter). All wore gowns of white satin embroidered with gold thread.[44] She quickly established herself as one of the most stylish and accomplished women at the court, and soon a number of young men were competing for her.[45]Six wives of Henry VIIIand years of marriagevteCatherine of Aragonm. 1509–1533Anne Boleynm. 1533–1536Jane Seymourm. 1536–1537Anne of Clevesm. 1540Catherine Howardm. 1540–1542Catherine Parrm. 1543–1547Warnicke writes that Anne was \"the perfect woman courtier... her carriage was graceful and her French clothes were pleasing and stylish; she danced with ease, had a pleasant singing voice, played the lute and several other musical instruments well, and spoke French fluently... A remarkable, intelligent, quick-witted young noblewoman... that first drew people into conversation with her and then amused and entertained them. In short, her energy and vitality made her the center of attention in any social gathering\".[46] Henry VIII's biographer J. J. Scarisbrick adds that Anne \"revelled in\" the attention she received from her admirers.[47]During this time, Anne was courted by Henry Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, and entered into a secret betrothal with him. Thomas Wolsey's gentleman usher, George Cavendish, maintained the two had not been lovers.[48] The romance was broken off when Percy's father refused to support their engagement. Wolsey refused the match for several conjectured reasons. According to Cavendish, Anne was sent from court to her family's countryside estates, but it is not known for how long. Upon her return to court, she again entered the service of Catherine of Aragon. Percy was married to Lady Mary Talbot, to whom he had been betrothed since adolescence.Before marrying Henry VIII, Anne had befriended Sir Thomas Wyatt, one of the greatest poets of the Tudor period. In 1520, Wyatt married Elizabeth Cobham, who by many accounts was not a wife of his choosing.[49] In 1525, Wyatt charged his wife with adultery and separated from her; coincidentally, historians believe that it was also the year when his interest in Anne intensified. In 1532, Wyatt accompanied the royal couple to Calais.[50]In 1526, Henry VIII became enamoured of Anne and began his pursuit.[51] Anne was a skilful player at the game of courtly love, which was often played in the antechambers. This may have been how she caught the eye of Henry, who was also an experienced player.[52] Anne resisted Henry's attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress, and often leaving court for the seclusion of Hever Castle. But within a year, he proposed marriage to her, and she accepted.[53] Both assumed an annulment could be obtained within months. There is no evidence to suggest that they engaged in a sexual relationship until very shortly before their marriage; Henry's love letters to Anne suggest that their love affair remained unconsummated for much of their seven-year courtship.[54]","title":"At the court of Henry VIII: 1522–1533"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Tudor"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"},{"link_name":"civil warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Pope Julius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II"},{"link_name":"dispensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_canon_law)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Clement VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"King's Great Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon#The_King's_great_matter"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Maria Dowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Dowling"},{"link_name":"Joseph S. Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_S._Block&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bernard"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"George Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wyatt_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Anne Gainsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Gainsford"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Tyndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tyndale"},{"link_name":"The Obedience of a Christian Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Obedience_of_a_Christian_Man"},{"link_name":"Simon Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fish"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Maria Dowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Dowling"},{"link_name":"Mary Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_and_Mary_Shelton"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"sweating sickness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweating_sickness"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"William Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Knight_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n,_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Sack of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Campeggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Campeggio"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"praemunire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praemunire"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"William Warham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Warham"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cranmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England"},{"link_name":"Supplication against the Ordinaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplication_against_the_Ordinaries"},{"link_name":"Submission of the Clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submission_of_the_Clergy"},{"link_name":"royal supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Supremacy"},{"link_name":"Thomas More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Henry's annulment","text":"It is probable that Henry had thought of the idea of annulment (not divorce as commonly assumed) much earlier than this as he strongly desired a male heir to secure the Tudor claim to the crown.[55] Before Henry VII ascended the throne, England was beset by civil warfare over rival claims to the crown, and Henry VIII wanted to avoid similar uncertainty over the succession. He and Catherine had no living sons: all Catherine's children except Mary died in infancy.[56] Catherine had first come to England to be bride to Henry's brother Arthur, who died soon after their marriage. Since Spain and England still wanted an alliance, Pope Julius II granted a dispensation for their marriage on the grounds that Catherine was \"perchance\" (forsum) still a virgin.[57]Catherine and Henry married in 1509 but eventually he became dubious about the marriage's validity, claiming that Catherine's inability to provide an heir was a sign of God's displeasure. His feelings for Anne, and her refusals to become his mistress, probably contributed to Henry's decision that no pope had a right to overrule the Bible. This meant that he had been living in sin with Catherine, although Catherine hotly contested this and refused to concede that her marriage to Arthur had been consummated.[58] It also meant that his daughter Mary was a bastard, and that the new pope (Clement VII) would have to admit the previous pope's mistake and annul the marriage. Henry's quest for an annulment became euphemistically known as the \"King's Great Matter\".[59]Anne saw an opportunity in Henry's infatuation and the convenient moral quandary. She determined that she would yield to his embraces only as his acknowledged queen. She began to take her place at his side in policy and in state, but not yet in his bed.[60]Scholars and historians hold various opinions as to how deep Anne's commitment to the Reformation was, how much she was perhaps only personally ambitious, and how much she had to do with Henry's defiance of papal power: Ives, Maria Dowling and Joseph S. Block (California State Polytechnic University) are among those who believe that she was a \"devout evangelical, eager for reform\", whereas Warnicke and George Bernard hold that her religious beliefs were \"conventional\".[61] There is anecdotal evidence, related to biographer George Wyatt by her former lady-in-waiting Anne Gainsford,[62] that Anne brought to Henry's attention a heretical pamphlet, perhaps Tyndale's The Obedience of a Christian Man or one by Simon Fish called A Supplication for the Beggars, which cried out to monarchs to rein in the evil excesses of the Catholic Church. She was sympathetic to those seeking further reformation of the Church, and actively protected scholars working on English translations of the scriptures.[63] According to Maria Dowling, \"Anne tried to educate her waiting-women in scriptural piety\" and is believed to have reproved her cousin, Mary Shelton, for \"having 'idle poesies' written in her prayer book.\"[64]In 1528, sweating sickness broke out with great severity. In London, the mortality rate was great and the court was dispersed. Henry left London, frequently changing his residence; Anne Boleyn retreated to the Boleyn residence at Hever Castle, but contracted the illness; her brother-in-law, William Carey, died. Henry sent his own physician to Hever Castle to care for Anne,[65] and shortly afterwards she recovered.Henry was soon absorbed in securing an annulment from Catherine.[66] He set his hopes upon a direct appeal to the Holy See, acting independently of Wolsey, to whom he at first communicated nothing of his plans. In 1527 William Knight, the king's secretary, was sent to Pope Clement VII to sue for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine, on the grounds that the dispensing bull of Julius II permitting him to marry his brother's widow, Catherine, had been obtained under false pretences. Henry also petitioned, in the event of his becoming free, a dispensation to contract a new marriage with any woman even in the first degree of affinity, whether the affinity was contracted by lawful or unlawful connection. This clearly referred to Anne.[67]16th-century portrait of Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife, by an unidentified English painterAs Clement was at that time a prisoner of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, as a result of the Sack of Rome in May 1527, Knight had some difficulty obtaining access. In the end he had to return with a conditional dispensation, which Wolsey insisted was technically insufficient.[68] Henry then had no choice but to put his great matter into Wolsey's hands, who did all he could to secure a decision in Henry's favour,[69] even going so far as to convene an ecclesiastical court in England, with a special emissary, Lorenzo Campeggio, from Clement to decide the matter. But Clement had not empowered his deputy to make a decision. He was still Charles V's hostage, and Charles V was loyal to his aunt Catherine.[70] The pope forbade Henry to contract a new marriage until a decision was reached in Rome, not in England. Convinced that Wolsey's loyalties lay with the pope, not England, Anne, as well as Wolsey's many enemies, ensured his dismissal from public office in 1529. Cavendish, Wolsey's chamberlain, records that the servants who waited on the king and Anne at dinner in 1529 in Grafton heard her say that the dishonour Wolsey had brought upon the realm would have cost any other Englishman his head. Henry replied, \"Why then I perceive...you are not the Cardinal's friend.\".[71] Henry finally agreed to Wolsey's arrest on grounds of praemunire.[72] Had it not been for his death from illness in 1530, Wolsey might have been executed for treason.[73] In 1531 (two years before Henry's marriage to Anne), Catherine was banished from court and her rooms given to Anne.Public support remained with Catherine. One evening, in the autumn of 1531, Anne was dining at a manor house on the River Thames and was almost seized by a crowd of angry women. Anne just managed to escape by boat.[74]When Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham died in 1532, the Boleyn family chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, was appointed, with papal approval.[75]In 1532, Thomas Cromwell brought before Parliament a number of acts, including the Supplication against the Ordinaries and Submission of the Clergy, which recognised royal supremacy over the church, thus finalising the break with Rome. Following these acts, Thomas More resigned as Chancellor, leaving Cromwell as Henry's chief minister.[76]","title":"At the court of Henry VIII: 1522–1533"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves2004107%E2%80%93108,_144-79"},{"link_name":"Gilles de la Pommeraie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_de_la_Pommeraie"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Marquessate of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein,_the_Younger,_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Earl of Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Earl of Ormond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Ormond_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Henry Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Carey,_1st_Baron_Hunsdon"},{"link_name":"Brigettine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgettines"},{"link_name":"Syon Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syon_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Bourbon_(the_elder)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"The Royal Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Regalis"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Warham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Warham"},{"link_name":"Dunstable Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunstable_Priory"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Premarital role and marriage","text":"Even before her marriage, Anne Boleyn was able to grant petitions, receive diplomats and give patronage, and had an influence over Henry to plead the cause of foreign diplomats.[77]During this period, Anne played an important role in England's international position by solidifying an alliance with France. She established an excellent rapport with the French ambassador, Gilles de la Pommeraie.[78] On 1 September 1532, Henry granted Anne the Marquessate of Pembroke, an appropriate peerage for a future queen (and, as a former lady-in-waiting at the French court, a necessary mark of her status before Anne and Henry attended a meeting with the French king Francis I at Calais in winter 1532—Henry hoped to enlist Francis's public support for the intended marriage).[79][80] Henry performed the investiture himself, with de la Pommeraie as guest of honour.[81]The conference at Calais was a political triumph, but even though the French government gave implicit support for Henry's remarriage and Francis I had a private conference with Anne, the French king maintained alliances with the Pope that he could not explicitly defy.[82]Portrait of Henry VIII by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1537Anne's family also profited from the relationship. Her father, already Viscount Rochford, was created Earl of Wiltshire. Henry also came to an arrangement with Anne's Irish cousin and created him Earl of Ormond. At the magnificent banquet to celebrate her father's elevation, Anne took precedence over the Duchesses of Suffolk and Norfolk, seated in the place of honour beside the king that was usually occupied by the queen.[83] Thanks to Anne's intervention, her widowed sister Mary received an annual pension of £100 (although later, when Mary remarried, Anne was to countermand this) and Mary's son, Henry Carey, was educated at the prestigious Brigettine nunnery of Syon Abbey. Anne arranged for Nicholas Bourbon, exiled from France for his support for religious reform, to be Henry's tutor there.[84]Soon after returning to Dover, Henry and Anne married in a secret ceremony on 14 November 1532.[85] She soon became pregnant and as the first wedding was considered to be unlawful at the time, a second wedding service, also private in accordance with the precedents established in The Royal Book,[86] took place in London on 25 January 1533. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer (who had been hastened, with the Pope's assent, into the position of Archbishop of Canterbury recently vacated by the death of Warham) sat in judgement at a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the validity of Henry's marriage to Catherine. He declared it null and void. Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne good and valid.[87]","title":"At the court of Henry VIII: 1522–1533"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Anne_Boleyn.svg"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Fisher,_Bishop_of_Rochester_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"crowned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"St Edward's Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunt-97"},{"link_name":"elaborate procession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_entry"},{"link_name":"litter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"palfreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palfrey"},{"link_name":"Cinque Ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinque_Ports"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"praemunire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praemunire"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"excommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_Respecting_the_Oath_to_the_Succession"},{"link_name":"First Succession Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Succession_Act"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"John Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformers"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"merchant adventurers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Adventurers_of_London"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"evangelicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism#Evangelical"},{"link_name":"William Tyndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tyndale"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Matthew Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Parker"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"text":"Anne Boleyn's coat of arms as queen consort[91]Bishop John Fisher, by Hans Holbein the Younger. Fisher refused to recognise Henry's marriage to Anne.Catherine was formally stripped of her title as queen and Anne was consequently crowned queen consort on 1 June 1533 in a magnificent ceremony at Westminster Abbey with a banquet afterwards.[92] She was the last queen consort of England to be crowned separately from her husband.[93] Unlike any other queen consort, Anne was crowned with St Edward's Crown, which had previously been used to crown only monarchs.[94] Historian Alice Hunt suggests that this was done because Anne's pregnancy was visible by then and the child was presumed to be male.[95] On the previous day, Anne had taken part in an elaborate procession through the streets of London seated in a litter of \"white cloth of gold\" that rested on two palfreys clothed to the ground in white damask, while the barons of the Cinque Ports held a canopy of cloth of gold over her head. In accordance with tradition, she wore white, and on her head, a gold coronet beneath which her long dark hair hung down freely.[96] The public's response to her appearance was lukewarm.[97]Meanwhile, the House of Commons had forbidden all appeals to Rome and exacted the penalties of praemunire against all who introduced papal bulls into England.[98] It was only then that Pope Clement, at last, took the step of announcing a provisional excommunication of Henry and Cranmer. He condemned the marriage to Anne, and in March 1534 declared the marriage to Catherine legal and again ordered Henry to return to her.[99] Henry now required his subjects to swear an oath attached to the First Succession Act, which effectively rejected papal authority in legal matters and recognised Anne Boleyn as queen. Those who refused, such as Sir Thomas More, who had resigned as Lord Chancellor, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, were placed in the Tower of London. In late 1534 parliament declared Henry \"the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England\".[100] The Church in England was now under Henry's control, not Rome's. On 14 May 1534, in one of the realm's first official acts protecting Protestant Reformers, Anne wrote a letter to Thomas Cromwell seeking his aid in ensuring that English merchant Richard Herman be reinstated a member of the merchant adventurers in Antwerp and no longer persecuted simply because he had helped in \"setting forth of the New testament in English\".[101] Before and after her coronation, Anne protected and promoted evangelicals and those wishing to study the scriptures of William Tyndale.[102] She had a decisive role in influencing the Protestant reformer Matthew Parker to attend court as her chaplain, and before her death entrusted her daughter to Parker's care.[103]","title":"Queen of England: 1533–1536"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenwich Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Palace"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Boleyn,_Countess_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Palace_of_Placentia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palace of Placentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Placentia"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"bastard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard_(law_of_England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Hatfield House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfield_House"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"confessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Parker"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"sub_title":"Struggle for a son","text":"After her coronation, Anne settled into a quiet routine at the king's favourite residence, Greenwich Palace, to prepare for the birth of her baby. The child was a girl, born slightly prematurely on 7 September 1533.[104] She was christened Elizabeth, probably in honour of either Anne's mother Elizabeth Howard or Henry's mother Elizabeth of York, or both.[105] The birth of a girl was a heavy blow to her parents, who had confidently expected a boy. All but one of the royal physicians and astrologers had predicted a son and the French king had been asked to stand as his godfather. Now the prepared letters announcing the birth of a prince had an s hastily added to them to read princes[s] and the traditional jousting tournament for the birth of an heir was cancelled.[106][107]Greenwich Palace, also known as the Palace of Placentia, after a 17th-century drawingThe infant princess was given a splendid christening, but Anne feared that Catherine's daughter Mary, now stripped of her title of princess and labelled a bastard, posed a threat to Elizabeth's position. Henry soothed his wife's fears by separating Mary from her many servants and sending her to live at Hatfield House, where Elizabeth would also reside with her own sizeable staff of servants as the country air was thought better for the baby's health.[108] Anne frequently visited her daughter at Hatfield and other residences.[109]The new queen had a larger staff of servants than Catherine. There were more than 250 servants to tend to her personal needs, from priests to stable boys, and more than 60 maids-of-honour who served her and accompanied her to social events.[citation needed] She also employed several priests to act as her confessors, chaplains and religious advisers. One of these was Matthew Parker, who became one of the chief architects of Anglican thought during the reign of Anne's daughter, Elizabeth I.[110]","title":"Queen of England: 1533–1536"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry%27s_reconciliation_with_Anne_Boleyn_cph.3g08965.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Cruikshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cruikshank"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser-113"},{"link_name":"stillbirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-will138-114"},{"link_name":"progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Royal_Progresses"},{"link_name":"visiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Entry"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"personal device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldic_badge"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More"},{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"Strife with the king","text":"Henry's reconciliation with Anne Boleyn, by George Cruikshank, 19th centuryThe king and his new queen enjoyed a reasonably happy accord with periods of calm and affection. Anne's sharp intelligence, political acumen and forward manner, although desirable in a mistress, were at the time unacceptable in a wife. She was once reported to have spoken to her uncle in words that \"shouldn't be used to a dog\".[111] After a stillbirth or miscarriage as early as Christmas 1534, Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the possibility of divorcing her without having to return to Catherine.[112] Nothing came of the matter as the royal couple reconciled and spent the summer of 1535 on progress, visiting Gloucester and hunting in the local countryside.[113] By October, she was again pregnant.Anne presided over a court within the royal household. She spent lavish amounts of money on gowns, jewels, head-dresses, ostrich-feather fans, riding equipment, furniture and upholstery, maintaining the ostentatious display required by her status. Numerous palaces were renovated to suit the extravagant tastes she and Henry shared.[114] Her motto was \"The most happy\", and she chose a white falcon as her personal device.Anne was blamed for Henry's tyranny and called by some of her subjects \"the king's whore\" or a \"naughty paike [prostitute]\".[115] Public opinion turned further against her after the marriage produced no male heir. It sank even lower after the executions of her enemies More and Fisher.[116]","title":"Queen of England: 1533–1536"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour,_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jane Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"embalming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalming"},{"link_name":"heart cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_cancer"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser-113"},{"link_name":"Jane Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour"},{"link_name":"portrait miniature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_miniature"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Peterborough Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Eustace Chapuys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Chapuys"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cjd-127"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"John Dewhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_John_Dewhurst"},{"link_name":"pseudocyesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocyesis"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cjd-127"},{"link_name":"sortileges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sortilege"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Order of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"Sir Nicholas Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Carew_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"}],"text":"Shortly after Anne's execution, Jane Seymour became Henry's third wife.On 8 January 1536, news of Catherine of Aragon's death reached Anne and the king, who was overjoyed. The following day, Henry wore yellow, a symbol of joy and celebration in England but of mourning in Spain, from head to toe, and celebrated Catherine's death with festivities.[117][118] With Catherine dead, Anne attempted to make peace with Mary.[119] Mary rebuffed Anne's overtures, perhaps because of rumours circulating that Catherine had been poisoned by Anne or Henry.[120] These began after the discovery during her embalming that Catherine's heart was blackened. Modern medical experts are in agreement that this was not the result of poisoning, but from heart cancer, the cause of her death and an extremely rare condition that was not understood at the time.[111]Queen Anne, pregnant again, was aware of the dangers if she failed to give birth to a son. With Catherine dead, Henry would be free to marry without any taint of illegality. At this time, Henry began paying court to one of Anne's maids-of-honour, Jane Seymour, and allegedly gave her a locket containing a portrait miniature of himself. While wearing this locket in the presence of Anne, Jane began opening and closing it. Anne responded by ripping the locket off Jane's neck with such force that her fingers bled.[121]Later that month, the king was unhorsed in a tournament and knocked unconscious for two hours, a worrying incident that Anne believed led to her miscarriage five days later.[122] Another possible cause of the miscarriage was an incident in which, upon entering a room, Anne saw Jane Seymour sitting on Henry's lap and flew into a rage.[123] Whatever the cause, on the day that Catherine of Aragon was buried at Peterborough Abbey, Anne miscarried a baby which, according to the imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys, she had borne for about three and a half months, and which \"seemed to be a male child\".[124][125] Chapuys commented \"She has miscarried of her saviour.\"[126] In Chapuys's opinion, this loss was the beginning of the end of the royal marriage.[127]Given Henry's desperate desire for a son, the sequence of Anne's pregnancies has attracted much interest. Mike Ashley speculated that Anne had two stillborn children after Elizabeth's birth and before the male child she miscarried in 1536.[128] Gynaecologist John Dewhurst studied the sequence of the birth of Elizabeth in September 1533 and the series of reported miscarriages that followed, including the miscarriage of a male child of almost four months' gestation in January 1536, and postulates that, instead of a series of miscarriages, Anne was experiencing pseudocyesis, a condition \"occur[ing] in women desperate to prove their fertility\".[125]As Anne recovered from her miscarriage, Henry declared that he had been seduced into the marriage by means of \"sortileges\" – a French term indicating either \"deception\" or \"spells\".[129] His new favourite Jane Seymour was quickly moved into royal quarters at Greenwich; Jane's brother Edward and his wife, for the sake of propriety, moved with her.[130][c] This was followed by Anne's brother George Boleyn being refused the prestigious honour of the Order of the Garter, given instead to Sir Nicholas Carew.[132]","title":"Downfall and execution: 1536"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cromwell,Thomas(1EEssex)01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Thomas_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scholarship.law.wm.edu-148"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_people"},{"link_name":"Mark Smeaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Smeaton"},{"link_name":"tortured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Norris_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"May Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Madge Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madge_Shelton"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnicke1989212-150"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Weston"},{"link_name":"Sir William Brereton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brereton_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"Privy Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Page_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard2011174%E2%80%93175-151"},{"link_name":"George Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boleyn,_Viscount_Rochford"},{"link_name":"incest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall"},{"link_name":"Eltham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham_Palace"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives,_p._344-153"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves2004334-156"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"},{"link_name":"the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm"},{"link_name":"adultery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery"},{"link_name":"high treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_treason"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves2004333%E2%80%93338-160"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives,_p._344-153"},{"link_name":"Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_6th_Earl_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"nephew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Percy,_7th_Earl_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"sub_title":"Charges of adultery, incest and treason","text":"Thomas Cromwell, Anne's one-time strong ally, with whom she clashed over foreign policy and the redistribution of church wealth. Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1532.Anne's biographer Eric Ives believes that her fall and execution were primarily engineered by her former ally Thomas Cromwell.[133] The conversations between Chapuys and Cromwell indicate Cromwell as the instigator of the plot to remove Anne; evidence of this is seen through letters written from Chapuys to Charles V.[134] Anne argued with Cromwell over the redistribution of Church revenues and over foreign policy. She advocated that revenues be distributed to charitable and educational institutions; and she favoured a French alliance. Cromwell preferred an imperial alliance and insisted on filling the king's depleted coffers. For these reasons, Ives suggests, \"Anne Boleyn had become a major threat to Thomas Cromwell.\"[135] Cromwell's biographer John Schofield, on the other hand, contends that no power struggle existed between Anne and Cromwell and that \"not a trace can be found of a Cromwellian conspiracy against Anne ... Cromwell became involved in the royal marital drama only when Henry ordered him onto the case.\" Schofield claims that evidence for the power struggle between Anne and Cromwell comprises no more than \"fly-by-night stories from Alesius and the Spanish Chronicle,[d] words of Chapuys taken out of context, and an untrustworthy translation of the Calendar of State Papers.\"[139] Cromwell did not manufacture the accusations of adultery, though he and other officials used them to bolster Henry's case against Anne.[140] Warnicke questions whether Cromwell could have or wished to manipulate the king in such a matter. Such a bold attempt by Cromwell, given the limited evidence, could have risked his office, even his life.[141] Henry himself issued the crucial instructions: his officials, including Cromwell, carried them out.[142] The result was by modern standards a legal travesty;[143] however, the rules of the time were not bent in order to assure a conviction; there was no need to tamper with rules that guaranteed the desired result since law at the time was an engine of state, not a mechanism for justice.[144]Towards the end of April, a Flemish musician in Anne's service named Mark Smeaton was arrested. He initially denied being the queen's lover but later confessed, perhaps after being tortured or promised freedom. Another courtier, Sir Henry Norris, was arrested on May Day, but being an aristocrat, could not be tortured. Prior to his arrest, Norris was treated kindly by the king, who offered him his own horse to use on the May Day festivities. It seems likely that during the festivities, the king was notified of Smeaton's confession and it was shortly thereafter the alleged conspirators were arrested upon his orders.[145] Norris denied his guilt and swore that Queen Anne was innocent; one of the most damaging pieces of evidence against Norris was an overheard conversation with Anne at the end of April, where she accused him of coming often to her chambers not to pay court to her lady-in-waiting Madge Shelton but to herself.[146] Sir Francis Weston was arrested two days later on the same charge, as was Sir William Brereton, a groom of the king's Privy Chamber. Sir Thomas Wyatt, a poet and friend of the Boleyns who was allegedly infatuated with her before her marriage to the king, was also imprisoned for the same charge but later released, most likely due to his or his family's friendship with Cromwell. Sir Richard Page was also accused of having a sexual relationship with the queen, but he was acquitted of all charges after further investigation could not implicate him with Anne.[147] The final accused was Queen Anne's own brother, George Boleyn, arrested on charges of incest and treason.[148] He was accused of two incidents of incest: November 1535 at Whitehall and the following month at Eltham.[149]On 2 May 1536 Anne was arrested and taken to the Tower of London. In the Tower, she collapsed, demanding to know the location of her father and \"swete broder\", as well as the charges against her. The charge was treason, in that she and the other defendants had intended Henry's death: the shock of the news of her adultery was alleged to have put his life at risk.[e] Anne was by taken by barge from Greenwich to The Tower and lodged in the royal apartments.[151]In what is reputed to be her last letter to Henry, dated 6 May, she wrote:Sir,\nYour Grace's displeasure, and my imprisonment are things so strange unto me, as what to write, or what to excuse, I am altogether ignorant. Whereas you send unto me (willing me to confess a truth, and so obtain your favour) by such an one, whom you know to be my ancient professed enemy. I no sooner received this message by him, than I rightly conceived your meaning; and if, as you say, confessing a truth indeed may procure my safety, I shall with all willingness and duty perform your demand.\nBut let not your Grace ever imagine, that your poor wife will ever be brought to acknowledge a fault, where not so much as a thought thereof preceded. And to speak a truth, never prince had wife more loyal in all duty, and in all true affection, than you have ever found in Anne Boleyn: with which name and place I could willingly have contented myself, if God and your Grace's pleasure had been so pleased. Neither did I at any time so far forget myself in my exaltation or received Queenship, but that I always looked for such an alteration as I now find; for the ground of my preferment being on no surer foundation than your Grace's fancy, the least alteration I knew was fit and sufficient to draw that fancy to some other object. You have chosen me, from a low estate, to be your Queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire. If then you found me worthy of such honour, good your Grace let not any light fancy, or bad council of mine enemies, withdraw your princely favour from me; neither let that stain, that unworthy stain, of a disloyal heart toward your good grace, ever cast so foul a blot on your most dutiful wife, and the infant-princess your daughter. Try me, good king, but let me have a lawful trial, and let not my sworn enemies sit as my accusers and judges; yea let me receive an open trial, for my truth shall fear no open flame; then shall you see either my innocence cleared, your suspicion and conscience satisfied, the ignominy and slander of the world stopped, or my guilt openly declared. So that whatsoever God or you may determine of me, your grace may be freed of an open censure, and mine offense being so lawfully proved, your grace is at liberty, both before God and man, not only to execute worthy punishment on me as an unlawful wife, but to follow your affection, already settled on that party, for whose sake I am now as I am, whose name I could some good while since have pointed unto, your Grace being not ignorant of my suspicion therein. But if you have already determined of me, and that not only my death, but an infamous slander must bring you the enjoying of your desired happiness; then I desire of God, that he will pardon your great sin therein, and likewise mine enemies, the instruments thereof, and that he will not call you to a strict account of your unprincely and cruel usage of me, at his general judgment-seat, where both you and myself must shortly appear, and in whose judgment I doubt not (whatsoever the world may think of me) mine innocence shall be openly known, and sufficiently cleared. My last and only request shall be, that myself may only bear the burden of your Grace's displeasure, and that it may not touch the innocent souls of those poor gentlemen, who (as I understand) are likewise in strait imprisonment for my sake. If ever I found favour in your sight, if ever the name of Anne Boleyn hath been pleasing in your ears, then let me obtain this request, and I will so leave to trouble your Grace any further, with mine earnest prayers to the Trinity to have your Grace in his good keeping, and to direct you in all your actions. From my doleful prison in the Tower, this sixth of May;\nYour most loyal and ever faithful wife,\n\nAnne Boleyn.[f]Four of the accused men were tried in Westminster on 12 May 1536. Weston, Brereton and Norris publicly maintained their innocence and only Smeaton supported the Crown by pleading guilty. Three days later, Anne and George Boleyn were tried separately in the Tower of London, before a jury of 27 peers. She was accused of adultery, incest, and high treason.[153] The treason alleged against her (after Cromwell had used the nine days of her imprisonment to develop his case[154]) was that of plotting the king's death, with her \"lovers\", so that she might later marry Henry Norris.[149] Anne's one-time betrothed, Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland, sat on the jury that unanimously found Anne guilty. When the verdict was announced, he collapsed and had to be carried from the courtroom.[155] He died childless eight months later and was succeeded by his nephew.On 17 May, Cranmer declared Anne's marriage to Henry null and void.[156]","title":"Downfall and execution: 1536"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anne_Boleyn_London_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Édouard Cibot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Cibot"},{"link_name":"William Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Constable of the Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Saint-Omer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Omer"},{"link_name":"O Death Rock Me Asleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Death_Rock_Me_Asleep"},{"link_name":"John Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(author)"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Defiled is my Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defiled_is_my_Name&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Royal Musical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Musical_Association"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"almoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoner"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Sacraments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"White Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Tower_(Tower_of_London)"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"petticoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petticoat"},{"link_name":"damask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxe1838134-172"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives_357%E2%80%93358-173"},{"link_name":"Foxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foxe"},{"link_name":"Actes and Monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxe1838134-172"},{"link_name":"Lancelot de Carle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_de_Carle"},{"link_name":"Antoine de Castelnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Castelnau"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetters_and_Papers,_Foreign_and_Domestic,_Henry_VIII12(2),_[httpwwwbritish-historyacukreportaspxcompid75700_78]-174"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmid2011[httpwwwhistorytodaycomsusan-walters-schmidhenry-viii-and-anne-boleyn-0_7%E2%80%9311]-175"},{"link_name":"Épistre Contenant le Procès Criminel Faict à l'Encontre de la Royne Anne Boullant d'Angleterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pistre_Contenant_le_Proc%C3%A8s_Criminel_Faict_%C3%A0_l%27Encontre_de_la_Royne_Anne_Boullant_d%27Angleterre"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmid2013110%E2%80%93175-177"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetters_and_Papers,_Foreign_and_Domestic,_Henry_VIII10,_[httpwwwbritish-historyacukreportaspxcompid75435_1036]_An_English_summary_of_the_poem_is_given_here-178"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmid2013171%E2%80%93172-179"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2010340-180"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"}],"sub_title":"Final hours","text":"Anne Boleyn in the Tower by Édouard Cibot (1799–1877)The accused were found guilty and condemned to death. George Boleyn and the other accused men were executed on 17 May 1536. William Kingston, the Constable of the Tower, reported that Anne seemed very happy and ready to be done with life.[157] Henry commuted Anne's sentence from burning to beheading, and rather than have a queen beheaded with the common axe, he brought an expert swordsman from Saint-Omer in France to perform the execution.An anonymous manuscript of a poem O Death Rock Me Asleep that came into the possession of prolific 18th-century author John Hawkins, and now in the British Museum, was thought to be in the style of \"the time of Henry VIII\". On this weak premise, Hawkins conjectured that the writer was \"very probabl[y]\" Anne Boleyn, writing after her conviction.[158] Defiled is my Name, a similar lament, is also attributed to Anne. According to Ives, she could not have produced any such writings while under the scrutiny of the ladies set to watch over her in the Tower.[159] Mary Joiner of the Royal Musical Association examined the BM documents and concluded that the attributions, although held in wide belief, are no more than an \"improbable [...] legend\".[160]On the morning of 19 May, Kingston wrote:This morning she sent for me, that I might be with her at such time as she received the good Lord, to the intent I should hear her speak as touching her innocency alway to be clear. And in the writing of this she sent for me, and at my coming she said, \"Mr. Kingston, I hear I shall not die afore noon, and I am very sorry therefore, for I thought to be dead by this time and past my pain.\" I told her it should be no pain, it was so little. And then she said, \"I heard say the executioner was very good, and I have a little neck,\" and then put her hands about it, laughing heartily. I have seen many men and also women executed, and that they have been in great sorrow, and to my knowledge this lady has much joy in death. Sir, her almoner is continually with her, and had been since two o'clock after midnight.[161]Shortly before dawn, she called Kingston to hear mass with her and swore in his presence, on the eternal salvation of her soul and upon the Holy Sacraments, that she had never been unfaithful to the king. She ritually repeated this oath immediately before and after receiving the sacrament of the Eucharist.[162]On the morning of Friday 19 May, Anne was taken to a scaffold erected on the north side of the White Tower.[163] She wore a red petticoat under a loose, dark grey gown of damask trimmed in fur, and a mantle of ermine.[164] Accompanied by two female attendants, Anne made her final walk from the Queen's House to the scaffold; she showed a \"devilish spirit\" and looked \"as gay as if she was not going to die\".[165] She climbed the scaffold and made a short speech to the crowd:Good Christian people, […] I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord. And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best. And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me. O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul.[166][167]This version of her speech is found in Foxe's Actes and Monuments.[166]Lancelot de Carle, a secretary to the French Ambassador, Antoine de Castelnau, was in London in May 1536,[168] and was an eyewitness to her trial and execution. Two weeks after Anne's death,[169] de Carle composed the 1,318-line poem Épistre Contenant le Procès Criminel Faict à l'Encontre de la Royne Anne Boullant d'Angleterre (A Letter Containing the Criminal Charges Laid Against Queen Anne Boleyn of England),[170][171] which provides a moving account of her last words and their effect on the crowd:She gracefully addressed the people from the scaffold with a voice somewhat overcome by weakness, but which gathered strength as she went on. She begged her hearers to forgive her if she had not used them all with becoming gentleness, and asked for their prayers. It was needless, she said, to relate why she was there, but she prayed the Judge of all the world to have compassion on those who had condemned her, and she begged them to pray for the king, in whom she had always found great kindness, fear of God, and love of his subjects. The spectators could not refrain from tears.[172][173][174][175]It is thought that Anne avoided criticising Henry because she wished to save Elizabeth and her family from further consequences, but even under such extreme pressure, she did not confess guilt and indeed subtly implied her innocence in her appeal to those who might \"meddle of my cause\".[176]","title":"Downfall and execution: 1536"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cranmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer"},{"link_name":"coif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coif"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves2004358-183"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves2004358-183"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2010338,_343%E2%80%93344-184"},{"link_name":"Jesu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament#%22Jesus%22_forms"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves2004358%E2%80%93359-185"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brandon,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Henry FitzRoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_FitzRoy,_Duke_of_Richmond_and_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Lambeth Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Palace"},{"link_name":"Alexander Ales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ales"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Anne_Boleyn.jpg"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"St Peter ad Vincula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter_ad_Vincula"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Catherine Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"}],"sub_title":"Death and burial","text":"Thomas Cranmer, Anne's sole supporter in the councilThe ermine mantle was removed, and Anne lifted off her headdress and tucked her hair under a coif.[177] After a brief farewell to her weeping ladies and a request for prayers, she knelt down; one of the ladies tied a blindfold over Anne's eyes.[177] She knelt upright, in the French style of beheadings.[178] Her final prayer consisted of her continually repeating, \"Jesu receive my soul; O Lord God have pity on my soul.\"[179]The execution, which consisted of a single stroke,[180] was witnessed by Thomas Cromwell; Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk; the king's illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy; and the Lord Mayor of London, as well as aldermen, sheriffs and representatives of the various craft guilds. Most of the King's Council was also present.[181] Cranmer, who was at Lambeth Palace, reportedly broke down in tears after telling Alexander Ales, \"She who has been the Queen of England on earth will today become a Queen in heaven.\"[182] When the charges were first brought against Anne, Cranmer had expressed his astonishment to Henry and his belief that \"she should not be culpable\".[183]Anne Boleyn's grave markerCranmer felt vulnerable because of his closeness to the queen; on the night before the execution, he declared Henry's marriage to Anne to have been void, like Catherine's before her. He made no serious attempt to save Anne's life, although some sources record that he had prepared her for death by hearing her last private confession of sins, in which she had stated her innocence before God.[184] On the day of the execution, a Scottish friend found Cranmer weeping uncontrollably in his London gardens, saying that he was sure that Anne had now gone to Heaven.[185]She was buried in an unmarked grave in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula at the Tower of London. Her skeleton was identified during renovations of the chapel in 1876, in the reign of Queen Victoria,[186][187] and reinterred there in 1877. Her grave is now clearly marked on the marble floor, although the historian Alison Weir believes that the bones identified as belonging to Anne might in fact be those of Catherine Howard.[188]","title":"Downfall and execution: 1536"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Sander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Sanders"},{"link_name":"recusant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recusant"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"artistic and cultural works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives,_p._xv-14"}],"text":"See also: Cultural depictions of Anne BoleynNicholas Sander, a Catholic recusant born c. 1530, was committed to deposing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism in England. In his De Origine ac Progressu schismatis Anglicani (The Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism), published in 1585, he was the first to write that Anne had six fingers on her right hand.[189] Since physical deformities were generally interpreted as a sign of evil, it is unlikely that Anne Boleyn would have gained Henry's romantic attention had she had any.[190] Upon exhumation in 1876, no abnormalities were discovered. Her frame was described as delicate, approximately 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m), \"the hand and feet bones indicated delicate and well-shaped hands and feet, with tapering fingers and a narrow foot\".[191]Anne Boleyn was described by contemporaries as intelligent and gifted in musical arts and scholarly pursuits. She was also strong-willed and proud, and often quarrelled with Henry.[192] Biographer Eric Ives evaluates the apparent contradictions in Anne's persona:To us she appears inconsistent—religious yet aggressive, calculating yet emotional, with the light touch of the courtier yet the strong grip of the politician—but is this what she was, or merely what we strain to see through the opacity of the evidence? As for her inner life, short of a miraculous cache of new material, we shall never really know. Yet what does come to us across the centuries is the impression of a person who is strangely appealing to the early 21st century: A woman in her own right—taken on her own terms in a man's world; a woman who mobilised her education, her style and her presence to outweigh the disadvantages of her sex; of only moderate good looks, but taking a court and a king by storm. Perhaps, in the end, it is Thomas Cromwell's assessment that comes nearest: intelligence, spirit and courage.[193]Following the coronation of her daughter as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe, who argued that Anne had saved England from the evils of Roman Catholicism and that God had provided proof of her innocence and virtue by making sure her daughter Elizabeth I ascended the throne. An example of Anne's direct influence in the reformed church is what Alexander Ales described to Queen Elizabeth as the \"evangelical bishops whom your holy mother appointed from among those scholars who favoured the purer doctrine\".[194] Over the centuries, Anne has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. As a result, she has remained in the popular memory and has been called \"the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had.\"[13]","title":"Recognition and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anne_boleyn.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ian_Sample-202"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anne_Boleyn%3F_the_Nidd_Hall_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jane Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ian_Sample-202"}],"text":"Copy from a lost original at National Portrait Gallery, LondonAnne's appearance has been much discussed by historians, as all of her portraits were destroyed following an order by Henry VIII, who wanted to erase her from history.[195] Many surviving depictions of her may be copies of a lost original that apparently existed as late as 1773. One of the only contemporary likenesses of Anne was captured on a medal referred to as \"The Moost Happi Medal\" which was struck in 1536, probably to celebrate her pregnancy which occurred around that time.[196] The other possible portrait of Anne was a secret locket ring that her daughter Elizabeth I possessed and was taken from one of her fingers at her death in 1603.[197]Nidd Hall Portrait currently unidentifiedAnother possible portrait of Anne was discovered in 2015 painted by artist Nidd Hall. Some scholars believe that it portrays Anne because it resembles the 1536 medal more than any other depiction. However, others believe that it is actually a portrait of her successor Jane Seymour.[196]","title":"Appearance and portraits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Lady,_called_Anne_Boleyn,_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anne_Boleyn_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_The_Younger"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"French cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Marino Sanuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marino_Sanuto_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"Martin Bucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bucer"},{"link_name":"Lancelot de Carle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_de_Carle"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"jaundice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice"},{"link_name":"wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichilemmal_cyst"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"}],"sub_title":"Holbein sketches","text":"A sketch by Holbein, depicting Anne BoleynSketch headed with Anne's nameHans Holbein originally painted Anne's portrait and also sketched her during her lifetime. There are two surviving sketches that have been identified to be of Anne, by historians and people who knew her. Most scholars believe that Anne cannot be one of the two, as the portrayals do not look similar to each other, whilst others think that they do show the same woman but in one sketch she is pregnant, whilst in the other she is not.[198][199]She was considered[by whom?] brilliant, charming, driven, elegant, forthright and graceful, with a keen wit and a lively, opinionated and passionate personality. Anne was depicted as \"sweet and cheerful\" in her youth and enjoyed cards and dice games, drinking wine, French cuisine, flirting, gambling, gossiping and good jokes. She was fond of archery, falconry, hunting and the occasional game of bowls. She also had a sharp tongue and a terrible temper.[200]Anne exerted a powerful charm on those who met her, though opinions differed on her attractiveness. The Venetian diarist Marino Sanuto, who saw Anne when Henry VIII met Francis I at Calais in October 1532, described her as \"not one of the handsomest women in the world; she is of middling stature, swarthy complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much raised ... eyes, which are black and beautiful\".[201] Simon Grynée wrote to Martin Bucer in September 1531 that Anne was \"young, good-looking, of a rather dark complexion\". Lancelot de Carle called her \"beautiful with an elegant figure\", and a Venetian in Paris in 1528 also reported that she was said to be beautiful.[202]The most influential description of Anne,[203] but also the least reliable, was written by the Catholic propagandist and polemicist Nicholas Sander in 1586, half a century after Anne's death:Anne Boleyn was rather tall of stature, with black hair, and an oval face of a sallow complexion, as if troubled with jaundice. It is said she had a projecting tooth under the upper lip, and on her right hand six fingers. There was a large wen under her chin, and therefore to hide its ugliness she wore a high dress covering her throat ... She was handsome to look at, with a pretty mouth.[204]As Sander held Anne responsible for Henry VIII's rejection of the Catholic Church he was keen to demonise her. Sander's description contributed to what Ives calls the \"monster legend\" of Anne Boleyn.[205] Though his details were fictitious, they have formed the basis for references to Anne's appearance even in some modern textbooks.[206]","title":"Appearance and portraits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ives"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves2004278-213"},{"link_name":"Queen Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_of_France"},{"link_name":"Marguerite of Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois-Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Renaissance humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"book of hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_hours"},{"link_name":"armillary sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillary_sphere"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"John Foxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foxe"},{"link_name":"Foxe's Book of Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Mary%27s_church,_Erwarton,_Suffolk_-_geograph.org.uk_-_283396.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erwarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwarton"}],"text":"Because of Anne's early exposure to court life, she had powerful influences around her for most of her life. These early influences were mostly women who were engaged with art, history and religion. Eric Ives described the women around Anne as \"aristocratic women seeking spiritual fulfillment\".[207] They included Queen Claude, of whose court Anne was a member, and Marguerite of Angoulême, who was a well-known figure during the Renaissance and held strong religious views that she expressed through poetry. These women along with Anne's immediate family members, such as her father, may have had a large influence on Anne's personal faith.Anne's experience in France made her a devout Christian in the new tradition of Renaissance humanism.[208] Anne knew little Latin and, trained at a French court, she was influenced by an \"evangelical variety of French humanism\", which led her to champion the vernacular Bible.[209] She later held the reformist position that the papacy was a corrupting influence on Christianity, but her conservative tendencies could be seen in her devotion to the Virgin Mary.[210] Anne's European education ended in 1521, when her father summoned her back to England. She sailed from Calais in January 1522.[211]Another clue to Anne's personal faith could be found in Anne's book of hours, in which she wrote, \"le temps viendra\" [\"the time will come\"]. Alongside this inscription, she drew an armillary sphere, an emblem (also used by her daughter Elizabeth) representing contemplation of heavenly wisdom.[212][213]Anne Boleyn's last words before her beheading were a prayer for her salvation, her king, and her country. She said, \"Good Christian people! I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law, I am judged to death; and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I come hither to accuse no man, nor to any thing of that whereof I am accused and condemned to die; but I pray God save the king, and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler, or a more merciful prince was there never; and to me he was ever a good, a gentle, and a sovereign lord.\"[214] John Foxe, martyrologist, included Anne in his book, Foxe's Book of Martyrs, claiming she was a good woman who had sincere faith and trust in her God. Foxe also believed a sign of Anne's good faith was God's blessing on her daughter, Elizabeth I, and God allowing Elizabeth to prosper as queen.St Mary's Church, Erwarton, Suffolk, where Boleyn's heart was allegedly buried","title":"Faith and spirituality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salle Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salle,_Norfolk#St_Peter_and_St_Paul's_Church"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"buried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart-burial"},{"link_name":"Erwarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwarton"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Nicolosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolosi"},{"link_name":"Mount Etna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Etna"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost"},{"link_name":"Marwell Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwell_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"paranormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal"},{"link_name":"Hans Holzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holzer"},{"link_name":"60th Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"billeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billet"},{"link_name":"court-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"}],"text":"Many legends and stories about Anne Boleyn have existed over the centuries. One is that she was secretly buried in Salle Church in Norfolk under a black slab near the tombs of her ancestors.[215] Her body was said to have rested in an Essex church on its journey to Norfolk. Another is that her heart, at her request,[216] was buried in Erwarton (Arwarton) Church, Suffolk by her uncle Sir Philip Parker.[217]In 18th-century Sicily, the peasants of the village of Nicolosi believed that Anne Boleyn, for having made Henry VIII a heretic, was condemned to burn for eternity inside Mount Etna. This legend was often told for the benefit of foreign travellers.[218]A number of people have claimed to have seen Anne's ghost at Hever Castle, Blickling Hall, Salle Church, the Tower of London and Marwell Hall.[219][220][221] One account of her reputed sighting was given by paranormal researcher Hans Holzer. In 1864, Captain (later Major General) J. D. Dundas of the 60th Rifles regiment was billeted in the Tower of London. As he was looking out the window of his quarters, he noticed a guard below in the courtyard, in front of the lodgings where Anne had been imprisoned, behaving strangely. He appeared to challenge something, which to Dundas \"looked like a whitish, female figure sliding towards the soldier\". The guard charged through the form with his bayonet, then fainted. Only the captain's testimony and corroboration at the court-martial saved the guard from a lengthy prison sentence for having fainted while on duty.[222]","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoffrey Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"William Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Anne Hoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hoo"},{"link_name":"Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Boleyn,_1st_Earl_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Butler,_7th_Earl_of_Ormond"},{"link_name":"Lady Margaret Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Butler"},{"link_name":"Anne Hankford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hankford"},{"link_name":"John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Katherine Moleyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Moleyns&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Boleyn,_Countess_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Frederick Tilney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Tilney"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Tilney, Countess of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Tilney,_Countess_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Cheney (1422–1473)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cheney_(1422%E2%80%931473)"}],"text":"Ancestors of Anne Boleyn 8. Geoffrey Boleyn 4. William Boleyn 9. Anne Hoo 2. Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire 10. Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond 5. Lady Margaret Butler 11. Anne Hankford 1. Anne Boleyn 12. John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk 6. Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 13. Katherine Moleyns 3. Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire 14. Frederick Tilney 7. Elizabeth Tilney, Countess of Surrey 15. Elizabeth Cheney (1422–1473)","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-134"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-142"},{"link_name":"Mark Smeaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Smeaton"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-155"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-158"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"}],"text":"^ Anne Boleyn's marriage to Henry VIII was annulled on 17 May 1536, two days before her execution.[6]\n\n^ Historian Amy Licence notes that surviving examples of Burghley's handwriting show that he would use a long lead-in stroke for the number \"1\", so that it could be mistaken for a \"7\".[25]\n\n^ The rooms had previously been occupied by the king's secretary, Thomas Cromwell, and were connected to those of the king by hidden passageways.[131]\n\n^ The Spanish Chronicle was an unreliable contemporary account based on \"hearsay and rumour\" by an unknown author. One passage describes how the musician Mark Smeaton was supposedly hidden, naked, in Anne's confectionery cupboard and smuggled into her bedroom by a waiting-woman. One Thomas Percy, another member of Anne's household, became jealous and reported the affair to Cromwell.[136][137][138]\n\n^ Eric Ives points out that the king, amusing himself with Jane Seymour, was far from perturbed by any news of Anne's activities. The other strand of the indictment, that adultery with the queen was a treasonable offence, had to be twisted to fit Cromwell's purported facts because this was a moral offence only, triable exclusively in the church courts.[150]\n\n^ A copy of this letter was found among the papers of the king's secretary, Thomas Cromwell, after his execution.[152]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7867-1104-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1104-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-17089-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17089-4"},{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/pss/573258"},{"link_name":"Bordo, Susan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Bordo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1780743653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780743653"},{"link_name":"Borman, Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Borman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1444782912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444782912"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1399705097","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1399705097"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0713990676","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713990676"},{"link_name":"Epistre Contenant le Procès Criminel Faict a l'Encontre de la Royne Anne Boullant d'Angleterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k71312g/f2.image.r=Lancelot%20de%20Carles"},{"link_name":"Cavendish, George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cavendish_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Singer, Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Weller_Singer"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"457354116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/457354116"},{"link_name":"Elton, G. 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British Kings & Queens. Running Press. ISBN 0-7867-1104-3.\nBaumann, Uwe, ed. Henry VIII in history, historiography, and literature (Peter Lang, 1992).\nBell, Doyne C. Notices of the Historic Persons Buried in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London (1877)\nBernard, G. W. (2011). Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17089-4.\n—— \"The fall of Anne Boleyn\", English Historical Review, 106 (1991), 584–610 in JSTOR\nBordo, Susan (2014). The Creation of Anne Boleyn A New Look at England's Most Notorious Queen. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1780743653.\nBorman, Tracy (2016). The Private Lives of the Tudors. London: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 978-1444782912.\n—— (2023). Anne Boleyn & Elizabeth I: the mother and daughter who changed history. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1399705097.\nBrigden, Susan (2000). New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0713990676.\nde Carle, Lancelot (1545). Epistre Contenant le Procès Criminel Faict a l'Encontre de la Royne Anne Boullant d'Angleterre. Lyon.\nCavendish, George (1641). Singer, Samuel (ed.). The Life of Cardinal Wolsey. London: Harding Triphook and Lepard (published 1825). OCLC 457354116.\nElton, G. R. (1977). Reform and Reformation. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-5953-7.\nDavenby, C \"Objects of Patriarchy\" (2012) (Feminist Study)\nDowling, Maria (June 1991). \"A Woman's Place? Learning and the Wives of King Henry VII\". History Today. Vol. 41, no. 6. Retrieved 21 June 2023.\n—— (1986). Humanism in the Age of Henry the VIII. Croom Helm. ISBN 0709908644.\nFoxe, John (1838). Cattley, S. R. (ed.). The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe. Vol. V.\nFraser, Antonia (1992). The Wives of Henry VIII. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-73001-X.\nGraves, Michael (2003). Henry VIII. London: Pearson Longman. ISBN 0-582-38110-X.\nGuy, John (1 November 2009). \"The Lady in the Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn by Alison Weir\". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.\nHaigh, Christopher (1993). English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0198221623.\nHibbert, Christopher (1971). Tower of London: A History of England From the Norman Conquest. Newsweek. ISBN 978-0882250021.\nIves, E. W. (1994). \"Ann Boleyn and the early reformation in England: the contemporary evidence\". The Historical Journal. 37 (2): 389–400. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00016526. S2CID 162289756.\n—— (2004). The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-23479-1.\n—— \"Anne (c. 1500–1536)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (2004b) accessed 8 September 2011\nLacey, Robert (1972). The Life and Times of Henry VIII. ASIN B000KL8N6W.\nLehmberg, Stanford E. The Reformation Parliament, 1529–1536 (1970)\n\"Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII\". British-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2013.\nLindsey, Karen Divorced Beheaded Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII (1995) ISBN 0-201-40823-6\nLofts, Norah (1979). Anne Boleyn. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0698110052.\nMacCulloch, Diarmaid (1996). Thomas Cranmer: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07448-4.\n—— (2018). Thomas Cromwell: A Life. Penguin. ISBN 978-1846144295.\nMorris, T. A. (1998). Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203014639. ISBN 978-0203014639.\nNorton, Elizabeth (2009). Anne Boleyn: Henry VIII's Obsession. Amberley. ISBN 978-1-84868-084-5.\nParker, K. T. The Drawings of Hans Holbein at Windsor Castle Oxford: Phaidon (1945), OCLC 822974\nRowlands, John The Age of Dürer and Holbein London: British Museum (1988) ISBN 0-7141-1639-4\nScarisbrick, J. J. (1972). Henry VIII. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01130-4.\nSchama, Simon (2000). A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World?: 3000 BC–AD 1603. ISBN 0-563-38497-2.\nSchmid, Susan Walters (2013) [2009]. \"Chapter 3: The Poem: Poem Translation\". Anne Boleyn, Lancelot de Carle, and the Uses of Documentary Evidence (PhD thesis). Ann Arbor: Arizona State University. pp. 110–175. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013.\n—— (March 2011). \"Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII\". History Review. 69: 7–11. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.\nSchofield, John (2008). The rise and fall of Thomas Cromwell: Henry VIII's most faithful servant. Stroud: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4604-2.\nSomerset, Anne (1997). Elizabeth I. London: Phoenix. ISBN 0-385-72157-9.\nStarkey, David (2003). Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-000550-5.\nStrong, Roy (1969). Tudor & Jacobean Portraits. London: HMSO. OCLC 71370718.\nWalker, Greg. \"Rethinking the Fall of Anne Boleyn\", Historical Journal, March 2002, Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp 1–29; blames what she said in incautious conversations with the men who were executed with her\nWarnicke, Retha M. \"The Fall of Anne Boleyn: A Reassessment\", History, Feb 1985, Vol. 70 Issue 228, pp 1–15; stresses role of Sir Thomas Cromwell, the ultimate winner\n—— (Winter 1986). \"The Eternal Triangle and Court Politics: Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, and Sir Thomas Wyatt\". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 18 (4): 565–579. doi:10.2307/4050130. JSTOR 4050130.\n—— (1989). The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family Politics at the Court of Henry VIII. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521370004.\n——. Sexual heresy at the court of Henry VIII. Historical Journal 30.2 (1987): 247–268.\nWeir, Alison (1991). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3683-1.\n—— (2001). Henry VIII: The King and His Court. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345436598.\n—— (2010). The Lady in the Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-7126-4017-6.\n—— (2011). Mary Boleyn The Mistress of Kings. Ballantine. ISBN 978-0771089220.\nWilliams, Neville (1971). Henry VIII and His Court. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0297003690.\nWilson, Derek Hans Holbein: Portrait of an Unknown Man London: Pimlico, Revised Edition (2006) ISBN 978-1-84413-918-7\nWooding, Lucy (2009). Henry VIII. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-33995-7.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Cyclopaedia_of_Female_Biography/Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q115749742","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115749742"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4391-8311-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-8311-3"}],"text":"Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). \"Anne Boleyn\". A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography: 46–47. Wikidata Q115749742.\nTo Die For: A Novel of Anne Boleyn, (2011) by Sandra Byrd, ISBN 978-1-4391-8311-3\nThe Politics of Marriage by David Loades (1994)\nThe Hever Castle Guide Book","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait of Anne's elder sister Mary Boleyn, by Remigius van Leemput, c. 1630–1670","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Attributed_to_Remigius_van_Leemput_%28d._1675%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Woman_-_RCIN_402991_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/190px-Attributed_to_Remigius_van_Leemput_%28d._1675%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Woman_-_RCIN_402991_-_Royal_Collection.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drawing of Claude of France by Jean Clouet, c. 1520. The wife of Francis I of France, she was served by Anne as maid of honour for nearly seven years.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claude_de_France_%281499-1524%29.png/190px-Claude_de_France_%281499-1524%29.png"},{"image_text":"Interior Court of Savoy, Mechelen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Court_of_Savoy%2C_Mechlin.jpg/220px-Court_of_Savoy%2C_Mechlin.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Henry and Anne Boleyn Deer shooting in Windsor Forest by William Powell Frith, 1903","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/King_Henry_and_Anne_Boleyn_Deer_shooting_in_Windsor_Forest.jpg/190px-King_Henry_and_Anne_Boleyn_Deer_shooting_in_Windsor_Forest.jpg"},{"image_text":"16th-century portrait of Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife, by an unidentified English painter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg/170px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Henry VIII by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1537","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/190px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anne Boleyn's coat of arms as queen consort[91]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_Arms_of_Anne_Boleyn.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Anne_Boleyn.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Bishop John Fisher, by Hans Holbein the Younger. Fisher refused to recognise Henry's marriage to Anne.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_Fisher%2C_Bishop_of_Rochester_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/170px-John_Fisher%2C_Bishop_of_Rochester_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg"},{"image_text":"Greenwich Palace, also known as the Palace of Placentia, after a 17th-century drawing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Palace_of_Placentia.jpg/220px-The_Palace_of_Placentia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henry's reconciliation with Anne Boleyn, by George Cruikshank, 19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Henry%27s_reconciliation_with_Anne_Boleyn_cph.3g08965.jpg/170px-Henry%27s_reconciliation_with_Anne_Boleyn_cph.3g08965.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shortly after Anne's execution, Jane Seymour became Henry's third wife.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomas Cromwell, Anne's one-time strong ally, with whom she clashed over foreign policy and the redistribution of church wealth. Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1532.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg/220px-Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anne Boleyn in the Tower by Édouard Cibot (1799–1877)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Anne_Boleyn_London_Tower.jpg/190px-Anne_Boleyn_London_Tower.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomas Cranmer, Anne's sole supporter in the council","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/170px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anne Boleyn's grave marker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tomb_of_Anne_Boleyn.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Anne_Boleyn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Copy from a lost original at National Portrait Gallery, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anne_boleyn.jpg/170px-Anne_boleyn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nidd Hall Portrait currently unidentified","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anne_Boleyn%3F_the_Nidd_Hall_portrait.jpg/170px-Anne_Boleyn%3F_the_Nidd_Hall_portrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"A sketch by Holbein, depicting Anne Boleyn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_Lady%2C_called_Anne_Boleyn%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/170px-A_Lady%2C_called_Anne_Boleyn%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sketch headed with Anne's name","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Anne_Boleyn_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/170px-Anne_Boleyn_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Mary's Church, Erwarton, Suffolk, where Boleyn's heart was allegedly buried","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/St._Mary%27s_church%2C_Erwarton%2C_Suffolk_-_geograph.org.uk_-_283396.jpg/220px-St._Mary%27s_church%2C_Erwarton%2C_Suffolk_-_geograph.org.uk_-_283396.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"Bring Up the Bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_Up_the_Bodies"},{"title":"Hilary Mantel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Mantel"},{"title":"Anna Bolena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Bolena"},{"title":"Gaetano Donizetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti"},{"title":"Felice Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Romani"},{"title":"Anne of the Thousand Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_the_Thousand_Days"},{"title":"Maxwell Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson"},{"title":"With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_Her_Head_Tucked_Underneath_Her_Arm"},{"title":"The Other Boleyn Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Boleyn_Girl"},{"title":"Philippa Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_Gregory"},{"title":"2008 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Boleyn_Girl_(2008_film)"},{"title":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boleyn"},{"title":"adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Boleyn_Girl_(2003_film)"},{"title":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"title":"Kathleen McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_McGowan"}]	[{"reference":"\"Doubts raised over Anne Boleyn portraits\". Hever Castle. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hevercastle.co.uk/news/doubts-raised-over-anne-boleyn-portraits/","url_text":"\"Doubts raised over Anne Boleyn portraits\""}]},{"reference":"Spender, Anna. \"The many faces of Anne Boleyn\" (PDF). Hever Castle. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://gio6v3sgme0lorck1bp74b12-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/The-many-faces-of-Anne-Boleyn-UPDATED.pdf","url_text":"\"The many faces of Anne Boleyn\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://gio6v3sgme0lorck1bp74b12-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/The-many-faces-of-Anne-Boleyn-UPDATED.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Offspring of Thomas and Elizabeth Boleyn\". The Tudor Society. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tudorsociety.com/the-offspring-of-thomas-and-elizabeth-boleyn-by-conor-byrne/","url_text":"\"The Offspring of Thomas and Elizabeth Boleyn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Letters and papers, foreign and domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII\". Internet Archive. 13 December 1862. Retrieved 21 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/lettersandpaper02gairgoog/lettersandpaper02gairgoog_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Letters and papers, foreign and domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII\""}]},{"reference":"Wells, John C. (1990). Longman pronunciation dictionary. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 83. ISBN 0-582-05383-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-05383-8","url_text":"0-582-05383-8"}]},{"reference":"Gairdner, James, ed. (1887). Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10, January–June 1536. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 349–371.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol10/pp349-371","url_text":"Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10, January–June 1536"}]},{"reference":"Wriothesley, Charles (1875). A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors, From A.D. 1485 to 1559. Vol. 1. Camden Society. pp. 189–226.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chronicleengland00wriouoft","url_text":"A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors, From A.D. 1485 to 1559"}]},{"reference":"Licence, Amy (2017). \"Anne's World 1501–6\". Anne Boleyn Adultery, Heresy, Desire. Stroud, England: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1445643533.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberley_Publishing","url_text":"Amberley Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1445643533","url_text":"978-1445643533"}]},{"reference":"Ives, Eric (August 1998). \"A Frenchman at the court of Anne Boleyn\". History Today. 48 (8): 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ives","url_text":"Ives, Eric"}]},{"reference":"Loades, David (2003). Elizabeth I. London: Hambledon and London. p. 6. ISBN 1-85285-304-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-304-2","url_text":"1-85285-304-2"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, Antonia (1993). \"genealogical tables\". The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Fraser","url_text":"Fraser, Antonia"}]},{"reference":"Anselme. Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France. Vol. 2, p. 741.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fraser, Antonia (1993). \"Anne of Cleves\". The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Fraser","url_text":"Fraser, Antonia"}]},{"reference":"Boutell, Charles (1863). A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular. London: Winsor & Newton. pp. 242–243. Retrieved 10 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Boutell","url_text":"Boutell, Charles"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/amanualheraldry00boutgoog#page/n346/mode/2up","url_text":"A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular"}]},{"reference":"Strong, Roy (2005). Coronation: a history of kingship and the British monarchy. London: HarperCollinsPublishers. p. xxix. ISBN 978-0-00-716054-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Strong","url_text":"Strong, Roy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-716054-9","url_text":"978-0-00-716054-9"}]},{"reference":"\"1112. Letter from Chapuys to Emperor Charles V, dated 10 Sept. 1533\". British History Online. Henry VIII: September 1533, 1–10: pp. 449–466 in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 6, 1533, (HMSO, London, 1882). Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. [On] Sunday last, the eve of Our Lady (7 Sept.), about 3 p.m., the king's mistress (amie) was delivered of a daughter, to the great regret both of him and the lady, and to the great reproach of the physicians, astrologers, sorcerers, and sorceresses, who affirmed that it would be a male child.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol6/pp449-466","url_text":"\"1112. Letter from Chapuys to Emperor Charles V, dated 10 Sept. 1533\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_History_Online","url_text":"British History Online"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150526055127/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol6/pp449-466","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About Matthew Parker & The Parker Library\". ParkerWeb.Stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150910000309/https://parker.stanford.edu/parker/actions/page.do?forward=about_parker","url_text":"\"About Matthew Parker & The Parker Library\""},{"url":"https://parker.stanford.edu/parker/actions/page.do?forward=about_parker","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dewhurst, John (January 1984). \"The alleged miscarriages of Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn\". Medical History. 28 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1017/S0025727300035316. PMC 1139382. PMID 6387336.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_John_Dewhurst","url_text":"Dewhurst, John"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1139382","url_text":"\"The alleged miscarriages of Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025727300035316","url_text":"10.1017/S0025727300035316"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1139382","url_text":"1139382"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6387336","url_text":"6387336"}]},{"reference":"Crónica del rey Enrico Octavo de Ingalaterra [Chronicle of King Henry VIII of England] (in Spanish). Translated by Hume, Martin. London: George Bell. 1889 [1556]. p. 57.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V2YNAAAAIAAJ&q=Spanish+Chronicle+hume","url_text":"Crónica del rey Enrico Octavo de Ingalaterra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Hume","url_text":"Hume, Martin"}]},{"reference":"Schauer, Margery; Schauer, Frederick (October 1980). \"Law as the Engine of State: The Trial of Anne Boleyn\". William & Mary Law Review. 22 (1): 49.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol22/iss1/3","url_text":"\"Law as the Engine of State: The Trial of Anne Boleyn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anne [Anne Boleyn] (c. 1500–1536)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/557.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F557","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/557"}]},{"reference":"Strickland, Agnes (1845). Lives of the Queens of England. Vol. IV. London: Henry Colburn. p. 196.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Strickland","url_text":"Strickland, Agnes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Colburn","url_text":"Henry Colburn"}]},{"reference":"Hawkins, John (1776). A General History of the Science and Practice of Music. Vol. III. London: T. Payne & Son. p. 30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(author)","url_text":"Hawkins, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Payne","url_text":"T. Payne & Son"}]},{"reference":"Joiner, Mary (1969). \"British Museum Add MS. 15117: A Commentary, Index and Bibliography\". R.M.A. Research Chronicle. 7 (7). Cambridge University Press: 68. doi:10.1080/14723808.1969.10540840. ISSN 0080-4460. JSTOR 25093674.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/25093674","url_text":"\"British Museum Add MS. 15117: A Commentary, Index and Bibliography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14723808.1969.10540840","url_text":"10.1080/14723808.1969.10540840"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4460","url_text":"0080-4460"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25093674","url_text":"25093674"}]},{"reference":"Nicholas, A. H., ed. (1835). The Republic of Letters: A Republication of Standard Literature. Vol. III. New York: George Dearborn. p. 70. And I am in such a perplexity, that my mind is clean amazed: for I never had better opinion in woman than I had in her; which maketh me to the that she should not be culpable.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob84AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Republic of Letters: A Republication of Standard Literature"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Doyne C. (1877). Notices of the Historic Persons Buried in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. pp. 20–21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"British Archaeological Association (1877). The Archaeological Journal (Vol. 34 ed.). Longman, Rrown [sic] Green, and Longman. p. 508. Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rn7QAAAAMAAJ&q=The+hand+and+feet+bones+indicated+delicate+and+well-shaped+hands+and+feet%2C+with+tapering+fingers+and+a+narrow+foot&pg=PA508","url_text":"The Archaeological Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"El misterioso rostro de Ana Bolena\" [The Mysterious Face Of Anne Boleyn]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 20 February 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elmundo.es/la-aventura-de-la-historia/2015/02/16/54e1d23bca4741bf298b4575.html","url_text":"\"El misterioso rostro de Ana Bolena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)","url_text":"El Mundo"}]},{"reference":"Sample, Ian (15 February 2015). \"Possible Anne Boleyn portrait found using facial recognition software\". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/16/anne-boleyn-portrait-found-using-facial-recognition-software","url_text":"\"Possible Anne Boleyn portrait found using facial recognition software\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Maev Kennedy (26 July 2002). \"Ring that could hold clue to Elizabeth I\". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theguardian.com/uk/2002/jul/26/humanities.monarchy","url_text":"\"Ring that could hold clue to Elizabeth I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Susan Foister (2006). Holbein in England, London: Tate: 2006. Harry N. Abrams. p. 58. ISBN 978-1854376459.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LABrQgAACAAJ","url_text":"Holbein in England, London: Tate: 2006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1854376459","url_text":"978-1854376459"}]},{"reference":"\"St Mary, Erwarton\". Suffolk Churches. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.suffolkchurches.co.uk/erwarton.html","url_text":"\"St Mary, Erwarton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Boleyn's Heart\". Notes and Queries. 6. 4: 326. 1881.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ghosts and Hauntings\". The Shadowlands. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://theshadowlands.net/ghost/ghost342.html","url_text":"\"Ghosts and Hauntings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marwell Hall – Haunted Mansions Around the World\". www.zurichmansion.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zurichmansion.org/halls/marwell.html","url_text":"\"Marwell Hall – Haunted Mansions Around the World\""}]},{"reference":"Holzer, Hans (1965). Ghosts I've Met. Barnes & Noble, Incorporated. p. 196. ISBN 978-0760766316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holzer","url_text":"Holzer, Hans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0760766316","url_text":"978-0760766316"}]},{"reference":"Ashley, Mike (2002). British Kings & Queens. Running Press. ISBN 0-7867-1104-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1104-3","url_text":"0-7867-1104-3"}]},{"reference":"Bernard, G. W. (2011). Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17089-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17089-4","url_text":"978-0-300-17089-4"}]},{"reference":"Bordo, Susan (2014). The Creation of Anne Boleyn A New Look at England's Most Notorious Queen. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1780743653.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Bordo","url_text":"Bordo, Susan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780743653","url_text":"978-1780743653"}]},{"reference":"Borman, Tracy (2016). The Private Lives of the Tudors. London: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 978-1444782912.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Borman","url_text":"Borman, Tracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444782912","url_text":"978-1444782912"}]},{"reference":"—— (2023). Anne Boleyn & Elizabeth I: the mother and daughter who changed history. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1399705097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1399705097","url_text":"978-1399705097"}]},{"reference":"Brigden, Susan (2000). New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0713990676.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713990676","url_text":"978-0713990676"}]},{"reference":"de Carle, Lancelot (1545). Epistre Contenant le Procès Criminel Faict a l'Encontre de la Royne Anne Boullant d'Angleterre. Lyon.","urls":[{"url":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k71312g/f2.image.r=Lancelot%20de%20Carles","url_text":"Epistre Contenant le Procès Criminel Faict a l'Encontre de la Royne Anne Boullant d'Angleterre"}]},{"reference":"Cavendish, George (1641). Singer, Samuel (ed.). The Life of Cardinal Wolsey. London: Harding Triphook and Lepard (published 1825). OCLC 457354116.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cavendish_(writer)","url_text":"Cavendish, George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Weller_Singer","url_text":"Singer, Samuel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/457354116","url_text":"457354116"}]},{"reference":"Elton, G. R. (1977). Reform and Reformation. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-5953-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton","url_text":"Elton, G. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-5953-7","url_text":"0-7131-5953-7"}]},{"reference":"Dowling, Maria (June 1991). \"A Woman's Place? Learning and the Wives of King Henry VII\". History Today. Vol. 41, no. 6. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Dowling","url_text":"Dowling, Maria"},{"url":"https://www.historytoday.com/archive/womans-place-learning-and-wives-henry-viii","url_text":"\"A Woman's Place? Learning and the Wives of King Henry VII\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Today","url_text":"History Today"}]},{"reference":"—— (1986). Humanism in the Age of Henry the VIII. Croom Helm. ISBN 0709908644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Dowling","url_text":"——"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709908644","url_text":"0709908644"}]},{"reference":"Foxe, John (1838). Cattley, S. R. (ed.). The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe. Vol. V.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/actsandmonument03towngoog#page/n164/mode/2up","url_text":"The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, Antonia (1992). The Wives of Henry VIII. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-73001-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-73001-X","url_text":"0-679-73001-X"}]},{"reference":"Graves, Michael (2003). Henry VIII. London: Pearson Longman. ISBN 0-582-38110-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-38110-X","url_text":"0-582-38110-X"}]},{"reference":"Guy, John (1 November 2009). \"The Lady in the Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn by Alison Weir\". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. 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Archived from the original on 19 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131219034526/http://gradworks.umi.com/35/38/3538762.html","url_text":"\"Chapter 3: The Poem: Poem Translation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University","url_text":"Arizona State University"},{"url":"http://gradworks.umi.com/35/38/3538762.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"—— (March 2011). \"Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII\". History Review. 69: 7–11. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140814230102/http://www.historytoday.com/susan-walters-schmid/henry-viii-and-anne-boleyn-0","url_text":"\"Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII\""},{"url":"http://www.historytoday.com/susan-walters-schmid/henry-viii-and-anne-boleyn-0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schofield, John (2008). The rise and fall of Thomas Cromwell: Henry VIII's most faithful servant. Stroud: History Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Leather_Cultural_District	Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°46′26″N 122°24′45″W / 37.7739571°N 122.4125042°W / 37.7739571; -122.4125042San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley on Ringold Street 37°46′26″N 122°24′45″W / 37.7739571°N 122.4125042°W / 37.7739571; -122.4125042 The Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District is a cultural district in San Francisco's South of Market (SOMA) neighborhood commemorating the history and culture of the leather subculture active in the area for approximately half a century. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors established the district with legislation signed into law by the mayor on May 9, 2018. A ribbon cutting was held on June 12 that year outside the Stud on 9th St. The area is bounded approximately by Howard St. on the northwest, 7th St. on the northeast, I-80 on the east and US 101 on the south. There is also an exclave between 5th and 6th streets, Harrison and Bryant. It includes the San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley, which opened in 2017. The aim of the district is to "honor and commemorate the people, places and institutions that gave South of Market its distinctive culture and appeal, and would also help protect the remaining businesses and spaces, and sustain the people who live, work and recreate there." References ^ a b "City and County of San Francisco - File #: 171019". ^ Sabatini, Joshua (2018). "SF expands cultural districts to include SoMa's gay and leather community - by j_sabatini - May 1, 2018 - The San Francisco Examiner". Sfexaminer.com. Archived from the original on 2019-03-14. Retrieved 2018-05-02. ^ "Victory Party for Leather & LGBTQ Cultural District". 12 June 2018. ^ "Protecting Queer Spaces \| the Fight Magazine". 31 July 2018. ^ "Leather cultural district cuts ribbon". ^ "Leather Community Celebrates Designated District At This Year's SF Pride « CBS San Francisco". Sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com. 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2018-06-24. ^ Sabatini, Joshua (2018-05-01). "SF expands cultural districts to include SoMa's gay and leather community - by j_sabatini - May 1, 2018 - The San Francisco Examiner". Sfexaminer.com. Archived from the original on 2019-03-14. Retrieved 2018-06-24. ^ AdminSFLD (2018-05-30). "Map of District – Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District". Leatheralliance.org. Archived from the original on 2018-06-14. Retrieved 2018-06-24. ^ "Ringold Alley's Leather Memoir". www.artandarchitecture-sf.com. ^ Paull, Laura (21 June 2018). "Honoring gay leather culture with art installation in SoMa alleyway – J". J. Jweekly.com. Retrieved 2018-06-23. ^ "Introduction to the Leather Cultural District Project". Google Docs. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District, San Francisco. Official website vteSouth of Market, San FranciscoBuildings 21st Amendment Brewery 33 Tehama 101 Second Street 123 Mission Street 140 New Montgomery 181 Fremont 199 Fremont Street 222 Second Street 340 Fremont Street 350 Mission Street 399 Fremont Street 535 Mission Street 555 Mission Street The Avery Baker and Hamilton Building BridgeView Fifteen Fifty Foundry Square Four Seasons Private Residences Hall of Justice Hugo Hotel The Infinity James Lick Baths Jasper JPMorgan Chase Building LUMINA Metreon Millennium Tower MIRA Moscone Center NEMA Oceanwide Center One Rincon Hill Palace Hotel Residential Tower Palace Hotel The Paramount Park Tower at Transbay Providian Financial Building Salesforce Tower Salesforce West San Francisco Mint St. Regis Museum Tower BusinessesActive Bootie DNA Lounge The EndUp San Francisco Eagle San Francisco Marriott Marquis The Stud W San Francisco Defunct Blow Buddies Caldron Catacombs Clementina's Baybrick Trannyshack Trocadero Transfer Culture Cartoon Art Museum Catharine Clark Gallery Center for Asian American Media Children's Creativity Museum Contemporary Jewish Museum Art Hoppe Hosfelt Gallery Lamplighters Music Theatre Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District Museum of the African Diaspora San Francisco Museum of Art San Francisco Railway Museum Yerba Buena Center for the Arts Education California Institute of Integral Studies Golden Gate University Geography Barbary Coast Folsom Street Oracle Park San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley South Park Yerba Buena Gardens Public art Aurora Statue of Mahatma Gandhi Shaking Man Religion St Patrick's Catholic Church Transportation 49-Mile Scenic Drive 2nd and King station 4th and Brannan station Central Subway The Portal (planned) Yerba Buena/Moscone station Salesforce Transit Center San Francisco 4th and King Street station San Francisco Transbay Terminal (former) Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ringold_Alley,_San_Francisco.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_South_of_Market_Leather_History_Alley"},{"link_name":"37°46′26″N 122°24′45″W / 37.7739571°N 122.4125042°W / 37.7739571; -122.4125042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leather_and_LGBTQ_Cultural_District&params=37.7739571_N_122.4125042_W_"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"South of Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_Market,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"leather subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_subculture"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Board of Supervisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"the Stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stud_(bar)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Howard St.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Street_(San_Francisco)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_South_of_Market_Leather_History_Alley"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jewish-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley on Ringold Street37°46′26″N 122°24′45″W / 37.7739571°N 122.4125042°W / 37.7739571; -122.4125042\nThe Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District[1] is a cultural district in San Francisco's South of Market (SOMA) neighborhood commemorating the history and culture of the leather subculture active in the area for approximately half a century. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors established the district with legislation signed into law by the mayor on May 9, 2018.[1][2] A ribbon cutting was held on June 12 that year[3][4][5] outside the Stud on 9th St.[6][7]The area is bounded approximately by Howard St. on the northwest, 7th St. on the northeast, I-80 on the east and US 101 on the south. There is also an exclave between 5th and 6th streets, Harrison and Bryant.[8] It includes the San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley, which opened in 2017.[9][10]The aim of the district is to \"honor and commemorate the people, places and institutions that gave South of Market its distinctive culture and appeal, and would also help protect the remaining businesses and spaces, and sustain the people who live, work and recreate there.\"[11]","title":"Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District"}]	[{"image_text":"San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley on Ringold Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ringold_Alley%2C_San_Francisco.jpg/220px-Ringold_Alley%2C_San_Francisco.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"City and County of San Francisco - File #: 171019\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sfgov.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=3160189&GUID=6232E36B-8B0B-4CAD-8D7F-B7BB138156D8&Options=ID","url_text":"\"City and County of San Francisco - File #: 171019\""}]},{"reference":"Sabatini, Joshua (2018). \"SF expands cultural districts to include SoMa's gay and leather community - by j_sabatini - May 1, 2018 - The San Francisco Examiner\". 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Retrieved 2018-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190314205748/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sf-expands-cultural-districts-include-somas-gay-leather-community/","url_text":"\"SF expands cultural districts to include SoMa's gay and leather community - by j_sabatini - May 1, 2018 - The San Francisco Examiner\""},{"url":"http://www.sfexaminer.com/sf-expands-cultural-districts-include-somas-gay-leather-community/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"AdminSFLD (2018-05-30). \"Map of District – Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District\". Leatheralliance.org. Archived from the original on 2018-06-14. 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Retrieved 2018-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jweekly.com/2018/06/21/honoring-gay-leather-culture-with-art-installation-in-soma-alleyway/","url_text":"\"Honoring gay leather culture with art installation in SoMa alleyway – J\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction to the Leather Cultural District Project\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mike_Winage	Black Mike Winage	["1 Biography","2 Career","3 Last years","4 References","5 External links"]	Serbian-Canadian miner, pioneer and adventurer Black Mike Winage'Black Mike' Winage photographed for National Geographic in 1968BornMihajlo Vojnić(1870-03-14)March 14, 1870SerbiaDiedMarch 15, 1977(1977-03-15) (aged 107)Dawson City, Yukon, CanadaNationalitySerbian, CanadianOccupation(s)Prospector, pioneer, adventurer Michael "Black Mike" Winage (14 March 1870 – 15 March 1977) was a Serbian Canadian miner, pioneer and adventurer who settled in the Yukon towards the end of the Klondike Gold Rush and who allegedly lived to be 107 years old. Biography Born in the Principality of Serbia in 1870 as Mihajlo Vojnić (Serbian Cyrillic: Михајло Војнић), Winage reportedly left home at age 12, in 1882, for Canada. He claimed to have been a guide and to have travelled as far as Aklavik, as well as a Constable with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. By the time he arrived in the Yukon on 5 March 1900 with his dogs and horses gold had been discovered elsewhere in Canada and Alaska, prompting a new stampede, this time away from the Klondike. Although the Klondike Gold Rush was virtually over Winage began prospecting anyway. In the Yukon Winage was originally known as "Big Mike" because of his large size. After becoming a woodcutter he became known as "Sawdust Mike". After helping to unload 400 tons of coal in 1918 he finally became known as "Black Mike", a nickname which stuck with him for the rest of his life. Career In 1961, when the Auditorium, a local theater in Dawson City, was being demolished, Winage saw an opportunity to make money by searching for the gold dust that had fallen from the prospectors and through the floorboards to the ground beneath: While the last of the walls and fittings in the Auditorium were being torn down and removed, long-time resident Black Mike Winage could be seen idling around the site. One evening, when only the back and east walls remained, the floor torn up exposing the ground beneath, he spoke to a couple of young workers asking if there was one bar, or two. His money was on two, an old bet with no way to win until that summer's evening when, as he told the men, they could help prove him right by panning the dust and other debris fallen through the floorboards. Encouraged by Black Mike, the men obtained the use of a rocker, a tin washtub, shovels and a length of water hose. Keeping their day jobs, they came back later to uncover their illicit mining operation still partly hidden by the remaining walls. The hose was attached to a water tap located at the side of the Dawson City Water & Power Company Limited, whose manager, M. Emma A. Seeley, made sure that every drop of water used was accounted for. Properly warned, the would-be miners were uneasy when anyone walked down the street, like myself, when I learned what they were doing and took photographs. Two bars were found in the areas pointed out by Black Mike, one long and one short, their outlines drawn by gold. While Black Mike chortled at winning the long-standing bet, the successful miners shovelled, rocked and washed dirt and watched as nuggets and gold dust accumulated in a borrowed pan. Last years In 1968, aged 98, Winage was included in a National Geographic article on 'The Canadian North', which reported he was still panning for gold in the hills. Claiming to have outlived three wives and all his friends, he spent the last 20 years of his life in MacDonald Lodge, a home for senior citizens, in Dawson City, Yukon Territory. He died the day after his 107th birthday. References ^ a b c "The Canadian North", National Geographic, Vol 134, No 1, July 1968, p. 41 ^ a b c "'Black Mike' of the Yukon dies at 107", The Montreal Gazette, 18 March 1977. ^ a b Mike Winage profile, Daytona Beach Morning Journal, 17 March 1977. ^ Berton, Pierre (2001). Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush 1896–1899. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Anchor Canada; ISBN 0-385-65844-3 ^ Harvey, Robert Gourlay (1999). Carving the Western Path: By River, Rail, and Road Through Central and Northern BC. Surrey, Canada: Heritage House; ISBN 978-1-895811-74-2 ^ Warner, Iris. "The Palace Grand Theatre Restoration", The Klondike Sun, 23 June 2000. ^ '"Black Mike" Winage age 98', National Geographic, July 1968.Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine External links 'Deaths in the News – Mike Winage' – Reading Eagle – 17 March 1977 'Dies at 107' – The Tuscaloosa News – 18 March 1977	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Canadian"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"Klondike Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graphic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mike-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beach-3"}],"text":"Michael \"Black Mike\" Winage (14 March 1870 – 15 March 1977) was a Serbian Canadian miner, pioneer and adventurer who settled in the Yukon towards the end of the Klondike Gold Rush and who allegedly lived to be 107 years old.[1][2][3]","title":"Black Mike Winage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principality of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Aklavik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklavik"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graphic-1"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Klondike Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mike-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beach-3"}],"text":"Born in the Principality of Serbia in 1870 as Mihajlo Vojnić (Serbian Cyrillic: Михајло Војнић), Winage reportedly left home at age 12, in 1882, for Canada. He claimed to have been a guide and to have travelled as far as Aklavik, as well as a Constable with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.[1]By the time he arrived in the Yukon on 5 March 1900 with his dogs and horses gold had been discovered elsewhere in Canada and Alaska, prompting a new stampede, this time away from the Klondike.[4][5]Although the Klondike Gold Rush was virtually over Winage began prospecting anyway. In the Yukon Winage was originally known as \"Big Mike\" because of his large size. After becoming a woodcutter he became known as \"Sawdust Mike\". After helping to unload 400 tons of coal in 1918 he finally became known as \"Black Mike\", a nickname which stuck with him for the rest of his life.[2][3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dawson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_City"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1961, when the Auditorium, a local theater in Dawson City, was being demolished, Winage saw an opportunity to make money by searching for the gold dust that had fallen from the prospectors and through the floorboards to the ground beneath:While the last of the walls and fittings in the Auditorium were being torn down and removed, long-time resident Black Mike Winage could be seen idling around the site. One evening, when only the back and east walls remained, the floor torn up exposing the ground beneath, he spoke to a couple of young workers asking if there was one bar, or two. His money was on two, an old bet with no way to win until that summer's evening when, as he told the men, they could help prove him right by panning the dust and other debris fallen through the floorboards.\nEncouraged by Black Mike, the men obtained the use of a rocker, a tin washtub, shovels and a length of water hose. Keeping their day jobs, they came back later to uncover their illicit mining operation still partly hidden by the remaining walls. The hose was attached to a water tap located at the side of the Dawson City Water & Power Company Limited, whose manager, M. Emma A. Seeley, made sure that every drop of water used was accounted for. Properly warned, the would-be miners were uneasy when anyone walked down the street, like myself, when I learned what they were doing and took photographs.\n\nTwo bars were found in the areas pointed out by Black Mike, one long and one short, their outlines drawn by gold. While Black Mike chortled at winning the long-standing bet, the successful miners shovelled, rocked and washed dirt and watched as nuggets and gold dust accumulated in a borrowed pan.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graphic-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dawson City, Yukon Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowknife"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mike-2"}],"text":"In 1968, aged 98, Winage was included in a National Geographic article on 'The Canadian North', which reported he was still panning for gold in the hills.[1][7] Claiming to have outlived three wives and all his friends, he spent the last 20 years of his life in MacDonald Lodge, a home for senior citizens, in Dawson City, Yukon Territory. He died the day after his 107th birthday.[2]","title":"Last years"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19770318&id=tJ0uAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sKEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4030,650030","external_links_name":"\"'Black Mike' of the Yukon dies at 107\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1873&dat=19770317&id=iHoeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GcoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2432,974150","external_links_name":"Mike Winage profile"},{"Link":"http://www.yukonweb.com/community/dawson/klondike_sun/june23-00.htmld/#palace","external_links_name":"\"The Palace Grand Theatre Restoration\""},{"Link":"http://www.bidscapes.com/auction_details.php?auction_id=120661","external_links_name":"'\"Black Mike\" Winage age 98'"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225222/http://www.bidscapes.com/auction_details.php?auction_id=120661","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19770317&id=vtohAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CKAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5132,5269589","external_links_name":"'Deaths in the News – Mike Winage'"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19770318&id=z0YgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=850EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1547,3045510","external_links_name":"'Dies at 107'"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_the_Road_(1944_film)	End of the Road (1944 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]	1944 American filmEnd of the RoadTheatrical release posterDirected byGeorge BlairScreenplay byDenison CliftGertrude WalkerAlbert BeichProduced byGeorge BlairStarringEdward NorrisJohn AbbottJune StoreyJonathan HalePierre WatkinTed HechtCinematographyWilliam BradfordEdited byArthur RobertsMusic byJoseph DubinProductioncompanyRepublic PicturesDistributed byRepublic PicturesRelease date November 10, 1944 (1944-11-10) Running time51 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish End of the Road is a 1944 American crime film directed by George Blair and written by Denison Clift, Gertrude Walker and Albert Beich. The film stars Edward Norris, John Abbott, June Storey, Jonathan Hale, Pierre Watkin and Ted Hecht. The film was released on November 10, 1944, by Republic Pictures. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast Edward Norris as Robert Kirby John Abbott as Chris Martin June Storey as Kitty McDougal Jonathan Hale as Gregory McCune Pierre Watkin as District Attorney Ted Hecht as Walter Gribbon Kenne Duncan as Al Herman Eddie Fields as Joe Ferrari Ferris Taylor as Drake Emmett Vogan as Mannenburg Charles Williams as Jordan Edward Van Sloan as Judge References ^ "End of the Road (1944) - Overview". TCM.com. 1944-10-31. Retrieved 2015-11-13. ^ Hal Erickson (2015). "End-of-the-Road - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-13. ^ "End of the Road". Afi.com. Retrieved 2015-11-13. External links End of the Road at IMDb vteFilms directed by George Blair End of the Road (1944) Secrets of Scotland Yard (1944) Silent Partner (1944) Thoroughbreds (1944) Gangs of the Waterfront (1945) Scotland Yard Investigator (1945) A Sporting Chance (1945) Affairs of Geraldine (1946) G.I. War Brides (1946) Gay Blades (1946) That's My Gal (1947) The Ghost Goes Wild (1947) Exposed (1947) The Trespasser (1947) Homicide for Three (1948) King of the Gamblers (1948) Daredevils of the Clouds (1948) Madonna of the Desert (1948) Lightnin' in the Forest (1948) Duke of Chicago (1949) Streets of San Francisco (1949) Alias the Champ (1949) Post Office Investigator (1949) Rose of the Yukon (1949) Flaming Fury (1949) Daughter of the Jungle (1949) Destination Big House (1950) The Missourians (1950) Lonely Heart Bandits (1950) Federal Agent at Large (1950) Women from Headquarters (1950) Unmasked (1950) Under Mexicali Stars (1950) Secrets of Monte Carlo (1951) Silver City Bonanza (1951) Insurance Investigator (1951) Thunder in God's Country (1951) Desert Pursuit (1952) Woman in the Dark (1952) Perils of the Jungle (1953) The Twinkle in God's Eye (1955) Fighting Trouble (1956) Jaguar (1956) Spook Chasers (1957) Sabu and the Magic Ring (1957) The Hypnotic Eye (1960) This 1940s crime film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"George Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Blair_(director)"},{"link_name":"Denison Clift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denison_Clift"},{"link_name":"Edward Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Norris"},{"link_name":"John Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Abbott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"June Storey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Storey"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Hale"},{"link_name":"Pierre Watkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Watkin"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"End of the Road is a 1944 American crime film directed by George Blair and written by Denison Clift, Gertrude Walker and Albert Beich. The film stars Edward Norris, John Abbott, June Storey, Jonathan Hale, Pierre Watkin and Ted Hecht. The film was released on November 10, 1944, by Republic Pictures.[1][2][3]","title":"End of the Road (1944 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Norris"},{"link_name":"John Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Abbott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"June Storey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Storey"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Hale"},{"link_name":"Pierre Watkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Watkin"},{"link_name":"Kenne Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenne_Duncan"},{"link_name":"Ferris Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Emmett Vogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Vogan"},{"link_name":"Charles Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Williams_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Edward Van Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Van_Sloan"}],"text":"Edward Norris as Robert Kirby\nJohn Abbott as Chris Martin\nJune Storey as Kitty McDougal\nJonathan Hale as Gregory McCune\nPierre Watkin as District Attorney\nTed Hecht as Walter Gribbon\nKenne Duncan as Al Herman\nEddie Fields as Joe Ferrari\nFerris Taylor as Drake\nEmmett Vogan as Mannenburg\nCharles Williams as Jordan\nEdward Van Sloan as Judge","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"End of the Road (1944) - Overview\". TCM.com. 1944-10-31. Retrieved 2015-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/74086/End-of-the-Road/","url_text":"\"End of the Road (1944) - Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Hal Erickson (2015). \"End-of-the-Road - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. 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Retrieved 2015-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=2125","url_text":"\"End of the Road\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_the_Road_(1944_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/74086/End-of-the-Road/","external_links_name":"\"End of the Road (1944) - Overview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117051638/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/90470/End-of-the-Road/overview","external_links_name":"\"End-of-the-Road - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/90470/End-of-the-Road/overview","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=2125","external_links_name":"\"End of the Road\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0036790/","external_links_name":"End of the Road"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_the_Road_(1944_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Morgan_(singer)	Cindy Morgan (singer)	["1 Discography","2 References","3 External links"]	American singer This article is about the singer/songwriter. For the American actress, see Cindy Morgan. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Cindy Morgan" singer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cindy MorganBirth nameCindy Lavonne MorganBorn (1968-06-04) June 4, 1968 (age 56)OriginHarrogate, Tennessee, U.S.GenresContemporary Christian musicOccupation(s)Singer, songwriterInstrument(s)Vocals, pianoYears active1992–presentWebsitecindymorganmusic.comMusical artist Cindy Lavonne Morgan (born June 4, 1968) is an American contemporary Christian music singer and songwriter. Morgan's 1992 debut album, Real Life, earned her six Dove Award nominations. Her follow-up, A Reason to Live, garnered her another Dove Award nomination. Overall she has earned 14 Dove Awards. Using her married name (Brouwer), Morgan is also one half of the duo St. Lola in the Fields with Jeremy Bose. They released High Atop the Houses and the Towns on October 5, 2010 via Nettwerk. In late 2012, Morgan joined forces with singer/songwriter Andrew Greer for Food for the Hungry's "Hymns for Hunger" Tour, helping raise awareness and resources for local and international hunger relief organizations at tour stops across the country. Morgan has two daughters with her ex-husband, Canadian author Sigmund Brouwer. Morgan married Raleigh attorney Jonathan Richardson on September 17, 2022, and now alternates between residences in Nashville and Raleigh. Discography Cindy Morgan Real Life (1992) A Reason to Live (1993) Under the Waterfall (1995) Listen (1996) The Loving Kind (1998) The Best So Far (compilation, 2000) Elementary (2001) Postcards (2006) Beautiful Bird (2008) Hymns: Some Glad Morning (2010) Bows & Arrows (2015) Autumn & Eve: Old Testaments, Volume 1 (2019) As Cindy Brouwer St. Lola in the Fields - High Atop the Houses and the Towns (2010) Merripennie (2016) References ^ a b "Cindy Morgan (singer) Bio". Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2013. ^ a b "Front Page". Hymns For Hunger. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2015. ^ "Merripennie - self-titled". Tollbooth.org. Retrieved March 25, 2023. External links Official website vteCindy MorganStudio albums Real Life (1992) A Reason to Live (1993) Under the Waterfall (1995) Listen (1996) The Loving Kind (1998) Elementary (2001) Postcards (2006) Bows & Arrows (2015) Compiliation albums The Best So Far (2000) Related articles St. Lola in the Fields Sigmund Brouwer (ex-husband) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cindy Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Morgan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cindy-morgan.jpg"},{"link_name":"contemporary Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cindy_Morgan_singer_Bio-1"},{"link_name":"Dove Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_Award"},{"link_name":"A Reason to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Reason_to_Live_(album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cindy_Morgan_singer_Bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hymn_Fron-2"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"St. Lola in the Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lola_in_the_Fields"},{"link_name":"Nettwerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettwerk"},{"link_name":"Andrew Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Greer"},{"link_name":"Food for the Hungry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_for_the_Hungry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hymn_Fron-2"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Brouwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Brouwer"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"This article is about the singer/songwriter. For the American actress, see Cindy Morgan.Musical artistCindy Lavonne Morgan (born June 4, 1968) is an American contemporary Christian music singer and songwriter.[1]Morgan's 1992 debut album, Real Life, earned her six Dove Award nominations. Her follow-up, A Reason to Live, garnered her another Dove Award nomination.[1] Overall she has earned 14 Dove Awards.[2][failed verification]Using her married name (Brouwer), Morgan is also one half of the duo St. Lola in the Fields with Jeremy Bose. They released High Atop the Houses and the Towns on October 5, 2010 via Nettwerk.In late 2012, Morgan joined forces with singer/songwriter Andrew Greer for Food for the Hungry's \"Hymns for Hunger\" Tour, helping raise awareness and resources for local and international hunger relief organizations at tour stops across the country.[2]Morgan has two daughters with her ex-husband, Canadian author Sigmund Brouwer. Morgan married Raleigh attorney Jonathan Richardson on September 17, 2022, and now alternates between residences in Nashville and Raleigh.","title":"Cindy Morgan (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Life_(Cindy_Morgan_album)"},{"link_name":"A Reason to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Reason_to_Live_(album)"},{"link_name":"Under the Waterfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Waterfall"},{"link_name":"Listen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen_(Cindy_Morgan_album)"},{"link_name":"The Loving Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loving_Kind_(Cindy_Morgan_album)"},{"link_name":"The Best So Far","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_So_Far_(Cindy_Morgan_album)"},{"link_name":"Elementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_(Cindy_Morgan_album)"},{"link_name":"Postcards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcards_(Cindy_Morgan_album)"},{"link_name":"Bows & Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bows_%26_Arrows_(album)"},{"link_name":"St. Lola in the Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lola_in_the_Fields"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merripennie_-_self-titled-3"}],"text":"Cindy MorganReal Life (1992)\nA Reason to Live (1993)\nUnder the Waterfall (1995)\nListen (1996)\nThe Loving Kind (1998)\nThe Best So Far (compilation, 2000)\nElementary (2001)\nPostcards (2006)\nBeautiful Bird (2008)\nHymns: Some Glad Morning (2010)\nBows & Arrows (2015)\nAutumn & Eve: Old Testaments, Volume 1 (2019)As Cindy BrouwerSt. Lola in the Fields - High Atop the Houses and the Towns (2010)\nMerripennie (2016) [3]","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cindy-morgan.jpg/220px-Cindy-morgan.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cindy Morgan (singer) Bio\". Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810060736/http://www.in.com/cindy-morgan-singer/biography-320940.html","url_text":"\"Cindy Morgan (singer) Bio\""},{"url":"http://www.in.com/cindy-morgan-singer/biography-320940.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Front Page\". Hymns For Hunger. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180821125256/http://www.hymnsforhunger.com/","url_text":"\"Front Page\""},{"url":"http://www.hymnsforhunger.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Merripennie - self-titled\". Tollbooth.org. Retrieved March 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tollbooth.org/index.php/past-issues/past-music-reviews/1927-merripennie-self-titled","url_text":"\"Merripennie - self-titled\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cindy+Morgan%22+singer","external_links_name":"\"Cindy Morgan\" singer"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cindy+Morgan%22+singer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cindy+Morgan%22+singer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cindy+Morgan%22+singer+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cindy+Morgan%22+singer","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cindy+Morgan%22+singer&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://cindymorganmusic.com/","external_links_name":"cindymorganmusic.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810060736/http://www.in.com/cindy-morgan-singer/biography-320940.html","external_links_name":"\"Cindy Morgan (singer) Bio\""},{"Link":"http://www.in.com/cindy-morgan-singer/biography-320940.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180821125256/http://www.hymnsforhunger.com/","external_links_name":"\"Front Page\""},{"Link":"http://www.hymnsforhunger.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tollbooth.org/index.php/past-issues/past-music-reviews/1927-merripennie-self-titled","external_links_name":"\"Merripennie - self-titled\""},{"Link":"http://www.cindymorganmusic.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/435145/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000004575777X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/21778308","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhjXBG8tQgj4qpgfbjmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99045713","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/cindy-morgan/18019","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/84abfd2a-89a1-4eb2-91ea-36ee5dac9a23","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_Talao	Ganga Talao	["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Events","4 Mangal Mahadev - Shiva Statue","5 Durga Mata Murti and Shiva Murti","6 Gallery","7 References"]	Coordinates: 20°25′05″S 57°29′31″E / 20.41806°S 57.49194°E / -20.41806; 57.49194Lake in Mauritius Ganga TalaoGanga Talab; Grand BassinGanga Talao lake in MauritiusGanga TalaoLocationMauritiusCoordinates20°25′05″S 57°29′31″E / 20.41806°S 57.49194°E / -20.41806; 57.49194Surface elevation550 m (1,800 ft)SettlementsSavanne Ganga Talao (commonly known as Grand Bassin) is a crater lake situated in a secluded mountain area in the district of Savanne, deep in the heart of Mauritius. It is about 550 m (1,800 ft) above sea level. It is considered the most sacred Hindu place in Mauritius. The first group of pilgrims to Ganga Talao were from the village of Triolet and led by Giri Gossayne from Terre Rouge in 1898. The Shiv Mandir is located on the bank of the lake and is dedicated to Shiva, one of the principal deities of Hinduism. There are temples dedicated to other gods as well, including Lord Hanuman, Goddess Ganga, and Lord Ganesh along the Grand Bassin. During Shivaratri, around half a million Hindus in Mauritius go on a pilgrimage to the lake, many walking barefoot from their homes carrying Kanvars. Etymology Ganga Talao literally means the "Lake of Ganga", an allusion to the Grand Bassin's symbolic connection with the Indian river Ganga (Ganges). History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In 1866, when Pandit Sanjibonlal came back to Mauritius after his first indentured contract was over, he came as a merchant via Réunion Island and brought with him the souvenir of Grand Bassin and cloth from India to be sold to the resident labourers. With the money gained, he bought the mansion of Mr Langlois at Triolet and materialised his dream of making Grand Bassin a pilgrimage place. The Hindus believe firmly that they should, as often as possible, visit and take a bath in the Ganga to celebrate the main festival of Shiva. Pandit Ji had already won esteem of the French as a landowner, so he easily got permission to begin his project. During his stay as indentured laborer he had spotted the divine appeal of Grand Basin. He converted the existing building into a temple and after some problems with the law he was allowed to proceed with the changes. Some artisans who were engaged in building Sockalingam Meenatchee Ammen Kovil in Port Louis helped in giving the temple the present shape. He went to India and brought back a huge Shivalingam, along with other deities, and had them consecrated in the sanctorum. It is the only temple in Mauritius where Bhairava (an avatar of Shiva) is consecrated inside a temple along with Shiva and his Family. He was the first to start the pilgrimage towards Grand Bassin following the consecration in 1866. The consecration was a huge festival where he donated land, cart with oxen and huge amount of money to the officiating priests (Chaturvedi) and others from Plaine des Papayes. Others could not go save his servants because the labourers were not allowed to take leave for religious purposes. Through word of mouth all labourers stated their wish to participate. He used his contacts and requested for permission. A first delegation headed by himself and some other rich retired labourers including Jhummun Gosagne Napal accompanied him in 1895, following the route he had already made in previous years when only his close friends have been there. The first halt was in Port Louis Madras road where he possessed a house. From there the next resting place was Vacoas at Padarath Ojha's place and then the procession with jhal and dholak and small kanvars moved to Grand Bassin. This was the nth time that Shivaratri was celebrated at Triolet under the priestship of Pandit Sanjibonlal. In the meantime, other folk tales were added to that place and it got the name of Paritalao. It was believed that fairies used to come and dance during the night there. So, it is Sanajibonlall also popularly known as Mousse Langlois ke Baba who put dreams of Ganga in the subconscious mind of Jhummun Gossagne and helped to make the festival look as it is celebrated today. Later Prime Minister Ramgoolam brought Ganga water from Gomukh and mixed it with the already pure water of Grand Bassin and renamed it Ganga talao. In 1897 Shri Jhummon Giri Gosagne Napal, a ‘pujari’ (priest) - of the Giri suborder of Dasnami Gosain (Goswami) Brahmins, a mainly Shaivite sect - of Triolet together with a 'pujari' priest from Goodlands Sri Mohanpersad saw in a dream the water of the lake of Grand Bassin springing from the ‘Jahnvi’, thus forming part of Ganga. The news of the dream spread rapidly and created quite a stir in the Hindu community. The following year, pilgrims trekked to Grand Bassin to collect its water to offer to Lord Shiva on the occasion of Maha Shivaratri. The lake was then known as the ‘Pari Talao’. In 1998 it was declared a "sacred lake". In 1972, some holy water from the Ganges River was mixed establishing a symbolic link with the sacred Indian River and the lake was renamed Ganga Talao. Events During the Maha Shivaratri most of the devotees leave their homes and start a journey to Grand Bassin on foot. It has been a tradition that volunteer people offer foods and drinks to the pilgrims (the devotees). Mangal Mahadev - Shiva Statue For the main article see Mangal Mahadev Mangal Mahadev is 33 m (108 ft)-tall statue of the Hindu god, Shiva, standing with his trident at the entrance of Ganga Talao. Inaugurated in 2007, it is the tallest statue in Mauritius and a faithful copy of the Shiva statue in Sursagar Lake in Vadodara, Gujarat in India. Durga Mata Murti and Shiva Murti Durga Mata Statue The statues are of 33 m (108 ft) tall. Durga Pooja and Navaratri are celebrated very grandly with many Hindu Mauritians assembling near the statue for the grand celebrations. Shiva Ratri is also celebrated very grandly and it is a national holiday. Very auspicious day to Hindus at Mauritius. Gallery Statues of Durga and Shiva near the lake. Pilgrims Statues of deities References ^ Bird's eye view. Retrieved on 5 May 2007 ^ "shiv mandir mauritius - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 2019-03-03. ^ "World Heritage Centre - Laureates 2007". Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crater lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake"},{"link_name":"Savanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanne"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Giri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradaya"},{"link_name":"Gossayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Shiva"},{"link_name":"principal deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deities"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Hanuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman"},{"link_name":"Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Ganesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh"},{"link_name":"Shivaratri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaratri"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Kanvars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanwar_Yatra"}],"text":"Lake in MauritiusGanga Talao (commonly known as Grand Bassin) is a crater lake situated in a secluded mountain area in the district of Savanne, deep in the heart of Mauritius. It is about 550 m (1,800 ft) above sea level. It is considered the most sacred Hindu place in Mauritius. The first group of pilgrims to Ganga Talao were from the village of Triolet and led by Giri Gossayne from Terre Rouge in 1898. [1]The Shiv Mandir[2] is located on the bank of the lake and is dedicated to Shiva, one of the principal deities of Hinduism. There are temples dedicated to other gods as well, including Lord Hanuman, Goddess Ganga, and Lord Ganesh along the Grand Bassin. During Shivaratri, around half a million Hindus in Mauritius go on a pilgrimage to the lake, many walking barefoot from their homes carrying Kanvars.","title":"Ganga Talao"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ganga (Ganges)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges"}],"text":"Ganga Talao literally means the \"Lake of Ganga\", an allusion to the Grand Bassin's symbolic connection with the Indian river Ganga (Ganges).","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Réunion Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Island"},{"link_name":"Port Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Louis"},{"link_name":"Giri suborder of Dasnami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradaya"},{"link_name":"Gosain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossain"},{"link_name":"Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goswami"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1866, when Pandit Sanjibonlal came back to Mauritius after his first indentured contract was over, he came as a merchant via Réunion Island and brought with him the souvenir of Grand Bassin and cloth from India to be sold to the resident labourers. With the money gained, he bought the mansion of Mr Langlois at Triolet and materialised his dream of making Grand Bassin a pilgrimage place. The Hindus believe firmly that they should, as often as possible, visit and take a bath in the Ganga to celebrate the main festival of Shiva. Pandit Ji had already won esteem of the French as a landowner, so he easily got permission to begin his project.During his stay as indentured laborer he had spotted the divine appeal of Grand Basin. He converted the existing building into a temple and after some problems with the law he was allowed to proceed with the changes. Some artisans who were engaged in building Sockalingam Meenatchee Ammen Kovil in Port Louis helped in giving the temple the present shape. He went to India and brought back a huge Shivalingam, along with other deities, and had them consecrated in the sanctorum. It is the only temple in Mauritius where Bhairava (an avatar of Shiva) is consecrated inside a temple along with Shiva and his Family. He was the first to start the pilgrimage towards Grand Bassin following the consecration in 1866. The consecration was a huge festival where he donated land, cart with oxen and huge amount of money to the officiating priests (Chaturvedi) and others from Plaine des Papayes.Others could not go save his servants because the labourers were not allowed to take leave for religious purposes. Through word of mouth all labourers stated their wish to participate. He used his contacts and requested for permission. A first delegation headed by himself and some other rich retired labourers including Jhummun Gosagne Napal accompanied him in 1895, following the route he had already made in previous years when only his close friends have been there. The first halt was in Port Louis Madras road where he possessed a house. From there the next resting place was Vacoas at Padarath Ojha's place and then the procession with jhal and dholak and small kanvars moved to Grand Bassin. This was the nth time that Shivaratri was celebrated at Triolet under the priestship of Pandit Sanjibonlal.In the meantime, other folk tales were added to that place and it got the name of Paritalao. It was believed that fairies used to come and dance during the night there. So, it is Sanajibonlall also popularly known as Mousse Langlois ke Baba who put dreams of Ganga in the subconscious mind of Jhummun Gossagne and helped to make the festival look as it is celebrated today. Later Prime Minister Ramgoolam brought Ganga water from Gomukh and mixed it with the already pure water of Grand Bassin and renamed it Ganga talao.In 1897 Shri Jhummon Giri Gosagne Napal, a ‘pujari’ (priest) - of the Giri suborder of Dasnami Gosain (Goswami) Brahmins, a mainly Shaivite sect - of Triolet together with a 'pujari' priest from Goodlands Sri Mohanpersad saw in a dream the water of the lake of Grand Bassin springing from the ‘Jahnvi’, thus forming part of Ganga. The news of the dream spread rapidly and created quite a stir in the Hindu community. The following year, pilgrims trekked to Grand Bassin to collect its water to offer to Lord Shiva on the occasion of Maha Shivaratri. The lake was then known as the ‘Pari Talao’. In 1998 it was declared a \"sacred lake\". In 1972, some holy water from the Ganges River was mixed establishing a symbolic link with the sacred Indian River and the lake was renamed Ganga Talao.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"During the Maha Shivaratri most of the devotees leave their homes and start a journey to Grand Bassin on foot. It has been a tradition that volunteer people offer foods and drinks to the pilgrims (the devotees).","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mangal Mahadev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangal_Mahadev"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident"},{"link_name":"Sursagar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursagar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Vadodara, Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodara"}],"text":"For the main article see Mangal MahadevMangal Mahadev is 33 m (108 ft)-tall statue of the Hindu god, Shiva, standing with his trident at the entrance of Ganga Talao. Inaugurated in 2007, it is the tallest statue in Mauritius and a faithful copy of the Shiva statue in Sursagar Lake in Vadodara, Gujarat in India.","title":"Mangal Mahadev - Shiva Statue"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_Durga_Mata.jpg"}],"text":"Durga Mata StatueThe statues are of 33 m (108 ft) tall. Durga Pooja and Navaratri are celebrated very grandly with many Hindu Mauritians assembling near the statue for the grand celebrations.Shiva Ratri is also celebrated very grandly and it is a national holiday. Very auspicious day to Hindus at Mauritius.","title":"Durga Mata Murti and Shiva Murti"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durga_and_Shiva_statues_at_Grand_Bassin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ganga_Talao_Hindu_Temple_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ganga_Talao_Hindu_Temple_3.JPG"}],"text":"Statues of Durga and Shiva near the lake.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPilgrims\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatues of deities","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Durga Mata Statue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Statue_Durga_Mata.jpg/220px-Statue_Durga_Mata.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"shiv mandir mauritius - Google Search\". www.google.com. Retrieved 2019-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/search?q=shiv%20mandir%20mauritius&hl=en-MU&rllag=-20352293,57486240,7316&tbm=lcl#rlfi=hd:;si:9061077849934192633;mv:!1m2!1d-20.019368099999998!2d57.58064530000001!2m2!1d-20.4508238!2d57.450061899999994","url_text":"\"shiv mandir mauritius - Google Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Heritage Centre - Laureates 2007\". Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080120230417/http://whc.unesco.org/en/349/","url_text":"\"World Heritage Centre - Laureates 2007\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ganga_Talao&params=20_25_05_S_57_29_31_E_type:waterbody_region:MU","external_links_name":"20°25′05″S 57°29′31″E / 20.41806°S 57.49194°E / -20.41806; 57.49194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ganga_Talao&params=20_25_05_S_57_29_31_E_type:waterbody_region:MU","external_links_name":"20°25′05″S 57°29′31″E / 20.41806°S 57.49194°E / -20.41806; 57.49194"},{"Link":"http://www.nationsonline.org/album/Mauritius/slides/Grand%20Bassin.html","external_links_name":"Bird's eye view"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?q=shiv%20mandir%20mauritius&hl=en-MU&rllag=-20352293,57486240,7316&tbm=lcl#rlfi=hd:;si:9061077849934192633;mv:!1m2!1d-20.019368099999998!2d57.58064530000001!2m2!1d-20.4508238!2d57.450061899999994","external_links_name":"\"shiv mandir mauritius - Google Search\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080120230417/http://whc.unesco.org/en/349/","external_links_name":"\"World Heritage Centre - Laureates 2007\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BnF_Museum	BnF Museum	["1 Overview","2 Significant objects","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 48°52′04″N 2°20′18″E / 48.8678°N 2.3384°E / 48.8678; 2.3384Department of the National Library of France tasked with historical artifacts BnF MuseumSalle des ColonnesEstablished(1560–1574)CollectionsAncient objects including several from the Treasury of Saint-Denis, books, manuscripts, coins, medals The BnF Museum or Museum of the Bibliothèque nationale de France, formerly known as the Cabinet des Médailles (French pronunciation: ), is a significant art and history museum in Paris. It displays collections of the Département des Monnaies, Médailles et Antiques de la Bibliothèque nationale de France as well as manuscripts and books from the Library's collections. The BnF Museum is located in the Richelieu site, the former main building of the library bordering rue de Richelieu. Overview The Cabinet des Médailles is a museum containing internationally important collections of coins, engraved gems, and antiquities, with its distant origins in the treasuries of the French kings of the Middle Ages. The disruptions of the Wars of Religion inspired Charles IX (1560–1574) to create the position of a garde particulier des médailles et antiques du roi ("Special guardian of the King's medals and antiques"). Thus the collection, which has been augmented and never again dispersed – unlike the first royal library, assembled at the Palais du Louvre by Charles V, which contained 973 volumes when it was inventoried in 1373, but was dispersed during the following century. It passed from being the personal collection of the king to becoming a national property – a bien national – as the royal collection was declared during the Revolution. A stage in this aspect of its development was the bequest of the collection of pioneering archeologist comte de Caylus, who knew that in this fashion his antiquities would be most accessible to scholars. Other collectors followed suit: when the duc de Luynes gave his collection of Greek coins to the Cabinet Impérial in 1862, it was a national collection rather than simply an Imperial one he was enriching. The State also added to the treasury contained in the Cabinet des Médailles: a notable addition, in 1846, was the early sixth century gold Treasure of Gourdon. The cabinet, in the sense of a small private room for the conservation and display of intimate works of art and for private conversations, rather than a piece of furniture, took a stable shape under Henry IV, who nominated the connoisseur Rascas de Bagarris garde particulier des médailles et antiques du roi, the "particular guardian of the medals and antiquities of the King". The Sassanid "Cup of Chosroes", from Saint-Denis, where it was treasured as "King Solomon's Cup". Among the antiquarians and scholars who have had the charge of the Cabinet des Médailles, one of the most outstanding was Théophile Marion Dumersan, who began working there in 1795 at the age of sixteen, protected the collection from dispersal by the allies after Napoleon's defeat, and published at his own expense a history of the collection and description, as newly rearranged according to historical principles, in 1838 Earlier printed catalogues of parts of the collection had been published. Pierre-Jean Mariette, urged by the comte de Caylus, published a selection of the royal carved hardstones as volume II of hisTraité des pierres gravées. Louis XIV of France, an acquisitive connoisseur, brought together the cabinet of curiosities of his uncle Gaston d'Orléans and acquired that of Hippolyte de Béthune, the nephew of Henri IV's minister Sully. In order to keep the collections closer at hand, he removed them from the old royal library in Paris to the Palace of Versailles. When Louis' great-grandson Louis XV had attained majority, the Cabinet was returned to Paris in 1724, to take up its present space in the royal library that was designed under the direction of Jules-Robert de Cotte, the son of Mansart's successor at the Bâtiments du Roi. In the Cabinet des Médailles, the medal-cabinet delivered in 1739 by the ébéniste du roi Antoine Gaudreau figures among the greatest pieces of French furniture. Other medal cabinets were delivered for Louis XIV by André-Charles Boulle. The cabinet also still houses its paintings by Boucher, Natoire and Van Loo. Following the French Revolution, a number of precious objects previously kept at the Treasury of Saint-Denis joined the collection of the Cabinet. The Cabinet des Médailles is considered the oldest museum in France. It is located in the former building of the Bibliothèque Nationale, 58 rue Richelieu, Paris I, and can be visited for free every afternoon (13:00–17:00), seven days a week. Significant objects Throne of Dagobert Charlemagne chessmen Berthouville Treasure Cup of the Ptolemies Great Cameo of France Treasure of Gourdon Cameo with Valerian and Shapur I Romanos Ivory The type vases for several Ancient Greek vase painters, including the Amykos Painter, Class of Cabinet des Médailles 218, the Arkesilas Cup of the Arkesilas Painter. The Idalion Tablet Nazareth Inscription Baal Lebanon inscription See also List of numismatic collections List of museums in Paris Notes ^ Dumersan, Théophile Marion (1838). Histoire de Cabinet des Médailles, antiques et pierres gravées, avec une notice sur la Bibliothèque Royale et une description des objets exposés dans cet établissement . Paris. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. {{cite book}}: \|website= ignored (help). His earlier Notice des monuments exposés dans le cabinet des médailles et antiques de la bibliothèque du Roi ("List of the articles exhibited by the Cabinet des Médailles and Antiques in the King's Library") in several editions, concentrated on the antiquities and gems. ^ Mariette, Pierre-Jean (1750). Traité des pierres gravées . Paris. External links Coins, Medals and Antiques Department Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cabinet des médailles. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Academics CiNii Other IdRef 48°52′04″N 2°20′18″E / 48.8678°N 2.3384°E / 48.8678; 2.3384	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kabinɛ de medaj]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"rue de Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_Richelieu"}],"text":"Department of the National Library of France tasked with historical artifactsThe BnF Museum or Museum of the Bibliothèque nationale de France, formerly known as the Cabinet des Médailles (French pronunciation: [kabinɛ de medaj]), is a significant art and history museum in Paris. It displays collections of the Département des Monnaies, Médailles et Antiques de la Bibliothèque nationale de France as well as manuscripts and books from the Library's collections. The BnF Museum is located in the Richelieu site, the former main building of the library bordering rue de Richelieu.","title":"BnF Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engraved gems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraved_gems"},{"link_name":"Wars of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"Charles IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Palais du Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_du_Louvre"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"comte de Caylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comte_de_Caylus"},{"link_name":"duc de Luynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Th%C3%A9odore_Paul_Joseph_d%27Albert,_duc_de_Luynes"},{"link_name":"Treasure of Gourdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_of_Gourdon"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(room)"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Rascas de Bagarris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascas_de_Bagarris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coupe_de_Chosro%C3%A8s.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sassanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid"},{"link_name":"Chosroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrau_I"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Théophile Marion Dumersan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Marion_Dumersan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Jean Mariette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Mariette"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"cabinet of curiosities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities"},{"link_name":"Gaston d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Sully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_duc_de_Sully"},{"link_name":"Palace of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Jules-Robert de Cotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules-Robert_de_Cotte"},{"link_name":"Mansart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart"},{"link_name":"Bâtiments du Roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2timents_du_Roi"},{"link_name":"ébéniste du roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste"},{"link_name":"Antoine Gaudreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Gaudreau"},{"link_name":"André-Charles Boulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Charles_Boulle"},{"link_name":"Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher"},{"link_name":"Natoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Natoire"},{"link_name":"Van Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carle_Van_Loo"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Treasury of Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_of_Saint-Denis"}],"text":"The Cabinet des Médailles is a museum containing internationally important collections of coins, engraved gems, and antiquities, with its distant origins in the treasuries of the French kings of the Middle Ages. The disruptions of the Wars of Religion inspired Charles IX (1560–1574) to create the position of a garde particulier des médailles et antiques du roi (\"Special guardian of the King's medals and antiques\"). Thus the collection, which has been augmented and never again dispersed – unlike the first royal library, assembled at the Palais du Louvre by Charles V, which contained 973 volumes when it was inventoried in 1373, but was dispersed during the following century. It passed from being the personal collection of the king to becoming a national property – a bien national – as the royal collection was declared during the Revolution. A stage in this aspect of its development was the bequest of the collection of pioneering archeologist comte de Caylus, who knew that in this fashion his antiquities would be most accessible to scholars. Other collectors followed suit: when the duc de Luynes gave his collection of Greek coins to the Cabinet Impérial in 1862, it was a national collection rather than simply an Imperial one he was enriching. The State also added to the treasury contained in the Cabinet des Médailles: a notable addition, in 1846, was the early sixth century gold Treasure of Gourdon.The cabinet, in the sense of a small private room for the conservation and display of intimate works of art and for private conversations, rather than a piece of furniture, took a stable shape under Henry IV, who nominated the connoisseur Rascas de Bagarris garde particulier des médailles et antiques du roi, the \"particular guardian of the medals and antiquities of the King\".The Sassanid \"Cup of Chosroes\", from Saint-Denis, where it was treasured as \"King Solomon's Cup\".Among the antiquarians and scholars who have had the charge of the Cabinet des Médailles, one of the most outstanding was Théophile Marion Dumersan, who began working there in 1795 at the age of sixteen, protected the collection from dispersal by the allies after Napoleon's defeat, and published at his own expense a history of the collection and description, as newly rearranged according to historical principles, in 1838[1]Earlier printed catalogues of parts of the collection had been published. Pierre-Jean Mariette, urged by the comte de Caylus, published a selection of the royal carved hardstones as volume II of hisTraité des pierres gravées.[2]Louis XIV of France, an acquisitive connoisseur, brought together the cabinet of curiosities of his uncle Gaston d'Orléans and acquired that of Hippolyte de Béthune, the nephew of Henri IV's minister Sully. In order to keep the collections closer at hand, he removed them from the old royal library in Paris to the Palace of Versailles.When Louis' great-grandson Louis XV had attained majority, the Cabinet was returned to Paris in 1724, to take up its present space in the royal library that was designed under the direction of Jules-Robert de Cotte, the son of Mansart's successor at the Bâtiments du Roi. In the Cabinet des Médailles, the medal-cabinet delivered in 1739 by the ébéniste du roi Antoine Gaudreau figures among the greatest pieces of French furniture. Other medal cabinets were delivered for Louis XIV by André-Charles Boulle. The cabinet also still houses its paintings by Boucher, Natoire and Van Loo.Following the French Revolution, a number of precious objects previously kept at the Treasury of Saint-Denis joined the collection of the Cabinet.The Cabinet des Médailles is considered the oldest museum in France. It is located in the former building of the Bibliothèque Nationale, 58 rue Richelieu, Paris I, and can be visited for free every afternoon (13:00–17:00), seven days a week.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Throne of Dagobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne_of_Dagobert"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne chessmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne_chessmen"},{"link_name":"Berthouville Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthouville_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Cup of the Ptolemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_of_the_Ptolemies"},{"link_name":"Great Cameo of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Cameo_of_France"},{"link_name":"Treasure of Gourdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_of_Gourdon"},{"link_name":"Cameo with Valerian and Shapur I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_with_Valerian_and_Shapur_I"},{"link_name":"Romanos Ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_Ivory"},{"link_name":"Amykos Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amykos_Painter"},{"link_name":"Class of Cabinet des Médailles 218","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_of_Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles_218"},{"link_name":"Arkesilas Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkesilas_Cup"},{"link_name":"Arkesilas Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkesilas_Painter"},{"link_name":"Idalion Tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idalion_Tablet"},{"link_name":"Nazareth Inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth_Inscription"},{"link_name":"Baal Lebanon inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Lebanon_inscription"}],"text":"Throne of Dagobert\nCharlemagne chessmen\nBerthouville Treasure\nCup of the Ptolemies\nGreat Cameo of France\nTreasure of Gourdon\nCameo with Valerian and Shapur I\nRomanos Ivory\nThe type vases for several Ancient Greek vase painters, including the Amykos Painter, Class of Cabinet des Médailles 218, the Arkesilas Cup of the Arkesilas Painter.\nThe Idalion Tablet\nNazareth Inscription\nBaal Lebanon inscription","title":"Significant objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Histoire de Cabinet des Médailles, antiques et pierres gravées, avec une notice sur la Bibliothèque Royale et une description des objets exposés dans cet établissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070304024554/http://www.polybiblio.com/quaritch/AN205.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.polybiblio.com/quaritch/AN205.html"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Traité des pierres gravées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/TraiteDesPierresGravees"}],"text":"^ Dumersan, Théophile Marion (1838). Histoire de Cabinet des Médailles, antiques et pierres gravées, avec une notice sur la Bibliothèque Royale et une description des objets exposés dans cet établissement [History of the Cabinet des Médailles, antiques and engraved stones]. Paris. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. {{cite book}}: \|website= ignored (help). His earlier Notice des monuments exposés dans le cabinet des médailles et antiques de la bibliothèque du Roi (\"List of the articles exhibited by the Cabinet des Médailles and Antiques in the King's Library\") in several editions, concentrated on the antiquities and gems.\n\n^ Mariette, Pierre-Jean (1750). Traité des pierres gravées [Treaty on engraved stones]. Paris.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The Sassanid \"Cup of Chosroes\", from Saint-Denis, where it was treasured as \"King Solomon's Cup\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coupe_de_Chosro%C3%A8s.JPG/200px-Coupe_de_Chosro%C3%A8s.JPG"}]	[{"title":"List of numismatic collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numismatic_collections"},{"title":"List of museums in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Paris"}]	[{"reference":"Dumersan, Théophile Marion (1838). Histoire de Cabinet des Médailles, antiques et pierres gravées, avec une notice sur la Bibliothèque Royale et une description des objets exposés dans cet établissement [History of the Cabinet des Médailles, antiques and engraved stones]. Paris. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070304024554/http://www.polybiblio.com/quaritch/AN205.html","url_text":"Histoire de Cabinet des Médailles, antiques et pierres gravées, avec une notice sur la Bibliothèque Royale et une description des objets exposés dans cet établissement"},{"url":"http://www.polybiblio.com/quaritch/AN205.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mariette, Pierre-Jean (1750). Traité des pierres gravées [Treaty on engraved stones]. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florist%27s_chrysanthemum	Chrysanthemum × morifolium	["1 Botanical history","2 Description","2.1 Classification","3 Cultivation and uses","3.1 Medicine","4 Ecology","5 Gallery","6 References","7 Bibliography"]	Species of plant Chrysanthemum × morifolium Chrysanthemums. Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae Genus: Chrysanthemum Species: C. × morifolium Binomial name Chrysanthemum × morifolium(Ramat.) Hemsl. Synonyms Anthemis × artemisifolia Willd. Anthemis × grandiflora Ramat. Anthemis × stipulacea Moench Chrysanthemum × hortorum W.Mill. Chrysanthemum × indicum Thunb. Chrysanthemum indicum var. purpureum Pers. Chrysanthemum × maximoviczianum Ling Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. Chrysanthemum × morifolium var. gracile Hemsl. Chrysanthemum × morifolium f. japonense Makino Chrysanthemum × morifolium var. sinense (Sabine) Makino Chrysanthemum × sinense Sabine Chrysanthemum × stipulaceum (Moench) W.Wight Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. Dendranthema × morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev Dendranthema × sinense (Sabine) Des Moul. Matricaria × morifolia Ramat. Pyrethrum × sinense (Sabine) DC. Tanacetum × morifolium Kitam. Tanacetum × sinense (Sabine) Sch.Bip. Chrysanthemum × morifolium (also known in the US as florist's daisy and hardy garden mum, is a hybrid species of perennial plant in the genus Chrysanthemum of the Asteraceae family. Botanical history Chrysanthemums of the Immortal Blossoms in an Everlasting Spring (仙萼長春冊) by Giuseppe Castiglione (1688–1766) In China, they have been around since 500 BCE. In 1630, more than 500 varieties were already mentioned there.In Europe, especially in Holland, they have been known since the mid-17th century, but their general dissemination took place only in the 19th century. Chrysanthemum was first appreciated in China as a medicinal plant. It is classified in the oldest Chinese medical material, Shennong Ben Cao Jing (early modern era), in the category of superior drugs and is part of the products related to the search for immortality. "In prolonged use, it lifts the inhibition of blood and qi, alleviates the body, slows down ageing, and prolongs life" says the classic. "Lightening the body" was a goal to reach the ethereal state of Immortals able to fly and "ride the clouds". From Jin and Tang dynasties (around the 5th century AD), chrysanthemum began to be appreciated as an ornamental plant, while continuing to be used for dietary reasons. The first monograph on chrysanthemums was published in 1104 CE. Liu Meng (劉蒙),: 296–97 the author of a "Chrysanthemum Treatise" (菊譜),: 242 classifies the chrysanthemums according to their colors: the normal ones are yellow, then come the whites, the purples and finally the reds. It lists a total of 35 cultivated varieties that could be observed in the gardens near the Buddhist shrines of Longmen Grottoes. In the 16th century, the famous physician and herbalist Li Shizhen in his Great Treaty of Medical Matter, reports a hundred cultivars. He attributes to them some medicinal properties such as "eliminating heat and toxins", "improving visual acuity" and so on. In 1630, a survey of over 500 cultivars 17 and about 2000 at the beginning of 20th century. The first European author to mention chrysanthemum is Jacobus Breynius (Jacob Breyn) in 1689 in his Prodromus Plantarum Rariorum. This merchant and botanist describes the Matricaria japonica maxima, as a very elegant flowering plant, double, pink or light red 20 and existing in several varieties. The first botanical description of the florists' chrysanthemum goes to Thomas d'Audibert de Ramatuelle. In 1792, in the Journal of Natural History, this botanist describes the cultivated plant, with big purpurine flowers, brought back from China by the navigator Marseillais Blancard, under the names of "Camomile with large flowers", Anthemis grandiflora. He insists on distinguishing it from the Chrysanthemum indicum of Linnaeus with small yellow heads. He proposes in a note to call it also Chrysanthemum morifolium. From this first cultivated plant brought back from China in 1789 by Blancard, then from those brought back (from China in 1846 and Japan in 1863) will be created in Europe thousands of cultivars and hybrids. Joined thousands of cultivars developed independently in China and Japan, there is currently a huge complex cultivars (estimated from 20,000 to 30,000). Horticulturalist Wilhelm Miller wrote, "The common chrysanthemums of the florists (C. hortorum) are often called 'large-flowering' and 'autumn chrysanthemums,' to distinguish them from the hardy outdoor species. They are the blended product of C. indicum and C. morifolium, two species of plants that grow wild in China and Japan. The outdoor or hardy chrysanthemums are derived from the same species, being less developed forms. The florist's chrysanthemum is not necessarily a glasshouse subject." The more than 1,000 varieties that have existed in Europe since the 19th century are divided into numerous varieties. The indicum hybrids as the oldest group have the chrysanthemum chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum) as the parent. Description Varieties and cultivars The plant is 30–90 centimetres (12–35 in) high and wide, which grows as a perennial herbaceous or slightly woody plant on the ground. The stems stand upright. The leaves are broad ovate in outline and wedge-shaped in the petiole, the length of the leaves is more than 150 mm (6 in). The lower leaves are plumed, further up the stems they are increasingly entire. Deciduous leaves appear in the spring. They are alternate, lobed pinnatifid and toothed. They are up to 12 cm long, fleshy and covered with gray hairs. They exhale a strong smell when they are wrinkled. The plant's texture is thick and leathery. The many branches, which are silky and covered with a short down, form a dense tuft. The typical flower heads are radiated, that is to say formed of peripheral florets, female, zygomorphous, with ligules and central florets actinomorphous, tubulated, bisexual. The external bracts are herbaceous, with a narrow margin. In complex total inflorescences are some to many cup-shaped partial inflorescences together. The tongue flowers can have in the many varieties of colors of green, white, or yellow, pink to purple. There are varieties with simple flowers that look like daisies and varieties with double flowers, looking like pompoms more or less big. The plant starts to bloom when the length of the day is less than 14 hours. To note, during the millennia and a half of cultivation, tens of thousands of different cultivars have been obtained, with flower heads of very different shapes, sizes and colors. It is mainly by looking at the leaves that one can know that it is a chrysanthemum. Classification Irregular incurve (ogiku), "Crimson Tide" In North America, chrysanthemums are divided into two basic groups, garden hardy and exhibition. Garden hardy chrysanthemums are perennials capable of wintering in most American northern latitudes. In theory C. × morifolium is hardy to USDA zones 5–9. Exhibition varieties are not usually as hardy. Garden hardy varieties are defined by their ability to produce an abundance of small blooms with little if any mechanical assistance, such as staking, and withstanding wind and rain. Exhibition varieties, though, require staking, overwintering in a relatively dry, cool environment, and sometimes the addition of night lights. Spiky The exhibition varieties can be used to create many amazing plant forms, such as large disbudded blooms, spray forms, and many artistically trained forms, such as thousand-bloom, standard (trees), fans, hanging baskets, topiary, bonsai, and cascades. Chrysanthemum blooms are divided into 13 different bloom forms by the US National Chrysanthemum Society, Inc., which is in keeping with the international classification system. The bloom forms are defined by the way in which the ray and disk florets are arranged. Chrysanthemum blooms are composed of many individual flowers (florets), each one capable of producing a seed. The disk florets are in the center of the bloom head, and the ray florets are on the perimeter. The ray florets are considered imperfect flowers, as they only possess the female reproductive organs, while the disk florets are considered perfect flowers, as they possess both male and female reproductive organs. Display in Pakistan Irregular incurves are bred to produce (with much disbudding) a single giant head called an ogiku. The disk florets are concealed in layers of curving ray florets that hang down to create a 'skirt'. Regular incurves are similar, but usually with smaller blooms and a dense, globular form. Intermediate incurve blooms may have broader florets and a less densely flowered head. In the reflex form, the disk florets are concealed and the ray florets reflex outwards to create a mop-like appearance. The decorative form is similar to reflex blooms, but the ray florets usually do not radiate at more than a 90° angle to the stem. The pompon form is fully double, of small size, and very globular in form. Single and semidouble blooms have exposed disk florets and one to seven rows of ray florets. In the anemone form, the disk florets are prominent, often raised and overshadowing the ray florets. The spoon-form disk florets are visible and the long, tubular ray florets are spatulate. In the spider form, the disk florets are concealed, and the ray florets are tube-like with hooked or barbed ends, hanging loosely around the stem. In the brush and thistle variety, the disk florets may be visible. Cultivation and uses A yellow coloured florist's daisy, photographed in West Bengal, India. This plant can be noted for its popularity as an indoor houseplant in part because of its air cleaning qualities as per a study done by NASA, removing trichloroethylene, benzene, formaldehyde, ammonia, and other chemicals from the air. In general, the plant is best fertilized once a month and watered two to three times a week depending on climate. In terms of stems produced commercially per year in 1997, Japan was by far the largest producer with 2 billion stalks, followed by the Netherlands (800 million), Colombia (600 million), Italy (500 million). Medicine In natural medicine the "flower" is used against eye inflammation and impure skin. It also applies as an air purifier. Contact with parts of plants may in some cases cause skin irritation and allergies. Ecology The plant is eaten by various aphids, capsid bugs, earwigs, leaf miners, nematodes, spider mites, thrips, and whiteflies. The plant can die from various diseases which include aster yellows, Botrytis, leaf spots, rust, powdery mildew, verticillium wilt, and rotting of stem and roots, and even viruses. Gallery Botanical illustration References ^ "Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-02-24. ^ "Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat. (pro sp.) florist's daisy". Plants USDA.gov. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ a b c "Chrysanthemum morifolium (Hardy garden mum)". Fine Gardening.com. Retrieved 22 September 2012. ^ a b Zheng Jinsheng, Nalini Kirk and Paul D. Buell. Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume 3: Persons and Literary Sources. University of California Press, 2018. ISBN 9780520965560 ^ Michel Cointat, Stories of flowers: The most beautiful flowers of the garden, Editions L'Harmattan, 2002. (ISBN 978-2-7475-2149-9). ^ Didier Bernard , The Golden Flower: Chrysanthemum, Its history – culture The main varieties , Gunten,October 15, 2008 ( ISBN 2914211384 ). ^ Bailey 1919, p. ii 758–759. ^ Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 20–21: Asteraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2011. ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 . ^ Joseph Needham , Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1, Botany , Cambridge University Press,February 6, 1986 ( ISBN 0521087317 ). ^ Dyer 2019. ^ "Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution Abatement" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2013-12-25. ^ Ruth Schneebeli-Count: Flower Country China Volume 1 , Birkhäuser, 1995, ISBN 9783764351823 , p. 80 f. Bibliography Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrysanthemum × morifolium. Wikispecies has information related to Chrysanthemum × morifolium. Bailey, L.H., ed. (1919) . The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States and Canada for ornament, for fancy, for fruit and for vegetables; with keys to the natural families and genera, descriptions of the horticultural capabilities of the states and provinces and dependent islands, and sketches of eminent horticulturists (6 vols.) (3rd. ed.). New York: Macmillan. Dyer, M.H. (14 March 2013). "How to Grow Chrysanthemum Morifolium". Home Guides: Gardening. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 15 November 2019. Herrington, Arthur (November 2008) . The Chrysanthemum. Bedford MA: Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1-4290-1286-7. Taxon identifiersChrysanthemum morifolium Wikidata: Q15530181 Wikispecies: Chrysanthemum × morifolium BioLib: 41575 CoL: 5YJBP EoL: 483963 GBIF: 3150767 GRIN: 10373 iNaturalist: 53806 IPNI: 193607-1 IRMNG: 11202834 ITIS: 510898 NCBI: 41568 NZOR: 9a0a1314-3ceb-4a5e-bbec-62284e514cc0 PFI: 11800 Plant List: gcc-130137 PLANTS: CHMO14 Tropicos: 2700550 uBio: 2330522 WFO: wfo-0000031162 Matricaria morifolia Wikidata: Q50845560 CoL: 6R73C GBIF: 3150774 GRIN: 23478 IPNI: 231938-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:231938-1 Tropicos: 50277099 WFO: wfo-0000077048 WoRMS: 1177125	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finegardening-3"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"perennial plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"Chrysanthemum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"}],"text":"Chrysanthemum × morifolium (also known in the US as florist's daisy[2] and hardy garden mum,[3] is a hybrid species of perennial plant in the genus Chrysanthemum of the Asteraceae family.","title":"Chrysanthemum × morifolium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xian%27e_Changchun_Album_08.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Castiglione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Castiglione_(Jesuit_painter)"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland"},{"link_name":"medicinal plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_plant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Shennong Ben Cao Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennong_Ben_Cao_Jing"},{"link_name":"immortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality"},{"link_name":"qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi"},{"link_name":"Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"ornamental plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zheng-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zheng-4"},{"link_name":"Longmen Grottoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes"},{"link_name":"Li Shizhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shizhen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"purpurine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/purpurin"},{"link_name":"Camomile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camomile"},{"link_name":"hybrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1919ii_758%E2%80%93759-7"},{"link_name":"Chrysanthemum indicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_indicum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Chrysanthemums of the Immortal Blossoms in an Everlasting Spring (仙萼長春冊) by Giuseppe Castiglione (1688–1766)In China, they have been around since 500 BCE. In 1630, more than 500 varieties were already mentioned there.In Europe, especially in Holland, they have been known since the mid-17th century, but their general dissemination took place only in the 19th century. Chrysanthemum was first appreciated in China as a medicinal plant.[citation needed]It is classified in the oldest Chinese medical material, Shennong Ben Cao Jing (early modern era), in the category of superior drugs and is part of the products related to the search for immortality. \"In prolonged use, it lifts the inhibition of blood and qi, alleviates the body, slows down ageing, and prolongs life\" says the classic. \"Lightening the body\" was a goal to reach the ethereal state of Immortals able to fly and \"ride the clouds\". From Jin and Tang dynasties (around the 5th century AD), chrysanthemum began to be appreciated as an ornamental plant, while continuing to be used for dietary reasons.The first monograph on chrysanthemums was published in 1104 CE. Liu Meng (劉蒙),[4]: 296–97 the author of a \"Chrysanthemum Treatise\" (菊譜),[4]: 242 classifies the chrysanthemums according to their colors: the normal ones are yellow, then come the whites, the purples and finally the reds. It lists a total of 35 cultivated varieties that could be observed in the gardens near the Buddhist shrines of Longmen Grottoes. In the 16th century, the famous physician and herbalist Li Shizhen in his Great Treaty of Medical Matter, reports a hundred cultivars. He attributes to them some medicinal properties such as \"eliminating heat and toxins\", \"improving visual acuity\" and so on. In 1630, a survey of over 500 cultivars 17 and about 2000 at the beginning of 20th century.[5]The first European author to mention chrysanthemum is Jacobus Breynius (Jacob Breyn) in 1689 in his Prodromus Plantarum Rariorum. This merchant and botanist describes the Matricaria japonica maxima, as a very elegant flowering plant, double, pink or light red 20 and existing in several varieties. The first botanical description of the florists' chrysanthemum goes to Thomas d'Audibert de Ramatuelle. In 1792, in the Journal of Natural History, this botanist describes the cultivated plant, with big purpurine flowers, brought back from China by the navigator Marseillais Blancard, under the names of \"Camomile with large flowers\", Anthemis grandiflora. He insists on distinguishing it from the Chrysanthemum indicum of Linnaeus with small yellow heads. He proposes in a note to call it also Chrysanthemum morifolium. From this first cultivated plant brought back from China in 1789 by Blancard, then from those brought back (from China in 1846 and Japan in 1863) will be created in Europe thousands of cultivars and hybrids. Joined thousands of cultivars developed independently in China and Japan, there is currently a huge complex cultivars (estimated from 20,000 to 30,000).[6]Horticulturalist Wilhelm Miller wrote, \"The common chrysanthemums of the florists (C. hortorum) are often called 'large-flowering' and 'autumn chrysanthemums,' to distinguish them from the hardy outdoor species. They are the blended product of C. indicum and C. morifolium, two species of plants that grow wild in China and Japan. The outdoor or hardy chrysanthemums are derived from the same species, being less developed forms. The florist's chrysanthemum is not necessarily a glasshouse subject.\"[7]The more than 1,000 varieties that have existed in Europe since the 19th century are divided into numerous varieties. The indicum hybrids as the oldest group have the chrysanthemum chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum) as the parent.[8]","title":"Botanical history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_morifolium_Blanco2.290.png"},{"link_name":"herbaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous"},{"link_name":"ligules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligules"},{"link_name":"florets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floret"},{"link_name":"actinomorphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomorphous"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finegardening-3"},{"link_name":"inflorescences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"daisies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Varieties and cultivarsThe plant is 30–90 centimetres (12–35 in) high and wide, which grows as a perennial herbaceous or slightly woody plant on the ground. The stems stand upright. The leaves are broad ovate in outline and wedge-shaped in the petiole, the length of the leaves is more than 150 mm (6 in). The lower leaves are plumed, further up the stems they are increasingly entire. Deciduous leaves appear in the spring. They are alternate, lobed pinnatifid and toothed. They are up to 12 cm long, fleshy and covered with gray hairs. They exhale a strong smell when they are wrinkled.The plant's texture is thick and leathery. The many branches, which are silky and covered with a short down, form a dense tuft. The typical flower heads are radiated, that is to say formed of peripheral florets, female, zygomorphous, with ligules and central florets actinomorphous, tubulated, bisexual. The external bracts are herbaceous, with a narrow margin.[3]In complex total inflorescences are some to many cup-shaped partial inflorescences together. The tongue flowers can have in the many varieties of colors of green, white, or yellow, pink to purple. There are varieties with simple flowers that look like daisies and varieties with double flowers, looking like pompoms more or less big. The plant starts to bloom when the length of the day is less than 14 hours.To note, during the millennia and a half of cultivation, tens of thousands of different cultivars have been obtained, with flower heads of very different shapes, sizes and colors. It is mainly by looking at the leaves that one can know that it is a chrysanthemum.[9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_%C3%97_morifolium_%27Crimson_Tide%27,_Longwood_Gardens_2022_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"USDA zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_zones"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyer2019-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_morifolium_j04.jpg"},{"link_name":"topiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary"},{"link_name":"bonsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonsai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_show.jpg"},{"link_name":"disbudding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disbudding"},{"link_name":"mop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mop"}],"sub_title":"Classification","text":"Irregular incurve (ogiku), \"Crimson Tide\"In North America, chrysanthemums are divided into two basic groups, garden hardy and exhibition. Garden hardy chrysanthemums are perennials capable of wintering in most American northern latitudes. In theory C. × morifolium is hardy to USDA zones 5–9.[10] Exhibition varieties are not usually as hardy. Garden hardy varieties are defined by their ability to produce an abundance of small blooms with little if any mechanical assistance, such as staking, and withstanding wind and rain. Exhibition varieties, though, require staking, overwintering in a relatively dry, cool environment, and sometimes the addition of night lights.SpikyThe exhibition varieties can be used to create many amazing plant forms, such as large disbudded blooms, spray forms, and many artistically trained forms, such as thousand-bloom, standard (trees), fans, hanging baskets, topiary, bonsai, and cascades.Chrysanthemum blooms are divided into 13 different bloom forms by the US National Chrysanthemum Society, Inc., which is in keeping with the international classification system. The bloom forms are defined by the way in which the ray and disk florets are arranged. Chrysanthemum blooms are composed of many individual flowers (florets), each one capable of producing a seed. The disk florets are in the center of the bloom head, and the ray florets are on the perimeter. The ray florets are considered imperfect flowers, as they only possess the female reproductive organs, while the disk florets are considered perfect flowers, as they possess both male and female reproductive organs.Display in PakistanIrregular incurves are bred to produce (with much disbudding) a single giant head called an ogiku. The disk florets are concealed in layers of curving ray florets that hang down to create a 'skirt'. Regular incurves are similar, but usually with smaller blooms and a dense, globular form. Intermediate incurve blooms may have broader florets and a less densely flowered head.In the reflex form, the disk florets are concealed and the ray florets reflex outwards to create a mop-like appearance. The decorative form is similar to reflex blooms, but the ray florets usually do not radiate at more than a 90° angle to the stem.The pompon form is fully double, of small size, and very globular in form. Single and semidouble blooms have exposed disk florets and one to seven rows of ray florets. In the anemone form, the disk florets are prominent, often raised and overshadowing the ray florets. The spoon-form disk florets are visible and the long, tubular ray florets are spatulate. In the spider form, the disk florets are concealed, and the ray florets are tube-like with hooked or barbed ends, hanging loosely around the stem. In the brush and thistle variety, the disk florets may be visible.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_yellow_coloured_florist%27s_daisy_(possibly;_flowering_plant_in_the_family_of_Asteraceae)_in_Howrah,_West_Bengal,_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"houseplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseplant"},{"link_name":"per a study done by NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study"},{"link_name":"trichloroethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroethylene"},{"link_name":"benzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene"},{"link_name":"formaldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"A yellow coloured florist's daisy, photographed in West Bengal, India.This plant can be noted for its popularity as an indoor houseplant in part because of its air cleaning qualities as per a study done by NASA, removing trichloroethylene, benzene, formaldehyde, ammonia, and other chemicals from the air.[11] In general, the plant is best fertilized once a month and watered two to three times a week depending on climate.In terms of stems produced commercially per year in 1997, Japan was by far the largest producer with 2 billion stalks, followed by the Netherlands (800 million), Colombia (600 million), Italy (500 million).","title":"Cultivation and uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_medicine"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"air purifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_purifier"},{"link_name":"skin irritation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_irritation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Medicine","text":"In natural medicine the \"flower\" is used against eye inflammation and impure skin. It also applies as an air purifier.Contact with parts of plants may in some cases cause skin irritation and allergies.[12]","title":"Cultivation and uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aphids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphid"},{"link_name":"capsid bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsid_bug"},{"link_name":"earwigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earwig"},{"link_name":"leaf miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_miner"},{"link_name":"nematodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode"},{"link_name":"spider mites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_mite"},{"link_name":"thrips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrip"},{"link_name":"whiteflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_fly"},{"link_name":"aster yellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aster_yellows"},{"link_name":"Botrytis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botryotinia"},{"link_name":"leaf spots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_spot"},{"link_name":"rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(fungus)"},{"link_name":"powdery mildew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdery_mildew"},{"link_name":"verticillium wilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verticillium_wilt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finegardening-3"}],"text":"The plant is eaten by various aphids, capsid bugs, earwigs, leaf miners, nematodes, spider mites, thrips, and whiteflies. The plant can die from various diseases which include aster yellows, Botrytis, leaf spots, rust, powdery mildew, verticillium wilt, and rotting of stem and roots, and even viruses.[3]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_mum_Chrysanthemum_indicum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_morifolium_(2).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_morifolium_(3).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_morifolium_(4).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_morifolium_cv2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_morifolium_cvs2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_morifolium_j03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_morifolium_j04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_morifolium_08NOV.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_x_morifolium.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChrysanthemumMorifolium4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190925182858_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190925182858_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190925182858_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190925182858_06.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190925192310_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190925192310_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190925192310_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190925192231.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190929085348_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190929085348_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190929085348_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190929085348_06.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%8F%8A%E8%8A%B1_20190929085348_07.jpg"}],"text":"Botanical illustration","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chrysanthemum × morifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chrysanthemum_%C3%97_morifolium"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Chrysanthemum × morifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chrysanthemum_%C3%97_morifolium"},{"link_name":"Bailey, L.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.H.Bailey"},{"link_name":"The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States and Canada for ornament, for fancy, for fruit and for vegetables; with keys to the natural families and genera, descriptions of the horticultural capabilities of the states and provinces and dependent islands, and sketches of eminent horticulturists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/23351#/summary"},{"link_name":"Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"\"How to Grow Chrysanthemum Morifolium\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//homeguides.sfgate.com/grow-chrysanthemum-morifolium-67829.html"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"The Chrysanthemum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9GXUrlxV5FYC"},{"link_name":"Applewood Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applewood_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4290-1286-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4290-1286-7"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q15530181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15530181"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Chrysanthemum × 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Commons has media related to Chrysanthemum × morifolium.Wikispecies has information related to Chrysanthemum × morifolium.Bailey, L.H., ed. (1919) [1914]. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States and Canada for ornament, for fancy, for fruit and for vegetables; with keys to the natural families and genera, descriptions of the horticultural capabilities of the states and provinces and dependent islands, and sketches of eminent horticulturists (6 vols.) (3rd. ed.). New York: Macmillan.\nDyer, M.H. (14 March 2013). \"How to Grow Chrysanthemum Morifolium\". Home Guides: Gardening. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 15 November 2019.\nHerrington, Arthur (November 2008) [1905 Orange Judd, New York]. The Chrysanthemum. Bedford MA: Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1-4290-1286-7.Taxon identifiersChrysanthemum morifolium\nWikidata: Q15530181\nWikispecies: Chrysanthemum × morifolium\nBioLib: 41575\nCoL: 5YJBP\nEoL: 483963\nGBIF: 3150767\nGRIN: 10373\niNaturalist: 53806\nIPNI: 193607-1\nIRMNG: 11202834\nITIS: 510898\nNCBI: 41568\nNZOR: 9a0a1314-3ceb-4a5e-bbec-62284e514cc0\nPFI: 11800\nPlant List: gcc-130137\nPLANTS: CHMO14\nTropicos: 2700550\nuBio: 2330522\nWFO: wfo-0000031162\nMatricaria morifolia\nWikidata: Q50845560\nCoL: 6R73C\nGBIF: 3150774\nGRIN: 23478\nIPNI: 231938-1\nPOWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:231938-1\nTropicos: 50277099\nWFO: wfo-0000077048\nWoRMS: 1177125","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Chrysanthemums of the Immortal Blossoms in an Everlasting Spring (仙萼長春冊) by Giuseppe Castiglione (1688–1766)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Xian%27e_Changchun_Album_08.jpg/220px-Xian%27e_Changchun_Album_08.jpg"},{"image_text":"Varieties and cultivars","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chrysanthemum_morifolium_Blanco2.290.png/200px-Chrysanthemum_morifolium_Blanco2.290.png"},{"image_text":"Irregular incurve (ogiku), \"Crimson Tide\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chrysanthemum_%C3%97_morifolium_%27Crimson_Tide%27%2C_Longwood_Gardens_2022_02.jpg/220px-Chrysanthemum_%C3%97_morifolium_%27Crimson_Tide%27%2C_Longwood_Gardens_2022_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spiky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chrysanthemum_morifolium_j04.jpg/220px-Chrysanthemum_morifolium_j04.jpg"},{"image_text":"Display in Pakistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chrysanthemum_show.jpg/220px-Chrysanthemum_show.jpg"},{"image_text":"A yellow coloured florist's daisy, photographed in West Bengal, India.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/A_yellow_coloured_florist%27s_daisy_%28possibly%3B_flowering_plant_in_the_family_of_Asteraceae%29_in_Howrah%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/220px-A_yellow_coloured_florist%27s_daisy_%28possibly%3B_flowering_plant_in_the_family_of_Asteraceae%29_in_Howrah%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77111328-1","url_text":"\"Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat. (pro sp.) florist's daisy\". Plants USDA.gov. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CHMO14","url_text":"\"Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat. (pro sp.) florist's daisy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chrysanthemum morifolium (Hardy garden mum)\". Fine Gardening.com. Retrieved 22 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.finegardening.com/plantguide/chrysanthemum-morifolium-hardy-garden-mum.aspx","url_text":"\"Chrysanthemum morifolium (Hardy garden mum)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution Abatement\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2013-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231117/http://maison-orion.com/media/1837156-NASA-Indoor-Plants.pdf","url_text":"\"Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution Abatement\""},{"url":"http://maison-orion.com/media/1837156-NASA-Indoor-Plants.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, L.H., ed. (1919) [1914]. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States and Canada for ornament, for fancy, for fruit and for vegetables; with keys to the natural families and genera, descriptions of the horticultural capabilities of the states and provinces and dependent islands, and sketches of eminent horticulturists (6 vols.) (3rd. ed.). New York: Macmillan.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.H.Bailey","url_text":"Bailey, L.H."},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/23351#/summary","url_text":"The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States and Canada for ornament, for fancy, for fruit and for vegetables; with keys to the natural families and genera, descriptions of the horticultural capabilities of the states and provinces and dependent islands, and sketches of eminent horticulturists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan"}]},{"reference":"Dyer, M.H. (14 March 2013). \"How to Grow Chrysanthemum Morifolium\". Home Guides: Gardening. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 15 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://homeguides.sfgate.com/grow-chrysanthemum-morifolium-67829.html","url_text":"\"How to Grow Chrysanthemum Morifolium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Herrington, Arthur (November 2008) [1905 Orange Judd, New York]. The Chrysanthemum. Bedford MA: Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1-4290-1286-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9GXUrlxV5FYC","url_text":"The Chrysanthemum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applewood_Books","url_text":"Applewood Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4290-1286-7","url_text":"978-1-4290-1286-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77111328-1","external_links_name":"\"Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_College_(California)	Mission College (California)	["1 History","2 Organization and administration","3 Campus","4 Transportation","5 Student demographics","6 Clubs","7 Student Services","8 Sports","9 Notable alumni","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°23′28″N 121°58′56″W / 37.3911°N 121.9821°W / 37.3911; -121.9821Mission CollegeMottoWhere today's students meet tomorrow's opportunityTypePublic community collegeEstablished1975ChancellorBrad DavisPresidentSeher AwanStudents10,221LocationSanta Clara, California, United States37°23′28″N 121°58′56″W / 37.3911°N 121.9821°W / 37.3911; -121.9821ColorsTeal, orange, black, and white AffiliationsWest Valley–Mission Community College DistrictMascotSaintsWebsitewww.missioncollege.edu Mission College (Mission or MC) is a public community college in Santa Clara, California. It is part of the West Valley–Mission Community College District. The land the college is on was bought between 1966 and 1967. Mission College opened for its first year in 1975. In 1979 it had grown to "3,500 students, 8 administrators, and 73 instructors". History The Mission College Interim Campus was housed on the site of the vacant Jefferson Middle School at the corner of Monroe Street and Lawrence Express in Santa Clara, California in early September, 1975. From this humble beginning, three members originally appointed for full-time duty—Teri Chiang (Mathematics), Don Joslen (Fine Arts), and Son Le (Philosophy)) worked with Administrator Burt Hermosillo with the support of several part-time faculty volunteers from West Valley College to offer morning and evening classes. By summer, 1976, the Governing Board had appointed Warren Sorenson as founding president. Mission College's first commencement took place in June 1977 with the president of Santa Clara University as commencement speaker. Notably, among a handful of graduates for Mission College Class '77 was Eddie Sousa, who was later elected mayor of Santa Clara. The birth of Mission College seemed uneventful; its full development was not, however. Reported disputes over noise levels at West Valley College with its Saratoga residents helped changed the membership of the long-serving Governing Board, leading in upper management changes at both West Valley and Mission Colleges soon after the new Mission College campus was completed in 1979. Even though the departure of its founding president was unexpected, among many legacies of his was Mission College's commitment students as individual learners: individualized self-paced learning, decades before the advent of the digital revolution and cyber learning. The 12 acres of land that was today's Mission College was bought in Santa Clara in between 1966 and 1967. Later, by 1970, 164 acres of land in total was bought and acquired. The first piece of the Mission College Interim Campus construction plan was completed during 1979, which is also the start of the 1979–80 academic year, which enrolled about 3,500 students, 8 administrators, and 73 instructors. The Mission College Interim Campus was incorporated into the West Valley-Mission Community College District upon the recommendation of Chancellor Gustavo A. Mellander in September 1985. By that time, Mission College has prided itself on having a large diversity of academic learning approaches. The campus' architecture was also designed to increase interaction among its students and faculty, which results in a more effective learning environment. The college has hosted a number of speakers, including Pulitzer Prize winning author Sonia Nazario, Civil Rights activist Cornel West, Tuskegee Airman Les Williams, and former Santa Clara Assistant District Attorney Rolanda Pierre Dixon. The college's art department also hosts exhibits at its Vargas Gallery in the Gillmor Center. The Mission College Symphony is celebrating its 10th season in 2016–17. The Hospitality Management program runs lunch service on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Formerly called the Owl Cove, it is now called the Mission Bistro. The restaurant was renovated between 2009 and 2012. Organization and administration Mission College is part of Silicon Valley's West Valley–Mission Community College District, which also administers West Valley College in nearby Saratoga, California. It is part of the California Community Colleges System. The district serves the cities of Saratoga, Campbell, Los Gatos, Morgan Hill, Monte Sereno, Santa Clara, and San Jose. The district's headquarters are on the campus of West Valley College. Campus Interior of the Main Building The college originally was focused on a single large structure where most of the classes took place. In 2014, the Gillmor Family Center opened, with classrooms and labs on three floors. The library, cafeteria, and bookstore are in nearby buildings. A separate building houses the science departments. The Hospitality Management building includes the "Mission Bistro", which serves lunch on Tuesdays and Thursdays during the Fall and Spring semesters. The campus is immediately north of the Mercado shopping center and west of facilities of EMC and McAfee. The Campus is also located relatively close to Levi Station and Great America. In May 2014 the Gillmor Center opened, named after former Santa Clara mayor Gary Gillmor. The building houses 50 percent of the college's class room and is a LEED Gold Building. Gillmor was the city's first elected mayor and helped facilitate the land sale that eventually became Mission College. Its parking lot hosts 2,640 high-efficiency SunPower solar panels, which are estimated to save the college $9 million in the next 25 years following 2011. In January 2011 the school opened its new Child Development Center preschool. A new main building was under construction through 2017 and it was originally announced to be ready by Spring 2018. Ultimately the building, the Student Engagement Center, was opened on January 24, 2018. Transportation Campus Center Mission College is reached from the California's Great America exit of U.S. Route 101. There are shuttles that are reachable with walks of a few blocks that connect to the Old Ironsides station of the VTA light rail, the Great America station of the Altamont Corridor Express, and the Lawrence station of Caltrain. VTA bus lines 57 and 60 stop in the college's front loop. While the new main building is under construction, VTA bus lines 57 and 60 stop in a section in the college's parking lot. Student demographics Ethnicity of student enrollment (Spring 2017): African-American 3.7% American Indian/Alaskan Native 0.2% Asian 37.7% Filipino 9.6% Hispanic 27.2% Multi-Ethnicity3.7% Pacific-Islander 0.4% Unknown/Non-Respondent 1.1% White Non-Hispanic 16.6% Gender (Spring 2017): The majority of students at Mission College are women (55%) Age Group (Spring 2017): 19 or less 17.9% 20-24 31.3% 25-29 17.1% 30-34 10.1% 35-39 7.3% 40-49 8.5% 50+ 7.8% Unknown 0.0% Clubs Mission College has a variety of clubs: Alpha Gamma Sigma, Associated Student Government, Fire Tech Student Association, The Florets, Future Accountants of America, Kinesiology Club, MC Dance Company, MC Health Occupations Association, Mission Inter-Connect, Muslim Student Association, Puente Club, Umoja Community Club, Veterans with Associates. Student Services Mission college also provides various student services including Counseling, Admissions and Records, Assessment Center, Career Center, Tutoring Center, STEM program, DSPS, Veteran's Resource Center, CalWORKS program, EOPS, etc. Sports Mission College has men's and women's tennis, women's basketball, softball, women's badminton, baseball. It began a new website in February 2017 at missionsaints.com. Notable alumni Matt Stonie — YouTuber and competitive eater ranked number three in Major League Eating See also San Francisco Bay Area portal West Valley College References ^ "California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office - Data Mart". Datamart.cccco.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ a b "Mission College General Information". missioncollege.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-26. ^ a b c d "Mission College : General Information : History". ^ "November 2016 \| Issue 46 \| At Mission College: Pulitzer Prize-Winning Journalist Sonia Nazario Tells Story of Child Refugees". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "May 2016 \| Issue 19 \| Civil Rights Activist Cornel West Speaks at Mission College". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "March 2012 \| Issue 10 \| Tuskegee Airman Les Williams Speaks at Mission College". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "March 2017 \| Issue 11 \| Mission College's African American Celebration Luncheon Recognizes Achievements of African Americans". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "November 2016 \| Issue 49 \| Mission College's Vargas Gallery Flashes "Not So Heavy Metal II"". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "October 2016 \| Issue 41 \| Mission College Symphony Kicks Off 10th Season with Intimate Mini-Concert". The Santa Clara Weekly. 2017-01-15. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "April 2015 \| Issue 14 \| Culinary Students Manage the Mission Bistro". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "May 2014 \| Issue 19 \| Mission College Dedicates Gillmor Family Building". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "January 2013 \| Issue 4 \| Gary Gillmor Donates $250,000 to Name The Newest Building on the Mission College Campus". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "November 2011 \| Issue 48 \| Mission College Unveils Solar Project". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "January 2012 \| Issue 4 \| New Child Development Center Preschool Opens at Mission College". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "Mission College Foundation". www.missioncollege.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-26. ^ "Mission College". www.missioncollege.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-12. ^ a b "57 :West Valley College to Great America". Vta.org. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ a b "60 : Winchester Transit Center to Great America". Vta.org. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ a b c "Mission College : Statistics : Demographics" (PDF). Missioncollege.org. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "Mission College ASG - Clubs and Organizations". Missioncollege.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-04. ^ "Mission College Student Services". External links Official website vteColleges and universities of Santa Clara CountyFour-year colleges and universities University of Silicon Valley Golden State Baptist College International Technological University Lincoln Law School of San Jose National University (San Jose) Palo Alto University San José State University Santa Clara University Sofia University Stanford University Community colleges De Anza College Evergreen Valley College Foothill College Gavilan College Mission College San Jose City College West Valley College vteCalifornia Community Colleges SystemCampuses Advanced Tech. & Education Park Alameda Allan Hancock American River Antelope Valley Bakersfield Barstow Berkeley City Butte Cabrillo Cañada Canyons Cerritos Cerro Coso Chabot Chaffey Citrus City College of San Francisco Clovis Coalinga Coastline Columbia Compton Contra Costa Copper Mountain Cosumnes River Crafton Hills Cuesta Cuyamaca Cypress De Anza Desert Diablo Valley East L.A. El Camino Evergreen Valley Feather River Folsom Lake Foothill Fresno City Fullerton Gavilan Glendale Golden West Grossmont Hartnell Imperial Valley Irvine Valley Lake Tahoe Laney Las Positas Lassen Lemoore Long Beach City L.A. City L.A. Harbor L.A. Mission L.A. Pierce L.A. Southwest L.A. Trade–Tech L.A. Valley Los Medanos Madera Marin Mendocino Merced Merritt MiraCosta Mission Modesto Monterey Peninsula Moorpark Moreno Valley Mt. San Antonio Mt. San Jacinto Napa Valley Norco Ohlone Orange Coast Oxnard Palo Verde Palomar Pasadena City Porterville Reedley Redwoods Rio Hondo Riverside Sacramento City Saddleback San Bernardino Valley San Diego City San Diego Continuing Education San Diego Mesa San Diego Miramar San Joaquin Delta San Jose City San Mateo Santa Ana Santa Barbara City Santa Monica Santa Rosa Santiago Canyon Sequoias Shasta Sierra Siskiyous Skyline Solano Southwestern Taft Ventura Victor Valley West L.A. West Valley Woodland Yuba Districts Allan Hancock Antelope Valley Barstow Butte–Glenn Cabrillo California Online Cerritos Chabot–Las Positas Chaffey Citrus Coast Compton Contra Costa Copper Mountain Desert El Camino Feather River Foothill–De Anza Gavilan Glendale Grossmont–Cuyamaca Hartnell Imperial Kern Lake Tahoe Lassen Long Beach Los Angeles Los Rios Marin Mendocino–Lake Merced MiraCosta Monterey Peninsula Mt. San Antonio Mt. San Jacinto Napa Valley North Orange County Ohlone Palo Verde Palomar Pasadena Area Peralta Rancho Santiago Redwoods Rio Hondo Riverside San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin Delta San Jose–Evergreen San Luis Obispo County San Mateo County Santa Barbara Santa Clarita Santa Monica Sequoias Shasta–Tehama–Trinity Sierra Siskiyous Solano County Sonoma County South Orange County Southwestern State Center Ventura County Victor Valley West Hills West Kern West Valley–Mission Yosemite Yuba Athletics California Community College Athletic Association Authority control databases ISNI	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Mission College (Mission or MC) is a public community college in Santa Clara, California. It is part of the West Valley–Mission Community College District. The land the college is on was bought between 1966 and 1967.[2] Mission College opened for its first year in 1975. In 1979 it had grown to \"3,500 students, 8 administrators, and 73 instructors\".[2]","title":"Mission College (California)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"Sonia Nazario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Nazario"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cornel West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tuskegee Airman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Airman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Mission College Interim Campus was housed on the site of the vacant Jefferson Middle School at the corner of Monroe Street and Lawrence Express in Santa Clara, California in early September, 1975. From this humble beginning, three members originally appointed for full-time duty—Teri Chiang (Mathematics), Don Joslen (Fine Arts), and Son Le (Philosophy)) worked with Administrator Burt Hermosillo with the support of several part-time faculty volunteers from West Valley College to offer morning and evening classes. By summer, 1976, the Governing Board had appointed Warren Sorenson as founding president. Mission College's first commencement took place in June 1977 with the president of Santa Clara University as commencement speaker. Notably, among a handful of graduates for Mission College Class '77 was Eddie Sousa, who was later elected mayor of Santa Clara. The birth of Mission College seemed uneventful; its full development was not, however. Reported disputes over noise levels at West Valley College with its Saratoga residents helped changed the membership of the long-serving Governing Board, leading in upper management changes at both West Valley and Mission Colleges soon after the new Mission College campus was completed in 1979. Even though the departure of its founding president was unexpected, among many legacies of his was Mission College's commitment students as individual learners: individualized self-paced learning, decades before the advent of the digital revolution and cyber learning.The 12 acres of land that was today's Mission College was bought in Santa Clara in between 1966 and 1967.[3] Later, by 1970, 164 acres of land in total was bought and acquired.[3] The first piece of the Mission College Interim Campus construction plan was completed during 1979, which is also the start of the 1979–80 academic year, which enrolled about 3,500 students, 8 administrators, and 73 instructors.[3]The Mission College Interim Campus was incorporated into the West Valley-Mission Community College District upon the recommendation of Chancellor Gustavo A. Mellander in September 1985.[3] By that time, Mission College has prided itself on having a large diversity of academic learning approaches. The campus' architecture was also designed to increase interaction among its students and faculty, which results in a more effective learning environment.The college has hosted a number of speakers, including Pulitzer Prize winning author Sonia Nazario,[4] Civil Rights activist Cornel West,[5] Tuskegee Airman Les Williams,[6] and former Santa Clara Assistant District Attorney Rolanda Pierre Dixon.[7]The college's art department also hosts exhibits at its Vargas Gallery in the Gillmor Center.[8] The Mission College Symphony is celebrating its 10th season in 2016–17.[9]The Hospitality Management program runs lunch service on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Formerly called the Owl Cove, it is now called the Mission Bistro. The restaurant was renovated between 2009 and 2012.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"West Valley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Valley_College"},{"link_name":"Saratoga, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga,_California"},{"link_name":"California Community Colleges System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Community_Colleges_System"}],"text":"Mission College is part of Silicon Valley's West Valley–Mission Community College District, which also administers West Valley College in nearby Saratoga, California. It is part of the California Community Colleges System. The district serves the cities of Saratoga, Campbell, Los Gatos, Morgan Hill, Monte Sereno, Santa Clara, and San Jose. The district's headquarters are on the campus of West Valley College.","title":"Organization and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008-1115-001-MissionCollege.jpg"},{"link_name":"EMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMC_Corporation"},{"link_name":"McAfee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Interior of the Main BuildingThe college originally was focused on a single large structure where most of the classes took place. In 2014, the Gillmor Family Center opened, with classrooms and labs on three floors. The library, cafeteria, and bookstore are in nearby buildings. A separate building houses the science departments. The Hospitality Management building includes the \"Mission Bistro\", which serves lunch on Tuesdays and Thursdays during the Fall and Spring semesters.The campus is immediately north of the Mercado shopping center and west of facilities of EMC and McAfee. The Campus is also located relatively close to Levi Station and Great America.In May 2014 the Gillmor Center opened, named after former Santa Clara mayor Gary Gillmor. The building houses 50 percent of the college's class room and is a LEED Gold Building.[11] Gillmor was the city's first elected mayor and helped facilitate the land sale that eventually became Mission College.[12]Its parking lot hosts 2,640 high-efficiency SunPower solar panels, which are estimated to save the college $9 million in the next 25 years following 2011.[13]In January 2011 the school opened its new Child Development Center preschool.[14]A new main building was under construction through 2017 and it was originally announced to be ready by Spring 2018. Ultimately the building, the Student Engagement Center, was opened on January 24, 2018.[15][16]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008-1115-003-MissionCollege.jpg"},{"link_name":"California's Great America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_Great_America"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"Old Ironsides station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Ironsides_station"},{"link_name":"VTA light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTA_light_rail"},{"link_name":"Great America station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara%E2%80%93Great_America_station"},{"link_name":"Altamont Corridor Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamont_Corridor_Express"},{"link_name":"Lawrence station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_station_(Caltrain)"},{"link_name":"Caltrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltrain"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-18"}],"text":"Campus CenterMission College is reached from the California's Great America exit of U.S. Route 101. There are shuttles that are reachable with walks of a few blocks that connect to the Old Ironsides station of the VTA light rail, the Great America station of the Altamont Corridor Express, and the Lawrence station of Caltrain. VTA bus lines 57[17] and 60[18] stop in the college's front loop. While the new main building is under construction, VTA bus lines 57[17] and 60[18] stop in a section in the college's parking lot.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"}],"text":"Ethnicity of student enrollment (Spring 2017):African-American 3.7%\nAmerican Indian/Alaskan Native 0.2%\nAsian 37.7%\nFilipino 9.6%\nHispanic 27.2%\nMulti-Ethnicity3.7%\nPacific-Islander 0.4%\nUnknown/Non-Respondent 1.1%\nWhite Non-Hispanic 16.6% [19]Gender (Spring 2017): The majority of students at Mission College are women (55%)[19]Age Group (Spring 2017):19 or less 17.9%\n20-24 31.3%\n25-29 17.1%\n30-34 10.1%\n35-39 7.3%\n40-49 8.5%\n50+ 7.8%\nUnknown 0.0%[19]","title":"Student demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpha Gamma Sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Sigma_(honor_society)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Mission College has a variety of clubs: Alpha Gamma Sigma, Associated Student Government, Fire Tech Student Association, The Florets, Future Accountants of America, Kinesiology Club, MC Dance Company, \nMC Health Occupations Association, Mission Inter-Connect, Muslim Student Association, Puente Club, Umoja Community Club, Veterans with Associates.[20]","title":"Clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Mission college also provides various student services including Counseling, Admissions and Records, Assessment Center, Career Center, Tutoring Center, STEM program, DSPS, Veteran's Resource Center, CalWORKS program, EOPS, etc.[21]","title":"Student Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mission College has men's and women's tennis, women's basketball, softball, women's badminton, baseball. It began a new website in February 2017 at missionsaints.com.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Stonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Stonie"},{"link_name":"YouTuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTuber"},{"link_name":"competitive eater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_eater"},{"link_name":"Major League Eating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Eating"}],"text":"Matt Stonie — YouTuber and competitive eater ranked number three in Major League Eating","title":"Notable alumni"}]	[{"image_text":"Interior of the Main Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2008-1115-001-MissionCollege.jpg/200px-2008-1115-001-MissionCollege.jpg"},{"image_text":"Campus Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2008-1115-003-MissionCollege.jpg/200px-2008-1115-003-MissionCollege.jpg"}]	[{"title":"San Francisco Bay Area portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"title":"West Valley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Valley_College"}]	[{"reference":"\"California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office - Data Mart\". Datamart.cccco.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://datamart.cccco.edu/Students/Enrollment_Status.aspx","url_text":"\"California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office - Data Mart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mission College General Information\". missioncollege.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://missioncollege.edu/gen_info/gen_info.html#HMC","url_text":"\"Mission College General Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mission College : General Information : History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://missioncollege.edu/gen_info/gen_info.html#HMC","url_text":"\"Mission College : General Information : History\""}]},{"reference":"\"November 2016 \| Issue 46 \| At Mission College: Pulitzer Prize-Winning Journalist Sonia Nazario Tells Story of Child Refugees\". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santaclaraweekly.com/2016/Issue-46/at-mission-college-pulitzer-prize-winning-journalist-sonia-nazario-tells-story-of-child-refugees.html","url_text":"\"November 2016 \| Issue 46 \| At Mission College: Pulitzer Prize-Winning Journalist Sonia Nazario Tells Story of Child Refugees\""}]},{"reference":"\"May 2016 \| Issue 19 \| Civil Rights Activist Cornel West Speaks at Mission College\". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santaclaraweekly.com/2016/Issue-19/civil-rights-activist-cornel-west-speaks-at-mission-college.html","url_text":"\"May 2016 \| Issue 19 \| Civil Rights Activist Cornel West Speaks at Mission College\""}]},{"reference":"\"March 2012 \| Issue 10 \| Tuskegee Airman Les Williams Speaks at Mission College\". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santaclaraweekly.com/2012/Issue-10/tuskegee_airman_les_williams_speaks_at_mission_college.html","url_text":"\"March 2012 \| Issue 10 \| Tuskegee Airman Les Williams Speaks at Mission College\""}]},{"reference":"\"March 2017 \| Issue 11 \| Mission College's African American Celebration Luncheon Recognizes Achievements of African Americans\". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santaclaraweekly.com/2017/Issue-11/mission-colleges-african-american-celebration-luncheon-recognizes-achievements-of-african-americans.html","url_text":"\"March 2017 \| Issue 11 \| Mission College's African American Celebration Luncheon Recognizes Achievements of African Americans\""}]},{"reference":"\"November 2016 \| Issue 49 \| Mission College's Vargas Gallery Flashes \"Not So Heavy Metal II\"\". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santaclaraweekly.com/2016/Issue-49/mission-colleges-vargas-gallery-flashes-not-so-heavy-metal-ii.html","url_text":"\"November 2016 \| Issue 49 \| Mission College's Vargas Gallery Flashes \"Not So Heavy Metal II\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"October 2016 \| Issue 41 \| Mission College Symphony Kicks Off 10th Season with Intimate Mini-Concert\". The Santa Clara Weekly. 2017-01-15. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santaclaraweekly.com/2016/Issue-41/mission-college-symphony-kicks-off-10th-season-with-intimate-mini-concert.html","url_text":"\"October 2016 \| Issue 41 \| Mission College Symphony Kicks Off 10th Season with Intimate Mini-Concert\""}]},{"reference":"\"April 2015 \| Issue 14 \| Culinary Students Manage the Mission Bistro\". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santaclaraweekly.com/2015/Issue-14/culinary_students_manage_the_mission_bistro.html","url_text":"\"April 2015 \| Issue 14 \| Culinary Students Manage the Mission Bistro\""}]},{"reference":"\"May 2014 \| Issue 19 \| Mission College Dedicates Gillmor Family Building\". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santaclaraweekly.com/2014/Issue-19/mission_college_dedicates_gillmor_family_building.html","url_text":"\"May 2014 \| Issue 19 \| Mission College Dedicates Gillmor Family Building\""}]},{"reference":"\"January 2013 \| Issue 4 \| Gary Gillmor Donates $250,000 to Name The Newest Building on the Mission College Campus\". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santaclaraweekly.com/2013/Issue-4/gary_gillmor_donates_250000_to_name_the_newest_building_on_the_mission_college_campus.html","url_text":"\"January 2013 \| Issue 4 \| Gary Gillmor Donates $250,000 to Name The Newest Building on the Mission College Campus\""}]},{"reference":"\"November 2011 \| Issue 48 \| Mission College Unveils Solar Project\". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santaclaraweekly.com/2011/Issue-48/mission_college_unveils_solar_project.html","url_text":"\"November 2011 \| Issue 48 \| Mission College Unveils Solar Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"January 2012 \| Issue 4 \| New Child Development Center Preschool Opens at Mission College\". The Santa Clara Weekly. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santaclaraweekly.com/2012/Issue-4/new_child_development_center_preschool_opens_at_mission_college.html","url_text":"\"January 2012 \| Issue 4 \| New Child Development Center Preschool Opens at Mission College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mission College Foundation\". www.missioncollege.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.missioncollege.edu/foundation/new-main-building.html","url_text":"\"Mission College Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mission College\". www.missioncollege.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://missioncollege.edu/news/press/releases_2018/2018-02-01-gilbane-sec.html","url_text":"\"Mission College\""}]},{"reference":"\"57 :West Valley College to Great America\". Vta.org. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vta.org/routes/rt57","url_text":"\"57 :West Valley College to Great America\""}]},{"reference":"\"60 : Winchester Transit Center to Great America\". Vta.org. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vta.org/routes/rt60","url_text":"\"60 : Winchester Transit Center to Great America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mission College : Statistics : Demographics\" (PDF). Missioncollege.org. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://missioncollege.edu/research/documents/Fast_Facts_Spring_2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Mission College : Statistics : Demographics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mission College ASG - Clubs and Organizations\". Missioncollege.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://missioncollege.edu/student_services/asg/clubs.html","url_text":"\"Mission College ASG - Clubs and Organizations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mission College Student Services\".","urls":[{"url":"http://missioncollege.edu/student_services/index.html","url_text":"\"Mission College Student Services\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mission_College_(California)&params=37.3911_N_121.9821_W_type:edu_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"37°23′28″N 121°58′56″W / 37.3911°N 121.9821°W / 37.3911; -121.9821"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mission_College_(California)&params=37.3911_N_121.9821_W_type:edu_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"37°23′28″N 121°58′56″W / 37.3911°N 121.9821°W / 37.3911; -121.9821"},{"Link":"http://www.missioncollege.edu/","external_links_name":"www.missioncollege.edu"},{"Link":"http://datamart.cccco.edu/Students/Enrollment_Status.aspx","external_links_name":"\"California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office - 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Clubs and Organizations\""},{"Link":"http://missioncollege.edu/student_services/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Mission College Student Services\""},{"Link":"http://www.missioncollege.edu/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404022362","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_(British_TV_programme)	Monitor (British TV programme)	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	BBC arts programme (1958-1965) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Monitor" British TV programme – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) MonitorCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal releaseNetworkBBCRelease2 February 1958 (1958-02-02) –1965 (1965) Monitor is a British arts television programme that was launched on 2 February 1958 on BBC and ran until 1965. History Huw Wheldon was the editor from 1958 to 1962. He was also the principal interviewer and anchor until 1964. Wheldon set about moulding a team of talents, including W. G. Archer, Melvyn Bragg, Humphrey Burton, John Berger, Patrick Garland, Peter Newington, Ken Russell, John Schlesinger, Nancy Thomas, and Alan Tyrer. Monitor ranged in subject over all the arts. The role as editor of the series was passed to Humphrey Burton in July 1962, lasting a year. He was succeeded by David Jones who had worked on the series since the beginning. The hundredth programme, made in 1962, was a film directed by Ken Russell and written by Wheldon, the celebrated Elgar. The Elgar film was innovative because it was the first time that an arts programme showed one long film about an artistic figure instead of short items, and it was the first time that re-enactments were used. Before this, only photos or location shots had been used in programmes. Russell, however, still met resistance from Wheldon in allowing actors to play the subjects of his films. The Elgar film includes sequences of the young composer riding his bicycle on the Malvern Hills accompanied by Elgar's Introduction & Allegro for Strings. Russell had a particular empathy with Elgar's music because, like the composer, he was a Catholic. Wheldon's Monitor lasted until he had "interviewed everyone interested in interviewing", and he was succeeded by Jonathan Miller for the series' last season in 1964/65. Miller was both presenter and editor. The theme tune was "Marcia" from Serenade for String Orchestra (Op. 11, 1937) by Dag Wirén. The book Monitor: An Anthology, edited by Huw Wheldon, was published by Macdonald in 1962. References ^ "BBC One - Monitor, 02/02/1958". BBC. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Wheldon, Sir Huw (1916-1986) Biography". screenonline.org.uk. ^ James, Anne (15 January 2015). "Nancy Thomas obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2015. ^ "Correspondence about the making of the BBC Monitor film on Avinash Chandra". The National Archives. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "David Jones: theatre, television and film director". The Times. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2020. (subscription required) ^ a b "BFI Screenonline: Elgar (1962)". screenonline.org.uk. ^ "Monitor - Elgar by Ken Russell". www.bbc.com. ^ BBC Music Magazine, June 2007. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Miller, Jonathan (1934) Biography". screenonline.org.uk. ^ "Monitor (1964)". BFI. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. ^ "British 1950s TV and Radio". www.whirligig-tv.co.uk. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ Sperling, Joshua (2018). A Writer of Our Time: The Life and Work of John Berger. ISBN 9781786637420. External links Monitor at BBC Online Monitor at IMDb Britain in a Box: Art for Art's Sake	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Monitor is a British arts television programme that was launched on 2 February 1958 on BBC and ran until 1965.[1]","title":"Monitor (British TV programme)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huw Wheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huw_Wheldon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"W. G. Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._G._Archer"},{"link_name":"Melvyn Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Burton"},{"link_name":"John Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Berger"},{"link_name":"Patrick Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Garland"},{"link_name":"Ken Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Russell"},{"link_name":"John Schlesinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schlesinger"},{"link_name":"Nancy Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Alan Tyrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Tyrer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNA-4"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Burton"},{"link_name":"David Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jones_(director)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Elgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgar_(film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elgarscreenonline-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elgarscreenonline-6"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Miller"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dag Wirén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Wir%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Huw Wheldon was the editor from 1958 to 1962. He was also the principal interviewer and anchor until 1964.[2] Wheldon set about moulding a team of talents, including W. G. Archer, Melvyn Bragg, Humphrey Burton, John Berger, Patrick Garland, Peter Newington, Ken Russell, John Schlesinger, Nancy Thomas, and Alan Tyrer.[3][4] Monitor ranged in subject over all the arts.The role as editor of the series was passed to Humphrey Burton in July 1962, lasting a year. He was succeeded by David Jones who had worked on the series since the beginning.[5]The hundredth programme, made in 1962, was a film directed by Ken Russell and written by Wheldon, the celebrated Elgar.[6] The Elgar film was innovative because it was the first time that an arts programme showed one long film about an artistic figure instead of short items, and it was the first time that re-enactments were used.[7] Before this, only photos or location shots had been used in programmes. Russell, however, still met resistance from Wheldon in allowing actors to play the subjects of his films.[6] The Elgar film includes sequences of the young composer riding his bicycle on the Malvern Hills accompanied by Elgar's Introduction & Allegro for Strings. Russell had a particular empathy with Elgar's music because, like the composer, he was a Catholic.[8]Wheldon's Monitor lasted until he had \"interviewed everyone [he was] interested in interviewing\", and he was succeeded by Jonathan Miller for the series' last season in 1964/65.[9] Miller was both presenter and editor.[10]The theme tune was \"Marcia\" from Serenade for String Orchestra (Op. 11, 1937) by Dag Wirén.[11] The book Monitor: An Anthology, edited by Huw Wheldon, was published by Macdonald in 1962.[12]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"BBC One - Monitor, 02/02/1958\". BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p013h1s5","url_text":"\"BBC One - Monitor, 02/02/1958\""}]},{"reference":"\"BFI Screenonline: Wheldon, Sir Huw (1916-1986) Biography\". screenonline.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/473425/","url_text":"\"BFI Screenonline: Wheldon, Sir Huw (1916-1986) Biography\""}]},{"reference":"James, Anne (15 January 2015). \"Nancy Thomas obituary\". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jan/15/nancy-thomas","url_text":"\"Nancy Thomas obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Correspondence about the making of the BBC Monitor film on Avinash Chandra\". The National Archives. Retrieved 4 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/6e2c5723-12a6-4615-b001-819a567ba4fd","url_text":"\"Correspondence about the making of the BBC Monitor film on Avinash Chandra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"David Jones: theatre, television and film director\". The Times. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/david-jones-theatre-television-and-film-director-bqd7wt527ng","url_text":"\"David Jones: theatre, television and film director\""}]},{"reference":"\"BFI Screenonline: Elgar (1962)\". screenonline.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/482790/index.html","url_text":"\"BFI Screenonline: Elgar (1962)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monitor - Elgar by Ken Russell\". www.bbc.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/anniversaries/november/monitor-elgar","url_text":"\"Monitor - Elgar by Ken Russell\""}]},{"reference":"\"BFI Screenonline: Miller, Jonathan (1934) Biography\". screenonline.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/468508/index.html","url_text":"\"BFI Screenonline: Miller, Jonathan (1934) Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monitor[15/12/64] (1964)\". BFI. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309065711/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b746d98c9","url_text":"\"Monitor[15/12/64] (1964)\""},{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b746d98c9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British 1950s TV and Radio\". www.whirligig-tv.co.uk. Retrieved 25 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whirligig-tv.co.uk/tv/adults/other/british.htm","url_text":"\"British 1950s TV and Radio\""}]},{"reference":"Sperling, Joshua (2018). A Writer of Our Time: The Life and Work of John Berger. ISBN 9781786637420.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D6l2DwAAQBAJ&q=Monitor%3A+An+Anthology%27%27%2C+edited+by+Huw+Wheldon&pg=PA265","url_text":"A Writer of Our Time: The Life and Work of John Berger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786637420","url_text":"9781786637420"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Monitor%22+British+TV+programme","external_links_name":"\"Monitor\" British TV programme"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Monitor%22+British+TV+programme+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Monitor%22+British+TV+programme&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Monitor%22+British+TV+programme+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Monitor%22+British+TV+programme","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Monitor%22+British+TV+programme&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p013h1s5","external_links_name":"\"BBC One - Monitor, 02/02/1958\""},{"Link":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/473425/","external_links_name":"\"BFI Screenonline: Wheldon, Sir Huw (1916-1986) Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jan/15/nancy-thomas","external_links_name":"\"Nancy Thomas obituary\""},{"Link":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/6e2c5723-12a6-4615-b001-819a567ba4fd","external_links_name":"\"Correspondence about the making of the BBC Monitor film on Avinash Chandra\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/david-jones-theatre-television-and-film-director-bqd7wt527ng","external_links_name":"\"David Jones: theatre, television and film director\""},{"Link":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/482790/index.html","external_links_name":"\"BFI Screenonline: Elgar (1962)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/anniversaries/november/monitor-elgar","external_links_name":"\"Monitor - Elgar by Ken Russell\""},{"Link":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/468508/index.html","external_links_name":"\"BFI Screenonline: Miller, Jonathan (1934) Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309065711/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b746d98c9","external_links_name":"\"Monitor[15/12/64] (1964)\""},{"Link":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b746d98c9","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.whirligig-tv.co.uk/tv/adults/other/british.htm","external_links_name":"\"British 1950s TV and Radio\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D6l2DwAAQBAJ&q=Monitor%3A+An+Anthology%27%27%2C+edited+by+Huw+Wheldon&pg=PA265","external_links_name":"A Writer of Our Time: The Life and Work of John Berger"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dtyvd","external_links_name":"Monitor"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259792/","external_links_name":"Monitor"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/britaininabox/pip/gn1z9/","external_links_name":"Britain in a Box: Art for Art's Sake"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomadasys_commersonnii	Pomadasys commersonnii	["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Habitat and biology","4 Systematics","5 Utilisation","6 References"]	Species of fish Pomadasys commersonnii In South Africa Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Haemulidae Genus: Pomadasys Species: P. commersonnii Binomial name Pomadasys commersonnii(Lacépède, 1801) Synonyms Labrus commersonnii Lacépède, 1801 Pristipoma operculare Playfair, 1867 Pomadasys operculare (Playfair, 1867) Pomadasys opercularis (Playfair, 1867) Pomadasys commersonnii, the smallspotted grunter, is a species of ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is native to the brackish and marine waters of the western Indian Ocean. Description Pomadasys commersonnii has a small mouth with moderately thick lips. there are two pores and a central pit on the chin. The dorsal fin contains 10-11 spines and 14-15 softrays, while the anal fin has 3 spines and 9-10 soft rays. It has a dark grey back fading to silvery white on the underparts, the back and sides are marked with many small brown spots, these are also on the dorsal fin but do not extend to the head. There is a dark spot on the margin of the gill cover and the pelvic and anal fins. This species attains a maximum total length of 80 cm (31 in). Distribution Pomadasys commersonnii is found in the western Indian Ocean. It occurs along the eastern coast of Africa from the Gulf of Aden to Cape Point in South Africa, Madagascar and along the Asian coast from Yemen to the Arabian Sea coast of India. Habitat and biology Pomadasys commersonnii occurs in shallow coastal waters and estuaries. They spawn at sea and the juveniles settle in estuarine habitats which are used as nursery areas. The adults will also migrate into estuaries from the sea to feed. This species can tolerate freshwater. It feeds on benthic invertebrates such as crustaceans, worms and small bivalves, which it can expose by jetting water into the mud using its mouth. It is an oviparous species, forming distinct pairs to spawn. Systematics Pomadasys commersonnii was first formally described as Labrus commersonnii in 1801 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède (1756-1825) with the type locality given as Grand golfe de l'Inde, interpreted as rivers of Madagascar. The specific name honours the French naturalist Philibert Commerçon, whose name is sometimes spelled Commerson, (1727-1773), Lacepède used Commerçon's drawings and notes to base his description on. The specific name argenteus means “silver” and refers to the main colour of this species. Utilisation Pomadasys commersonnii is targeted by commercial fisheries using bottom trawls, bottom longlines, gillnets and traps. In South Africa it is banned from sale, only recreational angling is allowed, which is popular. It is a species which may have potential in aquaculture in South Africa. References ^ a b c d Al Abdali, F.S.H.; Al Buwaiqi, B.; Al Kindi, A.S.M.; Ambuali, A.; Borsa, P.; Russell, B.; Govender, A.; Carpenter, K.E. (2019). "Pomadasys commersonnii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T77129706A121207899. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77129706A121207899.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Pomadasys commersonii" in FishBase. December 2019 version. ^ a b c Edoardo Mostarda; Rashid Anam (2012). FIELD IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO THE LIVING MARINE RESOURCES OF KENYA (PDF). FAO, Rome. p. 223. ISBN 978-92-5-107239-4. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Pomadasys". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 5 April 2021. ^ Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (5 January 2021). "Order LUTJANIFORMES: Families HAEMULIDAE and LUTJANIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 5 April 2021. ^ "Spotted Grunter - Pomadasys commersonni". SANBI IDentifyIt - Species. SANBI. Retrieved 5 April 2021. Taxon identifiersPomadasys commersonnii Wikidata: Q2515001 BOLD: 14816 CoL: 4LQKY FishBase: 5126 GBIF: 2382906 iNaturalist: 615160 IRMNG: 11009409 ITIS: 630243 IUCN: 77129706 NCBI: 1003790 OBIS: 218563 Open Tree of Life: 273299 WoRMS: 218563 Authority control databases: National Israel	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"ray-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"grunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunt_(fish)"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Haemulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemulidae"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"}],"text":"Pomadasys commersonnii, the smallspotted grunter, is a species of ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is native to the brackish and marine waters of the western Indian Ocean.","title":"Pomadasys commersonnii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiomsa-3"},{"link_name":"anal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_fin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fishbase-2"},{"link_name":"pelvic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiomsa-3"},{"link_name":"total length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_measurement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fishbase-2"}],"text":"Pomadasys commersonnii has a small mouth with moderately thick lips. there are two pores and a central pit on the chin.[3] The dorsal fin contains 10-11 spines and 14-15 softrays, while the anal fin has 3 spines and 9-10 soft rays.[2] It has a dark grey back fading to silvery white on the underparts, the back and sides are marked with many small brown spots, these are also on the dorsal fin but do not extend to the head. There is a dark spot on the margin of the gill cover and the pelvic and anal fins.[3] This species attains a maximum total length of 80 cm (31 in).[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf of Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden"},{"link_name":"Cape Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Point"},{"link_name":"Arabian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1"}],"text":"Pomadasys commersonnii is found in the western Indian Ocean. It occurs along the eastern coast of Africa from the Gulf of Aden to Cape Point in South Africa, Madagascar and along the Asian coast from Yemen to the Arabian Sea coast of India.[1]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"bivalves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalves"},{"link_name":"oviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparous"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fishbase-2"}],"text":"Pomadasys commersonnii occurs in shallow coastal waters and estuaries. They spawn at sea and the juveniles settle in estuarine habitats which are used as nursery areas. The adults will also migrate into estuaries from the sea to feed.[1] This species can tolerate freshwater. It feeds on benthic invertebrates such as crustaceans, worms and small bivalves, which it can expose by jetting water into the mud using its mouth. It is an oviparous species, forming distinct pairs to spawn.[2]","title":"Habitat and biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalist"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CofF-4"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Philibert Commerçon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philibert_Commer%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETYFish-5"}],"text":"Pomadasys commersonnii was first formally described as Labrus commersonnii in 1801 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède (1756-1825) with the type locality given as Grand golfe de l'Inde, interpreted as rivers of Madagascar.[4] The specific name honours the French naturalist Philibert Commerçon, whose name is sometimes spelled Commerson, (1727-1773), Lacepède used Commerçon's drawings and notes to base his description on. The specific name argenteus means “silver” and refers to the main colour of this species.[5]","title":"Systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commercial fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_fisheries"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiomsa-3"},{"link_name":"angling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SANBI-6"},{"link_name":"aquaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1"}],"text":"Pomadasys commersonnii is targeted by commercial fisheries using bottom trawls, bottom longlines, gillnets and traps.[3] In South Africa it is banned from sale, only recreational angling is allowed,[6] which is popular. It is a species which may have potential in aquaculture in South Africa.[1]","title":"Utilisation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Al Abdali, F.S.H.; Al Buwaiqi, B.; Al Kindi, A.S.M.; Ambuali, A.; Borsa, P.; Russell, B.; Govender, A.; Carpenter, K.E. (2019). \"Pomadasys commersonnii\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T77129706A121207899. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77129706A121207899.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/77129706/121207899","url_text":"\"Pomadasys commersonnii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77129706A121207899.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77129706A121207899.en"}]},{"reference":"Edoardo Mostarda; Rashid Anam (2012). FIELD IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO THE LIVING MARINE RESOURCES OF KENYA (PDF). 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Retrieved 5 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._Eschmeyer","url_text":"Eschmeyer, William N."},{"url":"http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=Pomadasys","url_text":"\"Species in the genus Pomadasys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_Fishes","url_text":"Catalog of Fishes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"California Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (5 January 2021). \"Order LUTJANIFORMES: Families HAEMULIDAE and LUTJANIDAE\". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 5 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://etyfish.org/lutjaniformes/","url_text":"\"Order LUTJANIFORMES: Families HAEMULIDAE and LUTJANIDAE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spotted Grunter - Pomadasys commersonni\". SANBI IDentifyIt - Species. SANBI. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligeenan	Poligeenan	["1 Terminology","2 Usage","2.1 Diagnostic","2.2 Experimental research","2.3 Food","3 Production","4 References"]	Type of polymer Poligeenan (CAS No. 53973-98-1) is a low viscosity, low molecular weight, sulfated polygalactan polymer used exclusively in clinical diagnostic applications. The polymer is derived from the molecular backbone of carrageenan. Terminology The name "poligeenan" was confirmed in 1988 by the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council. The Council is sponsored by the American Medical Association, the American Pharmaceutical Association, and the US Pharmacopeial Convention Inc. Prior to 1988, poligeenan was referred to as "degraded carrageenan" in the scientific literature. The terms "poligeenan" and "degraded carrageenan" were often used interchangeably in research articles and reports. The use of the term "degraded carageenan" caused confusion, which resulted in the attribution of the negative observations associated the polymer being attributed to carrageenan. Poligeenan and carrageenan are completely different products. Usage Diagnostic The primary use for poligeenan is for clinical diagnostic applications, and specifically the suspension of barium sulfate slurries used in X-ray studies of the mouth, throat, and esophagus during swallowing. For this application, poligeenan delivers three essential properties: First, its viscosity imparts lubricity to make the slurry easier to swallow. Second, this same viscosity is high enough to maintain full suspension of all barium sulfate particles during the complete X-ray procedure. Third, the high charge density of the poligeenan solution (ester sulfate units) prevents caking or aggregation of the barium sulfate particles during long-term storage of ready-to-use slurry products, these being easily reconstituted by shaking. The combination of these three application properties necessitates poligeenan to have molecular weights in the range 10-20 kDa. Experimental research In 1969, Adrian Julian Marcus and James Watt demonstrated that poligeenan could induce gastrointestinal lesions in animal models, which was followed by decades of medical research using the substance to study inflammatory bowel disease. Food Poligeenan is not an approved food additive in the United States. The low molecular weight of poligeenan precludes it from exhibiting functionality in food. The International Agency for Research on Cancer assigned poligeenan to carcinogenic risk category 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans). Unlike poligeenan, carrageenan is an approved food additive with an extensive toxicology data base that has been reviewed by regulatory bodies and provides scientific evidence for safe inclusion in foods. Production Poligeenan is produced by the harsh acid degradation of carrageenan. Carrageenan in solution is processed at low pH (~1.0) and high temperature (90 °C (190 °F)) for up to six hours until the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) has been reduced to the range 10,000 – 20,000 daltons (10–20 kDa). The resulting poligeenan solution is neutralized and spray dried to a fine powder. References ^ "USAN Council: List No. 297". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 44 (2): 246–248. 1988-08-01. doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.145. ISSN 1532-6535. S2CID 221606781. ^ Beattie, I. A.; Blakemore, William R.; Warwick, Margaret H. (2014). "Corrigendum to "A study of orally-administered degraded carrageenan in the baboon" ". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 75: 189. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.012. ^ Beattie, et al. 1970. "A Study of Orally-Administered Degraded Carrageenan in the Baboon". Food. Cosmet. Toxicol. 8:257-266. ^ McKim JM. 2014. “Food additive carrageenan: Part I: A critical review of carrageenan in vitro studies, potential pitfalls, and implications for human health and safety ^ Weiner ML. 2014. “Food additive carrageenan: Part II: A critical review of carrageenan in vivo safety studies. ^ a b McKim, James M.; Sr, Jamin A. Willoughby; Blakemore, William R.; Weiner, Myra L. (2018-06-14). "Clarifying the confusion between poligeenan, degraded carrageenan, and carrageenan: A review of the chemistry, nomenclature, and in vivo toxicology by the oral route". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 59 (19): 3054–3073. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1481822. ISSN 1040-8398. PMID 29902080. ^ IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human. Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs Volumes 1-110. Updated List 23 October, 2014 ^ 21 C.F.R. §172.620	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"molecular weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_weight"},{"link_name":"sulfated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"},{"link_name":"polygalactan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactan"},{"link_name":"polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"link_name":"clinical diagnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"carrageenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrageenan"}],"text":"Poligeenan (CAS No. 53973-98-1) is a low viscosity, low molecular weight, sulfated polygalactan polymer used exclusively in clinical diagnostic applications. The polymer is derived from the molecular backbone of carrageenan.","title":"Poligeenan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Adopted Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Adopted_Name"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"American Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"American Pharmaceutical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pharmaceutical_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The name \"poligeenan\" was confirmed in 1988 by the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council.[1] The Council is sponsored by the American Medical Association, the American Pharmaceutical Association, and the US Pharmacopeial Convention Inc.Prior to 1988, poligeenan was referred to as \"degraded carrageenan\" in the scientific literature. The terms \"poligeenan\" and \"degraded carrageenan\" were often used interchangeably in research articles and reports.[2][3] The use of the term \"degraded carageenan\" caused confusion, which resulted in the attribution of the negative observations associated the polymer being attributed to carrageenan.[4][5] Poligeenan and carrageenan are completely different products.","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barium sulfate slurries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulfate_suspension"},{"link_name":"X-ray studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography"},{"link_name":"esophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus"}],"sub_title":"Diagnostic","text":"The primary use for poligeenan is for clinical diagnostic applications, and specifically the suspension of barium sulfate slurries used in X-ray studies of the mouth, throat, and esophagus during swallowing. For this application, poligeenan delivers three essential properties: First, its viscosity imparts lubricity to make the slurry easier to swallow. Second, this same viscosity is high enough to maintain full suspension of all barium sulfate particles during the complete X-ray procedure. Third, the high charge density of the poligeenan solution (ester sulfate units) prevents caking or aggregation of the barium sulfate particles during long-term storage of ready-to-use slurry products, these being easily reconstituted by shaking. The combination of these three application properties necessitates poligeenan to have molecular weights in the range 10-20 kDa.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animal models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"medical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research"},{"link_name":"inflammatory bowel disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"sub_title":"Experimental research","text":"In 1969, Adrian Julian Marcus and James Watt demonstrated that poligeenan could induce gastrointestinal lesions in animal models,[6] which was followed by decades of medical research using the substance to study inflammatory bowel disease.[6]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"toxicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology"}],"sub_title":"Food","text":"Poligeenan is not an approved food additive in the United States. The low molecular weight of poligeenan precludes it from exhibiting functionality in food. The International Agency for Research on Cancer assigned poligeenan to carcinogenic risk category 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans).[7] Unlike poligeenan, carrageenan is an approved food additive[8] with an extensive toxicology data base that has been reviewed by regulatory bodies and provides scientific evidence for safe inclusion in foods.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"weight-average molecular weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_average_molecular_weight"},{"link_name":"daltons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"spray dried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_drying"}],"text":"Poligeenan is produced by the harsh acid degradation of carrageenan. Carrageenan in solution is processed at low pH (~1.0) and high temperature (90 °C (190 °F)) for up to six hours until the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) has been reduced to the range 10,000 – 20,000 daltons (10–20 kDa). The resulting poligeenan solution is neutralized and spray dried to a fine powder.","title":"Production"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"USAN Council: List No. 297\". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 44 (2): 246–248. 1988-08-01. doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.145. ISSN 1532-6535. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyanya	Iyanya	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 MTN Project Fame","2.2 2009: My Story","2.3 2012–2013: Desire","2.4 Endorsements","2.5 Musical style","2.6 International appearances","2.7 Films and television","3 Awards and nominations","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.2 Compilation albums","4.3 Singles","4.4 Promotional singles","4.5 Music videos","5 References","6 External links"]	Nigerian recording artist IyanyaIyanya in 2013Background informationBirth nameIyanya Onoyom MbukaBorn (1986-10-31) 31 October 1986 (age 37)Calabar, Cross River State, NigeriaGenresAfropop, R&BOccupation(s)SingerYears active2008–presentLabelsTemple Music Group, Mavin, Made Men Music GroupMusical artist Iyanya Onoyom Mbuk (born 31 October 1986), known by his stage name Iyanya, is a Nigerian singer and songwriter. He rose to fame after winning the first season of Project Fame West Africa, and is best known for his hit single "Kukere". He released his debut studio album My Story in 2009; it was supported by the singles "No Time" and "Love Truly". Iyanya co-founded the record label Made Men Music Group with Ubi Franklin in 2011. His second studio album, titled Desire, was released in February 2013. It supported by the singles "Kukere", "Ur Waist", "Flavour", "Sexy Mama", and "Jombolo". He won the Artist of the Year award at The Headies 2013. In October 2016, Iyanya announced on Instagram that he signed a record deal with Mavin Records. Few months prior, he signed a management deal with Temple Management Company. He first announced his intentions to leave Made Men Music Group in July 2016. In 2024 Iyanya release his new album, 'Once Upon A Cat' Under the Made Men Music Group Record Label. Early life and education Iyanya was born on Palm Street in Calabar, Cross River State. His mother was a head mistress and his father was a forester. Iyanya has described his mother as the household disciplinarian, while his father was the gentler of the two. His parents both died in 2008, and his older brother died around the same time. Iyanya's grandfather was a clergyman where Iyanya sang in his church's choir and was the choir master for the children's choir at age five. Mbuk completed his primary, secondary, and university education in Calabar. He is a business management graduate from the University of Calabar. Career After graduating from the University of Calabar, he worked in a hotel and sang karaoke at a local bar he managed. Iyanya began developing his vocal abilities at local bars which include: Fiesta Fries Bar, Mirage Nite Club, and West-Life. Iyanya cited British singer Craig David and American hip hop artist R. Kelly as his key musical influences. Iyanya was motivated to pursue music professionally after watching the celebrity lifestyle of 2 Face Idibia and Olu Maintain. Iyanya started as a rapper, going by the name "Lofty". MTN Project Fame In 2008, KCee from KC Presh convinced Iyanya to partake in the first season of Project Fame West Africa. Iyanya went on and emerged the winner of the competition after battling numerous people who had the same aspirations as him. The 2008 MTN-sponsored Project Fame competition was the beginning of Iyanya's musical career. Unlike many people who dwindle after a major competition, Iyanya's success had just begun. 2009: My Story Main article: My Story (Iyanya album) After winning MTN's Project Fame West Africa, Iyanya began recording his debut album My Story. It was released by CN Media Imprint. The album showed Iyanya's versatility as an R&B artist, particularly on the self-titled track "Iyanya" and "Love Truly". Iyanya's debut album was a commercial failure due to problems with distribution and promotion. "Kukere" (2012) A sample of "Kukere", Iyanya's single Problems playing this file? See media help. 2012–2013: Desire Main article: Desire (Iyanya album) After visiting his hometown of Calabar and seeing people's affection for the Etighi dance, Iyanya decided to do a song that would popularize the dance that originated in Calabar. He teamed up with producer DTunes and recorded "Kukere", a single that achieved global success, particularly in Nigeria, Ghana and the United Kingdom. The song was succeeded by the album's second single entitled "Ur Waist", which features additional vocals from Emma Nyra. Endorsements On 16 October 2013, 360Nobs reported that Iyanya became an ambassador for Solo Phones Nigeria, a mobile phone company situated at Computer Village, Ikeja. The one-year deal was reportedly worth $220,000 (35 million naira). In addition, Iyanya got a 2014 Toyota Prado from the deal. In 2013, the Daily Independent newspaper reported that Iyanya also signed a one-year deal with Zinox Computers (Nigeria's first certified branded computers) worth $300,000. The deal will feature Iyanya on Zinox billboards and in TV commercials. Musical style Iyanya started performing ballads, particularly on his debut album My Story. In an interview with Toolz on Ndani TV, he said he wants to be a versatile artist and wants to be known for his R&B and Afrobeats abilities. In the same interview, he also said he switched from R&B to Afrobeat because he wanted to make money and wanted fans to see his versatility. International appearances On 25 November 2012, Iyanya performed at comedian AY Makun show held at the INDIGO2 arena. To promote his second album in the UK, Iyanya headlined the Iyanya vs. Desire concert. It started in London and ended in Manchester. The London concert was held at the INDIGO2 arena on 9 June 2013. It featured performances from Tonto Dikeh and Emma Nyra. On 14 June 2013, the Manchester concert commenced and featured performances from Emma Nyra and DRB Lasgidi. Iyanya and his label mate Emma Nyra went on a mini tour across the US and Canada in early 2013. Iyanya performed at the Shrine in Chicago on 11 April 2013. He also performed at the African Muzik Magazine launch on 12 April 2013, which was held in Dallas, Texas. Iyanya serenaded Grammy Award nominee Melanie Fiona at the LTB Jean store in Soho, New York, and performed at the world-renowned New York Fashion Week. Films and television Television Year Title Role Notes Ref 2013 Shuga (season 3) Himself Cameo appearance Awards and nominations Year Event Prize Recipient Result Ref 2014 City People Entertainment Awards Musician of the Year (Male) Himself Nominated African Muzik Magazine Awards Best Male West Africa Nominated Best Dance in a Video "Le Kwa Ukwu" Won World Music Awards World's Best Song "Away" Nominated "Le Kwa Ukwu" Nominated World's Best Video Nominated World's Best Male Artist Himself Nominated World's Best Live Act Nominated World's Best Entertainer of The Year Nominated 2013 The Headies Artist of the Year Won Best R&B/Pop Album Desire Nominated Album of the Year Nominated Best Pop Single "Ur Waist" Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) Best High Life Video "Jombolo" (Iyanya featuring Flavour N'abania) Nominated Best Use of Choreography — Best Use of Visual Effects "Sexy Mama" (Iyanya featuring Wizkid) Nominated Soul Train Music Awards Best International Performance "Ur Waist" (Iyanya featuring Emma Nyra) Nominated Channel O Music Video Awards Most Gifted Male Video "Flavour" Nominated Nigeria Entertainment Awards Best Pop/R&B Artiste of the Year Himself Nominated Hottest Single of the Year "Kukere" Won Ghana Music Awards African Artiste of the Year Himself Nominated City People Entertainment Awards Musician of the Year (Male) Nominated Most Popular Song of the Year "Kukere" Nominated 2012 Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) Best Contemporary Afro (Live Beats choice) Nominated The Headies Best Pop Single Won Song of the Year Nominated Discography Iyanya discographyStudio albums3Music videos14Singles22Promotional singles5 The discography of Iyanya consists of three studio albums, twenty two singles (including ten as featured artist), five promotional singles, and fourteen music videos. Studio albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications Sales NGR RSA GHA UK My Story Released: 2009 Label: CN. Media Format: CD, digital download – — — — Desire Released: 6 February 2013 Label: Made Men Music Group Format: CD, digital download – – – - Applaudise Released: 19 September 2015 Label: Made Men Music Group Format: CD, digital download – — — — "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Compilation albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications Sales NGR RSA GHA UK The Evolution Released: 29 May 2014 Label: Made Men Music Group Format: CD, digital download – — — — Singles As lead artist List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album NGR RSA GHA UK "Love Truly" 2009 – – – – My Story "No Time" (featuring Faze) – – – – "Iyanya (My Story)" 2010 – – – – "Kukere" 2011 – – – – Desire "Ur Waist" (featuring Emma Nyra) 2012 – – – – "Kukere Remix" (featuring D'banj) – – – – "Flavour" – – – – "Sexy Mama" (featuring Wizkid) 2013 – – – – "Jombolo" (featuring Flavour N'abania) – – – – "Head Swell" – – – – TBA "She Can Get It" – – – – "Le Kwa Ukwu" – – – – "Story Story"(featuring Oritse Femi) 2014 – – – – "Mr Oreo" – – – – Applaudise "ijeoma" (ft. peruzzi) 2019 - - - - Single "Like" (featuring Kizz Daniel, Davido) 2022 - - - - - Single As featured artist List of singles as featured artist, with selected chart positions Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album NGR RSA GHA UK "Get Wild"(N6 featuring Iyanya) 2012 – – – – BiznessB4Pleasure "Omoge"(Slim Joe featuring Iyanya) – — — — TBA "Everything I Do"(featuring Iyanya) – — — — "Your Desire"(Sammy Lee featuring Iyanya) 2013 – — — — "Koma Roll Remix" (Tillaman featuring Ice Prince, Iyanya, Burna Boy, Phyno and Trigga) – — — — "Coupe Decale Remix" (Minjin featuring Iyanya) – — — — "Emujo"(DJ Jimmy Jatt featuring Iyanya and 4×4) – — — — "Fi Mi Le"(Lola Rae featuring Iyanya) – — — — "Felele" (Ajemina featuring Iyanya) – — — — "Fever" 2016 – — — — "Feel Alright"(Wizzboy featuring Iyanya) – — — — Testimoney "Flex"(Princeton featuring Iyanya) – — — — — Promotional singles List of promotional singles, with selected chart positions Title Year Peak chart positions Album NGR RSA GHA UK "I'm the One" 2010 – — — — Non-album single "In Love Again" – — — — "South Girl"(featuring Duncan Mighty) 2011 – — — — "High"(featuring Dammy Krane) 2013 – — — — "Take It Inside"(Olamide featuring Iyanya) – — — — Music videos As lead artist List of music videos as lead artist, showing date released and directors Title Video release date Director(s) Ref "Le Kwa Ukwu" 12 November 2013 Sesan "Head Swell" 1 August 2013 Mr. Moe Musa "Jombolo" (featuring Flavour N'abania) 12 June 2013 Sesan "Sexy Mama" (featuring Wizkid) 26 April 2013 "Flavour" 24 December 2012 Mr Moe Musa "Ur Waist" (featuring Emma Nyra) 14 September 2012 Clarence Peters "Kukere" 24 March 2012 Patrick Ellis "Iyanya (My Story)" 7 March 2010 "Love Truly" 10 July 2009 As featured artist List of music videos as featured artist, showing date released and directors Title Video release date Director(s) Ref "Felele" (featuring Iyanya) 17 June 2013 Don P Films "Coupe Decale Remix" (Minjin featuring Iyanya) 12 June 2013 Unlimited LA "Koma Roll Remix" (Tillaman featuring Ice Prince, Iyanya, Burna Boy, Phyno and Trigga) 2 May 2013 Patrick Elis "Everything I Do" (Emma Nyra featuring Iyanya) 25 March 2013 Mr Moe Musa "Get Wild" (N6 featuring Iyanya) 3 March 2013 Lanre Tyson References ^ "CHARITABLE: Iyanya Celebrates Birthday With Inmates At Ikoyi Prisoner (Photos)". 360nobs. Retrieved 21 December 2013. ^ a b c d "Celebrity Focus: Iyanya – The Many Flavours Stirring Controversies". Onobello. Retrieved 30 July 2013. ^ "Iyanya, Artist Biography-MTV Base". Mtvbase. Retrieved 29 July 2013. ^ Augoye, Jayne (1 November 2016). "INTERVIEW: Why I signed for Mavin Records — Iyanya". Premium Times. Retrieved 7 January 2017. ^ Vwovwe, Egbo (28 July 2016). "Iyanya Singer signs with Temple Management Company". Pulse. Retrieved 21 September 2017. ^ Akan, Joey (12 July 2016). "Singer is leaving MMMG record label due to problems with Ubi Franklin". Pulse. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017. ^ VibeOnVibe.com.ng (2 February 2023). "Stream Iyanya new album, 'Once Upon A Cat'". VibeOnVibe.com.ng. Retrieved 2 February 2024. ^ a b "Kukere crooner cries: They killed my parents, brother -Iyanya Mbuk". Express Nigeria. Retrieved 30 July 2013. ^ "Kukere crooner cries: They killed my parents, brother -Iyanya Mbuk". Express Nigeria. Retrieved 7 August 2013. ^ "Iyanya's Exclusive Interview on iROKtv". IReportersTv. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013. ^ "Iyanya Biography". Iyanya Music. Retrieved 7 August 2013. ^ "Kukere crooner cries: They killed my parents, brother -Iyanya Mbuk". ExpressNigeria. Retrieved 30 July 2013. ^ "Iyanya Discography". AFROBIOS. Retrieved 21 September 2014. ^ "MTV NEWS \| IYANYA: EXCLUSIVE CHAT". MtvBase. Retrieved 7 August 2013. ^ Adegunle, Adebukola. "Origin of Etighi Dance" (PDF). The Harmony. p. 5. Retrieved 9 December 2013. ^ "THE CALABAR DANCE (Etigi)". Imotrumpeta. Retrieved 9 December 2013. ^ "Etighi Dance:The Latest Naija Dance". Amebortalk. 7 February 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2013. ^ "IYANYA BAGS $220,000 ENDORSEMENT DEAL WITH SOLO PHONES". 360nobs. Retrieved 16 October 2013. ^ "Computer Village Ikeja Came Alive Today with Iyanya". SpyGhana. Retrieved 16 October 2013. ^ "Iyanya signs multi million Naira endorsement deal with Zinox Computer". Daily Independent. Retrieved 16 October 2013. ^ "Winning: Iyanya signs $350,000 endorsement deal with Zinox Group". AmeyawDebrah. Retrieved 16 October 2013. ^ Iyanya (2012). Ndani TV: Iyanya talks about Yvonne Nelson// his new single and... (youtube). Nigeria: Youtube. Event occurs at 13:32. Retrieved 29 July 2013. ^ "VIDEO: Iyanya's Interview after AY Live in London on Factory78tv". 360nobs. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013. ^ "Kukere Storms the UK! All the Photos from Iyanya's London Concert". BellaNaija. Retrieved 31 July 2013. ^ "'Jombolo' out in Manchester! Check out the Photos from Iyanya's 2nd "Kukere Concert" in the UK". BellaNaija. Retrieved 31 July 2013. ^ "Iyanya at The Shrine, Chicago on Do312". Live Events. Retrieved 31 July 2013. ^ "Kukere in Dallas! Iyanya, Sound Sultan, Emma Nyra & Storm Rex at the 'African Muzik Magazine' Launch in Texas". BellaNaija. Retrieved 31 July 2013. ^ "Iyanya Mbuk Biography (Nigerian Music Artist)". Nigerian Music Network. Retrieved 1 August 2013. ^ "Tiwa Savage, Ice Prince, Iyanya, Chris Attoh, others premiere Shuga". The Daily Independent. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014. ^ "Rita Dominic, Davido, Tiwa Savage, Majid Michel – 2014 City People Entertainment Awards Nominees". Bellanaija.com. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014. ^ "See Nominees for the African Muzik Magazine Awards (AFRIMMA) 2014". Bellanaija. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014. ^ "Sarkodie, Fuse ODG, DJ Black, others win at AFRIMMA Awards". Ghana Web. 27 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014. ^ "D'banj, Tuface, Jay-Z, Kanye West, Davido, Kcee Nominated at World Music Awards". Channels Tv. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014. ^ "Headies Award 2013 and Full List of winners". Osun Defender. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013. ^ "#BaddestGuyEverLiveth: Olamide bags 8 nominations for the "Headies" – See full nomination list". YNaija.com. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013. ^ a b "2013 Nigeria Music Video Awards Nominees List: Flavour, Tiwa Savage, D'banj, Goldie, Waje, Kcee & More". Bellanaija. Retrieved 23 October 2013. ^ a b "NIGERIA MUSIC VIDEO AWARDS (NMVA 2013) WINNERS LIST". tooxclusive. Retrieved 17 November 2013. ^ "2013 Soul Train Awards nominations". Rollingout. Retrieved 24 September 2013. ^ "2013 Channel O Music Video Awards: First Photos from the Nominees Announcement + Complete List of Nominees". Bellanaija. Retrieved 4 September 2013. ^ "Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2013 – View Full Nominees List". Notjustok. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2013. ^ "Full List of Nigeria Entertainment Awards Winners". spyghana. Retrieved 4 September 2013. ^ "Vodafone Ghana Music Awards 2013 Nominations List Finally Out". ModernGhana. Retrieved 31 July 2013. ^ Aiki, Damilare (19 June 2013). "Ice Prince, Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde, Sarkodie, Nse Ikpe-Etim, Yvonne Okoro, Tonto Dikeh & BellaNaija Nominated for the 2013 City People Entertainment Awards – See the Full List". Bellanaija. Retrieved 19 December 2013. ^ "NIgerian Music Video Awards (NMVA 2012 ) Full Winners List". Tooxclusive. Retrieved 24 October 2013. ^ "Headies Awards 2012: Full List of Winners". ModernGhana. Retrieved 30 July 2013. ^ "The Headies (Hip Hop World Awards 2012) Winners List". Hiphopworldmagazine. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013. ^ "BN Video Premiere: Iyanya – Head Swell". Bellanaija. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "Iyanya – She Can Get It (Prod. Gospel)". Notjustok. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "PREMIERE: Iyanya – Le Kwa Ukwu". Notjustok. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "Collabo Extra! Iyanya & Oritse Femi Combine In New Song - "Story Story"". Pulse Nigeria. Joey Akan. Retrieved 12 August 2014. ^ "VIDEO: N6 – Get Wild ft Iyanya". Notjustok. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "New Music: Slimjoe Feat. Iyanya – Omoge". Bellanaija. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "Everything I Do (Remix) – Single". iTunes. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "SammyLee – Your Desire ft Iyanya (Prod by Laxio)". Ghanamotion. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "New Video: Tillaman – Koma Roll Remix Ft. Ice Prince, Iyanya, Trigga, Phyno, Burna Boy". 360nobs. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "VIDEO: Minjin ft Iyanya – Coupe Decale (Remix)". Notjustok. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "Get Familiar: DJ Jimmy Jatt – Emujo ft. Iyanya & 4×4". 360nobs. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "Lola Rae – Fi Mi Le ft. Iyanya". Notjustok. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "New Video: Ajemina – Felele ft. Iyanya". 360nobs. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "New Music Iyanya – 'Fever' ft. DJ Arafat, Xcellente". Pulse.ng. Retrieved 1 February 2016. ^ "Wizboyy ft Iyanya – Feel Alright \| New Album "TESTIMONEY" OUT NOW!". Notjustok. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "New Music Princeton - 'Flex' ft Iyanya, Pearl, Tossy Young". Pulse.ng. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016. ^ a b "BN Music PREMIERE: Iyanya – I'm The One \| In Love Again". Bellanaija. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Iyanya – South South Girl ft Duncan Mighty". Notjustok. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ "New Music: Olamide Feat. Iyanya – Take it Inside". Bellanaija. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ a b "Iyanya Video Archive". Afrobeat360. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "VIDEO Premiere: Iyanya – Le Kwa Ukwu". Notjustok. 12 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013. ^ "VIDEO: Iyanya – Head Swell \| Rated 18+ (Adults Only)". Notjustok. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "VIDEO: Iyanya – Jombolo ft Flavour". tooxlcusive. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "VIDEO Premiere: Iyanya ft Wizkid – Sexy Mama". notjustok. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "VIDEO: Iyanya – Flavour". Jaguda. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "VIDEO: Iyanya – Ur Waist". tooxclusive. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "VIDEO DOWNLOAD: Iyanya – Kukere". tooxclusive. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "New Video: Ajemina – Felele ft. Iyanya". Jaguda. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "Get Some Soukous Flavour! Kennis Music presents Minjin feat. Iyanya – Coupe Decale Remix". Bellanaija. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "TILLAMAN – KOMA ROLL REMIX FT. ICE PRINCE, IYANYA, TRIGGA, PHYNO, BURNA BOY". African Muzik Magazine. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "VIDEO:Emma Nyra– Everything I Do Feat. Iyanya". tooxclusive. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "New Video: N6 – Get Wild ft Iyanya". 360nobs. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iyanya. Iyanya on X vteIyanyaStudio albums My Story (2009) Desire (2013) Compilation albums The Evolution (2014) Singles "Kukere" "Ur Waist" "Flavor" "Sexy Mama" "Jombolo" "Mr Oreo" Related articles Mavin Records vteProject Fame West AfricaWinners Iyanya (season 1) Chidinma (season 3) Monica Ogah (season 4) Geoffrey Oji (season 7) Runners-up Praiz Kesse Niniola Other alumni Lindsey Abudei Chike Johnny Drille Related programming Star Academy Tusker Project Fame Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Project Fame West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Fame_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Kukere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukere"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Onobello-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mtvbase-3"},{"link_name":"My Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Story_(Iyanya_album)"},{"link_name":"Ubi Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubi_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desire_(Iyanya_album)"},{"link_name":"Ur Waist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_Waist"},{"link_name":"Flavour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(Iyanya_song)"},{"link_name":"Sexy Mama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_Mama_(Iyanya_song)"},{"link_name":"Jombolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jombolo"},{"link_name":"Artist of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Headies_Award_for_Artiste_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"The Headies 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Headies_2013"},{"link_name":"Mavin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavin_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Musical artistIyanya Onoyom Mbuk (born 31 October 1986), known by his stage name Iyanya, is a Nigerian singer and songwriter. He rose to fame after winning the first season of Project Fame West Africa, and is best known for his hit single \"Kukere\".[2][3] He released his debut studio album My Story in 2009; it was supported by the singles \"No Time\" and \"Love Truly\". Iyanya co-founded the record label Made Men Music Group with Ubi Franklin in 2011. His second studio album, titled Desire, was released in February 2013. It supported by the singles \"Kukere\", \"Ur Waist\", \"Flavour\", \"Sexy Mama\", and \"Jombolo\". He won the Artist of the Year award at The Headies 2013. In October 2016, Iyanya announced on Instagram that he signed a record deal with Mavin Records.[4] Few months prior, he signed a management deal with Temple Management Company.[5] He first announced his intentions to leave Made Men Music Group in July 2016.[6] In 2024 Iyanya release his new album, 'Once Upon A Cat' Under the Made Men Music Group Record Label. [7]","title":"Iyanya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar_South"},{"link_name":"Cross River State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Express_Nigeria-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Express_Nigeria-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar"},{"link_name":"University of Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calabar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Iyanya was born on Palm Street in Calabar, Cross River State.[8] His mother was a head mistress[9] and his father was a forester. Iyanya has described his mother as the household disciplinarian, while his father was the gentler of the two. His parents both died in 2008, and his older brother died around the same time.[8] Iyanya's grandfather was a clergyman where Iyanya sang in his church's choir and was the choir master for the children's choir at age five.[10]Mbuk completed his primary, secondary, and university education in Calabar. He is a business management graduate from the University of Calabar.[11]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"karaoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaoke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Onobello-2"},{"link_name":"Craig David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_David"},{"link_name":"R. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Kelly"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2 Face Idibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2face_Idibia"}],"text":"After graduating from the University of Calabar, he worked in a hotel and sang karaoke at a local bar he managed. Iyanya began developing his vocal abilities at local bars which include: Fiesta Fries Bar, Mirage Nite Club, and West-Life.[2] Iyanya cited British singer Craig David and American hip hop artist R. Kelly as his key musical influences.[12] Iyanya was motivated to pursue music professionally after watching the celebrity lifestyle of 2 Face Idibia and Olu Maintain. Iyanya started as a rapper, going by the name \"Lofty\".","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kcee_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Project Fame West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Fame_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Onobello-2"}],"sub_title":"MTN Project Fame","text":"In 2008, KCee from KC Presh convinced Iyanya to partake in the first season of Project Fame West Africa.[2] Iyanya went on and emerged the winner of the competition after battling numerous people who had the same aspirations as him. The 2008 MTN-sponsored Project Fame competition was the beginning of Iyanya's musical career. Unlike many people who dwindle after a major competition, Iyanya's success had just begun.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Onobello-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"\"Kukere\" (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kukere_by_Iyanya.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"}],"sub_title":"2009: My Story","text":"After winning MTN's Project Fame West Africa, Iyanya began recording his debut album My Story. It was released by CN Media Imprint.[13] The album showed Iyanya's versatility as an R&B artist, particularly on the self-titled track \"Iyanya\" and \"Love Truly\".[2] Iyanya's debut album was a commercial failure due to problems with distribution and promotion.[14]\"Kukere\" (2012)\n\nA sample of \"Kukere\", Iyanya's single\nProblems playing this file? See media help.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Etighi dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etighi_Dance"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kukere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukere"},{"link_name":"Ur Waist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_Waist"},{"link_name":"Emma Nyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Nyra"}],"sub_title":"2012–2013: Desire","text":"After visiting his hometown of Calabar and seeing people's affection for the Etighi dance, Iyanya decided to do a song that would popularize the dance that originated in Calabar.[15][16][17] He teamed up with producer DTunes and recorded \"Kukere\", a single that achieved global success, particularly in Nigeria, Ghana and the United Kingdom. The song was succeeded by the album's second single entitled \"Ur Waist\", which features additional vocals from Emma Nyra.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ikeja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikeja"},{"link_name":"Toyota Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser_Prado"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Endorsements","text":"On 16 October 2013, 360Nobs reported that Iyanya became an ambassador for Solo Phones Nigeria, a mobile phone company situated at Computer Village, Ikeja. The one-year deal was reportedly worth $220,000 (35 million naira). In addition, Iyanya got a 2014 Toyota Prado from the deal.[18][19] In 2013, the Daily Independent newspaper reported that Iyanya also signed a one-year deal with Zinox Computers (Nigeria's first certified branded computers) worth $300,000. The deal will feature Iyanya on Zinox billboards and in TV commercials.[20][21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"Ndani TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndani_TV"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"Afrobeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeats"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"Afrobeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Musical style","text":"Iyanya started performing ballads, particularly on his debut album My Story. In an interview with Toolz on Ndani TV, he said he wants to be a versatile artist and wants to be known for his R&B and Afrobeats abilities. In the same interview, he also said he switched from R&B to Afrobeat because he wanted to make money and wanted fans to see his versatility.[22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INDIGO2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2#indigO2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"INDIGO2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2#indigO2"},{"link_name":"Tonto Dikeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonto_Dikeh"},{"link_name":"Emma Nyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Nyra"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Melanie Fiona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Fiona"},{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"New York Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"International appearances","text":"On 25 November 2012, Iyanya performed at comedian AY Makun show held at the INDIGO2 arena.[23] To promote his second album in the UK, Iyanya headlined the Iyanya vs. Desire concert. It started in London and ended in Manchester. The London concert was held at the INDIGO2 arena on 9 June 2013. It featured performances from Tonto Dikeh and Emma Nyra.[24] On 14 June 2013, the Manchester concert commenced and featured performances from Emma Nyra and DRB Lasgidi.[25] Iyanya and his label mate Emma Nyra went on a mini tour across the US and Canada in early 2013. Iyanya performed at the Shrine in Chicago on 11 April 2013.[26] He also performed at the African Muzik Magazine launch on 12 April 2013, which was held in Dallas, Texas.[27] Iyanya serenaded Grammy Award nominee Melanie Fiona at the LTB Jean store in Soho, New York, and performed at the world-renowned New York Fashion Week.[28]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films and television","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discography"},{"link_name":"promotional singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_recording#promo_single"},{"link_name":"music videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_videos"}],"text":"The discography of Iyanya consists of three studio albums, twenty two singles (including ten as featured artist), five promotional singles, and fourteen music videos.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"As lead artistAs featured artist","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Promotional singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","text":"As lead artistAs featured artist","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"CHARITABLE: Iyanya Celebrates Birthday With Inmates At Ikoyi Prisoner (Photos)\". 360nobs. Retrieved 21 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/charitable-iyanya-celebrates-birthday-with-inmates-at-ikoyi-prisons-photos/","url_text":"\"CHARITABLE: Iyanya Celebrates Birthday With Inmates At Ikoyi Prisoner (Photos)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrity Focus: Iyanya – The Many Flavours Stirring Controversies\". Onobello. Retrieved 30 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onobello.com/index.php/features/item/2702-celebrity-focus-iyanya-%E2%80%93-the-many-flavours-stirring-controversies","url_text":"\"Celebrity Focus: Iyanya – The Many Flavours Stirring Controversies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iyanya, Artist Biography-MTV Base\". Mtvbase. Retrieved 29 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtvbase.com/music/artists/iyanya/","url_text":"\"Iyanya, Artist Biography-MTV Base\""}]},{"reference":"Augoye, Jayne (1 November 2016). \"INTERVIEW: Why I signed for Mavin Records — Iyanya\". Premium Times. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundloaded.com.ng/news/top-news/214185-interview-i-signed-mavin-records-iyanya.html","url_text":"\"INTERVIEW: Why I signed for Mavin Records — Iyanya\""}]},{"reference":"Vwovwe, Egbo (28 July 2016). \"Iyanya Singer signs with Temple Management Company\". Pulse. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pulse.ng/buzz/iyanya-singer-signs-with-temple-management-company-id5315075.html","url_text":"\"Iyanya Singer signs with Temple Management Company\""}]},{"reference":"Akan, Joey (12 July 2016). \"Singer is leaving MMMG record label due to problems with Ubi Franklin\". Pulse. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170108093724/http://pulse.ng/buzz/iyanya-singer-is-leaving-mmmg-record-label-due-to-problems-with-ubi-franklin-id5250624.html","url_text":"\"Singer is leaving MMMG record label due to problems with Ubi Franklin\""},{"url":"http://pulse.ng/buzz/iyanya-singer-is-leaving-mmmg-record-label-due-to-problems-with-ubi-franklin-id5250624.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"VibeOnVibe.com.ng (2 February 2023). \"Stream Iyanya new album, 'Once Upon A Cat'\". VibeOnVibe.com.ng. Retrieved 2 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://vibeonvibe.com.ng/album/5876162160/Once-Upon-A-Cat","url_text":"\"Stream Iyanya new album, 'Once Upon A Cat'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kukere crooner cries: They killed my parents, brother -Iyanya Mbuk\". Express Nigeria. 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Iyanya, Sound Sultan, Emma Nyra & Storm Rex at the 'African Muzik Magazine' Launch in Texas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iyanya Mbuk Biography (Nigerian Music Artist)\". Nigerian Music Network. Retrieved 1 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nigeriamusicnetwork.com/articles/read-iyanya-mbuk-biography-nigerian-music-artist_171.html","url_text":"\"Iyanya Mbuk Biography (Nigerian Music Artist)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tiwa Savage, Ice Prince, Iyanya, Chris Attoh, others premiere Shuga\". The Daily Independent. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. 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Retrieved 6 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131009093104/http://notjustok.com/2013/07/09/lola-rae-fi-mi-le-ft-iyanya/","url_text":"\"Lola Rae – Fi Mi Le ft. Iyanya\""},{"url":"http://notjustok.com/2013/07/09/lola-rae-fi-mi-le-ft-iyanya/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Video: Ajemina – Felele ft. Iyanya\". 360nobs. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131015060513/http://www.360nobs.com/2013/06/new-video-ajemina-felele-ft-iyanya/","url_text":"\"New Video: Ajemina – Felele ft. Iyanya\""},{"url":"http://www.360nobs.com/2013/06/new-video-ajemina-felele-ft-iyanya/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Music Iyanya – 'Fever' ft. DJ Arafat, Xcellente\". Pulse.ng. Retrieved 1 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-iyanya-fever-ft-dj-arafat-xcellente-id4624814.html","url_text":"\"New Music Iyanya – 'Fever' ft. 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Retrieved 1 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022141414/http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-princeton-flex-ft-iyanya-pearl-tossy-young-id4632323.html","url_text":"\"New Music Princeton - 'Flex' ft Iyanya, Pearl, Tossy Young\""},{"url":"http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-princeton-flex-ft-iyanya-pearl-tossy-young-id4632323.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BN Music PREMIERE: Iyanya – I'm The One \| In Love Again\". Bellanaija. Retrieved 6 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bellanaija.com/2010/12/07/bn-music-premiere-iyanya-im-the-one-in-love-again/","url_text":"\"BN Music PREMIERE: Iyanya – I'm The One \| In Love Again\""}]},{"reference":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Iyanya – South South Girl ft Duncan Mighty\". Notjustok. Retrieved 6 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://notjustok.com/2011/09/04/exclusive-iyanya-south-south-girl-ft-duncan-mighty/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Iyanya – South South Girl ft Duncan Mighty\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Music: Olamide Feat. Iyanya – Take it Inside\". Bellanaija. Retrieved 6 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/08/14/new-music-olamide-feat-iyanya-take-it-inside/","url_text":"\"New Music: Olamide Feat. Iyanya – Take it Inside\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iyanya Video Archive\". Afrobeat360. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://afrobeat360.com/tag/iyanya/","url_text":"\"Iyanya Video Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"VIDEO Premiere: Iyanya – Le Kwa Ukwu\". Notjustok. 12 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131114145335/http://notjustok.com/2013/11/12/video-premiere-iyanya-le-kwa-ukwu/","url_text":"\"VIDEO Premiere: Iyanya – Le Kwa Ukwu\""},{"url":"http://notjustok.com/2013/11/12/video-premiere-iyanya-le-kwa-ukwu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"VIDEO: Iyanya – Head Swell \| Rated 18+ (Adults Only)\". Notjustok. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020104713/http://notjustok.com/2013/08/02/video-iyanya-head-swell-rated-18-adults-only/","url_text":"\"VIDEO: Iyanya – Head Swell \| Rated 18+ (Adults Only)\""},{"url":"http://notjustok.com/2013/08/02/video-iyanya-head-swell-rated-18-adults-only/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"VIDEO: Iyanya – Jombolo ft Flavour\". tooxlcusive. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tooxclusive.com/2013/06/12/video-iyanya-jombolo-ft-flavour/","url_text":"\"VIDEO: Iyanya – Jombolo ft Flavour\""}]},{"reference":"\"VIDEO Premiere: Iyanya ft Wizkid – Sexy Mama\". notjustok. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131009112746/http://notjustok.com/2013/04/26/video-premiere-iyanya-ft-wizkid-sexy-mama/","url_text":"\"VIDEO Premiere: Iyanya ft Wizkid – Sexy Mama\""},{"url":"http://notjustok.com/2013/04/26/video-premiere-iyanya-ft-wizkid-sexy-mama/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"VIDEO: Iyanya – Flavour\". Jaguda. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jaguda.com/2012/12/23/video-iyanya-flavour/","url_text":"\"VIDEO: Iyanya – Flavour\""}]},{"reference":"\"VIDEO: Iyanya – Ur Waist\". tooxclusive. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tooxclusive.com/2012/09/14/video-iyanya-ur-waist/","url_text":"\"VIDEO: Iyanya – Ur Waist\""}]},{"reference":"\"VIDEO DOWNLOAD: Iyanya – Kukere\". tooxclusive. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tooxclusive.com/2012/03/24/video-download-iyanya-kukere/","url_text":"\"VIDEO DOWNLOAD: Iyanya – Kukere\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Video: Ajemina – Felele ft. Iyanya\". Jaguda. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jaguda.com/2013/06/17/new-video-ajemina-felele-ft-iyanya/","url_text":"\"New Video: Ajemina – Felele ft. Iyanya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Get Some Soukous Flavour! Kennis Music presents Minjin feat. Iyanya – Coupe Decale Remix\". Bellanaija. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/06/12/get-some-soukous-flavour-kennis-music-presents-minjin-feat-iyanya-coupe-decale-remix/","url_text":"\"Get Some Soukous Flavour! Kennis Music presents Minjin feat. Iyanya – Coupe Decale Remix\""}]},{"reference":"\"TILLAMAN – KOMA ROLL REMIX FT. ICE PRINCE, IYANYA, TRIGGA, PHYNO, BURNA BOY\". African Muzik Magazine. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://africanmuzikmag.com/tillaman-koma-roll-remix-ft-ice-prince-iyanya-trigga-phyno-burna-boy/","url_text":"\"TILLAMAN – KOMA ROLL REMIX FT. ICE PRINCE, IYANYA, TRIGGA, PHYNO, BURNA BOY\""}]},{"reference":"\"VIDEO:Emma Nyra– Everything I Do Feat. Iyanya\". tooxclusive. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tooxclusive.com/2013/03/25/videoemma-nyra-everything-i-do-feat-iyanya/","url_text":"\"VIDEO:Emma Nyra– Everything I Do Feat. Iyanya\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Video: N6 – Get Wild ft Iyanya\". 360nobs. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002151/http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/new-video-n6-get-wild-ft-iyanya/","url_text":"\"New Video: N6 – Get Wild ft Iyanya\""},{"url":"http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/new-video-n6-get-wild-ft-iyanya/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/charitable-iyanya-celebrates-birthday-with-inmates-at-ikoyi-prisons-photos/","external_links_name":"\"CHARITABLE: Iyanya Celebrates Birthday With Inmates At Ikoyi Prisoner (Photos)\""},{"Link":"http://www.onobello.com/index.php/features/item/2702-celebrity-focus-iyanya-%E2%80%93-the-many-flavours-stirring-controversies","external_links_name":"\"Celebrity Focus: Iyanya – The Many Flavours Stirring Controversies\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtvbase.com/music/artists/iyanya/","external_links_name":"\"Iyanya, Artist Biography-MTV Base\""},{"Link":"http://www.soundloaded.com.ng/news/top-news/214185-interview-i-signed-mavin-records-iyanya.html","external_links_name":"\"INTERVIEW: Why I signed for Mavin Records — Iyanya\""},{"Link":"http://www.pulse.ng/buzz/iyanya-singer-signs-with-temple-management-company-id5315075.html","external_links_name":"\"Iyanya Singer signs with Temple Management Company\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170108093724/http://pulse.ng/buzz/iyanya-singer-is-leaving-mmmg-record-label-due-to-problems-with-ubi-franklin-id5250624.html","external_links_name":"\"Singer is leaving MMMG record label due to problems with Ubi Franklin\""},{"Link":"http://pulse.ng/buzz/iyanya-singer-is-leaving-mmmg-record-label-due-to-problems-with-ubi-franklin-id5250624.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://vibeonvibe.com.ng/album/5876162160/Once-Upon-A-Cat","external_links_name":"\"Stream Iyanya new album, 'Once Upon A Cat'\""},{"Link":"http://www.e-expressnigeria.com/blog/2012/10/kukere-crooner-cries-they-killed-my-parents-brother","external_links_name":"\"Kukere crooner cries: They killed my parents, brother -Iyanya Mbuk\""},{"Link":"http://www.e-expressnigeria.com/blog/2012/10/kukere-crooner-cries-they-killed-my-parents-brother","external_links_name":"\"Kukere crooner cries: They killed my parents, brother -Iyanya Mbuk\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012013600/http://ireporterstv.co/iyanyas-exclusive-interview-on-iroktv/","external_links_name":"\"Iyanya's Exclusive Interview on iROKtv\""},{"Link":"http://ireporterstv.co/iyanyas-exclusive-interview-on-iroktv/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iyanyamusic.com/?page_id=582","external_links_name":"\"Iyanya Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.e-expressnigeria.com/blog/2012/10/kukere-crooner-cries-they-killed-my-parents-brother","external_links_name":"\"Kukere crooner cries: They killed my parents, brother -Iyanya Mbuk\""},{"Link":"http://www.afrobios.com/-Iyanya/","external_links_name":"\"Iyanya Discography\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtvbase.com/news/mtv-base-chats-with-iyanya/","external_links_name":"\"MTV NEWS \| IYANYA: EXCLUSIVE CHAT\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnsslccl.net/harmony_magazine_vol1_web.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Origin of Etighi Dance\""},{"Link":"http://www.imotrumpeta.com/?p=603","external_links_name":"\"THE CALABAR DANCE (Etigi)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amebortalk.com/members-gossip/naija-gossip/1255-etighi-dance-the-latest-naija-dance","external_links_name":"\"Etighi Dance:The Latest Naija Dance\""},{"Link":"http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/iyanya-bags-220000-endorsement-deal-with-solo-phones/","external_links_name":"\"IYANYA BAGS $220,000 ENDORSEMENT DEAL WITH SOLO PHONES\""},{"Link":"http://www.spyghana.com/computer-village-ikeja-came-alive-today-with-iyanya/","external_links_name":"\"Computer Village Ikeja Came Alive Today with Iyanya\""},{"Link":"http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/08/iyanya-signs-multi-million-naira-endorsement-deal-with-zinox-computer/","external_links_name":"\"Iyanya signs multi million Naira endorsement deal with Zinox Computer\""},{"Link":"http://www.ameyawdebrah.com/winning-iyanya-signs-350000-endorsement-deal-zinox-group/","external_links_name":"\"Winning: Iyanya signs $350,000 endorsement deal with Zinox Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzaZGz3isr4","external_links_name":"Ndani TV: Iyanya talks about Yvonne Nelson// his new single and..."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927125222/http://www.360nobs.com/2012/12/video-iyanyas-interview-after-ay-live-in-london-on-factory78tv/","external_links_name":"\"VIDEO: Iyanya's Interview after AY Live in London on Factory78tv\""},{"Link":"http://www.360nobs.com/2012/12/video-iyanyas-interview-after-ay-live-in-london-on-factory78tv/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/06/11/kukere-storms-the-uk-all-the-photos-from-iyanyas-london-concert/","external_links_name":"\"Kukere Storms the UK! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceslovas_Kudaba	Česlovas Kudaba	["1 References"]	Lithuanian politician Česlovas Kudaba (24 July 1934 – 19 February 1993) was a Lithuanian politician, geographer, born in Kobylnik, Poland. In 1990 he was among those who signed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. References ^ "LR AT AKTO Dėl Lietuvos nepriklausomos valstybės atstatymo signatarai" (in Lithuanian). Seimas. Retrieved 25 September 2011. vteSignatories of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania Abišala Aksomaitis Ambrazaitytė Ambrazevičius Andrikienė Andriukaitienė Andriukaitis Antanavičius Apšega Arlauskas Astrauskas Balcevič Baldišis Beinortas Beriozovas Bičkauskas Brazauskas Butkevičius Čepaitis Čobotas Degutis Dringelis Endriukaitis Gajauskas Gentvilas Genzelis Gerdaitytė Giniotas Glaveckas Grakauskas Grinius Gudaitis Hofertienė Iešmantas Ilgūnas Januška Jarašiūnas Jarmolenko Jasukaitytė Juknevičienė Juknevičius Jurgelis Juršėnas Kačinskas Karoblis Karvelis Katkus Klumbys Kolesnikovas Kropas Kudaba Kumža Kuzmickas Landsbergis Lapinskas Laurinkus Leščinskas Liaučius Lubys Mačys Malkevičius Milčius Minkevičius Miškinis Morkūnas Motieka Nedzinskienė Norvilas Okinčic Oželytė Ozolas Paleckis Paliūnas Pangonis Patackas Paulauskas Pečeliūnas Petrovas Pikturna Plečkaitis Poškus Povilionis Prapiestis Prunskienė Puplauskas Račas Ramonas Rasimavičius Ražauskas Razma Rimkus Rudys Rudzys Rupeika Sabutis Šadreika Saja Sakalas Šaltenis Saudargas Sėjūnas Šepetys Šerkšnys Šimėnas Šimėnas Simutis Stankevičius Survila Tamulis Taurantas Terleckas Tupikas Ulba Uoka Vagnorius Vaišvila Vaitiekūnas Valatka Valionytė Varanauskas Vilkas Zingeris Žalys Žiemelis Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Poland Other IdRef This article about a Lithuanian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Kobylnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narach_(village)"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Česlovas Kudaba (24 July 1934 – 19 February 1993) was a Lithuanian politician, geographer, born in Kobylnik, Poland. In 1990 he was among those who signed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.[1]","title":"Česlovas Kudaba"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"LR AT AKTO Dėl Lietuvos nepriklausomos valstybės atstatymo signatarai\" (in Lithuanian). Seimas. Retrieved 25 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lrs.lt/datos/kovo11/signatarai/","url_text":"\"LR AT AKTO Dėl Lietuvos nepriklausomos valstybės atstatymo signatarai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seimas","url_text":"Seimas"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.lrs.lt/datos/kovo11/signatarai/","external_links_name":"\"LR AT AKTO Dėl Lietuvos nepriklausomos valstybės atstatymo signatarai\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/91834/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000117024437","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/122323548","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf8x9KBwWRJkvMxCKYMfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12770811z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12770811z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/12039944X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007396466105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82062944","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690447605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/180322729","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Ceslovas_Kudaba&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimandrite	Archimandrite	["1 History","2 Byzantine usage","2.1 Kiev Metropolis","2.2 Russian usage","2.3 Greek usage","3 Western usage","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Monastic title in Eastern Christianity This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An archimandrite wearing his full habit, holding his pastoral staff, and minimally vested in an epitrachelion and epimanikia. His mitre stands on the table to his right. The title archimandrite (/ˌɑːrkɪˈmændraɪt/; Greek: ἀρχιμανδρίτης, romanized: archimandritēs), used in Eastern Christianity, originally referred to a superior abbot (hegumenos, Greek: ἡγούμενος, present participle of the verb meaning "to lead") whom a bishop appointed to supervise several "ordinary" abbots and monasteries, or as the abbot of some especially great and important monastery. In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, "archimandrite" is most often used purely as a title of honor (with no connection to any actual monastery) and is bestowed on a hieromonk as a mark of respect or gratitude for service to the Church. This title is only given to those priests who have been tonsured monks, while distinguished non-monastic (typically married) priests would be given the title of archpriest. History The term derives from the Greek: the first element from ἀρχι- archi- meaning "highest" or from archon "ruler"; and the second root from μάνδρα mandra meaning "enclosure" or "corral", "pen" and denoting a "monastery" (compare the usage of "flock" for "congregation"). The title has been in common use since the 5th century, but is mentioned for the first time in a letter to Epiphanius, prefixed to his Panarium (c. 375), but the Lausiac History of Palladius may evidence its common use in the 4th century as applied to Saint Pachomius. When the supervision of monasteries passed to another episcopal official—the Great Sakellarios ("sacristan")—the title of archimandrite became an honorary one for abbots of important monasteries (compared to an ordinary abbot, a hegumenos). Byzantine usage The Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches commonly select their bishops from the ranks of the archimandrites. As abbots, the duties of both a hegumen and an archimandrite are the same; however, during the Divine Service, a hegumen wears a simple mantle, while the mantle of an archimandrite is decorated with sacral texts; an archimandrite also bears a pastoral staff (pateritsa). Kiev Metropolis Initially, in some cases it served as an extra title: for example, manuscripts of 1174 mention Hegumen Polikarp of Kiev Cave Monastery as "Hegumen Archimandrite". Russian usage Archimandrite Martin Marek Krupica fully vested with mitre In 1764, the Russian Orthodox Church organized its monasteries and ranked them in one of three classes, awarding only the abbots at the head of monasteries of the second or first class the title of archimandrite. Abbots of third class monasteries were to be styled "hegumen". In the Russian tradition, an archimandrite wears a mitre. Greek usage Churches under the spiritual jurisdiction of the four ancient Eastern Orthodox Patriarchates generally require that such a monastic priest possess a university degree in theology before he is elevated to the rank of archimandrite. Sometimes, the requirement is waived if the priest can show outstanding achievement in other academic fields, such as the humanities or science. Western usage Part of a series on theHierarchy of theCatholic ChurchSaint Peter Ecclesiastical titles (order of precedence) Pope Cardinal Cardinal Vicar Crown Prince Protector Moderator of the curia Chaplain of His Holiness Papal legate Papal majordomo Apostolic nuncio Apostolic delegate Apostolic Syndic Apostolic visitor Vicar apostolic Apostolic exarch Apostolic prefect Assistant to the papal throne Eparch Metropolitan Patriarch Catholicos Bishop Archbishop Bishop emeritus Diocesan bishop Major archbishop Primate Suffragan bishop Titular bishop Coadjutor bishop Auxiliary bishop Prelate Provost Pontiff Territorial prelate Territorial abbot Liturgical titles Acolyte Consecrator Lector Subdeacon Administrative and pastoral titles Auditor Brother Chancellor Chaplain Military chaplain Military ordinary Coarb Confessor Consultor Curate Deacon Archdeacon Defender of the bond Definitor Devil's advocate Diocesan administrator Ecclesiastical judge Exorcist Laity Lay abbot Abthain Commendatory Lay cardinal Minister Major orders Minor orders Missionary Monsignor Officialis Ostiarius Pastor Assistant pastor Palatinus Personal prelate Preacher Prefect Presbyter Elder Priest Principal Protonotary apostolic Reverend Saint Servant of God Blessed Venerable Seminarian Vicar Judicial vicar Vicar general Vicar forane Sub-dean Consecrated and professed titles Abbess Abbot Consecrated virgin Corrector Custos Friar Dean Grand master Hermit Master of novices Monk Novice Nun Postulant Oblate Prior Provincial superior Rector Religious Superior general Additional titles Almoner Altar server Archimandrite Archpriest Archdeacon Canon Captain General of the Church Chorbishop Coarb Commissary Apostolic Datarius Gonfalonier of the Church Honorary Prelate Minor canon Notarius Ostiarius Peritus Postulator Prebendary Precentor Prince-bishop Prince-abbot Prince-primate Prince-provost Promotor Fidei Protopriest Protodeacon Protosyncellus Regionarius Sacristan Organization titles Grand master Knights Hospitaller Order of the Holy Sepulchre Teutonic Knights Inquisitor Grand Inquisitor Preceptor Catholic Church portalvte An archimandrite who does not function as an abbot has the style "The Very Reverend Archimandrite" whilst one with abbatial duties uses the style "The Right Reverend Archimandrite". The word occurs in the Regula Columbani (c. 7), and du Cange gives a few other cases of its use in Latin documents, but it never came into vogue in the West; yet, owing to intercourse with Greek and Slavonic Christianity, the title sometimes appears in southern Italy and Sicily, and in Croatia, Hungary and Poland. From 1979, there is at least one exemplar in Britain. References ^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Archimandrite". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ^ Morris, Catharine (2023-07-07). "At Your Service". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2023-07-07. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Архимандрит" . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906. Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie (in French) Further reading Plank, Peter (1999), "Archimandrite", in Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.), Encyclopedia of Christianity, vol. 1, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, pp. 118, ISBN 0802824137 External links The dictionary definition of archimandrite at Wiktionary Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archimandrite.jpg"},{"link_name":"pastoral staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosier#Eastern_crosiers"},{"link_name":"epitrachelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitrachelion"},{"link_name":"epimanikia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimanikia"},{"link_name":"mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre"},{"link_name":"/ˌɑːrkɪˈmændraɪt/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"Eastern Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity"},{"link_name":"superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"hegumenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegumenos"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteries"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"title of honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_of_honor"},{"link_name":"hieromonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieromonk"},{"link_name":"priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_priest"},{"link_name":"archpriest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archpriest"}],"text":"An archimandrite wearing his full habit, holding his pastoral staff, and minimally vested in an epitrachelion and epimanikia. His mitre stands on the table to his right.The title archimandrite (/ˌɑːrkɪˈmændraɪt/; Greek: ἀρχιμανδρίτης, romanized: archimandritēs), used in Eastern Christianity, originally referred to a superior abbot (hegumenos, Greek: ἡγούμενος, present participle of the verb meaning \"to lead\") whom a bishop appointed to supervise several \"ordinary\" abbots and monasteries, or as the abbot of some especially great and important monastery.In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, \"archimandrite\" is most often used purely as a title of honor (with no connection to any actual monastery) and is bestowed on a hieromonk as a mark of respect or gratitude for service to the Church. This title is only given to those priests who have been tonsured monks, while distinguished non-monastic (typically married) priests would be given the title of archpriest.","title":"Archimandrite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Epiphanius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis"},{"link_name":"Panarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarion"},{"link_name":"Lausiac History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausiac_History"},{"link_name":"Palladius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladius_of_Galatia"},{"link_name":"Pachomius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachomius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"Sakellarios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakellarios"},{"link_name":"sacristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacristan"},{"link_name":"hegumenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegumenos"}],"text":"The term derives from the Greek: the first element from ἀρχι- archi- meaning \"highest\" or from archon \"ruler\"; and the second root from μάνδρα mandra meaning \"enclosure\" or \"corral\", \"pen\" and denoting a \"monastery\" (compare the usage of \"flock\" for \"congregation\").The title has been in common use since the 5th century, but is mentioned for the first time in a letter to Epiphanius, prefixed to his Panarium (c. 375), but the Lausiac History of Palladius may evidence its common use in the 4th century as applied to Saint Pachomius.[1]When the supervision of monasteries passed to another episcopal official—the Great Sakellarios (\"sacristan\")—the title of archimandrite became an honorary one for abbots of important monasteries (compared to an ordinary abbot, a hegumenos).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Rite"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Divine Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)"},{"link_name":"mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(vesture)"},{"link_name":"pateritsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pateritsa"}],"text":"The Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches commonly select their bishops from the ranks of the archimandrites.As abbots, the duties of both a hegumen and an archimandrite are the same; however, during the Divine Service, a hegumen wears a simple mantle, while the mantle of an archimandrite is decorated with sacral texts; an archimandrite also bears a pastoral staff (pateritsa).","title":"Byzantine usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hegumen Polikarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hegumen_Polikarp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kiev Cave Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Cave_Monastery"}],"sub_title":"Kiev Metropolis","text":"Initially, in some cases it served as an extra title: for example, manuscripts of 1174 mention Hegumen Polikarp of Kiev Cave Monastery as \"Hegumen Archimandrite\".","title":"Byzantine usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archimandrit_Martin_Marek_Krupica.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martin Marek Krupica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Marek_Krupica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Marek_Krupica"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre"}],"sub_title":"Russian usage","text":"Archimandrite Martin Marek Krupica [cs] fully vested with mitreIn 1764, the Russian Orthodox Church organized its monasteries and ranked them in one of three classes, awarding only the abbots at the head of monasteries of the second or first class the title of archimandrite. Abbots of third class monasteries were to be styled \"hegumen\".In the Russian tradition, an archimandrite wears a mitre.","title":"Byzantine usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"}],"sub_title":"Greek usage","text":"Churches under the spiritual jurisdiction of the four ancient Eastern Orthodox Patriarchates generally require that such a monastic priest possess a university degree in theology before he is elevated to the rank of archimandrite. Sometimes, the requirement is waived if the priest can show outstanding achievement in other academic fields, such as the humanities or science.","title":"Byzantine usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"du Cange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_du_Fresne,_sieur_du_Cange"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"An archimandrite who does not function as an abbot has the style \"The Very Reverend Archimandrite\" whilst one with abbatial duties uses the style \"The Right Reverend Archimandrite\".The word occurs in the Regula Columbani (c. 7), and du Cange gives a few other cases of its use in Latin documents, but it never came into vogue in the West; yet, owing to intercourse with Greek and Slavonic Christianity, the title sometimes appears in southern Italy and Sicily, and in Croatia, Hungary and Poland.[1] From 1979, there is at least one exemplar in Britain.[2]","title":"Western usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/118"},{"link_name":"118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/118"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0802824137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802824137"}],"text":"Plank, Peter (1999), \"Archimandrite\", in Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.), Encyclopedia of Christianity, vol. 1, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, pp. 118, ISBN 0802824137","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"An archimandrite wearing his full habit, holding his pastoral staff, and minimally vested in an epitrachelion and epimanikia. His mitre stands on the table to his right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Archimandrite.jpg/250px-Archimandrite.jpg"},{"image_text":"Archimandrite Martin Marek Krupica [cs] fully vested with mitre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Archimandrit_Martin_Marek_Krupica.jpg/220px-Archimandrit_Martin_Marek_Krupica.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Archimandrite\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 368.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Archimandrite","url_text":"Archimandrite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Catharine (2023-07-07). \"At Your Service\". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2023-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/at-your-service-wxvwtq3d5hr","url_text":"\"At Your Service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Архимандрит\" . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82","url_text":"\"Архимандрит\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary","url_text":"Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Plank, Peter (1999), \"Archimandrite\", in Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.), Encyclopedia of Christianity, vol. 1, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_500_m_time_trial	2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's 500 m time trial	["1 Results","2 References"]	Women's 500 m time trial at the 2016 UCI Track Cycling World ChampionshipsVenueLee Valley VeloPark, LondonDate4 MarchCompetitors15 from 11 nationsWinning time32.959Medalists Anastasia Voynova Russia Lee Wai Sze Hong Kong Elis Ligtlee Netherlands← 20152017 → The Women's 500 m time trial event of the 2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships was held on 4 March 2016. Anastasia Voynova of Russia won the gold medal. Results The race was started at 14:30. Rank Name Nation Time Behind Notes Anastasia Voynova Russia 32.959 Lee Wai Sze Hong Kong 33.736 +0.777 Elis Ligtlee Netherlands 33.760 +0.801 4 Daria Shmeleva Russia 33.886 +0.927 5 Katy Marchant Great Britain 34.032 +1.073 6 Laurine van Riessen Netherlands 34.065 +1.106 7 Miriam Welte Germany 34.192 +1.233 8 Tania Calvo Spain 34.264 +1.305 9 Lisandra Guerra Cuba 34.692 +1.733 10 Jessica Salazar Mexico 34.705 +1.746 11 Ekaterina Gnidenko Russia 34.757 +1.798 12 Martha Bayona Colombia 34.903 +1.944 13 Luz Gaxiola Mexico 35.137 +2.178 14 Migle Marozaite Lithuania 35.350 +2.391 15 Deborah Deborah India 36.229 +3.270 References ^ "Event Schedule". Track Cycling Worlds. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2016. ^ Start list ^ Final results vte2016 UCI Track Cycling World ChampionshipsMen's 1 km time trial Individual pursuit Team pursuit Sprint Team sprint Keirin Scratch Points race Madison Omnium Women's 500 m time trial Individual pursuit Team pursuit Sprint Team sprint Keirin Scratch Points race Omnium vteUCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's 500 m time trial 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Anastasia Voynova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Voynova"}],"text":"The Women's 500 m time trial event of the 2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships was held on 4 March 2016.[1][2] Anastasia Voynova of Russia won the gold medal.","title":"2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's 500 m time trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The race was started at 14:30.[3]","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Event Schedule\". Track Cycling Worlds. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170706184223/http://www.trackcyclingworlds2016.london/eventschedule/","url_text":"\"Event Schedule\""},{"url":"http://www.trackcyclingworlds2016.london/eventschedule/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170706184223/http://www.trackcyclingworlds2016.london/eventschedule/","external_links_name":"\"Event Schedule\""},{"Link":"http://www.trackcyclingworlds2016.london/eventschedule/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030D0001021263FFFFFFFFFFFFFF01","external_links_name":"Start list"},{"Link":"http://www.tissottiming.com/File/Download?id=00030D0001021263FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02","external_links_name":"Final results"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_(mammalogist)	Bill Stanley (mammalogist)	["1 Biography and notable contributions","2 Awards and recognition","3 Education","4 Personal life","5 References","5.1 Further reading","6 External links"]	American mammalogist William T. Stanley (c. 1957 – October 6, 2015) was an American mammalogist who was a manager of the collections at one of the world's largest natural history museums and a student of the mammals of eastern Africa. He was an evolutionary biologist and mammalogist, and at the time of his death was the director of the Field Museum of Natural History's Collections Center and the Collection Manager of the Field Museum's Collection of Mammals. Stanley studied the biogeography, ecology, evolution, and systematics of shrews, bats and rodents that live on mountains within Tanzania and surrounding countries. Biography and notable contributions Stanley and colleagues discovered multiple species new to science, including shrews, bats, rodents, frogs and primates while surveying the fauna of the Eastern Arc Mountains. Stanley led the first-ever mammal surveys of various mountains in Tanzania, including Kilimanjaro, Meru, Ngorongoro, Udzungwa, and Rungwe. Two notable discoveries are the kipunji, the first new genus of African monkey in nearly 100 years, and Thor's Hero Shrew, the second species of mammal with a bizarre spinal morphology. Stanley created the innovative bi-lingual "Mammals of Tanzania" website that provides identification tools in English and Kiswahili for skulls and skins of mammals of the country. Stanley organized and led faunal surveys in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. He led safaris for the Field Museum to the Serengeti. Awards and recognition Stanley has one mouse (Lophuromys stanleyi) and one frog (Callulina stanleyi) named in his honor. Education Stanley earned an MA at Humboldt State University (1986–1989) under the tutelage of Timothy E. Lawlor. His thesis focused on the evolution of chipmunks on mountains of the Great Basin. He received a BA (1981–1986) in Biology and Zoology from Humboldt State University. Stanley went to the International School of Kenya and was home schooled for a year by his mother while on safaris in various natural habitats of eastern Africa. Personal life Stanley was born in Beirut, Lebanon and was evacuated from the country at 2 years of age. He moved to Kenya with his family when he was 11 and stayed there for 8 years where he worked at the National Museums of Kenya, and the Nairobi National Park Animal Orphanage. Stanley and his family spent much of this time in the natural habitats of the country. After graduating from High School Stanley lived in Brunei, worked on Kibbutz Be'eri in Israel, and refurbished a century old farmhouse in central Virginia. He moved to Humboldt County, California in 1979 where he worked for the California Fish and Game Department surveying spawning salmonid fishes. In 1986, Stanley began working at the Humboldt State University Vertebrate Museum where he dissected and cleaned dead whale specimens that washed up on the beaches of Northern California. He moved to Chicago in 1989 to become Collection Manager, Mammals at the Field Museum of Natural History. He died, apparently of a heart attack, while on a collecting expedition in Ethiopia on October 6, 2015. References ^ "Remembering Bill Stanley". Field Museum. December 23, 2015. ^ Stanley, W.T.; M.A. Rogers; R. Hutterer (2005). "A new species of Congosorex from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania, with significant biogeographical implications". Journal of Zoology. 265 (3): 269–280. doi:10.1017/S0952836904006314. ^ Stanley, W.T. (2008). "A new species of Mops (Molossidae) from Pemba Island, Tanzania". Acta Chiropterologica. 10 (2): 183–192. doi:10.3161/150811008X414773. S2CID 86317345. ^ Carleton, M.D.; W.T. Stanley (2005). Graves, Gary R (ed.). "Review of the Hylomyscus denniae complex (Rodentia: Muridae) in Tanzania, with description of a new species". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 118 (3): 619–646. doi:10.2988/0006-324X(2005)1182.0.CO;2. S2CID 55864439. ^ Channing, A; W.T. Stanley (2002). "A new tree toad from the Ukaguru Mountains, Tanzania". African Journal of Herpetology. 51 (2): 121–128. doi:10.1080/21564574.2002.9635467. S2CID 84332771. ^ a b Olson, T.R.B.; W.T. Stanley; E.J. Sargis; D.W. De Luca; N.E. Mpunga; S.J. Machaga; L.E. Olson (2006). "A new genus of African monkey, Rungwecebus: morphology, ecology, and molecular phylogenetics". Science. 312 (5778): 1378–1381. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1378D. doi:10.1126/science.1125631. PMID 16690815. S2CID 38690218. ^ Stanley, W.T.; M.A. Rogers; R. Hutterer (2005). "A morphological assessment of Myosorex zinki, an endemic shrew on Mt Kilimanjaro". Belgian Journal of Zoology. 135 (Supplement): 141–144. ^ Stanley, W.T.; R. Hutterer (2007). "Differences in abundance and species richness between shrews and rodents along an elevational gradient in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania". Acta Theriologica. 52 (3): 261–275. doi:10.1007/BF03194222. S2CID 12715226. ^ Stanley, W. T., W. T.; L.W. Robbins; J.M. Malekani; S.G. Mbalitini; D.A. Migurimu; J.C. Mukinzi; J. Hulselmans; V. Prévot; E. Verheyen; R. Hutterer; J.B. Doty; B.P. Monroe; Y.J. Nakazawa; Z. Braden; D. Carroll; J.C. Kerbis Peterhans; J.M. Bates; J.A. Esselstyn (2013). "A new hero emerges: another exceptional mammalian spine and its potential adaptive significance". Biology Letters. 9 (5): 20130486. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0486. PMC 3971687. PMID 23883579. ^ "Mammals of Tanzania \| Home". archive.fieldmuseum.org. ^ "Support the Museum". Field Museum. ^ Verheyen, W.N.; Hulselmans, J.L.J.; Dierckx, T.; Mulungu, L.; Leirs, H.; Corti, M.; Verheyen, E. (2007). "The characterization of the Kilimanjaro Lophuromys aquilus TRUE 1892 population and the description of five new Lophuromys species (Rodentia, Muridae)". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie. 77: 23–75. ^ Loader, S.P.; Gower D. J.; Ngalason W.; Menegon M (2010). "Three new species of Callulina (Amphibia: Anura: Brevicipitidae) highlight local endemism and conservation plight of Africa's Eastern Arc forests". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 160 (3): 496–514. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00652.x. ^ "Bill Stanley, 58, of Field Museum, dies in eithopia". Chicago Tribune. October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2015. Further reading This super 'hero' shrew has an unbreakable back - NBC News.com "Another Super Shrew". The Scientist. External links William Stanley Homepage Field Museum of Natural History Mammals of Tanzania FMNH Collection of Mammals. "Google Scholar List of Articles for Bill Stanley" "Video Interviews with Bill Stanley" on YouTube Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Poland Academics Google Scholar Scopus Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural history museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history_museums"},{"link_name":"eastern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Africa"},{"link_name":"evolutionary biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biologist"},{"link_name":"mammalogist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalogist"},{"link_name":"Field Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"systematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics"},{"link_name":"shrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrews"},{"link_name":"bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodents"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-homepage-1"}],"text":"William T. Stanley (c. 1957 – October 6, 2015) was an American mammalogist who was a manager of the collections at one of the world's largest natural history museums and a student of the mammals of eastern Africa. He was an evolutionary biologist and mammalogist, and at the time of his death was the director of the Field Museum of Natural History's Collections Center and the Collection Manager of the Field Museum's Collection of Mammals. Stanley studied the biogeography, ecology, evolution, and systematics of shrews, bats and rodents that live on mountains within Tanzania and surrounding countries.[1]","title":"Bill Stanley (mammalogist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrews"},{"link_name":"bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodents"},{"link_name":"frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogs"},{"link_name":"primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates"},{"link_name":"Eastern Arc Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arc_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congosorex-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mops-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rodentia-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_tree_toad-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-african_monkey-6"},{"link_name":"Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"Meru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meru_(Tanzania)"},{"link_name":"Ngorongoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngorongoro"},{"link_name":"Udzungwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udzungwa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rungwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungwe"},{"link_name":"kipunji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipunji"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-african_monkey-6"},{"link_name":"Thor's Hero Shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_shrew"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kiswahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiswahili"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Serengeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serengeti"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Field_Museum_Expeditions-11"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"text":"Stanley and colleagues discovered multiple species new to science, including shrews, bats, rodents, frogs and primates while surveying the fauna of the Eastern Arc Mountains.[2][3][4][5][6] Stanley led the first-ever mammal surveys of various mountains in Tanzania, including Kilimanjaro, Meru, Ngorongoro, Udzungwa,[7][8] and Rungwe. Two notable discoveries are the kipunji,[6] the first new genus of African monkey in nearly 100 years, and Thor's Hero Shrew,[9] the second species of mammal with a bizarre spinal morphology. Stanley created the innovative bi-lingual \"Mammals of Tanzania\" website that provides identification tools in English and Kiswahili for skulls and skins of mammals of the country.[10]Stanley organized and led faunal surveys in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. He led safaris for the Field Museum to the Serengeti.[11][failed verification]","title":"Biography and notable contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lophuromys stanleyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophuromys_stanleyi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilmanjaro_Lophuromys_aquilus-12"},{"link_name":"Callulina stanleyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callulina_stanleyi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Three_new_species-13"}],"text":"Stanley has one mouse (Lophuromys stanleyi)[12] and one frog (Callulina stanleyi)[13] named in his honor.","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humboldt State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_State_University"},{"link_name":"chipmunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipmunks"},{"link_name":"Great Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin"},{"link_name":"International School of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_School_of_Kenya"}],"text":"Stanley earned an MA at Humboldt State University (1986–1989) under the tutelage of Timothy E. Lawlor. His thesis focused on the evolution of chipmunks on mountains of the Great Basin. He received a BA (1981–1986) in Biology and Zoology from Humboldt State University. Stanley went to the International School of Kenya and was home schooled for a year by his mother while on safaris in various natural habitats of eastern Africa.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"National Museums of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museums_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Nairobi National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Kibbutz Be'eri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%27eri"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Humboldt County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California Fish and Game Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Fish_and_Wildlife"},{"link_name":"salmonid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonid"},{"link_name":"Field Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Stanley was born in Beirut, Lebanon and was evacuated from the country at 2 years of age. He moved to Kenya with his family when he was 11 and stayed there for 8 years where he worked at the National Museums of Kenya, and the Nairobi National Park Animal Orphanage. Stanley and his family spent much of this time in the natural habitats of the country. After graduating from High School Stanley lived in Brunei, worked on Kibbutz Be'eri in Israel, and refurbished a century old farmhouse in central Virginia. He moved to Humboldt County, California in 1979 where he worked for the California Fish and Game Department surveying spawning salmonid fishes. In 1986, Stanley began working at the Humboldt State University Vertebrate Museum where he dissected and cleaned dead whale specimens that washed up on the beaches of Northern California. He moved to Chicago in 1989 to become Collection Manager, Mammals at the Field Museum of Natural History. He died, apparently of a heart attack, while on a collecting expedition in Ethiopia on October 6, 2015.[14]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Remembering Bill Stanley\". Field Museum. December 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fieldmuseum.org/about/science-education/gantz-family-collections-center/remembering-bill-stanley","url_text":"\"Remembering Bill Stanley\""}]},{"reference":"Stanley, W.T.; M.A. Rogers; R. Hutterer (2005). \"A new species of Congosorex from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania, with significant biogeographical implications\". Journal of Zoology. 265 (3): 269–280. doi:10.1017/S0952836904006314.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836904006314","url_text":"10.1017/S0952836904006314"}]},{"reference":"Stanley, W.T. (2008). \"A new species of Mops (Molossidae) from Pemba Island, Tanzania\". Acta Chiropterologica. 10 (2): 183–192. doi:10.3161/150811008X414773. 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Stanley; E.J. Sargis; D.W. De Luca; N.E. Mpunga; S.J. Machaga; L.E. Olson (2006). \"A new genus of African monkey, Rungwecebus: morphology, ecology, and molecular phylogenetics\". Science. 312 (5778): 1378–1381. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1378D. doi:10.1126/science.1125631. PMID 16690815. S2CID 38690218.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1125631","url_text":"\"A new genus of African monkey, Rungwecebus: morphology, ecology, and molecular phylogenetics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...312.1378D","url_text":"2006Sci...312.1378D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1125631","url_text":"10.1126/science.1125631"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16690815","url_text":"16690815"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38690218","url_text":"38690218"}]},{"reference":"Stanley, W.T.; M.A. Rogers; R. Hutterer (2005). \"A morphological assessment of Myosorex zinki, an endemic shrew on Mt Kilimanjaro\". Belgian Journal of Zoology. 135 (Supplement): 141–144.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stanley, W.T.; R. Hutterer (2007). \"Differences in abundance and species richness between shrews and rodents along an elevational gradient in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania\". Acta Theriologica. 52 (3): 261–275. doi:10.1007/BF03194222. S2CID 12715226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03194222","url_text":"10.1007/BF03194222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12715226","url_text":"12715226"}]},{"reference":"Stanley, W. T., W. T.; L.W. Robbins; J.M. Malekani; S.G. Mbalitini; D.A. Migurimu; J.C. Mukinzi; J. Hulselmans; V. Prévot; E. Verheyen; R. Hutterer; J.B. Doty; B.P. Monroe; Y.J. Nakazawa; Z. Braden; D. Carroll; J.C. Kerbis Peterhans; J.M. Bates; J.A. Esselstyn (2013). \"A new hero emerges: another exceptional mammalian spine and its potential adaptive significance\". Biology Letters. 9 (5): 20130486. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0486. PMC 3971687. PMID 23883579.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971687","url_text":"\"A new hero emerges: another exceptional mammalian spine and its potential adaptive significance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2013.0486","url_text":"10.1098/rsbl.2013.0486"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971687","url_text":"3971687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23883579","url_text":"23883579"}]},{"reference":"\"Mammals of Tanzania \| Home\". archive.fieldmuseum.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/tanzania/index.html","url_text":"\"Mammals of Tanzania \| Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Support the Museum\". Field Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fieldmuseum.org/support/field-museum-travel/tours","url_text":"\"Support the Museum\""}]},{"reference":"Verheyen, W.N.; Hulselmans, J.L.J.; Dierckx, T.; Mulungu, L.; Leirs, H.; Corti, M.; Verheyen, E. (2007). \"The characterization of the Kilimanjaro Lophuromys aquilus TRUE 1892 population and the description of five new Lophuromys species (Rodentia, Muridae)\". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie. 77: 23–75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Loader, S.P.; Gower D. J.; Ngalason W.; Menegon M (2010). \"Three new species of Callulina (Amphibia: Anura: Brevicipitidae) highlight local endemism and conservation plight of Africa's Eastern Arc forests\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 160 (3): 496–514. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00652.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2010.00652.x","url_text":"\"Three new species of Callulina (Amphibia: Anura: Brevicipitidae) highlight local endemism and conservation plight of Africa's Eastern Arc forests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2010.00652.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00652.x"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Stanley, 58, of Field Museum, dies in eithopia\". Chicago Tribune. October 7, 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock-face_schedule	Clock-face scheduling	["1 Line-based","2 Network-based","2.1 Emergence of integrated timetables","2.2 Switzerland","2.3 Germany","3 References","4 External links"]	Type of public transport timetable Example of integrated timetables between interregional and regional services on the Swiss network. The two trains are programmed to meet in the hub of Geneva around 15:30 and also share a platform to minimise transfer times. A clock-face schedule, also cyclic schedule, is a timetable system under which public transport services run at consistent intervals, as opposed to a timetable that is purely driven by demand and has irregular headways. The name derives from the fact that departures take place at the same time or times during the day. For example, services with a half-hourly frequency might leave at 5:15, 5:45, 6:15, 6:45, 7:15, 7:45 etc. The goal is to enhance the attractiveness and versatility of public transport. Clock-face schedules are easy for passengers to memorise because departure and arrival times occur at consistent intervals, repeating during the day. A regular repeating schedule over the whole day can also improve services during off-peak hours. Clock-face timetables can be attractive for transport operators because the repeating pattern can allow the more efficient use of personnel, infrastructure and vehicles, and also make resource-planning easier. Repeating timetables were first developed at the end of the 19th century, for local public transport, such as trams, rapid transit, and trains in the vicinity of large cities like New York City. A clock-face schedule is used currently for railways in many countries such as the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Germany. It is also used for urban transport systems like the New York City Subway system and London Underground. Line-based Individual lines can have a regular schedule, even without connections to other lines. Nevertheless, it could be necessary to co-ordinate the schedules of different modes of transport if links are made between them, such as at the terminal stop of a tram network if a journey can be continued by bus, so that passengers do not have to wait long at transfer point until the next service arrives. Clock-face timetables can be attractive even if services provide no connections to other public transport because they allow a continuous use of vehicles and personnel. Line-bound regular timetables are especially useful for lines with high service frequencies. If vehicles with the same destination follow each other in short intervals, transfer times are short even if there are delays. However, if the service intervals are 20 minutes or longer, it is important for schedules on each line to be officially co-ordinated. One simple way of doing that is to shift the departure times of one of the lines to match the other. Network-based Buses meet in Herford, Alter Markt An integrated schedule is a clock-face schedule that covers not individual lines but all public transport services in a given area. A characteristic of integrated clock-face timetables is that there is more than one central hub. A hub-and-spoke approach is then applied to the whole transport network. Having several services meet at hubs where all of them arrive and leave at the same time is the most effective way of connecting multiple routes and modes. The goal is to reduce transfer times to a few minutes, with a default time of no more than five minutes. In actual operation, the time span can be longer because of services running early or late, high passenger volume (such as rush hour), or the need to assist passengers with disabilities. Efficient operation is even more essential than normal with integrated clock-face timetabling. If the policy is to hold connecting services to ensure a connection with a late-running service, waiting times at interchange stops can become unattractive, and other services will run late as a consequence. Examples of such networks are often night and city bus networks. The connections might be optimized only within the network but not for transfers to rail or intercity bus lines. Such concepts need purpose-built stations, which can handle high passenger volumes. The space constraints within cities can be a reason to use other concepts. An integrated regular timetable with half-hourly or hourly headways requires routes on which a service ideally takes a little less than 30, 60 or 90 minutes to make it from one hub to another (accounting for a few minutes of changing, recovery, and waiting time at the hub). A service that takes 40 minutes would be bad because passengers and vehicles have to wait uselessly for their connections (unless the timetables at the different hubs are offset from each other to compensate, which is only practical for networks with very few hubs), and it generates nearly the same cost as a route that takes 54 minutes because vehicles and personnel cannot be used during the remaining 20 minutes. Therefore, when an integrated timetable is introduced running times might be cut or extended to meet the ideal duration. Emergence of integrated timetables The first integrated regular timetables were developed for railways. After the successful introduction of a line-bound regular timetable on one line in Switzerland in 1968, the development continued in the Netherlands. In 1970 and 1971, the Dutch Railways introduced a regular timetable with multiple hubs. In Germany, the first large-scale use of regular timetables was the InterCity network of 1979, which provided hourly long-distance services between cities. In 1982, a nationwide integrated regular timetable was introduced in Switzerland, which covered all but a few railway and bus lines. The base frequency was once an hour. The system was improved every two years and resulted in the Rail 2000 project of Swiss Federal Railways. A regional bus service meets an interregional train service at Leuk (Switzerland) train station Switzerland Services on the Swiss railway network are integrated with one another and with other forms of public transport. Unlike its larger European neighbors, compact Switzerland has not developed a comprehensive high-speed rail network, with the running speed on its few stretches of relatively high-speed line being 200 km/h (124 mph). Instead, the priority is not so much the speeding up of trains between cities but the reduction of connection times throughout the nodal system. Swiss Federal Railways have adapted their infrastructure in such a way that journey times on main lines between hubs are multiples of 30 minutes so that on the hour or half-hour, all trains stand in the main stations at the same time, thus minimising connection times. Indeed, the Mattstetten–Rothrist line reduces journey times from Bern to Zurich from 72 minutes to 56 minutes in keeping with the clock-face scheduling. The Swiss approach is sometimes called "as fast as necessary" with a schedule being written mandating specific travel times and infrastructure later upgraded in line with the proposed schedule. This was the main idea behind the Bahn 2000 project and has also been used for the passenger travel through the NRLA tunnels. However, on some single tracked lines the timetables may be 30/30 or 60/60 minutes, with the actual timetables being asymmetrical (such as 20/40 minutes), because passing loops are not positioned ideally, or alternate connections at either ends have to be reached. Germany Since the mid-1990s, the states of Germany are responsible for Regional Rail Provision and have introduced integrated timetables, running hourly or every two hours, such as Allgäu-Schwaben-Takt (commencing in 1993), Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt (1994) and NRW-Takt (1998). Local transport associations have introduced regular timetables with base frequencies of 20 or 30 minutes, which are partially changed to 10 or 5 or even 15 or 7.5 minutes when locations are served by overlapping multiple lines. In some areas, local buses are also integrated, such as RegioTakt in Northrhine-Westphalia and in parts of Lower Saxony. These developments have led to "integrated timetable islands", which all adhere to the Germany-wide symmetry minute (58½), which is used also in Switzerland and in other European countries, while local public transport in (mostly rural) areas in between still adheres to an irregular, demand-driven timetable. Major problems exist in regions where transport associations of different states interact (like in Osnabrück). In order to introduce a Germany-wide integrated regular timetable, the alliance "Deutschland-Takt" was founded in 2008. In 2015, the Federal Ministry of Transport had a feasibility study conducted for a Germany-wide integrated timetable ("Deutschlandtakt") Similar to the Swiss example, where infrastructure demands are derived from the desired timetable and not vice versa, the Deutschlandtakt calls for several new and upgraded lines. Introduction of the Deutschlandtakt has become a declared political goal of successive governments on the federal Level around 2020, and detailed desired timetables have been drafted. References ^ "Der Einzug der Bahn in die Schweiz". ned.gschieder.ch (in German). 6 March 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2019. ^ "Railway upgrades include no fast track". swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 21 April 2018. ^ Mattstetten - Rothrist line, Lötschberg Base Tunnel and Gotthard Base Tunnel (to open in 2016) ^ European Railway Review (3): 98. 2007. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ p3. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2015-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Timetable Olten - Zürich (field 650)" (PDF). www.fahrplanfelder.ch. Federal Office of Transport SBB, The Swiss Railway. Retrieved 5 October 2014. ^ Alonso Martínez, Lydia. "LEARNING FROM SWISS TRANSPORT POLICY" (PDF). www.upc.edu. UPC. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech. Retrieved 5 October 2014. ^ "deutschland-takt.de". deutschland-takt.de. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2018. ^ "Infrastruktur für einen Deutschland-Takt im Schienenverkehr" (in German). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 10 August 2018. ^ ARGE IGES Institut GmbH; Institut für Verkehrswesen, Eisenbahnbau und ‐betrieb der Technischen Universität Carolo‐Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig (IVE) (30 March 2015). Machbarkeitsstudie zur Prüfung eines Deutschland‐Takts im Schienenverkehr (PDF) (Report) (in German). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. External links Integrated timed transfer Links to graphical timetables for Swiss long distance railways and the Zürich S-Bahn - The numbers are minutes, timetable repeats every hour vtePublic transportBus service Bus driver list Bus rapid transit Charabanc Circle route Cross-city route Express bus Guided bus Intercity bus driver Marshrutka Open top bus Pesero Public light bus Rail replacement bus Share taxi/Taxibus Shuttle bus Transit bus Trolleybus Rail Passenger rail terminology glossary Airport rail link Cable car Commuter rail Circle route Cross-city route Elevated railway Funicular Heavy rail Heritage railway Heritage streetcar High-speed rail Higher-speed rail Horsecar Inter-city rail Interurban Light rail Maglev Medium-capacity rail system Monorail Narrow-gauge railway People mover Platform screen doors Railbus Metro/Rapid Transit Rubber-tyred metro Regional rail Street running Suspension railway Tram Tram-train Vehicles for hire Auto rickshaw taxi Boda boda Combination bus Cycle rickshaw Demand-responsive transport Microtransit Paratransit Dollar van Dolmuş Gondola Hackney carriage Jeepney Limousine Motorcycle taxi Marshrutka Nanny van Personal rapid transit Pesero Public light bus Pulled rickshaw Share taxi Songthaew Taxi Tuk tuk Carpooling Car jockey Flexible carpooling Real-time ridesharing Slugging Vanpool Ship Cable ferry Ferry Hovercraft Hydrofoil Ocean liner Vaporetto Water taxi Cable Aerial tramway Cable ferry Cable railway Elevator Funicular Gondola lift bicable tricable Inclined elevator Building transport Elevator Escalator Moving walkway Inclined elevator Othertransport Airline Airliner Carsharing Bicycle-sharing Scooter-sharing Elevator Escalator Horse-drawn vehicle Hyperloop Inclined elevator Moving walkway Personal transporter Robotaxi Shweeb Slope car Trackless train Vactrain Locations Airport Bus bulb Bus garage Bus lane Bus stand Bus station Bus stop Bus turnout (bus bay) Dry dock Ferry terminal Hangar Harbor Interchange station Kassel kerb Layover Metro station Park and ride Port Queue jump Taxicab stand Train station Tram stop Transit mall Transport hub Ticketingand fares Automated fare collection Bus advertising Contract of carriage Dead mileage Exit fare Fare avoidance Fare capping Fare evasion Farebox recovery ratio Free public transport Free travel pass Integrated ticketing Manual fare collection Money train Paid area Penalty fare Proof-of-payment Reduced fare program Smart cards (CIPURSE, Calypso) Ticket machine Transfer Transit pass Routing Circle route Cross-city route Network length Non-revenue track Radial route Transport network Facilities Checked baggage First class Sleeper Standing passenger Travel class Scheduling Bus bunching Clock-face scheduling Headway Night (owl) service On-time performance Public transport timetable Short turn Politics Airport security Complete streets Green transport hierarchy Rail subsidies Security Street hierarchy Transit district Transit police Transit-oriented development (TOD) Transportation authority Transportation demand management Transportation planning Technologyand signage Destination sign Passenger information system Platform display Timetable Other topics Boarding Bus rapid transit creep Crush load Destination sign Dwell time Hail and ride Land transport Outline of transport Passenger load factor Public good Request stop Service Sustainable transport Timing point Transit map Transport economics Micromobility Transport portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Correspondance_of_trains_at_Geneva.jpg"},{"link_name":"timetable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport_timetable"},{"link_name":"headways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway"},{"link_name":"trams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams"},{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Example of integrated timetables between interregional and regional services on the Swiss network. The two trains are programmed to meet in the hub of Geneva around 15:30 and also share a platform to minimise transfer times.A clock-face schedule, also cyclic schedule, is a timetable system under which public transport services run at consistent intervals, as opposed to a timetable that is purely driven by demand and has irregular headways. The name derives from the fact that departures take place at the same time or times during the day. For example, services with a half-hourly frequency might leave at 5:15, 5:45, 6:15, 6:45, 7:15, 7:45 etc.The goal is to enhance the attractiveness and versatility of public transport. Clock-face schedules are easy for passengers to memorise because departure and arrival times occur at consistent intervals, repeating during the day. A regular repeating schedule over the whole day can also improve services during off-peak hours. Clock-face timetables can be attractive for transport operators because the repeating pattern can allow the more efficient use of personnel, infrastructure and vehicles, and also make resource-planning easier.Repeating timetables were first developed at the end of the 19th century, for local public transport, such as trams, rapid transit, and trains in the vicinity of large cities like New York City. A clock-face schedule is used currently for railways in many countries such as the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Germany. It is also used for urban transport systems like the New York City Subway system and London Underground.","title":"Clock-face scheduling"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Individual lines can have a regular schedule, even without connections to other lines. Nevertheless, it could be necessary to co-ordinate the schedules of different modes of transport if links are made between them, such as at the terminal stop of a tram network if a journey can be continued by bus, so that passengers do not have to wait long at transfer point until the next service arrives.Clock-face timetables can be attractive even if services provide no connections to other public transport because they allow a continuous use of vehicles and personnel.Line-bound regular timetables are especially useful for lines with high service frequencies. If vehicles with the same destination follow each other in short intervals, transfer times are short even if there are delays. However, if the service intervals are 20 minutes or longer, it is important for schedules on each line to be officially co-ordinated. One simple way of doing that is to shift the departure times of one of the lines to match the other.","title":"Line-based"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VMR_Herford_Alter_Markt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Herford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herford"},{"link_name":"hub-and-spoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub-and-spoke"},{"link_name":"rush hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_hour"}],"text":"Buses meet in Herford, Alter MarktAn integrated schedule is a clock-face schedule that covers not individual lines but all public transport services in a given area. A characteristic of integrated clock-face timetables is that there is more than one central hub. A hub-and-spoke approach is then applied to the whole transport network.Having several services meet at hubs where all of them arrive and leave at the same time is the most effective way of connecting multiple routes and modes. The goal is to reduce transfer times to a few minutes, with a default time of no more than five minutes.In actual operation, the time span can be longer because of services running early or late, high passenger volume (such as rush hour), or the need to assist passengers with disabilities. Efficient operation is even more essential than normal with integrated clock-face timetabling. If the policy is to hold connecting services to ensure a connection with a late-running service, waiting times at interchange stops can become unattractive, and other services will run late as a consequence.Examples of such networks are often night and city bus networks. The connections might be optimized only within the network but not for transfers to rail or intercity bus lines. Such concepts need purpose-built stations, which can handle high passenger volumes. The space constraints within cities can be a reason to use other concepts.An integrated regular timetable with half-hourly or hourly headways requires routes on which a service ideally takes a little less than 30, 60 or 90 minutes to make it from one hub to another (accounting for a few minutes of changing, recovery, and waiting time at the hub). A service that takes 40 minutes would be bad because passengers and vehicles have to wait uselessly for their connections (unless the timetables at the different hubs are offset from each other to compensate, which is only practical for networks with very few hubs), and it generates nearly the same cost as a route that takes 54 minutes because vehicles and personnel cannot be used during the remaining 20 minutes. Therefore, when an integrated timetable is introduced running times might be cut or extended to meet the ideal duration.","title":"Network-based"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dutch Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen"},{"link_name":"Rail 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_2000"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Integration_of_local_bus_and_train_service.JPG"},{"link_name":"Leuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuk"}],"sub_title":"Emergence of integrated timetables","text":"The first integrated regular timetables were developed for railways. After the successful introduction of a line-bound regular timetable on one line in Switzerland in 1968,[1] the development continued in the Netherlands. In 1970 and 1971, the Dutch Railways introduced a regular timetable with multiple hubs. In Germany, the first large-scale use of regular timetables was the InterCity network of 1979, which provided hourly long-distance services between cities. In 1982, a nationwide integrated regular timetable was introduced in Switzerland, which covered all but a few railway and bus lines. The base frequency was once an hour. The system was improved every two years and resulted in the Rail 2000 project of Swiss Federal Railways.A regional bus service meets an interregional train service at Leuk (Switzerland) train station","title":"Network-based"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss railway network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbb-timetable-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alonso-7"},{"link_name":"Bahn 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahn_2000"},{"link_name":"NRLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRLA"},{"link_name":"passing loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_loop"}],"sub_title":"Switzerland","text":"Services on the Swiss railway network are integrated with one another and with other forms of public transport. Unlike its larger European neighbors, compact Switzerland has not developed a comprehensive high-speed rail network,[2] with the running speed on its few stretches[3] of relatively high-speed line being 200 km/h (124 mph).[4] Instead, the priority is not so much the speeding up of trains between cities but the reduction of connection times throughout the nodal system.[5] Swiss Federal Railways have adapted their infrastructure in such a way that journey times on main lines between hubs are multiples of 30 minutes so that on the hour or half-hour, all trains stand in the main stations at the same time, thus minimising connection times. Indeed, the Mattstetten–Rothrist line reduces journey times from Bern to Zurich from 72 minutes to 56 minutes[6] in keeping with the clock-face scheduling.[7] The Swiss approach is sometimes called \"as fast as necessary\" with a schedule being written mandating specific travel times and infrastructure later upgraded in line with the proposed schedule. This was the main idea behind the Bahn 2000 project and has also been used for the passenger travel through the NRLA tunnels.However, on some single tracked lines the timetables may be 30/30 or 60/60 minutes, with the actual timetables being asymmetrical (such as 20/40 minutes), because passing loops are not positioned ideally, or alternate connections at either ends have to be reached.","title":"Network-based"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"states of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"transport associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_association"},{"link_name":"Northrhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"symmetry minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_minute"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Federal Ministry of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Transport_and_Digital_Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Deutschlandtakt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutschlandtakt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"Since the mid-1990s, the states of Germany are responsible for Regional Rail Provision and have introduced integrated timetables, running hourly or every two hours, such as Allgäu-Schwaben-Takt (commencing in 1993), Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt (1994) and NRW-Takt (1998). Local transport associations have introduced regular timetables with base frequencies of 20 or 30 minutes, which are partially changed to 10 or 5 or even 15 or 7.5 minutes when locations are served by overlapping multiple lines. In some areas, local buses are also integrated, such as RegioTakt in Northrhine-Westphalia and in parts of Lower Saxony.These developments have led to \"integrated timetable islands\", which all adhere to the Germany-wide symmetry minute (58½), which is used also in Switzerland and in other European countries, while local public transport in (mostly rural) areas in between still adheres to an irregular, demand-driven timetable. Major problems exist in regions where transport associations of different states interact (like in Osnabrück). In order to introduce a Germany-wide integrated regular timetable, the alliance \"Deutschland-Takt\" was founded in 2008.[8]\nIn 2015, the Federal Ministry of Transport had a feasibility study conducted for a Germany-wide integrated timetable (\"Deutschlandtakt\")[9][10] Similar to the Swiss example, where infrastructure demands are derived from the desired timetable and not vice versa, the Deutschlandtakt calls for several new and upgraded lines. Introduction of the Deutschlandtakt has become a declared political goal of successive governments on the federal Level around 2020, and detailed desired timetables have been drafted.","title":"Network-based"}]	[{"image_text":"Example of integrated timetables between interregional and regional services on the Swiss network. The two trains are programmed to meet in the hub of Geneva around 15:30 and also share a platform to minimise transfer times.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Correspondance_of_trains_at_Geneva.jpg/300px-Correspondance_of_trains_at_Geneva.jpg"},{"image_text":"Buses meet in Herford, Alter Markt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/VMR_Herford_Alter_Markt.jpg/270px-VMR_Herford_Alter_Markt.jpg"},{"image_text":"A regional bus service meets an interregional train service at Leuk (Switzerland) train station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Integration_of_local_bus_and_train_service.JPG/300px-Integration_of_local_bus_and_train_service.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Der Einzug der Bahn in die Schweiz\". ned.gschieder.ch (in German). 6 March 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080306143156/http://ned.gschieder.ch/download/bahn/bahn.htm","url_text":"\"Der Einzug der Bahn in die Schweiz\""},{"url":"http://ned.gschieder.ch/download/bahn/bahn.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Railway upgrades include no fast track\". swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Railway_upgrades_include_no_fast_track.html?cid=8540784","url_text":"\"Railway upgrades include no fast track\""}]},{"reference":"European Railway Review (3): 98. 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Railway_Review","url_text":"European Railway Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2015-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012013539/http://www.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/ce/rt/19xx/07/WCTR-070501j.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/ce/rt/19xx/07/WCTR-070501j.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Timetable Olten - Zürich (field 650)\" (PDF). www.fahrplanfelder.ch. Federal Office of Transport SBB, The Swiss Railway. Retrieved 5 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fahrplanfelder.ch/fileadmin/fap_pdf_fields/2014/650.pdf","url_text":"\"Timetable Olten - Zürich (field 650)\""}]},{"reference":"Alonso Martínez, Lydia. \"LEARNING FROM SWISS TRANSPORT POLICY\" (PDF). www.upc.edu. UPC. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech. Retrieved 5 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://upcommons.upc.edu/pfc/bitstream/2099.1/13979/1/LEARNING%20FROM%20SWISS%20TRANSPORT%20POLICY_Lydia%20Alonso.pdf","url_text":"\"LEARNING FROM SWISS TRANSPORT POLICY\""}]},{"reference":"\"deutschland-takt.de\". deutschland-takt.de. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011044621/http://www.deutschland-takt.de/deutschlandtakt/","url_text":"\"deutschland-takt.de\""},{"url":"http://www.deutschland-takt.de/deutschlandtakt/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Infrastruktur für einen Deutschland-Takt im Schienenverkehr\" (in German). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 10 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Artikel/G/BVWP/bundesverkehrswegeplan-2030-deutschlandtakt.html","url_text":"\"Infrastruktur für einen Deutschland-Takt im Schienenverkehr\""}]},{"reference":"ARGE IGES Institut GmbH; Institut für Verkehrswesen, Eisenbahnbau und ‐betrieb der Technischen Universität Carolo‐Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig (IVE) (30 March 2015). Machbarkeitsstudie zur Prüfung eines Deutschland‐Takts im Schienenverkehr (PDF) (Report) (in German). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Anlage/VerkehrUndMobilitaet/Schiene/deutschland-takt-machbarkeitsstudie-schienenverkehr-bericht.pdf","url_text":"Machbarkeitsstudie zur Prüfung eines Deutschland‐Takts im Schienenverkehr"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080306143156/http://ned.gschieder.ch/download/bahn/bahn.htm","external_links_name":"\"Der Einzug der Bahn in die Schweiz\""},{"Link":"http://ned.gschieder.ch/download/bahn/bahn.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Railway_upgrades_include_no_fast_track.html?cid=8540784","external_links_name":"\"Railway upgrades include no fast track\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012013539/http://www.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/ce/rt/19xx/07/WCTR-070501j.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/ce/rt/19xx/07/WCTR-070501j.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fahrplanfelder.ch/fileadmin/fap_pdf_fields/2014/650.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Timetable Olten - Zürich (field 650)\""},{"Link":"http://upcommons.upc.edu/pfc/bitstream/2099.1/13979/1/LEARNING%20FROM%20SWISS%20TRANSPORT%20POLICY_Lydia%20Alonso.pdf","external_links_name":"\"LEARNING FROM SWISS TRANSPORT POLICY\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011044621/http://www.deutschland-takt.de/deutschlandtakt/","external_links_name":"\"deutschland-takt.de\""},{"Link":"http://www.deutschland-takt.de/deutschlandtakt/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Artikel/G/BVWP/bundesverkehrswegeplan-2030-deutschlandtakt.html","external_links_name":"\"Infrastruktur für einen Deutschland-Takt im Schienenverkehr\""},{"Link":"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Anlage/VerkehrUndMobilitaet/Schiene/deutschland-takt-machbarkeitsstudie-schienenverkehr-bericht.pdf","external_links_name":"Machbarkeitsstudie zur Prüfung eines Deutschland‐Takts im Schienenverkehr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831030442/http://thinkmetric.com/pubs/itt/itt.pdf","external_links_name":"Integrated timed transfer"},{"Link":"https://www.sma-partner.com/de/downloads/netzgrafiken","external_links_name":"Links to graphical timetables for Swiss long distance railways and the Zürich S-Bahn"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable_(priest)	John Constable (priest)	["1 Notes"]	For the Jesuit writer, see John Constable (Jesuit). John Constable, was a priest in England during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Constable was born in Flamborough and educated at the University of Cambridge. He became Rector of Lockington ifrom 1485 to 1512; Archdeacon of Huntingdon from 1512 to 1514; and Dean of Lincoln from 1514 until his death in 1528. Notes ^ "Catalogue of the Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum" p241: London; British Museum ; 1819 ^ Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900, John Venn/John Archibald Venn Cambridge University Press > (10 volumes 1922 to 1953) Part I. From the earliest times to 1751. Vol. ii Chalmers – Fytche (1944) p380 ^ Horn, Joyce M. (2003), Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857, vol. 10, pp. 14–15 ^ British History On-line Portals: Biography Christianity England History vteArchdeacons of Huntingdon, of Huntingdon and Wisbech and of WisbechHigh Medieval Nicholas (Archdeacon of Cambridge, Huntingdon and Hertford) Henry of Huntingdon Hugh Nicholas de Sigillo Robert de Hardres William de Cornhill Robert de Hailes/of Hailes Philip de Fauconberg Gilbert de Tantone William de Arundel T. Robert de Hicche R. Roger of Raveningham William of Newark Roger Martival John de Colonna Walter Wutton/of Wootton Late Medieval Arnald de le Breto Guicard de le Breto James Berkeley Richard Brinchesle William Whittlesey Pedro Cardinal Gòmez de Barroso Fortanerius Vassalli John Swynle/Swynlegh John Lincoln of Grimsby William Welborne Eudo Zouche/la Zouche John Tibbay Richard Hethe William Lassells Richard Morsby Richard Hayman Vincent Clement John Morton John Blyth Thomas Hutton Robert Sherborne Christopher Urswick William Warham John Foster John Constable William Atwater Richard Rawlins William Knight Early modern Richard Gwent Anthony Draycot Robert Beaumont John Bullingham Robert Condall Nathan Gifford William Laud Owen Gwyn/Gwynne Richard Holdsworth Peter Mews William Johnson Henry Downhall Richard Perrinchief John Hammond White Kennett John Sturges William Lunn Timothy Neve Charles Jenner Nicholas Cholwell Michael Tyson Thomas Parkinson Thomas Middleton James Hook John Hollingworth Henry Yorke Late modern Francis McDougall Gerald Vesey Thomas Hodgson Kenneth Knowles William Uthwatt James Jones Arthur Royle Dennis Page David Young Richard Sledge John Beer Hugh McCurdy, Archdeacon of Huntingdon and Wisbech Richard Harlow, Archdeacon of Huntingdon and Wisbech of Wisbech (1915–2004) Colin Campbell James Srawley George Ward Seiriol Evans John Pelloe George Fox William Patterson David Fleming Jim Rone John Beer (Acting?) vteDeans of LincolnHigh Medieval Ranulph Simon Bloet Philip of Harcourt Adelelm Geoffrey Richard FitzNeal Hamo Roger de Rolleston William de Thornaco Roger Weseham Henry of Lexington Richard of Gravesend Robert de Mariscis William of Lexington Richard de Mepham John de Maidenstan Oliver Sutton Nicholas de Hegham Philip Willoughby Late Medieval Joceline Kirmington Raymond de Got Roger Martival Henry Mansfield Antony Bek William Bateman John de Ufford Thomas Bradwardine Simon Briselee John Stretley Richard Ravenser John Sheppey John Mackworth Robert Flemming George Fitzhugh Geoffrey Simeon Thomas Wolsey John Constable George Heneage John Taylor Early modern Matthew Parker Francis Mallet John Whitgift William Wickham Ralph Griffin John Rainolds William Cole Laurence Stanton Roger Parker Anthony Topham Michael Honywood Daniel Brevint Samuel Fuller Abraham Campion Richard Willis Robert Cannon Edward Gee Edward Willes Thomas Cheney William George John Green James Yorke Robert Richardson Richard Cust Sir Richard Kaye Late modern George Gordon John Ward Thomas Garnier Francis Jeune James Jeremie Joseph Blakesley William Butler Edward Wickham Thomas Fry Robert Mitchell Colin Dunlop Oliver Fiennes Brandon Jackson Alec Knight Philip Buckler John Patrick (Acting) Christine Wilson Simon Jones (announced) This article about a Church of England dean is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Church of England archdeacon in the Province of Canterbury is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Constable (Jesuit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable_(Jesuit)"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"15th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th-century"},{"link_name":"16th centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th-century"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Flamborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamborough"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Lockington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockington,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Huntingdon_and_Wisbech"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For the Jesuit writer, see John Constable (Jesuit).John Constable, was a priest in England during the late 15th and early 16th centuries.[1]Constable was born in Flamborough and educated at the University of Cambridge.[2] He became Rector of Lockington ifrom 1485 to 1512; Archdeacon of Huntingdon from 1512 to 1514;[3] and Dean of Lincoln from 1514 until his death in 1528.[4]","title":"John Constable (priest)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_Cantabrigienses"},{"link_name":"John Venn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Venn"},{"link_name":"John Archibald Venn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_Venn"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"> (10 volumes 1922 to 1953) Part I. 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it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Constable_(priest)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:ChurchofEngland-dean-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:ChurchofEngland-dean-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ChurchofEngland-dean-stub"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Constable_(priest)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Canterbury-archdeacon-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Canterbury-archdeacon-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canterbury-archdeacon-stub"}],"text":"^ \"Catalogue of the Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum\" p241: London; British Museum ; 1819\n\n^ Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900, John Venn/John Archibald Venn Cambridge University Press > (10 volumes 1922 to 1953) Part I. From the earliest times to 1751. Vol. ii Chalmers – Fytche (1944) p380\n\n^ Horn, Joyce M. (2003), Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857, vol. 10, pp. 14–15\n\n^ British History On-linePortals: Biography Christianity England HistoryvteArchdeacons of Huntingdon, of Huntingdon and Wisbech and of WisbechHigh Medieval\nNicholas (Archdeacon of Cambridge, Huntingdon and Hertford)\nHenry of Huntingdon\nHugh\nNicholas de Sigillo\nRobert de Hardres\nWilliam de Cornhill\nRobert de Hailes/of Hailes\nPhilip de Fauconberg\nGilbert de Tantone\nWilliam de Arundel\nT.\nRobert de Hicche\nR.\nRoger of Raveningham\nWilliam of Newark\nRoger Martival\nJohn de Colonna\nWalter Wutton/of Wootton\nLate Medieval\nArnald de le Breto\nGuicard de le Breto\nJames Berkeley\nRichard Brinchesle\nWilliam Whittlesey\nPedro Cardinal Gòmez de Barroso \nFortanerius Vassalli\nJohn Swynle/Swynlegh\nJohn Lincoln of Grimsby\nWilliam Welborne\nEudo Zouche/la Zouche\nJohn Tibbay\nRichard Hethe\nWilliam Lassells\nRichard Morsby\nRichard Hayman\nVincent Clement\nJohn Morton\nJohn Blyth\nThomas Hutton\nRobert Sherborne\nChristopher Urswick\nWilliam Warham\nJohn Foster\nJohn Constable\nWilliam Atwater\nRichard Rawlins\nWilliam Knight\nEarly modern\nRichard Gwent\nAnthony Draycot\nRobert Beaumont\nJohn Bullingham\nRobert Condall\nNathan Gifford\nWilliam Laud\nOwen Gwyn/Gwynne\nRichard Holdsworth\nPeter Mews\nWilliam Johnson\nHenry Downhall\nRichard Perrinchief\nJohn Hammond\nWhite Kennett\nJohn Sturges\nWilliam Lunn\nTimothy Neve\nCharles Jenner\nNicholas Cholwell\nMichael Tyson\nThomas Parkinson\nThomas Middleton\nJames Hook\nJohn Hollingworth\nHenry Yorke\nLate modern\nFrancis McDougall\nGerald Vesey\nThomas Hodgson\nKenneth Knowles\nWilliam Uthwatt\nJames Jones\nArthur Royle\nDennis Page\nDavid Young\nRichard Sledge\nJohn Beer\nHugh McCurdy, Archdeacon of Huntingdon and Wisbech\nRichard Harlow, Archdeacon of Huntingdon and Wisbech\nof Wisbech (1915–2004)\nColin Campbell\nJames Srawley\nGeorge Ward\nSeiriol Evans\nJohn Pelloe\nGeorge Fox\nWilliam Patterson\nDavid Fleming\nJim Rone\nJohn Beer (Acting?)vteDeans of LincolnHigh Medieval\nRanulph\nSimon Bloet\nPhilip of Harcourt\nAdelelm\nGeoffrey\nRichard FitzNeal\nHamo\nRoger de Rolleston\nWilliam de Thornaco\nRoger Weseham\nHenry of Lexington\nRichard of Gravesend\nRobert de Mariscis\nWilliam of Lexington\nRichard de Mepham\nJohn de Maidenstan\nOliver Sutton\nNicholas de Hegham\nPhilip Willoughby\nLate Medieval\nJoceline Kirmington\nRaymond de Got\nRoger Martival\nHenry Mansfield\nAntony Bek\nWilliam Bateman\nJohn de Ufford\nThomas Bradwardine\nSimon Briselee\nJohn Stretley\nRichard Ravenser\nJohn Sheppey\nJohn Mackworth\nRobert Flemming\nGeorge Fitzhugh\nGeoffrey Simeon\nThomas Wolsey\nJohn Constable\nGeorge Heneage\nJohn Taylor\nEarly modern\nMatthew Parker\nFrancis Mallet\nJohn Whitgift\nWilliam Wickham\nRalph Griffin\nJohn Rainolds\nWilliam Cole\nLaurence Stanton\nRoger Parker\nAnthony Topham\nMichael Honywood\nDaniel Brevint\nSamuel Fuller\nAbraham Campion\nRichard Willis\nRobert Cannon\nEdward Gee\nEdward Willes\nThomas Cheney\nWilliam George\nJohn Green\nJames Yorke\nRobert Richardson\nRichard Cust\nSir Richard Kaye\nLate modern\nGeorge Gordon\nJohn Ward\nThomas Garnier\nFrancis Jeune\nJames Jeremie\nJoseph Blakesley\nWilliam Butler\nEdward Wickham\nThomas Fry\nRobert Mitchell\nColin Dunlop\nOliver Fiennes\nBrandon Jackson\nAlec Knight\nPhilip Buckler\nJohn Patrick (Acting)\nChristine Wilson\nSimon Jones (announced)This article about a Church of England dean is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a Church of England archdeacon in the Province of Canterbury is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Horn, Joyce M. (2003), Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857, vol. 10, pp. 14–15","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1541-1847/vol10/pp14-15","url_text":"Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/alumnicantabrigipt1vol1univiala/page/380/mode/2up","external_links_name":"> (10 volumes 1922 to 1953) Part I. From the earliest times to 1751. Vol. ii Chalmers – Fytche (1944) p380"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1541-1847/vol10/pp14-15","external_links_name":"Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857"},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1300-1541/vol1/pp3-4","external_links_name":"British History On-line"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Constable_(priest)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Constable_(priest)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_System	Plant System	["1 History","1.1 Expansion into Alabama and central Florida","2 Station listing","3 Steamship lines","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Historic railroad system "Plant system" redirects here. For other uses, see Plant system (disambiguation). Plant SystemMap of Savannah, Florida and Western RailwayOverviewLocaleUnited States Atlantic coastDates of operation1882–1902SuccessorAtlantic Coast Line RailroadTechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugePrevious gauge3 ft (914 mm) and 5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge lines also present Savannah, Florida & Western Railway's Locomotive No. 110, built in 1900. In a 1901 test, sister engine No. 111 averaged 120mph for 5 miles. 1882 map The Plant System, named after its owner, Henry B. Plant, was a system of railroads and steamboats in the U.S. South, taken over by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in 1902. The original line of the system was the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway, running across southern Georgia. The Plant Investment Company was formed in 1882 to lease and buy other railroads and expand the system. Other major lines incorporated into the system include the Savannah and Charleston Railroad and the Brunswick and Western Railroad. History The Atlantic and Gulf Railroad went bankrupt on January 1, 1877, and Henry Plant bought it on November 4, 1879, reorganizing it as the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway on December 9. Plant bought the Savannah and Charleston Railroad (opened 1860) in 1880, reorganizing it as the Charleston and Savannah Railway. That acquisition extended the line from Savannah northeast to Charleston, South Carolina, where the Ashley River Railroad (operated by the C&S) connected to the Northeastern Railroad (later part of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad main line). The Waycross and Florida Railroad and East Florida Railway were chartered in February 1880, forming the Georgia and Florida parts of the "Waycross Short Line". That line, running from the main line at Waycross southeast to Jacksonville, Florida, opened in April 1881. 1870 map with connections In 1882, the Chattahoochee Branch opened from Climax on the main line southwest to the Florida state line, where the Chattahoochee and East Pass Railroad (chartered 1881) continued to River Junction, Florida, a hamlet which later came to be known as Chattahoochee, Florida. At River Junction, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad's Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad continued west, and the Florida Central and Western Railroad ran east to Jacksonville. The Live Oak and Rowland's Bluff Railroad and Live Oak, Tampa and Charlotte Harbor Railroad were chartered in 1881 to continue the short Florida Branch south from Live Oak further into Florida (eventually reaching Gainesville with a branch to Lake City). Plant tried to acquire the 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge Florida Southern Railway to continue this line, but was unsuccessful, and on May 4, 1883, he bought 3/5 of the stock of the 3 ft narrow gauge South Florida Railroad. At the time, the only connection between this system, with a main line from Sanford west to Tampa, was via steamboats on the St. Johns River from Jacksonville to Sanford. The Plant Investment Company was formed in 1882 to lease and buy other railroads and expand the system. Advertising trade card for the railroad. The various lines of the SF&W were consolidated into one company in 1884. Specifically, the following companies lost their corporate existence: Waycross and Florida Railroad and East Florida Railway (Waycross Short Line) Chattahoochee and East Pass Railroad (Chattahoochee Branch) Live Oak and Rowland's Bluff Railroad and Live Oak, Tampa and Charlotte Harbor Railroad (Florida Division) The Brunswick and Western Railroad, opened in the late 1850s as the Brunswick and Florida Railroad, was bought by Plant in 1884. In 1886, the system was changed to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge; it had previously consisted of 5 ft (1,524 mm) broad gauge lines and 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge lines. Expansion into Alabama and central Florida In 1887 the Green Pond, Walterboro and Branchville Railway opened as a short branch of the main line to Walterboro, South Carolina. The Walterborough and Western Railroad continued that line to Ehrhardt in 1896, and the two were merged into the Green Pond, Walterboro and Branchville Railroad in 1900. On May 30, 1887, Florida state law chapter 3794 was approved, authorizing the SF&W to build lines from Tallahassee and Monticello north to the Georgia state line, connecting to branches from Thomasville, Georgia. The Tallahassee Branch was never built, but the Monticello Branch opened in 1888. Plant obtained a controlling interest in the Alabama Midland Railway in July 1890. That line continued the main line from Bainbridge west to Montgomery, Alabama. The Southwestern Alabama Railway and Abbeville Southern Railway, two branches of that line, were acquired in the 1890s. In 1890, the 3 ft narrow gauge Florida Southern Railway went into receivership and remained so for two years. During this time, its Charlotte Harbor branch operated independently and converted this portion of the line to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in. In 1892, Plant bought the Florida Southern Railway under foreclosure and reorganized it as the Florida Southern Railroad. At this time, the Florida Southern system stretched from the south end of the Plant System at Gainesville south via Ocala, using trackage rights over the South Florida Railroad's Pemberton Ferry Branch, to Punta Gorda. The Florida Southern Railroad was integrated with the rest of the Plant System in 1896 and was converted to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in that same year. The Silver Springs, Ocala and Gulf Railroad was chartered in 1877 and opened in 1892, running from Ocala west to Dunnellon and then south to Homosassa and Inverness. A connection was built from Inverness to the South Florida Railroad at Pemberton Ferry. The Winston and Bone Valley Railroad, opened in 1892 to serve phosphate mines near Lakeland, became part of the Plant System in 1896. The Tampa and Thonotosassa Railroad was incorporated in 1893, running northeast from the South Florida Railroad in Tampa to the small town of Thonotosassa. In 1895, Plant bought the 3 ft narrow gauge Sanford and St. Petersburg Railroad (previously the Orange Belt Railway) in 1895, which stretched across the state from Sanford to St. Petersburg. The most profitable section of this line was immediately converted to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in, leaving the remaining section from Trilby to Sanford in its original gauge. The 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in Florida Midland Railway in the Orlando area was acquired in 1896, its line north of the Sanford and St. Petersburg Railroad was abandoned, and its remaining track from Sanford to Kissimmee was converted to 3 ft narrow gauge. By keeping these two connecting lines the same narrow gauge, they were able to work in conjunction with one another, utilizing the same narrow gauge equipment from both the Sanford and St. Petersburg Railroad and the recently converted Florida Southern Railroad. In 1899, the Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railway, except for the branch to Titusville (which had been sold to the Florida East Coast Railway), was reorganized and bought by Plant as the Jacksonville and St. Johns River Railway. This supplied a connection between Jacksonville and Sanford without the need for a steamboat transfer at each end, as well as system connections at Tavares and Palatka. The Plant System built the nearly straight 54 mi (87 km) Folkston Cutoff in southeast Georgia in 1901. This ran from the old Waycross and Florida Railroad at Folkston north via Nahunta to Jesup on the SF&W mainline, allowing trains to bypass Waycross and save 19 mi (31 km) over the old route. In 1901, the Green Pond, Walterboro and Branchville Railroad, the Ashley River Railroad, the Abbeville Southern Railway; and Southern Alabama Railroad were all consolidated into the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway. In 1901, the following companies were also merged into the SF&W: Alabama Midland Railway Brunswick and Western Railroad Charleston and Savannah Railway In 1902 the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad acquired the entire Plant System, connecting at Charleston, SC. The components were soon merged into the ACL. The system has since become part of CSX after several mergers. Station listing Main Line (Savannah, Florida and Western Railway) Milepost City/Location Station Connections and notes A 490.9 Savannah Savannah continues as Charleston and Savannah Railroad (Plant)junction with:Savannah and Atlantic Railroad (CoG)South Bound Railroad (FC&P/SAL)Georgia and Alabama Railway (SAL) A 503.1 Miller's A 504.4 Burroughs junction with Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad Northern Division (SAL) A 508.6 Richmond Hill Way's later renamed Richmond Hill A 514.4 Fleming A 522.8 McIntosh junction with Savannah, Hinesville and Western Railway A 528.8 Walthourville Walthourville A 537.6 Ludowici Ludowici junction with Georgia Coast and Piedmont Railroadoriginally Johnston A 543.7 Doctortown A 548.2AN 548.2 Jesup Jesup Amtrak Silver Meteorjunction with:Folkston CutoffMacon and Brunswick Railroad (SOU) Drady's Steam Mills AN 559.5 Screven Screven AN 567.2 Offerman Offerman junction with Brunswick and Birmingham Railway (ACL) AN 569.6 Patterson AN 577.6 Blackshear Blackshear AN 587.8 Waycross Waycross originally Malvernjunction with:Waycross and Florida Railroad (SF&W/ACL)Brunswick and Western Railroad (SF&W)Waycross Air Line Railroad (AB&A/ACL) Tebeauville Glenmore junction with Brunswick and Albany Railroad (SF&W, abandoned ca. 1871) AN 607.4 Argyle AN 613.4 Homersville AN 622.3 Dupont Dupont junction with Florida Divisionoriginally Lawton AN 628.9 Stockton AN 634.8 Naylor junction with Lakeland Railway AN 649.8 Valdosta Valdosta junction with:Georgia and Florida Railroad (SOU)Georgia Southern and Florida Railway (SOU)Atlantic, Valdosta and Western Railway (GSF/SOU)Valdosta, Moultrie and Western Railroad AN 657.9 Ousley AN 665.3 Quitman Quitman junction with South Georgia Railroad (SOU) AN 672.1 Dixie originally Groover AN 674.6 Pidcock original junction with Georgia Northern Railway (SOU) AN 679.3 Boston Boston junction with Georgia Northern Railway (SOU) AN 691.5 Thomasville Thomasville rebuilt in 1914junction with:Monticello BranchSouth Georgia and Florida Railroad (SF&W)Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf Railway (ACL)Florida Central Railroad (ACL) AN 705.6 Cairo junction with Pelham and Havana Railroad AN 712.6 Whigham AN 719.0 Climax Climax junction with Chattahoochee Branch AN 728.9 Bainbridge Bainbridge continues as Alabama Midland Railway (Plant)junction with Georgia Florida and Alabama Railway (SAL) and Bainbridge Northern Railway Florida Division State Milepost City/Location Station Connections and notes GA AR 622.3 Dupont Dupont junction with main lineoriginally Lawton AR 632.5 Haylow originally Forrestjunction with:Atlantic, Valdosta and Western Railway (SOU)Statenville Railway Statenville Statenville FL AR 654.5 Jasper Jasper junction with Georgia Southern and Florida Railway (SOU) Suwanee AR 670.5 Live Oak Live Oak continues as Live Oak and Rowland's Bluff Railroad (Plant)junction with:Pensacola and Georgia Railroad (SAL)Live Oak and Perry RailroadFlorida Railway Chattahoochee Branch State Milepost City/Location Station Connections and notes GA ANE 719.1 Climax Climax junction with Main Line ANE 721.1 Otisca Eleanor ANE 727.7 Fowlstown junction with Georgia Florida and Alabama Railroad (SAL) Stricklands ANE 734.4 Faceville ANE 740.5 Recovery FL ANE 749.4 Chattahoochee Chattahoochee River Junction junction with:Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad (L&N)Apalachicola Northern RailroadFlorida Central and Western Railroad (FC&P/SAL) Monticello Branch State Milepost City/Location Station Connections and notes GA AND 691.6 Thomasville Thomasville junction with Main Line AND 701.5 Metcalfe Metcalfe FL AND 704.2 Fincher AND 710.7 Alma AND 714.7 Monticello Monticello continues as Perry Cutoff (ACL)junction with Florida Central and Western Railroad Monticello Branch (FC&P/SAL) Steamship lines Associated with the railroad were the Plant Steamship Line and Canada Atlantic and Plant Steamship Co., Ltd., both with Henry B. Plant as chief officer. The Tampa based steamships served Cuba by way of Key West, Mobile, Alabama, and two local routes. The Canada Atlantic and Plant Steamship Co., Ltd., with no direct company terminal as at Tampa, served Boston and Canadian points at Halifax, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward Island. Advertising touted "Plant Steamship Line — Ships ply between the ports of 3 great nations: United States (Port Tampa, Key West, Mobile, Boston), England (Dominion of Canada), Spain (Cuba)." References ^ "THE GREAT LOCOMOTIVE RACE OF 1901" ^ Plant System railga.com, Georgia's Railroad History & Heritage. Retrieved 2008-03-24 ^ Tap Lines: Shortline & Industrial Railroading in the South ^ History of the Orange Belt Railroad ^ Lawrence E. Mallard ^ The Railway Age, September 6, 1901, page 221 ^ a b Seaboard Coast Line Railroad Savannah and Waycross Division Timetable (1982) ^ a b Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Southern Division Timetable (1949) ^ a b "Georgia Railroads: Passenger Stations & Stops" (PDF). Jim Fergusson's Railway and Tramway Station Lists (Georgia). Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ a b "Florida Railroads: Passenger Stations & Stops" (PDF). Jim Fergusson's Railway and Tramway Station Lists (Florida). Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ Seaboard Coast Line Railroad Jacksonville Division and Tampa Division Timetable (1977) ^ Allen, W.F. (1897). "Traveler's Official Railway Guide". 30 (July, 1897). National Railway Publication Company: 795. Retrieved 17 August 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Allen, W.F. (1897). "Traveler's Official Railway Guide". 30 (July, 1897). National Railway Publication Company: 804. Retrieved 17 August 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) Railroad History Database Confederate Railroads Mileposts from CSX Transportation Timetables Further reading Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (1879), Guide to southern Georgia and Florida: containing a brief description of points of interest to the tourist, invalid, or immigrant, and how to reach them (5th ed.), Savannah, Ga, OCLC 1805741, OL 6952927M{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Irwin Schuster (2016), "SS Mascotte of the Plant Line, 1885–1931" (PDF), Nautical Research Journal, 61 (4): 243–256 External links Georgia's Railroad History and Heritage - Plant System Confederate Railroads - Savannah, Albany & Gulf Railroad Confederate Railroads - Atlantic & Gulf Railroad Stokes Collection of Florida Plant Railway Photographs at the University of South Florida Plant Railway System Papers at the University of South Florida Glover, F. H. "Henry B. Plant - Genius of the West Coast", originally published in Sunland: The Magazine of Florida, February 1925. Traveler's Official Railway Guide for the United States, Canada and Mexico, July 1897 — pages 794-804 showing route map, corporate officers and schedules to include steamship lines Authority control databases: National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plant system (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_system_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SF%26W_No._110.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1882_SF%26W.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry B. Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Plant"},{"link_name":"railroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"steamboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat"},{"link_name":"U.S. South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._South"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Line Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Savannah and Charleston Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_and_Charleston_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Brunswick and Western Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_and_Western_Railroad"}],"text":"\"Plant system\" redirects here. For other uses, see Plant system (disambiguation).Savannah, Florida & Western Railway's Locomotive No. 110, built in 1900. In a 1901 test, sister engine No. 111 averaged 120mph for 5 miles.[1]1882 mapThe Plant System, named after its owner, Henry B. Plant, was a system of railroads and steamboats in the U.S. South, taken over by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in 1902. The original line of the system was the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway, running across southern Georgia.[2] The Plant Investment Company was formed in 1882 to lease and buy other railroads and expand the system. Other major lines incorporated into the system include the Savannah and Charleston Railroad and the Brunswick and Western Railroad.","title":"Plant System"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic and Gulf Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_and_Gulf_Railroad_(1856%E2%80%9379)"},{"link_name":"bankrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankrupt"},{"link_name":"Savannah and Charleston Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_and_Charleston_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ashley River Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_River_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Northeastern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Railroad_(South_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Waycross Short Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waycross_Short_Line"},{"link_name":"Waycross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waycross,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1870_Atlantic_%26_Gulf.jpg"},{"link_name":"Climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Chattahoochee, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattahoochee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Louisville and Nashville Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_and_Atlantic_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Florida Central and Western Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Central_and_Western_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Live Oak and Rowland's Bluff Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak_and_Rowland%27s_Bluff_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Live Oak, Tampa and Charlotte Harbor Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak,_Tampa_and_Charlotte_Harbor_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_City,_Florida"},{"link_name":"3 ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_ft_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Florida Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"South Florida Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"St. Johns River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plant_System_Railroad_trade_card.JPG"},{"link_name":"Brunswick and Western Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_and_Western_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Brunswick and Florida Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_and_Florida_Railroad"},{"link_name":"changed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"5 ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"broad gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_gauge"},{"link_name":"3 ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_ft_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"}],"text":"The Atlantic and Gulf Railroad went bankrupt on January 1, 1877, and Henry Plant bought it on November 4, 1879, reorganizing it as the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway on December 9.Plant bought the Savannah and Charleston Railroad (opened 1860) in 1880, reorganizing it as the Charleston and Savannah Railway. That acquisition extended the line from Savannah northeast to Charleston, South Carolina, where the Ashley River Railroad (operated by the C&S) connected to the Northeastern Railroad (later part of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad main line).The Waycross and Florida Railroad and East Florida Railway were chartered in February 1880, forming the Georgia and Florida parts of the \"Waycross Short Line\". That line, running from the main line at Waycross southeast to Jacksonville, Florida, opened in April 1881.1870 map with connectionsIn 1882, the Chattahoochee Branch opened from Climax on the main line southwest to the Florida state line, where the Chattahoochee and East Pass Railroad (chartered 1881) continued to River Junction, Florida, a hamlet which later came to be known as Chattahoochee, Florida. At River Junction, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad's Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad continued west, and the Florida Central and Western Railroad ran east to Jacksonville.The Live Oak and Rowland's Bluff Railroad and Live Oak, Tampa and Charlotte Harbor Railroad were chartered in 1881 to continue the short Florida Branch south from Live Oak further into Florida (eventually reaching Gainesville with a branch to Lake City). Plant tried to acquire the 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge Florida Southern Railway to continue this line, but was unsuccessful, and on May 4, 1883, he bought 3/5 of the stock of the 3 ft narrow gauge South Florida Railroad. At the time, the only connection between this system, with a main line from Sanford west to Tampa, was via steamboats on the St. Johns River from Jacksonville to Sanford.The Plant Investment Company was formed in 1882 to lease and buy other railroads and expand the system.Advertising trade card for the railroad.The various lines of the SF&W were consolidated into one company in 1884. Specifically, the following companies lost their corporate existence:Waycross and Florida Railroad and East Florida Railway (Waycross Short Line)\nChattahoochee and East Pass Railroad (Chattahoochee Branch)\nLive Oak and Rowland's Bluff Railroad and Live Oak, Tampa and Charlotte Harbor Railroad (Florida Division)The Brunswick and Western Railroad, opened in the late 1850s as the Brunswick and Florida Railroad, was bought by Plant in 1884.In 1886, the system was changed to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge; it had previously consisted of 5 ft (1,524 mm) broad gauge lines and 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge lines.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Pond, Walterboro and Branchville Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Pond,_Walterboro_and_Branchville_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Walterboro, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walterboro,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ehrhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrhardt,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Tallahassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Monticello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Alabama Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Montgomery, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Alabama Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Alabama_Railway"},{"link_name":"Abbeville Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeville_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Florida Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"converted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion"},{"link_name":"foreclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreclosure"},{"link_name":"Ocala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala,_Florida"},{"link_name":"trackage rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackage_rights"},{"link_name":"Punta Gorda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Gorda,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Silver Springs, Ocala and Gulf Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Springs,_Ocala_and_Gulf_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Dunnellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnellon,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Homosassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosassa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Pemberton Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberton_Ferry,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Winston and Bone Valley Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_and_Bone_Valley_Railroad"},{"link_name":"phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate"},{"link_name":"Lakeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Tampa and Thonotosassa Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_and_Thonotosassa_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Thonotosassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thonotosassa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Sanford and St. Petersburg Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Belt_Railway"},{"link_name":"Orange Belt Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Belt_Railway"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Trilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilby,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Midland_Railway_(defunct)"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Kissimmee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Tampa_and_Key_West_Railway"},{"link_name":"Titusville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titusville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida East Coast Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville and St. Johns River Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_and_St._Johns_River_Railway"},{"link_name":"Tavares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavares,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Palatka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatka,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Folkston Cutoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkston_Cutoff"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Folkston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkston,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Nahunta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahunta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Ashley River Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_River_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Abbeville Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeville_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Southern Alabama Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alabama_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Florida and Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Florida_and_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX"}],"sub_title":"Expansion into Alabama and central Florida","text":"In 1887 the Green Pond, Walterboro and Branchville Railway opened as a short branch of the main line to Walterboro, South Carolina. The Walterborough and Western Railroad continued that line to Ehrhardt in 1896, and the two were merged into the Green Pond, Walterboro and Branchville Railroad in 1900.On May 30, 1887, Florida state law chapter 3794 was approved, authorizing the SF&W to build lines from Tallahassee and Monticello north to the Georgia state line, connecting to branches from Thomasville, Georgia. The Tallahassee Branch was never built, but the Monticello Branch opened in 1888.Plant obtained a controlling interest in the Alabama Midland Railway in July 1890. That line continued the main line from Bainbridge west to Montgomery, Alabama. The Southwestern Alabama Railway and Abbeville Southern Railway, two branches of that line, were acquired in the 1890s.In 1890, the 3 ft narrow gauge Florida Southern Railway went into receivership and remained so for two years. During this time, its Charlotte Harbor branch operated independently and converted this portion of the line to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in. In 1892, Plant bought the Florida Southern Railway under foreclosure and reorganized it as the Florida Southern Railroad. At this time, the Florida Southern system stretched from the south end of the Plant System at Gainesville south via Ocala, using trackage rights over the South Florida Railroad's Pemberton Ferry Branch, to Punta Gorda. The Florida Southern Railroad was integrated with the rest of the Plant System in 1896 and was converted to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in that same year.[3]The Silver Springs, Ocala and Gulf Railroad was chartered in 1877 and opened in 1892, running from Ocala west to Dunnellon and then south to Homosassa and Inverness. A connection was built from Inverness to the South Florida Railroad at Pemberton Ferry.The Winston and Bone Valley Railroad, opened in 1892 to serve phosphate mines near Lakeland, became part of the Plant System in 1896.The Tampa and Thonotosassa Railroad was incorporated in 1893, running northeast from the South Florida Railroad in Tampa to the small town of Thonotosassa.In 1895, Plant bought the 3 ft narrow gauge Sanford and St. Petersburg Railroad (previously the Orange Belt Railway) in 1895, which stretched across the state from Sanford to St. Petersburg. The most profitable section of this line was immediately converted to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in, leaving the remaining section from Trilby to Sanford in its original gauge. The 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in Florida Midland Railway in the Orlando area was acquired in 1896, its line north of the Sanford and St. Petersburg Railroad was abandoned, and its remaining track from Sanford to Kissimmee was converted to 3 ft narrow gauge. By keeping these two connecting lines the same narrow gauge, they were able to work in conjunction with one another, utilizing the same narrow gauge equipment from both the Sanford and St. Petersburg Railroad and the recently converted Florida Southern Railroad.[4]In 1899, the Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railway, except for the branch to Titusville (which had been sold to the Florida East Coast Railway), was reorganized and bought by Plant as the Jacksonville and St. Johns River Railway. This supplied a connection between Jacksonville and Sanford without the need for a steamboat transfer at each end, as well as system connections at Tavares and Palatka.The Plant System built the nearly straight 54 mi (87 km) Folkston Cutoff in southeast Georgia in 1901.[5] This ran from the old Waycross and Florida Railroad at Folkston north via Nahunta to Jesup on the SF&W mainline, allowing trains to bypass Waycross and save 19 mi (31 km) over the old route.In 1901, the Green Pond, Walterboro and Branchville Railroad, the Ashley River Railroad, the Abbeville Southern Railway; and Southern Alabama Railroad were all consolidated into the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway.[6]In 1901, the following companies were also merged into the SF&W:Alabama Midland Railway\nBrunswick and Western Railroad\nCharleston and Savannah RailwayIn 1902 the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad acquired the entire Plant System, connecting at Charleston, SC. The components were soon merged into the ACL. The system has since become part of CSX after several mergers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Main Line (Savannah, Florida and Western Railway)Florida DivisionChattahoochee BranchMonticello Branch","title":"Station listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Associated with the railroad were the Plant Steamship Line and Canada Atlantic and Plant Steamship Co., Ltd., both with Henry B. Plant as chief officer.[12] The Tampa based steamships served Cuba by way of Key West, Mobile, Alabama, and two local routes. The Canada Atlantic and Plant Steamship Co., Ltd., with no direct company terminal as at Tampa, served Boston and Canadian points at Halifax, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward Island. Advertising touted \"Plant Steamship Line — Ships ply between the ports of 3 great nations: United States (Port Tampa, Key West, Mobile, Boston), England (Dominion of Canada), Spain (Cuba).\"[13]","title":"Steamship lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1805741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1805741"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6952927M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL6952927M"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"\"SS Mascotte of the Plant Line, 1885–1931\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thenrg.org/resources/journal/NRJ_61-4_article.pdf"}],"text":"Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (1879), Guide to southern Georgia and Florida: containing a brief description of points of interest to the tourist, invalid, or immigrant, and how to reach them (5th ed.), Savannah, Ga, OCLC 1805741, OL 6952927M{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nIrwin Schuster (2016), \"SS Mascotte of the Plant Line, 1885–1931\" (PDF), Nautical Research Journal, 61 (4): 243–256","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Savannah, Florida & Western Railway's Locomotive No. 110, built in 1900. In a 1901 test, sister engine No. 111 averaged 120mph for 5 miles.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SF%26W_No._110.jpg/350px-SF%26W_No._110.jpg"},{"image_text":"1882 map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/1882_SF%26W.jpg/300px-1882_SF%26W.jpg"},{"image_text":"1870 map with connections","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1870_Atlantic_%26_Gulf.jpg/400px-1870_Atlantic_%26_Gulf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advertising trade card for the railroad.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Plant_System_Railroad_trade_card.JPG/180px-Plant_System_Railroad_trade_card.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Georgia Railroads: Passenger Stations & Stops\" (PDF). Jim Fergusson's Railway and Tramway Station Lists (Georgia). Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaystationlists.co.uk/pdfusarr/georgiarrs.pdf","url_text":"\"Georgia Railroads: Passenger Stations & Stops\""}]},{"reference":"\"Florida Railroads: Passenger Stations & Stops\" (PDF). Jim Fergusson's Railway and Tramway Station Lists (Florida). Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaystationlists.co.uk/pdfusarr/floridarrs.pdf","url_text":"\"Florida Railroads: Passenger Stations & Stops\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, W.F. (1897). \"Traveler's Official Railway Guide\". 30 (July, 1897). National Railway Publication Company: 795. Retrieved 17 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ub4sAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA35-PA12","url_text":"\"Traveler's Official Railway Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, W.F. (1897). \"Traveler's Official Railway Guide\". 30 (July, 1897). National Railway Publication Company: 804. Retrieved 17 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ub4sAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA35-PA21","url_text":"\"Traveler's Official Railway Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (1879), Guide to southern Georgia and Florida: containing a brief description of points of interest to the tourist, invalid, or immigrant, and how to reach them (5th ed.), Savannah, Ga, OCLC 1805741, OL 6952927M","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1805741","url_text":"1805741"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6952927M","url_text":"6952927M"}]},{"reference":"Irwin Schuster (2016), \"SS Mascotte of the Plant Line, 1885–1931\" (PDF), Nautical Research Journal, 61 (4): 243–256","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenrg.org/resources/journal/NRJ_61-4_article.pdf","url_text":"\"SS Mascotte of the Plant Line, 1885–1931\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gaware/html/great_locomotive_race_1901.html","external_links_name":"\"THE GREAT LOCOMOTIVE RACE OF 1901\""},{"Link":"http://railga.com/plant.html","external_links_name":"Plant System"},{"Link":"http://www.taplines.net/fs/fs.html","external_links_name":"Tap Lines: Shortline & Industrial Railroading in the South"},{"Link":"http://www.taplines.net/March/obstory1.htm","external_links_name":"History of the Orange Belt Railroad"},{"Link":"http://okefenokeepress.com/MALLARD.html","external_links_name":"Lawrence E. Mallard"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FPpKAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Ashley+River+Railroad%22%2F&pg=PA221","external_links_name":"The Railway Age, September 6, 1901, page 221"},{"Link":"http://www.multimodalways.org/docs/railroads/companies/SCL/SCL%20ETTs/SCL%20Sav%20&%20Waycross%20Divs%20ETT%20%238%2010-31-1982.pdf","external_links_name":"Seaboard Coast Line Railroad Savannah and Waycross Division Timetable (1982)"},{"Link":"http://multimodalways.org/docs/railroads/companies/ACL/ACL%20ETT%20Southern%20Div%20%233%2012-16-1949.pdf","external_links_name":"Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Southern Division Timetable (1949)"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaystationlists.co.uk/pdfusarr/georgiarrs.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Georgia Railroads: Passenger Stations & Stops\""},{"Link":"http://www.railwaystationlists.co.uk/pdfusarr/floridarrs.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Florida Railroads: Passenger Stations & Stops\""},{"Link":"http://www.multimodalways.org/docs/railroads/companies/SCL/SCL%20ETTs/SCL%20Jville%20%26%20Tampa%20Divs%20ETT%20%238%2010-30-1977.pdf","external_links_name":"Seaboard Coast Line Railroad Jacksonville Division and Tampa Division Timetable (1977)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ub4sAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA35-PA12","external_links_name":"\"Traveler's Official Railway Guide\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ub4sAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA35-PA21","external_links_name":"\"Traveler's Official Railway Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151104155926/http://www.earlpleasants.com/search_1.asp","external_links_name":"Railroad History Database"},{"Link":"http://www.csa-railroads.com/","external_links_name":"Confederate Railroads"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040718192935/http://www.trainweb.org/csxtimetables/Contents.html","external_links_name":"CSX Transportation Timetables"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1805741","external_links_name":"1805741"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6952927M","external_links_name":"6952927M"},{"Link":"http://www.thenrg.org/resources/journal/NRJ_61-4_article.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SS Mascotte of the Plant Line, 1885–1931\""},{"Link":"http://www.railga.com/plant.html","external_links_name":"Georgia's Railroad History and Heritage - Plant System"},{"Link":"http://www.csa-railroads.com/Savannah,%20Albany%20&%20Gulf.htm","external_links_name":"Confederate Railroads - Savannah, Albany & Gulf Railroad"},{"Link":"http://www.csa-railroads.com/Atlantic%20&%20Gulf.htm","external_links_name":"Confederate Railroads - Atlantic & Gulf Railroad"},{"Link":"http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?s54","external_links_name":"Stokes Collection of Florida Plant Railway Photographs"},{"Link":"http://lib.usf.edu/","external_links_name":"University of South Florida"},{"Link":"http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?u29.151-p22-ead","external_links_name":"Plant Railway System Papers"},{"Link":"http://lib.usf.edu/","external_links_name":"University of South Florida"},{"Link":"http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/70/florida-essays-and-poems/4604/henry-b-plant-genius-of-the-west-coast/","external_links_name":"Glover, F. H. \"Henry B. Plant - Genius of the West Coast\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cjFRAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA10-PT38","external_links_name":"Traveler's Official Railway Guide for the United States, Canada and Mexico, July 1897 — pages 794-804 showing route map, corporate officers and schedules to include steamship lines"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004111715","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Valley_(Patrick_White_novel)	Happy Valley (novel)	["1 References"]	1939 novel by Patrick White Happy Valley First editionAuthorPatrick WhiteLanguageEnglishPublisherGeorge G. Harrap and Co. (UK)Viking Press (US)Publication date1939 Happy Valley is a 1939 novel by Australian writer Patrick White. It won the 1941 Australian Literature Society Gold Medal. White did not allow the novel to be republished in his lifetime. Not until 2012 would the book come back into print. White had dedicated the novel to artist Roy De Maistre. The book owed much to White's experiences as a jackaroo working at Adaminaby in the Snowy Mountains of Southern New South Wales. References ^ "Medal for Author of Happy Valley"" The Sydney Morning Herald, 19 February 1941, p13 ^ "Happy Valley – Text Publishing". Textpublishing.com.au. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2014. ^ David Marr (26 May 2012). "Patrick White's rare first novel revived for a new audience". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 February 2014. vteWorks by Patrick WhiteNovels Happy Valley (1939) The Living and the Dead (1941) The Aunt's Story (1948) The Tree of Man (1955) Voss (1957) Riders in the Chariot (1961) The Solid Mandala (1966) The Vivisector (1970) The Eye of the Storm (1973) A Fringe of Leaves (1976) The Twyborn Affair (1979) Memoirs of Many in One (1986) The Hanging Garden (2012) Short story collections The Burnt Ones (1964) The Cockatoos (1974) Three Uneasy Pieces (1987) Autobiography Flaws in the Glass (1981) Screenplays The Night the Prowler (1978) Plays The Ham Funeral (1947) The Season at Sarsaparilla (1962) A Cheery Soul (1963) Night on Bald Mountain (1964) Big Toys (1977) TV Adaptations A Cheery Soul (1966) Big Toys (1980) The Ham Funeral (1990) This article about a 1930s novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_White"},{"link_name":"Australian Literature Society Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALS_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Roy De Maistre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_De_Maistre"},{"link_name":"Adaminaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaminaby"},{"link_name":"Snowy Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"1939 novel by Patrick WhiteHappy Valley is a 1939 novel by Australian writer Patrick White. It won the 1941 Australian Literature Society Gold Medal.[1] White did not allow the novel to be republished in his lifetime. Not until 2012 would the book come back into print.[2] White had dedicated the novel to artist Roy De Maistre.The book owed much to White's experiences as a jackaroo working at Adaminaby in the Snowy Mountains of Southern New South Wales.[3]","title":"Happy Valley (novel)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Happy Valley – Text Publishing\". Textpublishing.com.au. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://textpublishing.com.au/books-and-authors/book/happy-valley/","url_text":"\"Happy Valley – Text Publishing\""}]},{"reference":"David Marr (26 May 2012). \"Patrick White's rare first novel revived for a new audience\". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/patrick-whites-rare-first-novel-revived-for-a-new-audience-20120525-1za3g.html","url_text":"\"Patrick White's rare first novel revived for a new audience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17726781","external_links_name":"\"Medal for Author of Happy Valley\"\" The Sydney Morning Herald, 19 February 1941, p13"},{"Link":"http://textpublishing.com.au/books-and-authors/book/happy-valley/","external_links_name":"\"Happy Valley – Text Publishing\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/patrick-whites-rare-first-novel-revived-for-a-new-audience-20120525-1za3g.html","external_links_name":"\"Patrick White's rare first novel revived for a new audience\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Valley_(novel)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_typology	Morphological typology	["1 History","2 Analytic languages","3 Synthetic languages","3.1 Fusional languages","3.2 Agglutinative languages","3.3 Polysynthetic languages","3.4 Oligosynthetic languages","4 In constructed languages","5 Interconnectedness","5.1 Cyclical evolution","5.2 WALS","6 References","7 External links"]	Way of classifying the world's languages This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is missing information about modern classifications. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (December 2014) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Morphological typology" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Linguistic typology Morphological Analytic Isolating Synthetic Fusional Agglutinative Polysynthetic Oligosynthetic Morphosyntactic Alignment Nominative–accusative Marked nominative Ergative–absolutive Split ergative Symmetrical voice Active–stative Tripartite Nominative–absolutive Direct-inverse Ditransitive/Monotransitive Secundative Indirective Zero-marking Dependent-marking Double-marking Head-marking Null-subject Syntactic pivot Theta role Word order VO languages Subject–verb–object Verb–subject–object Verb–object–subject OV languages Subject–object–verb Object–subject–verb Object–verb–subject V1 word order V2 word order OS word order Free word order Time–manner–place Place–manner–time Lexicon Color terms Numerals vte Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world (see linguistic typology) that groups languages according to their common morphological structures. The field organizes languages on the basis of how those languages form words by combining morphemes. Analytic languages contain very little inflection, instead relying on features like word order and auxiliary words to convey meaning. Synthetic languages, ones that are not analytic, are divided into two categories: agglutinative and fusional languages. Agglutinative languages rely primarily on discrete particles (prefixes, suffixes, and infixes) for inflection, while fusional languages "fuse" inflectional categories together, often allowing one word ending to contain several categories, such that the original root can be difficult to extract. A further subcategory of agglutinative languages are polysynthetic languages, which take agglutination to a higher level by constructing entire sentences, including nouns, as one word. Analytic, fusional, and agglutinative languages can all be found in many regions of the world. However, each category is dominant in some families and regions and essentially nonexistent in others. Analytic languages encompass the Sino-Tibetan family, including Chinese, many languages in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, and West Africa, and a few of the Germanic languages. Fusional languages encompass most of the Indo-European family—for example, French, Russian, and Hindi—as well as the Semitic family and a few members of the Uralic family. Most of the world's languages, however, are agglutinative, including the Turkic, Japonic, Dravidian, and Bantu languages and most families in the Americas, Australia, the Caucasus, and non-Slavic Russia. Constructed languages take a variety of morphological alignments. The concept of discrete morphological categories has been criticized. Some linguists argue that most, if not all, languages are in a permanent state of transition, normally from fusional to analytic to agglutinative to fusional again. Others take issue with the definitions of the categories, arguing that they conflate several distinct, if related, variables. History This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014) A trilingual plaque displaying members of all three major morphological alignments: analytic (English), fusional (French), and agglutinative (Plains Cree). The field was first developed by brothers Friedrich von Schlegel and August von Schlegel. Analytic languages Main article: Analytic language "I speak Vietnamese" in Vietnamese. Note the tonal, single-syllable nature of the words; this is frequent in analytic languages, i.e. ones in which there is little to no inflection and words stand on their own. Analytic languages show a low ratio of morphemes to words; in fact, the correspondence is nearly one-to-one. Sentences in analytic languages are composed of independent root morphemes. Grammatical relations between words are expressed by separate words where they might otherwise be expressed by affixes, which are present to a minimal degree in such languages. There is little to no morphological change in words: they tend to be uninflected. Grammatical categories are indicated by word order (for example, inversion of verb and subject for interrogative sentences) or by bringing in additional words (for example, a word for "some" or "many" instead of a plural inflection like English -s). Individual words carry a general meaning (root concept); nuances are expressed by other words. Finally, in analytic languages context and syntax are more important than morphology. Analytic languages include some of the major East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and Vietnamese. Note that the ideographic writing systems of these languages play a strong role in regimenting linguistic continuity according to an analytic, or isolating, morphology (cf. orthography). Additionally, English is moderately analytic, and it and Afrikaans can be considered as some of the most analytic of all Indo-European languages. However, they are traditionally analyzed as fusional languages. A related concept is the isolating language, one in which there is only one, or on average close to one, morpheme per word. Not all analytic languages are isolating; for example, Chinese and English possess many compound words, but contain few inflections for them. Synthetic languages Main article: Synthetic language Synthetic languages form words by affixing a given number of dependent morphemes to a root morpheme. The morphemes may be distinguishable from the root, or they may not. They may be fused with it or among themselves (in that multiple pieces of grammatical information may potentially be packed into one morpheme). Word order is less important for these languages than it is for analytic languages, since individual words express the grammatical relations that would otherwise be indicated by syntax. In addition, there tends to be a high degree of concordance (agreement, or cross-reference between different parts of the sentence). Therefore, morphology in synthetic languages is more important than syntax. Most Indo-European languages are moderately synthetic. There are two subtypes of synthesis, according to whether morphemes are clearly differentiable or not. These subtypes are agglutinative and fusional (or inflectional or flectional in older terminology). Fusional languages Main article: Fusional language Polish noun declension collapses several factors into one ending: number (only plural is shown), gender, animacy, and case. Morphemes in fusional languages are not readily distinguishable from the root or among themselves. Several grammatical bits of meaning may be fused into one affix. Morphemes may also be expressed by internal phonological changes in the root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation, or by suprasegmental features such as stress or tone, which are of course inseparable from the root. The Indo-European and Semitic languages are the most typically cited examples of fusional languages. However, others have been described. For example, Navajo is sometimes categorized as a fusional language because its complex system of verbal affixes has become condensed and irregular enough that discerning individual morphemes is rarely possible. Some Uralic languages are described as fusional, particularly the Sami languages and Estonian. On the other hand, not all Indo-European languages are fusional; for example, English and Afrikaans, as well as some North Germanic languages lean more toward the analytic. Agglutinative languages Main article: Agglutinative language A plaque in Chechen, an agglutinative language. Agglutinative languages have words containing several morphemes that are always clearly differentiable from one another in that each morpheme represents only one grammatical meaning and the boundaries between those morphemes are easily demarcated; that is, the bound morphemes are affixes, and they may be individually identified. Agglutinative languages tend to have a high number of morphemes per word, and their morphology is usually highly regular, with a notable exception being Georgian, among others. Agglutinative languages include Hungarian, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Turkish, Mongolian, Korean, Japanese, Swahili, Zulu and Indonesian. Polysynthetic languages Main article: Polysynthetic language In 1836, Wilhelm von Humboldt proposed a third category for classifying languages, a category that he labeled polysynthetic. (The term polysynthesis was first used in linguistics by Peter Stephen DuPonceau who borrowed it from chemistry.) These languages have a high morpheme-to-word ratio, a highly regular morphology, and a tendency for verb forms to include morphemes that refer to several arguments besides the subject (polypersonalism). Another feature of polysynthetic languages is commonly expressed as "the ability to form words that are equivalent to whole sentences in other languages". The distinction between synthetic languages and polysynthetic languages is therefore relative: the place of one language largely depends on its relation to other languages displaying similar characteristics on the same scale. Many Amerindian languages are polysynthetic; indeed, most of the world's polysynthetic languages are native to North America. Inuktitut is one example, for instance the word-phrase: tavvakiqutiqarpiit roughly translates to "Do you have any tobacco for sale?". However, it is a common misconception that polysynthetic morphology is universal among Amerindian languages. Chinook and Shoshone, for instance, are simply agglutinative, as their nouns stand mostly separate from their verbs. Oligosynthetic languages Main article: Oligosynthetic language Oligosynthetic languages are ones in which very few morphemes, perhaps only a few hundred, combine as in polysynthetic languages. Benjamin Whorf categorized Nahuatl and Blackfoot as oligosynthetic, but most linguists disagree with this classification and instead label them polysynthetic or simply agglutinative. No known languages are widely accepted as oligosynthetic. In constructed languages The rigidly defined, analytic words of Lojban make the language useful for describing logic – in this case, discrete mathematics. Constructed languages (conlangs) take a variety of morphological alignments. Despite the Indo-European family's typical fusional alignment, most universal auxiliary languages based on the family have ended up being agglutinative morphologically because agglutination is more transparent than fusion and thus furthers various goals of the language creators. This pattern began with Volapük, which is strongly agglutinative, and was continued with Esperanto, which tends to be agglutinative as well. Other languages inspired by Esperanto like Ido and Novial also tend to be agglutinative, although some examples like Interlingua might be considered more fusional. Zonal constructed languages such as Interslavic tend to follow the language families they are based on. Fictional languages vary among J. R. R. Tolkien's languages for the Middle earth universe, for example, Sindarin is fusional while Quenya is agglutinative. Among engineered languages, Toki Pona is completely analytic, as it contains only a limited set of words with no inflections or compounds. Lojban is analytic to the extent that every gismu (basic word, not counting particles) involves pre-determined syntactical roles for every gismu coming after it in a clause, though it does involve agglutination of roots when forming calques. Ithkuil, on the other hand, contains both agglutination in its addition of affixes and extreme fusion in that these affixes often result from the fusion of numerous morphemes via ablaut. Interconnectedness While the above scheme of analytic, fusional, and agglutinative languages dominated linguistics for many years—at least since the 1920s—it has fallen out of favor more recently. A common objection has been that most languages display features of all three types, if not in equal measure, some of them contending that a fully fusional language would be completely suppletive. Jennifer Garland of the University of California, Santa Barbara gives Sinhala as an example of a language that demonstrates the flaws in the traditional scheme: she argues that while its affixes, clitics, and postpositions would normally be considered markers of agglutination, they are too closely intertwined to the root, yet classifying the language as primarily fusional, as it usually is, is also unsatisfying. Cyclical evolution A clock face has been used as a metaphor for the evolution amongst analytic, agglutinative and fusional states R. M. W. Dixon (1998) theorizes that languages normally evolve in a cycle from fusional to analytic to agglutinative to fusional again. He analogizes this cycle to a clock, placing fusional languages at 12:00, analytic languages at 4:00, and agglutinative languages at 8:00. Dixon suggests that, for example, Old Chinese was at about 3:00 (mostly analytic with some fusional elements), while modern varieties are around 5:00 (leaning instead toward agglutination), and also guesses that Proto-Tai-Kadai may have been fusional. On the other hand, he argues that modern Finno-Ugric and Dravidian languages are on the transition from agglutinative to fusional, with the Finno-Ugric family being further along. Dixon cites the Egyptian language as one that has undergone the entire cycle in three thousand years. Other linguists have proposed similar concepts. For instance, Elly van Gelderen sees the regular patterns of linguistic change as a cycle. In the unidirectional cycles, older features are replaced by newer items. One example is grammaticalization, where a lexical item became a grammatical marker. The markers may further grammaticalize, and a new marker may come in place to substitute the loss of meaning of the previous marker. WALS The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) sees the categorization of languages as strictly analytic, agglutinative, or fusional as misleading, arguing that these categories conflate multiple variables. WALS lists these variables as: Phonological fusion – how intrinsically connected grammatical markers are phonologically to their host words Formative exponence – the number of categories expressed in a single marker (e.g., tense + number + gender for verbs in some languages) Flexivity – allomorphy and inflectional classes such as possessive classification These categories allow to capture non-traditional distributions of typological traits. For example, high exponence for nouns (e.g., case + number) is typically thought of as a trait of fusional languages. However, it is absent in many traditionally fusional languages like Arabic but present in many traditionally agglutinative languages like Finnish, Yaqui, and Cree. References ^ a b Boas, Franz (2010). Handbook of American Indian Languages. Vol. 1. Nabu Press. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-1-177-52533-6. ^ Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9. ^ Sloane, Thomas O. (2001). Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-19-512595-5. ^ Bybee, Joan. "Semantic Aspects of Morphological Typology" (PDF). University of New Mexico. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ Blank, Detlev (1985). "Internationale Plansprachen. Eine Einführung" . Sammlung Akademie-Verlag. Akademie-Verlag. ISSN 0138-550X. ^ Tikka, Petri (2007). "The Finnicization of Quenya". Arda Philology: Proceedings of the First International Conference on J. R. R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omientielva Minya, Stockholm 2005. Arda Philology. Vol. 1. Arda Society. pp. 1–20. ISBN 9789197350013. ^ "Chapter 4: The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology". Lojban.org. Retrieved November 19, 2014. ^ "Chapter 2: Morpho-Phonology". Ithkuil.net. Retrieved November 19, 2014. ^ Garland, Jennifer (2006). "Morphological Typology and the Complexity of Nominal Morphology in Sinhala" (PDF). University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved December 8, 2014. ^ Dixon, R. M. W. (1998). The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-521-62654-5. ^ van Gelderen, Elly. (2011). The Linguistic Cycle: Language Change and the Language Faculty. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ^ van Gelderen, Elly. (2013). The Linguistic Cycle and the Language Faculty. Language and Linguistics Compass, 7(4), 233–250. ^ "Chapter Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives". WALS. Retrieved August 5, 2014. ^ a b "Chapter Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives". WALS. Retrieved August 5, 2014. ^ "Chapter Possessive Classification". WALS. Retrieved August 5, 2014. External links "Linguistic typology" (PDF). (275 KiB), chapter 9 of Halvor Eifring & Rolf Theil: Linguistics for Students of Asian and African Languages The book Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech by Edward Sapir (1921) contains a classic introduction to the subject. Japanese Morphological Analysis API Japanese Morphological Analysis API by NTT Resonant	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linguistic typology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology"},{"link_name":"morphological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word"},{"link_name":"morphemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme"},{"link_name":"Analytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_language"},{"link_name":"inflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection"},{"link_name":"word order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_order"},{"link_name":"Synthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_language"},{"link_name":"agglutinative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinative_language"},{"link_name":"fusional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusional_language"},{"link_name":"prefixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix"},{"link_name":"suffixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix"},{"link_name":"infixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infix"},{"link_name":"polysynthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysynthetic_language"},{"link_name":"agglutination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination"},{"link_name":"nouns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun"},{"link_name":"Sino-Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Germanic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Uralic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"Japonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonic_languages"},{"link_name":"Dravidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages"},{"link_name":"Bantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languages"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"Constructed languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language"}],"text":"Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world (see linguistic typology) that groups languages according to their common morphological structures. The field organizes languages on the basis of how those languages form words by combining morphemes. Analytic languages contain very little inflection, instead relying on features like word order and auxiliary words to convey meaning. Synthetic languages, ones that are not analytic, are divided into two categories: agglutinative and fusional languages. Agglutinative languages rely primarily on discrete particles (prefixes, suffixes, and infixes) for inflection, while fusional languages \"fuse\" inflectional categories together, often allowing one word ending to contain several categories, such that the original root can be difficult to extract. A further subcategory of agglutinative languages are polysynthetic languages, which take agglutination to a higher level by constructing entire sentences, including nouns, as one word.Analytic, fusional, and agglutinative languages can all be found in many regions of the world. However, each category is dominant in some families and regions and essentially nonexistent in others. Analytic languages encompass the Sino-Tibetan family, including Chinese, many languages in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, and West Africa, and a few of the Germanic languages. Fusional languages encompass most of the Indo-European family—for example, French, Russian, and Hindi—as well as the Semitic family and a few members of the Uralic family. Most of the world's languages, however, are agglutinative, including the Turkic, Japonic, Dravidian, and Bantu languages and most families in the Americas, Australia, the Caucasus, and non-Slavic Russia. Constructed languages take a variety of morphological alignments.The concept of discrete morphological categories has been criticized. Some linguists argue that most, if not all, languages are in a permanent state of transition, normally from fusional to analytic to agglutinative to fusional again. Others take issue with the definitions of the categories, arguing that they conflate several distinct, if related, variables.","title":"Morphological typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Plains Cree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_Cree_language"},{"link_name":"Friedrich von Schlegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_von_Schlegel"},{"link_name":"August von Schlegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Schlegel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A trilingual plaque displaying members of all three major morphological alignments: analytic (English), fusional (French), and agglutinative (Plains Cree).The field was first developed by brothers Friedrich von Schlegel and August von Schlegel.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I_speak_Vietnamese.png"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"inflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection"},{"link_name":"morphemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemes"},{"link_name":"words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words"},{"link_name":"inflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"East Asian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_languages"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"ideographic writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideographic_writing"},{"link_name":"orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"fusional languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusional_language"},{"link_name":"isolating language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating_language"},{"link_name":"morpheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme"},{"link_name":"compound words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_word"}],"text":"\"I speak Vietnamese\" in Vietnamese. Note the tonal, single-syllable nature of the words; this is frequent in analytic languages, i.e. ones in which there is little to no inflection and words stand on their own.Analytic languages show a low ratio of morphemes to words; in fact, the correspondence is nearly one-to-one. Sentences in analytic languages are composed of independent root morphemes. Grammatical relations between words are expressed by separate words where they might otherwise be expressed by affixes, which are present to a minimal degree in such languages. There is little to no morphological change in words: they tend to be uninflected. Grammatical categories are indicated by word order (for example, inversion of verb and subject for interrogative sentences) or by bringing in additional words (for example, a word for \"some\" or \"many\" instead of a plural inflection like English -s). Individual words carry a general meaning (root concept); nuances are expressed by other words. Finally, in analytic languages context and syntax are more important than morphology.Analytic languages include some of the major East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and Vietnamese. Note that the ideographic writing systems of these languages play a strong role in regimenting linguistic continuity according to an analytic, or isolating, morphology (cf. orthography).[citation needed]Additionally, English is moderately analytic, and it and Afrikaans can be considered as some of the most analytic of all Indo-European languages. However, they are traditionally analyzed as fusional languages.A related concept is the isolating language, one in which there is only one, or on average close to one, morpheme per word. Not all analytic languages are isolating; for example, Chinese and English possess many compound words, but contain few inflections for them.","title":"Analytic languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concordance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Indo-European languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"}],"text":"Synthetic languages form words by affixing a given number of dependent morphemes to a root morpheme. The morphemes may be distinguishable from the root, or they may not. They may be fused with it or among themselves (in that multiple pieces of grammatical information may potentially be packed into one morpheme). Word order is less important for these languages than it is for analytic languages, since individual words express the grammatical relations that would otherwise be indicated by syntax. In addition, there tends to be a high degree of concordance (agreement, or cross-reference between different parts of the sentence). Therefore, morphology in synthetic languages is more important than syntax. Most Indo-European languages are moderately synthetic.There are two subtypes of synthesis, according to whether morphemes are clearly differentiable or not. These subtypes are agglutinative and fusional (or inflectional or flectional in older terminology).","title":"Synthetic languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%A9clinaisons_noms_pluriel_polonais.jpg"},{"link_name":"Polish noun declension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_morphology#Nouns"},{"link_name":"number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number"},{"link_name":"gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender"},{"link_name":"animacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animacy_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case"},{"link_name":"morphophonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphophonology"},{"link_name":"consonant gradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_gradation"},{"link_name":"vowel gradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaut"},{"link_name":"suprasegmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprasegmental"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hand-1"},{"link_name":"Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Uralic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages"},{"link_name":"Sami languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languages"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"North Germanic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_languages"}],"sub_title":"Fusional languages","text":"Polish noun declension collapses several factors into one ending: number (only plural is shown), gender, animacy, and case.Morphemes in fusional languages are not readily distinguishable from the root or among themselves. Several grammatical bits of meaning may be fused into one affix. Morphemes may also be expressed by internal phonological changes in the root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation, or by suprasegmental features such as stress or tone, which are of course inseparable from the root.The Indo-European and Semitic languages are the most typically cited examples of fusional languages.[1] However, others have been described. For example, Navajo is sometimes categorized as a fusional language because its complex system of verbal affixes has become condensed and irregular enough that discerning individual morphemes is rarely possible.[2][3] Some Uralic languages are described as fusional, particularly the Sami languages and Estonian. On the other hand, not all Indo-European languages are fusional; for example, English and Afrikaans, as well as some North Germanic languages lean more toward the analytic.","title":"Synthetic languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beriyn_Poliklinika,_S%C3%B6l%C6%B6a-%C4%A0ala.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_language"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Swahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language"},{"link_name":"Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"}],"sub_title":"Agglutinative languages","text":"A plaque in Chechen, an agglutinative language.Agglutinative languages have words containing several morphemes that are always clearly differentiable from one another in that each morpheme represents only one grammatical meaning and the boundaries between those morphemes are easily demarcated; that is, the bound morphemes are affixes, and they may be individually identified. Agglutinative languages tend to have a high number of morphemes per word, and their morphology is usually highly regular, with a notable exception being Georgian, among others.Agglutinative languages include Hungarian, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Turkish, Mongolian, Korean, Japanese, Swahili, Zulu and Indonesian.","title":"Synthetic languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilhelm von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"Peter Stephen DuPonceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stephen_DuPonceau"},{"link_name":"polypersonalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypersonalism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unm-4"},{"link_name":"Inuktitut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuktitut"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chinook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_language"},{"link_name":"Shoshone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hand-1"}],"sub_title":"Polysynthetic languages","text":"In 1836, Wilhelm von Humboldt proposed a third category for classifying languages, a category that he labeled polysynthetic. (The term polysynthesis was first used in linguistics by Peter Stephen DuPonceau who borrowed it from chemistry.) These languages have a high morpheme-to-word ratio, a highly regular morphology, and a tendency for verb forms to include morphemes that refer to several arguments besides the subject (polypersonalism). Another feature of polysynthetic languages is commonly expressed as \"the ability to form words that are equivalent to whole sentences in other languages\". The distinction between synthetic languages and polysynthetic languages is therefore relative: the place of one language largely depends on its relation to other languages displaying similar characteristics on the same scale.Many Amerindian languages are polysynthetic; indeed, most of the world's polysynthetic languages are native to North America.[4] Inuktitut is one example, for instance the word-phrase: tavvakiqutiqarpiit roughly translates to \"Do you have any tobacco for sale?\".[citation needed] However, it is a common misconception that polysynthetic morphology is universal among Amerindian languages. Chinook and Shoshone, for instance, are simply agglutinative, as their nouns stand mostly separate from their verbs.[1]","title":"Synthetic languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin Whorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Whorf"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Blackfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfoot_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Oligosynthetic languages","text":"Oligosynthetic languages are ones in which very few morphemes, perhaps only a few hundred, combine as in polysynthetic languages. Benjamin Whorf categorized Nahuatl and Blackfoot as oligosynthetic, but most linguists disagree with this classification and instead label them polysynthetic or simply agglutinative. No known languages are widely accepted as oligosynthetic. [citation needed]","title":"Synthetic languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logji.png"},{"link_name":"Lojban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojban"},{"link_name":"discrete mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Constructed languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"universal auxiliary languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_auxiliary_language"},{"link_name":"Volapük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Esperanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_(language)"},{"link_name":"Novial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novial"},{"link_name":"Interlingua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua"},{"link_name":"Zonal constructed languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonal_constructed_languages"},{"link_name":"Interslavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interslavic"},{"link_name":"Fictional languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_language"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Middle earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Sindarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindarin"},{"link_name":"Quenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenya"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tikka-6"},{"link_name":"engineered languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered_language"},{"link_name":"Toki Pona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_Pona"},{"link_name":"Lojban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojban"},{"link_name":"calques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lojban-7"},{"link_name":"Ithkuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithkuil"},{"link_name":"ablaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The rigidly defined, analytic words of Lojban make the language useful for describing logic – in this case, discrete mathematics.Constructed languages (conlangs) take a variety of morphological alignments. Despite the Indo-European family's typical fusional alignment, most universal auxiliary languages based on the family have ended up being agglutinative morphologically because agglutination is more transparent than fusion and thus furthers various goals of the language creators. This pattern began with Volapük, which is strongly agglutinative, and was continued with Esperanto, which tends to be agglutinative as well.[5] Other languages inspired by Esperanto like Ido and Novial also tend to be agglutinative, although some examples like Interlingua might be considered more fusional. Zonal constructed languages such as Interslavic tend to follow the language families they are based on.Fictional languages vary among J. R. R. Tolkien's languages for the Middle earth universe, for example, Sindarin is fusional while Quenya is agglutinative.[6] Among engineered languages, Toki Pona is completely analytic, as it contains only a limited set of words with no inflections or compounds. Lojban is analytic to the extent that every gismu (basic word, not counting particles) involves pre-determined syntactical roles for every gismu coming after it in a clause, though it does involve agglutination of roots when forming calques.[7] Ithkuil, on the other hand, contains both agglutination in its addition of affixes and extreme fusion in that these affixes often result from the fusion of numerous morphemes via ablaut.[8]","title":"In constructed languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suppletive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppletion"},{"link_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara"},{"link_name":"Sinhala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_language"},{"link_name":"clitics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitic"},{"link_name":"postpositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postposition"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sinhala-9"}],"text":"While the above scheme of analytic, fusional, and agglutinative languages dominated linguistics for many years—at least since the 1920s—it has fallen out of favor more recently. A common objection has been that most languages display features of all three types, if not in equal measure, some of them contending that a fully fusional language would be completely suppletive. Jennifer Garland of the University of California, Santa Barbara gives Sinhala as an example of a language that demonstrates the flaws in the traditional scheme: she argues that while its affixes, clitics, and postpositions would normally be considered markers of agglutination, they are too closely intertwined to the root, yet classifying the language as primarily fusional, as it usually is, is also unsatisfying.[9]","title":"Interconnectedness"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Analogue_clock_face.svg"},{"link_name":"R. M. W. Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._M._W._Dixon"},{"link_name":"fusional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusional_language"},{"link_name":"analytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_language"},{"link_name":"agglutinative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinative_language"},{"link_name":"Old Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Proto-Tai-Kadai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Tai_language"},{"link_name":"Finno-Ugric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages"},{"link_name":"Dravidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages"},{"link_name":"Egyptian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dixon-10"},{"link_name":"Elly van Gelderen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elly_Van_Gelderen"},{"link_name":"grammaticalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaticalization"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Cyclical evolution","text":"A clock face has been used as a metaphor for the evolution amongst analytic, agglutinative and fusional statesR. M. W. Dixon (1998) theorizes that languages normally evolve in a cycle from fusional to analytic to agglutinative to fusional again. He analogizes this cycle to a clock, placing fusional languages at 12:00, analytic languages at 4:00, and agglutinative languages at 8:00. Dixon suggests that, for example, Old Chinese was at about 3:00 (mostly analytic with some fusional elements), while modern varieties are around 5:00 (leaning instead toward agglutination), and also guesses that Proto-Tai-Kadai may have been fusional. On the other hand, he argues that modern Finno-Ugric and Dravidian languages are on the transition from agglutinative to fusional, with the Finno-Ugric family being further along. Dixon cites the Egyptian language as one that has undergone the entire cycle in three thousand years.[10]Other linguists have proposed similar concepts. For instance, Elly van Gelderen sees the regular patterns of linguistic change as a cycle. In the unidirectional cycles, older features are replaced by newer items. One example is grammaticalization, where a lexical item became a grammatical marker. The markers may further grammaticalize, and a new marker may come in place to substitute the loss of meaning of the previous marker.[11][12]","title":"Interconnectedness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Atlas of Language Structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c20-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c21-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c59-15"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Yaqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_language"},{"link_name":"Cree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c21-14"}],"sub_title":"WALS","text":"The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) sees the categorization of languages as strictly analytic, agglutinative, or fusional as misleading, arguing that these categories conflate multiple variables. WALS lists these variables as:Phonological fusion – how intrinsically connected grammatical markers are phonologically to their host words[13]\nFormative exponence – the number of categories expressed in a single marker (e.g., tense + number + gender for verbs in some languages)[14]\nFlexivity – allomorphy and inflectional classes such as possessive classification[15]These categories allow to capture non-traditional distributions of typological traits. For example, high exponence for nouns (e.g., case + number) is typically thought of as a trait of fusional languages. However, it is absent in many traditionally fusional languages like Arabic but present in many traditionally agglutinative languages like Finnish, Yaqui, and Cree.[14]","title":"Interconnectedness"}]	[{"image_text":"A trilingual plaque displaying members of all three major morphological alignments: analytic (English), fusional (French), and agglutinative (Plains Cree).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg/220px-Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"I speak Vietnamese\" in Vietnamese. Note the tonal, single-syllable nature of the words; this is frequent in analytic languages, i.e. ones in which there is little to no inflection and words stand on their own.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/I_speak_Vietnamese.png/220px-I_speak_Vietnamese.png"},{"image_text":"Polish noun declension collapses several factors into one ending: number (only plural is shown), gender, animacy, and case.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/D%C3%A9clinaisons_noms_pluriel_polonais.jpg/300px-D%C3%A9clinaisons_noms_pluriel_polonais.jpg"},{"image_text":"A plaque in Chechen, an agglutinative language.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Beriyn_Poliklinika%2C_S%C3%B6l%C6%B6a-%C4%A0ala.jpg/220px-Beriyn_Poliklinika%2C_S%C3%B6l%C6%B6a-%C4%A0ala.jpg"},{"image_text":"The rigidly defined, analytic words of Lojban make the language useful for describing logic – in this case, discrete mathematics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Logji.png/220px-Logji.png"},{"image_text":"A clock face has been used as a metaphor for the evolution amongst analytic, agglutinative and fusional states","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Analogue_clock_face.svg/150px-Analogue_clock_face.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Boas, Franz (2010). Handbook of American Indian Languages. Vol. 1. Nabu Press. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-1-177-52533-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-177-52533-6","url_text":"978-1-177-52533-6"}]},{"reference":"Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University","url_text":"Cambridge University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29875-9","url_text":"978-0-521-29875-9"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, Thomas O. (2001). Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-19-512595-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University","url_text":"Oxford University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512595-5","url_text":"978-0-19-512595-5"}]},{"reference":"Bybee, Joan. \"Semantic Aspects of Morphological Typology\" (PDF). University of New Mexico. Retrieved November 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unm.edu/~jbybee/downloads/Bybee1997SemAsp.pdf","url_text":"\"Semantic Aspects of Morphological Typology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico","url_text":"University of New Mexico"}]},{"reference":"Blank, Detlev (1985). \"Internationale Plansprachen. Eine Einführung\" [International Planned Languages. An Introduction]. Sammlung Akademie-Verlag. Akademie-Verlag. ISSN 0138-550X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0138-550X","url_text":"0138-550X"}]},{"reference":"Tikka, Petri (2007). \"The Finnicization of Quenya\". Arda Philology: Proceedings of the First International Conference on J. R. R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omientielva Minya, Stockholm 2005. Arda Philology. Vol. 1. Arda Society. pp. 1–20. ISBN 9789197350013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SOF7m2m3AXcC&dq=The+Finnicization+of+Quenya&pg=PA1","url_text":"\"The Finnicization of Quenya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789197350013","url_text":"9789197350013"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 4: The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology\". Lojban.org. Retrieved November 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lojban.org/publications/reference_grammar/chapter4.html","url_text":"\"Chapter 4: The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 2: Morpho-Phonology\". Ithkuil.net. Retrieved November 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ithkuil.net/02_morpho-phonology.html","url_text":"\"Chapter 2: Morpho-Phonology\""}]},{"reference":"Garland, Jennifer (2006). \"Morphological Typology and the Complexity of Nominal Morphology in Sinhala\" (PDF). University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved December 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.ling.d7/files/sitefiles/research/papers/17/garland_vol17.pdf","url_text":"\"Morphological Typology and the Complexity of Nominal Morphology in Sinhala\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara","url_text":"University of California, Santa Barbara"}]},{"reference":"Dixon, R. M. W. (1998). The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-521-62654-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._M._W._Dixon","url_text":"Dixon, R. M. W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University","url_text":"Cambridge University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62654-5","url_text":"978-0-521-62654-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives\". WALS. Retrieved August 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://wals.info/chapter/20","url_text":"\"Chapter Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives\". WALS. Retrieved August 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://wals.info/chapter/21","url_text":"\"Chapter Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter Possessive Classification\". WALS. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_(bone)	Radius (bone)	["1 Structure","1.1 Near the wrist","1.2 Body","1.3 Near the elbow","1.4 Development","2 Function","2.1 Muscle attachments","3 Clinical significance","3.1 Fracture","4 History","5 Other animals","6 Gallery","7 References"]	One of the two long bones of the forearm RadiusThe radius (shown in red) is a bone in the forearm.DetailsIdentifiersLatinradiusMeSHD011884TA98A02.4.05.001TA21210FMA23463Anatomical terms of bone The radius or radial bone (pl.: radii or radiuses) is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna. The ulna is longer than the radius, but the radius is thicker. The radius is a long bone, prism-shaped and slightly curved longitudinally. The radius is part of two joints: the elbow and the wrist. At the elbow, it joins with the capitulum of the humerus, and in a separate region, with the ulna at the radial notch. At the wrist, the radius forms a joint with the ulna bone. The corresponding bone in the lower leg is the tibia. Structure 3D model. Full anterior view of right radius Full posterior view of right radius Full medial view of right radius Full lateral view of right radius The long narrow medullary cavity is enclosed in a strong wall of compact bone. It is thickest along the interosseous border and thinnest at the extremities, same over the cup-shaped articular surface (fovea) of the head. The trabeculae of the spongy tissue are somewhat arched at the upper end and pass upward from the compact layer of the shaft to the fovea capituli (the humerus's cup-shaped articulatory notch); they are crossed by others parallel to the surface of the fovea. The arrangement at the lower end is somewhat similar. It is missing in radial aplasia. The radius has a body and two extremities. The upper extremity of the radius consists of a somewhat cylindrical head articulating with the ulna and the humerus, a neck, and a radial tuberosity. The body of the radius is self-explanatory, and the lower extremity of the radius is roughly quadrilateral in shape, with articular surfaces for the ulna, scaphoid and lunate bones. The distal end of the radius forms two palpable points, radially the styloid process and Lister's tubercle on the ulnar side. Along with the proximal and distal radioulnar articulations, an interosseous membrane originates medially along the length of the body of the radius to attach the radius to the ulna. Anterior and posterior view of radius bone - labelled. Near the wrist The distal end of the radius is large and of quadrilateral form. Joint surfaces It is provided with two articular surfaces – one below, for the carpus, and another at the medial side, for the ulna. The carpal articular surface is triangular, concave, smooth, and divided by a slight antero-posterior ridge into two parts. Of these, the lateral, triangular, articulates with the scaphoid bone; the medial, quadrilateral, with the lunate bone. The articular surface for the ulna is called the ulnar notch (sigmoid cavity) of the radius; it is narrow, concave, smooth, and articulates with the head of the ulna. These two articular surfaces are separated by a prominent ridge, to which the base of the triangular articular disk is attached; this disk separates the wrist-joint from the distal radioulnar articulation. Other surfaces This end of the bone has three non-articular surfaces – volar, dorsal, and lateral. The volar surface, rough and irregular, affords attachment to the volar radiocarpal ligament. The dorsal surface is convex, affords attachment to the dorsal radiocarpal ligament, and is marked by three grooves. Enumerated from the lateral side: The first groove is broad, but shallow, and subdivided into two by a slight ridge: the lateral of these two, transmits the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle; the medial, the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. The second is deep but narrow, and bounded laterally by a sharply defined ridge; it is directed obliquely from above downward and lateralward, and transmits the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus muscle. The third is broad, for the passage of the tendons of the extensor indicis proprius and extensor digitorum communis. The lateral surface is prolonged obliquely downward into a strong, conical projection, the styloid process, which gives attachment by its base to the tendon of the brachioradialis, and by its apex to the radial collateral ligament of wrist joint. The lateral surface of this process is marked by a flat groove, for the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus muscle and extensor pollicis brevis muscle. Body The body of the radius (or shaft of radius) is prismoid in form, narrower above than below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward. It presents three borders and three surfaces. Borders The volar border (margo volaris; anterior border; palmar;) extends from the lower part of the tuberosity above to the anterior part of the base of the styloid process below, and separates the volar from the lateral surface. Its upper third is prominent, and from its oblique direction has received the name of the oblique line of the radius; it gives origin to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (also flexor digitorum sublimis) and flexor pollicis longus muscle; the surface above the line gives insertion to part of the supinator muscle. The middle third of the volar border is indistinct and rounded. The lower fourth is prominent, and gives insertion to the pronator quadratus muscle, and attachment to the dorsal carpal ligament; it ends in a small tubercle, into which the tendon of the brachioradialis muscle is inserted. The dorsal border (margo dorsalis; posterior border) begins above at the back of the neck, and ends below at the posterior part of the base of the styloid process; it separates the posterior from the lateral surface. is indistinct above and below, but well-marked in the middle third of the bone. The interosseous border (internal border; crista interossea; interosseous crest;) begins above, at the back part of the tuberosity, and its upper part is rounded and indistinct; it becomes sharp and prominent as it descends, and at its lower part divides into two ridges which are continued to the anterior and posterior margins of the ulnar notch. To the posterior of the two ridges the lower part of the interosseous membrane is attached, while the triangular surface between the ridges gives insertion to part of the pronator quadratus muscle. This crest separates the volar from the dorsal surface, and gives attachment to the interosseous membrane. The connection between the two bones is actually a joint referred to as a syndesmosis joint. Surfaces The volar surface (facies volaris; anterior surface) is concave in its upper three-fourths, and gives origin to the flexor pollicis longus muscle; it is broad and flat in its lower fourth, and affords insertion to the Pronator quadratus. A prominent ridge limits the insertion of the Pronator quadratus below, and between this and the inferior border is a triangular rough surface for the attachment of the volar radiocarpal ligament. At the junction of the upper and middle thirds of the volar surface is the nutrient foramen, which is directed obliquely upward. The dorsal surface (facies dorsalis; posterior surface) is convex, and smooth in the upper third of its extent, and covered by the Supinator. Its middle third is broad, slightly concave, and gives origin to the Abductor pollicis longus above, and the extensor pollicis brevis muscle below. Its lower third is broad, convex, and covered by the tendons of the muscles which subsequently run in the grooves on the lower end of the bone. The lateral surface (facies lateralis; external surface) is convex throughout its entire extent and is known as the convexity of the radius, curving outwards to be convex at the side. Its upper third gives insertion to the supinator muscle. About its center is a rough ridge, for the insertion of the pronator teres muscle. Its lower part is narrow, and covered by the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus muscle and extensor pollicis brevis muscle. Near the elbow The upper extremity of the radius (or proximal extremity) presents a head, neck, and tuberosity. The radial head has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum (or capitellum) of the humerus. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the annular ligament. The deepest point in the fovea is not axi-symmetric with the long axis of the radius, creating a cam effect during pronation and supination. The head is supported on a round, smooth, and constricted portion called the neck, on the back of which is a slight ridge for the insertion of part of the supinator muscle. Beneath the neck, on the medial side, is an eminence, the radial tuberosity; its surface is divided into a posterior, rough portion, for the insertion of the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle, and an anterior, smooth portion, on which a bursa is interposed between the tendon and the bone. Development The radius is ossified from three centers: one for the body, and one for each extremity. That for the body makes its appearance near the center of the bone, during the eighth week of fetal life. Ossification commences in the lower end between 9 and 26 months of age. The ossification center for the upper end appears by the fifth year. The upper epiphysis fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year. Function Muscle attachments The biceps muscle inserts on the radial tuberosity of the upper extremity of the bone. The upper third of the body of the bone attaches to the supinator, the flexor digitorum superficialis, and the flexor pollicis longus muscles. The middle third of the body attaches to the extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis, extensor primi internodii pollicis, and the pronator teres muscles. The lower quarter of the body attaches to the pronator quadratus muscle and the tendon of the supinator longus. Clinical significance Radial aplasia refers to the congenital absence or shortness of the radius. Fracture A subtle radial head fracture with associated positive sail sign Specific fracture types of the radius include: Proximal radius fracture. A fracture within the capsule of the elbow joint results in the fat pad sign or "sail sign" which is a displacement of the fat pad at the elbow. Illustration showing radius shaft fracture Essex-Lopresti fracture – a fracture of the radial head with concomitant dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint with disruption of the interosseous membrane. Radial shaft fracture Distal radius fracture Galeazzi fracture – a fracture of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint Colles' fracture – a distal fracture of the radius with dorsal (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand Smith's fracture – a distal fracture of the radius with volar (ventral) displacement of the wrist and hand Barton's fracture – an intra-articular fracture of the distal radius with dislocation of the radiocarpal joint. History The word radius is Latin for "ray". In the context of the radius bone, a ray can be thought of rotating around an axis line extending diagonally from center of capitulum to the center of distal ulna. While the ulna is the major contributor to the elbow joint, the radius primarily contributes to the wrist joint. The radius is named so because the radius (bone) acts like the radius (of a circle). It rotates around the ulna and the far end (where it joins to the bones of the hand), known as the styloid process of the radius, is the distance from the ulna (center of the circle) to the edge of the radius (the circle). The ulna acts as the center point to the circle because when the arm is rotated the ulna does not move. Other animals In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb. Its structure is similar in most terrestrial tetrapods, but it may be fused with the ulna in some mammals (such as horses) and reduced or modified in animals with flippers or vestigial forelimbs. Gallery Radius bone and radius of a circle comparison. Position of radius (shown in red). Radius, styloid process - anterior view Radius, ulnar notch - posterior view Radius, radial head – posterior view Radius, radial head – anterior view Radius l. dx. – ant. view Radius l. dx. – post. view Anterior surface of radius (at right) Posterior surface of radius (at left) Posterior view of right proximal radius Posterior view of right distal radius Medial view of right proximal radius Medial view of right distal radius Lateral view of right distal radius Anterior view of right distal radius Anterior view of right proximal radius Radius bone anatomy References This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 219 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) ^ Clemente, Carmine D. (2007), Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the Human Body (5th ed.), Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ^ Moore, Keith; Anne Agur (2007). Essential Clinical Anatomy Third Edition. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 446. ISBN 978-0-7817-6274-8. ^ Essex Lopresti fracture at Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics online ^ Marieb, E., R.N., Ph.D; Mallatt, J., Ph.D. & Wilhelm, P., Ph.D. (2008), Human Anatomy (5th ed.), San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, p. 188{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 199. ISBN 0-03-910284-X. vteBones of the armShoulder girdle, clavicle conoid tubercle trapezoid line costal tuberosity subclavian groove Scapula fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous) notches (suprascapular, great scapular) glenoid fossa tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid) spine of scapula acromion coracoid process angles (superior, inferior, lateral) Humerus upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical) tubercles (greater, lesser) bicipital groove body: radial sulcus deltoid tuberosity lower extremity: capitulum trochlea epicondyles (lateral, medial) supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial) fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon) ForearmRadius near elbow (head, tuberosity) near wrist (ulnar notch, styloid process, Lister's tubercle) Ulna near elbow (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch) near wrist (styloid process) HandCarpal bones scaphoid lunate triquetral pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate hamulus Metacarpal bones 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Phalanges proximal intermediate distal Portal: Anatomy Authority control databases National France BnF data Israel United States Latvia Other Terminologia Anatomica	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"forearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forearm"},{"link_name":"ulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna"},{"link_name":"lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location"},{"link_name":"elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow-joint"},{"link_name":"thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb"},{"link_name":"wrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist"},{"link_name":"long bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_bone"},{"link_name":"prism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow"},{"link_name":"wrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist"},{"link_name":"capitulum of the humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus"},{"link_name":"radial notch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_notch"},{"link_name":"lower leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leg"},{"link_name":"tibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibia"}],"text":"The radius or radial bone (pl.: radii or radiuses) is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna. The ulna is longer than the radius, but the radius is thicker. The radius is a long bone, prism-shaped and slightly curved longitudinally.The radius is part of two joints: the elbow and the wrist. At the elbow, it joins with the capitulum of the humerus, and in a separate region, with the ulna at the radial notch. At the wrist, the radius forms a joint with the ulna bone.The corresponding bone in the lower leg is the tibia.","title":"Radius (bone)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_radius.stl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Full_Anterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Full_Posterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Full_Medial_View_of_Right_Radius.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Full_Lateral_View_of_Right_Radius.png"},{"link_name":"medullary cavity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_cavity"},{"link_name":"compact bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_bone"},{"link_name":"trabeculae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabeculae"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"radial aplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_aplasia"},{"link_name":"upper extremity of the radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_extremity_of_radius"},{"link_name":"radial tuberosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_tuberosity"},{"link_name":"body of the radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_radius"},{"link_name":"lower extremity of the radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_extremity_of_radius"},{"link_name":"ulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna"},{"link_name":"scaphoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaphoid"},{"link_name":"lunate bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunate_bone"},{"link_name":"styloid process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_styloid_process"},{"link_name":"Lister's tubercle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lister%27s_tubercle"},{"link_name":"proximal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximal_radioulnar_articulation"},{"link_name":"distal radioulnar articulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_radioulnar_articulation"},{"link_name":"interosseous membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_forearm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radius_Anteiror_Proximal.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Posterior_Radius_Proximal.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radius_Anteiror_Distal_01.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radius_Posterior_Distal.png"}],"text":"3D model.Full anterior view of right radiusFull posterior view of right radiusFull medial view of right radiusFull lateral view of right radiusThe long narrow medullary cavity is enclosed in a strong wall of compact bone. It is thickest along the interosseous border and thinnest at the extremities, same over the cup-shaped articular surface (fovea) of the head.The trabeculae of the spongy tissue are somewhat arched at the upper end and pass upward from the compact layer of the shaft to the fovea capituli (the humerus's cup-shaped articulatory notch); they are crossed by others parallel to the surface of the fovea. The arrangement at the lower end is somewhat similar. It is missing in radial aplasia.The radius has a body and two extremities. The upper extremity of the radius consists of a somewhat cylindrical head articulating with the ulna and the humerus, a neck, and a radial tuberosity. The body of the radius is self-explanatory, and the lower extremity of the radius is roughly quadrilateral in shape, with articular surfaces for the ulna, scaphoid and lunate bones. The distal end of the radius forms two palpable points, radially the styloid process and Lister's tubercle on the ulnar side. Along with the proximal and distal radioulnar articulations, an interosseous membrane originates medially along the length of the body of the radius to attach the radius to the ulna.[1]Anterior and posterior view of radius bone - labelled.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpal_bones"},{"link_name":"ulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna"},{"link_name":"scaphoid bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaphoid_bone"},{"link_name":"lunate bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunate_bone"},{"link_name":"ulnar notch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_notch"},{"link_name":"volar radiocarpal ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volar_radiocarpal_ligament"},{"link_name":"dorsal radiocarpal ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_radiocarpal_ligament"},{"link_name":"extensor carpi radialis longus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus_muscle"},{"link_name":"extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis_muscle"},{"link_name":"extensor pollicis longus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle"},{"link_name":"extensor indicis proprius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_indicis_proprius"},{"link_name":"extensor digitorum communis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_communis"},{"link_name":"radial collateral ligament of wrist joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_collateral_ligament_of_wrist_joint"},{"link_name":"abductor pollicis longus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus"},{"link_name":"extensor pollicis brevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis"}],"sub_title":"Near the wrist","text":"The distal end of the radius is large and of quadrilateral form.Joint surfacesIt is provided with two articular surfaces – one below, for the carpus, and another at the medial side, for the ulna.The carpal articular surface is triangular, concave, smooth, and divided by a slight antero-posterior ridge into two parts. Of these, the lateral, triangular, articulates with the scaphoid bone; the medial, quadrilateral, with the lunate bone.\nThe articular surface for the ulna is called the ulnar notch (sigmoid cavity) of the radius; it is narrow, concave, smooth, and articulates with the head of the ulna.These two articular surfaces are separated by a prominent ridge, to which the base of the triangular articular disk is attached; this disk separates the wrist-joint from the distal radioulnar articulation.Other surfacesThis end of the bone has three non-articular surfaces – volar, dorsal, and lateral.The volar surface, rough and irregular, affords attachment to the volar radiocarpal ligament.\nThe dorsal surface is convex, affords attachment to the dorsal radiocarpal ligament, and is marked by three grooves. Enumerated from the lateral side:\nThe first groove is broad, but shallow, and subdivided into two by a slight ridge: the lateral of these two, transmits the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle; the medial, the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle.\nThe second is deep but narrow, and bounded laterally by a sharply defined ridge; it is directed obliquely from above downward and lateralward, and transmits the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus muscle.\nThe third is broad, for the passage of the tendons of the extensor indicis proprius and extensor digitorum communis.\nThe lateral surface is prolonged obliquely downward into a strong, conical projection, the styloid process, which gives attachment by its base to the tendon of the brachioradialis, and by its apex to the radial collateral ligament of wrist joint. The lateral surface of this process is marked by a flat groove, for the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus muscle and extensor pollicis brevis muscle.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tuberosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_tuberosity"},{"link_name":"styloid process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_styloid_process"},{"link_name":"volar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Hands_and_feet"},{"link_name":"flexor digitorum superficialis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle"},{"link_name":"flexor pollicis longus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle"},{"link_name":"supinator muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supinator_muscle"},{"link_name":"pronator quadratus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronator_quadratus_muscle"},{"link_name":"dorsal carpal ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_retinaculum_of_the_hand"},{"link_name":"brachioradialis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachioradialis_muscle"},{"link_name":"styloid process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_styloid_process"},{"link_name":"tuberosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_tuberosity"},{"link_name":"ulnar notch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_notch_of_the_radius"},{"link_name":"interosseous membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interosseous_membrane"},{"link_name":"pronator quadratus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronator_quadratus_muscle"},{"link_name":"syndesmosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndesmosis"},{"link_name":"flexor pollicis longus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle"},{"link_name":"Pronator quadratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronator_quadratus_muscle"},{"link_name":"volar radiocarpal ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmar_radiocarpal_ligament"},{"link_name":"Supinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supinator_muscle"},{"link_name":"Abductor pollicis longus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle"},{"link_name":"extensor pollicis brevis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis_muscle"},{"link_name":"supinator muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supinator_muscle"},{"link_name":"pronator teres muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronator_teres_muscle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"abductor pollicis longus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle"},{"link_name":"extensor pollicis brevis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis_muscle"}],"sub_title":"Body","text":"The body of the radius (or shaft of radius) is prismoid in form, narrower above than below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward. It presents three borders and three surfaces.BordersThe volar border (margo volaris; anterior border; palmar;) extends from the lower part of the tuberosity above to the anterior part of the base of the styloid process below, and separates the volar from the lateral surface. Its upper third is prominent, and from its oblique direction has received the name of the oblique line of the radius; it gives origin to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (also flexor digitorum sublimis) and flexor pollicis longus muscle; the surface above the line gives insertion to part of the supinator muscle. The middle third of the volar border is indistinct and rounded. The lower fourth is prominent, and gives insertion to the pronator quadratus muscle, and attachment to the dorsal carpal ligament; it ends in a small tubercle, into which the tendon of the brachioradialis muscle is inserted.The dorsal border (margo dorsalis; posterior border) begins above at the back of the neck, and ends below at the posterior part of the base of the styloid process; it separates the posterior from the lateral surface. is indistinct above and below, but well-marked in the middle third of the bone.The interosseous border (internal border; crista interossea; interosseous crest;) begins above, at the back part of the tuberosity, and its upper part is rounded and indistinct; it becomes sharp and prominent as it descends, and at its lower part divides into two ridges which are continued to the anterior and posterior margins of the ulnar notch. To the posterior of the two ridges the lower part of the interosseous membrane is attached, while the triangular surface between the ridges gives insertion to part of the pronator quadratus muscle. This crest separates the volar from the dorsal surface, and gives attachment to the interosseous membrane. The connection between the two bones is actually a joint referred to as a syndesmosis joint.SurfacesThe volar surface (facies volaris; anterior surface) is concave in its upper three-fourths, and gives origin to the flexor pollicis longus muscle; it is broad and flat in its lower fourth, and affords insertion to the Pronator quadratus. A prominent ridge limits the insertion of the Pronator quadratus below, and between this and the inferior border is a triangular rough surface for the attachment of the volar radiocarpal ligament. At the junction of the upper and middle thirds of the volar surface is the nutrient foramen, which is directed obliquely upward.The dorsal surface (facies dorsalis; posterior surface) is convex, and smooth in the upper third of its extent, and covered by the Supinator. Its middle third is broad, slightly concave, and gives origin to the Abductor pollicis longus above, and the extensor pollicis brevis muscle below. Its lower third is broad, convex, and covered by the tendons of the muscles which subsequently run in the grooves on the lower end of the bone.The lateral surface (facies lateralis; external surface) is convex throughout its entire extent and is known as the convexity of the radius, curving outwards to be convex at the side. Its upper third gives insertion to the supinator muscle. About its center is a rough ridge, for the insertion of the pronator teres muscle.[2] Its lower part is narrow, and covered by the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus muscle and extensor pollicis brevis muscle.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capitulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"radial notch of the ulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_notch_of_the_ulna"},{"link_name":"annular ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annular_ligament_of_radius"},{"link_name":"supinator muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supinator_muscle"},{"link_name":"radial tuberosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_tuberosity"},{"link_name":"biceps brachii muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biceps_brachii"},{"link_name":"bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"link_name":"tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon"}],"sub_title":"Near the elbow","text":"The upper extremity of the radius (or proximal extremity) presents a head, neck, and tuberosity.The radial head has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum (or capitellum) of the humerus. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the annular ligament. The deepest point in the fovea is not axi-symmetric with the long axis of the radius, creating a cam effect during pronation and supination.\nThe head is supported on a round, smooth, and constricted portion called the neck, on the back of which is a slight ridge for the insertion of part of the supinator muscle.\nBeneath the neck, on the medial side, is an eminence, the radial tuberosity; its surface is divided into a posterior, rough portion, for the insertion of the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle, and an anterior, smooth portion, on which a bursa is interposed between the tendon and the bone.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ossified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossified"},{"link_name":"fetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"epiphysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphysis"},{"link_name":"radial tuberosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_tuberosity"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The radius is ossified from three centers: one for the body, and one for each extremity. That for the body makes its appearance near the center of the bone, during the eighth week of fetal life.Ossification commences in the lower end between 9 and 26 months of age.[citation needed] The ossification center for the upper end appears by the fifth year.The upper epiphysis fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty.An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biceps"},{"link_name":"radial tuberosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_tuberosity"},{"link_name":"supinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supinator_muscle"},{"link_name":"flexor digitorum superficialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_superficialis"},{"link_name":"flexor pollicis longus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus"},{"link_name":"extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus"},{"link_name":"extensor primi internodii pollicis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis"},{"link_name":"pronator teres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronator_teres"},{"link_name":"pronator quadratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronator_quadratus"},{"link_name":"tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon"},{"link_name":"supinator longus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachioradialis"}],"sub_title":"Muscle attachments","text":"The biceps muscle inserts on the radial tuberosity of the upper extremity of the bone. The upper third of the body of the bone attaches to the supinator, the flexor digitorum superficialis, and the flexor pollicis longus muscles.\nThe middle third of the body attaches to the extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis, extensor primi internodii pollicis, and the pronator teres muscles.\nThe lower quarter of the body attaches to the pronator quadratus muscle and the tendon of the supinator longus.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radial aplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_aplasia"}],"text":"Radial aplasia refers to the congenital absence or shortness of the radius.","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pradialheadfrac.png"},{"link_name":"sail sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_pad_sign"},{"link_name":"fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture"},{"link_name":"elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow"},{"link_name":"fat pad sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_pad_sign"},{"link_name":"fat pad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_pad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forearm_fracture_-_Radius_fracture_2_--_Smart-Servier.png"},{"link_name":"Essex-Lopresti fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex-Lopresti_fracture"},{"link_name":"radial head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_radius"},{"link_name":"distal radio-ulnar joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_radioulnar_articulation"},{"link_name":"interosseous membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_the_forearm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeless-3"},{"link_name":"Distal radius fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_radius_fracture"},{"link_name":"Galeazzi fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeazzi_fracture"},{"link_name":"distal radioulnar joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_radioulnar_joint"},{"link_name":"Colles' fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colles%27_fracture"},{"link_name":"Smith's fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%27s_fracture"},{"link_name":"Barton's fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton%27s_fracture"},{"link_name":"intra-articular fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-articular_fracture"},{"link_name":"radiocarpal joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarpal_joint"}],"sub_title":"Fracture","text":"A subtle radial head fracture with associated positive sail signSpecific fracture types of the radius include:Proximal radius fracture. A fracture within the capsule of the elbow joint results in the fat pad sign or \"sail sign\" which is a displacement of the fat pad at the elbow.Illustration showing radius shaft fractureEssex-Lopresti fracture – a fracture of the radial head with concomitant dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint with disruption of the interosseous membrane.[3]\nRadial shaft fracture\nDistal radius fracture\nGaleazzi fracture – a fracture of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint\nColles' fracture – a distal fracture of the radius with dorsal (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand\nSmith's fracture – a distal fracture of the radius with volar (ventral) displacement of the wrist and hand\nBarton's fracture – an intra-articular fracture of the distal radius with dislocation of the radiocarpal joint.","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_(language)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"capitulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus"},{"link_name":"ulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna"},{"link_name":"ulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna"},{"link_name":"wrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"The word radius is Latin for \"ray\". In the context of the radius bone, a ray can be thought of rotating around an axis line extending diagonally[clarification needed] from center of capitulum to the center of distal ulna. While the ulna is the major contributor to the elbow joint, the radius primarily contributes to the wrist joint.[4]The radius is named so because the radius (bone) acts like the radius (of a circle). It rotates around the ulna and the far end (where it joins to the bones of the hand), known as the styloid process of the radius, is[clarification needed] the distance from the ulna (center of the circle) to the edge of the radius (the circle). The ulna acts as the center point to the circle because when the arm is rotated the ulna does not move.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tetrapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapods"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB-5"}],"text":"In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb. Its structure is similar in most terrestrial tetrapods, but it may be fused with the ulna in some mammals (such as horses) and reduced or modified in animals with flippers or vestigial forelimbs.[5]","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radius_Bone_and_Radius_of_a_circle_comparison.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radius_-_animation2.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radius4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radius3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radius2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radius.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radius_ant.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radius_post.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray213.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray214.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Posterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Posterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medial_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medial_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lateral_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png"}],"text":"Radius bone and radius of a circle comparison.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPosition of radius (shown in red).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRadius, styloid process - anterior view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRadius, ulnar notch - posterior view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRadius, radial head – posterior view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRadius, radial head – anterior view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRadius l. dx. – ant. view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRadius l. dx. – post. view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnterior surface of radius (at right)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPosterior surface of radius (at left)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPosterior view of right proximal radius\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPosterior view of right distal radius\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMedial view of right proximal radius\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMedial view of right distal radius\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLateral view of right distal radius\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnterior view of right distal radius\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnterior view of right proximal radius\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRadius bone anatomy","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"3D model.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Human_radius.stl/220px-Human_radius.stl.png"},{"image_text":"Full anterior view of right radius","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Full_Anterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png/220px-Full_Anterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png"},{"image_text":"Full posterior view of right radius","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Full_Posterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png/220px-Full_Posterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png"},{"image_text":"Full medial view of right radius","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Full_Medial_View_of_Right_Radius.png/220px-Full_Medial_View_of_Right_Radius.png"},{"image_text":"Full lateral view of right radius","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Full_Lateral_View_of_Right_Radius.png/220px-Full_Lateral_View_of_Right_Radius.png"},{"image_text":"A subtle radial head fracture with associated positive sail sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pradialheadfrac.png/220px-Pradialheadfrac.png"},{"image_text":"Illustration showing radius shaft fracture","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Forearm_fracture_-_Radius_fracture_2_--_Smart-Servier.png/250px-Forearm_fracture_-_Radius_fracture_2_--_Smart-Servier.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Clemente, Carmine D. (2007), Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the Human Body (5th ed.), Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","urls":[]},{"reference":"Moore, Keith; Anne Agur (2007). Essential Clinical Anatomy Third Edition. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 446. ISBN 978-0-7817-6274-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6274-8","url_text":"978-0-7817-6274-8"}]},{"reference":"Marieb, E., R.N., Ph.D; Mallatt, J., Ph.D. & Wilhelm, P., Ph.D. (2008), Human Anatomy (5th ed.), San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, p. 188","urls":[]},{"reference":"Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 199. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X","url_text":"0-03-910284-X"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011884","external_links_name":"D011884"},{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.4.05.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A02.4.05.001"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1210","external_links_name":"1210"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma23463","external_links_name":"23463"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/219/mode/2up","external_links_name":"page 219"},{"Link":"http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/essex_lopresti_fracture","external_links_name":"Essex Lopresti fracture"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12390271w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12390271w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560613805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85110812","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000296829&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A02.4.05.001","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvire	Elvire	["1 See also"]	Elvire is a given name. Notable people with the name include: Elvire de Brissac (born 1939), French novelist and biographer Elvire Gertosio (born 1948), French gymnast Elvire Murail (born 1958), French author and screenwriter Elvire Teza (born 1981), French gymnast See also Elvira Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elvire de Brissac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvire_de_Brissac"},{"link_name":"Elvire Gertosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvire_Gertosio"},{"link_name":"Elvire Murail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvire_Murail"},{"link_name":"Elvire Teza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvire_Teza"}],"text":"Elvire de Brissac (born 1939), French novelist and biographer\nElvire Gertosio (born 1948), French gymnast\nElvire Murail (born 1958), French author and screenwriter\nElvire Teza (born 1981), French gymnast","title":"Elvire"}]	[]	[{"title":"Elvira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvira"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Elvire&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Elvire&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner	Reinhold Messner	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Expeditions","3.1 Ascents above 8,000m","3.2 Other expeditions since 1970","4 Climbs","4.1 Nanga Parbat","4.2 Rupal Face 1970","4.3 Solo climb in 1978","4.4 Manaslu","4.5 Gasherbrum I","4.6 Mount Everest","4.7 K2","4.8 Shishapangma","4.9 Kangchenjunga","4.10 Gasherbrum II","4.11 Broad Peak","4.12 Cho Oyu","4.13 Annapurna","4.14 Dhaulagiri","4.15 Makalu","4.16 Lhotse","4.17 The Seven Summits","5 World-first records","6 Messner Mountain Museum","7 Political career","7.1 Electoral history","8 Personal life","9 In media","10 See also","11 References","12 Selected bibliography (English translations)","13 Sources","14 Further reading","15 External links","16 Interviews"]	Italian mountaineer, adventurer and explorer (born 1944) ‹ The template Infobox climber is being considered for merging. › Reinhold MessnerMessner in 2024Personal informationNationalityItalianBorn (1944-09-17) 17 September 1944 (age 79)Brixen (Bressanone), South Tyrol, ItalyWebsiteOfficial websiteClimbing careerKnown forFirst to climb all 14 eight-thousanders, first to climb all 14 eight-thousanders without supplemental oxygen, and first to climb Mount Everest without supplemental oxygenFirst ascents Agnér northeast face Nanga Parbat Rupal face Heiligkreuzkofel middle pillar Marmolada south face Yerupaja east face Yerupaja Chico Major ascentsFirst solo ascent of Mount Everest and first ascent without supplemental oxygen Reinhold Andreas Messner (German: ; born 17 September 1944) is an Italian climber, explorer, and author from South Tyrol. He made the first solo ascent of Mount Everest and, along with Peter Habeler, the first ascent of Everest without supplemental oxygen. He was the first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders, doing so without supplementary oxygen. Messner was the first to cross Antarctica and Greenland with neither snowmobiles nor dog sleds and also crossed the Gobi Desert alone. He is widely considered to be the greatest mountaineer of all time. From 1999 to 2004, Messner served as a member of the European Parliament for north-east Italy, as a member of the Federation of the Greens. Messner has published more than 80 books about his experiences as a climber and explorer. In 2010, he received the 2nd Piolet d'Or Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2018, he received jointly with Krzysztof Wielicki the Princess of Asturias Award in the category of Sports. Early life and education Reinhold Messner in June 2002 Messner was born to a German-speaking family in St. Peter, Villnöß, near Brixen in the South Tyrol, which is part of Italy. According to his sister, his delivery was difficult as he was a large baby and the birth took place during an air raid. His mother Maria (1913–1995) was the daughter of a shop owner and 4 years older than her husband. His father Josef (1917–1985) was drafted to serve the German army and participated in World War II on the Russian front. After the war, he was an auxiliary teacher until 1957, when he became the director of the local school. Messner was the second of nine children – Helmut (born 1943), Günther (1946–1970), Erich (born 1948), Waltraud (born 1949), Siegfried (1950–1985), Hubert (born 1953), Hansjörg (born 1955) and Werner (born 1957), and grew up in modest means. Messner spent his early years climbing in the Alps and falling in love with the Dolomites. His father was strict and sometimes severe with him. He led Reinhold to his first summit at the age of five. When Messner was 13, he began climbing with his brother Günther, age 11. By the time Reinhold and Günther were in their early twenties, they were among Europe's best climbers. Since the 1960s, Messner, inspired by Hermann Buhl, was one of the first and most enthusiastic supporters of alpine style mountaineering in the Himalayas, which consisted of climbing with very light equipment and a minimum of external help. Messner considered the usual expedition style (which he dubbed "siege tactics") disrespectful toward nature and mountains. Career Before his first major Himalayan climb in 1970, Messner had made a name for himself mainly through his achievements in the Alps. Between 1960 and 1964, he led over 500 ascents, most of them in the Dolomites. In 1965, he climbed a new direttissima route on the north face of the Ortler. A year later, he climbed the Walker Spur on the Grandes Jorasses and ascended the Rocchetta Alta di Bosconero. In 1967, he made the first ascent of the northeast face of the Agnér and the first winter ascents of the Agnér north face and Furchetta north face. In 1968, he achieved further firsts: the Heiligkreuzkofel middle pillar and the direct south face of the Marmolada. In 1969, Messner joined an Andes expedition, during which he succeeded, together with Peter Habeler, in making the first ascent of the Yerupaja east face up to the summit ridge and, a few days later, the first ascent of the 6,121-metre-high (20,082 ft) Yerupaja Chico. He also made the first solo ascent of the Droites north face, the Philipp-Flamm intersection on the Civetta and the south face of Marmolada di Rocca. As a result, Messner won the reputation of being one of the best climbers in Europe. In 1970, Messner was invited to join a major Himalayan expedition that was going to attempt the unclimbed Rupal face of Nanga Parbat. The expedition, which was the major turning point in his life, turned out to be a tragic success. Both he and his brother Günther reached the summit but Günther died two days later on the descent of the Diamir face. Reinhold lost seven toes, which had become badly frostbitten during the climb and required amputation. Reinhold was severely criticized for persisting on this climb with the less experienced Günther. The 2010 movie Nanga Parbat by Joseph Vilsmaier is based on his account of the events. While Messner and Peter Habeler were noted for fast ascents in the Alps of the Eiger North Wall, standard route (10 hours) and Les Droites (8 hours), his 1975 Gasherbrum I first ascent of a new route took three days. This was unheard of at the time. In the 1970s, Messner championed the cause for ascending Mount Everest without supplementary oxygen, saying that he would do it "by fair means" or not at all. In 1978, he reached the summit of Everest with Habeler. This was the first time anyone had been that high without supplemental oxygen and Messner and Habeler achieved what certain doctors, specialists, and mountaineers thought impossible. He repeated the feat, without Habeler, from the Tibetan side in 1980, during the monsoon season. This was Everest's first solo summit. Location of the eight-thousanders In 1978, he made a solo ascent of the Diamir face of Nanga Parbat. In 1986, Messner became the first to complete all fourteen eight-thousanders (peaks over 8,000 metres above sea level). Messner has crossed Antarctica on skis, together with fellow explorer Arved Fuchs. He has written over 80 books about his experiences, a quarter of which have been translated. He was featured in the 1984 film The Dark Glow of the Mountains by Werner Herzog. From 1999 to 2004, he held political office as a Member of the European Parliament for the Italian Green Party (Federazione dei Verdi). He was also among the founders of Mountain Wilderness, an international NGO dedicated to the protection of mountains worldwide. In 2004 he completed a 2,000-kilometre (1,200 mi) expedition through the Gobi desert. In 2006, he founded the Messner Mountain Museum. Expeditions Ascents above 8,000m Messner was the first person to climb all fourteen eight-thousanders in the world and without supplemental oxygen. His climbs were also all amongst the first 20 ascents for each mountain individually. Specifically, these are: Year Peak Remarks 1970 Nanga Parbat (8,125 m or 26,657 feet) First ascent of the unclimbed Rupal Face and first traverse of the mountain by descending along the unexplored Diamir Face with his brother Günther. Prior to this ascent, Messner had not previously visited the Greater Ranges and the greatest altitude he had been to was on the expedition to the Andes in 1969. 1972 Manaslu (8,163 m or 26,781 feet) First ascent of the unclimbed South-West Face and first ascent of Manaslu without supplemental oxygen. 1975 Gasherbrum I (8,080 m or 26,510 feet) First ascent without supplemental oxygen with Peter Habeler. 1978 Mount Everest (8,848 m or 29,029 feet), Nanga Parbat (8,125 m or 26,657 feet) First ascent of Everest without supplementary oxygen (with Peter Habeler).Nanga Parbat: first solo ascent of an eight-thousander from base camp. He established a new route on the Diamir Face, which has since then never been repeated. 1979 K2 (8,611 m or 28,251 feet) Ascent partially in alpine style with Michael Dacher on the Abruzzi Spur. 1980 Mount Everest (8,848 m or 29,029 feet) First to ascend alone and without supplementary oxygen – from base camp to summit – during the monsoon. He established a new route on the North Face. 1981 Shishapangma (8,027 m or 26,335 feet) Ascent with Friedl Mutschlechner. 1982 Kangchenjunga (8,586 m or 28,169 feet), Gasherbrum II (8,034 m or 26,358 feet), Broad Peak (8,051 m or 26,414 feet) New route on Kangchenjunga's North Face, partially in alpine style with Friedl Mutschlechner.Gasherbrum II and Broad Peak: Both ascents with Sher Khan and Nazir Sabir.Messner becomes the first person to climb three 8000er in one season.Also a failed summit attempt on Cho Oyu during winter. 1983 Cho Oyu (8,188 m or 26,864 feet) Ascent with Hans Kammerlander and Michael Dacher on a partially new route. 1984 Gasherbrum I (8,080 m or 26,510 feet), Gasherbrum II (8,034 m or 26,358 feet) First traverse of two eight-thousanders without returning to base camp (with Hans Kammerlander). 1985 Annapurna (8,091 m or 26,545 feet), Dhaulagiri (8,167 m or 26,795 feet) First ascent of Annapurna's unclimbed North-West Face.Both ascents with Hans Kammerlander. 1986 Makalu (8,485 m or 27,838 feet), Lhotse (8,516 m or 27,940 feet) Makalu: Ascent with Hans Kammerlander and Friedl Mutschlechner, Lhotse: Ascent with Hans Kammerlander.Messner becomes the first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders. Other expeditions since 1970 Reinhold Messner in 1985 in Pamir Mountains. 1971 – Journeys to the mountains of Persia, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan and East Africa; 1972 – Noshak (7,492 m or 24,580 feet) in the Hindu Kush; 1973 – Marmolada West Pillar, first climb; Furchetta West Face, first climb; 1974 – Aconcagua south wall (6,959 m or 22,831 feet), partially new "South Tyrol Route"; Eiger North Face with Peter Habeler in 10 hours (a record that stood for 34 years, for a roped party); 1976 – Mount McKinley (6,193 m or 20,318 feet), "Face of the Midnight Sun", first climb; 1978 – Kilimanjaro (5,895 m or 19,341 feet), "Breach Wall", first climb; 1979 – Ama Dablam rescue attempt; first climbs in the Hoggar Mountains, Africa; 1981 – Chamlang (7,317 m or 24,006 feet) Centre Summit-North Face, first climb; 1984 – Double-Traverse of Gasherbrum II and I with Hans Kammerlander; 1985 – Tibet Transversale with Kailash exploration; 1986 – Crossing of East Tibet; Mount Vinson (4,897 m or 16,066 feet, Antarctic), on 3 December 1986, thus becoming the first person to complete Seven Summits without the use of supplemental oxygen on Mount Everest; 1987 – Bhutan trip; Pamir trip; 1988 – Yeti-Tibet solo expedition; 1989–1990 – Antarctic crossing (over the South Pole) on foot, 2,800-kilometre (1,700-mile) trek with Arved Fuchs; 1991 – Bhutan crossing (east-west); "Around South Tyrol" as a positioning exercise, where he was peripherally involved in the Ötzi find, being among the groups who inspected the mummy on-site the day after its initial discovery; 1992 – Ascent of Chimborazo (6,310 m or 20,700 feet); crossing of Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang; 1993 – Trip to Dolpo, Mustang and Manang in Nepal; Greenland longitudinal crossing (diagonal) on foot, 2,200-kilometre (1,400-mile) trek; 1994 – Cleaning project in North India/Gangotri, Shivling region (6,543 m or 21,467 feet); to Ruwenzori (5,119 m or 16,795 feet), Uganda; 1995 – Arctic crossing (Siberia to Canada) failed; trip to Belukha (4,506 m or 14,783 feet), Altai Mountains/Siberia; 1996 – Trip through East Tibet and to Kailash. 1997 – Trip to Kham (East Tibet); small expedition into Karakoram; filming on the Ol Doinyo Lengai (holy mountain of the Maasai) in Tanzania 1998 – Trip to the Altai Mountains (Mongolia) and to Puna de Atacama (Andes) 1999 – Filming: San Francisco Peaks, Arizona (Holy mountain of Navajo); trip into the Thar Desert/India 2000 – Crossing of South Georgia on the Shackleton Route; Nanga Parbat Expedition; filming on Mount Fuji/Japan for the ZDF series Wohnungen der Götter (~"Homes of the Gods") 2001 – Dharamsala and foothills of the Himalayas/India; ZDF series Wohnungen der Götter on Gunung Agung/Bali 2002 – In the "International Year of the Mountains" visit by mountaineers into the Andes and ascent of Cotopaxi (5,897 m or 19,347 feet), Ecuador 2003 – Trekking to Mount Everest (fiftieth anniversary of the first successful climb); trip to Franz Joseph Land/Arctic; on 1 October opening of the "Günther Mountain School" in the Diamir Valley on Nanga Parbat/Pakistan 2004 – Longitudinal crossing of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia) on foot, about 2,000-kilometre (1,200-mile) trek 2005 – Trip to the Dyva Nomads in Mongolia; "time journey" around Nanga Parbat/Pakistan Climbs Nanga Parbat Reinhold Messner took a total of five expeditions to Nanga Parbat. In 1970 and 1978 he reached the summit (in 1978 solo); in 1971, 1973 and 1977, he did not. In 1971 he was primarily looking for his brother's remains. Rupal Face 1970 Rupal face of Nanga Parbat. In May and June 1970, Messner took part in the Nanga Parbat South Face expedition led by Karl Herrligkoffer , the objective of which was to climb the as yet unclimbed Rupal Face, the highest rock and ice face in the world. Messner's brother, Günther, was also a member of the team. On the morning of 27 June, Messner was of the view that the weather would deteriorate rapidly, and set off alone from the last high-altitude camp. Surprisingly his brother climbed after him and caught up to him before the summit. By late afternoon, both had reached the summit of the mountain and had to pitch an emergency bivouac shelter without tent, sleeping bags and stoves because darkness was closing in. The events that followed have been the subject of years of legal actions and disputes between former expedition members, and have still not been finally resolved. What is known now is that Reinhold and Günther Messner descended the Diamir Face, thereby achieving the first traverse of Nanga Parbat and second traverse of an eight-thousander after Mount Everest in 1963. Reinhold arrived in the valley six days later with severe frostbite, but survived. His brother, Günther, however died on the Diamir Face—according to Reinhold Messner on the same descent, during which they became further and further separated from each other. As a result, the time, place and exact cause of death is unknown. Messner said his brother had been swept away by an avalanche. In June 2005, after an unusual heat wave on the mountain, the body of his brother was recovered on the Diamir Face, which seems to support Messner's account of how Günther died. The drama was turned into a film Nanga Parbat (2010) by Joseph Vilsmaier, based on the memories of Reinhold Messner and without participation from the other former members of the expedition. Released in January 2010 in cinemas, the film was criticised by the other members of the team for telling only one side of the story. Because of severe frostbite, especially on his feet—seven toes were amputated—Messner was not able to climb quite as well on rock after the 1970 expedition. He therefore turned his attention to higher mountains, where there was much more ice. Solo climb in 1978 On 9 August 1978, after three unsuccessful expeditions, Messner reached the summit of Nanga Parbat again via the Diamir Face. Manaslu In 1972, Messner succeeded in climbing Manaslu on what was then the unknown south face of the mountain, of which there were not even any pictures. From the last high-altitude camp he climbed with Frank Jäger, who turned back before reaching the summit. Shortly after Messner reached the summit, the weather changed and heavy fog and snow descended. Initially Messner became lost on the way down, but later, heading into the storm, found his way back to the camp, where Horst Fankhauser and Andi Schlick were waiting for him and Jäger. Jäger did not return, although his cries were heard from the camp. Orientation had become too difficult. Fankhauser and Schlick began to search for him that evening, but lost their way and sought shelter at first in a snow cave. Messner himself was no longer in a position to help the search. The following day, only Horst Fankhauser returned. Andi Schlick had left the snow cave during the night and disappeared. Thus, the expedition had to mourn the loss of two climbers. Messner was later criticised for having allowed Jäger go back down the mountain alone. Gasherbrum I Together with Peter Habeler, Messner made a second ascent of Gasherbrum I on 10 August 1975, becoming the first man ever to climb more than two eight-thousanders. It was the first time a mountaineering expedition succeeded in scaling an eight-thousander using alpine style climbing. Until that point, all fourteen 8000-meter peaks had been summitted using the expedition style, though Hermann Buhl had earlier advocated "West Alpine Style" (similar to "capsule" style, with a smaller group relying on minimal fixed ropes). Messner reached the summit again in 1984, this time together with Hans Kammerlander. This was achieved as part of a double ascent where, for the first time, two eight-thousander peaks (Gasherbrum I and II) were climbed without returning to base camp. Again, this was done in alpine style, i.e. without the pre-location of stores. Filmmaker Werner Herzog accompanied the climbers along the 150-kilometre (93 mi) approach to base camp, interviewing them extensively about why they were making the climb, if they could say; they could not. Messner became emotional on camera when he recalled having to tell his mother about his brother's death. It took a week for the two climbers to summit both peaks and return to camp, after which Herzog interviewed them again. His documentary, The Dark Glow of the Mountains, with some footage the two climbers shot during the expedition on portable cameras, was released the following year. Mount Everest Mount Everest north face. On 8 May 1978, Messner and Habeler reached the summit of Mount Everest, becoming the first men to climb it without using supplemental oxygen. Before this ascent, it was disputed whether this was possible at all. Messner and Habeler were members of an expedition led by Wolfgang Nairz along the southeast ridge to the summit. Also on this expedition was Reinhard Karl, the first German to reach the summit, albeit with the aid of supplemental oxygen. Two years later, on 20 August 1980, Messner again stood atop the highest mountain in the world, without supplementary oxygen. For this solo climb, he chose the northeast ridge to the summit, where he crossed above the North Col in the North Face to the Norton Couloir and became the first man to climb through this steep gorge to the summit. Messner decided spontaneously during the ascent to use this route to bypass the exposed northeast ridge. Before this solo ascent, he had not set up a camp on the mountain. K2 K2 seen from Concordia. For 1979, Messner was planning to climb K2 on a new direct route through the South Face, which he called the "Magic Line". Headed by Messner, the small expedition consisted of six climbers: Italians Alessandro Gogna, Friedl Mutschlechner and Renato Casarotto; the Austrian, Robert Schauer; and Germans Michael Dacher, journalist, Jochen Hölzgen, and doctor Ursula Grether, who was injured during the approach and had to be carried to Askole by Messner and Mutschlechner. Because of avalanche danger on the original route and time lost on the approach, they decided to climb via the Abruzzi Spur. The route was equipped with fixed ropes and high-altitude camps, but no hauling equipment (Hochträger) or bottled oxygen was used. On 12 July, Messner and Dacher reached the summit; then the weather deteriorated and attempts by other members of the party failed. Shishapangma During his stay in Tibet as part of his Everest solo attempt, Messner explored Shishapangma. A year later, Messner, with Friedel Mutschlechner, Oswald Oelz, and Gerd Baur, set up a base camp on the north side. On 28 May, Messner and Mutschlechner reached the summit in very bad weather; part of the climb involving ski mountaineering. Kangchenjunga Kangchenjunga. In 1982, Messner wanted to become the first climber ever to scale three eight-thousanders in one year. He planned to climb Kangchenjunga, then Gasherbrum II and Broad Peak. Messner chose a new variation of the route up the north face. Because there was still a lot of snow, Messner and Mutschlechner made very slow progress. In addition, the difficulty of the climb forced the two mountaineers to use fixed ropes. Finally, on 6 May, Messner and Mutschlechner stood on the summit. There, Mutschlechner suffered frostbite to his hands, and later to his feet as well. While bivouacking during the descent, the tent tore away from Mutschlechner and Messner, and Messner also fell ill. He was suffering from amoebic liver abscess, making him very weak. He made it back to base camp only with Mutschlechner's help. Gasherbrum II After his ascent of Kangchenjunga, Mutschlechner flew back to Europe because his frostbite had to be treated and Messner needed rest. Thus the three mountains could not be climbed as planned. Messner was cured of his amoebic liver abscess and then travelled to Gasherbrum II, but could not use the new routes as planned. In any case, his climbing partners, Sher Khan and Nazir Sabir, would not have been strong enough. Nevertheless, all three reached the summit on 24 July in a storm. During the ascent, Messner discovered the body of a previously missing Austrian mountaineer, whom he buried two years later at the G I – G II traverse. Broad Peak Broad Peak. In 1982, Messner scaled Broad Peak, his third eight-thousander. At the time, he was the only person with a permit to climb this mountain; he came across Jerzy Kukuczka and Wojciech Kurtyka, who had permits to climb K2, but used its geographic proximity to climb Broad Peak illegally. In early descriptions of the ascent, Messner omitted this encounter, but he referred to it several years later. On 2 August, Messner was reunited with Nazir Sabir and Khan again on the summit. The three mountaineers had decamped and made for Broad Peak immediately after their ascent of Gasherbrum II. The climb was carried out with a variation from the normal route at the start. Cho Oyu In the winter of 1982–83, Messner attempted the first winter ascent of Cho Oyu. He reached an altitude of about 7,500 m (24,600 feet), when great masses of snow forced him to turn back. This expedition was his first with Hans Kammerlander. A few months later, on 5 May, he reached the summit via a partially new route together with Kammerlander and Michael Dacher. Annapurna In 1985, Messner topped out on Annapurna. Using a new route on the northwest face, he reached the summit with Kammerlander on 24 April. Also on the expedition were Reinhard Patscheider, Reinhard Schiestl and Swami Prem Darshano, who did not reach the summit. During Messner and Kammerlander's ascent, the weather was bad and they had to be assisted by the other three expedition members during the descent due to heavy snowfall. Dhaulagiri Messner's attempt on the summit in 1977 failed on Dhaulagiri's South Face. Messner had already attempted Dhaulagiri in 1977 and 1984, unsuccessfully. In 1985 he finally summited. He climbed with Kammerlander up the normal route along the northeast ridge. After only three days of climbing they stood on the summit in a heavy storm on 15 May. Makalu Messner tried climbing Makalu four times. He failed in 1974 and 1981 on the South Face of the south-east ridge. In winter 1985–1986 he attempted the first winter ascent of Makalu via the normal route. Even this venture did not succeed. Not until February 2009 was Makalu successfully climbed in winter by Denis Urubko and Simone Moro. In 1986, Messner returned and succeeded in reaching the summit using the normal route with Kammerlander and Mutschlechner. Although they had turned back twice during this expedition, they made the summit on the third attempt on 26 September. During this expedition, Messner witnessed the death of Marcel Rüedi, for whom the Makalu was his 9th eight-thousander. Rüedi was on the way back from the summit and was seen by Messner and the other climbers on the descent. Although he was making slow progress, he appeared to be safe. The tea for his reception had already been boiled when Rüedi disappeared behind a snow ridge and did not reappear. He was found dead a short time later. Lhotse Messner climbed his last normal route. Messner and Kammerlander had to contend with a strong wind in the summit area. To reach the summit that year and before winter broke, they took a direct helicopter flight from the Makalu base camp to the Lhotse base camp. Thus Messner became the first person to climb all eight-thousanders. Since this ascent, Messner has never climbed another eight-thousander. In 1989, Messner led a European expedition to the South Face of the mountain. The aim was to forge a path up the as-yet-unclimbed face. Messner himself did not want to climb any more. The expedition was unsuccessful. The Seven Summits In 1985 Richard Bass first postulated and achieved the mountaineering challenge Seven Summits, climbing the highest peaks of each of the seven continents. Messner suggested another list (the Messner or Carstensz list) replacing Mount Kosciuszko with Indonesia's Puncak Jaya, or Carstensz Pyramid (4,884 m or 16,024 feet). From a mountaineering point of view the Messner list is the more challenging one. Climbing Carstensz Pyramid has the character of an expedition, whereas the ascent of Kosciuszko is an easy hike. In May 1986 Pat Morrow became the first person to complete the Messner list, followed by Messner himself when he climbed Mount Vinson in December 1986 to become the second. World-first records Messner is listed nine times in the Guinness Book of Records. All of his achievements are classed as "World's Firsts" (or "Historical Firsts"). A "World's First" is the highest category of any Guinness World Record, meaning the ownership of the title never expires. As of 2021, Messner is the second highest record holder of "World's Firsts" (after Icelandic oceanic rower Fiann Paul, who has 13). Messner's world firsts are: First ascent of Manaslu without supplementary oxygen First solo summit of Everest First ascent of Everest and K2 without supplementary oxygen First ascent of the top three highest mountains without supplementary oxygen First 8,000-metre mountain hat-trick First person to climb all 8,000-metre mountains without supplementary oxygen First person to climb all 8,000-metre mountains First ascent of Everest without supplementary oxygen First ascent of Gasherbrum I without supplementary oxygen Messner Mountain Museum Main article: Messner Mountain Museum Messner Mountain Museum in Monte Rite, Dolomites. In 2003 Messner started work on a project for a mountaineering museum. On 11 June 2006, the Messner Mountain Museum (MMM) opened, a museum that unites within one museum the stories of the growth and decline of mountains, culture in the Himalayan region and the history of South Tyrol. The MMM consists of five or six locations: MMM Firmian at Sigmundskron Castle near Bozen is the centerpiece of the museum and concentrates on man's relationship with the mountains. Surrounded by peaks from the Schlern and the Texel range, the MMM Firmian provides visitors with a series of pathways, stairways, and towers containing displays that focus on the geology of the mountains, the religious significance of mountains in the lives of people, and the history of mountaineering and alpine tourism. The so-called white tower is dedicated to the history of the village and the struggle for the independence of South Tyrol. MMM Juval at Juval Castle in the Burggrafenamt in Vinschgau is dedicated to the "magic of the mountains", with an emphasis on mystical mountains, such as Mount Kailash or Ayers Rock and their religious significance. MMM Juval houses several art collections. MMM Dolomites, known as the Museum in the Clouds, is located at Monte Rite (2,181 m or 7,156 feet) between Pieve di Cadore and Cortina d'Ampezzo. Housed in an old fort, this museum is dedicated to the subject of rocks, particularly in the Dolomites, with exhibits focusing on the history of the formation of the Dolomites. The summit observation platform offers a 360° panorama of the surrounding Dolomites, with views toward Monte Schiara, Monte Agnèr, Monte Civetta, Marmolada, Monte Pelmo, Tofana di Rozes, Sorapis, Antelao, Marmarole. MMM Ortles at Sulden on the Ortler is dedicated to the theme of ice. This underground structure is situated at 1,900 m (6,200 feet) and focuses on the history of mountaineering on ice and the great glaciers of the world. The museum contains the world's largest collection of paintings of the Ortler, as well as ice-climbing gear from two centuries. MMM Ripa at Brunico Castle in South Tyrol is dedicated to the mountain peoples from Asia, Africa, South America and Europe, with emphasis on their cultures, religions, and tourism activities. MMM Corones, opened in July 2015 on the top of the Kronplatz mountain (Plan de Corones in Italian), is dedicated to traditional climbing. Political career Reinhold MessnerMember of the European Parliamentfor North-East ItalyIn office20 July 1999 – 19 July 2004 Personal detailsBorn (1944-09-17) 17 September 1944 (age 79)Brixen, ItalyPolitical partyGreens of South TyrolOther politicalaffiliationsFederation of the Greens In 1999, Messner was elected Member of the European Parliament for the Federation of the Greens (FdV), the Italian green party, receiving more than 20,000 votes in the European election. He fully served his term until 2004, when he retired from politics. Messner was officially a member of South Tyrolean Greens, a regionalist and ecologist political party active only in South Tyrol, which de facto acts as a regional branch of the FdV. Electoral history Election House Constituency Party Votes Result 1999 European Parliament North-East Italy FdV 20,291 Y Elected Personal life From 1972 until 1977, Messner was married to Uschi Demeter. With his partner, Canadian photographer Nena Holguin, he has a daughter, Làyla Messner, born in 1981. On 31 July 2009, he married his long time girlfriend Sabine Stehle, a textile designer from Vienna, with whom he has three children. They divorced in 2019. In late May 2021, Messner married Diane Schumacher, a 41-year-old Luxembourgish woman living in Munich, at the town hall in Kastelbell-Tschars near his home in South Tyrol. In media The Dark Glow of the Mountains (Gasherbrum – Der leuchtende Berg), a 1985 Werner Herzog television documentary Portrait of a Snow Lion, a BBC/France3 1992 documentary on Messner; part 4 of the series The Climbers Messner, a 2002 feature documentary about Messner by Les Guthman Lissi und der wilde Kaiser, an animated comedy movie from 2007 by Michael Herbig that ends with a photo of the Yeti with his new buddy, Reinhold Messner Nanga Parbat, a 2010 film based on Messner's achievements The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner, a 1999 album by Ben Folds Five, unrelated to Messner 14 Peaks: Nothing Is Impossible, a 2021 Netflix documentary film about Nirmal Purja and his mountaineering team's world record breaking ascent of the 14 highest mountains in the world. Reinhold Messner provides commentary in several interview segments. The New York Times described his contribution to the film as "the alpine legend Reinhold Messner waxing beautifully existential". The Alpinist, a 2021 documentary film with commentary by Messner See also List of climbers References ^ Messner, Reinhold (1991). Antarctica: Both Heaven and Hell. ISBN 9780898863055. ^ Messner, Reinhold (2013). Gobi: Il deserto dentro di me (in Italian). ISBN 9788897173236. ^ "Reinhold Messner, greatest mountaineer on earth - Academy of achievement". Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "The 9 Best Mountaineers of All Time". Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "Why Reinhold Messner Is The Greatest Living Human". Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ Kratzer, Clemens (2012). "Messner – der Film". Alpin – das BergMagazin. 9: 9. ISSN 0177-3542. ^ Lisa Stocker (9 April 2009). "Waltraud Kastlunger und ihre Brüder". BRIGITTE-woman.de. ^ a b Alexander, Caroline (November 2006). "Murdering the Impossible". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 14 November 2006. ^ Messner, Reinhold (1979). Aufbruch ins Abenteuer. Der berühmteste Alpinist der Welt erzählt (in German). Bergisch Gladbach: Bastei Lübbe. pp. 122–133. ^ "Die Füße des Extrembergsteigers". Stern (in German). 3 November 2006. ^ Rhoads, Christopher (11 December 2003). "The controversy surrounding Reinhold Messner". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 February 2008. ^ Connolly, Kate (19 January 2010). "Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010. ^ Krakauer 1997. ^ Krakauer 1997, p. 153. ^ Krakauer 1997, p. 61. ^ "Reinhold Messner - Bücher". Reinhold-messner.de. Retrieved 11 February 2022. ^ Free Spirit: A Climber's Life. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 1998. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-89886-573-8. ^ Nairsz, Wolfgang (1974). "Manaslu 1972" (PDF). alpinejournal.org.uk. ^ a b c "General Info". 8000ers.com. ^ Moro, Simone (2016). Nanga: Fra rispetto e pazienza, come ho corteggiato la montagna che chiamavano assassina (in Italian). ISBN 9788817090230. ^ a b History of 7 Summits project – who was first? ^ "Nanga Parbat Body Ends Messner Controversy". Outdoors Magic. 19 August 2005. Retrieved 14 March 2014. ^ a b Connolly, Kate (19 January 2010). "Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Messner, Reinhold (2002). Überlebt – Alle 14 Achttausender mit Chronik (in German). Munich: BLV. ^ Messner, Reinhold; Gogna, Alessandro (1980). K2 – Berg der Berge (in German). Munich: BLV. ^ a b Messner, Reinhold (1983). Alle meine Gipfel (in German). Munich: Herbig. ^ Kammerlander, Hans (2001). Bergsüchtig (in German) (6 ed.). Munich: Piper. p. 81ff. ^ "Official Guinness Registry". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018. ^ Kunze, Thomas (8 July 2006). "Messners 15. Achttausender". Berliner Zeitung. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. ^ "MMM Firmian". Messner Mountain Museum. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014. ^ "MMM Juval". Messner Mountain Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014. ^ "MMM Dolomites". Messner Mountain Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014. ^ "MMM Ortles". Messner Mountain Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014. ^ "MMM Ripa". Messner Mountain Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014. ^ Federica Lusiardi. "Zaha Hadid's MMM Corones museum gazes at the mountains". Inexhibit. Retrieved 25 November 2015. ^ "Search for a Member; European Parliament". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ "Nena Holguin". Wiki Data. Retrieved 12 June 2020. ^ "Reinhold Messner trickste Neugierige aus: Einen Tag früher geheiratet". OÖNachrichten. OÖ. Online GmbH & Co.KG. 1 August 2009. ^ Messner sagt Ja, tageszeitung.it, 11 May 2021 ^ Who is Diane Schumacher, the future wife of Reinhold Messner, tipsforwomens.org, 12 May 2021 ^ Reden wir über Liebe, tageszeitung.it, 29 May 2021 (in German) ^ Unter der Haube, tageszeitung.it, 29 May 2021 ^ Reinhold Messner erneut verheiratet, orf.at, 29. Mai 2021 (in German) ^ "Portrait of a snow lion". MNTNFILM. Retrieved 27 October 2021. ^ "Messner". MNTNFILM. Retrieved 27 October 2021. ^ Kennedy, Lisa (1 December 2021). "'14 Peaks: Nothing Is Impossible' Review: Climbing at a Breakneck Pace". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021. Selected bibliography (English translations) The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 1989. ISBN 978-0-89886-574-5. Free Spirit: A Climber's Life. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 1998. ISBN 978-0-89886-573-8. All Fourteen 8,000ers. Mountaineers Books. 1999. ISBN 978-0-89886-660-5. My Quest for the Yeti: Confronting the Himalayas' Deepest Mystery. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-312-20394-8. The Big Walls: From the North Face of the Eiger to the South Face of Dhaulagiri. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 2001. ISBN 978-0-89886-844-9. Moving Mountains: Lessons on Life and Leadership. Provo: Executive Excellence. 2001. ISBN 978-1-890009-90-8. The Second Death of George Mallory: The Enigma and Spirit of Mount Everest. Translated by Carruthers, Tim. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 2002. ISBN 978-0-312-27075-9. The Naked Mountain. Seattle, WA, US: Mountaineers Books. 2003. ISBN 978-0-89886-959-0. My Life at the Limit. Seattle, WA, US: Mountaineers Books. 2014. ISBN 978-1-59485-852-9. Sources Wetzler, Brad (October 2002). "Reinhold Don't Care What You Think". Outside Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Krakauer, Jon (1997). Into Thin Air. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 978-0385494786. OCLC 42967338. Further reading Messner, Reinhold (October 1981). "I Climbed Everest Alone... At My Limit". National Geographic. Vol. 160, no. 4. pp. 552–566. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reinhold Messner. Official site (in German) Discovery of remains ends controversy about the death of Reinhold Messner's brother (rare English interview with Messner) on YouTube Reinhold Messner on the Future of Climbing Mount Everest - an interview with Saransh Sehgal Interviews Gaia Symphony Documentary series (Japanese production). Reinhold Messner Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement. Awards Preceded byNew Zealand national rugby union team Princess of Asturias Award for Sports(with Krzysztof Wielicki) 2018 Succeeded byLindsey Vonn Preceded byn/a Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement1987 Succeeded byn/a vtePolar explorationArctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest NorthNorth Pole Barentsz Heemskerck Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North magnetic pole J. Ross J. C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris expedition Polaris C. F. Hall Bessels British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard Nansen's Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo Andrée's balloon expedition S. A. Andrée F. Cook SS Roosevelt Peary Henson Sedov Byrd Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser-Larsen Ellsworth Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT-25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov Drifting ice stations NP-1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP-36 NP-37 Georgiy Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov IcelandGreenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Garðar Ingólfr Norse colonization of North America Gunnbjörn Snæbjörn galti Erik the Red Christian IV's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest PassageNorthern Canada Cabot G. Corte-Real M. Corte-Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J. C. Ross Coppermine expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae–Richardson expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East PassageRussian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Heemskerck Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh. Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenshtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro-Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A. E. Nordenskiöld Palander Jeannette expedition USS Jeannette De Long Melville Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov expedition Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov expedition Sv. Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev A. Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear-powered icebreakers Lenin Arktika-class icebreaker Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Antarctic/Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus (J. C. Ross Abernethy) HMS Terror (Crozier) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C. A. Larsen "Heroic Age" Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C. A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi-Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E. R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition Endurance Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton–Rowett Expedition Quest IPY · IGYModern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest SouthSouth Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J. C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South magnetic pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Cherry-Garrard Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility research station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner vteLaureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for SportsPrince of Asturias Award for Sports 1987: Sebastian Coe 1988: Juan Antonio Samaranch 1989: Severiano Ballesteros 1990: Sito Pons 1991: Sergey Bubka 1992: Miguel Induráin 1993: Javier Sotomayor 1994: Martina Navratilova 1995: Hassiba Boulmerka 1996: Carl Lewis 1997: Spain Marathon team: Abel Antón, Martín Fiz, José Manuel García, Fabián Roncero, Alberto Juzdado and Diego García 1998: Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 1999: Steffi Graf 2000: Lance Armstrong 2001: Manuel Estiarte 2002: Brazil national football team 2003: Tour de France 2004: Hicham El Guerrouj 2005: Fernando Alonso 2006: Spain men's national basketball team 2007: Michael Schumacher 2008: Rafael Nadal 2009: Yelena Isinbayeva 2010: Spain men's national football team 2011: Haile Gebrselassie 2012: Iker Casillas and Xavi Hernández 2013: José María Olazábal 2014: New York City Marathon Princess of Asturias Award for Sports 2015: Pau Gasol and Marc Gasol 2016: Francisco Javier Gómez Noya 2017: New Zealand national rugby union team 2018: Reinhold Messner and Krzysztof Wielicki 2019: Lindsey Vonn 2020: Carlos Sainz 2021: Teresa Perales 2022: The Olympic Refuge Foundation and the IOC Refugee Olympic Team 2023: Eliud Kipchoge 2024: Carolina Marín vte Italian Sportsman of the Year 1978: P. Rossi 1979: Mennea 1980: Mennea 1981: Lucchinelli 1982: Saronni 1983: Cova 1984: Messner 1985: Cova 1986: Messner 1987: Panetta 1988: Tomba 1989: Lamberti 1990: Bugno 1991: Bugno 1992: Tomba 1993: Chechi 1994: Tomba 1995: Tomba 1996: Chechi 1997: Chechi 1998: Pantani 1999: Mori 2000: Fioravanti 2001: V. Rossi 2002: V. Rossi 2003: V. Rossi 2004: Baldini 2005: Magnini 2006: Magnini 2007: Magnini 2008: V. Rossi 2009: V. Rossi 2010: Razzoli 2011: Zöggeler 2012: Zanardi 2013: Nibali 2014: Nibali 2015: Paltrinieri 2016: Paltrinieri 2017: Buffon 2018: Tortu 2019: Mancini 2020: Immobile 2021: Jacobs 2022: Jacobs 2023: Tamberi Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain 2 France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Belgium United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"template","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template"},{"link_name":"Infobox climber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_climber"},{"link_name":"considered for merging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_June_17#Template:Infobox_climber"},{"link_name":"[ˈʁaɪnhɔlt ˈmɛsnɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"climber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climber_(mountaineering)"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"Peter Habeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Habeler"},{"link_name":"eight-thousanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousanders"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gobi Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_Desert"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"member of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"north-east Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-East_Italy_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Federation of the Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens"},{"link_name":"Piolet d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piolet_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Wielicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Wielicki"},{"link_name":"Princess of Asturias Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Award"}],"text":"‹ The template Infobox climber is being considered for merging. ›Reinhold Andreas Messner (German: [ˈʁaɪnhɔlt ˈmɛsnɐ]; born 17 September 1944) is an Italian climber, explorer, and author from South Tyrol. He made the first solo ascent of Mount Everest and, along with Peter Habeler, the first ascent of Everest without supplemental oxygen. He was the first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders, doing so without supplementary oxygen. Messner was the first to cross Antarctica and Greenland with neither snowmobiles nor dog sleds[1] and also crossed the Gobi Desert alone.[2] He is widely considered to be the greatest mountaineer of all time.[3][4][5]From 1999 to 2004, Messner served as a member of the European Parliament for north-east Italy, as a member of the Federation of the Greens.Messner has published more than 80 books about his experiences as a climber and explorer. In 2010, he received the 2nd Piolet d'Or Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2018, he received jointly with Krzysztof Wielicki the Princess of Asturias Award in the category of Sports.","title":"Reinhold Messner"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GianAngelo_Pistoia_-_Reinhold_Messner_-_Foto_1.TIF"},{"link_name":"German-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking"},{"link_name":"Villnöß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villn%C3%B6%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"Brixen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixen"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Messner"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Dolomites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomites"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Messner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natgeo112006-8"},{"link_name":"Hermann Buhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Buhl"},{"link_name":"alpine style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_style"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"expedition style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_style"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Reinhold Messner in June 2002Messner was born to a German-speaking family in St. Peter, Villnöß, near Brixen in the South Tyrol, which is part of Italy. According to his sister, his delivery was difficult as he was a large baby and the birth took place during an air raid. His mother Maria (1913–1995) was the daughter of a shop owner and 4 years older than her husband. His father Josef (1917–1985) was drafted to serve the German army and participated in World War II on the Russian front. After the war, he was an auxiliary teacher until 1957, when he became the director of the local school. Messner was the second of nine children – Helmut (born 1943), Günther (1946–1970), Erich (born 1948), Waltraud (born 1949), Siegfried (1950–1985), Hubert (born 1953), Hansjörg (born 1955) and Werner (born 1957), and grew up in modest means.[6][7]Messner spent his early years climbing in the Alps and falling in love with the Dolomites. His father was strict and sometimes severe with him.[citation needed] He led Reinhold to his first summit at the age of five.[citation needed]When Messner was 13, he began climbing with his brother Günther, age 11. By the time Reinhold and Günther were in their early twenties, they were among Europe's best climbers.[8]Since the 1960s, Messner, inspired by Hermann Buhl, was one of the first and most enthusiastic supporters of alpine style mountaineering in the Himalayas, which consisted of climbing with very light equipment and a minimum of external help. Messner considered the usual expedition style (which he dubbed \"siege tactics\") disrespectful toward nature and mountains.[citation needed]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dolomites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomites"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"direttissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direttissima_(climbing)"},{"link_name":"Ortler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortler"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Grandes Jorasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Jorasses"},{"link_name":"Furchetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furchetta"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Heiligkreuzkofel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiligkreuzkofel"},{"link_name":"Marmolada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmolada"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Peter Habeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Habeler"},{"link_name":"Yerupaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerupaja"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Droites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droites"},{"link_name":"Civetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Civetta"},{"link_name":"Rupal face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupal_face"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natgeo112006-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat_(film)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Vilsmaier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Vilsmaier"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Eiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiger"},{"link_name":"Gasherbrum I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasherbrum_I"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrakauer1997-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrakauer1997153-14"},{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Achttausender_Neu.png"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat"},{"link_name":"eight-thousanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousander"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrakauer199761-15"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Arved Fuchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arved_Fuchs"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Dark Glow of the Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Glow_of_the_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Werner Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Herzog"},{"link_name":"Member of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Federazione dei Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_dei_Verdi"},{"link_name":"Mountain Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gobi desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_desert"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Messner Mountain Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messner_Mountain_Museum"}],"text":"Before his first major Himalayan climb in 1970, Messner had made a name for himself mainly through his achievements in the Alps. Between 1960 and 1964, he led over 500 ascents, most of them in the Dolomites.[citation needed] In 1965, he climbed a new direttissima route on the north face of the Ortler.[citation needed] A year later, he climbed the Walker Spur on the Grandes Jorasses and ascended the Rocchetta Alta di Bosconero. In 1967, he made the first ascent of the northeast face of the Agnér and the first winter ascents of the Agnér north face and Furchetta north face.[citation needed]In 1968, he achieved further firsts: the Heiligkreuzkofel middle pillar and the direct south face of the Marmolada. In 1969, Messner joined an Andes expedition, during which he succeeded, together with Peter Habeler, in making the first ascent of the Yerupaja east face up to the summit ridge and, a few days later, the first ascent of the 6,121-metre-high (20,082 ft) Yerupaja Chico.[9] He also made the first solo ascent of the Droites north face, the Philipp-Flamm intersection on the Civetta and the south face of Marmolada di Rocca. As a result, Messner won the reputation of being one of the best climbers in Europe.In 1970, Messner was invited to join a major Himalayan expedition that was going to attempt the unclimbed Rupal face of Nanga Parbat. The expedition, which was the major turning point in his life, turned out to be a tragic success. Both he and his brother Günther reached the summit but Günther died two days later on the descent of the Diamir face. Reinhold lost seven toes, which had become badly frostbitten during the climb and required amputation.[8][10] Reinhold was severely criticized for persisting on this climb with the less experienced Günther.[11] The 2010 movie Nanga Parbat by Joseph Vilsmaier is based on his account of the events.[12]While Messner and Peter Habeler were noted for fast ascents in the Alps of the Eiger North Wall, standard route (10 hours) and Les Droites (8 hours), his 1975 Gasherbrum I first ascent of a new route took three days. This was unheard of at the time.[citation needed]In the 1970s, Messner championed the cause for ascending Mount Everest without supplementary oxygen, saying that he would do it \"by fair means\" or not at all.[13] In 1978, he reached the summit of Everest with Habeler.[14] This was the first time anyone had been that high without supplemental oxygen and Messner and Habeler achieved what certain doctors, specialists, and mountaineers thought impossible. He repeated the feat, without Habeler, from the Tibetan side in 1980, during the monsoon season. This was Everest's first solo summit.Location of the eight-thousandersIn 1978, he made a solo ascent of the Diamir face of Nanga Parbat. In 1986, Messner became the first to complete all fourteen eight-thousanders (peaks over 8,000 metres above sea level).[15]Messner has crossed Antarctica on skis, together with fellow explorer Arved Fuchs.[citation needed]\nHe has written over 80 books[16] about his experiences, a quarter of which have been translated. He was featured in the 1984 film The Dark Glow of the Mountains by Werner Herzog. \nFrom 1999 to 2004, he held political office as a Member of the European Parliament for the Italian Green Party (Federazione dei Verdi). He was also among the founders of Mountain Wilderness, an international NGO dedicated to the protection of mountains worldwide.[citation needed]In 2004 he completed a 2,000-kilometre (1,200 mi) expedition through the Gobi desert.[citation needed]\nIn 2006, he founded the Messner Mountain Museum.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Expeditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ascents above 8,000m","text":"Messner was the first person to climb all fourteen eight-thousanders in the world and without supplemental oxygen. His climbs were also all amongst the first 20 ascents for each mountain individually. Specifically, these are:","title":"Expeditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reinhold_Messner_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Noshak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noshak"},{"link_name":"Hindu Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"Marmolada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmolada"},{"link_name":"Furchetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furchetta"},{"link_name":"Aconcagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconcagua"},{"link_name":"Eiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiger"},{"link_name":"Peter Habeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Habeler"},{"link_name":"Mount McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"Ama Dablam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_Dablam"},{"link_name":"Hoggar Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoggar_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Chamlang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamlang"},{"link_name":"Traverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse_(climbing)"},{"link_name":"Gasherbrum II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasherbrum_II"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasherbrum_I"},{"link_name":"Hans Kammerlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kammerlander"},{"link_name":"Kailash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailash"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Mount Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vinson"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"},{"link_name":"Seven Summits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Summits"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7summits-21"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Pamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamir_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Yeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"},{"link_name":"South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole"},{"link_name":"Arved Fuchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arved_Fuchs"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Ötzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi"},{"link_name":"Chimborazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimborazo_(volcano)"},{"link_name":"Taklamakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taklamakan"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Dolpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolpo"},{"link_name":"Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Manang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manang"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Gangotri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangotri"},{"link_name":"Shivling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivling"},{"link_name":"Ruwenzori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwenzori_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Belukha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belukha"},{"link_name":"Altai Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Kailash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailash"},{"link_name":"Kham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham"},{"link_name":"Karakoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram"},{"link_name":"Ol Doinyo Lengai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai"},{"link_name":"Maasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_people"},{"link_name":"Altai Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Puna de Atacama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna_de_Atacama"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peaks"},{"link_name":"Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo"},{"link_name":"Thar Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Desert"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"South Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Shackleton Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shackleton_Route&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat"},{"link_name":"Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"link_name":"ZDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDF"},{"link_name":"Dharamsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharamsala"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Gunung Agung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Agung"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Cotopaxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotopaxi"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Trekking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekking"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Land"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Diamir Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamir_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Gobi Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_Desert"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Dyva Nomads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyva_Nomads"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"}],"sub_title":"Other expeditions since 1970","text":"Reinhold Messner in 1985 in Pamir Mountains.1971 – Journeys to the mountains of Persia, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan and East Africa;\n1972 – Noshak (7,492 m or 24,580 feet) in the Hindu Kush;\n1973 – Marmolada West Pillar, first climb; Furchetta West Face, first climb;\n1974 – Aconcagua south wall (6,959 m or 22,831 feet), partially new \"South Tyrol Route\"; Eiger North Face with Peter Habeler in 10 hours (a record that stood for 34 years, for a roped party);\n1976 – Mount McKinley (6,193 m or 20,318 feet), \"Face of the Midnight Sun\", first climb;\n1978 – Kilimanjaro (5,895 m or 19,341 feet), \"Breach Wall\", first climb;\n1979 – Ama Dablam rescue attempt; first climbs in the Hoggar Mountains, Africa;\n1981 – Chamlang (7,317 m or 24,006 feet) Centre Summit-North Face, first climb;\n1984 – Double-Traverse of Gasherbrum II and I with Hans Kammerlander;\n1985 – Tibet Transversale with Kailash exploration;\n1986 – Crossing of East Tibet; Mount Vinson (4,897 m or 16,066 feet, Antarctic), on 3 December 1986, thus becoming the first person to complete Seven Summits without the use of supplemental oxygen on Mount Everest;[21]\n1987 – Bhutan trip; Pamir trip;\n1988 – Yeti-Tibet solo expedition;\n1989–1990 – Antarctic crossing (over the South Pole) on foot, 2,800-kilometre (1,700-mile) trek with Arved Fuchs;\n1991 – Bhutan crossing (east-west); \"Around South Tyrol\" as a positioning exercise, where he was peripherally involved in the Ötzi find, being among the groups who inspected the mummy on-site the day after its initial discovery;\n1992 – Ascent of Chimborazo (6,310 m or 20,700 feet); crossing of Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang;\n1993 – Trip to Dolpo, Mustang and Manang in Nepal; Greenland longitudinal crossing (diagonal) on foot, 2,200-kilometre (1,400-mile) trek;\n1994 – Cleaning project in North India/Gangotri, Shivling region (6,543 m or 21,467 feet); to Ruwenzori (5,119 m or 16,795 feet), Uganda;\n1995 – Arctic crossing (Siberia to Canada) failed; trip to Belukha (4,506 m or 14,783 feet), Altai Mountains/Siberia;\n1996 – Trip through East Tibet and to Kailash.\n1997 – Trip to Kham (East Tibet); small expedition into Karakoram; filming on the Ol Doinyo Lengai (holy mountain of the Maasai) in Tanzania\n1998 – Trip to the Altai Mountains (Mongolia) and to Puna de Atacama (Andes)\n1999 – Filming: San Francisco Peaks, Arizona (Holy mountain of Navajo); trip into the Thar Desert/India\n2000 – Crossing of South Georgia on the Shackleton Route; Nanga Parbat Expedition; filming on Mount Fuji/Japan for the ZDF series Wohnungen der Götter (~\"Homes of the Gods\")\n2001 – Dharamsala and foothills of the Himalayas/India; ZDF series Wohnungen der Götter on Gunung Agung/Bali\n2002 – In the \"International Year of the Mountains\" visit by mountaineers into the Andes and ascent of Cotopaxi (5,897 m or 19,347 feet), Ecuador\n2003 – Trekking to Mount Everest (fiftieth anniversary of the first successful climb); trip to Franz Joseph Land/Arctic; on 1 October opening of the \"Günther Mountain School\" in the Diamir Valley on Nanga Parbat/Pakistan\n2004 – Longitudinal crossing of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia) on foot, about 2,000-kilometre (1,200-mile) trek\n2005 – Trip to the Dyva Nomads in Mongolia; \"time journey\" around Nanga Parbat/Pakistan","title":"Expeditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat"}],"sub_title":"Nanga Parbat","text":"Reinhold Messner took a total of five expeditions to Nanga Parbat. In 1970 and 1978 he reached the summit (in 1978 solo); in 1971, 1973 and 1977, he did not. In 1971 he was primarily looking for his brother's remains.","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Areas_38b_commons.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat"},{"link_name":"Karl Herrligkoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Herrligkoffer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Herrligkoffer"},{"link_name":"bivouac shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivouac_shelter"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outdoors-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connolly-23"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat_(film)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Vilsmaier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Vilsmaier"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connolly-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"}],"sub_title":"Rupal Face 1970","text":"Rupal face of Nanga Parbat.In May and June 1970, Messner took part in the Nanga Parbat South Face expedition led by Karl Herrligkoffer [de], the objective of which was to climb the as yet unclimbed Rupal Face, the highest rock and ice face in the world. Messner's brother, Günther, was also a member of the team. On the morning of 27 June, Messner was of the view that the weather would deteriorate rapidly, and set off alone from the last high-altitude camp. Surprisingly his brother climbed after him and caught up to him before the summit. By late afternoon, both had reached the summit of the mountain and had to pitch an emergency bivouac shelter without tent, sleeping bags and stoves because darkness was closing in.The events that followed have been the subject of years of legal actions and disputes between former expedition members, and have still not been finally resolved. What is known now is that Reinhold and Günther Messner descended the Diamir Face, thereby achieving the first traverse of Nanga Parbat and second traverse of an eight-thousander after Mount Everest in 1963. Reinhold arrived in the valley six days later with severe frostbite, but survived. His brother, Günther, however died on the Diamir Face—according to Reinhold Messner on the same descent, during which they became further and further separated from each other. As a result, the time, place and exact cause of death is unknown. Messner said his brother had been swept away by an avalanche.In June 2005, after an unusual heat wave on the mountain, the body of his brother was recovered on the Diamir Face, which seems to support Messner's account of how Günther died.[22][23]The drama was turned into a film Nanga Parbat (2010) by Joseph Vilsmaier, based on the memories of Reinhold Messner and without participation from the other former members of the expedition. Released in January 2010 in cinemas, the film was criticised by the other members of the team for telling only one side of the story.[23]Because of severe frostbite, especially on his feet—seven toes were amputated—Messner was not able to climb quite as well on rock after the 1970 expedition. He therefore turned his attention to higher mountains, where there was much more ice.[24]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat"}],"sub_title":"Solo climb in 1978","text":"On 9 August 1978, after three unsuccessful expeditions, Messner reached the summit of Nanga Parbat again via the Diamir Face.","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manaslu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"}],"sub_title":"Manaslu","text":"In 1972, Messner succeeded in climbing Manaslu on what was then the unknown south face of the mountain, of which there were not even any pictures. From the last high-altitude camp he climbed with Frank Jäger, who turned back before reaching the summit. Shortly after Messner reached the summit, the weather changed and heavy fog and snow descended. Initially Messner became lost on the way down, but later, heading into the storm, found his way back to the camp, where Horst Fankhauser and Andi Schlick were waiting for him and Jäger. Jäger did not return, although his cries were heard from the camp. Orientation had become too difficult. Fankhauser and Schlick began to search for him that evening, but lost their way and sought shelter at first in a snow cave. Messner himself was no longer in a position to help the search. The following day, only Horst Fankhauser returned. Andi Schlick had left the snow cave during the night and disappeared. Thus, the expedition had to mourn the loss of two climbers. Messner was later criticised for having allowed Jäger go back down the mountain alone.[24]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Habeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Habeler"},{"link_name":"Gasherbrum I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasherbrum_I"},{"link_name":"alpine style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_style"},{"link_name":"expedition style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_style"},{"link_name":"Hermann Buhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Buhl"},{"link_name":"Hans Kammerlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kammerlander"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"},{"link_name":"Werner Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Herzog"},{"link_name":"The Dark Glow of the Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Glow_of_the_Mountains"}],"sub_title":"Gasherbrum I","text":"Together with Peter Habeler, Messner made a second ascent of Gasherbrum I on 10 August 1975, becoming the first man ever to climb more than two eight-thousanders. It was the first time a mountaineering expedition succeeded in scaling an eight-thousander using alpine style climbing. Until that point, all fourteen 8000-meter peaks had been summitted using the expedition style, though Hermann Buhl had earlier advocated \"West Alpine Style\" (similar to \"capsule\" style, with a smaller group relying on minimal fixed ropes).Messner reached the summit again in 1984, this time together with Hans Kammerlander. This was achieved as part of a double ascent where, for the first time, two eight-thousander peaks (Gasherbrum I and II) were climbed without returning to base camp. Again, this was done in alpine style, i.e. without the pre-location of stores.[24] Filmmaker Werner Herzog accompanied the climbers along the 150-kilometre (93 mi) approach to base camp, interviewing them extensively about why they were making the climb, if they could say; they could not. Messner became emotional on camera when he recalled having to tell his mother about his brother's death.It took a week for the two climbers to summit both peaks and return to camp, after which Herzog interviewed them again. His documentary, The Dark Glow of the Mountains, with some footage the two climbers shot during the expedition on portable cameras, was released the following year.","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20110810_North_Face_of_Everest_Tibet_China_Panoramic.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"southeast ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_ridge"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Karl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Karl"},{"link_name":"northeast ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_ridge"},{"link_name":"North Col","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Col"},{"link_name":"Norton Couloir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Couloir"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"}],"sub_title":"Mount Everest","text":"Mount Everest north face.On 8 May 1978, Messner and Habeler reached the summit of Mount Everest, becoming the first men to climb it without using supplemental oxygen. Before this ascent, it was disputed whether this was possible at all. Messner and Habeler were members of an expedition led by Wolfgang Nairz along the southeast ridge to the summit. Also on this expedition was Reinhard Karl, the first German to reach the summit, albeit with the aid of supplemental oxygen.Two years later, on 20 August 1980, Messner again stood atop the highest mountain in the world, without supplementary oxygen. For this solo climb, he chose the northeast ridge to the summit, where he crossed above the North Col in the North Face to the Norton Couloir and became the first man to climb through this steep gorge to the summit. Messner decided spontaneously during the ascent to use this route to bypass the exposed northeast ridge. Before this solo ascent, he had not set up a camp on the mountain.[24]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K2_2006b.jpg"},{"link_name":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2"},{"link_name":"Concordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_(Karakoram)"},{"link_name":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2"},{"link_name":"Michael Dacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dacher"},{"link_name":"Abruzzi Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzi_Spur"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-26"}],"sub_title":"K2","text":"K2 seen from Concordia.For 1979, Messner was planning to climb K2 on a new direct route through the South Face, which he called the \"Magic Line\". Headed by Messner, the small expedition consisted of six climbers: Italians Alessandro Gogna, Friedl Mutschlechner and Renato Casarotto; the Austrian, Robert Schauer; and Germans Michael Dacher, journalist, Jochen Hölzgen, and doctor Ursula Grether, who was injured during the approach and had to be carried to Askole by Messner and Mutschlechner. Because of avalanche danger on the original route and time lost on the approach, they decided to climb via the Abruzzi Spur. The route was equipped with fixed ropes and high-altitude camps, but no hauling equipment (Hochträger) or bottled oxygen was used. On 12 July, Messner and Dacher reached the summit; then the weather deteriorated and attempts by other members of the party failed.[25][26]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shishapangma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishapangma"},{"link_name":"ski mountaineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_mountaineering"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-26"}],"sub_title":"Shishapangma","text":"During his stay in Tibet as part of his Everest solo attempt, Messner explored Shishapangma. A year later, Messner, with Friedel Mutschlechner, Oswald Oelz, and Gerd Baur, set up a base camp on the north side. On 28 May, Messner and Mutschlechner reached the summit in very bad weather; part of the climb involving ski mountaineering.[24][26]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kangchenjunga_PangPema.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kangchenjunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga"},{"link_name":"Gasherbrum II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasherbrum_II"},{"link_name":"Broad Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Peak"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"amoebic liver abscess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebic_liver_abscess"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"}],"sub_title":"Kangchenjunga","text":"Kangchenjunga.In 1982, Messner wanted to become the first climber ever to scale three eight-thousanders in one year. He planned to climb Kangchenjunga, then Gasherbrum II and Broad Peak.[citation needed]Messner chose a new variation of the route up the north face. Because there was still a lot of snow, Messner and Mutschlechner made very slow progress. In addition, the difficulty of the climb forced the two mountaineers to use fixed ropes. Finally, on 6 May, Messner and Mutschlechner stood on the summit. There, Mutschlechner suffered frostbite to his hands, and later to his feet as well. While bivouacking during the descent, the tent tore away from Mutschlechner and Messner, and Messner also fell ill. He was suffering from amoebic liver abscess, making him very weak. He made it back to base camp only with Mutschlechner's help.[24]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gasherbrum II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasherbrum_II"},{"link_name":"Nazir Sabir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazir_Sabir"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"}],"sub_title":"Gasherbrum II","text":"After his ascent of Kangchenjunga, Mutschlechner flew back to Europe because his frostbite had to be treated and Messner needed rest. Thus the three mountains could not be climbed as planned. Messner was cured of his amoebic liver abscess and then travelled to Gasherbrum II, but could not use the new routes as planned. In any case, his climbing partners, Sher Khan and Nazir Sabir, would not have been strong enough. Nevertheless, all three reached the summit on 24 July in a storm. During the ascent, Messner discovered the body of a previously missing Austrian mountaineer, whom he buried two years later at the G I – G II traverse.[24]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broad_Peak_in_July_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Broad Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Peak"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Kukuczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Kukuczka"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Kurtyka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Kurtyka"},{"link_name":"Nazir Sabir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazir_Sabir"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"}],"sub_title":"Broad Peak","text":"Broad Peak.In 1982, Messner scaled Broad Peak, his third eight-thousander. At the time, he was the only person with a permit to climb this mountain; he came across Jerzy Kukuczka and Wojciech Kurtyka, who had permits to climb K2, but used its geographic proximity to climb Broad Peak illegally. In early descriptions of the ascent, Messner omitted this encounter, but he referred to it several years later. On 2 August, Messner was reunited with Nazir Sabir and Khan again on the summit. The three mountaineers had decamped and made for Broad Peak immediately after their ascent of Gasherbrum II. The climb was carried out with a variation from the normal route at the start.[24]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cho Oyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"}],"sub_title":"Cho Oyu","text":"In the winter of 1982–83, Messner attempted the first winter ascent of Cho Oyu. He reached an altitude of about 7,500 m (24,600 feet), when great masses of snow forced him to turn back. This expedition was his first with Hans Kammerlander. A few months later, on 5 May, he reached the summit via a partially new route together with Kammerlander and Michael Dacher.[24]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annapurna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"}],"sub_title":"Annapurna","text":"In 1985, Messner topped out on Annapurna. Using a new route on the northwest face, he reached the summit with Kammerlander on 24 April. Also on the expedition were Reinhard Patscheider, Reinhard Schiestl and Swami Prem Darshano, who did not reach the summit. During Messner and Kammerlander's ascent, the weather was bad and they had to be assisted by the other three expedition members during the descent due to heavy snowfall.[24]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhaulagiri_-_view_from_aircraft.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dhaulagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri"},{"link_name":"Dhaulagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"}],"sub_title":"Dhaulagiri","text":"Messner's attempt on the summit in 1977 failed on Dhaulagiri's South Face.Messner had already attempted Dhaulagiri in 1977 and 1984, unsuccessfully. In 1985 he finally summited. He climbed with Kammerlander up the normal route along the northeast ridge. After only three days of climbing they stood on the summit in a heavy storm on 15 May.[24]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Makalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"},{"link_name":"Denis Urubko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Urubko"},{"link_name":"Simone Moro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Moro"},{"link_name":"Marcel Rüedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_R%C3%BCedi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"}],"sub_title":"Makalu","text":"Messner tried climbing Makalu four times. He failed in 1974 and 1981 on the South Face of the south-east ridge. In winter 1985–1986 he attempted the first winter ascent of Makalu via the normal route. Even this venture did not succeed.[24] Not until February 2009 was Makalu successfully climbed in winter by Denis Urubko and Simone Moro.In 1986, Messner returned and succeeded in reaching the summit using the normal route with Kammerlander and Mutschlechner. Although they had turned back twice during this expedition, they made the summit on the third attempt on 26 September. During this expedition, Messner witnessed the death of Marcel Rüedi, for whom the Makalu was his 9th eight-thousander. Rüedi was on the way back from the summit and was seen by Messner and the other climbers on the descent. Although he was making slow progress, he appeared to be safe. The tea for his reception had already been boiled when Rüedi disappeared behind a snow ridge and did not reappear. He was found dead a short time later.[24]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ava-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Lhotse","text":"Messner climbed his last normal route.[when?] Messner and Kammerlander had to contend with a strong wind in the summit area. To reach the summit that year and before winter broke, they took a direct helicopter flight from the Makalu base camp to the Lhotse base camp.[citation needed]Thus Messner became the first person to climb all eight-thousanders. \nSince this ascent, Messner has never climbed another eight-thousander.[24] \nIn 1989, Messner led a European expedition to the South Face of the mountain. The aim was to forge a path up the as-yet-unclimbed face. Messner himself did not want to climb any more. The expedition was unsuccessful.[27]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bass"},{"link_name":"Seven Summits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Summits"},{"link_name":"Mount Kosciuszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kosciuszko"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Puncak Jaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncak_Jaya"},{"link_name":"Pat Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Morrow_(mountaineer)"},{"link_name":"Mount Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vinson"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7summits-21"}],"sub_title":"The Seven Summits","text":"In 1985 Richard Bass first postulated and achieved the mountaineering challenge Seven Summits, climbing the highest peaks of each of the seven continents. Messner suggested another list (the Messner or Carstensz list) replacing Mount Kosciuszko with Indonesia's Puncak Jaya, or Carstensz Pyramid (4,884 m or 16,024 feet). From a mountaineering point of view the Messner list is the more challenging one. Climbing Carstensz Pyramid has the character of an expedition, whereas the ascent of Kosciuszko is an easy hike. In May 1986 Pat Morrow became the first person to complete the Messner list, followed by Messner himself when he climbed Mount Vinson in December 1986 to become the second.[21]","title":"Climbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinness Book of Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Fiann Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiann_Paul"},{"link_name":"Manaslu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaslu"},{"link_name":"Gasherbrum I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasherbrum_I"}],"text":"Messner is listed nine times in the Guinness Book of Records. All of his achievements are classed as \"World's Firsts\" (or \"Historical Firsts\"). A \"World's First\" is the highest category of any Guinness World Record, meaning the ownership of the title never expires.[28] As of 2021, Messner is the second highest record holder of \"World's Firsts\" (after Icelandic oceanic rower Fiann Paul, who has 13). Messner's world firsts are:First ascent of Manaslu without supplementary oxygen\nFirst solo summit of Everest\nFirst ascent of Everest and K2 without supplementary oxygen\nFirst ascent of the top three highest mountains without supplementary oxygen\nFirst 8,000-metre mountain hat-trick\nFirst person to climb all 8,000-metre mountains without supplementary oxygen\nFirst person to climb all 8,000-metre mountains\nFirst ascent of Everest without supplementary oxygen\nFirst ascent of Gasherbrum I without supplementary oxygen","title":"World-first records"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passo_Cibiana_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Sigmundskron Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmundskron_Castle"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmm-firmian-30"},{"link_name":"Burggrafenamt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burggrafenamt"},{"link_name":"Mount Kailash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kailash"},{"link_name":"Ayers Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayers_Rock"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmm-juval-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmm-dolomites-32"},{"link_name":"Sulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulden"},{"link_name":"Ortler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortler"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmm-ortles-33"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmm-ripa-34"},{"link_name":"Kronplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronplatz"},{"link_name":"traditional climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_climbing"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Messner Mountain Museum in Monte Rite, Dolomites.In 2003 Messner started work on a project for a mountaineering museum.[29] On 11 June 2006, the Messner Mountain Museum (MMM) opened, a museum that unites within one museum the stories of the growth and decline of mountains, culture in the Himalayan region and the history of South Tyrol.The MMM consists of five or six locations:MMM Firmian at Sigmundskron Castle near Bozen is the centerpiece of the museum and concentrates on man's relationship with the mountains. Surrounded by peaks from the Schlern and the Texel range, the MMM Firmian provides visitors with a series of pathways, stairways, and towers containing displays that focus on the geology of the mountains, the religious significance of mountains in the lives of people, and the history of mountaineering and alpine tourism. The so-called white tower is dedicated to the history of the village and the struggle for the independence of South Tyrol.[30]\nMMM Juval at Juval Castle in the Burggrafenamt in Vinschgau is dedicated to the \"magic of the mountains\", with an emphasis on mystical mountains, such as Mount Kailash or Ayers Rock and their religious significance. MMM Juval houses several art collections.[31]\nMMM Dolomites, known as the Museum in the Clouds, is located at Monte Rite (2,181 m or 7,156 feet) between Pieve di Cadore and Cortina d'Ampezzo. Housed in an old fort, this museum is dedicated to the subject of rocks, particularly in the Dolomites, with exhibits focusing on the history of the formation of the Dolomites. The summit observation platform offers a 360° panorama of the surrounding Dolomites, with views toward Monte Schiara, Monte Agnèr, Monte Civetta, Marmolada, Monte Pelmo, Tofana di Rozes, Sorapis, Antelao, Marmarole.[32]\nMMM Ortles at Sulden on the Ortler is dedicated to the theme of ice. This underground structure is situated at 1,900 m (6,200 feet) and focuses on the history of mountaineering on ice and the great glaciers of the world. The museum contains the world's largest collection of paintings of the Ortler, as well as ice-climbing gear from two centuries.[33]\nMMM Ripa at Brunico Castle in South Tyrol is dedicated to the mountain peoples from Asia, Africa, South America and Europe, with emphasis on their cultures, religions, and tourism activities.[34]\nMMM Corones, opened in July 2015 on the top of the Kronplatz mountain (Plan de Corones in Italian), is dedicated to traditional climbing.[35]","title":"Messner Mountain Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Member of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Federation of the Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens"},{"link_name":"green party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_party"},{"link_name":"European election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"South Tyrolean Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greens_(South_Tyrol)"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"}],"text":"In 1999, Messner was elected Member of the European Parliament for the Federation of the Greens (FdV), the Italian green party, receiving more than 20,000 votes in the European election. He fully served his term until 2004, when he retired from politics.[36]Messner was officially a member of South Tyrolean Greens, a regionalist and ecologist political party active only in South Tyrol, which de facto acts as a regional branch of the FdV.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Electoral history","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Kastelbell-Tschars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastelbell-Tschars"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"From 1972 until 1977, Messner was married to Uschi Demeter. With his partner, Canadian photographer Nena Holguin, he has a daughter, Làyla Messner, born in 1981.[37] On 31 July 2009, he married his long time girlfriend Sabine Stehle, a textile designer from Vienna, with whom he has three children.[38]\nThey divorced in 2019.[39] In late May 2021, Messner married Diane Schumacher, a 41-year-old Luxembourgish woman living in Munich,[40][41] at the town hall in Kastelbell-Tschars near his home in South Tyrol.[42][43]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Dark Glow of the Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Glow_of_the_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Werner Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Herzog"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portrait_of_a_Snow_Lion-44"},{"link_name":"Les Guthman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Guthman"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Messner_Guthman-45"},{"link_name":"Lissi und der wilde Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissi_und_der_wilde_Kaiser"},{"link_name":"Michael Herbig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Herbig"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unauthorized_Biography_of_Reinhold_Messner"},{"link_name":"Ben Folds Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Folds_Five"},{"link_name":"14 Peaks: Nothing Is Impossible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_Peaks:_Nothing_Is_Impossible"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Nirmal Purja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmal_Purja"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"The Alpinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alpinist"}],"text":"The Dark Glow of the Mountains (Gasherbrum – Der leuchtende Berg), a 1985 Werner Herzog television documentary\nPortrait of a Snow Lion, a BBC/France3 1992 documentary on Messner; part 4 of the series The Climbers[44]\nMessner, a 2002 feature documentary about Messner by Les Guthman[45]\nLissi und der wilde Kaiser, an animated comedy movie from 2007 by Michael Herbig that ends with a photo of the Yeti with his new buddy, Reinhold Messner\nNanga Parbat, a 2010 film based on Messner's achievements\nThe Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner, a 1999 album by Ben Folds Five, unrelated to Messner\n14 Peaks: Nothing Is Impossible, a 2021 Netflix documentary film about Nirmal Purja and his mountaineering team's world record breaking ascent of the 14 highest mountains in the world. Reinhold Messner provides commentary in several interview segments. The New York Times described his contribution to the film as \"the alpine legend Reinhold Messner waxing beautifully existential\".[46]\nThe Alpinist, a 2021 documentary film with commentary by Messner","title":"In media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/crystalhorizon00rein_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89886-574-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-574-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89886-573-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-573-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89886-660-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-660-5"},{"link_name":"My Quest for the Yeti: Confronting the Himalayas' Deepest Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780312203948"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-312-20394-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-20394-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89886-844-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-844-9"},{"link_name":"Moving Mountains: Lessons on Life and Leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/movingmountainsl00rein"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-890009-90-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890009-90-8"},{"link_name":"The Second Death of George Mallory: The Enigma and Spirit of Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780312268060"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-312-27075-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-27075-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89886-959-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-959-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59485-852-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-852-9"}],"text":"The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 1989. ISBN 978-0-89886-574-5.\nFree Spirit: A Climber's Life. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 1998. ISBN 978-0-89886-573-8.\nAll Fourteen 8,000ers. Mountaineers Books. 1999. ISBN 978-0-89886-660-5.\nMy Quest for the Yeti: Confronting the Himalayas' Deepest Mystery. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-312-20394-8.\nThe Big Walls: From the North Face of the Eiger to the South Face of Dhaulagiri. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 2001. ISBN 978-0-89886-844-9.\nMoving Mountains: Lessons on Life and Leadership. Provo: Executive Excellence. 2001. ISBN 978-1-890009-90-8.\nThe Second Death of George Mallory: The Enigma and Spirit of Mount Everest. Translated by Carruthers, Tim. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 2002. ISBN 978-0-312-27075-9.\nThe Naked Mountain. Seattle, WA, US: Mountaineers Books. 2003. ISBN 978-0-89886-959-0.\nMy Life at the Limit. Seattle, WA, US: Mountaineers Books. 2014. ISBN 978-1-59485-852-9.","title":"Selected bibliography (English translations)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Reinhold Don't Care What You Think\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100922195720/http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200210/200210_messner_1.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//outsideonline.com/outside/features/200210/200210_messner_1.html"},{"link_name":"Into Thin Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0385494786","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385494786"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"42967338","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/42967338"}],"text":"Wetzler, Brad (October 2002). \"Reinhold Don't Care What You Think\". Outside Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010.\nKrakauer, Jon (1997). Into Thin Air. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 978-0385494786. OCLC 42967338.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0027-9358","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"643483454","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454"}],"text":"Messner, Reinhold (October 1981). \"I Climbed Everest Alone... At My Limit\". National Geographic. Vol. 160, no. 4. pp. 552–566. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaia Symphony Documentary series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_Symphony_(TV_Series)"},{"link_name":"Reinhold Messner Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//achievement.org/achiever/reinhold-messner/#interview"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration"},{"link_name":"Polar exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_exploration"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_exploration"},{"link_name":"Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_exploration"},{"link_name":"Expeditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions"},{"link_name":"Research stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic"},{"link_name":"Farthest North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farthest_North"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"Barentsz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Barentsz"},{"link_name":"Heemskerck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck"},{"link_name":"Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Marmaduke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke"},{"link_name":"Carolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joris_Carolus"},{"link_name":"Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Parry"},{"link_name":"North magnetic pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_magnetic_pole"},{"link_name":"J. Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"J. C. Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_Ross"},{"link_name":"Abernethy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane"},{"link_name":"Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Polaris expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_expedition"},{"link_name":"Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)"},{"link_name":"C. F. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall"},{"link_name":"Bessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Bessels"},{"link_name":"British Arctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"HMS Alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)"},{"link_name":"Nares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nares"},{"link_name":"HMS Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)"},{"link_name":"Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"Markham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham"},{"link_name":"Lady Franklin Bay Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Greely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphus_Greely"},{"link_name":"Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Lockwood"},{"link_name":"Brainard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Brainard"},{"link_name":"Nansen's Fram expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition"},{"link_name":"Fram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fram_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Nansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen"},{"link_name":"Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen"},{"link_name":"Sverdrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup"},{"link_name":"Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)"},{"link_name":"Amedeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi"},{"link_name":"Andrée's balloon expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition"},{"link_name":"S. A. Andrée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"F. Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Cook"},{"link_name":"SS Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)"},{"link_name":"Peary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary"},{"link_name":"Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Henson"},{"link_name":"Sedov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Sedov"},{"link_name":"Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd"},{"link_name":"Norge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge_(airship)"},{"link_name":"Amundsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen"},{"link_name":"Nobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Nobile"},{"link_name":"Wisting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wisting"},{"link_name":"Riiser-Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth"},{"link_name":"Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_(airship)"},{"link_name":"Nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)"},{"link_name":"Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"ANT-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25"},{"link_name":"Chkalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Chkalov"},{"link_name":"Baydukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov"},{"link_name":"Belyakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov"},{"link_name":"Drifting ice stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drifting_ice_station"},{"link_name":"NP-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole-1"},{"link_name":"Papanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Papanin"},{"link_name":"Shirshov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov"},{"link_name":"E. Fyodorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Krenkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel"},{"link_name":"NP-36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole-36"},{"link_name":"NP-37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole-37"},{"link_name":"Georgiy Sedov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)"},{"link_name":"Badygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin"},{"link_name":"Wiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese"},{"link_name":"USS Nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)"},{"link_name":"USS Skate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)"},{"link_name":"Plaisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted"},{"link_name":"Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Herbert"},{"link_name":"NS Arktika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)"},{"link_name":"Barneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barneo"},{"link_name":"Arktika 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika_2007"},{"link_name":"Mir submersibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(submersible)"},{"link_name":"Sagalevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich"},{"link_name":"Chilingarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Pytheas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytheas"},{"link_name":"Brendan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator"},{"link_name":"Papar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papar"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_expansion"},{"link_name":"Naddodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naddodd"},{"link_name":"Garðar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson"},{"link_name":"Ingólfr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson"},{"link_name":"Norse colonization of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"Gunnbjörn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson"},{"link_name":"Snæbjörn galti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti"},{"link_name":"Erik the Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_the_Red"},{"link_name":"Christian IV's expeditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland"},{"link_name":"J. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Lindenov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godske_Lindenov"},{"link_name":"C. Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsten_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Danish colonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Egede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Egede"},{"link_name":"Scoresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Scoresby"},{"link_name":"Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)"},{"link_name":"Nansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen"},{"link_name":"Sverdrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup"},{"link_name":"Peary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary"},{"link_name":"Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen"},{"link_name":"Northwest Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage"},{"link_name":"Northern Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Canada"},{"link_name":"Cabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cabot"},{"link_name":"G. Corte-Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real"},{"link_name":"M. Corte-Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real"},{"link_name":"Frobisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Frobisher"},{"link_name":"Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)"},{"link_name":"Bylot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bylot"},{"link_name":"Baffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Baffin"},{"link_name":"Munk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Munk"},{"link_name":"I. Fyodorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)"},{"link_name":"HMS Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)"},{"link_name":"J. Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"HMS Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)"},{"link_name":"Clerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Clerke"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Kotzebue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue"},{"link_name":"J. Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"HMS Griper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Parry"},{"link_name":"HMS Hecla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon"},{"link_name":"HMS Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Hoppner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner"},{"link_name":"Crozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crozier"},{"link_name":"J. C. 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Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Razzoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_Razzoli"},{"link_name":"Zöggeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Z%C3%B6ggeler"},{"link_name":"Zanardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Zanardi"},{"link_name":"Nibali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Nibali"},{"link_name":"Nibali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Nibali"},{"link_name":"Paltrinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Paltrinieri"},{"link_name":"Paltrinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Paltrinieri"},{"link_name":"Buffon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon"},{"link_name":"Tortu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Tortu"},{"link_name":"Mancini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Mancini"},{"link_name":"Immobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciro_Immobile"},{"link_name":"Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcell_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcell_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Tamberi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianmarco_Tamberi"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189307#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/12577/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000120968383"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/109460382"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGVbRTmqJxVMVvF8rTHC"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1030644"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5639647"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11915758h"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11915758h"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058602763906706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118581392"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV022522"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14019294"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n50036940"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000036010&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00449845"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990005635&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35348337"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199618658"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000036754&local_base=nsk10"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068456727"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810582034005606"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02081717?l=en"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/cc82b43a-1a28-4e9b-a116-d0e17e198fed"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118581392.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/920884"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/027025306"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement"}],"text":"Gaia Symphony Documentary series (Japanese production).\nReinhold Messner Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement.vtePolar explorationArctic\nOcean\nHistory\nExpeditions\nResearch stations\nFarthest NorthNorth Pole\nBarentsz\nHeemskerck\nHudson\nMarmaduke\nCarolus\nParry\nNorth magnetic pole\nJ. Ross\nJ. C. Ross\nAbernethy\nKane\nHayes\nPolaris expedition\nPolaris\nC. F. Hall\nBessels\nBritish Arctic Expedition\nHMS Alert\nNares\nHMS Discovery\nStephenson\nMarkham\nLady Franklin Bay Expedition\nGreely\nLockwood\nBrainard\nNansen's Fram expedition\nFram\nNansen\nJohansen\nSverdrup\nJason\nAmedeo\nAndrée's balloon expedition\nS. A. Andrée\nF. Cook\nSS Roosevelt\nPeary\nHenson\nSedov\nByrd\nNorge\nAmundsen\nNobile\nWisting\nRiiser-Larsen\nEllsworth\nItalia\nNautilus\nWilkins\nANT-25\nChkalov\nBaydukov\nBelyakov\nDrifting ice stations\nNP-1\nPapanin\nShirshov\nE. Fyodorov\nKrenkel\nNP-36\nNP-37\nGeorgiy Sedov\nBadygin\nWiese\nUSS Nautilus\nUSS Skate\nPlaisted\nHerbert\nNS Arktika\nBarneo\nArktika 2007\nMir submersibles\nSagalevich\nChilingarov\nIcelandGreenland\nPytheas\nBrendan\nPapar\nVikings\nNaddodd\nGarðar\nIngólfr\nNorse colonization of North America\nGunnbjörn\nSnæbjörn galti\nErik the Red\nChristian IV's expeditions\nJ. Hall\nCunningham\nLindenov\nC. Richardson\nDanish colonization\nEgede\nScoresby\nJason\nNansen\nSverdrup\nPeary\nRasmussen\nNorthwest PassageNorthern Canada\nCabot\nG. Corte-Real\nM. Corte-Real\nFrobisher\nGilbert\nDavis\nHudson\nDiscovery\nBylot\nBaffin\nMunk\nI. Fyodorov\nHMS Resolution\nJ. Cook\nHMS Discovery\nClerke\nMackenzie\nKotzebue\nJ. Ross\nHMS Griper\nParry\nHMS Hecla\nLyon\nHMS Fury\nHoppner\nCrozier\nJ. C. Ross\nCoppermine expedition\nFranklin\nBack\nDease\nSimpson\nHMS Blossom\nBeechey\nFranklin's lost expedition\nHMS Erebus\nHMS Terror\nCollinson\nRae–Richardson expedition\nRae\nJ. Richardson\nAustin\nMcClure expedition\nHMS Investigator\nMcClure\nHMS Resolute\nKellett\nBelcher\nKennedy\nBellot\nIsabel\nInglefield\n2nd Grinnell expedition\nUSS Advance\nKane\nFox\nMcClintock\nHMS Pandora\nYoung\nFram\nSverdrup\nGjøa\nAmundsen\nRasmussen\nKarluk\nStefansson\nBartlett\nSt. Roch\nH. Larsen\nCowper\nNorth East PassageRussian Arctic\nPomors\nKoch boats\nWilloughby\nChancellor\nBarentsz\nHeemskerck\nMangazeya\nHudson\nPoole\nSiberian Cossacks\nPerfilyev\nStadukhin\nDezhnev\nPopov\nIvanov\nVagin\nPermyakov\nGreat Northern Expedition\nBering\nChirikov\nMalygin\nOvtsyn\nMinin\nV. Pronchishchev\nM. Pronchishcheva\nChelyuskin\nKh. Laptev\nD. Laptev\nChichagov\nLyakhov\nBillings\nSannikov\nGedenshtrom\nWrangel\nMatyushkin\nAnjou\nLitke\nLavrov\nPakhtusov\nTsivolko\nMiddendorff\nAustro-Hungarian Expedition\nWeyprecht\nPayer\nVega Expedition\nA. E. Nordenskiöld\nPalander\nJeannette expedition\nUSS Jeannette\nDe Long\nMelville\nYermak\nMakarov\nZarya\nToll\nKolomeitsev\nMatisen\nKolchak\nSedov\nRusanov expedition\nRusanov\nKuchin\nBrusilov expedition\nSv. Anna\nBrusilov\nAlbanov\nKonrad\nWiese\nNagórski\nTaymyr / Vaygach\nVilkitsky\nMaud\nAmundsen\nAARI\nSamoylovich\nBegichev\nUrvantsev\nSadko\nUshakov\nGlavsevmorput\nSchmidt\nAviaarktika\nShevelev\nA. Sibiryakov\nVoronin\nChelyuskin\nKrassin\nGakkel\nNuclear-powered icebreakers\nLenin\nArktika-class icebreaker\nAntarctic\nContinent\nHistory\nExpeditions\nAntarctic/Southern Ocean\nRoché\nBouvet\nKerguelen\nHMS Resolution\nJ. Cook\nHMS Adventure\nFurneaux\nSmith\nSan Telmo\nVostok\nBellingshausen\nMirny\nLazarev\nBransfield\nPalmer\nDavis\nWeddell\nMorrell\nAstrolabe\nDumont d'Urville\nUnited States Exploring Expedition\nUSS Vincennes\nWilkes\nUSS Porpoise\nRinggold\nRoss expedition\nHMS Erebus (J. C. Ross\nAbernethy)\nHMS Terror (Crozier)\nCooper\nChallenger expedition\nHMS Challenger\nNares\nMurray\nJason\nC. A. Larsen\n\"Heroic Age\"\nBelgian Antarctic Expedition\nBelgica\nde Gerlache\nLecointe\nAmundsen\nCook\nArctowski\nRacoviță\nDobrowolski\nSouthern Cross\nSouthern Cross\nBorchgrevink\nDiscovery\nDiscovery\nDiscovery Hut\nGauss\nGauss\nDrygalski\nSwedish Antarctic Expedition\nAntarctic\nO. Nordenskjöld\nC. A. Larsen\nScottish Antarctic Expedition\nBruce\nScotia\nOrcadas Base\nNimrod Expedition\nNimrod\nFrench Antarctic Expeditions\nPourquoi-Pas\nCharcot\nJapanese Antarctic Expedition\nShirase\nAmundsen's South Pole expedition\nFram\nAmundsen\nFramheim\nPolheim\nTerra Nova\nTerra Nova\nScott\nWilson\nE. R. Evans\nCrean\nLashly\nFilchner\nAustralasian Antarctic Expedition\nSY Aurora\nMawson\nFar Eastern Party\nImperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition\nEndurance\nShackleton\nWild\nJames Caird\nRoss Sea party\nMackintosh\nShackleton–Rowett Expedition\nQuest\nIPY · IGYModern research\nChristensen\nByrd\nBANZARE\nBGLE\nRymill\nNew Swabia\nRitscher\nOperation Tabarin\nMarr\nOperation Highjump\nCaptain Arturo Prat Base\nBritish Antarctic Survey\nOperation Windmill\nKetchum\nRonne Expedition\nF. Ronne\nE. Ronne\nSchlossbach\nOperation Deep Freeze\nMcMurdo Station\nCommonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition\nHillary\nV. Fuchs\nSoviet Antarctic Expeditions\n1st\nSomov\nKlenova\nMirny\n2nd\nTryoshnikov\n3rd\nTolstikov\nAntarctic Treaty System\nTransglobe Expedition\nFiennes\nBurton\nLake Vostok\nKapitsa\nFarthest SouthSouth Pole\nHMS Resolution\nJ. Cook\nHMS Adventure\nFurneaux\nWeddell\nHMS Erebus\nJ. C. Ross\nHMS Terror\nCrozier\nSouthern Cross\nBorchgrevink\nDiscovery\nBarne\nNimrod\nShackleton\nWild\nMarshall\nAdams\nSouth magnetic pole\nMawson\nDavid\nMackay\nAmundsen's South Pole expedition\nFram\nAmundsen\nBjaaland\nHelmer\nHassel\nWisting\nPolheim\nTerra Nova\nScott\nE. Evans\nOates\nWilson\nBowers\nCherry-Garrard\nByrd\nBalchen\nMcKinley\nDufek\nAmundsen–Scott South Pole Station\nHillary\nV. Fuchs\nPole of Cold\nVostok Station\nPole of inaccessibility\nPole of Inaccessibility research station\nTolstikov\nCrary\nA. Fuchs\nMessnervteLaureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for SportsPrince of Asturias Award for Sports\n1987: Sebastian Coe\n1988: Juan Antonio Samaranch\n1989: Severiano Ballesteros\n1990: Sito Pons\n1991: Sergey Bubka\n1992: Miguel Induráin\n1993: Javier Sotomayor\n1994: Martina Navratilova\n1995: Hassiba Boulmerka\n1996: Carl Lewis\n1997: Spain Marathon team: Abel Antón, Martín Fiz, José Manuel García, Fabián Roncero, Alberto Juzdado and Diego García\n1998: Arantxa Sánchez Vicario\n1999: Steffi Graf\n2000: Lance Armstrong\n2001: Manuel Estiarte\n2002: Brazil national football team\n2003: Tour de France\n2004: Hicham El Guerrouj\n2005: Fernando Alonso\n2006: Spain men's national basketball team\n2007: Michael Schumacher\n2008: Rafael Nadal\n2009: Yelena Isinbayeva\n2010: Spain men's national football team\n2011: Haile Gebrselassie\n2012: Iker Casillas and Xavi Hernández\n2013: José María Olazábal\n2014: New York City Marathon\nPrincess of Asturias Award for Sports\n2015: Pau Gasol and Marc Gasol\n2016: Francisco Javier Gómez Noya\n2017: New Zealand national rugby union team\n2018: Reinhold Messner and Krzysztof Wielicki\n2019: Lindsey Vonn\n2020: Carlos Sainz\n2021: Teresa Perales\n2022: The Olympic Refuge Foundation and the IOC Refugee Olympic Team\n2023: Eliud Kipchoge\n2024: Carolina Marínvte Italian Sportsman of the Year\n1978: P. Rossi\n1979: Mennea\n1980: Mennea\n1981: Lucchinelli\n1982: Saronni\n1983: Cova\n1984: Messner\n1985: Cova\n1986: Messner\n1987: Panetta\n1988: Tomba\n1989: Lamberti\n1990: Bugno\n1991: Bugno\n1992: Tomba\n1993: Chechi\n1994: Tomba\n1995: Tomba\n1996: Chechi\n1997: Chechi\n1998: Pantani\n1999: Mori\n2000: Fioravanti\n2001: V. Rossi\n2002: V. Rossi\n2003: V. Rossi\n2004: Baldini\n2005: Magnini\n2006: Magnini\n2007: Magnini\n2008: V. Rossi\n2009: V. Rossi\n2010: Razzoli\n2011: Zöggeler\n2012: Zanardi\n2013: Nibali\n2014: Nibali\n2015: Paltrinieri\n2016: Paltrinieri\n2017: Buffon\n2018: Tortu\n2019: Mancini\n2020: Immobile\n2021: Jacobs\n2022: Jacobs\n2023: TamberiAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\n2\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nItaly\nBelgium\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nKorea\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef^ \"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.","title":"Interviews"}]	[{"image_text":"Reinhold Messner in June 2002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/GianAngelo_Pistoia_-_Reinhold_Messner_-_Foto_1.TIF/lossy-page1-220px-GianAngelo_Pistoia_-_Reinhold_Messner_-_Foto_1.TIF.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location of the eight-thousanders","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Achttausender_Neu.png/300px-Achttausender_Neu.png"},{"image_text":"Reinhold Messner in 1985 in Pamir Mountains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Reinhold_Messner_3.jpg/220px-Reinhold_Messner_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rupal face of Nanga Parbat.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Northern_Areas_38b_commons.jpg/220px-Northern_Areas_38b_commons.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mount Everest north face.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20110810_North_Face_of_Everest_Tibet_China_Panoramic.jpg/220px-20110810_North_Face_of_Everest_Tibet_China_Panoramic.jpg"},{"image_text":"K2 seen from Concordia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/K2_2006b.jpg/220px-K2_2006b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kangchenjunga.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kangchenjunga_PangPema.JPG/250px-Kangchenjunga_PangPema.JPG"},{"image_text":"Broad Peak.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Broad_Peak_in_July_2006.jpg/220px-Broad_Peak_in_July_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Messner's attempt on the summit in 1977 failed on Dhaulagiri's South Face.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dhaulagiri_-_view_from_aircraft.jpg/220px-Dhaulagiri_-_view_from_aircraft.jpg"},{"image_text":"Messner Mountain Museum in Monte Rite, Dolomites.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Passo_Cibiana_5.jpg/220px-Passo_Cibiana_5.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of climbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_climbers"}]	[{"reference":"Messner, Reinhold (1991). Antarctica: Both Heaven and Hell. ISBN 9780898863055.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dFG5CIb2R5QC&q=messner+greenland","url_text":"Antarctica: Both Heaven and Hell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898863055","url_text":"9780898863055"}]},{"reference":"Messner, Reinhold (2013). Gobi: Il deserto dentro di me (in Italian). ISBN 9788897173236.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q-XcMgEACAAJ&q=Gobi+%E2%80%93+Die+W%C3%BCste+in+mir+messner","url_text":"Gobi: Il deserto dentro di me"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788897173236","url_text":"9788897173236"}]},{"reference":"\"Reinhold Messner, greatest mountaineer on earth - Academy of achievement\". Retrieved 27 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://achievement.org/achiever/reinhold-messner/","url_text":"\"Reinhold Messner, greatest mountaineer on earth - Academy of achievement\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 9 Best Mountaineers of All Time\". Retrieved 27 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://climbinghouse.com/best-mountaineers-all-time/","url_text":"\"The 9 Best Mountaineers of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Reinhold Messner Is The Greatest Living Human\". Retrieved 27 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mountainsforeverybody.com/why-reinhold-messner-is-the-greatest-living-human","url_text":"\"Why Reinhold Messner Is The Greatest Living Human\""}]},{"reference":"Kratzer, Clemens (2012). \"Messner – der Film\". Alpin – das BergMagazin. 9: 9. ISSN 0177-3542.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0177-3542","url_text":"0177-3542"}]},{"reference":"Lisa Stocker (9 April 2009). \"Waltraud Kastlunger und ihre Brüder\". BRIGITTE-woman.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://woman.brigitte.de/leben-lieben/familie/waltraud-kastlunger-1015037/1.html","url_text":"\"Waltraud Kastlunger und ihre Brüder\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Caroline (November 2006). \"Murdering the Impossible\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 14 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061114073511/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0611/feature1/index.html","url_text":"\"Murdering the Impossible\""},{"url":"http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0611/feature1/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Messner, Reinhold (1979). Aufbruch ins Abenteuer. Der berühmteste Alpinist der Welt erzählt (in German). Bergisch Gladbach: Bastei Lübbe. pp. 122–133.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Die Füße des Extrembergsteigers\". Stern (in German). 3 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stern.de/panorama/reinhold-messner-die-fuesse-des-extrembergsteigers-3321802.html","url_text":"\"Die Füße des Extrembergsteigers\""}]},{"reference":"Rhoads, Christopher (11 December 2003). \"The controversy surrounding Reinhold Messner\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.backcountry.net/arch/pct/0312/msg00095.html","url_text":"\"The controversy surrounding Reinhold Messner\""}]},{"reference":"Connolly, Kate (19 January 2010). \"Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/19/nanga-parbat-film-controversy","url_text":"\"Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reinhold Messner - Bücher\". Reinhold-messner.de. Retrieved 11 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reinhold-messner.de/de/buecher/","url_text":"\"Reinhold Messner - Bücher\""}]},{"reference":"Free Spirit: A Climber's Life. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 1998. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-89886-573-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-573-8","url_text":"978-0-89886-573-8"}]},{"reference":"Nairsz, Wolfgang (1974). \"Manaslu 1972\" (PDF). alpinejournal.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1974_files/AJ%201974%2015-20%20Nairz%20Manaslu.pdf","url_text":"\"Manaslu 1972\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Info\". 8000ers.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/8000ers-mainmenu-205.html","url_text":"\"General Info\""}]},{"reference":"Moro, Simone (2016). Nanga: Fra rispetto e pazienza, come ho corteggiato la montagna che chiamavano assassina (in Italian). ISBN 9788817090230.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_j46vgAACAAJ&q=simone+moro+nanga","url_text":"Nanga: Fra rispetto e pazienza, come ho corteggiato la montagna che chiamavano assassina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788817090230","url_text":"9788817090230"}]},{"reference":"\"Nanga Parbat Body Ends Messner Controversy\". Outdoors Magic. 19 August 2005. Retrieved 14 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://outdoorsmagic.com/news/nanga-parbat-body-ends-messner-controversy/","url_text":"\"Nanga Parbat Body Ends Messner Controversy\""}]},{"reference":"Connolly, Kate (19 January 2010). \"Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb\". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/19/nanga-parbat-film-controversy","url_text":"\"Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb\""}]},{"reference":"Messner, Reinhold (2002). Überlebt – Alle 14 Achttausender mit Chronik (in German). Munich: BLV.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Messner, Reinhold; Gogna, Alessandro (1980). K2 – Berg der Berge (in German). Munich: BLV.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Messner, Reinhold (1983). Alle meine Gipfel (in German). Munich: Herbig.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kammerlander, Hans (2001). Bergsüchtig (in German) (6 ed.). Munich: Piper. p. 81ff.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Official Guinness Registry\". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204702/https://guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch%3fterm%3d%2522Reinhold%2bMessner%2522%26contentType%3drecord&term=%22Reinhold+Messner%22&contentType=record","url_text":"\"Official Guinness Registry\""},{"url":"https://guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch%3fterm%3d%2522Reinhold%2bMessner%2522%26contentType%3drecord&term=%22Reinhold+Messner%22&contentType=record","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kunze, Thomas (8 July 2006). \"Messners 15. Achttausender\". Berliner Zeitung. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110815015527/http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/0708/reise/0018/index.html","url_text":"\"Messners 15. Achttausender\""},{"url":"http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/0708/reise/0018/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MMM Firmian\". Messner Mountain Museum. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140716041303/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637819,mid,1242637817,first,1.html","url_text":"\"MMM Firmian\""},{"url":"http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637819,mid,1242637817,first,1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MMM Juval\". Messner Mountain Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140225092058/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638447,mid,1242638445,first,1.html","url_text":"\"MMM Juval\""},{"url":"http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638447,mid,1242638445,first,1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MMM Dolomites\". Messner Mountain Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140225091952/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638209,mid,1242638207,first,1.html","url_text":"\"MMM Dolomites\""},{"url":"http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638209,mid,1242638207,first,1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MMM Ortles\". Messner Mountain Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140225092100/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637409,mid,1242637407,first,1.html","url_text":"\"MMM Ortles\""},{"url":"http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637409,mid,1242637407,first,1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MMM Ripa\". Messner Mountain Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140225091955/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638873,mid,1242638871,first,1.html","url_text":"\"MMM Ripa\""},{"url":"http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638873,mid,1242638871,first,1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Federica Lusiardi. \"Zaha Hadid's MMM Corones museum gazes at the mountains\". Inexhibit. Retrieved 25 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/corones-museum-zaha-hadid-gazing-mountains","url_text":"\"Zaha Hadid's MMM Corones museum gazes at the mountains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inexhibit&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Inexhibit"}]},{"reference":"\"Search for a Member; European Parliament\". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/alphaOrder/view.do?language=EN&id=4419","url_text":"\"Search for a Member; European Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nena Holguin\". Wiki Data. Retrieved 12 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28054657/","url_text":"\"Nena Holguin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reinhold Messner trickste Neugierige aus: Einen Tag früher geheiratet\". OÖNachrichten. OÖ. Online GmbH & Co.KG. 1 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nachrichten.at/panorama/society/Reinhold-Messner-trickste-Neugierige-aus-Einen-Tag-frueher-geheiratet;art411,232745","url_text":"\"Reinhold Messner trickste Neugierige aus: Einen Tag früher geheiratet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portrait of a snow lion\". MNTNFILM. Retrieved 27 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mntnfilm.com/en/film/portrait-of-a-snow-lion-1992","url_text":"\"Portrait of a snow lion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Messner\". MNTNFILM. Retrieved 27 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mntnfilm.com/en/film/messner-2002","url_text":"\"Messner\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Lisa (1 December 2021). \"'14 Peaks: Nothing Is Impossible' Review: Climbing at a Breakneck Pace\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/movies/14-peaks-nothing-is-impossible-review.html","url_text":"\"'14 Peaks: Nothing Is Impossible' Review: Climbing at a Breakneck Pace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211201223735/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/movies/14-peaks-nothing-is-impossible-review.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 1989. ISBN 978-0-89886-574-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/crystalhorizon00rein_0","url_text":"The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-574-5","url_text":"978-0-89886-574-5"}]},{"reference":"Free Spirit: A Climber's Life. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 1998. ISBN 978-0-89886-573-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-573-8","url_text":"978-0-89886-573-8"}]},{"reference":"All Fourteen 8,000ers. Mountaineers Books. 1999. ISBN 978-0-89886-660-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-660-5","url_text":"978-0-89886-660-5"}]},{"reference":"My Quest for the Yeti: Confronting the Himalayas' Deepest Mystery. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-312-20394-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312203948","url_text":"My Quest for the Yeti: Confronting the Himalayas' Deepest Mystery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-20394-8","url_text":"978-0-312-20394-8"}]},{"reference":"The Big Walls: From the North Face of the Eiger to the South Face of Dhaulagiri. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 2001. ISBN 978-0-89886-844-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-844-9","url_text":"978-0-89886-844-9"}]},{"reference":"Moving Mountains: Lessons on Life and Leadership. Provo: Executive Excellence. 2001. ISBN 978-1-890009-90-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/movingmountainsl00rein","url_text":"Moving Mountains: Lessons on Life and Leadership"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890009-90-8","url_text":"978-1-890009-90-8"}]},{"reference":"The Second Death of George Mallory: The Enigma and Spirit of Mount Everest. Translated by Carruthers, Tim. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 2002. ISBN 978-0-312-27075-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312268060","url_text":"The Second Death of George Mallory: The Enigma and Spirit of Mount Everest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-27075-9","url_text":"978-0-312-27075-9"}]},{"reference":"The Naked Mountain. Seattle, WA, US: Mountaineers Books. 2003. ISBN 978-0-89886-959-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-959-0","url_text":"978-0-89886-959-0"}]},{"reference":"My Life at the Limit. Seattle, WA, US: Mountaineers Books. 2014. ISBN 978-1-59485-852-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-852-9","url_text":"978-1-59485-852-9"}]},{"reference":"Wetzler, Brad (October 2002). \"Reinhold Don't Care What You Think\". Outside Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100922195720/http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200210/200210_messner_1.html","url_text":"\"Reinhold Don't Care What You Think\""},{"url":"http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200210/200210_messner_1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krakauer, Jon (1997). Into Thin Air. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 978-0385494786. OCLC 42967338.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air","url_text":"Into Thin Air"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385494786","url_text":"978-0385494786"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42967338","url_text":"42967338"}]},{"reference":"Messner, Reinhold (October 1981). \"I Climbed Everest Alone... At My Limit\". National Geographic. Vol. 160, no. 4. pp. 552–566. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)","url_text":"National Geographic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358","url_text":"0027-9358"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454","url_text":"643483454"}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.","urls":[{"url":"https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration","url_text":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement","url_text":"American Academy of Achievement"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.reinhold-messner.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dFG5CIb2R5QC&q=messner+greenland","external_links_name":"Antarctica: Both Heaven and Hell"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q-XcMgEACAAJ&q=Gobi+%E2%80%93+Die+W%C3%BCste+in+mir+messner","external_links_name":"Gobi: Il deserto dentro di me"},{"Link":"https://achievement.org/achiever/reinhold-messner/","external_links_name":"\"Reinhold Messner, greatest mountaineer on earth - Academy of achievement\""},{"Link":"https://climbinghouse.com/best-mountaineers-all-time/","external_links_name":"\"The 9 Best Mountaineers of All Time\""},{"Link":"https://mountainsforeverybody.com/why-reinhold-messner-is-the-greatest-living-human","external_links_name":"\"Why Reinhold Messner Is The Greatest Living Human\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0177-3542","external_links_name":"0177-3542"},{"Link":"http://woman.brigitte.de/leben-lieben/familie/waltraud-kastlunger-1015037/1.html","external_links_name":"\"Waltraud Kastlunger und ihre Brüder\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061114073511/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0611/feature1/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Murdering the Impossible\""},{"Link":"http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0611/feature1/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.stern.de/panorama/reinhold-messner-die-fuesse-des-extrembergsteigers-3321802.html","external_links_name":"\"Die Füße des Extrembergsteigers\""},{"Link":"http://www.backcountry.net/arch/pct/0312/msg00095.html","external_links_name":"\"The controversy surrounding Reinhold Messner\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/19/nanga-parbat-film-controversy","external_links_name":"\"Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb\""},{"Link":"https://www.reinhold-messner.de/de/buecher/","external_links_name":"\"Reinhold Messner - Bücher\""},{"Link":"http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1974_files/AJ%201974%2015-20%20Nairz%20Manaslu.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Manaslu 1972\""},{"Link":"http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/8000ers-mainmenu-205.html","external_links_name":"\"General Info\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_j46vgAACAAJ&q=simone+moro+nanga","external_links_name":"Nanga: Fra rispetto e pazienza, come ho corteggiato la montagna che chiamavano assassina"},{"Link":"http://www.carstenszpapua.com/7summits-history.html","external_links_name":"History of 7 Summits project – who was first?"},{"Link":"http://outdoorsmagic.com/news/nanga-parbat-body-ends-messner-controversy/","external_links_name":"\"Nanga Parbat Body Ends Messner Controversy\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/19/nanga-parbat-film-controversy","external_links_name":"\"Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204702/https://guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch%3fterm%3d%2522Reinhold%2bMessner%2522%26contentType%3drecord&term=%22Reinhold+Messner%22&contentType=record","external_links_name":"\"Official Guinness Registry\""},{"Link":"https://guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch%3fterm%3d%2522Reinhold%2bMessner%2522%26contentType%3drecord&term=%22Reinhold+Messner%22&contentType=record","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110815015527/http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/0708/reise/0018/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Messners 15. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_Action	Evidence Action	["1 History","2 Programs","2.1 Deworm the World","2.2 Safe Water Now","2.3 Syphilis-Free Start and Equal Vitamin Access","2.4 No Lean Season","3 Funding","4 References"]	American non-profit organization Evidence ActionFormation2013FounderAmrita AhujaLegal status501(c)(3)HeadquartersWashington, DCRegion Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth AsiaEast AfricaServicesDewormingWater chlorinationIron supplementationSyphilis screeningFieldsInternational development Global healthCEOKanika BahlBoard of directorsShikhar Ghosh (Chair)Amrita AhujaKanika BahlElizabeth Young McNallyChristina ReichersDina PomeranzOwens WiwaKey peopleMichael KremerEsther DufloRachel GlennersterKristin ForbesRevenue (2022) $127 Million USDExpenses (2022)$32.5 Million USDStaff (2023) 700+Websitewww.evidenceaction.org Evidence Action is an American non-profit organization founded in 2013 that scales cost-effective development interventions with rigorous evidence supporting their efficacy. The organization operates four main programs: the Deworm the World Initiative, Safe Water Now, Equal Vitamin Access, and Syphilis-Free Start. It also operates an Accelerator program, whereby new development interventions are screened and scaled according to efficacy. Vox Media has described Evidence Action as taking a "VC approach to development work". Evidence Action has frequently been ranked as among the most effective charities in the world, scaling programs in global health whose cost effectiveness is supported by randomized controlled trials. The charity is guided by principles of effective altruism, in particular the notion that charitable giving should be oriented towards the causes that do the most good in the world. In 2022, the organization's revenue was US$127 million. History Evidence Action was founded in 2013 as the parent organization for the Deworm the World Initiative, an international deworming campaign co-founded by economists Kristin Forbes, Michael Kremer, Esther Duflo, and Rachel Glennerster. In 2004, Kremer and co-author Edward Miguel published an impact evaluation of a school-based deworming campaign in Kenya, showing that the program increased school attendance rates by 25% and improved overall health. Kremer and Esther Duflo presented the findings of this and other research at the World Economic Forum in 2007, founding the Deworm the World Initiative as an independent organization to scale school-based deworming schemes. From 2010 to 2014, Deworm the World was incubated by Innovations for Poverty Action, a non-profit research and policy organization advocating the use of rigorous impact evaluation in international development. In 2013, Evidence Action was founded to manage Deworm the World. Alix Zwane, Evidence Action's first executive director, articulated the organization's mandate as being based on the "gap between what research shows is effective in global development and what is implemented in practice." The organization is now run by Kanika Bahl, a former Executive Vice President of the Clinton Health Access Initiative. From 2013 to 2022, Evidence Action was ranked a top-rated charity by GiveWell, considered among the best internationally for social impact per dollar spent. Many businesspeople, journalists, and prominent figures in the effective altruism movement have donated to or advocated for donating to Evidence Action, including Peter Singer, Ezra Klein, Nicholas Kristof, Dylan Matthews, Dustin Moskovitz, and Cari Tuna. Programs Evidence Action operates four distinct programs: Deworm the World, Safe Water Now, Equal Vitamin Access, and Syphilis-Free Start. The first two of these were incubated by Innovations for Poverty Action, and are implemented at-scale. The latter two were launched via Evidence Action's Accelerator program, whereby promising interventions are piloted and scaled conditional on performance. Deworm the World Michael Kremer, co-author of "Worms"Edward Miguel, co-author of "Worms" Evidence Action's flagship program is Deworm the World, a school-based deworming scheme active in Kenya, India, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Vietnam. The Deworm the World Initiative was founded in 2007, in response to an experimental evaluation of a school-based deworming campaign in Busia, Kenya. After completing an undergraduate degree at Harvard University, Michael Kremer worked for a year as a teacher in the Kakamega District of Kenya. He returned to the area with Rachel Glennerster, his wife, after completing his PhD, and learned of a local friend's plan to implement a deworming program in nearby schools. Interested in the effects of the program, he organized a randomized controlled trial, rolling out treatments in 1998. In 2004, Kremer and Edward Miguel, his PhD student, published the results of the evaluation in Econometrica. The results of the study indicated that deworming is a cost effective means of improving health and education outcomes, raising school attendance rates by 25%. The study's treatment effects suggested that for each $100 spent on deworming, students would collectively gain another 13.9 years of schooling. Results from the experiment were presented by Kremer and Esther Duflo at the World Economic Forum in 2007, inspiring the creation of the Deworm the World Initiative, an international deworming campaign incubated by Innovations for Poverty Action. In 2009, Deworm the World began working with the Kenyan government to train teachers and other school employees to administer oral deworming treatments to students. In 2012, a full-scale roll-out was launched, with treatments administered in a series of "deworming days" across the country. A similar campaign was launched in India, where Deworm the World supported preliminary surveys of the worm burdens across various Indian states and helped rolled-out treatment to over 17 million children in the state of Bihar. In 2013, Evidence Action was founded to manage and scale the Deworm the World Initiative. USAID delivers deworming medication to school children in Vietnam Since the initial rollout of Deworm the World, Kremer and Miguel's findings have been challenged by replications and further studies showing more muted effects of deworming on school attendance. In 2015, Alexander Aiken and co-authors published two papers in the International Journal of Epidemiology reproducing Kremer and Miguel's results with both the same and different methods, showing less pronounced effects on attendance and no impact on school performance. They likewise critiqued the original study's lack of external validity, noting that the original study paired deworming with a health information campaign. After the replications were published, Cochrane updated their review examining the effects of deworming, arguing that meta-analysis of 40 studies provided little evidence that deworming improves nutrition or educational outcomes. Despite these challenges, many in the international development community have continued to promote deworming as a cost-effective global health intervention. In 2015, an article in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases criticized the Cochrane review, arguing that it included an unnecessarily limited number of studies, and that RCTs often understate effects by treating both those with heavy and light worm burdens. Writing of his analysis of the replications, Chris Blattman, then of Columbia University, wrote that "here are clearly serious problems with the Miguel-Kremer study. But, to be quite frank, you have throw so much crazy sh*t at Miguel-Kremer to make the result go away that I believe the result even more than when I started." Justin Sandefur of the Center for Global Development similarly wrote that "New information about the original deworming study qualifies its findings, but certainly does not 'debunk,' 'overturn,' or negate its findings". This assessment was further supported by a long-term follow-up published by Miguel, Kremer, and co-authors in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, showing that children treated with deworming medications twenty years prior have higher earnings, and are more likely to work in non-agricultural jobs. Their results suggest that deworming produces a 37% annualized rate of return. In light of these results, Evidence Action continues to implement deworming programs, treating 275 million children annually in Kenya, India, Vietnam, Nigeria and Ethiopia. An impact evaluation of Kenya's National School-Based Deworming Program, implemented in partnership with Evidence Action, concluded that the scheme reduced the rate of soil-transmitted helminth infection in the country by 26.5 percentage points from 2012 to 2022. Evidence Action's program in Bihar, first implemented in 2011, reached 80% of its target population, substantially exceeding World Health Organization guidelines. By 2015, the Government of India expanded the program nationally, treating 89.9 million children. In 2022-2023, Evidence Action launched a similar mass deworming program in Lagos State with the support of the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health, aiming to treat 1.3 million children under the age of five. Safe Water Now Evidence Action also operates a point-of-collection water chlorination program called Safe Water Now. The scheme was incubated by Innovations for Poverty Action, and was founded in response to a series of randomized controlled trials conducted by Michael Kremer, Edward Miguel, Sendhil Mullainathan, Clair Null, and Alix Zwane in Kenya between 2004 and 2010. The RCT found that a combination of local advertising campaigns and chlorine distribution systems strategically located near water wells increased the likelihood that households treated their water. Subsequent work by Kremer, Johannes Haushofer, Ricardo Maertens, and Brandon Joel Tan showed that this increase in chlorination take-up translated into improved health, with treatment causing a reduction in child (i.e. under five) mortality of 1.4 percentage points, a 63% decline from baseline. The program was found to significantly exceed World Health Organization cost effectiveness standards, and was identified by Evidence Action as a scalable, low cost, and high impact intervention, saving lives for an estimated $1,941. A subsequent meta-analysis of 52 RCTs by Michael Kremer and co-authors confirmed this result, showing that water chlorination saves disability adjusted life years at a cost of approximately $40. Michael Kremer receiving the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences alongside Esther Duflo As of mid-2019, Safe Water Now provided chlorination services to 4 million people, a number that has grown to over 10 million in 2023. Syphilis-Free Start and Equal Vitamin Access Evidence Action also operates an Accelerator program, whereby promising, cost-effective health and nutrition interventions are scaled and tested iteratively according to a venture capital model. The program replaced Evidence Action Beta, a similar scheme. As of 2022, only 2% of programs examined by Evidence Action's Accelerator program are actually scaled. Kanika Bahl, Evidence Action's CEO, has referred to the program as trying to find the "unicorns of international development". Several interventions have been scaled through Evidence Action's Beta and Accelerator schemes. This includes two of Evidence Action's primary programs: Syphilis-Free Start and Equal Vitamin Access. Syphilis-Free Start provides syphilis screening to pregnant women, who if infected are more likely to experience stillbirth or bear children with severe disabilities. Syphilis testing can be added to routine HIV tests for $0.35, but is frequently not conducted, despite support from the World Health Organization. In 2020, Evidence Action partnered with the government of Liberia to fill this gap, piloting dual testing for syphilis and HIV in Montserrado County. By 2022, rates of screening had grown by 61 percentage points, from a baseline of 6%. Evidence Action has since expanded the program to Zambia and Cameroon. Evidence Action also operates Equal Vitamin Access, a program that provides iron and folic acid supplementation to children in regions where anemia and other nutritional deficiencies are common. In 2019, Evidence Action's Beta program launched a pilot of the scheme in partnership with several Indian states with the support of a $5.1 million incubation grant from Good Ventures. In support of the program, Evidence Action has also contributed to research on the supply-chain for iron and folic acid supplements in India. No Lean Season From 2014-2019, Evidence Action ran an additional program called No Lean Season that offered financial incentives to farm workers to migrate to nearby cities during the monga, a period of seasonal famine coinciding with the agricultural off season in Bangladesh. The scheme was based on a similar program studied by Gharad Bryan, Shyamal Chowdhury, and Mushfiq Mobarak in a randomized controlled trial in which Bangladeshi farm workers were given low interest loans to migrate to nearby cities. The program increased the incomes of households that sent seasonal migrants, and raised the likelihood of migration in future years (even if incentives were not actively provided). The scheme was nearly five times as cost effective as traditional food distribution efforts. Karen Levy of Evidence Action noted that "he results were pretty astounding. ... o find this very small, very well-targeted intervention that seems to have these big outsized effects ... those things don't come along very often." By 2017, the program had raised $11 million, and been scaled to 699 villages and 170,000 households in Bangladesh. In 2017, results from an additional randomized evaluation were released demonstrating that the program, implemented in partnership with Bangladeshi NGO RDRS, did not have the desired effects on migration. Mushfiq Mobarak, whose study in Econometrica promoted the program's rollout, argued that the null effect was the result of RDRS disproportionately registering those eager to migrate before the incentive was provided. The program was also called into question after Evidence Action's leadership was made aware that the initial approval of the project was solicited via a bribe to a junior government official. In response, Evidence Action ended its relationship with RDRS, and canceled No Lean Season, which was previously ranked among the most effective destinations for charitable donations by GiveWell. Funding According to ProPublica, Evidence Action's annual expenses grew from less than $200,000 in 2013 to $22.4 million in 2021. In 2022, their expenses reached $32.5 million, with total revenues exceeding $127 million. Cari Tuna, co-founder of Open Philanthropy and Good Ventures Evidence Action has been supported by many prominent organizations in the effective altruism movement. As of 2023, the charity has received over 20 distinct grants from Good Ventures, an American philanthropic organization founded by Cari Tuna and Dustin Moskovitz that distributes funds in line with recommendations from Open Philanthropy. Good Ventures made its largest grants in 2022, when $48.8 million was committed to Evidence Action's Dispensers for Safe Water program and an additional $14 million was earmarked for the charity's Accelerator scheme.Logo of GiveWell, an American cause prioritization charityEvidence Action has also received 35 distinct grants from GiveWell, an American cause prioritization charity. The largest of these was distributed in 2022, when $64.7 million was committed to Evidence Action's Dispensers for Safe Water program. Between 2017 and 2018, GiveWell also committed over $29 million to the Deworm the World Initiative. In 2023, Evidence Action received a $1.27 million grant from the Weiss Asset Management Foundation to support the pilot of a water treatment program in India. Evidence Action has also received support from the United States Agency for International Development's Development Innovation Ventures scheme, and from the Astellas Global Health Foundation. References ^ a b c d e f "Evidence Action". The Life You Can Save. Retrieved 2024-01-05. ^ a b Kristof, Nicholas (2014-12-06). "Gifts that inspire". New York Times. Retrieved 2023-01-04. ^ a b "Using evidence to improve global well being". Evidence Action. Retrieved 2024-01-05. ^ a b c d e f g h i j McDonough, Siobhan (2022-10-20). "Kanika Bahl is finding the unicorns of international development". Vox. 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"Worm wars: The fight tearing apart the global health community, explained". Vox. Retrieved 2024-01-06. ^ a b Leach, Anna (2015-08-05). "Explainer: Where were you in the #wormwars?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-01-06. ^ Brink, Susan (2015-11-15). "The Debate Is On: To Deworm Or Not To Deworm?". NPR. Retrieved 2024-01-06. ^ Silva, Nilanthi de; Ahmed, Be-Nazir; Casapia, Martin; Silva, H. J. de; Gyapong, John; Malecela, Mwelecele; Pathmeswaran, A. (2015-10-22). "Cochrane Reviews on Deworming and the Right to a Healthy, Worm-Free Life". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9 (10): e0004203. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004203. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 4619607. PMID 26492484. ^ Hamory, Joan; Miguel, Edward; Walker, Michael; Kremer, Michael; Baird, Sarah (2021-04-06). "Twenty-year economic impacts of deworming". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (14). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823185H. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023185118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8040658. PMID 33790017. ^ a b Piper, Kelsey (2020-08-06). "A new study finds that giving kids deworming treatment still benefits them 20 years later". Vox. Retrieved 2024-01-06. ^ Okoyo, Collins; Minnery, Mark; Orowe, Idah; Owaga, Chrispin; Campbell, Suzy J.; Wambugu, Christin; Olick, Nereah; Hagemann, Jane; Omondi, Wyckliff P.; McCracken, Kate; Montresor, Antonio; Medley, Graham F.; Fronterre, Claudio; Diggle, Peter; Mwandawiro, Charles (2023). "Model-based geostatistical design and analysis of prevalence for soil-transmitted helminths in Kenya: Results from ten-years of the Kenya national school-based deworming programme". Heliyon. 9 (10): e20695. Bibcode:2023Heliy...920695O. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20695. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 10565763. PMID 37829802. ^ Drake, Lesley J.; Singh, Sarman; Mishra, C. K.; Sinha, Amarjeet; Kumar, Sanjay; Bhushan, Rajesh; Hollingsworth, T. Deirdre; Appleby, Laura J.; Kumar, Rakesh; Sharma, Kriti; Kumar, Yogita; Raman, Sri; Chakrabarty, Stalin; Kihara, Jimmy H.; Gunawardena, N. K. (2015-11-19). King, Charles H. (ed.). "Bihar's Pioneering School-Based Deworming Programme: Lessons Learned in Deworming over 17 Million Indian School-Age Children in One Sustainable Campaign". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9 (11): e0004106. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004106. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 4652892. PMID 26584484. ^ Ibeh, Royal (2022-11-24). "Lagos Targets 1.3m Children In Free Deworming Exercise". Leadership News. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ a b Kremer, Michael; Miguel, Edward; Mullainathan, Sendhil; Null, Clair; Zwane, Alix (2011). "Social Engineering: Evidence from a Suite of Take-up Experiments in Kenya" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-01-04. ^ Costerr, Helen (2014-05-14). "Peer Pressure Can Be a Lifesaver". New York Times. Retrieved 2024-01-05. ^ Haushofer, Johannes; Kremer, Michael; Maertens, Ricardo; Tan, Brandon Joel (November 2021). Water Treatment and Child Mortality: Evidence from Kenya (Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w29447. ^ a b Matthews, Dylan (2021-11-13). "How a simple solution slashed child mortality in rural Kenyan villages". Vox. Retrieved 2023-11-27. ^ Kremer, Michael; Luby, Stephen P.; Maertens, Ricardo; Tan, Brandon; Więcek, Witold (2023), Water Treatment And Child Mortality: A Meta-Analysis And Cost-effectiveness Analysis (Working Paper), NBER Working Paper Series, doi:10.3386/w30835, retrieved 2024-01-05 ^ "Chlorine Dispensers for Safe Water \| IPA". Innovations for Poverty Action. Retrieved 2023-11-27. ^ "Safe Water Now". Evidence Action. Retrieved 2023-11-27. ^ Bahl, Kanika (2023-09-19). "Opinion: Courage over convention — new ideas to get the SDGs on track". Devex. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ "Syphilis". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ "Increasing Syphilis Screening and Treatment among Women attending ANC in Liberia" (PDF). ICAP at Columbia University. Retrieved 2023-01-08. ^ "Evidence Action — Syphilis Screening and Treatment in Pregnancy in Zambia and Cameroon (July 2022) \| GiveWell". GiveWell. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ Ahmad, Khobaib; Singh, Jitendra; Singh, Ruby Alambusha; Saxena, Abhimanyu; Varghese, Mini; Ghosh, Sebanti; Roy, Sumitro; Yadav, Kapil; Joe, William; Patel, Narendra (2023-02-24). "Public health supply chain for iron and folic acid supplementation in India: Status, bottlenecks and an agenda for corrective action under Anemia Mukt Bharat strategy". PLOS ONE. 18 (2): e0279827. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1879827A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279827. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9955604. PMID 36827429. ^ a b "Underinvestment in a Profitable Technology: The Case of Seasonal Migration in Bangladesh". Econometrica. 82 (5): 1671–1748. 2014. doi:10.3982/ecta10489. ISSN 0012-9682. S2CID 26798688. ^ a b c Aizenman, Nurith (2017-12-28). "Want To Help Someone In A Poor Village? Give Them A Bus Ticket Out". NPR. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ a b c d e f Aizenman, Nurith (2019-01-07). "Why This Charity Isn't Afraid To Say It Failed". NPR. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ a b c Piper, Kelsey (2018-11-29). "A charity just admitted that its program wasn't working. That's a big deal". Vox. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ a b Piper, Kelsey (2019-06-07). "This charity just canceled one of its poverty programs. That's a good thing". Vox. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ Roberts, Brandon; Suozzo, Andrea; Glassford, Alec; Ngu, Ash (2013-05-09). "Evidence Action Inc - Nonprofit Explorer". ProPublica. Retrieved 2024-01-04. ^ a b "Grants Archive". Good Ventures. Retrieved 2024-01-05. ^ Matthews, Dylan (2018-10-16). "You have $8 billion. You want to do as much good as possible. What do you do?". Vox. Retrieved 2024-01-05. ^ a b c "GiveWell Grants". GiveWell. Retrieved 2024-01-05. ^ Matthews, Dylan (2023-11-28). "I give 10 percent of my income to charity. You should, too". Vox. Retrieved 2024-01-05. ^ "Weiss Asset Management Foundation Awards Over $1.25 Million to Support Evidence Action's Safe Water Pilot in India". Yahoo Finance. 2023-08-14. Retrieved 2024-01-05. ^ "Chlorine Dispensers: Bringing Safe Water to Scale". US Agency for International Development. Retrieved 2024-01-05. ^ "Supporting Evidence Action's Dispensers for Safe Water Program in Rural Uganda". Astellas Global Health Foundation. Retrieved 2024-01-05. vteEffective altruismConcepts Aid effectiveness Charity assessment Demandingness objection Disability-adjusted life year Disease burden Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis Earning to give Equal consideration of interests Longtermism Marginal utility Moral circle expansion Psychological barriers to effective altruism Quality-adjusted life year Utilitarianism Venture philanthropy Key figures Sam Bankman-Fried Liv Boeree Nick Bostrom Hilary Greaves Holden Karnofsky William MacAskill Dustin Moskovitz Yew-Kwang Ng Toby Ord Derek Parfit Peter Singer Cari Tuna Eliezer Yudkowsky Organizations 80,000 Hours Against Malaria Foundation All-Party Parliamentary Group for Future Generations Animal Charity Evaluators Animal Ethics Centre for Effective Altruism Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research Center for High Impact Philanthropy Centre for the Study of Existential Risk Development Media International Evidence Action Faunalytics Fistula Foundation Future of Humanity Institute Future of Life Institute Founders Pledge GiveDirectly GiveWell Giving What We Can Good Food Fund The Good Food Institute Good Ventures The Humane League Mercy for Animals Machine Intelligence Research Institute Malaria Consortium Nuclear Threat Initiative Open Philanthropy Raising for Effective Giving Sentience Institute Unlimit Health Wild Animal Initiative Focus areas Biotechnology risk Climate change Cultured meat Economic stability Existential risk from artificial general intelligence Global catastrophic risk Global health Global poverty Immigration reform Intensive animal farming Land use reform Life extension Malaria prevention Mass deworming Neglected tropical diseases Suffering risks Wild animal suffering Literature Doing Good Better The End of Animal Farming Famine, Affluence, and Morality The Life You Can Save Living High and Letting Die The Most Good You Can Do Practical Ethics The Precipice Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies What We Owe the Future Events Effective Altruism Global	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-2"},{"link_name":"Deworm the World Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deworm_the_World_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-4"},{"link_name":"Vox Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"global health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_health"},{"link_name":"randomized controlled trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"effective altruism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_altruism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-11"}],"text":"American non-profit organizationEvidence Action is an American non-profit organization founded in 2013 that scales cost-effective development interventions with rigorous evidence supporting their efficacy.[1][2] The organization operates four main programs: the Deworm the World Initiative, Safe Water Now, Equal Vitamin Access, and Syphilis-Free Start.[3] It also operates an Accelerator program, whereby new development interventions are screened and scaled according to efficacy.[4] Vox Media has described Evidence Action as taking a \"VC approach to development work\".[4]Evidence Action has frequently been ranked as among the most effective charities in the world,[5][6][7] scaling programs in global health whose cost effectiveness is supported by randomized controlled trials.[1] The charity is guided by principles of effective altruism,[8][9] in particular the notion that charitable giving should be oriented towards the causes that do the most good in the world.[9][10] In 2022, the organization's revenue was US$127 million.[11]","title":"Evidence Action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deworm the World Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deworm_the_World_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Kristin Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Forbes"},{"link_name":"Michael Kremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer"},{"link_name":"Esther Duflo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Duflo"},{"link_name":"Rachel Glennerster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Glennerster"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-12"},{"link_name":"Edward Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Miguel"},{"link_name":"deworming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deworming"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"Esther Duflo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Duflo"},{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"Innovations for Poverty Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovations_for_Poverty_Action"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-9"},{"link_name":"Clinton Health Access Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Health_Access_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-4"},{"link_name":"GiveWell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GiveWell"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"effective altruism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_altruism"},{"link_name":"Peter Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Singer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"Ezra Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Klein"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Kristof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Kristof"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-2"},{"link_name":"Dylan Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Matthews"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dustin Moskovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"},{"link_name":"Cari Tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari_Tuna"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"}],"text":"Evidence Action was founded in 2013 as the parent organization for the Deworm the World Initiative, an international deworming campaign co-founded by economists Kristin Forbes, Michael Kremer, Esther Duflo, and Rachel Glennerster.[12] In 2004, Kremer and co-author Edward Miguel published an impact evaluation of a school-based deworming campaign in Kenya, showing that the program increased school attendance rates by 25% and improved overall health.[13] Kremer and Esther Duflo presented the findings of this and other research at the World Economic Forum in 2007, founding the Deworm the World Initiative as an independent organization to scale school-based deworming schemes.[14] From 2010 to 2014, Deworm the World was incubated by Innovations for Poverty Action, a non-profit research and policy organization advocating the use of rigorous impact evaluation in international development.[14]In 2013, Evidence Action was founded to manage Deworm the World. Alix Zwane, Evidence Action's first executive director,[15] articulated the organization's mandate as being based on the \"gap between what research shows is effective in global development and what is implemented in practice.\"[9] The organization is now run by Kanika Bahl, a former Executive Vice President of the Clinton Health Access Initiative.[4] From 2013 to 2022, Evidence Action was ranked a top-rated charity by GiveWell, considered among the best internationally for social impact per dollar spent.[16]Many businesspeople, journalists, and prominent figures in the effective altruism movement have donated to or advocated for donating to Evidence Action, including Peter Singer,[10] Ezra Klein,[17] Nicholas Kristof,[2] Dylan Matthews,[18] Dustin Moskovitz,[19] and Cari Tuna.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deworm the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deworm_the_World_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-3"},{"link_name":"Innovations for Poverty Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovations_for_Poverty_Action"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-4"}],"text":"Evidence Action operates four distinct programs: Deworm the World, Safe Water Now, Equal Vitamin Access, and Syphilis-Free Start.[3] The first two of these were incubated by Innovations for Poverty Action, and are implemented at-scale.[20] The latter two were launched via Evidence Action's Accelerator program, whereby promising interventions are piloted and scaled conditional on performance.[4]","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kremer_bio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Kremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tedmiguel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Miguel"},{"link_name":"Deworm the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deworm_the_World_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Deworm the World Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deworm_the_World_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-12"},{"link_name":"Busia, Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busia,_Kenya"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-22"},{"link_name":"Michael Kremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer"},{"link_name":"Kakamega District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakamega_District"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-23"},{"link_name":"Rachel Glennerster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Glennerster"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"deworming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deworming"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-24"},{"link_name":"randomized controlled trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"Edward Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Miguel"},{"link_name":"Econometrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrica"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"deworming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deworming"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-25"},{"link_name":"Esther Duflo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Duflo"},{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"},{"link_name":"Innovations for Poverty Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovations_for_Poverty_Action"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"deworming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deworming"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-25"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USAID_Delivers_Deworming_Medication_to_Kindergartners_in_Nam_Dinh_Province_(8920316039).jpg"},{"link_name":"USAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID"},{"link_name":"deworming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deworming"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-30"},{"link_name":"external validity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_validity"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-30"},{"link_name":"Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_reviews"},{"link_name":"meta-analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-30"},{"link_name":"international development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_development"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-31"},{"link_name":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS_Neglected_Tropical_Diseases"},{"link_name":"Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"RCTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Chris Blattman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Blattman"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-30"},{"link_name":"Center for Global Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Global_Development"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-31"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-35"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"soil-transmitted helminth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil-transmitted_helminth"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"Lagos State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Health_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Deworm the World","text":"Michael Kremer, co-author of \"Worms\"Edward Miguel, co-author of \"Worms\"Evidence Action's flagship program is Deworm the World, a school-based deworming scheme active in Kenya, India, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Vietnam.[21] The Deworm the World Initiative was founded in 2007,[12] in response to an experimental evaluation of a school-based deworming campaign in Busia, Kenya.[13] After completing an undergraduate degree at Harvard University,[22] Michael Kremer worked for a year as a teacher in the Kakamega District of Kenya.[23] He returned to the area with Rachel Glennerster, his wife, after completing his PhD, and learned of a local friend's plan to implement a deworming program in nearby schools.[24] Interested in the effects of the program, he organized a randomized controlled trial, rolling out treatments in 1998.[13] In 2004, Kremer and Edward Miguel, his PhD student, published the results of the evaluation in Econometrica.[13]The results of the study indicated that deworming is a cost effective means of improving health and education outcomes, raising school attendance rates by 25%.[13] The study's treatment effects suggested that for each $100 spent on deworming, students would collectively gain another 13.9 years of schooling.[25] Results from the experiment were presented by Kremer and Esther Duflo at the World Economic Forum in 2007, inspiring the creation of the Deworm the World Initiative, an international deworming campaign incubated by Innovations for Poverty Action.[14] In 2009, Deworm the World began working with the Kenyan government to train teachers and other school employees to administer oral deworming treatments to students.[25] In 2012, a full-scale roll-out was launched, with treatments administered in a series of \"deworming days\" across the country.[25] A similar campaign was launched in India, where Deworm the World supported preliminary surveys of the worm burdens across various Indian states[26] and helped rolled-out treatment to over 17 million children in the state of Bihar.[27] In 2013, Evidence Action was founded to manage and scale the Deworm the World Initiative.[9]USAID delivers deworming medication to school children in VietnamSince the initial rollout of Deworm the World, Kremer and Miguel's findings have been challenged by replications and further studies showing more muted effects of deworming on school attendance. In 2015, Alexander Aiken and co-authors published two papers in the International Journal of Epidemiology reproducing Kremer and Miguel's results with both the same and different methods,[28][29] showing less pronounced effects on attendance and no impact on school performance.[30] They likewise critiqued the original study's lack of external validity, noting that the original study paired deworming with a health information campaign.[30] After the replications were published, Cochrane updated their review examining the effects of deworming, arguing that meta-analysis of 40 studies provided little evidence that deworming improves nutrition or educational outcomes.[30]Despite these challenges, many in the international development community have continued to promote deworming as a cost-effective global health intervention.[30][31] In 2015, an article in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases criticized the Cochrane review,[32] arguing that it included an unnecessarily limited number of studies, and that RCTs often understate effects by treating both those with heavy and light worm burdens.[33] Writing of his analysis of the replications, Chris Blattman, then of Columbia University, wrote that \"[t]here are clearly serious problems with the Miguel-Kremer study. But, to be quite frank, you have throw so much crazy sh*t at Miguel-Kremer to make the result go away that I believe the result even more than when I started.\"[30] Justin Sandefur of the Center for Global Development similarly wrote that \"New information about the original deworming study qualifies its findings, but certainly does not 'debunk,' 'overturn,' or negate its findings\".[31] This assessment was further supported by a long-term follow-up published by Miguel, Kremer, and co-authors in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, showing that children treated with deworming medications twenty years prior have higher earnings, and are more likely to work in non-agricultural jobs.[34][35] Their results suggest that deworming produces a 37% annualized rate of return.[35]In light of these results, Evidence Action continues to implement deworming programs, treating 275 million children annually in Kenya, India, Vietnam, Nigeria and Ethiopia.[5][14] An impact evaluation of Kenya's National School-Based Deworming Program, implemented in partnership with Evidence Action, concluded that the scheme reduced the rate of soil-transmitted helminth infection in the country by 26.5 percentage points from 2012 to 2022.[36] Evidence Action's program in Bihar, first implemented in 2011, reached 80% of its target population, substantially exceeding World Health Organization guidelines.[37] By 2015, the Government of India expanded the program nationally, treating 89.9 million children.[14] In 2022-2023, Evidence Action launched a similar mass deworming program in Lagos State with the support of the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health, aiming to treat 1.3 million children under the age of five.[38]","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Innovations for Poverty Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovations_for_Poverty_Action"},{"link_name":"randomized controlled trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial"},{"link_name":"Michael Kremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer"},{"link_name":"Edward Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Miguel"},{"link_name":"Sendhil Mullainathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendhil_Mullainathan"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-39"},{"link_name":"RCT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Johannes Haushofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Haushofer"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-42"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-42"},{"link_name":"meta-analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis"},{"link_name":"RCTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial"},{"link_name":"Michael Kremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer"},{"link_name":"disability adjusted life years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_9_Dec_2019_070_copy_(49204049487).jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Kremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kremer"},{"link_name":"Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Esther Duflo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Duflo"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Safe Water Now","text":"Evidence Action also operates a point-of-collection water chlorination program called Safe Water Now. The scheme was incubated by Innovations for Poverty Action, and was founded in response to a series of randomized controlled trials conducted by Michael Kremer, Edward Miguel, Sendhil Mullainathan, Clair Null, and Alix Zwane in Kenya between 2004 and 2010.[39] The RCT found that a combination of local advertising campaigns and chlorine distribution systems strategically located near water wells increased the likelihood that households treated their water.[39][40] Subsequent work by Kremer, Johannes Haushofer, Ricardo Maertens, and Brandon Joel Tan showed that this increase in chlorination take-up translated into improved health, with treatment causing a reduction in child (i.e. under five) mortality of 1.4 percentage points, a 63% decline from baseline.[41][42] The program was found to significantly exceed World Health Organization cost effectiveness standards, and was identified by Evidence Action as a scalable, low cost, and high impact intervention, saving lives for an estimated $1,941.[42] A subsequent meta-analysis of 52 RCTs by Michael Kremer and co-authors confirmed this result, showing that water chlorination saves disability adjusted life years at a cost of approximately $40.[43]Michael Kremer receiving the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences alongside Esther DufloAs of mid-2019, Safe Water Now provided chlorination services to 4 million people,[44] a number that has grown to over 10 million in 2023.[45]","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-4"},{"link_name":"unicorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorn_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-4"},{"link_name":"syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"stillbirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth"},{"link_name":"disabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-4"},{"link_name":"Syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-4"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"Montserrado County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrado_County"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-4"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_supplement"},{"link_name":"folic acid supplementation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate_deficiency"},{"link_name":"anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"Indian states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Good Ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Ventures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"folic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Syphilis-Free Start and Equal Vitamin Access","text":"Evidence Action also operates an Accelerator program, whereby promising, cost-effective health and nutrition interventions are scaled and tested iteratively according to a venture capital model.[1][4] The program replaced Evidence Action Beta, a similar scheme.[1] As of 2022, only 2% of programs examined by Evidence Action's Accelerator program are actually scaled.[4] Kanika Bahl, Evidence Action's CEO, has referred to the program as trying to find the \"unicorns of international development\".[4]Several interventions have been scaled through Evidence Action's Beta and Accelerator schemes. This includes two of Evidence Action's primary programs: Syphilis-Free Start and Equal Vitamin Access. Syphilis-Free Start provides syphilis screening to pregnant women, who if infected are more likely to experience stillbirth or bear children with severe disabilities.[4] Syphilis testing can be added to routine HIV tests for $0.35, but is frequently not conducted,[4][46] despite support from the World Health Organization.[47] In 2020, Evidence Action partnered with the government of Liberia to fill this gap, piloting dual testing for syphilis and HIV in Montserrado County.[48] By 2022, rates of screening had grown by 61 percentage points, from a baseline of 6%.[4] Evidence Action has since expanded the program to Zambia and Cameroon.[49]Evidence Action also operates Equal Vitamin Access, a program that provides iron and folic acid supplementation to children in regions where anemia and other nutritional deficiencies are common.[1] In 2019, Evidence Action's Beta program launched a pilot of the scheme in partnership with several Indian states with the support of a $5.1 million incubation grant from Good Ventures.[1] In support of the program, Evidence Action has also contributed to research on the supply-chain for iron and folic acid supplements in India.[50]","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monga_(Bangladesh)"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Mushfiq Mobarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushfiq_Mobarak"},{"link_name":"randomized controlled trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial"},{"link_name":"Bangladeshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-53"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"randomized evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_evaluation"},{"link_name":"NGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-54"},{"link_name":"Mushfiq Mobarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushfiq_Mobarak"},{"link_name":"Econometrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrica"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-53"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-54"},{"link_name":"GiveWell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GiveWell"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-53"}],"sub_title":"No Lean Season","text":"From 2014-2019, Evidence Action ran an additional program called No Lean Season that offered financial incentives to farm workers to migrate to nearby cities during the monga, a period of seasonal famine coinciding with the agricultural off season in Bangladesh. The scheme was based on a similar program studied by Gharad Bryan, Shyamal Chowdhury, and Mushfiq Mobarak in a randomized controlled trial in which Bangladeshi farm workers were given low interest loans to migrate to nearby cities.[51][52] The program increased the incomes of households that sent seasonal migrants, and raised the likelihood of migration in future years (even if incentives were not actively provided).[51] The scheme was nearly five times as cost effective as traditional food distribution efforts.[52] Karen Levy of Evidence Action noted that \"[t]he results were pretty astounding. ... [t]o find this very small, very well-targeted intervention that seems to have these big outsized effects ... those things don't come along very often.\"[52] By 2017, the program had raised $11 million,[53] and been scaled to 699 villages[54] and 170,000 households[53] in Bangladesh.In 2017, results from an additional randomized evaluation were released demonstrating that the program, implemented in partnership with Bangladeshi NGO RDRS, did not have the desired effects on migration.[53][54] Mushfiq Mobarak, whose study in Econometrica promoted the program's rollout, argued that the null effect was the result of RDRS disproportionately registering those eager to migrate before the incentive was provided.[53] The program was also called into question after Evidence Action's leadership was made aware that the initial approval of the project was solicited via a bribe to a junior government official.[55] In response, Evidence Action ended its relationship with RDRS,[55] and canceled No Lean Season,[53][54] which was previously ranked among the most effective destinations for charitable donations by GiveWell.[53]","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ProPublica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPublica"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cari_Tuna_speaking_at_EA_Global_2016.png"},{"link_name":"Open Philanthropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Philanthropy"},{"link_name":"Good Ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Ventures"},{"link_name":"effective altruism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_altruism"},{"link_name":"Good Ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Ventures"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-57"},{"link_name":"Cari Tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari_Tuna"},{"link_name":"Dustin Moskovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz"},{"link_name":"Open Philanthropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Philanthropy"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GiveWell_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"GiveWell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GiveWell"},{"link_name":"cause prioritization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_prioritization"},{"link_name":"GiveWell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GiveWell"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-59"},{"link_name":"cause prioritization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_prioritization"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-59"},{"link_name":"Deworm the World Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deworm_the_World_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-59"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"United States Agency for International Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Astellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astellas_Pharma"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"According to ProPublica, Evidence Action's annual expenses grew from less than $200,000 in 2013 to $22.4 million in 2021.[56] In 2022, their expenses reached $32.5 million, with total revenues exceeding $127 million.[11]Cari Tuna, co-founder of Open Philanthropy and Good VenturesEvidence Action has been supported by many prominent organizations in the effective altruism movement. As of 2023, the charity has received over 20 distinct grants from Good Ventures,[57] an American philanthropic organization founded by Cari Tuna and Dustin Moskovitz that distributes funds in line with recommendations from Open Philanthropy.[58] Good Ventures made its largest grants in 2022, when $48.8 million was committed to Evidence Action's Dispensers for Safe Water program and an additional $14 million was earmarked for the charity's Accelerator scheme.[57]Logo of GiveWell, an American cause prioritization charityEvidence Action has also received 35 distinct grants from GiveWell,[59] an American cause prioritization charity.[60] The largest of these was distributed in 2022, when $64.7 million was committed to Evidence Action's Dispensers for Safe Water program.[59] Between 2017 and 2018, GiveWell also committed over $29 million to the Deworm the World Initiative.[59]In 2023, Evidence Action received a $1.27 million grant from the Weiss Asset Management Foundation to support the pilot of a water treatment program in India.[61] Evidence Action has also received support from the United States Agency for International Development's Development Innovation Ventures scheme,[62] and from the Astellas Global Health Foundation.[63]","title":"Funding"}]	[{"image_text":"USAID delivers deworming medication to school children in Vietnam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/USAID_Delivers_Deworming_Medication_to_Kindergartners_in_Nam_Dinh_Province_%288920316039%29.jpg/220px-USAID_Delivers_Deworming_Medication_to_Kindergartners_in_Nam_Dinh_Province_%288920316039%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Michael Kremer receiving the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences alongside Esther Duflo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nobel_9_Dec_2019_070_copy_%2849204049487%29.jpg/220px-Nobel_9_Dec_2019_070_copy_%2849204049487%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cari Tuna, co-founder of Open Philanthropy and Good Ventures","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cari_Tuna_speaking_at_EA_Global_2016.png/220px-Cari_Tuna_speaking_at_EA_Global_2016.png"},{"image_text":"Logo of GiveWell, an American cause prioritization charity","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/GiveWell_logo.svg/220px-GiveWell_logo.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Evidence Action\". The Life You Can Save. Retrieved 2024-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelifeyoucansave.org/best-charities/evidence-action/","url_text":"\"Evidence Action\""}]},{"reference":"Kristof, Nicholas (2014-12-06). \"Gifts that inspire\". New York Times. Retrieved 2023-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/07/opinion/sunday/nicholas-kristof-gifts-that-inspire.html","url_text":"\"Gifts that inspire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Using evidence to improve global well being\". Evidence Action. Retrieved 2024-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.evidenceaction.org/","url_text":"\"Using evidence to improve global well being\""}]},{"reference":"McDonough, Siobhan (2022-10-20). \"Kanika Bahl is finding the unicorns of international development\". Vox. Retrieved 2023-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23389952/future-perfect-50-kanika-bahl-evidence-action","url_text":"\"Kanika Bahl is finding the unicorns of international development\""}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Dylan (2015-05-20). \"Choosing where to donate to charity is tough. Here's a simple guide to help\". Vox. Retrieved 2024-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/2014/12/22/7434741/holiday-giving-charity-donation","url_text":"\"Choosing where to donate to charity is tough. Here's a simple guide to help\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)","url_text":"Vox"}]},{"reference":"Piper, Kelsey (2020-10-16). \"Which charities do the most good? Charity Navigator joins the effort to answer this crucial question\". Vox. Retrieved 2024-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/10/16/21515488/charity-navigator-impact-matters-nonprofit","url_text":"\"Which charities do the most good? Charity Navigator joins the effort to answer this crucial question\""}]},{"reference":"Caviola, Lucius; Greene, Joshua D. (2023-01-20). \"Boosting the impact of charitable giving with donation bundling and micromatching\". Science Advances. 9 (3): eade7987. Bibcode:2023SciA....9E7987C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.ade7987. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9848424. PMID 36652510.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9848424","url_text":"\"Boosting the impact of charitable giving with donation bundling and micromatching\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023SciA....9E7987C","url_text":"2023SciA....9E7987C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.ade7987","url_text":"10.1126/sciadv.ade7987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548","url_text":"2375-2548"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9848424","url_text":"9848424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36652510","url_text":"36652510"}]},{"reference":"Bush, Stephen (2022-11-14). \"FTX debacle casts an unforgiving light on effective altruism\". Financial Times. Retrieved 2023-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/91c88d7c-b856-402a-ba0a-519b0e8825ff","url_text":"\"FTX debacle casts an unforgiving light on effective altruism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Zara (2015-07-02). \"Doing Good Scientifically\". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 2023-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2015/07/doing-good-scientifically","url_text":"\"Doing Good Scientifically\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Magazine","url_text":"Harvard Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Singer, Peter (2015). The Most Good You Can Do: How Effective Altruism Is Changing Ideas About Living Ethically. Yale University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_list	Life list	["1 References"]	For other uses, see Bucket list. A life list, or life-list, is a list of all biological species seen by a person. The phrase is particularly common among bird watchers, some of whom compete with each other to have the most complete list. References ^ Porter, Diane (2007). "What Good Is a Life List?". www.birdwatching.com. Retrieved 24 April 2013. ^ Conrad, Jim (12 October 2011). "The Life List". The Backyard Nature Website. Retrieved 24 April 2013. This biology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bucket list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_list_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List"},{"link_name":"biological species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_species"},{"link_name":"bird watchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_watcher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Bucket list.A life list, or life-list, is a list of all biological species seen by a person. The phrase is particularly common among bird watchers,[1] some of whom compete with each other to have the most complete list.[2]","title":"Life list"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Porter, Diane (2007). \"What Good Is a Life List?\". www.birdwatching.com. Retrieved 24 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birdwatching.com/stories/lifelist.html","url_text":"\"What Good Is a Life List?\""}]},{"reference":"Conrad, Jim (12 October 2011). \"The Life List\". The Backyard Nature Website. Retrieved 24 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.backyardnature.net/birdlist.htm","url_text":"\"The Life List\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.birdwatching.com/stories/lifelist.html","external_links_name":"\"What Good Is a Life List?\""},{"Link":"http://www.backyardnature.net/birdlist.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Life List\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_list&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_(disambiguation)	Beer (disambiguation)	["1 Places","2 Arts and entertainment","3 Other uses","4 See also"]	Look up Beer or beer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Beer is an alcoholic drink. Beer may also refer to: Places Beer, Devon, England, a coastal village Beer, Somerset, England, a hamlet Beer, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, a union council Beer, Togdheer, Somaliland, a village Beer (lunar crater) Beer (Martian crater) List of minor biblical places: Beer Arts and entertainment "Beer" (Blackadder), an episode of the British sitcom Blackadder II Beer (film), a 1985 film starring Loretta Swit and Rip Torn "Beer" (song), a song by Reel Big Fish "Beer!" (Psychostick song), a song by metal band Psychostick Beer, a 1999 novel by Chris Walter Other uses Beer (surname) Beer (magazine), a publication from the Campaign for Real Ale BEER (Boot Engineering Extension Record), a special data structure at the end of hard disks pointing to "hidden" partitions, see host protected area See also Bear (disambiguation) Beare (disambiguation) Beers (disambiguation) Bere (disambiguation) Biar (disambiguation) Bier (disambiguation) Birr (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Beer.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Foote	Samuel Foote	["1 Early life","2 Initial theatrical ventures","3 The Haymarket Theatre","4 The Author himself","5 Of mimicry and Methodists","6 The Devil on Two Sticks","7 Legal troubles","8 Mentions of Foote","9 Dramatic works","10 Books","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"]	British actor and playwright (1720–1777) For other people named Samuel Foote, see Samuel Foote (disambiguation). Samuel FooteFoote by Jean-Francois Colson, 1769BornJanuary 1720Died21 October 1777(1777-10-21) (aged 57)Dover, England, Great BritainNotable work The Author The Minor The Lame Lover Samuel Foote (January 1720 – 21 October 1777) was a Cornish dramatist, actor and theatre manager. He was known for his comedic acting and writing, and for turning the loss of a leg in a riding accident in 1766 to comedic opportunity. Early life Born into a well-to-do family, Foote was baptized in Truro, Cornwall on 27 January 1720. His father, Samuel Foote, held several public positions, including mayor of Truro, Member of Parliament representing Tiverton and a commissioner in the Prize Office. His mother, née Eleanor Goodere, was the daughter of Sir Edward Goodere Baronet of Hereford. Foote may have inherited his wit and sharp humour from her and her family which was described as "eccentric. ..whose peculiarities ranged from the harmless to the malevolent." About the time Foote came of age, he inherited his first fortune when one of his uncles, Sir John Dineley Goodere, 2nd Baronet was murdered by another uncle, Captain Samuel Goodere. This murder was the subject of his first pamphlet, which he published around 1741. Foote was educated at Truro Grammar School, the collegiate school at Worcester, and at Worcester College, Oxford, distinguishing himself in these places by mimicry and audacious pleasantries of all kinds. An undisciplined student, he frequently was absent from his Latin and Greek classes and subsequently, Oxford expelled him on 28 January 1740. Although he left Oxford without receiving his degree, he acquired a classical training which afterwards enabled him to easily turn a classical quotation or allusion, and helped to give to his prose style a certain fluency and elegance. Foote was destined for the law, but certainly not by nature. In his chambers at the Inner Temple, and in the Grecian Coffee House nearby, he came to know something of lawyers if not of law, and was afterwards able to jest at the jargon and to mimic the mannerisms of the bar, and to satirize the Latitats of the other branch of the profession with particular success. Though he never applied himself to his studies at the Inner Temple, he well applied himself to spending money and living as a bon vivant, which led to him quickly running out of funds. After finding himself in debt, Foote married a certain Mary Hickes (or Hicks) on 10 January 1741. With his wife also came a sizable dowry. Contemporaries note that Foote mistreated his wife, deserting her when his financial situation improved and Hickes may have died an early death. But a stronger attraction drew him to the Bedford Coffee-house in Covent Garden, and to the theatrical world of which it was the social centre. His extravagant living soon forced him into debtor's prison in 1742, and friends encouraged Foote's going onto the stage to make a living. Initial theatrical ventures Charles Macklin as Shylock by Johann Zoffany. Foote's first training for the stage came under the tutelage of Charles Macklin. By 1744, when they appeared onstage together, Macklin had made a name for himself as one of the most notable actors on the British stage, after David Garrick. His appearance as Shylock in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice at the Drury Lane Theatre in 1741, mesmerized London audiences. Dismissing the conventional comedic approach to the character, Macklin played the character as consummately evil. Following his debut, George II reportedly could not sleep, while Georg Lichtenberg described Macklin's interpretation of Shylock's first line—"Three thousand ducats"—as being uttered "as lickerously as if he were savouring the ducats and all they would buy." Following less than a year of training, Foote appeared opposite Macklin's Iago as the titular role in Shakespeare's Othello at the Haymarket Theatre, 6 February 1744. While his first appearance was unsuccessful, it is noted that this production was produced illegally under the Licensing Act 1737 which forbade the production of plays by theatres not holding letters patent or the production of plays not approved by the Lord Chamberlain. In order to skirt this law, the Haymarket Theatre held musical concerts with plays included gratis. Following his unsuccessful London appearance, Foote spent the summer season in Dublin at the Theatre Royal, Smock Alley where he found his first success. Returning to England, he joined the company at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane which at that time included such noted actors as Peg Woffington, David Garrick and Spranger Barry. There he played comic roles including Harry Wildair in Farquhar's The Constant Couple, Lord Foppington in Vanbrugh's The Relapse and most notably, the playwright, Bayes in Villiers' The Rehearsal. It was in this role that Foote publicly showed his gift of mimicry. Borrowing from David Garrick's interpretation of the role, Foote used this role to mock many leading contemporaries. The Haymarket Theatre Even with his success onstage, Foote remained impoverished. Attempting life as a theatre manager, he secured a lease on the Haymarket Theatre in 1746. Foote began writing in earnest, producing two pamphlets, A Treatise on the Passions and The Roman and English Comedy Considered. After illegally producing Othello, Foote opened one of his own plays, The Diversions of the Morning or, A Dish of Chocolate, a satire on contemporary actors and public figures performed by himself, on 22 April 1747. The Dish of Chocolate of the title referred to a dish or tea offered by Foote to accompany the musical entertainment while the performance was offered gratis, all done to avoid the Licensing Act. On the morning following the performance, the theatre was locked and audiences gathering for the noon performance (another gimmick to evade the law was to stage the show as a matinée) were turned away by authorities. Foote's jabs at other actors brought the ire of many at Drury Lane and the managers took steps to protect their patent. Fortunately for Foote, some highly placed friends at court helped the theatre reopen and the play continued. In June, Foote offered A Cup of Tea, a revision of his revue, Diversions, again in the guise of a culinary offering. After a brief trip to Paris, Foote opened The Auction of Pictures which satirized satirist Henry Fielding. A war of wit was launched with each lambasting the other in ink and onstage. Among the verbal missiles hurled, Fielding denounced Foote in The Jacobite's Journal saying "you Samuel Fut be pissed upon, with Scorn and Contempt, as a low Buffoon; and I do, with the utmost Scorn and Contempt, piss on you accordingly." The Author himself The Fielding quarrel was followed by a more serious quarrel with actor Henry Woodward. This resulted in a small riot that was damaging not only to the Haymarket Theatre but to Foote's reputation. He began to deflect criticism only with the opening of his play, The Knights. This play, unlike his earlier satirical revues, was a romantic comedy set in the country, though he did use this play as a vehicle to satirize such things as Italian opera and the gentry of Cornwall. Scene from Taste in a painting by Robert Smirke. Lady Pentweazel, played by Foote, wore a large headdress, satirizing the elaborate headdresses of the day, with feathers that fell out throughout the play. At the close of the Haymarket season in 1749, Foote left London for Paris in order to spend money he had recently inherited. Upon his return to London in 1752, Foote's new comedy, Taste, was produced at Drury Lane. Foote took aim at the burgeoning art and antiquities market and particularly aristocratic collectors. In his preface to the play, Foote specifies his targets as the "barbarians who have prostituted the study of antiquity to trifling superficiality, who have blasted the progress of the elegant arts by unpardonable frauds and absurd prejudices, and who have vitiated the minds and morals of youth by persuading them that what serves only to illustrate literature is true knowledge and that active idelness is real business." Taste opens with Lady Pentweazel who believes that the works of art, the Venus de' Medici and the Mary de Medici, are sisters in the Medici family. Two other collectors, Novice and Lord Dupe, claim to be able to determine the age and value of coins and medals by tasting them while Puff, an auctioneer, convinces them and Sir Positive Bubble that broken china and statuary are worth far more than perfect pieces. Lord Dupe follows this advice by purchasing a canvas with the paint scraped off. The foibles of ignorant art collectors and predatory dealers were presented by Foote in this high burlesque comedy. In order for an audience to appreciate high burlesque, they must understand the standards of true taste before they can recognize the conflict between those standards and the characters' standards. The audience that saw the premier of Taste evidently did not understand this conflict as the play was not successful and played only five performances. Following the unsuccessful reception of Taste, Foote staged a new production, An Englishman in Paris, inspired by both his trip there and possibly, as Davison suggests, a French play, Frenchman in London which he may have seen. Here, Foote satirized the boorish behaviour of English gentlemen abroad. The play garnered wide acclaim and became a part of the repertoires of the Drury Lane and Covent Garden theatres where it remained for a few decades. While his success was becoming more solidified as a writer, Foote was also in demand as an actor, working at Drury Lane and Covent Garden during the 1753–4 season. When he found himself out of work in November 1754, Foote rented the Haymarket theatre and began to stage mock lectures. Satirizing Charles Macklin's newly opened school of oratory, these lectures created a sort of theatrical war, especially when Macklin began to appear at the lectures himself. At one particular lecture, Foote extemporized a piece of nonsense prose to test Macklin's assertion that he could memorise any text at a single reading. Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Grand Panjandrum So she went into the garden to cut a cabbage-leaf to make an apple-pie; and at the same time a great she-bear, coming up the street, pops its head into the shop. "What! No soap?" So he died, and she very imprudently married the barber; and there were present the Picninnies, and the Joblillies, and the Garyulies, and the grand Panjandrum himself, with the little round button at top, and they all fell to playing the game of catch-as-catch-can till the gunpowder ran out at the heels of their boots. This introduced the nonsense term "The Grand Panjandrum" into the English language and the name was adopted for the Panjandrum or Great Panjandrum, an experimental World War II-era explosive device. With Foote's success in writing An Englishman in Paris, Irish playwright Arthur Murphy was moved to create a sequel, The Englishman returned from Paris. While Foote readily encouraged Murphy's plan, Foote secretly wrote his own version which opened at Covent Garden on 3 February 1756. While early biographers scorned Foote's plagiarism of Murphy's play, the 1969 discovery of that manuscript laid it to rest when it was proven that Foote's play was far superior. The play was successful at Covent Garden and played regularly until 1760. Two rival actresses captured the attention of London audiences and Foote's satire. Peg Woffington and George Anne Bellamy apparently took their roles rather seriously in a production of Nathaniel Lee's The Rival Queens. When Bellamy's Parisian fashions began to upstage Woffington, Bellamy was driven offstage by a dagger-wielding Woffington thus providing a source for Foote's The Green-Room Squabble or a Battle Royal between the Queen of Babylon and the Daughter of Darius. The text of this farce is now lost. Having turned his satire on Englishmen abroad and actresses at home, Foote pointed his daggered pen towards himself, other writers and the condition of the "starving writer" in his play The Author which premiered at Drury Lane on 5 February 1757. The plot concerned a poor author's father who disguises himself in order to spy on his son. Again, Foote created the role of Cadwallader for himself and used it to satirize John Apreece, a patron of authors. While critics derided Foote's attack on Apreece, audiences flocked to the theatre. Apreece even appeared and sat "open-mouthed and silly, in the boxes, to the delight of the audience, and mystified by the reflection of himself, which he beheld on the stage." Foote noted later that Apreece finding "the resemblance too strong, and the ridicule too pungent occasioned an application for the suppression of the piece, which was therefore forbidden to be anymore performed." The play was forbidden further productions by the Lord Chamberlain. While success may have been limited, Richard Brinsley Sheridan adapted the plot in his School for Scandal. Modern critics would point out that The Author shows great development in Foote's ability in creating characters and sustaining plot. Of mimicry and Methodists 'Jerry Sneak' in The Mayor of Garratt. Painting by Samuel De Wilde in the Yale Center for British Art. Late in 1757, Foote faced himself in the guise of young actor and mimic, Tate Wilkinson. Wilkinson, like Foote, had failed somewhat as an actor, but was renowned for his satiric mimicry of others. Foote traveled with him to Dublin for part of the 1757–58 season and he also revived Diversions of the Morning as a vehicle to display Wilkinson's talents. The popularity of these talents crowded out all other performances at Drury Lane in the first half of the season, much to the chagrin of Garrick and the other actors. Soon, however, the luck ran out and by March, Foote was seeking employment elsewhere. With little luck in London, Foote traveled to perform a season in Edinburgh and found success with many of his works, including The Author which could not be staged in London. The following season found Foote in Dublin where Wilkinson was drawing crowds with his imitations and on 28 January 1760, Foote opened a new play, The Minor. The production was a failure. Returning to London, Foote's financial situation was still quite poor. After renting the Haymarket theatre and revising The Minor into a three-act version (up from the two-act version presented in Dublin), the play opened in London. Doran remarks that while "The Minor failed in Dublin, very much to the credit of an Irish audience, they condemned it on the ground of its grossness and immorality" English society, nevertheless, while hearing condemnations of the play, filled the theatres. The play played for full houses for 38 nights. The Minor utilizes a fairly pedestrian plot to satirize the Methodist movement. Before its premiere, Foote showed the text of The Minor to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Secker. Secker objected to several passages, but particularly to Mrs Cole referring to herself as a "lost sheep". This expression, he said, was sacred to the pulpit. Foote besought the archbishop to take the manuscript and strike the exceptionable passages; he agreed on the condition that it should be published "Revised and Corrected by the Archbishop of Canterbury." The Devil on Two Sticks While riding with Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany in 1766, he was thrown from his horse and the injury cost him his leg. Even in this state, he continued to act and as possible compensation for his injury was granted a license to legally operate the Haymarket Theatre. He produced a summer season of "legitimate plays" in 1767, engaging Spranger Barry and his wife to perform. He bought the theatre outright and remodelled the interior the same year and continued to operate the theatre until he was forced to give up his patent to George Colman the Elder the following year. Near London, Foote lived and wrote in his much loved villa, 'The Hermitage', in North End village in the Parish of Fulham. He died on 21 October 1777 in Dover, while en route to France. One play, The Cozeners, is clearly based on the politician Charles James Fox who was a spendthrift and gambler. He had been duped by Elizabeth Harriett Grieve who had promised that she could arrange for him to marry a West Indian heiress. Grieve was tried and transported in 1773 and in the following year The Cozeners opened with Mrs Gardner in the part of Mrs Fleece'em. Foote's satires are based on caricatures of characters and situations from his era. His facility and wit in writing these earned him the title "the English Aristophanes." While, often, his subjects found his literary jabs just as humorous as his audiences, they often both feared and admired him. Legal troubles In 1774, the Duke of Kingston's sister was able to invalidate the Duke's will, on the grounds that his widow, Elizabeth Chudleigh, was guilty of bigamy. Foote picked up this news and began work on a new play in which the character "Lady Kitty Crockodile" was clearly based on Chudleigh. In response a supporter of Chudleigh's, William Jackson, in 1775 began publishing in The Public Ledger veiled accusations of homosexuality. Not long after Chudleigh was convicted of bigamy in spring 1776, Foote's coachman accused Foote of sexual assault, leading to a trial at which Foote was eventually acquitted. In the interim, the Ledger filled its pages with the story, and an anonymous pamphlet (likely written by Jackson) aimed at Foote, "Sodom and Onan", appeared. The work was subtitled "A Satire Inscrib'd to Esqr, alias the Devil upon Two Sticks", with the blank filled by an engraving of a foot. Inevitably, these events provided more fodder for Foote's pen, with Jackson making a disguised appearance in The Capuchin. Mentions of Foote In William Makepeace Thackeray's 1844 novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon, which was later published as Barry Lyndon; The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq. the protagonist claims Foote as a friend. Foote is also referred to in The Boswell Brothers by Philip Baruth. Dramatic works Title Year of Premier Location of Premier Year Published The Diversions of the Morning or, A Dish of Chocolate (revised as A Cup of Tea) 1747 Haymarket ---- An Auction of Pictures 1748 Haymarket ---- The Knights 1748 Drury Lane 1754 Taste 1752 Drury Lane 1752 An Englishman in Paris 1753 Covent Garden 1753 A Writ of Inquiry on the Inquisitor General 1754 Haymarket ---- The Englishman Returned from Paris 1756 Covent Garden 1756 The Green-Room Squabble or a Battle Royal between the Queen of Babylon and the Daughter of Darius 1756 Haymarket Lost The Author 1757 Drury Lane 1757 The Minor 1760 Haymarket 1760 Tragedy a la Mode (alternative act 2 for Diversions) 1760 Drury Lane 1795 The Lyar 1762 Covent Garden 1764 The Orators 1762 Haymarket 1762 The Mayor of Garratt 1763 Haymarket 1764 The Trial of Samuel Foote, Esq. for a Libel on Peter Paragraph 1763 Haymarket 1795 The Patron 1764 Haymarket 1764 The Commissary 1765 Haymarket 1765 The Devil on Two Sticks 1768 Haymarket 1778 The Lame Lover 1770 Haymarket 1771 The Maid of Bath 1771 Haymarket 1771 The Nabob 1772 Haymarket 1778 Piety in Pattens 1773 Haymarket 1973 The Bankrupt 1773 Haymarket 1776 The Cozeners 1774 Haymarket 1776 A Trip to Calais (revised as The Capuchin) 1776 Haymarket 1778 Books Cooke, William. Memoirs of Samuel Foote, Esq: With a Collection of His Genuine Bon-mots, Anecdotes, Opinions, &c 1805. (Online.) Foote, Samuel. The Dramatic Works of Samuel Foote, Esq.; to which is prefaced A Life of the Author. London, 1809. Reprinted by Benjamin Bloom, Bronx, New York. Kelly, Ian. Mr Foote's Other Leg: Comedy, tragedy and murder in Georgian London, 2012. Picador; later adapted as a play under the same title Notes ^ Tregellas, Walter H. (1884). Cornish Worthies: Sketches of Some Eminent Cornish Men and Women, Vol. 1. London. pp. 311, 314.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Samuel Foote, Cornishman, actor, playwright". Cornwall Calling. Retrieved 12 March 2024. ^ "Samuel Foote 1720-1777 – Queer Kernow". Queer Kernow. Retrieved 12 March 2024. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Sodom and Onan, 1776". rictornorton.co.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2024. ^ a b c d e f g Hartnoll, p. 290. ^ a b c d e f Britannica. ^ Foote, p. 1. ^ a b Murphy, p. 1104. ^ a b c d Howard, p. 131. ^ Howard, pp. 127–8. ^ Nicholas Carlisle, A concise description of the endowed grammar schools in England, vol. 1 (1818), p. 151 ^ a b Holland, p. 382. ^ Findlay, p. 483. ^ Howard, pp. 131–2. ^ a b c Howard, p. 132. ^ Thomson, p. 477. ^ Howard, pp. 132–3. ^ a b Howard, p. 133. ^ Murphy, p. 1103. ^ a b Murphy, pp. 1106–7. ^ Davison, p. 333. ^ a b c d Howard, p. 135. ^ Howard, p. 135 ^ Doran, p. 376. ^ Foote, p. 11 ^ Howard, p. 137. ^ Doran, p. 377. ^ Foote, p. 12. ^ Published in Universal Magazine, Dec 1778, p. 316 ^ Holland, p. 383 ^ Charles Feret, Fulham Old and New, London1900 ^ "Occasional Notes". The Cornishman. No. 35. 13 March 1879. p. 5. ^ a b Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/65504. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65504. Retrieved 6 March 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Foote, Samuel (1778). The Cozeners: A Comedy, of Three Acts, as it was Performed at the Theatre-Royal in the Hay-Market. T. Sherlock. ^ Nicholl, Charles (May 2013). "The Devil upon Two Sticks". London Review of Books. 35 (10): 8–10. ^ Thackeray, William Makepeace. Barry Lyndon; The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq. Oxford University Press (15 January 2009) ISBN 978-0199537464 page 248 ^ a b Published in Tate Wilkinson's The Wandering Patentee, 1795. ^ Published in Theatre Survey Fall 1973. ^ Davison, pp. 332–3 and Howard, pp. 128–31. The dates and location of performances from Davison with publication dates from Howard. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Foote, Samuel". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 625–628. Davison, Peter. Samuel Foote. in Pickering, David, ed. International Dictionary of Theatre. Vol. 3. New York, St. James Press. 1996. Doran, Dr. Annals of the English Stage from Thomas Betterton to Edmund Kean. Vol. II. London, John C. Nimmo. 1888. Reprinted by AMS Press, New York. 1968. Douglas, Howard. Samuel Foote. in Backscheider, Paula, ed. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 89: Restoration and Eighteenth Century Dramatists, 3rd Series. Detroit, Gale Research. 1989. Findlay, Robert. Charles Macklin. in Pickering, David, ed. International Dictionary of Theatre. Vol. 3. New York, St. James Press. 1996. Foote, Samuel. The Dramatic Works of Samuel Foote, Esq.; to which is prefaced A Life of the Author. London, 1809. Reprinted by Benjamin Bloom, Bronx, New York. Hartnoll, Phyllis. ed. The Oxford Companion to the Theatre. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1983. Holland, Peter. "Samuel Foote." in Banham, Martin. ed. The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995. Melville, Lewis (pseud.) (ed.) The Trial of the Duchess of Kingston ("The Notable British Trial Series) (New York: John Day & Co., 1928), 328p., illus. See the introduction pages 24–29. Murphy, Mary C. and updated by Gerald S. Argetsinger. "Samuel Foote." in Rollyson, Carl and Frank N. Magill ed. Critical Survey of Drama, 2nd Revised Edition, Vol. 2. Pasadena, CA, Salem Press, 2003. Parry, Edward Abbott Vagabonds All (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1926), 264 p., illus. See "Chapter VIII: Samuel Foote, The Player of Interludes", pp. 158–183. Thomson, Peter. "Haymarket, Theatre Royal." in Banham, Martin. ed. The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995. External links Cornwall portal Wikiquote has quotations related to Samuel Foote. Samuel Foote at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA) Works by Samuel Foote at Project Gutenberg Works by Samuel Foote at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Samuel Foote at Internet Archive Works by Samuel Foote at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Foote (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Foote_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"dramatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatist"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"theatre manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor-manager"}],"text":"For other people named Samuel Foote, see Samuel Foote (disambiguation).Samuel Foote (January 1720 – 21 October 1777) was a Cornish[1][2][3][4] dramatist, actor and theatre manager. He was known for his comedic acting and writing, and for turning the loss of a leg in a riding accident in 1766 to comedic opportunity.","title":"Samuel Foote"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartnoll,_p._290-5"},{"link_name":"baptized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"Truro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-6"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Tiverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Prize Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prize_Office&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Goodere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Goodere,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy,_p._1104-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard,_p._131-9"},{"link_name":"Sir John Dineley Goodere, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Dineley_Goodere,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Samuel Goodere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goodere"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-6"},{"link_name":"pamphlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Truro Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro_Cathedral_School"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlisle-11"},{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_England"},{"link_name":"Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-6"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"expelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_(education)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy,_p._1104-8"},{"link_name":"prose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-6"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"Grecian Coffee House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecian_Coffee_House"},{"link_name":"lawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Latitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-6"},{"link_name":"bon vivant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bon_vivant"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard,_p._131-9"},{"link_name":"debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard,_p._131-9"},{"link_name":"Bedford Coffee-house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedford_Coffee-house&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covent_Garden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-6"},{"link_name":"debtor's prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtor%27s_prison"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland,_p._382-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartnoll,_p._290-5"}],"text":"Born into a well-to-do family,[5] Foote was baptized in Truro, Cornwall on 27 January 1720.[6] His father, Samuel Foote, held several public positions, including mayor of Truro, Member of Parliament representing Tiverton and a commissioner in the Prize Office.[7] His mother, née Eleanor Goodere, was the daughter of Sir Edward Goodere Baronet of Hereford.[8] Foote may have inherited his wit and sharp humour from her and her family which was described as \"eccentric. ..whose peculiarities ranged from the harmless to the malevolent.\"[9] About the time Foote came of age, he inherited his first fortune when one of his uncles, Sir John Dineley Goodere, 2nd Baronet was murdered by another uncle, Captain Samuel Goodere.[6] This murder was the subject of his first pamphlet, which he published around 1741.[10]Foote was educated at Truro Grammar School,[11] the collegiate school at Worcester, and at Worcester College, Oxford, distinguishing himself in these places by mimicry and audacious pleasantries of all kinds.[6] An undisciplined student, he frequently was absent from his Latin and Greek classes and subsequently, Oxford expelled him on 28 January 1740.[8] Although he left Oxford without receiving his degree, he acquired a classical training which afterwards enabled him to easily turn a classical quotation or allusion, and helped to give to his prose style a certain fluency and elegance.[6]Foote was destined for the law, but certainly not by nature. In his chambers at the Inner Temple, and in the Grecian Coffee House nearby, he came to know something of lawyers if not of law, and was afterwards able to jest at the jargon and to mimic the mannerisms of the bar, and to satirize the Latitats of the other branch of the profession with particular success.[6] Though he never applied himself to his studies at the Inner Temple, he well applied himself to spending money and living as a bon vivant, which led to him quickly running out of funds.[9]After finding himself in debt, Foote married a certain Mary Hickes (or Hicks) on 10 January 1741. With his wife also came a sizable dowry. Contemporaries note that Foote mistreated his wife, deserting her when his financial situation improved and Hickes may have died an early death.[9] But a stronger attraction drew him to the Bedford Coffee-house in Covent Garden, and to the theatrical world of which it was the social centre.[6] His extravagant living soon forced him into debtor's prison in 1742,[12] and friends encouraged Foote's going onto the stage to make a living.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C_macklin_shylock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Johann Zoffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Zoffany"},{"link_name":"Charles Macklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Macklin"},{"link_name":"David Garrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrick"},{"link_name":"Shylock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock"},{"link_name":"The Merchant of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Drury Lane Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane"},{"link_name":"George II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Georg Lichtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Lichtenberg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Iago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iago"},{"link_name":"Othello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello"},{"link_name":"Haymarket Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard,_p._131-9"},{"link_name":"Licensing Act 1737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_Act_1737"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"Lord Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal, Smock Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Peg Woffington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peg_Woffington"},{"link_name":"Spranger Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spranger_Barry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartnoll,_p._290-5"},{"link_name":"Farquhar's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Farquhar"},{"link_name":"The Constant Couple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Constant_Couple"},{"link_name":"Vanbrugh's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh"},{"link_name":"The Relapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Relapse"},{"link_name":"Villiers'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"The Rehearsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rehearsal_(play)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard,_p._132-15"}],"text":"Charles Macklin as Shylock by Johann Zoffany.Foote's first training for the stage came under the tutelage of Charles Macklin. By 1744, when they appeared onstage together, Macklin had made a name for himself as one of the most notable actors on the British stage, after David Garrick. His appearance as Shylock in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice at the Drury Lane Theatre in 1741, mesmerized London audiences. Dismissing the conventional comedic approach to the character, Macklin played the character as consummately evil. Following his debut, George II reportedly could not sleep, while Georg Lichtenberg described Macklin's interpretation of Shylock's first line—\"Three thousand ducats\"—as being uttered \"as lickerously as if he were savouring the ducats and all they would buy.\"[13] Following less than a year of training, Foote appeared opposite Macklin's Iago as the titular role in Shakespeare's Othello at the Haymarket Theatre, 6 February 1744.[9] While his first appearance was unsuccessful, it is noted that this production was produced illegally under the Licensing Act 1737 which forbade the production of plays by theatres not holding letters patent or the production of plays not approved by the Lord Chamberlain. In order to skirt this law, the Haymarket Theatre held musical concerts with plays included gratis.[14]Following his unsuccessful London appearance, Foote spent the summer season in Dublin at the Theatre Royal, Smock Alley where he found his first success. Returning to England, he joined the company at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane which at that time included such noted actors as Peg Woffington, David Garrick and Spranger Barry.[5] There he played comic roles including Harry Wildair in Farquhar's The Constant Couple, Lord Foppington in Vanbrugh's The Relapse and most notably, the playwright, Bayes in Villiers' The Rehearsal. It was in this role that Foote publicly showed his gift of mimicry. Borrowing from David Garrick's interpretation of the role, Foote used this role to mock many leading contemporaries.[15]","title":"Initial theatrical ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard,_p._132-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland,_p._382-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartnoll,_p._290-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard,_p._132-15"},{"link_name":"matinée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/matin%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Henry Fielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fielding"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Even with his success onstage, Foote remained impoverished.[15] Attempting life as a theatre manager, he secured a lease on the Haymarket Theatre in 1746.[16] Foote began writing in earnest, producing two pamphlets, A Treatise on the Passions and The Roman and English Comedy Considered.[12] After illegally producing Othello, Foote opened one of his own plays, The Diversions of the Morning or, A Dish of Chocolate, a satire on contemporary actors and public figures performed by himself, on 22 April 1747.[5][15] The Dish of Chocolate of the title referred to a dish or tea offered by Foote to accompany the musical entertainment while the performance was offered gratis, all done to avoid the Licensing Act. On the morning following the performance, the theatre was locked and audiences gathering for the noon performance (another gimmick to evade the law was to stage the show as a matinée) were turned away by authorities. Foote's jabs at other actors brought the ire of many at Drury Lane and the managers took steps to protect their patent.Fortunately for Foote, some highly placed friends at court helped the theatre reopen and the play continued. In June, Foote offered A Cup of Tea, a revision of his revue, Diversions, again in the guise of a culinary offering. After a brief trip to Paris, Foote opened The Auction of Pictures which satirized satirist Henry Fielding. A war of wit was launched with each lambasting the other in ink and onstage. Among the verbal missiles hurled, Fielding denounced Foote in The Jacobite's Journal saying \"you Samuel Fut [sic] be pissed upon, with Scorn and Contempt, as a low Buffoon; and I do, with the utmost Scorn and Contempt, piss on you accordingly.\"[17]","title":"The Haymarket Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Woodward_(English_actor)"},{"link_name":"riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot"},{"link_name":"Italian opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_opera"},{"link_name":"gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentry"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard,_p._133-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scene_from_Samuel_Foote%27s_Taste.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Smirke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smirke_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard,_p._133-18"},{"link_name":"antiquities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy,_pp._1106%E2%80%937-20"},{"link_name":"Venus de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici"},{"link_name":"auctioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auctioneer"},{"link_name":"burlesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy,_pp._1106%E2%80%937-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard,_p._135-22"},{"link_name":"Charles Macklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Macklin"},{"link_name":"nonsense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsense"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"The Grand Panjandrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Grand_Panjandrum"},{"link_name":"Panjandrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjandrum"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"explosive device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_device"},{"link_name":"Arthur Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Murphy_(writer)"},{"link_name":"George Anne Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Anne_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lee"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard,_p._135-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Richard Brinsley Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"School for Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_for_Scandal"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard,_p._135-22"}],"text":"The Fielding quarrel was followed by a more serious quarrel with actor Henry Woodward. This resulted in a small riot that was damaging not only to the Haymarket Theatre but to Foote's reputation. He began to deflect criticism only with the opening of his play, The Knights. This play, unlike his earlier satirical revues, was a romantic comedy set in the country, though he did use this play as a vehicle to satirize such things as Italian opera and the gentry of Cornwall.[18]Scene from Taste in a painting by Robert Smirke. Lady Pentweazel, played by Foote, wore a large headdress, satirizing the elaborate headdresses of the day, with feathers that fell out throughout the play.[19]At the close of the Haymarket season in 1749, Foote left London for Paris in order to spend money he had recently inherited.[18] Upon his return to London in 1752, Foote's new comedy, Taste, was produced at Drury Lane. Foote took aim at the burgeoning art and antiquities market and particularly aristocratic collectors. In his preface to the play, Foote specifies his targets as the \"barbarians who have prostituted the study of antiquity to trifling superficiality, who have blasted the progress of the elegant arts by unpardonable frauds and absurd prejudices, and who have vitiated the minds and morals of youth by persuading them that what serves only to illustrate literature is true knowledge and that active idelness is real business.\"[20]Taste opens with Lady Pentweazel who believes that the works of art, the Venus de' Medici and the Mary de Medici, are sisters in the Medici family. Two other collectors, Novice and Lord Dupe, claim to be able to determine the age and value of coins and medals by tasting them while Puff, an auctioneer, convinces them and Sir Positive Bubble that broken china and statuary are worth far more than perfect pieces. Lord Dupe follows this advice by purchasing a canvas with the paint scraped off. The foibles of ignorant art collectors and predatory dealers were presented by Foote in this high burlesque comedy. In order for an audience to appreciate high burlesque, they must understand the standards of true taste before they can recognize the conflict between those standards and the characters' standards. The audience that saw the premier of Taste evidently did not understand this conflict as the play was not successful and played only five performances.[20]Following the unsuccessful reception of Taste, Foote staged a new production, An Englishman in Paris, inspired by both his trip there and possibly, as Davison suggests, a French play, Frenchman in London which he may have seen.[21] Here, Foote satirized the boorish behaviour of English gentlemen abroad. The play garnered wide acclaim and became a part of the repertoires of the Drury Lane and Covent Garden theatres where it remained for a few decades.[22] While his success was becoming more solidified as a writer, Foote was also in demand as an actor, working at Drury Lane and Covent Garden during the 1753–4 season.When he found himself out of work in November 1754, Foote rented the Haymarket theatre and began to stage mock lectures. Satirizing Charles Macklin's newly opened school of oratory, these lectures created a sort of theatrical war, especially when Macklin began to appear at the lectures himself. At one particular lecture, Foote extemporized a piece of nonsense prose to test Macklin's assertion that he could memorise any text at a single reading.Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nThe Grand PanjandrumSo she went into the garden to cut a cabbage-leaf to make an apple-pie; and at the same time a great she-bear, coming up the street, pops its head into the shop. \"What! No soap?\" So he died, and she very imprudently married the barber; and there were present the Picninnies, and the Joblillies, and the Garyulies, and the grand Panjandrum himself, with the little round button at top, and they all fell to playing the game of catch-as-catch-can till the gunpowder ran out at the heels of their boots.This introduced the nonsense term \"The Grand Panjandrum\" into the English language and the name was adopted for the Panjandrum or Great Panjandrum, an experimental World War II-era explosive device.With Foote's success in writing An Englishman in Paris, Irish playwright Arthur Murphy was moved to create a sequel, The Englishman returned from Paris. While Foote readily encouraged Murphy's plan, Foote secretly wrote his own version which opened at Covent Garden on 3 February 1756. While early biographers scorned Foote's plagiarism of Murphy's play, the 1969 discovery of that manuscript laid it to rest when it was proven that Foote's play was far superior. The play was successful at Covent Garden and played regularly until 1760.Two rival actresses captured the attention of London audiences and Foote's satire. Peg Woffington and George Anne Bellamy apparently took their roles rather seriously in a production of Nathaniel Lee's The Rival Queens. When Bellamy's Parisian fashions began to upstage Woffington, Bellamy was driven offstage by a dagger-wielding Woffington thus providing a source for Foote's The Green-Room Squabble or a Battle Royal between the Queen of Babylon and the Daughter of Darius. The text of this farce is now lost.[22]Having turned his satire on Englishmen abroad and actresses at home, Foote pointed his daggered pen towards himself, other writers and the condition of the \"starving writer\" in his play The Author which premiered at Drury Lane on 5 February 1757.[23] The plot concerned a poor author's father who disguises himself in order to spy on his son. Again, Foote created the role of Cadwallader for himself and used it to satirize John Apreece, a patron of authors. While critics derided Foote's attack on Apreece, audiences flocked to the theatre. Apreece even appeared and sat \"open-mouthed and silly, in the boxes, to the delight of the audience, and mystified by the reflection of himself, which he beheld on the stage.\"[24] Foote noted later that Apreece finding \"the resemblance [...] too strong, and the ridicule too pungent [...] occasioned an application for the suppression of the piece, which was therefore forbidden to be anymore performed.\"[25] The play was forbidden further productions by the Lord Chamberlain. While success may have been limited, Richard Brinsley Sheridan adapted the plot in his School for Scandal. Modern critics would point out that The Author shows great development in Foote's ability in creating characters and sustaining plot.[22]","title":"The Author himself"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Thomas_Russell_in_Samuel_Footes_The_Mayor_of_Garratt,_by_Samuel_de_Wilde_(1748-1832).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Mayor of Garratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Garratt"},{"link_name":"Samuel De Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_De_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Yale Center for British Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art"},{"link_name":"Tate Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Methodist movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Thomas Secker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Secker"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"'Jerry Sneak' in The Mayor of Garratt. Painting by Samuel De Wilde in the Yale Center for British Art.Late in 1757, Foote faced himself in the guise of young actor and mimic, Tate Wilkinson. Wilkinson, like Foote, had failed somewhat as an actor, but was renowned for his satiric mimicry of others. Foote traveled with him to Dublin for part of the 1757–58 season and he also revived Diversions of the Morning as a vehicle to display Wilkinson's talents. The popularity of these talents crowded out all other performances at Drury Lane in the first half of the season, much to the chagrin of Garrick and the other actors. Soon, however, the luck ran out and by March, Foote was seeking employment elsewhere. With little luck in London, Foote traveled to perform a season in Edinburgh and found success with many of his works, including The Author which could not be staged in London. The following season found Foote in Dublin where Wilkinson was drawing crowds with his imitations and on 28 January 1760, Foote opened a new play, The Minor. The production was a failure.[26]Returning to London, Foote's financial situation was still quite poor. After renting the Haymarket theatre and revising The Minor into a three-act version (up from the two-act version presented in Dublin), the play opened in London. Doran remarks that while \"The Minor failed in Dublin, very much to the credit of an Irish audience, [...] they condemned it on the ground of its grossness and immorality[,]\" English society, nevertheless, while hearing condemnations of the play, filled the theatres.[27] The play played for full houses for 38 nights.[28]The Minor utilizes a fairly pedestrian plot to satirize the Methodist movement. Before its premiere, Foote showed the text of The Minor to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Secker. Secker objected to several passages, but particularly to Mrs Cole referring to herself as a \"lost sheep\". This expression, he said, was sacred to the pulpit. Foote besought the archbishop to take the manuscript and strike the exceptionable passages; he agreed on the condition that it should be published \"Revised and Corrected by the Archbishop of Canterbury.\"[29]","title":"Of mimicry and Methodists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartnoll,_p._290-5"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"George Colman the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Colman_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Fulham"},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartnoll,_p._290-5"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Charles James Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Harriett Grieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Harriett_Grieve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fleecum-33"},{"link_name":"Mrs Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs_Gardner"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Aristophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartnoll,_p._290-5"}],"text":"While riding with Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany in 1766, he was thrown from his horse and the injury cost him his leg. Even in this state, he continued to act and as possible compensation for his injury was granted a license to legally operate the Haymarket Theatre. He produced a summer season of \"legitimate plays\" in 1767, engaging Spranger Barry and his wife to perform.[5] He bought the theatre outright and remodelled the interior the same year[30] and continued to operate the theatre until he was forced to give up his patent to George Colman the Elder the following year. Near London, Foote lived and wrote in his much loved villa, 'The Hermitage', in North End village in the Parish of Fulham.[31] He died on 21 October 1777 in Dover, while en route to France.[5][32]One play, The Cozeners, is clearly based on the politician Charles James Fox who was a spendthrift and gambler. He had been duped by Elizabeth Harriett Grieve who had promised that she could arrange for him to marry a West Indian heiress. Grieve was tried and transported in 1773 and in the following year The Cozeners[33] opened with Mrs Gardner in the part of Mrs Fleece'em.[34] Foote's satires are based on caricatures of characters and situations from his era. His facility and wit in writing these earned him the title \"the English Aristophanes.\" While, often, his subjects found his literary jabs just as humorous as his audiences, they often both feared and admired him.[5]","title":"The Devil on Two Sticks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Chudleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Chudleigh"},{"link_name":"The Public Ledger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public_Ledger"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"In 1774, the Duke of Kingston's sister was able to invalidate the Duke's will, on the grounds that his widow, Elizabeth Chudleigh, was guilty of bigamy. Foote picked up this news and began work on a new play in which the character \"Lady Kitty Crockodile\" was clearly based on Chudleigh. In response a supporter of Chudleigh's, William Jackson, in 1775 began publishing in The Public Ledger veiled accusations of homosexuality. Not long after Chudleigh was convicted of bigamy in spring 1776, Foote's coachman accused Foote of sexual assault, leading to a trial at which Foote was eventually acquitted. In the interim, the Ledger filled its pages with the story, and an anonymous pamphlet (likely written by Jackson) aimed at Foote, \"Sodom and Onan\", appeared. The work was subtitled \"A Satire Inscrib'd to [ – – ] Esqr, alias the Devil upon Two Sticks\", with the blank filled by an engraving of a foot. Inevitably, these events provided more fodder for Foote's pen, with Jackson making a disguised appearance in The Capuchin.[35]","title":"Legal troubles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Makepeace Thackeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray"},{"link_name":"The Luck of Barry Lyndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Luck_of_Barry_Lyndon"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"The Boswell Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boswell_Brothers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip Baruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Baruth"}],"text":"In William Makepeace Thackeray's 1844 novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon, which was later published as Barry Lyndon; The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq. the protagonist claims Foote as a friend.[36] Foote is also referred to in The Boswell Brothers by Philip Baruth.","title":"Mentions of Foote"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dramatic works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/memoirssamuelfo02cookgoog"},{"link_name":"Kelly, Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kelly_(actor)"},{"link_name":"under the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Foote%27s_Other_Leg_(play)"}],"text":"Cooke, William. Memoirs of Samuel Foote, Esq: With a Collection of His Genuine Bon-mots, Anecdotes, Opinions, &c 1805. (Online.)\nFoote, Samuel. The Dramatic Works of Samuel Foote, Esq.; to which is prefaced A Life of the Author. London, 1809. Reprinted by Benjamin Bloom, Bronx, New York.\nKelly, Ian. Mr Foote's Other Leg: Comedy, tragedy and murder in Georgian London, 2012. Picador; later adapted as a play under the same title","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Samuel Foote, Cornishman, actor, playwright\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cornwall-calling.co.uk/famous-cornish-people/foote.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Samuel Foote 1720-1777 – Queer Kernow\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//queerkernow.co.uk/samuel-foote/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Sodom and Onan, 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Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/65504"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/65504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F65504"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"The Cozeners: A Comedy, of Three Acts, as it was Performed at the Theatre-Royal in the Hay-Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uN5pwhyyf2wC&q=The+Cozeners+samuel+foote"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0199537464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199537464"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tate_Wilkinson's_1795_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tate_Wilkinson's_1795_37-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"}],"text":"^ Tregellas, Walter H. (1884). Cornish Worthies: Sketches of Some Eminent Cornish Men and Women, Vol. 1. London. pp. 311, 314.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ \"Samuel Foote, Cornishman, actor, playwright\". Cornwall Calling. Retrieved 12 March 2024.\n\n^ \"Samuel Foote 1720-1777 – Queer Kernow\". Queer Kernow. Retrieved 12 March 2024.\n\n^ Norton, Rictor. \"Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Sodom and Onan, 1776\". rictornorton.co.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2024.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Hartnoll, p. 290.\n\n^ a b c d e f Britannica.\n\n^ Foote, p. 1.\n\n^ a b Murphy, p. 1104.\n\n^ a b c d Howard, p. 131.\n\n^ Howard, pp. 127–8.\n\n^ Nicholas Carlisle, A concise description of the endowed grammar schools in England, vol. 1 (1818), p. 151\n\n^ a b Holland, p. 382.\n\n^ Findlay, p. 483.\n\n^ Howard, pp. 131–2.\n\n^ a b c Howard, p. 132.\n\n^ Thomson, p. 477.\n\n^ Howard, pp. 132–3.\n\n^ a b Howard, p. 133.\n\n^ Murphy, p. 1103.\n\n^ a b Murphy, pp. 1106–7.\n\n^ Davison, p. 333.\n\n^ a b c d Howard, p. 135.\n\n^ Howard, p. 135\n\n^ Doran, p. 376.\n\n^ Foote, p. 11\n\n^ Howard, p. 137.\n\n^ Doran, p. 377.\n\n^ Foote, p. 12.\n\n^ Published in Universal Magazine, Dec 1778, p. 316\n\n^ Holland, p. 383\n\n^ Charles Feret, Fulham Old and New, London1900\n\n^ \"Occasional Notes\". The Cornishman. No. 35. 13 March 1879. p. 5.\n\n^ a b Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). \"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/65504. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65504. Retrieved 6 March 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Foote, Samuel (1778). The Cozeners: A Comedy, of Three Acts, as it was Performed at the Theatre-Royal in the Hay-Market. T. Sherlock.\n\n^ Nicholl, Charles (May 2013). \"The Devil upon Two Sticks\". London Review of Books. 35 (10): 8–10.\n\n^ Thackeray, William Makepeace. Barry Lyndon; The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq. Oxford University Press (15 January 2009) ISBN 978-0199537464 page 248\n\n^ a b Published in Tate Wilkinson's The Wandering Patentee, 1795.\n\n^ Published in Theatre Survey Fall 1973.\n\n^ Davison, pp. 332–3 and Howard, pp. 128–31. The dates and location of performances from Davison with publication dates from Howard.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Charles Macklin as Shylock by Johann Zoffany.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/C_macklin_shylock.jpg/220px-C_macklin_shylock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scene from Taste in a painting by Robert Smirke. Lady Pentweazel, played by Foote, wore a large headdress, satirizing the elaborate headdresses of the day, with feathers that fell out throughout the play.[19]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Scene_from_Samuel_Foote%27s_Taste.jpg/280px-Scene_from_Samuel_Foote%27s_Taste.jpg"},{"image_text":"'Jerry Sneak' in The Mayor of Garratt. Painting by Samuel De Wilde in the Yale Center for British Art.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Samuel_Thomas_Russell_in_Samuel_Footes_The_Mayor_of_Garratt%2C_by_Samuel_de_Wilde_%281748-1832%29.jpg/220px-Samuel_Thomas_Russell_in_Samuel_Footes_The_Mayor_of_Garratt%2C_by_Samuel_de_Wilde_%281748-1832%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Tregellas, Walter H. (1884). Cornish Worthies: Sketches of Some Eminent Cornish Men and Women, Vol. 1. London. pp. 311, 314.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Samuel Foote, Cornishman, actor, playwright\". Cornwall Calling. Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cornwall-calling.co.uk/famous-cornish-people/foote.htm","url_text":"\"Samuel Foote, Cornishman, actor, playwright\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samuel Foote 1720-1777 – Queer Kernow\". Queer Kernow. Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://queerkernow.co.uk/samuel-foote/","url_text":"\"Samuel Foote 1720-1777 – Queer Kernow\""}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Sodom and Onan, 1776\". rictornorton.co.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1776sodo.htm","url_text":"\"Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Sodom and Onan, 1776\""}]},{"reference":"\"Occasional Notes\". The Cornishman. No. 35. 13 March 1879. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). \"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/65504. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65504. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/65504","url_text":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F65504","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/65504"}]},{"reference":"Foote, Samuel (1778). The Cozeners: A Comedy, of Three Acts, as it was Performed at the Theatre-Royal in the Hay-Market. T. Sherlock.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uN5pwhyyf2wC&q=The+Cozeners+samuel+foote","url_text":"The Cozeners: A Comedy, of Three Acts, as it was Performed at the Theatre-Royal in the Hay-Market"}]},{"reference":"Nicholl, Charles (May 2013). \"The Devil upon Two Sticks\". London Review of Books. 35 (10): 8–10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Foote, Samuel\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 625–628.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Foote,_Samuel","url_text":"Foote, Samuel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/memoirssamuelfo02cookgoog","external_links_name":"Online"},{"Link":"https://www.cornwall-calling.co.uk/famous-cornish-people/foote.htm","external_links_name":"\"Samuel Foote, Cornishman, actor, playwright\""},{"Link":"https://queerkernow.co.uk/samuel-foote/","external_links_name":"\"Samuel Foote 1720-1777 – Queer Kernow\""},{"Link":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1776sodo.htm","external_links_name":"\"Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Sodom and Onan, 1776\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GwsJRFnvUIAC&pg=PA151","external_links_name":"p. 151"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/65504","external_links_name":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F65504","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/65504"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uN5pwhyyf2wC&q=The+Cozeners+samuel+foote","external_links_name":"The Cozeners: A Comedy, of Three Acts, as it was Performed at the Theatre-Royal in the Hay-Market"},{"Link":"http://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/authors/pers00172.shtml","external_links_name":"Samuel Foote"},{"Link":"http://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/","external_links_name":"Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8015","external_links_name":"Works by Samuel Foote"},{"Link":"https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Foote%2C%20Samuel","external_links_name":"Works by Samuel Foote"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Foote%2C%20Samuel%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Samuel%20Foote%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Foote%2C%20Samuel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Samuel%20Foote%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Foote%2C%20S%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Samuel%20Foote%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Foote%2C%20Samuel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Samuel%20Foote%22%29%20OR%20%28%221720-1777%22%20AND%20Foote%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Samuel Foote"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/author/5215","external_links_name":"Works by Samuel Foote"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/45869/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081082079","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/29561715","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhTmTtG3tRrMdcWKYgKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12094100j","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12094100j","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118684183","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276491105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14151727","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79133691","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0184282&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35092558","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070640599","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810594637905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/337166","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01459164?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118684183.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/824412","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jh45mm","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/067056008","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_bridge	Trajan's Bridge	["1 The Site","2 Design and construction","3 Tabula Traiana","3.1 Relocation","4 Destruction and remains","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 44°37′26″N 22°40′01″E / 44.623769°N 22.66705°E / 44.623769; 22.66705Roman segmental arch bridge over the lower Danube See also: Roman Dacia Trajan's BridgeLatin: Pons TraianiRomanian: Podul lui TraianSerbian: Трајанов мост / Trajanov mostArtistic reconstruction (1907)Coordinates44°37′26″N 22°40′01″E / 44.623769°N 22.66705°E / 44.623769; 22.66705CrossedDanubeLocaleDrobeta-Turnu Severin (Romania), Kladovo (Serbia)Heritage statusMonuments of Culture of Exceptional Importance, and Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)CharacteristicsMaterialWood, stoneTotal length1,135 m (3,724 ft)Width15 m (49 ft)Height19 m (62 ft)No. of spans20 masonry pillarsHistoryArchitectApollodorus of DamascusConstruction start103 ADConstruction end105 ADCollapsedSuperstructure destroyed by Aurelian around 270 ADStatistics Cultural Heritage of SerbiaOfficial namePontes with Trajan's BridgeTypeArcheological Site of Exceptional ImportanceDesignated28 March 1981Reference no.AN 44 Location Trajan's Bridge (Romanian: Podul lui Traian; Serbian: Трајанов мост, romanized: Trajanov most), also called Bridge of Apollodorus over the Danube, was a Roman segmental arch bridge, the first bridge to be built over the lower Danube and considered one of the greatest achievements in Roman architecture. Though it was only functional for 165 years, it is often considered to have been the longest arch bridge in both total span and length for more than 1,000 years. The bridge was completed in 105 AD and designed by Emperor Trajan's architect Apollodorus of Damascus before the Second Dacian War to allow Roman troops to cross the river. Fragmentary ruins of the bridge's piers can still be seen today. Trajan's Bridge northern bank The Site See also: Drobeta (castra) and Iron Gates Forts on the Danube near Drobeta Remains of Trajan's Bridge on the south bank of the River Danube, Serbia Relief of the bridge on Trajan's Column showing the unusually flat segmental arches on high-rising concrete piers; in the foreground emperor Trajan sacrificing by the Danube The bridge was situated east of the Iron Gates, near the present-day cities of Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania and Kladovo in Serbia. Its construction was ordered by the Emperor Trajan as a supply route for the Roman legions fighting in Dacia. Construction of the bridge was part of a wider project, which included the digging of side canals so that whitewater rapids could be avoided to make the Danube safer for navigation enabling an effective river fleet, a string of defense posts and development of the intelligence service on the border. The remains of the embankment which protected the area during the construction of the canal (in a loop to the south of the Danube) show the magnitude of the works. The 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long canal bypassed the problematic section of the river in an arch-like style. Former canals were filled with sand, and empty shells are regularly found in the ground. All these works, especially the bridge, served the purpose of preparing for the Roman invasion of Dacia, which ended with Roman victory in 106 AD. The effect of finally defeating the Dacians and acquiring their gold mines was so great that Roman games celebrating the conquest lasted for 123 days, with 10,000 gladiators engaging in fights and 11,000 wild animals being killed during that period. The bridge was 1,135 m (3,724 ft) long (the Danube is now 800 m (2,600 ft) wide in that area), 15 m (49 ft) wide, and 19 m (62 ft) high, measured from the surface of the river. At each end was a Roman fort so that crossing the bridge was only possible through the camps. On the south bank, at the modern village of Kostol near Kladovo, the Pontes fort was built in 103, concurrently with the bridge, occupying several hectares. Remnants of the 40 m (130 ft) long castrum with thick ramparts are still visible today. A vicus (civilian settlement) grew up around it later. A bronze head of Emperor Trajan has been discovered in Pontes, part of a statue which was erected at the bridge entrance and is today kept in the National Museum in Belgrade. On the north bank is the Drobeta fort. It also had a bronze statue of Trajan. Design and construction Apollodorus used wooden arches, each spanning 38 m (125 ft), set on twenty masonry pillars made of bricks, mortar, and pozzolana cement. It was built unusually quickly (between 103 and 105), employing the construction of a wooden caisson for each pier. Apollodorus applied the technique of river flow relocation, using the principles set by Thales of Miletus some six centuries beforehand. Engineers waited for a low water level to dig a canal, west of the modern downtown of Kladovo. The water was redirected 2 km (1.2 mi) downstream from the construction site, through the lowland of Ključ region , to the location of the modern village of Mala Vrbica. Wooden pillars were driven into the river bed in a rectangular layout, which served as the foundation for the supporting piers, which were coated with clay. The hollow piers were filled with stones held together by mortar, while from the outside they were built around with Roman bricks. The bricks can still be found around the village of Kostol, retaining the same physical properties that they had 2 millennia ago. The piers were 44.46 m (145.9 ft) tall, 17.78 m (58.3 ft) wide and 50.38 m (165.3 ft) apart. It is considered today that the bridge construction was assembled on the land and then installed on the pillars. A mitigating circumstance was that the year the relocating canals were dug was very dry and the water level was quite low. The river bed was almost completely drained when the foundation of the pillars began. There were 20 pillars in total in an interval of 50 m (160 ft). Oak wood was used and the bridge was high enough to allow ship transport on the Danube. The bricks also have a historical value, as the members of the Roman legions and cohorts which participated in the construction of the bridge carved the names of their units into the bricks. Thus, it is known that work was done by the legions of IV Flavia Felix, VII Claudia, V Macedonica and XIII Gemina and the cohorts of I Cretum, II Hispanorum, III Brittonum and I Antiochensium. Tabula Traiana This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tabula Traiana and road, near Kladovo, Serbia, 1930s A Roman memorial plaque ("Tabula Traiana"), 4 metres wide and 1.75 metres high, commemorating the completion of Trajan's military road is located on the Serbian side facing Romania near Ogradina, 29 km west of the bridge. In 1972, when the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station was built (causing the water level to rise by about 35 m), the plaque was moved from its original location, and lifted to the present place. It reads: IMP. CAESAR. DIVI. NERVAE. FNERVA TRAIANVS. AVG. GERMPONTIF MAXIMUS TRIB POT IIII PATER PATRIAE COS IIIMONTIBVS EXCISI(s) ANCO(ni)BVSSVBLAT(i)S VIA(m) F(ecit) The text was interpreted by Otto Benndorf to mean: Emperor Caesar son of the divine Nerva, Nerva Trajan, the Augustus, Germanicus, Pontifex Maximus, invested for the fourth time as Tribune, Father of the Fatherland, Consul for the third time, excavating mountain rocks and using wood beams has made this road. The Tabula Traiana was declared a Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and is protected by the Republic of Serbia. Relocation The relocated Tabula Traiana. The inscription TABULA TRAIANA is modern. When the plan for the future hydro plant and its reservoir was made in 1965, it was clear that numerous settlements along the banks would be flooded in both Yugoslavia and Romania, and that historical remains, including the plaque, would also be affected. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts urged for the plaque to be preserved and the government accepted the motion. The enterprise entrusted with the task of relocation was the mining company "Venčac" as its experts previously participated in the relocation of the Abu Simbel temple in Egypt. First idea was to leave the plaque at its position and to build the caisson around it but the calculations showed this wouldn't work. The idea of cutting the plaque in several smaller pieces in order to be moved was abandoned due to the quality of the rock of which it was made. The proposition of lifting it with the floating elevator "Veli Jože" was discarded, too. The motion of cutting the table in one piece and placing it somewhere else was rejected as the plaque would lose its authenticity. In the end it was decided to dig in a new bed into the rock 22 m (72 ft) above the plaque's original location. The plaque was then cut in one piece with the parts of the surrounding rock and road. After being cut with the cable saws, the 350 tons heavy chunk was lifted to the new bed. Works began in September 1967 and were finished in 1969. Destruction and remains The ruins in 2009, surrounded by a square concrete compound which was built to protect the monument from the rise of the water level following the construction of the Iron Gate II dam, Romania The wooden superstructure of the bridge was dismantled by Trajan's successor, Hadrian, presumably in order to protect the empire from barbarian invasions from the north. The superstructure was destroyed by fire. The remains of the bridge reappeared in 1858 when the level of the Danube hit a record low due to the extensive drought. The twenty pillars were still visible. In 1906, the Commission of the Danube decided to destroy two of the pillars that were obstructing navigation. In 1932, there were 16 pillars remaining underwater, but in 1982 only 12 were mapped by archaeologists; the other four had probably been swept away by water. Only the entrance pillars are now visible on either bank of the Danube, one in Romania and one in Serbia. In 1979, Trajan's Bridge was added to the Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance, and in 1983 on Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance list, and by that it is protected by the Republic of Serbia. Comparison of the side elevations of the Trajan's Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale (click for interactive version) See also List of inscriptions in Serbia List of Roman bridges Trajan's Dacian Wars Constantine's Bridge (Danube) Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli References ^ "Информациони систем непокретних културних добара". ^ The bridge seems to have been surpassed in length by another Roman bridge across the Danube, Constantine's Bridge, a little-known structure whose length is given at 2,437 m (Tudor 1974b, p. 139; Galliazzo 1994, p. 319). In China, the 6th century single-span Anji Bridge had a comparable span of 123 feet or 37 metres. ^ Griggs Jr., Francis E. "Trajan's Bridge: The World's First Long-Span Wooden Bridge" (PDF). Civil Engineering Practice. ^ Roman canal https://vici.org/vici/60617/ ^ a b c d Ranko Jakovljević (9 September 2017), "Srećniji od Avgusta, bolji of Trajana", Politika-Kulturni dodatak (in Serbian), p. 05 ^ a b c d e f Slobodan T. Petrović (18 March 2018). "Стубови Трајановог моста" . Politika-Magazin, No. 1068 (in Serbian). pp. 22–23. ^ The earliest identified Roman caisson construction was at Cosa, a small Roman colony north of Rome, where similar caissons formed a breakwater as early as the 2nd century BC: International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology, 2002. ^ Fernández Troyano, Leonardo, "Bridge Engineering - A Global Perspective", Thomas Telford Publishing, 2003 ^ In the first century BC, Roman engineers had employed wooden caissons in constructing the Herodian harbour at Caesarea Maritima: Carol V. Ruppe, Jane F. Barstad, eds. International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology, 2002, "Caesarea" pp505f. ^ a b c Mikiša Mihailović (26 May 2019). "Спасавање Трајанове табле" . Politika-Magazin, No. 1130 (in Serbian). pp. 22–23. ^ Opper, Thorsten (2008), Hadrian: Empire and Conflict, Harvard University Press, p. 67, ISBN 9780674030954 ^ Romans Rise from the Waters Archived 2006-12-05 at the Wayback Machine Further reading Bancila, Radu; Teodorescu, Dragos (1998), "Die römischen Brücken am unteren Lauf der Donau", in Zilch, K.; Albrecht, G.; Swaczyna, A.; et al. (eds.), Entwurf, Bau und Unterhaltung von Brücken im Donauraum, 3. Internationale Donaubrückenkonferenz, 29–30 October, Regensburg, pp. 401–409{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Galliazzo, Vittorio (1994), I ponti romani. Catalogo generale, vol. 2, Treviso: Edizioni Canova, pp. 320–324 (No. 646), ISBN 88-85066-66-6 Griggs, Francis E. (2007), "Trajan's Bridge: The World's First Long-Span Wooden Bridge", Civil Engineering Practice, 22 (1): 19–50, ISSN 0886-9685 Gušić, Sima (1996), "Traian's Bridge. A Contribution towards its Reconstruction", in Petrović, Petar (ed.), Roman Limes on the Middle and Lower Danube, Cahiers des Portes de Fer, vol. 2, Belgrade, pp. 259–261{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) O'Connor, Colin (1993), Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, pp. 142–145 (No. T13), 171, ISBN 0-521-39326-4 Serban, Marko (2009), "Trajan's Bridge over the Danube", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 38 (2): 331–342, Bibcode:2009IJNAr..38..331S, doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00216.x, S2CID 110708933 Tudor, D. (1974a), "Le pont de Trajan à Drobeta-Turnu Severin", Les ponts romains du Bas-Danube, Bibliotheca Historica Romaniae Études, vol. 51, Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, pp. 47–134 Tudor, D. (1974b), "Le pont de Constantin le Grand à Celei", Les ponts romains du Bas-Danube, Bibliotheca Historica Romaniae Études, vol. 51, Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, pp. 135–166 Ulrich, Roger B. (2007), Roman Woodworking, Yale University Press, pp. 104–107, ISBN 978-0-300-10341-0 Vučković, Dejan; Mihajlović, Dragan; Karović, Gordana (2007), "Trajan's Bridge on the Danube. The Current Results of Underwater Archaeological Research", Istros (14): 119–130 Ранко Јаковљевић (2009). "Трајанов мост код Кладова". Rastko. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trajan's Bridge. 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Stolice Marićevića jaruga Radovanjski Lug Cer Memorial Ossuary Vuk Karadžić's birth house Kraljevo Memorial Park Čegar Ljubić Boško Buha Memorial Complex Chapel of Peace Site of the Battle of Slankamen Vezirac Hill Memorial Idvor Memorial Complex Site of the Battle of Senta Syrmian Front Memorial Complex Takovski grm Spatial Cultural-Historical Units Knez Mihailova Street Tešnjar Novi Pazar Fortress with the Old Bazaar and Altun-Alem Mosque Gornja Dobrinja Complex Negotin Wine Cellars Rajac Wine Cellar Rogljevo Wine Cellar Štubik Wine Cellar "Staro selo" Etno Complex Topčider Stari Ras area Gazimestan Sremski Karlovci Bač Fortress Dositej's Lyceum area Fruška Gora Military Technical Institute Complex	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian"},{"link_name":"Roman segmental arch bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_segmental_arch_bridge"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Roman architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Second Dacian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Dacian_War"},{"link_name":"Roman troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Podul_lui_Traian_2021_04.jpg"}],"text":"Roman segmental arch bridge over the lower DanubeSee also: Roman DaciaTrajan's Bridge (Romanian: Podul lui Traian; Serbian: Трајанов мост, romanized: Trajanov most), also called Bridge of Apollodorus over the Danube, was a Roman segmental arch bridge, the first bridge to be built over the lower Danube and considered one of the greatest achievements in Roman architecture. Though it was only functional for 165 years, it is often considered to have been the longest arch bridge in both total span and length for more than 1,000 years.[2]The bridge was completed in 105 AD and designed by Emperor Trajan's architect Apollodorus of Damascus before the Second Dacian War to allow Roman troops to cross the river.[3] Fragmentary ruins of the bridge's piers can still be seen today.Trajan's Bridge northern bank","title":"Trajan's Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drobeta (castra)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drobeta_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Iron Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Gates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forts_near_Drobeta.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Remains_of_the_Trajan%27s_Bridge_on_the_right_bank_of_Danube,_Serbia_(27251575447).jpg"},{"link_name":"River Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Danube"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:072_Conrad_Cichorius,_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule,_Tafel_LXXII_(Ausschnitt_01).jpg"},{"link_name":"Trajan's Column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_caementicium"},{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Iron Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Gates"},{"link_name":"Drobeta-Turnu Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drobeta-Turnu_Severin"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Kladovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladovo"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"whitewater rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater_rapids"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-5"},{"link_name":"shells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin-6"},{"link_name":"Roman invasion of Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Dacian_War"},{"link_name":"gold mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-5"},{"link_name":"Kostol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostol"},{"link_name":"Pontes fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontes_fort"},{"link_name":"National Museum in Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_in_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Drobeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drobeta_(castra)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin-6"}],"text":"See also: Drobeta (castra) and Iron GatesForts on the Danube near DrobetaRemains of Trajan's Bridge on the south bank of the River Danube, SerbiaRelief of the bridge on Trajan's Column showing the unusually flat segmental arches on high-rising concrete piers; in the foreground emperor Trajan sacrificing by the DanubeThe bridge was situated east of the Iron Gates, near the present-day cities of Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania and Kladovo in Serbia. Its construction was ordered by the Emperor Trajan as a supply route for the Roman legions fighting in Dacia.Construction of the bridge was part of a wider project, which included the digging of side canals so that whitewater rapids could be avoided to make the Danube safer for navigation enabling an effective river fleet, a string of defense posts and development of the intelligence service on the border.The remains of the embankment which protected the area during the construction of the canal (in a loop to the south of the Danube)[4] show the magnitude of the works. The 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long canal bypassed the problematic section of the river in an arch-like style.[5] Former canals were filled with sand, and empty shells are regularly found in the ground.[6]All these works, especially the bridge, served the purpose of preparing for the Roman invasion of Dacia, which ended with Roman victory in 106 AD. The effect of finally defeating the Dacians and acquiring their gold mines was so great that Roman games celebrating the conquest lasted for 123 days, with 10,000 gladiators engaging in fights and 11,000 wild animals being killed during that period.[5]The bridge was 1,135 m (3,724 ft) long (the Danube is now 800 m (2,600 ft) wide in that area), 15 m (49 ft) wide, and 19 m (62 ft) high, measured from the surface of the river. At each end was a Roman fort so that crossing the bridge was only possible through the camps.On the south bank, at the modern village of Kostol near Kladovo, the Pontes fort was built in 103, concurrently with the bridge, occupying several hectares. Remnants of the 40 m (130 ft) long castrum with thick ramparts are still visible today. A vicus (civilian settlement) grew up around it later. A bronze head of Emperor Trajan has been discovered in Pontes, part of a statue which was erected at the bridge entrance and is today kept in the National Museum in Belgrade.On the north bank is the Drobeta fort. It also had a bronze statue of Trajan.[6]","title":"The Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pozzolana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzolana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"caisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Thales of Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus"},{"link_name":"Ključ region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klju%C4%8D_region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klju%C4%8D_(oblast)"},{"link_name":"Mala Vrbica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Vrbica_(Kladovo)"},{"link_name":"foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)"},{"link_name":"Roman bricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_bricks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-5"},{"link_name":"Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin-6"},{"link_name":"Roman legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_legions"},{"link_name":"cohorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"IV Flavia Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix"},{"link_name":"VII Claudia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_VII_Claudia"},{"link_name":"V Macedonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica"},{"link_name":"XIII Gemina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_XIII_Gemina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politika-5"}],"text":"Apollodorus used wooden arches, each spanning 38 m (125 ft), set on twenty masonry pillars made of bricks, mortar, and pozzolana cement.[7][8] It was built unusually quickly (between 103 and 105), employing the construction of a wooden caisson for each pier.[9]Apollodorus applied the technique of river flow relocation, using the principles set by Thales of Miletus some six centuries beforehand. Engineers waited for a low water level to dig a canal, west of the modern downtown of Kladovo. The water was redirected 2 km (1.2 mi) downstream from the construction site, through the lowland of Ključ region [sr], to the location of the modern village of Mala Vrbica. Wooden pillars were driven into the river bed in a rectangular layout, which served as the foundation for the supporting piers, which were coated with clay. The hollow piers were filled with stones held together by mortar, while from the outside they were built around with Roman bricks. The bricks can still be found around the village of Kostol, retaining the same physical properties that they had 2 millennia ago. The piers were 44.46 m (145.9 ft) tall, 17.78 m (58.3 ft) wide and 50.38 m (165.3 ft) apart.[5] It is considered today that the bridge construction was assembled on the land and then installed on the pillars. A mitigating circumstance was that the year the relocating canals were dug was very dry and the water level was quite low. The river bed was almost completely drained when the foundation of the pillars began. There were 20 pillars in total in an interval of 50 m (160 ft). Oak wood was used and the bridge was high enough to allow ship transport on the Danube.[6]The bricks also have a historical value, as the members of the Roman legions and cohorts which participated in the construction of the bridge carved the names of their units into the bricks. Thus, it is known that work was done by the legions of IV Flavia Felix, VII Claudia, V Macedonica and XIII Gemina and the cohorts of I Cretum, II Hispanorum, III Brittonum and I Antiochensium.[5]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trajanova_tabla.tif"},{"link_name":"Kladovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladovo"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"military road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Gate_I_Hydroelectric_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Otto Benndorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Benndorf"},{"link_name":"Nerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerva"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)"},{"link_name":"Germanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Imperial_Roman_victory_titles"},{"link_name":"Pontifex Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus"},{"link_name":"Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune"},{"link_name":"Father of the Fatherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pater_Patriae"},{"link_name":"Consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul"},{"link_name":"beams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)"},{"link_name":"Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_of_Culture_of_Exceptional_Importance_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia"}],"text":"Tabula Traiana and road, near Kladovo, Serbia, 1930sA Roman memorial plaque (\"Tabula Traiana\"), 4 metres wide and 1.75 metres high, commemorating the completion of Trajan's military road is located on the Serbian side facing Romania near Ogradina, 29 km west of the bridge. In 1972, when the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station was built (causing the water level to rise by about 35 m), the plaque was moved from its original location, and lifted to the present place. It reads:IMP. CAESAR. DIVI. NERVAE. FNERVA TRAIANVS. AVG. GERMPONTIF MAXIMUS TRIB POT IIII PATER PATRIAE COS IIIMONTIBVS EXCISI(s) ANCO(ni)BVSSVBLAT(i)S VIA(m) F(ecit)The text was interpreted by Otto Benndorf to mean:Emperor Caesar son of the divine Nerva, Nerva Trajan, the Augustus, Germanicus, Pontifex Maximus, invested for the fourth time as Tribune, Father of the Fatherland, Consul for the third time, excavating mountain rocks and using wood beams has made this road.The Tabula Traiana was declared a Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and is protected by the Republic of Serbia.","title":"Tabula Traiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traian%27s_Table_(Tabula_Traiana).jpg"},{"link_name":"Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts"},{"link_name":"Venčac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C4%8Dac"},{"link_name":"Abu Simbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Simbel"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin1-10"},{"link_name":"caisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"Veli Jože","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veli_Jo%C5%BEe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin1-10"}],"sub_title":"Relocation","text":"The relocated Tabula Traiana. The inscription TABULA TRAIANA is modern.When the plan for the future hydro plant and its reservoir was made in 1965, it was clear that numerous settlements along the banks would be flooded in both Yugoslavia and Romania, and that historical remains, including the plaque, would also be affected. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts urged for the plaque to be preserved and the government accepted the motion. The enterprise entrusted with the task of relocation was the mining company \"Venčac\" as its experts previously participated in the relocation of the Abu Simbel temple in Egypt.[10]First idea was to leave the plaque at its position and to build the caisson around it but the calculations showed this wouldn't work. The idea of cutting the plaque in several smaller pieces in order to be moved was abandoned due to the quality of the rock of which it was made. The proposition of lifting it with the floating elevator \"Veli Jože\" was discarded, too. The motion of cutting the table in one piece and placing it somewhere else was rejected as the plaque would lose its authenticity.[10]In the end it was decided to dig in a new bed into the rock 22 m (72 ft) above the plaque's original location. The plaque was then cut in one piece with the parts of the surrounding rock and road. After being cut with the cable saws, the 350 tons heavy chunk was lifted to the new bed. Works began in September 1967 and were finished in 1969.[10]","title":"Tabula Traiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piciorul_Podului_lui_Traian,_malul_rom%C3%A2nesc_(19_august_2009).jpg"},{"link_name":"Iron Gate II dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Gate_II_Hydroelectric_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin-6"},{"link_name":"Commission of the Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_of_the_Danube_River"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazin-6"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Sites_of_Exceptional_Importance_(Serbia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg"},{"link_name":"(click for interactive version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg"}],"text":"The ruins in 2009, surrounded by a square concrete compound which was built to protect the monument from the rise of the water level following the construction of the Iron Gate II dam, RomaniaThe wooden superstructure of the bridge was dismantled by Trajan's successor, Hadrian, presumably in order to protect the empire from barbarian invasions from the north.[11] The superstructure was destroyed by fire.[6]The remains of the bridge reappeared in 1858 when the level of the Danube hit a record low due to the extensive drought.[6] The twenty pillars were still visible.In 1906, the Commission of the Danube decided to destroy two of the pillars that were obstructing navigation.In 1932, there were 16 pillars remaining underwater, but in 1982 only 12 were mapped by archaeologists; the other four had probably been swept away by water. Only the entrance pillars are now visible on either bank of the Danube,[12] one in Romania and one in Serbia.[6]In 1979, Trajan's Bridge was added to the Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance, and in 1983 on Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance list, and by that it is protected by the Republic of Serbia.Comparison of the side elevations of the Trajan's Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale (click for interactive version)","title":"Destruction and remains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-85066-66-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-85066-66-6"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0886-9685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-9685"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-39326-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39326-4"},{"link_name":"The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_Nautical_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2009IJNAr..38..331S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJNAr..38..331S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00216.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2008.00216.x"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"110708933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110708933"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-10341-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10341-0"},{"link_name":"\"Трајанов мост код Кладова\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rastko.rs/istorija/delo/13195"}],"text":"Bancila, Radu; Teodorescu, Dragos (1998), \"Die römischen Brücken am unteren Lauf der Donau\", in Zilch, K.; Albrecht, G.; Swaczyna, A.; et al. (eds.), Entwurf, Bau und Unterhaltung von Brücken im Donauraum, 3. Internationale Donaubrückenkonferenz, 29–30 October, Regensburg, pp. 401–409{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nGalliazzo, Vittorio (1994), I ponti romani. Catalogo generale, vol. 2, Treviso: Edizioni Canova, pp. 320–324 (No. 646), ISBN 88-85066-66-6\nGriggs, Francis E. (2007), \"Trajan's Bridge: The World's First Long-Span Wooden Bridge\", Civil Engineering Practice, 22 (1): 19–50, ISSN 0886-9685\nGušić, Sima (1996), \"Traian's Bridge. A Contribution towards its Reconstruction\", in Petrović, Petar (ed.), Roman Limes on the Middle and Lower Danube, Cahiers des Portes de Fer, vol. 2, Belgrade, pp. 259–261{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nO'Connor, Colin (1993), Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, pp. 142–145 (No. T13), 171, ISBN 0-521-39326-4\nSerban, Marko (2009), \"Trajan's Bridge over the Danube\", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 38 (2): 331–342, Bibcode:2009IJNAr..38..331S, doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00216.x, S2CID 110708933\nTudor, D. (1974a), \"Le pont de Trajan à Drobeta-Turnu Severin\", Les ponts romains du Bas-Danube, Bibliotheca Historica Romaniae Études, vol. 51, Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, pp. 47–134\nTudor, D. (1974b), \"Le pont de Constantin le Grand à Celei\", Les ponts romains du Bas-Danube, Bibliotheca Historica Romaniae Études, vol. 51, Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, pp. 135–166\nUlrich, Roger B. (2007), Roman Woodworking, Yale University Press, pp. 104–107, ISBN 978-0-300-10341-0\nVučković, Dejan; Mihajlović, Dragan; Karović, Gordana (2007), \"Trajan's Bridge on the Danube. The Current Results of Underwater Archaeological Research\", Istros (14): 119–130\nРанко Јаковљевић (2009). \"Трајанов мост код Кладова\". Rastko.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Trajan's Bridge northern bank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Podul_lui_Traian_2021_04.jpg/300px-Podul_lui_Traian_2021_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"Forts on the Danube near Drobeta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Forts_near_Drobeta.png/220px-Forts_near_Drobeta.png"},{"image_text":"Remains of Trajan's Bridge on the south bank of the River Danube, Serbia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Remains_of_the_Trajan%27s_Bridge_on_the_right_bank_of_Danube%2C_Serbia_%2827251575447%29.jpg/250px-Remains_of_the_Trajan%27s_Bridge_on_the_right_bank_of_Danube%2C_Serbia_%2827251575447%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Relief of the bridge on Trajan's Column showing the unusually flat segmental arches on high-rising concrete piers; in the foreground emperor Trajan sacrificing by the Danube","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/072_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_LXXII_%28Ausschnitt_01%29.jpg/250px-072_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_LXXII_%28Ausschnitt_01%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tabula Traiana and road, near Kladovo, Serbia, 1930s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Trajanova_tabla.tif/lossy-page1-310px-Trajanova_tabla.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"The relocated Tabula Traiana. The inscription TABULA TRAIANA is modern.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Traian%27s_Table_%28Tabula_Traiana%29.jpg/290px-Traian%27s_Table_%28Tabula_Traiana%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The ruins in 2009, surrounded by a square concrete compound which was built to protect the monument from the rise of the water level following the construction of the Iron Gate II dam, Romania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Piciorul_Podului_lui_Traian%2C_malul_rom%C3%A2nesc_%2819_august_2009%29.jpg/170px-Piciorul_Podului_lui_Traian%2C_malul_rom%C3%A2nesc_%2819_august_2009%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of inscriptions in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_Serbia"},{"title":"List of Roman bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_bridges"},{"title":"Trajan's Dacian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars"},{"title":"Constantine's Bridge (Danube)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine%27s_Bridge_(Danube)"},{"title":"Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Ferdinando_Marsigli"}]	[{"reference":"\"Информациони систем непокретних културних добара\".","urls":[{"url":"https://nasledje.gov.rs/index.cfm/spomenici/pregled_spomenika?spomenik_id=43868","url_text":"\"Информациони систем непокретних културних добара\""}]},{"reference":"Griggs Jr., Francis E. \"Trajan's Bridge: The World's First Long-Span Wooden Bridge\" (PDF). Civil Engineering Practice.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bscesjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/CEP-Vol-22-No-1-02.pdf","url_text":"\"Trajan's Bridge: The World's First Long-Span Wooden Bridge\""}]},{"reference":"Ranko Jakovljević (9 September 2017), \"Srećniji od Avgusta, bolji of Trajana\", Politika-Kulturni dodatak (in Serbian), p. 05","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika","url_text":"Politika"}]},{"reference":"Slobodan T. Petrović (18 March 2018). \"Стубови Трајановог моста\" [Pillars of the Trajan's Bridge]. Politika-Magazin, No. 1068 (in Serbian). pp. 22–23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mikiša Mihailović (26 May 2019). \"Спасавање Трајанове табле\" [Preservation of the Tabula Traiana]. Politika-Magazin, No. 1130 (in Serbian). pp. 22–23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Opper, Thorsten (2008), Hadrian: Empire and Conflict, Harvard University Press, p. 67, ISBN 9780674030954","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hadrianempirecon0000oppe/page/67","url_text":"Hadrian: Empire and Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hadrianempirecon0000oppe/page/67","url_text":"67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674030954","url_text":"9780674030954"}]},{"reference":"Bancila, Radu; Teodorescu, Dragos (1998), \"Die römischen Brücken am unteren Lauf der Donau\", in Zilch, K.; Albrecht, G.; Swaczyna, A.; et al. (eds.), Entwurf, Bau und Unterhaltung von Brücken im Donauraum, 3. Internationale Donaubrückenkonferenz, 29–30 October, Regensburg, pp. 401–409","urls":[]},{"reference":"Galliazzo, Vittorio (1994), I ponti romani. Catalogo generale, vol. 2, Treviso: Edizioni Canova, pp. 320–324 (No. 646), ISBN 88-85066-66-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-85066-66-6","url_text":"88-85066-66-6"}]},{"reference":"Griggs, Francis E. (2007), \"Trajan's Bridge: The World's First Long-Span Wooden Bridge\", Civil Engineering Practice, 22 (1): 19–50, ISSN 0886-9685","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-9685","url_text":"0886-9685"}]},{"reference":"Gušić, Sima (1996), \"Traian's Bridge. A Contribution towards its Reconstruction\", in Petrović, Petar (ed.), Roman Limes on the Middle and Lower Danube, Cahiers des Portes de Fer, vol. 2, Belgrade, pp. 259–261","urls":[]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Colin (1993), Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, pp. 142–145 (No. T13), 171, ISBN 0-521-39326-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39326-4","url_text":"0-521-39326-4"}]},{"reference":"Serban, Marko (2009), \"Trajan's Bridge over the Danube\", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 38 (2): 331–342, Bibcode:2009IJNAr..38..331S, doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00216.x, S2CID 110708933","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_Nautical_Archaeology","url_text":"The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJNAr..38..331S","url_text":"2009IJNAr..38..331S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2008.00216.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00216.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110708933","url_text":"110708933"}]},{"reference":"Tudor, D. (1974a), \"Le pont de Trajan à Drobeta-Turnu Severin\", Les ponts romains du Bas-Danube, Bibliotheca Historica Romaniae Études, vol. 51, Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, pp. 47–134","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tudor, D. (1974b), \"Le pont de Constantin le Grand à Celei\", Les ponts romains du Bas-Danube, Bibliotheca Historica Romaniae Études, vol. 51, Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, pp. 135–166","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ulrich, Roger B. (2007), Roman Woodworking, Yale University Press, pp. 104–107, ISBN 978-0-300-10341-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10341-0","url_text":"978-0-300-10341-0"}]},{"reference":"Vučković, Dejan; Mihajlović, Dragan; Karović, Gordana (2007), \"Trajan's Bridge on the Danube. The Current Results of Underwater Archaeological Research\", Istros (14): 119–130","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ранко Јаковљевић (2009). \"Трајанов мост код Кладова\". Rastko.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rastko.rs/istorija/delo/13195","url_text":"\"Трајанов мост код Кладова\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trajan%27s_Bridge&params=44.623769_N_22.66705_E_type:landmark_region:RO","external_links_name":"44°37′26″N 22°40′01″E / 44.623769°N 22.66705°E / 44.623769; 22.66705"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trajan%27s_Bridge&params=44.623769_N_22.66705_E_type:landmark_region:RO","external_links_name":"44°37′26″N 22°40′01″E / 44.623769°N 22.66705°E / 44.623769; 22.66705"},{"Link":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg","external_links_name":"(click for interactive version)"},{"Link":"https://nasledje.gov.rs/index.cfm/spomenici/pregled_spomenika?spomenik_id=43868","external_links_name":"\"Информациони систем непокретних културних добара\""},{"Link":"https://www.bscesjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/CEP-Vol-22-No-1-02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Trajan's Bridge: The World's First Long-Span Wooden Bridge\""},{"Link":"https://vici.org/vici/60617/","external_links_name":"https://vici.org/vici/60617/"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hadrianempirecon0000oppe/page/67","external_links_name":"Hadrian: Empire and Conflict"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hadrianempirecon0000oppe/page/67","external_links_name":"67"},{"Link":"http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=20822","external_links_name":"Romans Rise from the Waters"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061205023835/http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=20822","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-9685","external_links_name":"0886-9685"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJNAr..38..331S","external_links_name":"2009IJNAr..38..331S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2008.00216.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00216.x"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110708933","external_links_name":"110708933"},{"Link":"http://www.rastko.rs/istorija/delo/13195","external_links_name":"\"Трајанов мост код Кладова\""},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/52953688","external_links_name":"Trajan's Bridge - 3D Animation"},{"Link":"http://www.nonesuchexpeditions.com/nonesuch-features/Lost%20Danube/trajan%27s%20road/trajans%20road.htm","external_links_name":"Lost in the Danube - Trajan's Road"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20001271","external_links_name":"Bridge of Apollodorus over the Danube"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061205023835/http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=20822","external_links_name":"Romans Rise from the Waters"},{"Link":"http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/13195","external_links_name":"Trajan's bridge near Kladovo"},{"Link":"http://www.aquaetarchaeologia.org.rs/cp/125","external_links_name":"Gallery 2003"},{"Link":"http://www.aquaetarchaeologia.org.rs/cp/127","external_links_name":"Gallery 2005"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/242782067","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7673454-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/207629","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20001271","external_links_name":"Structurae"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Ghent_(1449%E2%80%9353)	Revolt of Ghent (1449–1453)	["1 Background","2 Causes","3 War","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	1449–1453 revolt by Ghent against Philip the Good over disputes on guilds and taxes Ghent RevoltPart of the Revolts of GhentThe burghers of Ghent surrender to Philip the Good at the Battle of Gavere. Illustration from a contemporary manuscript.Date1449–1453LocationCounty of Flanders, Burgundian Netherlands(modern-day Belgium)Result Burgundian victory: Peace of GavereBelligerents Burgundian State Ghent rebelsCommanders and leaders Philip the Good (WIA) Corneille of Burgundy † vte Revolt of Ghent(1449–1453) Oudenaarde Bazel Gavere The Revolt of Ghent was a rebellion by the city of Ghent against the Burgundian State. It lasted from 1449 to 1453. The rebellion was eventually suppressed by the Burgundians. Background After their efforts in the Battle of the Golden Spurs (1302), the guilds demanded and received the so-called small "Nering", participation in the rule of the Flemish cities, which was a common result in the wars and battles involving the Low Countries. In Ghent, a relative equilibrium was achieved between 1360 and 1380, where the schepenen formed a coalition called the Great council of Ghent. The council had three members; one was chosen by the poorters (a type of citizenship), one was chosen by the influential guild of weavers (Flanders had become rich because of its cloth production), and one was chosen by the smaller guilds. This trio was called the Rule of the Three Council Members. From around 1430, Philip the Good strove for a return of the situation before the Guldensporenslag; the influence of the guilds, especially those with archdeacons (in the Low Countries, "deacon" was also used to denote the leaders of guilds), was in conflict with the Charter of Senlis (1301) according to Philip. The Ghent city government based its defense against Philip's claims on customs and old privileges from the 12th and 13th century, before the Charter of Senlis had been signed. To enforce his attempts at gaining control over the appointment of city officials, Philip the Good also searched for a reliable source of income. This he found in the rich Flemish cities, where he raised indirect taxes. Until then, he had been forced to rely on requests for individual taxes (called beden), which could be refused by the city government. Causes Gravensteen castle, Ghent During his visit to Ghent in January 1447, Philip proposed a semi-permanent tax on salt, after the French example of the gabelle. Later, he proposed a similar tax on flour, which would be collected by ducal officials. Salt was then very important as it was the only way to preserve food for long periods of time. Philip had prepared a speech in Dutch, the main language of the Council, and the deacons of some of the guilds were consulted or bribed. The city government of Ghent refused to give in. After two years of negotiation, the taxes were rejected. Wanting to avoid further humiliation, Philip decided not to propose the taxes to other large Flemish cities. Philip accused the deacons of perjury and removed them from the Council. In reaction, Ghent proposed to replace them with outspoken opponents of the Duke. Philip increased the pressure with measures such as recalling the bailiff twice, which brought all judicial procedures in the city to a halt. The conflict escalated, and on 28 October 1451, the guilds proclaimed a general strike and took up arms. In December Biervliet was taken. In Ghent, a revolutionary rule of an assembly of the people was formed. Opponents of the revolt, who probably realised that their city could not win, were killed. This way Ghent lost the support of the councils of the other cities who saw their own power threatened. Only Ninove kept supporting Ghent because it was economically dependent on the city. War On Friday, 31 May 1452, Philip the Good declared war on Ghent. A month earlier, from April 1452, the Ghent city government was forced to take military actions to secure supplies from the local region. They marched along the Scheldt river to Oudenaarde, Spiere and Helkijn, and along the Dender to Aalst and Geraardsbergen. Several strategic locations were taken and occupied by Ghent, amongst which a bridge of the Scheldt at Spiere, and the castles of: Poeke, west of Ghent, near Aalter, halfway to Bruges. Schendelbeke, along the Dender at Geraardsbergen, south of Ghent. Gavere, along the Scheldt between Ghent and Oudenaarde where the Ghent garrison of 50 men was supported by 16 English mercenaries. At the siege of Oudenaarde, which lasted 12 to 13 days, the army of Ghent used one of the largest artillery bombardments to take place in Europe at the time, but the Burgundian garrison of the city, under the leadership of Simon de Lalaing, was able to withstand the attack. Geraardsbergen, where the Burgundian main force was located, also withstood a siege. The Burgundian main force was even able to unite with an army led by John of Burgundy, that marched from Seclin to relieve the sieges of Spiere and Helkijn on Friday 21 April, and relieved the siege of Oudenaarde on Monday 24 April. The forces of Ghent were forced to retreat, leaving behind their artillery on the banks of the Scheldt river. From 1 to 15 May Ghent was bombarded by the Burgundians, who eventually pulled back to Aalst, Dendermonde, and Oudenaarde. During the constant skirmishes, Philip's favorite illegitimate son, Corneille of Burgundy was killed at the Battle of Bazel on 14 June 1452. Dulle Griet, employed by the city of Ghent in the Siege of Oudenaarde. In July the Burgundians took the upper hand; they had amongst others taken control of the land east of Ghent, and secured the neutrality of the other cities. King Charles VII of France negotiated a six-week truce between the two parties. Philip the Good strengthened his garrisons at Aalst, Dendermonde, Oudenaarde, and Kortrijk, and his army pulled back to France for the winter. During the entire winter the garrisons, as well as the whole Flemish region, were pillaged and plundered by troops from Ghent without intervention from Philip the Good. Ghent troops were nearly able to blow up the entire Burgundian winter supply of gunpowder in Lille, but an observant guard extinguished the fuse in time. Philip attempted to negotiate a peace because Ghent, a rich city, was very valuable to him, but it refused any further negotiations. Halfway through 1453, Philip began a decisive military campaign that started on 18 June 1453. While a fleet moved up the Scheldt river from Sluis and Antwerp, Philip himself travelled from Lille in order to take the smaller Ghent possessions before marching on Ghent itself. On 27 June 1453, Schendelbeke was taken after two days of heavy artillery bombardment. After that the Poeke Castle was reduced to rubble from 2 to 5 July, though a prominent Knight of the Golden Fleece, Jacques de Lalaing, was killed. After every victory, all captured troops from Ghent were hanged and strangled; in Schendelbeke, 104 were killed. On 18 July, Burgundian troops reached the Gavere castle, the last bastion before the city of Ghent. At the castle, decisive battle was fought. After an artillery bombardment lasting five days, the English mercenary captain John Fox and his soldiers escaped from the castle. They were wearing Burgundian Crosses (confused with Saint Andrew's Cross by some) and knew the poorly chosen Burgundian password: Burgundy. They reached Ghent on Monday, 23 July, at around 5 o'clock in the morning. In the resulting panic in the city, a group of 25,000 men 'volunteered' (under threat of being hanged) to relieve Gavere Castle. The Burgundians, however, were well prepared for such an attempt. They chose the fields between Semmerzake and Gavere as the battlefield, where most troops had hidden themselves in the wooded valley of the Leebeek. When, at the first confrontation, the Ghent troops witnessed John Fox and his mercenaries defect to the Burgundian side, they realised that they had been betrayed. Philip ordered an artillery barrage, and the Ghent army responded. However, at that critical moment, a Ghent cannoneer accidentally dropped his lighted match in a gunpowder barrel upon which everyone nearby ran away. The Ghent army panicked at seeing so many people flee, and the Ghent militia was destroyed in the ensuing battle in which 16,000 to 20,000 people died. Only the desperate resistance of 1,000 militia prevented Philip the Good from marching straight to Ghent; Charles the Bold charged the Ghent army with his knights and delivered his father, who had personally entered the fight and was in a difficult position. When the remains of the fleeing army reached Ghent, the city decided to surrender without any further resistance, an outcome that pleased Philip. The humiliating Peace of Gavere ended the revolt of Ghent. The peace was also a definitive step towards the centralisation of Burgundian control at the cost of the power of the cities. Philip the Good's summer campaign had also reinforced the establishment of modern gunpowder artillery as a decisive factor in early modern battles. For the whole duration of the revolt, Philip the Good expected and waited for the arrival of around 800 to 1,000 soldiers from the Duchy of Luxembourg, who eventually always arrived too late at every battle. Since the Duchy of Luxembourg had only conquered by the Burgundians only in 1443, most Luxembourgers and noblemen did not like the idea of serving a duke who was still seen a foreigner and occupier in Luxembourg. To avoid fighting and dying for Philip the Good, Luxembourger troops would use this strategy of deliberately arriving too late for years and always arriving at the battlefield when the fight was already over. However, since the soldiers always eventually arrived, Philip the Good had no other choice but to angrily accept this feat. See also Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria References ^ Francois Lascombes, Chronik der Stadt Luxemburg 1444-1684, 1976 p. 47 External links This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren Jan Baptist David: Vaderlandse historie deel 8, 4de en 5de hoofdstuk Google Books - Amable-Guillaume-Prosper Brugière Barante: Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois, 1364-1477 (Tome Treizième Livre Huitième, vanaf blz. 90) vteValois BurgundyDukes Family tree Philip the Bold John the Fearless Philip the Good Charles the Bold Mary the Rich Events Battle of Roosebeke, 1382 Crusade of Nicopolis, 1396 Battle of Othée, 1408 Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, 1407-1435 Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans, 1407 Cabochien Revolt, 1413 Assassination of John the Fearless, 1419 Treaty of Troyes, 1420 Congress of Arras, 1435 Hook and Cod wars, 1417-1490 Battle of Brouwershaven, 1426 Siege of Deventer, 1456 Revolt of Ghent, 1449–53 Siege of Oudenaarde 1452 Battle of Bazel, 1452 Battle of Gavere, 1453 Feast of the Pheasant, 1454 War of the Common Weal, 1465 Battle of Montlhéry, 1465 Treaty of Conflans, 1465 Wars of Liège, 1465-1468 Battle of Montenaken, 1465 Battle of Brustem, 1467 Treaty of Péronne, 1468 First Utrecht Civil War, 1470-1474 Burgundian Wars, 1474–1477 Battle of Héricourt, 1474 Siege of Neuss, 1474-75 Battle on the Planta, 1475 Battle of Grandson, 1476 Battle of Morat, 1476 Battle of Nancy, 1477 War of the Burgundian Succession, 1477-1482 Battle of Guinegate, 1479 Treaty of Arras, 1482 Second Utrecht Civil War, 1481-1483 Battle of Westbroek, 1481 Siege of Utrecht, 1483 Treaty of Senlis, 1493 Domains Margraviate of Antwerp County of Artois Duchy of Bavaria-Straubing Duchy of Brabant Duchy of Burgundy County of Burgundy County of Charolais County of Eu County of Flanders Frisian freedom Duchy of Guelders County of Hainaut County of Holland Bishopric of Liège Duchy of Limburg Duchy of Lothier Duchy of Luxembourg County of Namur County of Nevers Duchy of Rethel Bishopric of Utrecht County of Zeeland County of Zutphen Institutions Cross of Burgundy Burgundian School Great Privilege Estates-General Order of the Golden Fleece	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revolts of Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Ghent_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:15th-century_painters_-_Surrender_of_the_Burghers_of_Ghent_in_1453_-_WGA15789.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philip the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Good"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gavere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gavere"},{"link_name":"County of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Burgundian Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Burgundian State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_State"},{"link_name":"Ghent rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Philippe_le_Bon.svg"},{"link_name":"Philip the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Good"},{"link_name":"WIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_in_action"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Corneille_de_Bourgogne.svg"},{"link_name":"Corneille of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Revolt_of_Ghent_(1449%E2%80%9353)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Revolt_of_Ghent_(1449%E2%80%9353)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Revolt_of_Ghent_(1449%E2%80%9353)"},{"link_name":"Revolt of Ghent(1449–1453)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Oudenaarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oudenaarde"},{"link_name":"Bazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bazel"},{"link_name":"Gavere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gavere"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Burgundian State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_State"}],"text":"Ghent RevoltPart of the Revolts of GhentThe burghers of Ghent surrender to Philip the Good at the Battle of Gavere. Illustration from a contemporary manuscript.Date1449–1453LocationCounty of Flanders, Burgundian Netherlands(modern-day Belgium)Result\nBurgundian victory:\n\nPeace of GavereBelligerents\n Burgundian State\n Ghent rebelsCommanders and leaders\n\n Philip the Good (WIA)\n Corneille of Burgundy †\nvte Revolt of Ghent(1449–1453) \nOudenaarde\nBazel\nGavereThe Revolt of Ghent was a rebellion by the city of Ghent against the Burgundian State. It lasted from 1449 to 1453. The rebellion was eventually suppressed by the Burgundians.","title":"Revolt of Ghent (1449–1453)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of the Golden Spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Golden_Spurs"},{"link_name":"guilds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"schepenen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schepen"},{"link_name":"poorters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poorter"},{"link_name":"weavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_(occupation)"},{"link_name":"Philip the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Good"},{"link_name":"Charter of Senlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charter_of_Senlis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_(law)"},{"link_name":"privileges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_(legal_ethics)"},{"link_name":"indirect taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_tax"}],"text":"After their efforts in the Battle of the Golden Spurs (1302), the guilds demanded and received the so-called small \"Nering\", participation in the rule of the Flemish cities, which was a common result in the wars and battles involving the Low Countries. In Ghent, a relative equilibrium was achieved between 1360 and 1380, where the schepenen formed a coalition called the Great council of Ghent. The council had three members; one was chosen by the poorters (a type of citizenship), one was chosen by the influential guild of weavers (Flanders had become rich because of its cloth production), and one was chosen by the smaller guilds. This trio was called the Rule of the Three Council Members.From around 1430, Philip the Good strove for a return of the situation before the Guldensporenslag; the influence of the guilds, especially those with archdeacons (in the Low Countries, \"deacon\" was also used to denote the leaders of guilds), was in conflict with the Charter of Senlis (1301) according to Philip. The Ghent city government based its defense against Philip's claims on customs and old privileges from the 12th and 13th century, before the Charter of Senlis had been signed. To enforce his attempts at gaining control over the appointment of city officials, Philip the Good also searched for a reliable source of income. This he found in the rich Flemish cities, where he raised indirect taxes. Until then, he had been forced to rely on requests for individual taxes (called beden), which could be refused by the city government.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghent.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gravensteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravensteen"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"gabelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabelle"},{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"deacons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"perjury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury"},{"link_name":"bailiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiff"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Biervliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biervliet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ninove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninove"}],"text":"Gravensteen castle, GhentDuring his visit to Ghent in January 1447, Philip proposed a semi-permanent tax on salt, after the French example of the gabelle. Later, he proposed a similar tax on flour, which would be collected by ducal officials. Salt was then very important as it was the only way to preserve food for long periods of time. Philip had prepared a speech in Dutch, the main language of the Council, and the deacons of some of the guilds were consulted or bribed. The city government of Ghent refused to give in. After two years of negotiation, the taxes were rejected. Wanting to avoid further humiliation, Philip decided not to propose the taxes to other large Flemish cities. Philip accused the deacons of perjury and removed them from the Council. In reaction, Ghent proposed to replace them with outspoken opponents of the Duke. Philip increased the pressure with measures such as recalling the bailiff twice, which brought all judicial procedures in the city to a halt.The conflict escalated, and on 28 October 1451, the guilds proclaimed a general strike[citation needed] and took up arms. In December Biervliet was taken. In Ghent, a revolutionary rule of an assembly of the people was formed. Opponents of the revolt, who probably realised that their city could not win, were killed.[citation needed] This way Ghent lost the support of the councils of the other cities who saw their own power threatened. Only Ninove kept supporting Ghent because it was economically dependent on the city.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldt"},{"link_name":"Oudenaarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudenaarde"},{"link_name":"Spiere and Helkijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiere-Helkijn"},{"link_name":"Dender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dender"},{"link_name":"Aalst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalst,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Geraardsbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraardsbergen"},{"link_name":"Poeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeke_Castle"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Schendelbeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schendelbeke"},{"link_name":"Gavere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavere"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"mercenaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary"},{"link_name":"Simon de Lalaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_de_Lalaing"},{"link_name":"Burgundian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_State"},{"link_name":"John of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II,_Count_of_Nevers"},{"link_name":"Seclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seclin"},{"link_name":"Dendermonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendermonde"},{"link_name":"Corneille of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bazel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghent_cannon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dulle Griet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulle_Griet"},{"link_name":"Siege of Oudenaarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oudenaarde"},{"link_name":"Charles VII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Kortrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortrijk"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"link_name":"Sluis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluis"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Jacques de Lalaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Lalaing"},{"link_name":"decisive battle was fought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gavere"},{"link_name":"Burgundian Crosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Saint Andrew's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltire"},{"link_name":"Semmerzake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semmerzake"},{"link_name":"Charles the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"Peace of Gavere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peace_of_Gavere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg"},{"link_name":"Luxembourgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"On Friday, 31 May 1452, Philip the Good declared war on Ghent. A month earlier, from April 1452, the Ghent city government was forced to take military actions to secure supplies from the local region. They marched along the Scheldt river to Oudenaarde, Spiere and Helkijn, and along the Dender to Aalst and Geraardsbergen. Several strategic locations were taken and occupied by Ghent, amongst which a bridge of the Scheldt at Spiere, and the castles of:Poeke, west of Ghent, near Aalter, halfway to Bruges.\nSchendelbeke, along the Dender at Geraardsbergen, south of Ghent.\nGavere, along the Scheldt between Ghent and Oudenaarde where the Ghent garrison of 50 men was supported by 16 English mercenaries.At the siege of Oudenaarde, which lasted 12 to 13 days, the army of Ghent used one of the largest artillery bombardments to take place in Europe at the time, but the Burgundian garrison of the city, under the leadership of Simon de Lalaing, was able to withstand the attack. Geraardsbergen, where the Burgundian main force was located, also withstood a siege. The Burgundian main force was even able to unite with an army led by John of Burgundy, that marched from Seclin to relieve the sieges of Spiere and Helkijn on Friday 21 April, and relieved the siege of Oudenaarde on Monday 24 April. The forces of Ghent were forced to retreat, leaving behind their artillery on the banks of the Scheldt river. From 1 to 15 May Ghent was bombarded by the Burgundians, who eventually pulled back to Aalst, Dendermonde, and Oudenaarde.During the constant skirmishes, Philip's favorite illegitimate son, Corneille of Burgundy was killed at the Battle of Bazel on 14 June 1452.Dulle Griet, employed by the city of Ghent in the Siege of Oudenaarde.In July the Burgundians took the upper hand; they had amongst others taken control of the land east of Ghent, and secured the neutrality of the other cities. King Charles VII of France negotiated a six-week truce between the two parties. Philip the Good strengthened his garrisons at Aalst, Dendermonde, Oudenaarde, and Kortrijk, and his army pulled back to France for the winter. During the entire winter the garrisons, as well as the whole Flemish region, were pillaged and plundered by troops from Ghent without intervention from Philip the Good. Ghent troops were nearly able to blow up the entire Burgundian winter supply of gunpowder in Lille, but an observant guard extinguished the fuse in time.Philip attempted to negotiate a peace because Ghent, a rich city, was very valuable to him, but it refused any further negotiations. Halfway through 1453, Philip began a decisive military campaign that started on 18 June 1453. While a fleet moved up the Scheldt river from Sluis and Antwerp, Philip himself travelled from Lille in order to take the smaller Ghent possessions before marching on Ghent itself. On 27 June 1453, Schendelbeke was taken after two days of heavy artillery bombardment. After that the Poeke Castle was reduced to rubble from 2 to 5 July, though a prominent Knight of the Golden Fleece, Jacques de Lalaing, was killed. After every victory, all captured troops from Ghent were hanged and strangled; in Schendelbeke, 104 were killed. On 18 July, Burgundian troops reached the Gavere castle, the last bastion before the city of Ghent. At the castle, decisive battle was fought.After an artillery bombardment lasting five days, the English mercenary captain John Fox and his soldiers escaped from the castle. They were wearing Burgundian Crosses (confused with Saint Andrew's Cross by some) and knew the poorly chosen Burgundian password: Burgundy. They reached Ghent on Monday, 23 July, at around 5 o'clock in the morning. In the resulting panic in the city, a group of 25,000 men 'volunteered' (under threat of being hanged) to relieve Gavere Castle. The Burgundians, however, were well prepared for such an attempt. They chose the fields between Semmerzake and Gavere as the battlefield, where most troops had hidden themselves in the wooded valley of the Leebeek. When, at the first confrontation, the Ghent troops witnessed John Fox and his mercenaries defect to the Burgundian side, they realised that they had been betrayed.Philip ordered an artillery barrage, and the Ghent army responded. However, at that critical moment, a Ghent cannoneer accidentally dropped his lighted match in a gunpowder barrel upon which everyone nearby ran away. The Ghent army panicked at seeing so many people flee, and the Ghent militia was destroyed in the ensuing battle in which 16,000 to 20,000 people died. Only the desperate resistance of 1,000 militia prevented Philip the Good from marching straight to Ghent; Charles the Bold charged the Ghent army with his knights and delivered his father, who had personally entered the fight and was in a difficult position.When the remains of the fleeing army reached Ghent, the city decided to surrender without any further resistance, an outcome that pleased Philip. The humiliating Peace of Gavere ended the revolt of Ghent. The peace was also a definitive step towards the centralisation of Burgundian control at the cost of the power of the cities. Philip the Good's summer campaign had also reinforced the establishment of modern gunpowder artillery as a decisive factor in early modern battles.For the whole duration of the revolt, Philip the Good expected and waited for the arrival of around 800 to 1,000 soldiers from the Duchy of Luxembourg, who eventually always arrived too late at every battle. Since the Duchy of Luxembourg had only conquered by the Burgundians only in 1443, most Luxembourgers and noblemen did not like the idea of serving a duke who was still seen a foreigner and occupier in Luxembourg. To avoid fighting and dying for Philip the Good, Luxembourger troops would use this strategy of deliberately arriving too late for years and always arriving at the battlefield when the fight was already over. However, since the soldiers always eventually arrived, Philip the Good had no other choice but to angrily accept this feat.[1]","title":"War"}]	[{"image_text":"Gravensteen castle, Ghent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ghent.jpg/220px-Ghent.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dulle Griet, employed by the city of Ghent in the Siege of Oudenaarde.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ghent_cannon.jpg/220px-Ghent_cannon.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_revolts_against_Maximilian_of_Austria"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/davi003vade08_01/davi003vade08_01_0005.htm","external_links_name":"Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren Jan Baptist David: Vaderlandse historie deel 8, 4de en 5de hoofdstuk"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0lc2AAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Google Books - Amable-Guillaume-Prosper Brugière Barante: Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois, 1364-1477 (Tome Treizième Livre Huitième, vanaf blz. 90)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgo_13:_The_Professional	Golgo 13: The Professional	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 In popular culture","6 References","7 External links"]	1983 film by Osamu Dezaki Golgo 13: The ProfessionalJapanese theatrical posterJapanese nameKanjiゴルゴ13TranscriptionsRevised HepburnGorugo Sātīn Directed byOsamu DezakiScreenplay byShūkei NagasakaBased onGolgo 13by Takao SaitoProduced byNobuo InadaStarringTetsurō SagawaGorô NayaToshiko FujitaKōsei TomitaKiyoshi KobayashiReiko MutōCinematographyHirokata TakahashiEdited byMasatoshi TsurubuchiMusic byToshiyuki KimoriProductioncompaniesTokyo Movie ShinshaFilmlink InternationalDistributed byToho-TowaRelease date 28 May 1983 (1983-05-28) Running time93 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapanese Golgo 13: The Professional, known as simply Golgo 13 (ゴルゴ13) in Japan, is a 1983 Japanese adult animated action film based on the manga series Golgo 13 by Takao Saito. The film was directed by Osamu Dezaki, produced by Yutaka Fujioka and Mata Yamamoto and was written from a screenplay by Shūkei Nagasaka. It is the first animated film based on the manga, and the third overall Golgo 13 film after two previous live-action films (the second film starring Sonny Chiba as Golgo 13). Upon its original Japanese theatrical release, Golgo 13: The Professional was the first feature-length animated film to incorporate CGI animation, used in a helicopter action sequence as well as the opening credits. The film was later released in North America by Streamline Pictures in 1992. The Streamline release received mixed reviews from American critics at the time, with praise for the animation design but criticism towards the story, dubbing and adult content. Plot Professional contract killer "Golgo 13" - alias Duke Togo, is hired to assassinate Robert Dawson, the son of oil baron Leonard Dawson and the heir of Dawson Enterprises, and succeeds. Later, Golgo is hired to kill Dr. Z, a shadowy crime boss who rules over the Sicilian mafia. After infiltrating Dr. Z's organization and sleeping with Dr. Z's daughter Cindy, he survives an ambush from the crime boss' henchmen. Surviving the ambush, he calls Cindy to inform her that he had deduced that she is actually Dr Z. Golgo then manages to snipe her on the beach, but is ambushed by Lieutenant Bob Bragan of the US Special Forces. Golgo then survives another ambush by three CIA gents and another ambush by Bragan. Golgo's local contact, a clockmaker, is also murdered by a genetically enhanced supersoldier named Snake. Aided by the Pentagon, the FBI, and the CIA, Dawson has become determined to kill Golgo and avenge his son's death. Golgo's next job is from a wealthy Holocaust survivor in San Francisco, California to assassinate an ex-Nazi official. With the aid of his contact Rita, a mechanic, he manages to snipe his target but is attacked by Bragan and his forces. The plan fails, and Bragan's entire force is wiped out. However, a dying Bragan manages to wound Golgo. Meanwhile, Rita is murdered by Snake. Golgo then meets up with Pablo, his informant in the Amazon, to find out who set up the hit on him before leaving for Miami to rest and recuperate. Having been consumed by revenge, Dawson begins to allow the rest of his family to be harmed. To secure Snake's cooperation, he allows him to rape Robert's widow, Laura. Dawson also sends his granddaughter, Emily, and butler, Albert, to an airport to murder Golgo. Later in a meeting with the FBI, the CIA and the Pentagon, demands the release of Gold and Silver, two notorious murderers who were part of a covert government operation to test the survival rate of mercenaries. When the group refuses his request because Gold and Silver are on death row, Dawson threatens to halt all operations that his company controls, which include oil refineries and banks. The group acquiesces to his demands in fear that the economy of the country will collapse. When Laura demands to know why Dawson has refused to seek vengeance on whoever ordered the hit on Robert, he refuses to answer. Despondent, Laura decides to leave Dawson, as well as Emily. Golgo then makes his way to New York after recuperating in Miami with the aid of Pablo, the last of his contacts. Emily tries to shoot Golgo in the airport. The shot misses, and Albert reaches for his handgun. Golgo shoots Albert in the chest, a crowd gathers, and Golgo walks away. Pablo then informs Golgo that Dawson ordered the hit on him and that the tycoon is currently in his highrise headquarters of Dawson Castle. Pablo also reluctantly informs Golgo that his wife and children are being kept at ransom in the tower. Golgo then kills Pablo in self-defence. Golgo arrives at Dawson Castle and begins his ascent to the top floor on foot. He first plays a game of cat and mouse with a fleet of helicopter gunships sent to kill him. While on the move, Golgo is attacked by Snake, and a brutal knifefight occurs between the two in an elevator, during which Snake manages to stab Golgo. A Bell AH-1 attack helicopter shoots the elevator, killing Snake while Golgo hides by the edge unseen by the helicopter. Gold and Silver are then sent to ambush Golgo. During the attack, Golgo counters both of them. As Gold reopens one of Golgo's prior stab wounds, Golgo bludgeons Gold on the head repeatedly with the butt of his revolver and shoots him. Silver, blinded by rage at his partner's death, rushes at Golgo, who quickly stuffs a grenade in Silver's mouth, which kills him. Golgo then proceeds towards Dawson. Admitting failure, Dawson orders all action against Golgo to end. Golgo finally encounters Dawson at the top of his building. Following a brief monologue, Dawson attempts suicide by leaping out of the window. As he falls, Dawson remembers Robert's suicide note, which reveals that, despite receiving much care from his father throughout his lifetime, Robert was overcome with grief over the possibility that he would never fulfill his father's ambitions; unable to commit suicide, he requested that Golgo kill him. Before Dawson hits the ground, Golgo shoots him in the head. Dawson falls headfirst, crushing his skull and any evidence that he was shot. His death is ruled as accidental by the authorities. Afterwards, Golgo encounters Laura, who has since become a prostitute. Trying to get the attention of men as they pass her by, she recognizes the assassin. She eventually draws a pistol and aims it at Golgo, but when she hesitates to fire, he turns his back to her and walks away. Laura finally proceeds to shoot; the shot rings out and the scene fades. Golgo walks away into the night with a bullet hole in his back as the credits roll. Cast Character Japanese English(Streamline Pictures, 1992) Duke Togo/Golgo 13 Tetsurō Sagawa Gregory Snegoff Leonard Dawson Gorō Naya Michael McConnohie Cindy Toshiko Fujita Joyce Kurtz Lt. Bob Bragan Kōsei Tomita Mike Reynolds Gen. T. Jefferson Kiyoshi Kobayashi Edward Mannix Laura Dawson Reiko Mutō Edie Mirman Rita Kazue Komiya Diane Michelle E. Young Ichirō Murakoshi Michael Forest F. Garvin Shingo Kanemoto David Povall The Clockmaker Koichi Chiba Jeff Winkless as Informant Pablo Takeshi Aono Kerrigan Mahan Robert Dawson Kei Tomiyama Tony Oliver Bishop Moretti Rokurō Naya John Dantona Pago Shunsuke Shima Steve Kramer as Paco Albert Kōichi Kitamura Milton James Emily Dawson Kumiko Takizawa Karlyn Michelson Computer 1 Operator Kazuo Hayashi Carl Macek (uncredited) Cindy's Bodyguard Daisuke Gōri Kerrigan Mahan (uncredited) Cindy's Minion Issei Futamata Jeff Winkless as Jean (uncredited) Jailer Yusaku Yara Simon Prescott (uncredited) Big Snake Mitsuo Senda Gregory Snegoff as Snake Gold Unknown Eddie Frierson Silver Rokurō Naya Kerrigan Mahan Production The film features the voice acting of Tetsurō Sagawa, Gorō Naya, Toshiko Fujita, Kōsei Tomita, Kiyoshi Kobayashi and Reiko Mutō. The film was released by Toho-Towa on May 28, 1983. Golgo 13: The Professional is also the first animated film to incorporate CGI animation, created by Koichi Omura and Satomi Mikuriya at Toyo Links Co., Ltd. This is most notable in a scene where army helicopters circle around Dawson Tower and attack Golgo as he climbs toward Dawson's office on the top floor. The CGI scene was created by Koichi Omura (大村皓一 Ōmura Kōichi) and Satomi Mikuriya (御厨さと美 Mikuriya Satomi) at Toyo Links Co., Ltd. (トーヨーリンクス Tōyō Rinkusu). Reception The film received largely mixed reviews from American film critics when it was screened in America by Streamline Pictures in 1992. The film was praised by Boston Globe writer Betsy Sherman who cited the animation, visual style, and English dubbing as draws. However, The New York Times reviewer Janet Maslin was highly critical of the film, noting its excessive violence and a scene of sexual assault. She was also critical of the dialogue, writing, and story of the film. LA Weekly was also critical of both the film, calling Golgo himself "2 dimensional", and the story as "cookie cutter" while saying that the film lacked the humanizing elements that Lone Wolf and Cub did. Newsday critic Gene Seymore gave it 2 1/2 stars. Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer Steven Rea called the film a disappointing adaption of the original comic, citing stiff animation and dialogue, with the excessive violence being the only element that someone might find appealing. Several reviewers compared the film to live-action film Die Hard (1988) starring Bruce Willis. Bob Strauss gave the film just one star out of four, saying the film was "amateurish", and that it lacked the exotic or fantastical elements seen in other Japanese animated films. Charles Solomon in The Los Angeles Times was also critical of the film, citing Golgo 13 as an "emotional void" on the film because he remained expressionless regardless of the situation whether it's frantic action or love making. The 1996 movie guide "Seen That, Now What?", it was given the rating of "B", stating it to be "a sprawling crime thriller laced with liberal amounts of sex and graphic violence, marked by stylized design, extreme camera angles, and unpredictable plot twists." Retrospectively, Dave Halverson praised the film following its release on DVD in 2005, calling the film slickly made and entertaining. In popular culture Quentin Tarantino paid homage to the Golgo 13 anime in the animated sequence of Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2003). References ^ "劇場編" . 1998 Animage Pocket Data Notes. Animage Pocket Data Notes (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Tokuma Shoten. March 1998. p. 74. ^ "Golgo 13: The Professional (1983)". Seiyū Jiten (in Japanese). Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2019. ^ a b Halverson, Dave (December 2005). "Anime Reviews: The Professional Golgo 13". Play. No. 48. United States of America. p. 92. ^ Sherman, Betsy (October 2, 1992). ""The Professional": Animated Violence". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022. ^ Massin, Janet (October 23, 1992). "Animated Violence from Comic Books". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2022. ^ "Film New Releases - Golgo 13 The Professional". LA weekly. February 11, 1993. ^ Seymore, Gene (October 23, 1992). "A Hit man as Cartoon Hero". Newsday. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022. ^ Rea, Steven (January 8, 1993). "Hit Japanese comic book disappointment on screen". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022. ^ The Phantom of the Movies (October 26, 1992). "'The Professional' Draws on Gore". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022. ^ Strauss, Bob (February 6, 1993). "Japanese animated movie professional in name only". News-Pilot. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022. ^ Solomon, Charles (February 5, 1993). "Professional Treads Violent Old Ground". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022. ^ Shaw, Andrea (1996). Seen That, Now What?: The Ultimate Guide to Finding the Video You Really Want to Watch. Simon and Schuster. p. 48. ISBN 9780684800110. ^ Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (2015). The Anime Encyclopedia, 3rd Revised Edition: A Century of Japanese Animation. Stone Bridge Press. p. 629. ISBN 9781611729092. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2018-03-06. External links Golgo 13: The Professional at IMDb Golgo 13: The Professional (film) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteGolgo 13 by Takao SaitoManga List of Golgo 13 chapters Live-action films Golgo 13 (1973) Golgo 13: Assignment Kowloon (1977) Anime Golgo 13: The Professional (1983) Golgo 13: Queen Bee (1998) List of Golgo 13 episodes Video games Golgo 13: Top Secret Episode (1988) The Mafat Conspiracy (1990) vteWorks directed by Osamu DezakiAnimated series Ashita no Joe (1970–1971) Hazedon (1972–1973) Jungle Kurobe (1973) Karate Master (1973–1974) Aim for the Ace! (1973–1974) Gamba no Bōken (1975) Nobody's Boy: Remi (1977–1978) Treasure Island (1978–1979) The Rose of Versailles (1980) Ashita no Joe 2 (1980–1981) Space Adventure Cobra (1982–1983) Mighty Orbots (1984) Bionic Six (1987) Dear Brother (1991–1992) In the Beginning: The Bible Stories (1997) Hakugei: Legend of the Moby Dick (1997) The Snow Queen (2005–2006) Ultraviolet: Code 044 (2008) Genji Monogatari Sennenki (2009) Animated films Aim for the Ace! (1979) Ashita no Joe (1980) Nobody's Boy: Remi (1980) The Rose and Women of Versailles (1980) Ashita no Joe 2 (1981) Space Adventure Cobra: The Movie (1982) Golgo 13: The Professional (1983) A Time Slip of 10000 Years: Prime Rose (1983) The Seven Friends of Gamba (1984) Sweet Sea (1985) Treasure Island (1987) Lupin III: Bye-Bye Liberty Crisis (1989) Lupin III: Mystery of the Hemingway Papers (1990) Lupin III: Steal Napoleon's Dictionary! (1991) Lupin III: From Russia With Love (1992) Lupin III: The Pursuit of Harimao's Treasure (1995) Black Jack: The Movie (1996) Eiyuu Banka Koushi-den (1996) Hamtaro Movie 1: Adventures in Ham-Ham Land (2001) Hamtaro Movie 2: The Captive Princess (2002) Hamtaro Movie 3: Miracle in Aurora Valley (2003) Hamtaro Movie 4: Fairy Tale (2004) Air (2005) Clannad (2007) OVAs One-pound Gospel (1988) Kasei Yakyoku (1989) Aim for the Ace! Final Stage (1989–1990) B.B. (1990–1991) Sword for Truth (1990) Sohryuden: Legend of the Dragon Kings (1991–1992) Takarajima Memorial - Yūnagi to Yobareta Otoko (1992) Black Jack (1993–1996) Golgo 13: Queen Bee (1998) vteTMS Entertainment theatrical features1960s Lupin the Third: Pilot Film (1969) Kyojin no Hoshi: Chizome no Kesshousen (1969) Kyojin no Hoshi: Ike Ike Hyuuma (1969) 1970s Kyojin no Hoshi: Dai League Ball (1970) Kyojin no Hoshi: Shukumei no Taiketsu (1970) Panda! Go, Panda! (1972) Panda! Go, Panda!: The Rainy Day Circus (1973) First Human Giatrus (1975) The Mystery of Mamo (1978) The Castle of Cagliostro (1979) Ace o Nerae! (1979) Ganbare!! Tabuchi-kun!! (1979) 1980s Ie Naki Ko (1980) Ganbare!! Tabuchi-kun!! 2: Gekitō Pennant Race (1980) Makoto-chan (1980) Ganbare!! Tabuchi-kun!! Hatsu Warai 3: Aa Tsuppari Jinsei (1980) Jarinko Chie (1981) Ashita no Joe 2 (1981) Ohayō! Spank (1982) Space Adventure Cobra: The Movie (1982) Kyojin no Hoshi (1982) Six God Combination Godmars (1982) Golgo 13: The Professional (1983) Bōkenshatachi: Gamba to 7-biki no Naka Ma (1984) Legend of the Gold of Babylon (1985) Bug-tte Honey: Megalom Shōjo Rondo 4622 (1987) Akira (1988) Anpanman films (1989–present) Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (1989) 1990s The Rose of Versailles: I'll Love You As Long As I Live (1990) Anpanman shorts (1990–2015) Gamba to Kawauso no Bōken (1991) Kaiketsu Zorori: Mahou Tsukai no Deshi/Dai Kaizoku no Takara Sagashi (1993) Farewell to Nostradamus (1995) Dead or Alive (1996) Case Closed: The Time Bombed Skyscraper (1997) Case Closed: The Fourteenth Target (1998) Case Closed: The Last Wizard of the Century (1999) 2000s Case Closed: Captured in Her Eyes (2000) Case Closed: Countdown to Heaven (2001) Hamtaro (2001–2004) Case Closed: The Phantom of Baker Street (2002) Detective Conan: Crossroad in the Ancient Capital (2003) Detective Conan: Magician of the Silver Sky (2004) Detective Conan: Strategy Above the Depths (2005) Mushiking: The Road to the Greatest Champion (2005) Detective Conan: The Private Eyes' Requiem (2006) Fist of the North Star: The Legends of the True Savior (2006–2008) Fashionable Witches: Love and Berry - Magic of Happiness (2007) Mushiking Super Battle Movie: The Upgraded Armored Beetle of Darkness (2007) Detective Conan: Jolly Roger in the Deep Azure (2007) Detective Conan: Full Score of Fear (2008) Detective Conan: The Raven Chaser (2009) 2010s Detective Conan: The Lost Ship in the Sky (2010) Detective Conan: Quarter of Silence (2011) The Princess and the Pilot (2011) Detective Conan: The Eleventh Striker (2012) Fuse Teppō Musume no Torimonochō (2012) Detective Conan: Private Eye in the Distant Sea (2013) Lupin the 3rd vs. Detective Conan: The Movie (2013) Detective Conan: Dimensional Sniper (2014) Lupin III: Jigen's Gravestone (2014) Yowamushi Pedal Re:RIDE (2014) Case Closed: Sunflowers of Inferno (2015) Yowamushi Pedal Re: ROAD (2015) Yowamushi Pedal: The Movie (2015) Case Closed: The Darkest Nightmare (2016) Yowamushi Pedal: Spare Bike (2016) Orange: Future (2016) Chain Chronicle ~Light of Haecceitas~ (2016–2017) Lupin III: Goemon Ishikawa's Spray of Blood (2017) Case Closed: The Crimson Love Letter (2017) Yowamushi Pedal: Re:GENERATION (2017) Case Closed: Zero the Enforcer (2018) Detective Conan: The Fist of Blue Sapphire (2019) Lupin III: Fujiko Mine's Lie (2019) Lupin III: The First (2019) 2020s Detective Conan: The Scarlet Bullet (2021) Fruits Basket: Prelude (2022) Blue Thermal (2022) Detective Conan: The Bride of Halloween (2022) To Me, the One Who Loved You (2022) Resident Evil: Death Island (2023) Detective Conan: Black Iron Submarine (2023) Detective Conan: The Million-dollar Pentagram (2024) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adult animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"action film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Golgo 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgo_13"},{"link_name":"Takao Saito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takao_Saito"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animage1998pdn-1"},{"link_name":"Osamu Dezaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Dezaki"},{"link_name":"second film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgo_13:_Assignment_Kowloon"},{"link_name":"Sonny Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Chiba"},{"link_name":"animated film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_film"},{"link_name":"CGI animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGI_animation"},{"link_name":"Streamline Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Pictures"}],"text":"Golgo 13: The Professional, known as simply Golgo 13 (ゴルゴ13) in Japan, is a 1983 Japanese adult animated action film based on the manga series Golgo 13 by Takao Saito.[1] The film was directed by Osamu Dezaki, produced by Yutaka Fujioka and Mata Yamamoto and was written from a screenplay by Shūkei Nagasaka. It is the first animated film based on the manga, and the third overall Golgo 13 film after two previous live-action films (the second film starring Sonny Chiba as Golgo 13).Upon its original Japanese theatrical release, Golgo 13: The Professional was the first feature-length animated film to incorporate CGI animation, used in a helicopter action sequence as well as the opening credits. The film was later released in North America by Streamline Pictures in 1992. The Streamline release received mixed reviews from American critics at the time, with praise for the animation design but criticism towards the story, dubbing and adult content.","title":"Golgo 13: The Professional"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sicilian mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_mafia"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Bell AH-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_AH-1_Cobra"},{"link_name":"suicide note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_note"},{"link_name":"prostitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitute"}],"text":"Professional contract killer \"Golgo 13\" - alias Duke Togo, is hired to assassinate Robert Dawson, the son of oil baron Leonard Dawson and the heir of Dawson Enterprises, and succeeds.Later, Golgo is hired to kill Dr. Z, a shadowy crime boss who rules over the Sicilian mafia. After infiltrating Dr. Z's organization and sleeping with Dr. Z's daughter Cindy, he survives an ambush from the crime boss' henchmen. Surviving the ambush, he calls Cindy to inform her that he had deduced that she is actually Dr Z. Golgo then manages to snipe her on the beach, but is ambushed by Lieutenant Bob Bragan of the US Special Forces. Golgo then survives another ambush by three CIA gents and another ambush by Bragan. Golgo's local contact, a clockmaker, is also murdered by a genetically enhanced supersoldier named Snake. Aided by the Pentagon, the FBI, and the CIA, Dawson has become determined to kill Golgo and avenge his son's death.Golgo's next job is from a wealthy Holocaust survivor in San Francisco, California to assassinate an ex-Nazi official. With the aid of his contact Rita, a mechanic, he manages to snipe his target but is attacked by Bragan and his forces. The plan fails, and Bragan's entire force is wiped out. However, a dying Bragan manages to wound Golgo. Meanwhile, Rita is murdered by Snake. Golgo then meets up with Pablo, his informant in the Amazon, to find out who set up the hit on him before leaving for Miami to rest and recuperate.Having been consumed by revenge, Dawson begins to allow the rest of his family to be harmed. To secure Snake's cooperation, he allows him to rape Robert's widow, Laura. Dawson also sends his granddaughter, Emily, and butler, Albert, to an airport to murder Golgo. Later in a meeting with the FBI, the CIA and the Pentagon, demands the release of Gold and Silver, two notorious murderers who were part of a covert government operation to test the survival rate of mercenaries. When the group refuses his request because Gold and Silver are on death row, Dawson threatens to halt all operations that his company controls, which include oil refineries and banks. The group acquiesces to his demands in fear that the economy of the country will collapse. When Laura demands to know why Dawson has refused to seek vengeance on whoever ordered the hit on Robert, he refuses to answer. Despondent, Laura decides to leave Dawson, as well as Emily.Golgo then makes his way to New York after recuperating in Miami with the aid of Pablo, the last of his contacts. Emily tries to shoot Golgo in the airport. The shot misses, and Albert reaches for his handgun. Golgo shoots Albert in the chest, a crowd gathers, and Golgo walks away. Pablo then informs Golgo that Dawson ordered the hit on him and that the tycoon is currently in his highrise headquarters of Dawson Castle. Pablo also reluctantly informs Golgo that his wife and children are being kept at ransom in the tower. Golgo then kills Pablo in self-defence.Golgo arrives at Dawson Castle and begins his ascent to the top floor on foot. He first plays a game of cat and mouse with a fleet of helicopter gunships sent to kill him. While on the move, Golgo is attacked by Snake, and a brutal knifefight occurs between the two in an elevator, during which Snake manages to stab Golgo. A Bell AH-1 attack helicopter shoots the elevator, killing Snake while Golgo hides by the edge unseen by the helicopter. Gold and Silver are then sent to ambush Golgo. During the attack, Golgo counters both of them. As Gold reopens one of Golgo's prior stab wounds, Golgo bludgeons Gold on the head repeatedly with the butt of his revolver and shoots him. Silver, blinded by rage at his partner's death, rushes at Golgo, who quickly stuffs a grenade in Silver's mouth, which kills him. Golgo then proceeds towards Dawson.Admitting failure, Dawson orders all action against Golgo to end. Golgo finally encounters Dawson at the top of his building. Following a brief monologue, Dawson attempts suicide by leaping out of the window. As he falls, Dawson remembers Robert's suicide note, which reveals that, despite receiving much care from his father throughout his lifetime, Robert was overcome with grief over the possibility that he would never fulfill his father's ambitions; unable to commit suicide, he requested that Golgo kill him. Before Dawson hits the ground, Golgo shoots him in the head. Dawson falls headfirst, crushing his skull and any evidence that he was shot. His death is ruled as accidental by the authorities.Afterwards, Golgo encounters Laura, who has since become a prostitute. Trying to get the attention of men as they pass her by, she recognizes the assassin. She eventually draws a pistol and aims it at Golgo, but when she hesitates to fire, he turns his back to her and walks away. Laura finally proceeds to shoot; the shot rings out and the scene fades. Golgo walks away into the night with a bullet hole in his back as the credits roll.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetsurō Sagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsur%C5%8D_Sagawa"},{"link_name":"Gorō Naya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor%C5%8D_Naya"},{"link_name":"Toshiko Fujita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiko_Fujita"},{"link_name":"Kōsei Tomita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dsei_Tomita"},{"link_name":"Kiyoshi Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshi_Kobayashi"},{"link_name":"Reiko Mutō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiko_Mut%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Toho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toho"},{"link_name":"CGI animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGI_animation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The film features the voice acting of Tetsurō Sagawa, Gorō Naya, Toshiko Fujita, Kōsei Tomita, Kiyoshi Kobayashi and Reiko Mutō. The film was released by Toho-Towa on May 28, 1983.Golgo 13: The Professional is also the first animated film to incorporate CGI animation,[3] created by Koichi Omura and Satomi Mikuriya at Toyo Links Co., Ltd. This is most notable in a scene where army helicopters circle around Dawson Tower and attack Golgo as he climbs toward Dawson's office on the top floor. The CGI scene was created by Koichi Omura (大村皓一 Ōmura Kōichi) and Satomi Mikuriya (御厨さと美 Mikuriya Satomi) at Toyo Links Co., Ltd. (トーヨーリンクス Tōyō Rinkusu).","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Janet Maslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Maslin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"LA Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Lone Wolf and Cub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Wolf_and_Cub"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Die Hard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Hard"},{"link_name":"Bruce Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Willis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The film received largely mixed reviews from American film critics when it was screened in America by Streamline Pictures in 1992. The film was praised by Boston Globe writer Betsy Sherman who cited the animation, visual style, and English dubbing as draws.[4] However, The New York Times reviewer Janet Maslin was highly critical of the film, noting its excessive violence and a scene of sexual assault. She was also critical of the dialogue, writing, and story of the film.[5] LA Weekly was also critical of both the film, calling Golgo himself \"2 dimensional\", and the story as \"cookie cutter\" while saying that the film lacked the humanizing elements that Lone Wolf and Cub did.[6] Newsday critic Gene Seymore gave it 2 1/2 stars.[7] Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer Steven Rea called the film a disappointing adaption of the original comic, citing stiff animation and dialogue, with the excessive violence being the only element that someone might find appealing.[8]Several reviewers compared the film to live-action film Die Hard (1988) starring Bruce Willis.[9] Bob Strauss gave the film just one star out of four, saying the film was \"amateurish\", and that it lacked the exotic or fantastical elements seen in other Japanese animated films.[10] Charles Solomon in The Los Angeles Times was also critical of the film, citing Golgo 13 as an \"emotional void\" on the film because he remained expressionless regardless of the situation whether it's frantic action or love making.[11]The 1996 movie guide \"Seen That, Now What?\", it was given the rating of \"B\", stating it to be \"a sprawling crime thriller laced with liberal amounts of sex and graphic violence, marked by stylized design, extreme camera angles, and unpredictable plot twists.\"[12]Retrospectively, Dave Halverson praised the film following its release on DVD in 2005, calling the film slickly made and entertaining.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Kill Bill: Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_Bill:_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Quentin Tarantino paid homage to the Golgo 13 anime in the animated sequence of Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2003).[13]","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"劇場編\" [Theatrical Releases]. 1998 Animage Pocket Data Notes. Animage Pocket Data Notes (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Tokuma Shoten. March 1998. p. 74.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo","url_text":"Tokyo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan","url_text":"Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokuma_Shoten","url_text":"Tokuma Shoten"}]},{"reference":"\"Golgo 13: The Professional (1983)\". Seiyū Jiten (in Japanese). Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://kanemoto.mydns.jp/~seiyuu/title1190.html","url_text":"\"Golgo 13: The Professional (1983)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200801083914/http://kanemoto.mydns.jp/~seiyuu/title1190.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Halverson, Dave (December 2005). \"Anime Reviews: The Professional Golgo 13\". Play. No. 48. United States of America. p. 92.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sherman, Betsy (October 2, 1992). \"\"The Professional\": Animated Violence\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92952093/anime-golgo-13-the-professional/","url_text":"\"\"The Professional\": Animated Violence\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220119123035/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92952093/anime-golgo-13-the-professional/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Massin, Janet (October 23, 1992). \"Animated Violence from Comic Books\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/23/movies/review-film-animated-violence-from-comic-books.html","url_text":"\"Animated Violence from Comic Books\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150526060334/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/23/movies/review-film-animated-violence-from-comic-books.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Film New Releases - Golgo 13 The Professional\". LA weekly. February 11, 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92952179/anime-gogo-13-the-professional/","url_text":"\"Film New Releases - Golgo 13 The Professional\""}]},{"reference":"Seymore, Gene (October 23, 1992). \"A Hit man as Cartoon Hero\". Newsday. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92952168/anime-golgo-13-the-professional-review/","url_text":"\"A Hit man as Cartoon Hero\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220119123037/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92952168/anime-golgo-13-the-professional-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rea, Steven (January 8, 1993). \"Hit Japanese comic book disappointment on screen\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_axonal_injury	Diffuse axonal injury	["1 Mechanism","2 Characteristics","2.1 Histological characteristics","2.2 Cytoskeleton disruption","2.3 Calcium influx","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 History","6 Notable examples","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Medical conditionDiffuse axonal injuryTwo MRI images of a patient with diffuse axonal injury resulting from trauma, at 1.5 tesla field strength. Left: conventional gradient recalled echo (GRE). Right: Susceptibility weighted image (SWI).SpecialtyNeurology Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a brain injury in which scattered lesions occur over a widespread area in white matter tracts as well as grey matter. DAI is one of the most common and devastating types of traumatic brain injury and is a major cause of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state after severe head trauma. It occurs in about half of all cases of severe head trauma and may be the primary damage that occurs in concussion. The outcome is frequently coma, with over 90% of patients with severe DAI never regaining consciousness. Those who awaken from the coma often remain significantly impaired. DAI can occur across the spectrum of traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity, wherein the burden of injury increases from mild to severe. Concussion may be a milder type of diffuse axonal injury. Mechanism DAI is the result of traumatic shearing forces that occur when the head is rapidly accelerated or decelerated, as may occur in car accidents, falls, and assaults. Vehicle accidents are the most frequent cause of DAI; it can also occur as the result of child abuse such as in shaken baby syndrome. Immediate disconnection of axons may be observed in severe brain injury, but the major damage of DAI is delayed secondary axon disconnections, slowly developed over an extended time course. Tracts of axons, which appear white due to myelination, are referred to as white matter. Lesions in both grey and white matter are found in postmortem brains in CT and MRI exams. Besides mechanical breakage of the axonal cytoskeleton, DAI pathology also includes secondary physiological changes, such as interrupted axonal transport, progressive swellings known as axonal varicosities, and degeneration. Recent studies have linked these changes to twisting and misalignment of broken axon microtubules, as well as tau protein and amyloid precursor protein (APP) deposition. Characteristics Lesions typically are found in the white matter of brains injured by DAI; these lesions vary in size from about 1–15 mm and are distributed in a characteristic pattern. DAI most commonly affects white matter in areas including the brain stem, the corpus callosum, and the cerebral hemispheres. The lobes of the brain most likely to be injured are the frontal and temporal lobes. Other common locations for DAI include the white matter in the cerebral cortex, the superior cerebral peduncles, basal ganglia, thalamus, and deep hemispheric nuclei. These areas may be more easily damaged because of the difference in density between them and the other regions of the brain. Histological characteristics DAI is characterized by axonal separation, in which the axon is torn at the site of stretch and the part distal to the tear degrades by a process known as Wallerian degeneration. While it was once thought that the main cause of axonal separation was tearing due to mechanical forces during the trauma event, it is now understood that axons are not typically torn upon impact; rather, secondary biochemical cascades, which occur in response to the primary injury (which occurs as the result of mechanical forces at the moment of trauma) and take place hours to days after the initial injury, are largely responsible for the damage to axons. Though the processes involved in secondary brain injury are still poorly understood, it is now accepted that stretching of axons during injury causes physical disruption to and proteolytic degradation of the cytoskeleton. It also opens sodium channels in the axolemma, which causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open and Ca2+ to flow into the cell. The intracellular presence of Ca2+ triggers several different pathways, including activating phospholipases and proteolytic enzymes damaging mitochondria and the cytoskeleton, and activating secondary messengers, which can lead to separation of the axon and death of the cell. Cytoskeleton disruption Immunoreactive axonal profiles are observed as either granular (B, G, H) or more elongated, fusiform (F) swellings in the corpus callosum and the brain stem (H) at 24h post traumatic brain injury. Example of APP immunoreactive neurons (arrow heads) observed in the cortex underneath the impact site (E, G). No APP staining was observed in healthy control animals (D). Axons are normally elastic, but when rapidly stretched they become brittle, and the axonal cytoskeleton can be broken. Misalignment of cytoskeletal elements after stretch injury can lead to tearing of the axon and death of the neuron. Axonal transport continues up to the point of the break in the cytoskeleton, but no further, leading to a buildup of transport products and local swelling at that point. When this swelling becomes large enough, it can tear the axon at the site of the cytoskeleton break, causing it to draw back toward the cell body and form a bulb. This bulb is called a "retraction ball", the histological hallmark of diffuse axonal injury. When the axon is torn, Wallerian degeneration, in which the part of the axon distal to the break degrades, takes place within one to two days after injury. The axolemma disintegrates, myelin breaks down and begins to detach from the cell in an anterograde direction (from the body of the cell toward the end of the axon), and nearby cells begin phagocytic activity, engulfing the cellular debris. Calcium influx While sometimes only the cytoskeleton is disturbed, frequently disruption of the axolemma occurs as well, causing the influx of Ca2+ ions into the cell and unleashing a variety of degradational processes. An increase in Ca2+ and Na+ levels and a drop in K+ levels are found within the axon immediately after injury. Possible routes of Ca2+ entry include sodium channels, pores formed in the membrane during stretch, and failure of ATP-dependent transporters due to mechanical blockage or lack of available metabolic energy. High levels of intracellular Ca2+, the major cause of post-injury cell damage, destroy mitochondria, and trigger phospholipases and proteolytic enzymes that damage Na+ channels and degrade or alter the cytoskeleton and the axoplasm. Excess Ca2+ can also lead to damage to the blood–brain barrier and swelling of the brain. One of the proteins activated by the presence of calcium in the cell is calpain, a Ca2+-dependent non-lysosomal protease. About 15 minutes to half an hour after the onset of injury, a process called calpain-mediated spectrin proteolysis, or CMSP, begins to occur. Calpain breaks down a molecule called spectrin, which holds the membrane onto the cytoskeleton, causing the formation of blebs and the breakdown of the cytoskeleton and the membrane, and ultimately the death of the cell. Other molecules that can be degraded by calpains are microtubule subunits, microtubule-associated proteins, and neurofilaments. Generally occurring one to six hours into the process of post-stretch injury, the presence of calcium in the cell initiates the caspase cascade, a process in cell injury that usually leads to apoptosis, or "programmed cell death". Mitochondria, dendrites, and parts of the cytoskeleton damaged in the injury have a limited ability to heal and regenerate, a process which occurs over two or more weeks. After the injury, astrocytes can shrink, causing parts of the brain to atrophy. Diagnosis Diffuse axonal injury after a motorcycle accident. MRI after 3 days: on T1-weighted images the injury is barely visible. On the FLAIR, DWI and T2*-weighted images a small bleed is identifiable. DAI is difficult to detect since it does not show up well on CT scans or with other macroscopic imaging techniques, though it shows up microscopically. However, there are characteristics typical of DAI that may or may not show up on a CT scan. Diffuse injury has more microscopic injury than macroscopic injury and is difficult to detect with CT and MRI, but its presence can be inferred when small bleeds are visible in the corpus callosum or the cerebral cortex. MRI is more useful than CT for detecting characteristics of diffuse axonal injury in the subacute and chronic time frames. Newer studies such as Diffusion Tensor Imaging are able to demonstrate the degree of white matter fiber tract injury even when the standard MRI is negative. Since axonal damage in DAI is largely a result of secondary biochemical cascades, it has a delayed onset, so a person with DAI who initially appears well may deteriorate later. Thus injury is frequently more severe than is realized, and medical professionals should suspect DAI in any patients whose CT scans appear normal but who have symptoms like unconsciousness. MRI is more sensitive than CT scans, but is still liable to false negatives because DAI is identified by looking for signs of edema, which may not always be present. DAI is classified into grades based on severity of the injury. In Grade I, widespread axonal damage is present but no focal abnormalities are seen. In Grade II, damage found in Grade I is present in addition to focal abnormalities, especially in the corpus callosum. Grade III damage encompasses both Grades I and II plus rostral brain stem injury and often tears in the tissue. Treatment DAI currently lacks specific treatment beyond that for any type of head injury, which includes stabilizing the patient and trying to limit increases in intracranial pressure (ICP). History The idea of DAI first came about as a result of studies by Sabina Strich on lesions of the white matter of individuals who had sustained head trauma years before. Strich first proposed the idea in 1956, calling it diffuse degeneration of white matter; however, the more concise term "diffuse axonal injury" came to be preferred. Strich was researching the relationship between dementia and head trauma and asserted in 1956 that DAI played an integral role in the eventual development of dementia due to head trauma. The term DAI was introduced in the early 1980s. Notable examples Top Gear presenter Richard Hammond sustained a DAI as a result of the Vampire dragster crash in 2006. Champ Car World Series driver Roberto Guerrero suffered a DAI as a result of a crash during testing at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1987. Formula 1 driver Jules Bianchi suffered a DAI as a result of an accident at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix and died, without regaining consciousness, 9 months later on 17 July 2015. Actor and audiobook narrator Frank Muller, who read Stephen King's The Dark Tower, suffered a DAI in 2001 due to a motorcycle accident. He died in 2008. 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External links ClassificationDICD-10: S06.20, S06.21MeSH: D020833External resourceseMedicine: radio/216 Diffuse Axonal Injury MRI and CT Images vteNeurotraumaTraumatic brain injury Intracranial hemorrhage Intra-axial Intraparenchymal hemorrhage Intraventricular hemorrhage Extra-axial Subdural hematoma Epidural hematoma Subarachnoid hemorrhage Brain herniation Cerebral contusion Cerebral laceration Concussion Post-concussion syndrome Second-impact syndrome Dementia pugilistica Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Diffuse axonal injury Abusive head trauma Penetrating head injury Spinal cord injury Anterior spinal artery syndrome Brown-Séquard syndrome Cauda equina syndrome Central cord syndrome Paraplegia Posterior cord syndrome Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality Tetraplegia (Quadriplegia) Peripheral nerves Nerve injury Peripheral nerve injury classification Wallerian degeneration Injury of accessory nerve Brachial plexus injury Traumatic neuroma vteNonmusculoskeletal injuries of head (head injury) and neckIntracranial see neurotrauma Extracranial/facial traumaeye: Black eye Eye injury Corneal abrasion ear: Perforated eardrum Either/both Penetrating head injury	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brain injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_injury"},{"link_name":"lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion"},{"link_name":"white matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter"},{"link_name":"grey matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_matter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Axonal_change_in_minor_head_injury-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"traumatic brain injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"persistent vegetative state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasserman-9"},{"link_name":"head trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_injury"},{"link_name":"concussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussion"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasserman-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vinas-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blumbergs_PC_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blumbergs_PC_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a brain injury in which scattered lesions occur over a widespread area in white matter tracts as well as grey matter.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] DAI is one of the most common and devastating types of traumatic brain injury[8] and is a major cause of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state after severe head trauma.[9] It occurs in about half of all cases of severe head trauma and may be the primary damage that occurs in concussion. The outcome is frequently coma, with over 90% of patients with severe DAI never regaining consciousness.[9] Those who awaken from the coma often remain significantly impaired.[10]DAI can occur across the spectrum of traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity, wherein the burden of injury increases from mild to severe.[11][12] Concussion may be a milder type of diffuse axonal injury.[12][13]","title":"Diffuse axonal injury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traumatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma"},{"link_name":"shearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearing_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"child abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardman02-15"},{"link_name":"shaken baby syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SmithGreenwald-16"},{"link_name":"axons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Axonal_change_in_minor_head_injury-2"},{"link_name":"myelination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelination"},{"link_name":"white matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasserman-9"},{"link_name":"cytoskeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton"},{"link_name":"axonal varicosities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonal_varicosities"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22285252-17"},{"link_name":"microtubules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule"},{"link_name":"tau protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_protein"},{"link_name":"amyloid precursor protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid_precursor_protein"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22285252-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"DAI is the result of traumatic shearing forces that occur when the head is rapidly accelerated or decelerated, as may occur in car accidents, falls, and assaults.[14] Vehicle accidents are the most frequent cause of DAI; it can also occur as the result of child abuse[15] such as in shaken baby syndrome.[16]Immediate disconnection of axons may be observed in severe brain injury, but the major damage of DAI is delayed secondary axon disconnections, slowly developed over an extended time course.[2] Tracts of axons, which appear white due to myelination, are referred to as white matter. Lesions in both grey and white matter are found in postmortem brains in CT and MRI exams.[9]Besides mechanical breakage of the axonal cytoskeleton, DAI pathology also includes secondary physiological changes, such as interrupted axonal transport, progressive swellings known as axonal varicosities, and degeneration.[17] Recent studies have linked these changes to twisting and misalignment of broken axon microtubules, as well as tau protein and amyloid precursor protein (APP) deposition.[17][18]","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"white matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasserman-9"},{"link_name":"brain stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stem"},{"link_name":"corpus callosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum"},{"link_name":"cerebral hemispheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere"},{"link_name":"lobes of the brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobes_of_the_brain"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boon-19"},{"link_name":"cerebral cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"cerebral peduncles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_peduncle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SmithGreenwald-16"},{"link_name":"basal ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia"},{"link_name":"thalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singh-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singh-20"}],"text":"Lesions typically are found in the white matter of brains injured by DAI; these lesions vary in size from about 1–15 mm and are distributed in a characteristic pattern.[9] DAI most commonly affects white matter in areas including the brain stem, the corpus callosum, and the cerebral hemispheres.The lobes of the brain most likely to be injured are the frontal and temporal lobes.[19] Other common locations for DAI include the white matter in the cerebral cortex, the superior cerebral peduncles,[16] basal ganglia, thalamus, and deep hemispheric nuclei.[clarification needed][20] These areas may be more easily damaged because of the difference in density between them and the other regions of the brain.[20]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal"},{"link_name":"Wallerian degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallerian_degeneration"},{"link_name":"biochemical cascades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade"},{"link_name":"primary injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_brain_injury"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolf-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mouzon2012-23"},{"link_name":"proteolytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolysis"},{"link_name":"cytoskeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iwata-24"},{"link_name":"sodium channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel"},{"link_name":"axolemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axolemma"},{"link_name":"voltage-gated calcium channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iwata-24"},{"link_name":"phospholipases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase"},{"link_name":"proteolytic enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolytic_enzyme"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"},{"link_name":"secondary messengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_messenger"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolf-21"}],"sub_title":"Histological characteristics","text":"DAI is characterized by axonal separation, in which the axon is torn at the site of stretch and the part distal to the tear degrades by a process known as Wallerian degeneration. While it was once thought that the main cause of axonal separation was tearing due to mechanical forces during the trauma event, it is now understood that axons are not typically torn upon impact; rather, secondary biochemical cascades, which occur in response to the primary injury (which occurs as the result of mechanical forces at the moment of trauma) and take place hours to days after the initial injury, are largely responsible for the damage to axons.[21][22][23]Though the processes involved in secondary brain injury are still poorly understood, it is now accepted that stretching of axons during injury causes physical disruption to and proteolytic degradation of the cytoskeleton.[24] It also opens sodium channels in the axolemma, which causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open and Ca2+ to flow into the cell.[24] The intracellular presence of Ca2+ triggers several different pathways, including activating phospholipases and proteolytic enzymes damaging mitochondria and the cytoskeleton, and activating secondary messengers, which can lead to separation of the axon and death of the cell.[21]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:APP_immunostaining_in_a_mouse_brain_after_traumatic_brain_injury.png"},{"link_name":"corpus callosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum"},{"link_name":"brain stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stem"},{"link_name":"traumatic brain injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury"},{"link_name":"cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mouzon2012-23"},{"link_name":"cytoskeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton"},{"link_name":"Axonal transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonal_transport"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staal-25"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-11"},{"link_name":"histological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasserman-9"},{"link_name":"Wallerian degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallerian_degeneration"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lopachin-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lopachin-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cowie-27"},{"link_name":"phagocytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Cytoskeleton disruption","text":"Immunoreactive axonal profiles are observed as either granular (B, G, H) or more elongated, fusiform (F) swellings in the corpus callosum and the brain stem (H) at 24h post traumatic brain injury. Example of APP immunoreactive neurons (arrow heads) observed in the cortex underneath the impact site (E, G). No APP staining was observed in healthy control animals (D).[23]Axons are normally elastic, but when rapidly stretched they become brittle, and the axonal cytoskeleton can be broken. Misalignment of cytoskeletal elements after stretch injury can lead to tearing of the axon and death of the neuron. Axonal transport continues up to the point of the break in the cytoskeleton, but no further, leading to a buildup of transport products and local swelling at that point.[25] When this swelling becomes large enough, it can tear the axon at the site of the cytoskeleton break, causing it to draw back toward the cell body and form a bulb.[11] This bulb is called a \"retraction ball\", the histological hallmark of diffuse axonal injury.[9]When the axon is torn, Wallerian degeneration, in which the part of the axon distal to the break degrades, takes place within one to two days after injury.[26] The axolemma disintegrates,[26] myelin breaks down and begins to detach from the cell in an anterograde direction (from the body of the cell toward the end of the axon),[27] and nearby cells begin phagocytic activity, engulfing the cellular debris.[28]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"axolemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axolemma"},{"link_name":"Ca2+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lopachin-26"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Povlishock-29"},{"link_name":"Na+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"K+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolf-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lopachin-26"},{"link_name":"sodium channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_ion_channel"},{"link_name":"pores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Membrane_pore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ATP-dependent transporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATP-dependent_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolf-21"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhou-30"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-11"},{"link_name":"phospholipases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase"},{"link_name":"axoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axoplasm"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castillo-31"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lopachin-26"},{"link_name":"blood–brain barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhou-30"},{"link_name":"calpain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain"},{"link_name":"lysosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome"},{"link_name":"protease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castillo-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B%C3%BCki-32"},{"link_name":"spectrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrin"},{"link_name":"blebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleb_(cell_biology)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castillo-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B%C3%BCki-32"},{"link_name":"microtubule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule"},{"link_name":"microtubule-associated proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule-associated_protein"},{"link_name":"neurofilaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofilament"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castillo-31"},{"link_name":"caspase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B%C3%BCki-32"},{"link_name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"},{"link_name":"dendrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corbo-33"},{"link_name":"astrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasserman-9"}],"sub_title":"Calcium influx","text":"While sometimes only the cytoskeleton is disturbed, frequently disruption of the axolemma occurs as well, causing the influx of Ca2+ ions into the cell and unleashing a variety of degradational processes.[26][29] An increase in Ca2+ and Na+ levels and a drop in K+ levels are found within the axon immediately after injury.[21][26] Possible routes of Ca2+ entry include sodium channels, pores formed in the membrane during stretch, and failure of ATP-dependent transporters due to mechanical blockage or lack of available metabolic energy.[21] High levels of intracellular Ca2+, the major cause of post-injury cell damage,[30] destroy mitochondria,[11] and trigger phospholipases and proteolytic enzymes that damage Na+ channels and degrade or alter the cytoskeleton and the axoplasm.[31][26] Excess Ca2+ can also lead to damage to the blood–brain barrier and swelling of the brain.[30]One of the proteins activated by the presence of calcium in the cell is calpain, a Ca2+-dependent non-lysosomal protease.[31] About 15 minutes to half an hour after the onset of injury, a process called calpain-mediated spectrin proteolysis, or CMSP, begins to occur.[32] Calpain breaks down a molecule called spectrin, which holds the membrane onto the cytoskeleton, causing the formation of blebs and the breakdown of the cytoskeleton and the membrane, and ultimately the death of the cell.[31][32] Other molecules that can be degraded by calpains are microtubule subunits, microtubule-associated proteins, and neurofilaments.[31]Generally occurring one to six hours into the process of post-stretch injury, the presence of calcium in the cell initiates the caspase cascade, a process in cell injury that usually leads to apoptosis, or \"programmed cell death\".[32]Mitochondria, dendrites, and parts of the cytoskeleton damaged in the injury have a limited ability to heal and regenerate, a process which occurs over two or more weeks.[33] After the injury, astrocytes can shrink, causing parts of the brain to atrophy.[9]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diffuse_axonal_injury-_cMRT_nach_3_Tagen.jpg"},{"link_name":"T1-weighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T1-weighted"},{"link_name":"FLAIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLAIR"},{"link_name":"DWI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion-weighted_imaging"},{"link_name":"T2-weighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2-weighted"},{"link_name":"CT scans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasserman-9"},{"link_name":"corpus callosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum"},{"link_name":"cerebral cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crooks07-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maas08-35"},{"link_name":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_MRI#Diffusion_tensor_imaging"},{"link_name":"biochemical cascades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade"},{"link_name":"unconsciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousness"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasserman-9"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI"},{"link_name":"false negatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_negative"},{"link_name":"edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corbo-33"},{"link_name":"rostral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Directional_terms"},{"link_name":"brain stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stem"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bigler-36"}],"text":"Diffuse axonal injury after a motorcycle accident. MRI after 3 days: on T1-weighted images the injury is barely visible. On the FLAIR, DWI and T2*-weighted images a small bleed is identifiable.DAI is difficult to detect since it does not show up well on CT scans or with other macroscopic imaging techniques, though it shows up microscopically.[9] However, there are characteristics typical of DAI that may or may not show up on a CT scan. Diffuse injury has more microscopic injury than macroscopic injury and is difficult to detect with CT and MRI, but its presence can be inferred when small bleeds are visible in the corpus callosum or the cerebral cortex.[34] MRI is more useful than CT for detecting characteristics of diffuse axonal injury in the subacute and chronic time frames.[35] Newer studies such as Diffusion Tensor Imaging are able to demonstrate the degree of white matter fiber tract injury even when the standard MRI is negative. Since axonal damage in DAI is largely a result of secondary biochemical cascades, it has a delayed onset, so a person with DAI who initially appears well may deteriorate later. Thus injury is frequently more severe than is realized, and medical professionals should suspect DAI in any patients whose CT scans appear normal but who have symptoms like unconsciousness.[9]MRI is more sensitive than CT scans, but is still liable to false negatives because DAI is identified by looking for signs of edema, which may not always be present.[33]DAI is classified into grades based on severity of the injury. In Grade I, widespread axonal damage is present but no focal abnormalities are seen. In Grade II, damage found in Grade I is present in addition to focal abnormalities, especially in the corpus callosum. Grade III damage encompasses both Grades I and II plus rostral brain stem injury and often tears in the tissue.[36]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"head injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_injury"},{"link_name":"intracranial pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_pressure"}],"text":"DAI currently lacks specific treatment beyond that for any type of head injury, which includes stabilizing the patient and trying to limit increases in intracranial pressure (ICP).","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabina Strich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabina_Strich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearce-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gennarelli04-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearce-37"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardman02-15"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Granacher07-39"}],"text":"The idea of DAI first came about as a result of studies by Sabina Strich on lesions of the white matter of individuals who had sustained head trauma years before.[37] Strich first proposed the idea in 1956, calling it diffuse degeneration of white matter; however, the more concise term \"diffuse axonal injury\" came to be preferred.[38] Strich was researching the relationship between dementia and head trauma[37] and asserted in 1956 that DAI played an integral role in the eventual development of dementia due to head trauma.[15] The term DAI was introduced in the early 1980s.[39]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_(2002_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Richard Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hammond"},{"link_name":"Vampire dragster crash in 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hammond#Vampire_dragster_crash"},{"link_name":"Champ Car World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Roberto Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Motor Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_IndyCar_season"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Formula 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_1"},{"link_name":"Jules Bianchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bianchi"},{"link_name":"2014 Japanese Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Japanese_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Frank Muller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Muller"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"The Dark Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(series)"},{"link_name":"motorcycle accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_accident"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Adam Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Petty"},{"link_name":"Richard Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Petty"},{"link_name":"basilar skull fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilar_skull_fracture"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Motor Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Motor_Speedway"}],"text":"Top Gear presenter Richard Hammond sustained a DAI as a result of the Vampire dragster crash in 2006.\nChamp Car World Series driver Roberto Guerrero suffered a DAI as a result of a crash during testing at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1987.[40]\nFormula 1 driver Jules Bianchi suffered a DAI as a result of an accident at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix[41] and died, without regaining consciousness, 9 months later on 17 July 2015.[42]\nActor and audiobook narrator Frank Muller, who read Stephen King's The Dark Tower, suffered a DAI in 2001 due to a motorcycle accident. He died in 2008.[43]\nNASCAR driver Adam Petty, grandson of seven time Cup Series champion Richard Petty, sustained a diffuse axonal injury secondary to a fatal basilar skull fracture in May 2000 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway during practice for the upcoming race.","title":"Notable examples"}]	[{"image_text":"Immunoreactive axonal profiles are observed as either granular (B, G, H) or more elongated, fusiform (F) swellings in the corpus callosum and the brain stem (H) at 24h post traumatic brain injury. Example of APP immunoreactive neurons (arrow heads) observed in the cortex underneath the impact site (E, G). No APP staining was observed in healthy control animals (D).[23]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/APP_immunostaining_in_a_mouse_brain_after_traumatic_brain_injury.png/220px-APP_immunostaining_in_a_mouse_brain_after_traumatic_brain_injury.png"},{"image_text":"Diffuse axonal injury after a motorcycle accident. MRI after 3 days: on T1-weighted images the injury is barely visible. On the FLAIR, DWI and T2*-weighted images a small bleed is identifiable.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diffuse_axonal_injury-_cMRT_nach_3_Tagen.jpg/220px-Diffuse_axonal_injury-_cMRT_nach_3_Tagen.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Brain injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_injury"},{"title":"Axoplasmic transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axoplasmic_transport"}]	[{"reference":"Strich SJ (August 1956). \"Diffuse degeneration of the cerebral white matter in severe dementia following head injury\". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 19 (3): 163–85. doi:10.1136/jnnp.19.3.163. PMC 497203. 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lesion(s) in traumatic brain injury: implications for clinical neuropsychology\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0887-6177%2802%2900155-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0887-6177(02)00155-5"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14591433","external_links_name":"14591433"},{"Link":"https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/000111872","external_links_name":"\"Observations on concussion. A review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000111872","external_links_name":"10.1159/000111872"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18057896","external_links_name":"18057896"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10245120","external_links_name":"10245120"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3CuM6MviwMAC&q=neurotrauma&pg=PA47","external_links_name":"\"Neuropathology\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xt1YFydzXKQC&q=focal+diffuse+brain+injury+&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury: Methods for Clinical & Forensic Neuropsychiatric Assessment, Second Edition"},{"Link":"http://torquef1.wordpress.com/2014/10/08/the-story-of-roberto-guerrero-and-why-to-keep-every-faith-in-bianchis-recovery/","external_links_name":"\"The story of Roberto Guerrero\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-08/bianchi-suffered-traumatic-brain-injury-in-crash/5797520","external_links_name":"\"Jules Bianchi: Family confirms Formula One driver sustained traumatic brain injury in Japanese GP crash\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/formula1/33578770","external_links_name":"\"F1 driver Jules Bianchi dies from crash injuries\""},{"Link":"http://www.frankmullerhome.com/newsandevents.html","external_links_name":"\"Frank Muller, The Fight of his Life\""},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020833","external_links_name":"D020833"},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/radio/216-overview","external_links_name":"radio/216"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120222064422/http://rad.usuhs.edu/medpix/medpix.html?mode=image_finder&action=search&srchstr=axonal%20injury&srch_type=all&details=-1#top","external_links_name":"Diffuse Axonal Injury"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon%E2%80%93Nikodym_property	Bochner integral	["1 Definition","2 Properties","2.1 Elementary properties","2.2 Linear operators","2.3 Dominated convergence theorem","3 Radon–Nikodym property","4 See also","5 References"]	In mathematics, the Bochner integral, named for Salomon Bochner, extends the definition of Lebesgue integral to functions that take values in a Banach space, as the limit of integrals of simple functions. Definition Let ( X , Σ , μ ) {\displaystyle (X,\Sigma ,\mu )} be a measure space, and B {\displaystyle B} be a Banach space. The Bochner integral of a function f : X → B {\displaystyle f:X\to B} is defined in much the same way as the Lebesgue integral. First, define a simple function to be any finite sum of the form s n ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 n χ E i ( x ) b i , {\displaystyle s_{n}(x)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\chi _{E_{i}}(x)b_{i},} where the E i {\displaystyle E_{i}} are disjoint members of the σ {\displaystyle \sigma } -algebra Σ , {\displaystyle \Sigma ,} the b i {\displaystyle b_{i}} are distinct elements of B , {\displaystyle B,} and χE is the characteristic function of E . {\displaystyle E.} If μ ( E i ) {\displaystyle \mu \left(E_{i}\right)} is finite whenever b i ≠ 0 , {\displaystyle b_{i}\neq 0,} then the simple function is integrable, and the integral is then defined by ∫ X [ ∑ i = 1 n χ E i ( x ) b i ] d μ = ∑ i = 1 n μ ( E i ) b i {\displaystyle \int _{X}\left\,d\mu =\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mu (E_{i})b_{i}} exactly as it is for the ordinary Lebesgue integral. A measurable function f : X → B {\displaystyle f:X\to B} is Bochner integrable if there exists a sequence of integrable simple functions s n {\displaystyle s_{n}} such that lim n → ∞ ∫ X ‖ f − s n ‖ B d μ = 0 , {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }\int _{X}\\|f-s_{n}\\|_{B}\,d\mu =0,} where the integral on the left-hand side is an ordinary Lebesgue integral. In this case, the Bochner integral is defined by ∫ X f d μ = lim n → ∞ ∫ X s n d μ . {\displaystyle \int _{X}f\,d\mu =\lim _{n\to \infty }\int _{X}s_{n}\,d\mu .} It can be shown that the sequence { ∫ X s n d μ } n = 1 ∞ {\displaystyle \left\{\int _{X}s_{n}\,d\mu \right\}_{n=1}^{\infty }} is a Cauchy sequence in the Banach space B , {\displaystyle B,} hence the limit on the right exists; furthermore, the limit is independent of the approximating sequence of simple functions { s n } n = 1 ∞ . {\displaystyle \{s_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty }.} These remarks show that the integral is well-defined (i.e independent of any choices). It can be shown that a function is Bochner integrable if and only if it lies in the Bochner space L 1 . {\displaystyle L^{1}.} Properties Elementary properties Many of the familiar properties of the Lebesgue integral continue to hold for the Bochner integral. Particularly useful is Bochner's criterion for integrability, which states that if ( X , Σ , μ ) {\displaystyle (X,\Sigma ,\mu )} is a measure space, then a Bochner-measurable function f : X → B {\displaystyle f\colon X\to B} is Bochner integrable if and only if ∫ X ‖ f ‖ B d μ < ∞ . {\displaystyle \int _{X}\\|f\\|_{B}\,\mathrm {d} \mu <\infty .} Here, a function f : X → B {\displaystyle f\colon X\to B} is called Bochner measurable if it is equal μ {\displaystyle \mu } -almost everywhere to a function g {\displaystyle g} taking values in a separable subspace B 0 {\displaystyle B_{0}} of B {\displaystyle B} , and such that the inverse image g − 1 ( U ) {\displaystyle g^{-1}(U)} of every open set U {\displaystyle U} in B {\displaystyle B} belongs to Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } . Equivalently, f {\displaystyle f} is the limit μ {\displaystyle \mu } -almost everywhere of a sequence of countably-valued simple functions. Linear operators If T : B → B ′ {\displaystyle T\colon B\to B'} is a continuous linear operator between Banach spaces B {\displaystyle B} and B ′ {\displaystyle B'} , and f : X → B {\displaystyle f\colon X\to B} is Bochner integrable, then it is relatively straightforward to show that T f : X → B ′ {\displaystyle Tf\colon X\to B'} is Bochner integrable and integration and the application of T {\displaystyle T} may be interchanged: ∫ E T f d μ = T ∫ E f d μ {\displaystyle \int _{E}Tf\,\mathrm {d} \mu =T\int _{E}f\,\mathrm {d} \mu } for all measurable subsets E ∈ Σ {\displaystyle E\in \Sigma } . A non-trivially stronger form of this result, known as Hille's theorem, also holds for closed operators. If T : B → B ′ {\displaystyle T\colon B\to B'} is a closed linear operator between Banach spaces B {\displaystyle B} and B ′ {\displaystyle B'} and both f : X → B {\displaystyle f\colon X\to B} and T f : X → B ′ {\displaystyle Tf\colon X\to B'} are Bochner integrable, then ∫ E T f d μ = T ∫ E f d μ {\displaystyle \int _{E}Tf\,\mathrm {d} \mu =T\int _{E}f\,\mathrm {d} \mu } for all measurable subsets E ∈ Σ {\displaystyle E\in \Sigma } . Dominated convergence theorem A version of the dominated convergence theorem also holds for the Bochner integral. Specifically, if f n : X → B {\displaystyle f_{n}\colon X\to B} is a sequence of measurable functions on a complete measure space tending almost everywhere to a limit function f {\displaystyle f} , and if ‖ f n ( x ) ‖ B ≤ g ( x ) {\displaystyle \\|f_{n}(x)\\|_{B}\leq g(x)} for almost every x ∈ X {\displaystyle x\in X} , and g ∈ L 1 ( μ ) {\displaystyle g\in L^{1}(\mu )} , then ∫ E ‖ f − f n ‖ B d μ → 0 {\displaystyle \int _{E}\\|f-f_{n}\\|_{B}\,\mathrm {d} \mu \to 0} as n → ∞ {\displaystyle n\to \infty } and ∫ E f n d μ → ∫ E f d μ {\displaystyle \int _{E}f_{n}\,\mathrm {d} \mu \to \int _{E}f\,\mathrm {d} \mu } for all E ∈ Σ {\displaystyle E\in \Sigma } . If f {\displaystyle f} is Bochner integrable, then the inequality ‖ ∫ E f d μ ‖ B ≤ ∫ E ‖ f ‖ B d μ {\displaystyle \left\\|\int _{E}f\,\mathrm {d} \mu \right\\|_{B}\leq \int _{E}\\|f\\|_{B}\,\mathrm {d} \mu } holds for all E ∈ Σ . {\displaystyle E\in \Sigma .} In particular, the set function E ↦ ∫ E f d μ {\displaystyle E\mapsto \int _{E}f\,\mathrm {d} \mu } defines a countably-additive B {\displaystyle B} -valued vector measure on X {\displaystyle X} which is absolutely continuous with respect to μ {\displaystyle \mu } . Radon–Nikodym property An important fact about the Bochner integral is that the Radon–Nikodym theorem fails to hold in general, and instead is a property (the Radon–Nikodym property) defining an important class of nice Banach spaces. Specifically, if μ {\displaystyle \mu } is a measure on ( X , Σ ) , {\displaystyle (X,\Sigma ),} then B {\displaystyle B} has the Radon–Nikodym property with respect to μ {\displaystyle \mu } if, for every countably-additive vector measure γ {\displaystyle \gamma } on ( X , Σ ) {\displaystyle (X,\Sigma )} with values in B {\displaystyle B} which has bounded variation and is absolutely continuous with respect to μ , {\displaystyle \mu ,} there is a μ {\displaystyle \mu } -integrable function g : X → B {\displaystyle g:X\to B} such that γ ( E ) = ∫ E g d μ {\displaystyle \gamma (E)=\int _{E}g\,d\mu } for every measurable set E ∈ Σ . {\displaystyle E\in \Sigma .} The Banach space B {\displaystyle B} has the Radon–Nikodym property if B {\displaystyle B} has the Radon–Nikodym property with respect to every finite measure. Equivalent formulations include: Bounded discrete-time martingales in B {\displaystyle B} converge a.s. Functions of bounded-variation into B {\displaystyle B} are differentiable a.e. For every bounded D ⊆ B {\displaystyle D\subseteq B} , there exists f ∈ B ∗ {\displaystyle f\in B^{}} and δ ∈ R + {\displaystyle \delta \in \mathbb {R} ^{+}} such that { x : f ( x ) + δ > sup f ( D ) } ⊆ D {\displaystyle \{x:f(x)+\delta >\sup {f(D)}\}\subseteq D} has arbitrarily small diameter. It is known that the space ℓ 1 {\displaystyle \ell _{1}} has the Radon–Nikodym property, but c 0 {\displaystyle c_{0}} and the spaces L ∞ ( Ω ) , {\displaystyle L^{\infty }(\Omega ),} L 1 ( Ω ) , {\displaystyle L^{1}(\Omega ),} for Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } an open bounded subset of R n , {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n},} and C ( K ) , {\displaystyle C(K),} for K {\displaystyle K} an infinite compact space, do not. Spaces with Radon–Nikodym property include separable dual spaces (this is the Dunford–Pettis theorem) and reflexive spaces, which include, in particular, Hilbert spaces. See also Bochner space – Type of topological space Bochner measurable function Pettis integral Vector measure Weakly measurable function References ^ Diestel, Joseph; Uhl, Jr., John Jerry (1977). Vector Measures. Mathematical Surveys. American Mathematical Society. doi:10.1090/surv/015. (See Theorem II.2.6) ^ a b c Bárcenas, Diómedes (2003). "The Radon–Nikodym Theorem for Reflexive Banach Spaces" (PDF). Divulgaciones Matemáticas. 11 (1): 55–59 . ^ a b Bourgin 1983, pp. 31, 33. Thm. 2.3.6-7, conditions (1,4,10). ^ Bourgin 1983, p. 16. "Early workers in this field were concerned with the Banach space property that each X-valued function of bounded variation on be differentiable almost surely. It turns out that this property (known as the Gelfand-Fréchet property) is also equivalent to the RNP ." ^ Bourgin 1983, p. 14. Bochner, Salomon (1933), "Integration von Funktionen, deren Werte die Elemente eines Vektorraumes sind" (PDF), Fundamenta Mathematicae, 20: 262–276 Bourgin, Richard D. (1983). Geometric Aspects of Convex Sets with the Radon-Nikodým Property. Lecture Notes in Mathematics 993. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/BFb0069321. ISBN 3-540-12296-6. Cohn, Donald (2013), Measure Theory, Birkhäuser Advanced Texts Basler Lehrbücher, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6956-8, ISBN 978-1-4614-6955-1 Yosida, Kôsaku (1980), Functional Analysis, Classics in Mathematics, vol. 123, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-61859-8, ISBN 978-3-540-58654-8 Diestel, Joseph (1984), Sequences and Series in Banach Spaces, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 92, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5200-9, ISBN 978-0-387-90859-5 Diestel; Uhl (1977), Vector measures, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-1515-1 Hille, Einar; Phillips, Ralph (1957), Functional Analysis and Semi-Groups, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-1031-6 Lang, Serge (1993), Real and Functional Analysis (3rd ed.), Springer, ISBN 978-0387940014 Sobolev, V. I. (2001) , "Bochner integral", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press van Dulst, D. (2001) , "Vector measures", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press vteIntegralsTypes of integrals Riemann integral Lebesgue integral Burkill integral Bochner integral Daniell integral Darboux integral Henstock–Kurzweil integral Haar integral Hellinger integral Khinchin integral Kolmogorov integral Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral Pettis integral Pfeffer integral Riemann–Stieltjes integral Regulated integral Integration techniques Substitution Trigonometric Euler Weierstrass By parts Partial fractions Euler's formula Inverse functions Changing order Reduction formulas Parametric derivatives Differentiation under the integral sign Laplace transform Contour integration Laplace's method Numerical integration Simpson's rule Trapezoidal rule Risch algorithm Improper integrals Gaussian integral Dirichlet integral Fermi–Dirac integral complete incomplete Bose–Einstein integral Frullani integral Common integrals in quantum field theory Stochastic integrals Itô integral Russo–Vallois integral Stratonovich integral Skorokhod integral Miscellaneous Basel problem Euler–Maclaurin formula Gabriel's horn Integration Bee Proof that 22/7 exceeds π Volumes Washers Shells vteFunctional analysis (topics – glossary)Spaces Banach Besov Fréchet Hilbert Hölder Nuclear Orlicz Schwartz Sobolev Topological vector Properties Barrelled Complete Dual (Algebraic/Topological) Locally convex Reflexive Separable Theorems Hahn–Banach Riesz representation Closed graph Uniform boundedness principle Kakutani fixed-point Krein–Milman Min–max Gelfand–Naimark Banach–Alaoglu Operators Adjoint Bounded Compact Hilbert–Schmidt Normal Nuclear Trace class Transpose Unbounded Unitary Algebras Banach algebra C-algebra Spectrum of a C*-algebra Operator algebra Group algebra of a locally compact group Von Neumann algebra Open problems Invariant subspace problem Mahler's conjecture Applications Hardy space Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations Heat kernel Index theorem Calculus of variations Functional calculus Integral operator Jones polynomial Topological quantum field theory Noncommutative geometry Riemann hypothesis Distribution (or Generalized functions) Advanced topics Approximation property Balanced set Choquet theory Weak topology Banach–Mazur distance Tomita–Takesaki theory Category vteAnalysis in topological vector spacesBasic concepts Abstract Wiener space Classical Wiener space Bochner space Convex series Cylinder set measure Infinite-dimensional vector function Matrix calculus Vector calculus Derivatives Differentiable vector–valued functions from Euclidean space Differentiation in Fréchet spaces Fréchet derivative Total Functional derivative Gateaux derivative Directional Generalizations of the derivative Hadamard derivative Holomorphic Quasi-derivative Measurability Besov measure Cylinder set measure Canonical Gaussian Classical Wiener measure Measure like set functions infinite-dimensional Gaussian measure Projection-valued Vector Bochner / Weakly / Strongly measurable function Radonifying function Integrals Bochner Direct integral Dunford Gelfand–Pettis/Weak Regulated Paley–Wiener Results Cameron–Martin theorem Inverse function theorem Nash–Moser theorem Feldman–Hájek theorem No infinite-dimensional Lebesgue measure Sazonov's theorem Structure theorem for Gaussian measures Related Crinkled arc Covariance operator Functional calculus Borel functional calculus Continuous functional calculus Holomorphic functional calculus Applications Banach manifold (bundle) Convenient vector space Choquet theory Fréchet manifold Hilbert manifold	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bochner integral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"measure space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_space"},{"link_name":"Banach space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_space"},{"link_name":"Cauchy sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_sequence"},{"link_name":"Bochner space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochner_space"}],"text":"Let \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n Σ\n ,\n μ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,\\Sigma ,\\mu )}\n \n be a measure space, and \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n be a Banach space. The Bochner integral of a function \n \n \n \n f\n :\n X\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:X\\to B}\n \n is defined in much the same way as the Lebesgue integral. First, define a simple function to be any finite sum of the forms\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n χ\n \n \n E\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{n}(x)=\\sum _{i=1}^{n}\\chi _{E_{i}}(x)b_{i},}E\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{i}}σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma }Σ\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Sigma ,}b\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b_{i}}B\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B,}Echaracteristic functionE\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E.}μ\n \n (\n \n E\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu \\left(E_{i}\\right)}b\n \n i\n \n \n ≠\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b_{i}\\neq 0,}integrable∫\n \n X\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n χ\n \n \n E\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n d\n μ\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n μ\n (\n \n E\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{X}\\left[\\sum _{i=1}^{n}\\chi _{E_{i}}(x)b_{i}\\right]\\,d\\mu =\\sum _{i=1}^{n}\\mu (E_{i})b_{i}}A measurable function \n \n \n \n f\n :\n X\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:X\\to B}\n \n is Bochner integrable if there exists a sequence of integrable simple functions \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{n}}\n \n such thatlim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n X\n \n \n ‖\n f\n −\n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n B\n \n \n \n d\n μ\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{n\\to \\infty }\\int _{X}\\\|f-s_{n}\\\|_{B}\\,d\\mu =0,}In this case, the Bochner integral is defined by∫\n \n X\n \n \n f\n \n d\n μ\n =\n \n lim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n X\n \n \n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n \n d\n μ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{X}f\\,d\\mu =\\lim _{n\\to \\infty }\\int _{X}s_{n}\\,d\\mu .}It can be shown that the sequence \n \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n ∫\n \n X\n \n \n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n \n d\n μ\n \n }\n \n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{\\int _{X}s_{n}\\,d\\mu \\right\\}_{n=1}^{\\infty }}\n \n is a Cauchy sequence in the Banach space \n \n \n \n B\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B,}\n \n hence the limit on the right exists; furthermore, the limit is independent of the approximating sequence of simple functions \n \n \n \n {\n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n \n }\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{s_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{\\infty }.}\n \n These remarks show that the integral is well-defined (i.e independent of any choices). It can be shown that a function is Bochner integrable if and only if it lies in the Bochner space \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n 1\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L^{1}.}","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elementary properties","text":"Many of the familiar properties of the Lebesgue integral continue to hold for the Bochner integral. Particularly useful is Bochner's criterion for integrability, which states that if \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n Σ\n ,\n μ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,\\Sigma ,\\mu )}\n \n is a measure space, then a Bochner-measurable function \n \n \n \n f\n :\n X\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\colon X\\to B}\n \n is Bochner integrable if and only if∫\n \n X\n \n \n ‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n μ\n <\n ∞\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{X}\\\|f\\\|_{B}\\,\\mathrm {d} \\mu <\\infty .}Here, a function \n \n \n \n f\n :\n X\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\colon X\\to B}\n \n is called Bochner measurable if it is equal \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n-almost everywhere to a function \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n taking values in a separable subspace \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{0}}\n \n of \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n, and such that the inverse image \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n U\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g^{-1}(U)}\n \n of every open set \n \n \n \n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U}\n \n in \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n belongs to \n \n \n \n Σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Sigma }\n \n. Equivalently, \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is the limit \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n-almost everywhere of a sequence of countably-valued simple functions.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"closed operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_operator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Linear operators","text":"If \n \n \n \n T\n :\n B\n →\n \n B\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T\\colon B\\to B'}\n \n is a continuous linear operator between Banach spaces \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n B\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B'}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n f\n :\n X\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\colon X\\to B}\n \n is Bochner integrable, then it is relatively straightforward to show that \n \n \n \n T\n f\n :\n X\n →\n \n B\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Tf\\colon X\\to B'}\n \n is Bochner integrable and integration and the application of \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n may be interchanged:∫\n \n E\n \n \n T\n f\n \n \n d\n \n μ\n =\n T\n \n ∫\n \n E\n \n \n f\n \n \n d\n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{E}Tf\\,\\mathrm {d} \\mu =T\\int _{E}f\\,\\mathrm {d} \\mu }E\n ∈\n Σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\in \\Sigma }A non-trivially stronger form of this result, known as Hille's theorem, also holds for closed operators.[1] If \n \n \n \n T\n :\n B\n →\n \n B\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T\\colon B\\to B'}\n \n is a closed linear operator between Banach spaces \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n B\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B'}\n \n and both \n \n \n \n f\n :\n X\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\colon X\\to B}\n \n and \n \n \n \n T\n f\n :\n X\n →\n \n B\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Tf\\colon X\\to B'}\n \n are Bochner integrable, then∫\n \n E\n \n \n T\n f\n \n \n d\n \n μ\n =\n T\n \n ∫\n \n E\n \n \n f\n \n \n d\n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{E}Tf\\,\\mathrm {d} \\mu =T\\int _{E}f\\,\\mathrm {d} \\mu }E\n ∈\n Σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\in \\Sigma }","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dominated convergence theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominated_convergence_theorem"}],"sub_title":"Dominated convergence theorem","text":"A version of the dominated convergence theorem also holds for the Bochner integral. Specifically, if \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n :\n X\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{n}\\colon X\\to B}\n \n is a sequence of measurable functions on a complete measure space tending almost everywhere to a limit function \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n, and if‖\n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n ‖\n \n B\n \n \n ≤\n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\\|f_{n}(x)\\\|_{B}\\leq g(x)}x\n ∈\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in X}g\n ∈\n \n L\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n μ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g\\in L^{1}(\\mu )}∫\n \n E\n \n \n ‖\n f\n −\n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n μ\n →\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{E}\\\|f-f_{n}\\\|_{B}\\,\\mathrm {d} \\mu \\to 0}n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\to \\infty }∫\n \n E\n \n \n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n μ\n →\n \n ∫\n \n E\n \n \n f\n \n \n d\n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{E}f_{n}\\,\\mathrm {d} \\mu \\to \\int _{E}f\\,\\mathrm {d} \\mu }E\n ∈\n Σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\in \\Sigma }If \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is Bochner integrable, then the inequality‖\n \n \n ∫\n \n E\n \n \n f\n \n \n d\n \n μ\n \n ‖\n \n \n B\n \n \n ≤\n \n ∫\n \n E\n \n \n ‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\\|\\int _{E}f\\,\\mathrm {d} \\mu \\right\\\|_{B}\\leq \\int _{E}\\\|f\\\|_{B}\\,\\mathrm {d} \\mu }E\n ∈\n Σ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\in \\Sigma .}E\n ↦\n \n ∫\n \n E\n \n \n f\n \n \n d\n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\mapsto \\int _{E}f\\,\\mathrm {d} \\mu }B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}vector measureX\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}absolutely continuousμ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radon–Nikodym theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon%E2%80%93Nikodym_theorem"},{"link_name":"vector measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_measure"},{"link_name":"bounded variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_measure#The_variation_of_a_vector_measure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reflex-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reflex-2"},{"link_name":"martingales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martingale_(probability_theory)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Equiv-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Equiv-3"},{"link_name":"ℓ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell _{1}}","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lp_space"},{"link_name":"c\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{0}}","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C0_space"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dunford–Pettis theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunford%E2%80%93Pettis_theorem"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"reflexive spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_space"},{"link_name":"Hilbert spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reflex-2"}],"text":"An important fact about the Bochner integral is that the Radon–Nikodym theorem fails to hold in general, and instead is a property (the Radon–Nikodym property) defining an important class of nice Banach spaces.Specifically, if \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n is a measure on \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n Σ\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,\\Sigma ),}\n \n then \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n has the Radon–Nikodym property with respect to \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n if, for every countably-additive vector measure \n \n \n \n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma }\n \n on \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n Σ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,\\Sigma )}\n \n with values in \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n which has bounded variation and is absolutely continuous with respect to \n \n \n \n μ\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu ,}\n \n there is a \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n-integrable function \n \n \n \n g\n :\n X\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g:X\\to B}\n \n such thatγ\n (\n E\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n E\n \n \n g\n \n d\n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma (E)=\\int _{E}g\\,d\\mu }E\n ∈\n Σ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\in \\Sigma .}[2]The Banach space \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n has the Radon–Nikodym property if \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n has the Radon–Nikodym property with respect to every finite measure.[2] Equivalent formulations include:Bounded discrete-time martingales in \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n converge a.s.[3]\nFunctions of bounded-variation into \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n are differentiable a.e.[4]\nFor every bounded \n \n \n \n D\n ⊆\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D\\subseteq B}\n \n, there exists \n \n \n \n f\n ∈\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\in B^{*}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n δ\n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta \\in \\mathbb {R} ^{+}}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n {\n x\n :\n f\n (\n x\n )\n +\n δ\n >\n sup\n \n f\n (\n D\n )\n \n }\n ⊆\n D\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{x:f(x)+\\delta >\\sup {f(D)}\\}\\subseteq D}\n \n has arbitrarily small diameter.[3]It is known that the space \n \n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell _{1}}\n \n has the Radon–Nikodym property, but \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{0}}\n \n and the spaces \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n Ω\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L^{\\infty }(\\Omega ),}\n \n \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n Ω\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L^{1}(\\Omega ),}\n \n for \n \n \n \n Ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Omega }\n \n an open bounded subset of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n},}\n \n and \n \n \n \n C\n (\n K\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(K),}\n \n for \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n an infinite compact space, do not.[5] Spaces with Radon–Nikodym property include separable dual spaces (this is the Dunford–Pettis theorem)[citation needed] and reflexive spaces, which include, in particular, Hilbert spaces.[2]","title":"Radon–Nikodym property"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bochner space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochner_space"},{"title":"Bochner measurable function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochner_measurable_function"},{"title":"Pettis integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pettis_integral"},{"title":"Vector measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_measure"},{"title":"Weakly measurable function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_measurable_function"}]	[{"reference":"Diestel, Joseph; Uhl, Jr., John Jerry (1977). Vector Measures. Mathematical Surveys. American Mathematical Society. doi:10.1090/surv/015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fsurv%2F015","url_text":"10.1090/surv/015"}]},{"reference":"Bárcenas, Diómedes (2003). \"The Radon–Nikodym Theorem for Reflexive Banach Spaces\" (PDF). Divulgaciones Matemáticas. 11 (1): 55–59 [pp. 55–56].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emis.de/journals/DM/vXI1/art5.pdf","url_text":"\"The Radon–Nikodym Theorem for Reflexive Banach Spaces\""}]},{"reference":"Bochner, Salomon (1933), \"Integration von Funktionen, deren Werte die Elemente eines Vektorraumes sind\" (PDF), Fundamenta Mathematicae, 20: 262–276","urls":[{"url":"http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/ksiazki/fm/fm20/fm20127.pdf","url_text":"\"Integration von Funktionen, deren Werte die Elemente eines Vektorraumes sind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamenta_Mathematicae","url_text":"Fundamenta Mathematicae"}]},{"reference":"Bourgin, Richard D. (1983). Geometric Aspects of Convex Sets with the Radon-Nikodým Property. Lecture Notes in Mathematics 993. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/BFb0069321. ISBN 3-540-12296-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0069321","url_text":"10.1007/BFb0069321"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-12296-6","url_text":"3-540-12296-6"}]},{"reference":"Cohn, Donald (2013), Measure Theory, Birkhäuser Advanced Texts Basler Lehrbücher, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6956-8, ISBN 978-1-4614-6955-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6956-8","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4614-6956-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6955-1","url_text":"978-1-4614-6955-1"}]},{"reference":"Yosida, Kôsaku (1980), Functional Analysis, Classics in Mathematics, vol. 123, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-61859-8, ISBN 978-3-540-58654-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-61859-8","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-61859-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-58654-8","url_text":"978-3-540-58654-8"}]},{"reference":"Diestel, Joseph (1984), Sequences and Series in Banach Spaces, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 92, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5200-9, ISBN 978-0-387-90859-5","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sequencesseriesi0000dies","url_text":"Sequences and Series in Banach Spaces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-5200-9","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4612-5200-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-90859-5","url_text":"978-0-387-90859-5"}]},{"reference":"Diestel; Uhl (1977), Vector measures, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-1515-1","urls":[{"url":"http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183540941","url_text":"Vector measures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-1515-1","url_text":"978-0-8218-1515-1"}]},{"reference":"Hille, Einar; Phillips, Ralph (1957), Functional Analysis and Semi-Groups, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-1031-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-1031-6","url_text":"978-0-8218-1031-6"}]},{"reference":"Lang, Serge (1993), Real and Functional Analysis (3rd ed.), Springer, ISBN 978-0387940014","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387940014","url_text":"978-0387940014"}]},{"reference":"Sobolev, V. I. (2001) [1994], \"Bochner integral\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Bochner_integral","url_text":"\"Bochner integral\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]},{"reference":"van Dulst, D. (2001) [1994], \"Vector measures\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Vector_measures","url_text":"\"Vector measures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fsurv%2F015","external_links_name":"10.1090/surv/015"},{"Link":"http://www.emis.de/journals/DM/vXI1/art5.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Radon–Nikodym Theorem for Reflexive Banach Spaces\""},{"Link":"http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/ksiazki/fm/fm20/fm20127.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Integration von Funktionen, deren Werte die Elemente eines Vektorraumes sind\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0069321","external_links_name":"10.1007/BFb0069321"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6956-8","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-1-4614-6956-8"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-61859-8","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-642-61859-8"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sequencesseriesi0000dies","external_links_name":"Sequences and Series in Banach Spaces"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-5200-9","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-1-4612-5200-9"},{"Link":"http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183540941","external_links_name":"Vector measures"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Bochner_integral","external_links_name":"\"Bochner integral\""},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Vector_measures","external_links_name":"\"Vector measures\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney_Hymns	Olney Hymns	["1 Background of the town","2 Newton's and Cowper's personal backgrounds","3 The hymns in more detail","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 General references","6 External links"]	Anglican hymnal; book of hymns published in England in 1779 The Olney Hymns /ˈoʊni/ were first published in February 1779 and are the combined work of curate John Newton (1725–1807) and his poet friend William Cowper (1731–1800). The hymns were written for use in Newton's rural parish, which was made up of relatively poor and uneducated followers. The Olney Hymns are an illustration of the potent ideologies of the Evangelical movement, to which both men belonged, present in many communities in England at the time. The Olney Hymns were very popular; by 1836 there had been 37 recorded editions, and it is likely that many other editions were printed in both Britain and America. As hymn-singing gained popularity in the nineteenth century, many (around 25) of the hymns were reproduced in other hymn-books and pamphlets. Today around six of the original 348 Olney Hymns regularly feature in modern church worship, the most famous of which is "Amazing Grace". Other well-known hymns include Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken and How sweet the name of Jesus sounds. "Amazing Grace" as it is popularly known was first set to the tune "New Britain" by William Walker in The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion in 1835. Background of the town The English town from which the hymns get their name, Olney in Buckinghamshire, was, at the time of first publication, a market town of about 2,000 people. Around 1,200 of these were employed in its lace-making industry. This was generally poorly paid, and Cowper is said to have described his neighbours as "the half-starved and ragged of the earth". The Olney Hymns were written primarily with these poor and under-educated people in mind. Olney is situated near the borders of Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Northamptonshire – an area traditionally associated with religious Dissent. Dissenters were Protestants who refused to follow the rules of the Church of England after the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, and when Newton settled in Olney the town still supported two Dissenting chapels. Notable local Dissenters included John Bunyan, from Bedford, author of the Pilgrim's Progress, and another important hymn writer, Philip Doddridge (1702–51), from Northampton. Newton's own associations with Dissenters (his mother was one) meant he was in a position to conciliate with, rather than confront, his parishioners, and he quickly achieved a reputation as a popular preacher. Within his first year at Olney a gallery was added to the church to increase its congregational capacity, and the weekly prayer-meetings were moved in 1769 to Lord Dartmouth's mansion, the Great House, to accommodate even greater numbers. Jesus where'er thy people meet was written for their first meeting at the Great House. Newton's and Cowper's personal backgrounds John Newton was an only child, and was a self-educated sea captain, at one time captaining slave ships. Newton's conversion occurred during a violent storm at sea on 10 March 1748. He describes the event in his autobiography, An Authentic Narrative (published 1764), and thereafter marked the anniversary of his conversion as a day of thanksgiving. This incident revived Newton's belief in God, and despite considerable reservations from within the established church (it took him six years to be ordained into the Church of England), he achieved the position of priest in Olney in 1764. Newton's apparent influence and charisma proved beneficial to him and his parish when local Evangelical merchant, John Thornton, to whom he had sent a copy of his autobiography, offered the parish £200 per year, requesting that Newton, in part, provided for the poor. This annual contribution ceased when Newton left in 1780 to take the position of Rector at St. Mary Woolnoth in London. Newton's epitaph on a plaque in St. Mary Woolnoth, written by Newton himself, bears these words: JOHN NEWTON, Clerk Once an infidel and libertine A servant of slaves in Africa, Was, by the rich mercy of our Lord and Saviour JESUS CHRIST, restored, pardoned, and appointed to preach the Gospel which he had long laboured to destroy. He ministered, Near sixteen years in Olney, in Bucks, And twenty-eight years in this Church. William Cowper was the son of an Anglican clergyman, and well-educated at Westminster School. Cowper was liable to bouts of severe depression throughout his adult life, and during a period in an asylum he was counselled by his cousin, Martin Madan, an Evangelical clergyman. His new enthusiasm for Evangelicalism, his conversion, and his move to Olney in 1767 brought him into contact with John Newton. Cowper eventually became an unpaid curate at Newton's church, helping with the distribution of Thornton's funds. Cowper is best known not just for his contribution to the Olney Hymns, but as a poet, letter-writer, and translator: his works include The Diverting History of John Gilpin (1782), The Task (1785) and his translation of the works of Homer, published in 1791. Cowper left Olney for nearby Weston Underwood in 1786. The hymns in more detail The Olney Hymns are in part an expression of Newton's and Cowper's personal religious faith and experience, and a reflection of the principal tenets of the Evangelical faith: the inherent sinfulness of man; religious conversion; atonement; activism; devotion to the Bible; God's providence; and the belief in an eternal life after death. However, the hymns were primarily written for immediate and day-to-day use in Newton's ministry at Olney. Here they were sung, or chanted, in church or at Newton's other Sunday and weekday meetings as a collective expression of worship. Hymn singing, though, was not without controversy, particularly within the Established church, the Church of England. By the 1760s hymns had become an established feature of religious devotion in the Evangelical church, where early (post-Reformation) hymns were versifications (song-like verses adapted from the original words) of the biblical text of the psalms, known as metrical psalms. In the Church of England, hymns other than metrical psalms were of questionable legality until the 1820s, as they were not explicitly sanctioned by the Book of Common Prayer. As a consequence, many church leaders reserved hymn-singing for meetings other than the main Sunday services, and for private or household devotions. In the preface to the Hymns Newton says: "They should be Hymns, not Odes, if designed for public worship, and for the use of plain people". Newton also explains his two primary motives for publishing: his desire to promote "the faith and comfort of sincere Christians", and as a permanent record of his friendship with Cowper. Newton is attributed with suggesting that he and Cowper collaborate on a collection of hymns, ultimately drawn largely from Newton's texts accumulated over some 10 years (by the time of publication). Of the 348 hymns in the original published edition of 1779, some commentaries state that Cowper wrote just 66 between 1772 and 1773, and Newton the remainder, while other sources attribute 67 to Cowper. It is known, however, that Newton wrote some of the hymns in direct response to events around him: Oh for a closer walk with God for instance was written by Cowper in response to the serious illness then being suffered by his house companion, Mary Unwin, an illness she survived. There is no evidence to show that either Newton or Cowper wrote any music to accompany the hymns. It is assumed that they were initially sung to any suitable tune that fitted the metre (rhythm), most probably to 16th or 17th century metrical psalm tunes. Subsequently, individual tunes have become linked to specific hymns from the Olney books. For example, the tune Austria (originally Haydn's "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser", an Austrian patriotic anthem) is associated today with the hymn Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken, just as New Britain, an American folk melody believed to be Scottish or Irish in origin, has since the 1830s been associated with Amazing Grace. This hymn's Scottish or Irish melody is pentatonic and suggests a bagpipe tune; the hymn is frequently performed on bagpipes and has become associated with that instrument. Amazing Grace As an expression of the many Evangelical beliefs, Amazing Grace serves as an example: The first stanza (verse), for instance, expresses Newton's sense of past sinfulness, as a "wretch", but also conversion, from being "lost" and "blind" to "now I see". God's providence, and Cowper's sense of a close and personal relationship with God are voiced in stanza four: "He will my shield and portion be". The belief in eternal life after death is expressed in stanzas five and six: "when this flesh and heart shall fail", "I shall possess" "A life of joy and peace", and "God, who call'd me here below, Will be for ever mine". "Amazing Grace" was not the original title of this hymn: It was originally written as a poem entitled "Faith's Review and Expectation" and appears as Hymn 41 in Book I of the Olney Hymns with that title. The six stanza version quoted is the original, as written by Newton, but it has also appeared in longer forms where others have added verses or where verses from other hymns from the Olney books have been moved across. The Olney Hymns are subdivided into three books: Book I, On Select Texts of Scripture; Book II, On occasional Subjects; and, Book III, On the Progress and Changes of the Spiritual Life. The sub-divisions reflect key Evangelical beliefs. Book I holds that the Bible is the ultimate source of religious authority, and its hymns are written to provide the believer, through simple language, with a thorough understanding of its contents. Book II's "Occasional Subjects" are those that bring understanding to the priorities of the Evangelical spiritual life. There is a section for instance on "Providences", which serves to illustrate the Evangelical belief in God's ever-present controlling hand. Book III is written to express Newton's ideas of the stages of personal spiritual awakening and salvation. The undoubted popularity of the hymns was not simply a matter of local taste, but can be seen within the wider, developing religious climate in England. The relative rise in popularity of the Evangelical movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was due to a number of reasons: the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the subsequent break-up of, particularly, rural communities, was an unsettling influence on a parish like Olney; Methodism had seen a significant growth in popularity in the same period; and Evangelicalism was gradually finding its way into the established Church of England. However, Newton's and Cowper's writing clearly fitted its purpose. Cowper's relatively few hymns demonstrate his poetic and creative abilities, whereas Newton's prose have been assessed by some as "wooden". Nevertheless, the principal purpose of the hymns was not a theological discussion or representation of the Bible; rather, they were written for "plain people". Newton's use of simple and repetitive metres (rhythms) and simple rhyming structures helped his congregation remember the words. The significant emphasis on 'I' within the hymns shows Newton's view that the hymns are a product of his personal experience, a feature of his belief in personal repentance and Conversion, and his desire for a personal relationship with God. See also List of English-language hymnals by denomination References Notes ^ Sheet Music: Amazing Grace, www.flutetunes.com Retrieved 11 April 2009 General references Drew, Philip, , in The Modern Language Review, Vol. 78, No. 4 (1983), pp. 905–906 'John Newton, William Cowper and others: the Olney Hymns in context', in Ian Donnachie and Carmen Lavin (eds.), From Enlightenment to Romanticism Anthology I, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), pp. 229–269 Hartley, Lodwick, 'The Worm and the Thorn: A Study of Cowper's "Olney Hymns"', in The Journal of Religion, Vol. 29, No. 3 (1949). pp. 220–229 Newton, John, Olney hymns, in three books : I: On select texts of scripture; II. On occasional subjects; III. On the progress and changes of the spiritual life., (London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1806) Wolffe, John, Olney Hymns, in Religion, Exploration and Slavery, (Milton Keynes: The Open University, 2004), pp. 15–52 External links The Olney Hymns online The Victorian Web – The Olney Hymns by John Newton The Cowper & Newton Museum Amazing Grace: The story of John Newton William Cowper Archived 4 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Poet's Corner – William Cowper The Olney-Newton Link A Portrait of William Cowper: His Own Interpreter in Letters and Poems Manuscript version of the Olney Hymns at Houghton Library, Harvard University. Olney's Hymns From the Collections at the Library of Congress Olney Hymns, in Three Books on the Internet Archive Third edition (1783) Sixth edition (1790) 1797 edition (London edition)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈoʊni/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"curate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"John Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Newton"},{"link_name":"William Cowper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cowper"},{"link_name":"hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"Evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"pamphlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlet"},{"link_name":"Amazing Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Grace"},{"link_name":"Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Things_of_Thee_Are_Spoken"},{"link_name":"How sweet the name of Jesus sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_sweet_the_name_of_Jesus_sounds"},{"link_name":"New Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain_(tune)"},{"link_name":"William Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walker_(composer)"},{"link_name":"The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Harmony"}],"text":"The Olney Hymns /ˈoʊni/ were first published in February 1779 and are the combined work of curate John Newton (1725–1807) and his poet friend William Cowper (1731–1800). The hymns were written for use in Newton's rural parish, which was made up of relatively poor and uneducated followers. The Olney Hymns are an illustration of the potent ideologies of the Evangelical movement, to which both men belonged, present in many communities in England at the time.The Olney Hymns were very popular; by 1836 there had been 37 recorded editions, and it is likely that many other editions were printed in both Britain and America. As hymn-singing gained popularity in the nineteenth century, many (around 25) of the hymns were reproduced in other hymn-books and pamphlets. Today around six of the original 348 Olney Hymns regularly feature in modern church worship, the most famous of which is \"Amazing Grace\". Other well-known hymns include Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken and How sweet the name of Jesus sounds. \"Amazing Grace\" as it is popularly known was first set to the tune \"New Britain\" by William Walker in The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion in 1835.","title":"Olney Hymns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"market town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_town"},{"link_name":"lace-making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace-making"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Dissent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Dissenters"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestants"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"chapels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel"},{"link_name":"John Bunyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bunyan"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford"},{"link_name":"Pilgrim's Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Progress"},{"link_name":"Philip Doddridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Doddridge"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"congregational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational"},{"link_name":"Lord Dartmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Dartmouth"}],"text":"The English town from which the hymns get their name, Olney in Buckinghamshire, was, at the time of first publication, a market town of about 2,000 people. Around 1,200 of these were employed in its lace-making industry. This was generally poorly paid, and Cowper is said to have described his neighbours as \"the half-starved and ragged of the earth\". The Olney Hymns were written primarily with these poor and under-educated people in mind.Olney is situated near the borders of Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Northamptonshire – an area traditionally associated with religious Dissent. Dissenters were Protestants who refused to follow the rules of the Church of England after the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, and when Newton settled in Olney the town still supported two Dissenting chapels. Notable local Dissenters included John Bunyan, from Bedford, author of the Pilgrim's Progress, and another important hymn writer, Philip Doddridge (1702–51), from Northampton. Newton's own associations with Dissenters (his mother was one) meant he was in a position to conciliate with, rather than confront, his parishioners, and he quickly achieved a reputation as a popular preacher. Within his first year at Olney a gallery was added to the church to increase its congregational capacity, and the weekly prayer-meetings were moved in 1769 to Lord Dartmouth's mansion, the Great House, to accommodate even greater numbers. Jesus where'er thy people meet was written for their first meeting at the Great House.","title":"Background of the town"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"self-educated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-educated"},{"link_name":"sea captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_captain"},{"link_name":"slave ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_ship"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordained"},{"link_name":"John Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thornton_(philanthropist)"},{"link_name":"Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"St. Mary Woolnoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary_Woolnoth"},{"link_name":"epitaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaph"},{"link_name":"plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_plaque"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Westminster School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_episode"},{"link_name":"asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"},{"link_name":"Martin Madan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Madan"},{"link_name":"The Diverting History of John Gilpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diverting_History_of_John_Gilpin"},{"link_name":"The Task","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Task_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"}],"text":"John Newton was an only child, and was a self-educated sea captain, at one time captaining slave ships.\nNewton's conversion occurred during a violent storm at sea on 10 March 1748. He describes the event in his autobiography, An Authentic Narrative (published 1764), and thereafter marked the anniversary of his conversion as a day of thanksgiving. This incident revived Newton's belief in God, and despite considerable reservations from within the established church (it took him six years to be ordained into the Church of England), he achieved the position of priest in Olney in 1764. Newton's apparent influence and charisma proved beneficial to him and his parish when local Evangelical merchant, John Thornton, to whom he had sent a copy of his autobiography, offered the parish £200 per year, requesting that Newton, in part, provided for the poor. This annual contribution ceased when Newton left in 1780 to take the position of Rector at St. Mary Woolnoth in London. Newton's epitaph on a plaque in St. Mary Woolnoth, written by Newton himself, bears these words:William Cowper was the son of an Anglican clergyman, and well-educated at Westminster School. Cowper was liable to bouts of severe depression throughout his adult life, and during a period in an asylum he was counselled by his cousin, Martin Madan, an Evangelical clergyman. His new enthusiasm for Evangelicalism, his conversion, and his move to Olney in 1767 brought him into contact with John Newton. Cowper eventually became an unpaid curate at Newton's church, helping with the distribution of Thornton's funds.Cowper is best known not just for his contribution to the Olney Hymns, but as a poet, letter-writer, and translator: his works include The Diverting History of John Gilpin (1782), The Task (1785) and his translation of the works of Homer, published in 1791. Cowper left Olney for nearby Weston Underwood in 1786.","title":"Newton's and Cowper's personal backgrounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith"},{"link_name":"tenets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tenets"},{"link_name":"sinfulness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfulness"},{"link_name":"religious conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion"},{"link_name":"atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"devotion to the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_study_(Christian)"},{"link_name":"providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Providence"},{"link_name":"life after death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_after_death"},{"link_name":"ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_ministry"},{"link_name":"Established church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Established_church"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms"},{"link_name":"metrical psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrical_psalms"},{"link_name":"Book of Common Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer"},{"link_name":"Odes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode"},{"link_name":"Mary Unwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Unwin"},{"link_name":"Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haydn"},{"link_name":"Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gott_erhalte_Franz_den_Kaiser"},{"link_name":"Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Things_of_Thee_Are_Spoken"},{"link_name":"Amazing Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Grace"},{"link_name":"pentatonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatonic"},{"link_name":"bagpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olney_Hymns_page_53_Amazing_Grace.jpg"},{"link_name":"stanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanza"},{"link_name":"spiritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality"},{"link_name":"salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"theological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological"},{"link_name":"repentance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repentance"}],"text":"The Olney Hymns are in part an expression of Newton's and Cowper's personal religious faith and experience, and a reflection of the principal tenets of the Evangelical faith: the inherent sinfulness of man; religious conversion; atonement; activism; devotion to the Bible; God's providence; and the belief in an eternal life after death. However, the hymns were primarily written for immediate and day-to-day use in Newton's ministry at Olney. Here they were sung, or chanted, in church or at Newton's other Sunday and weekday meetings as a collective expression of worship. Hymn singing, though, was not without controversy, particularly within the Established church, the Church of England. By the 1760s hymns had become an established feature of religious devotion in the Evangelical church, where early (post-Reformation) hymns were versifications (song-like verses adapted from the original words) of the biblical text of the psalms, known as metrical psalms. In the Church of England, hymns other than metrical psalms were of questionable legality until the 1820s, as they were not explicitly sanctioned by the Book of Common Prayer. As a consequence, many church leaders reserved hymn-singing for meetings other than the main Sunday services, and for private or household devotions.In the preface to the Hymns Newton says: \"They should be Hymns, not Odes, if designed for public worship, and for the use of plain people\". Newton also explains his two primary motives for publishing: his desire to promote \"the faith and comfort of sincere Christians\", and as a permanent record of his friendship with Cowper. Newton is attributed with suggesting that he and Cowper collaborate on a collection of hymns, ultimately drawn largely from Newton's texts accumulated over some 10 years (by the time of publication). Of the 348 hymns in the original published edition of 1779, some commentaries state that Cowper wrote just 66 between 1772 and 1773, and Newton the remainder, while other sources attribute 67 to Cowper. It is known, however, that Newton wrote some of the hymns in direct response to events around him: Oh for a closer walk with God for instance was written by Cowper in response to the serious illness then being suffered by his house companion, Mary Unwin, an illness she survived.There is no evidence to show that either Newton or Cowper wrote any music to accompany the hymns. It is assumed that they were initially sung to any suitable tune that fitted the metre (rhythm), most probably to 16th or 17th century metrical psalm tunes. Subsequently, individual tunes have become linked to specific hymns from the Olney books. For example, the tune Austria (originally Haydn's \"Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser\", an Austrian patriotic anthem) is associated today with the hymn Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken, just as New Britain, an American folk melody believed to be Scottish or Irish in origin, has since the 1830s been associated with Amazing Grace. This hymn's Scottish or Irish melody is pentatonic and suggests a bagpipe tune; the hymn is frequently performed on bagpipes and has become associated with that instrument.[1]Amazing GraceAs an expression of the many Evangelical beliefs, Amazing Grace serves as an example: The first stanza (verse), for instance, expresses Newton's sense of past sinfulness, as a \"wretch\", but also conversion, from being \"lost\" and \"blind\" to \"now I see\". God's providence, and Cowper's sense of a close and personal relationship with God are voiced in stanza four: \"He will my shield and portion be\". The belief in eternal life after death is expressed in stanzas five and six: \"when this flesh and heart shall fail\", \"I shall possess\" \"A life of joy and peace\", and \"God, who call'd me here below, Will be for ever mine\".\"Amazing Grace\" was not the original title of this hymn: It was originally written as a poem entitled \"Faith's Review and Expectation\" and appears as Hymn 41 in Book I of the Olney Hymns with that title. The six stanza version quoted is the original, as written by Newton, but it has also appeared in longer forms where others have added verses or where verses from other hymns from the Olney books have been moved across.The Olney Hymns are subdivided into three books: Book I, On Select Texts of Scripture; Book II, On occasional Subjects; and, Book III, On the Progress and Changes of the Spiritual Life. The sub-divisions reflect key Evangelical beliefs. Book I holds that the Bible is the ultimate source of religious authority, and its hymns are written to provide the believer, through simple language, with a thorough understanding of its contents. Book II's \"Occasional Subjects\" are those that bring understanding to the priorities of the Evangelical spiritual life. There is a section for instance on \"Providences\", which serves to illustrate the Evangelical belief in God's ever-present controlling hand. Book III is written to express Newton's ideas of the stages of personal spiritual awakening and salvation.The undoubted popularity of the hymns was not simply a matter of local taste, but can be seen within the wider, developing religious climate in England. The relative rise in popularity of the Evangelical movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was due to a number of reasons: the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the subsequent break-up of, particularly, rural communities, was an unsettling influence on a parish like Olney; Methodism had seen a significant growth in popularity in the same period; and Evangelicalism was gradually finding its way into the established Church of England. However, Newton's and Cowper's writing clearly fitted its purpose. Cowper's relatively few hymns demonstrate his poetic and creative abilities, whereas Newton's prose have been assessed by some as \"wooden\". Nevertheless, the principal purpose of the hymns was not a theological discussion or representation of the Bible; rather, they were written for \"plain people\". Newton's use of simple and repetitive metres (rhythms) and simple rhyming structures helped his congregation remember the words. The significant emphasis on 'I' within the hymns shows Newton's view that the hymns are a product of his personal experience, a feature of his belief in personal repentance and Conversion, and his desire for a personal relationship with God.","title":"The hymns in more detail"}]	[{"image_text":"Amazing Grace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Olney_Hymns_page_53_Amazing_Grace.jpg/220px-Olney_Hymns_page_53_Amazing_Grace.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of English-language hymnals by denomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English-language_hymnals_by_denomination"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.flutetunes.com/tunes.php?id=7.","external_links_name":"Sheet Music: Amazing Grace"},{"Link":"http://www.ccel.org/ccel/newton/olneyhymns.toc.html","external_links_name":"The Olney Hymns online"},{"Link":"http://www.victorianweb.org/religion/hymns/olney.html","external_links_name":"The Victorian Web – The Olney Hymns by John Newton"},{"Link":"http://www.cowperandnewtonmuseum.org.uk/","external_links_name":"The Cowper & Newton Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.anointedlinks.com/amazing_grace.html","external_links_name":"Amazing Grace: The story of John Newton"},{"Link":"http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/c/o/w/cowper_w.htm","external_links_name":"William Cowper"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304162016/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/c/o/w/cowper_w.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.theotherpages.org/poems/olney.html","external_links_name":"Poet's Corner – William Cowper"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051026110130/http://www.olney-newtonlink.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The Olney-Newton Link"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/0963393413","external_links_name":"A Portrait of William Cowper: His Own Interpreter in Letters and Poems"},{"Link":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL.HOUGH:6666364","external_links_name":"Manuscript version of the Olney Hymns"},{"Link":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/pre.79197","external_links_name":"Olney's Hymns"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/olneyhymnsbyjne00cowpgoog","external_links_name":"Third edition (1783)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/olninthre00ne","external_links_name":"Sixth edition (1790)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/olneyh00newt","external_links_name":"1797 edition"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/olneyhymnsinthr01newtgoog","external_links_name":"London edition"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StICQ	stICQ	["1 Keypad shortcuts","2 Known bugs","3 External links"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "StICQ" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) stICQ is an ICQ client for mobile phones with symbian OS. StICQ was written by the Russian programmer Sergey Taldykin. StICQ is a native Symbian application (.SIS) for instant messaging over Internet for the ICQ network (using the OSCAR protocol). It supports all main statuses including "Not Available", "Invisible" etc., contact search using ICQ UID, black lists, multi-user support, sound announcements and even SMS sending using default ICQ server. Its features are its small size, low memory usage and relatively stable work. One of the key features of the client is its ability to suspend outcoming data until GPRS coverage is available. It also suspend the status of the user, while all other mobile clients usually report connection problem and drop the user out. Currently, stICQ does not support smiley pictures but have a unique feature of quick emoticon input using the call button (special plugin required). Notable, stICQ supports the yellow "Ready to chat" extended status while "Depressive", as well as "At home", "At work" etc. are displayed as "Offline". This caused to call stICQ an "anti-depressive ICQ". The source code has been sold to the development team of Quiet Internet Pager messenger. 1.01 version QiP for Symbian has been released recently. StICQ is free for download, as are a wide variety of mods changing status icons and menu text. Keypad shortcuts Pressing asterisk in a contact list window allows you to maximize the program window. It will also affect message windows. Pressing the green button allows the smiley templates to be inserted by downloading and installing the templates file (stICQ.tpl). Known bugs StICQ is known to drop out when receiving large amounts of text in one message. Thus, users should beware their interlocutor of sending messages that exceeds 10-15 phone display lines. When using StICQ with a T9 dictionary, users should press any cursor key to get rid of "Previous" command for right button after sending a message or the program will crash. StICQ does not send the contact list to the server, so any changes in StICQ's list will not affect the main contact list. External links QIP for Symbian This Internet-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Symbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian"},{"link_name":"ICQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICQ"},{"link_name":"OSCAR protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCAR_protocol"},{"link_name":"GPRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"smiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiley"},{"link_name":"emoticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon"},{"link_name":"Quiet Internet Pager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_Internet_Pager"},{"link_name":"mods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modding"}],"text":"stICQ is an ICQ client for mobile phones with symbian OS.StICQ was written by the Russian programmer Sergey Taldykin. StICQ is a native Symbian application (.SIS) for instant messaging over Internet for the ICQ network (using the OSCAR protocol).It supports all main statuses including \"Not Available\", \"Invisible\" etc., contact search using ICQ UID, black lists, multi-user support, sound announcements and even SMS sending using default ICQ server.Its features are its small size, low memory usage and relatively stable work. One of the key features of the client is its ability to suspend outcoming data until GPRS coverage is available. It also suspend the status of the user, while all other mobile clients usually report connection problem and drop the user out.Currently,[when?] stICQ does not support smiley pictures but have a unique feature of quick emoticon input using the call button (special plugin required).Notable, stICQ supports the yellow \"Ready to chat\" extended status while \"Depressive\", as well as \"At home\", \"At work\" etc. are displayed as \"Offline\". This caused to call stICQ an \"anti-depressive ICQ\".The source code has been sold to the development team of Quiet Internet Pager messenger. 1.01 version QiP for Symbian has been released recently.StICQ is free for download, as are a wide variety of mods changing status icons and menu text.","title":"stICQ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asterisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterisk"}],"text":"Pressing asterisk in a contact list window allows you to maximize the program window. It will also affect message windows.\nPressing the green button allows the smiley templates to be inserted by downloading and installing the templates file (stICQ.tpl).","title":"Keypad shortcuts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T9_(predictive_text)"}],"text":"StICQ is known to drop out when receiving large amounts of text in one message. Thus, users should beware their interlocutor of sending messages that exceeds 10-15 phone display lines.\nWhen using StICQ with a T9 dictionary, users should press any cursor key to get rid of \"Previous\" command for right button after sending a message or the program will crash.\nStICQ does not send the contact list to the server, so any changes in StICQ's list will not affect the main contact list.","title":"Known bugs"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22StICQ%22","external_links_name":"\"StICQ\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22StICQ%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22StICQ%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22StICQ%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22StICQ%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22StICQ%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://qipim.com/en/pages/download_pda_symbian_en/","external_links_name":"QIP for Symbian"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=StICQ&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culmen_(bird)	Beak	["1 Etymology","2 Anatomy","2.1 Mandibles","2.2 Rhamphotheca","2.3 Tomia","2.4 Culmen","2.5 Gonys","2.6 Commissure","2.7 Gape","2.8 Nares","2.9 Operculum","2.10 Rosette","2.11 Cere","2.12 Nail","2.13 Rictal bristles","3 Egg tooth","4 Color","5 Dimorphism","6 Development","7 Functions","7.1 Eating","7.2 Self-defensive pecking","7.3 Displays (for courtship, territoriality, or deterrence)","7.4 Sensory detection","7.5 Preening","7.6 Communicative percussion","7.7 Heat exchange","8 Billing","9 Beak trimming","10 Bill tip organ","11 See also","12 Footnotes","13 References","13.1 Bibliography"]	Part of a bird For other uses, see Beak (disambiguation). Comparison of bird beaks, displaying different shapes adapted to different feeding methods. Not to scale. The beak, bill, or rostrum is an external anatomical structure found mostly in birds, but also in turtles, non-avian dinosaurs and a few mammals. A beak is used for pecking, grasping, and holding (in probing for food, eating, manipulating and carrying objects, killing prey, or fighting), preening, courtship, and feeding young. The terms beak and rostrum are also used to refer to a similar mouth part in some ornithischians, pterosaurs, cetaceans, dicynodonts, anuran tadpoles, monotremes (i.e. echidnas and platypuses, which have a beak-like structure), sirens, pufferfish, billfishes and cephalopods. Although beaks vary significantly in size, shape, color and texture, they share a similar underlying structure. Two bony projections – the upper and lower mandibles – are covered with a thin keratinized layer of epidermis known as the rhamphotheca. In most species, two holes called nares lead to the respiratory system. Etymology Although the word "beak" was, in the past, generally restricted to the sharpened bills of birds of prey, in modern ornithology, the terms beak and bill are generally considered to be synonymous. The word, which dates from the 13th century, comes from the Middle English bec (via Anglo French), which itself comes from the Latin beccus. Anatomy The bony core of the beak is a lightweight framework, like that seen on this barn owl's skull. Although beaks vary significantly in size and shape from species to species, their underlying structures have a similar pattern. All beaks are composed of two jaws, generally known as the maxilla (upper) and mandible (lower).(p147) The upper, and in some cases the lower, mandibles are strengthened internally by a complex three-dimensional network of bony spicules (or trabeculae) seated in soft connective tissue and surrounded by the hard outer layers of the beak.(p149) The avian jaw apparatus is made up of two units: one four-bar linkage mechanism and one five-bar linkage mechanism. Mandibles A gull's upper mandible can flex upwards because it is supported by small bones which can move slightly backwards and forwards. The upper mandible is supported by a three-pronged bone called the intermaxillary. The upper prong of this bone is embedded into the forehead, while the two lower prongs attach to the sides of the skull. At the base of the upper mandible a thin sheet of nasal bones is attached to the skull at the nasofrontal hinge, which gives mobility to the upper mandible, allowing it to move upward and downward. Position of vomer (shaded red) in neognathae (left) and paleognathae (right) The base of the upper mandible, or the roof when seen from the mouth, is the palate, the structure of which differs greatly in the ratites. Here, the vomer is large and connects with premaxillae and maxillopalatine bones in a condition termed as a "paleognathous palate". All other extant birds have a narrow forked vomer that does not connect with other bones and is then termed as neognathous. The shape of these bones varies across the bird families. The lower mandible is supported by a bone known as the inferior maxillary bone—a compound bone composed of two distinct ossified pieces. These ossified plates (or rami), which can be U-shaped or V-shaped,(p147) join distally (the exact location of the joint depends on the species) but are separated proximally, attaching on either side of the head to the quadrate bone. The jaw muscles, which allow the bird to close its beak, attach to the proximal end of the lower mandible and to the bird's skull.(p148) The muscles that depress the lower mandible are usually weak, except in a few birds such as the starlings and the extinct huia, which have well-developed digastric muscles that aid in foraging by prying or gaping actions. In most birds, these muscles are relatively small as compared to the jaw muscles of similarly sized mammals. Rhamphotheca The outer surface of the beak consists of a thin sheath of keratin called the rhamphotheca,(p148) which can be subdivided into the rhinotheca of the upper mandible and the gnathotheca of the lower mandible.(p47) This covering arises from the Malpighian layer of the bird's epidermis,(p47) growing from plates at the base of each mandible. There is a vascular layer between the rhamphotheca and the deeper layers of the dermis, which is attached directly to the periosteum of the bones of the beak. The rhamphotheca grows continuously in most birds, and in some species, the color varies seasonally. In some alcids, such as the puffins, parts of the rhamphotheca are shed each year after the breeding season, while some pelicans shed a part of the bill called a "bill horn" that develops in the breeding season. While most extant birds have a single seamless rhamphotheca, species in a few families, including the albatrosses(p47) and the emu, have compound rhamphothecae that consist of several pieces separated and defined by softer keratinous grooves. Studies have shown that this was the primitive ancestral state of the rhamphotheca, and that the modern simple rhamphotheca resulted from the gradual loss of the defining grooves through evolution. Tomia The sawtooth serrations on a common merganser's bill help it to hold tight to its fish prey. The tomia (singular tomium) are the cutting edges of the two mandibles.(p598) In most birds, these range from rounded to slightly sharp, but some species have evolved structural modifications that allow them to handle their typical food sources better. Granivorous (seed-eating) birds, for example, have ridges in their tomia, which help the bird to slice through a seed's outer hull. Most falcons have a sharp projection along the upper mandible, with a corresponding notch on the lower mandible. They use this "tooth" to sever their prey's vertebrae fatally or to rip insects apart. Some kites, principally those that prey on insects or lizards, also have one or more of these sharp projections, as do the shrikes. The tomial teeth of falcons are underlain by bone, while the shrike tomial teeth are entirely keratinous. Some fish-eating species, e.g., the mergansers, have sawtooth serrations along their tomia, which help them to keep hold of their slippery, wriggling prey.(p48) Birds in roughly 30 families have tomia lined with tight bunches of very short bristles along their entire length. Most of these species are either insectivores (preferring hard-shelled prey) or snail eaters, and the brush-like projections may help to increase the coefficient of friction between the mandibles, thereby improving the bird's ability to hold hard prey items. Serrations on hummingbird bills, found in 23% of all hummingbird genera, may perform a similar function, allowing the birds to effectively hold insect prey. They may also allow shorter-billed hummingbirds to function as nectar thieves, as they can more effectively hold and cut through long or waxy flower corollas. In some cases, the color of a bird's tomia can help to distinguish between similar species. The snow goose, for example, has a reddish-pink bill with black tomia, while the whole beak of the similar Ross's goose is pinkish-red, without darker tomia. Culmen A bird's culmen is measured in a straight line from the tip of the beak to a set point — here, where the feathering starts on the bird's forehead. The culmen is the dorsal ridge of the upper mandible.(p127) Likened by ornithologist E. Coues to the ridge line of a roof, it is the "highest middle lengthwise line of the bill" and runs from the point where the upper mandible emerges from the forehead's feathers to its tip.(p152) The bill's length along the culmen is one of the regular measurements made during bird banding (ringing) and is particularly useful in feeding studies. There are several standard measurements that can be made—from the beak's tip to the point where feathering starts on the forehead, from the tip to the anterior edge of the nostrils, from the tip to the base of the skull, or from the tip to the cere (for raptors and owls)(p342) — and scientists from various parts of the world generally favor one method over another. In all cases, these are chord measurements (measured in a straight line from point to point, ignoring any curve in the culmen) taken with calipers. The shape or color of the culmen can also help with the identification of birds in the field. For example, the culmen of the parrot crossbill is strongly decurved, while that of the very similar red crossbill is more moderately curved. The culmen of a juvenile common loon is all dark, while that of the very similarly plumaged juvenile yellow-billed loon is pale towards the tip. Gonys The gonys is the ventral ridge of the lower mandible, created by the junction of the bone's two rami, or lateral plates.(p254) The proximal end of that junction—where the two plates separate—is known as the gonydeal angle or gonydeal expansion. In some gull species, the plates expand slightly at that point, creating a noticeable bulge; the size and shape of the gonydeal angle can be useful in identifying between otherwise similar species. Adults of many species of large gulls have a reddish or orangish gonydeal spot near the gonydeal expansion. This spot triggers begging behavior in gull chicks. The chick pecks at the spot on its parent's bill, which in turn stimulates the parent to regurgitate food. Commissure Depending on its use, commissure may refer to the junction of the upper and lower mandibles,(p155) or alternately, to the full-length apposition of the closed mandibles, from the corners of the mouth to the tip of the beak.(p105) Gape "Gape" redirects here. For other uses, see gaping (disambiguation) and gapes (disambiguation). The gapes of juvenile altricial birds are often brightly coloured, as in this common starling. In bird anatomy, the gape is the interior of the open mouth of a bird, and the gape flange is the region where the two mandibles join together at the base of the beak. The width of the gape can be a factor in the choice of food. The gape flange on this juvenile house sparrow is the yellowish region at the base of the beak. Gapes of juvenile altricial birds are often brightly coloured, sometimes with contrasting spots or other patterns, and these are believed to be an indication of their health, fitness and competitive ability. Based on this, the parents decide how to distribute food among the chicks in the nest. Some species, especially in the families Viduidae and Estrildidae, have bright spots on the gape known as gape tubercles or gape papillae. These nodular spots are conspicuous even in low light. A study examining the nestling gapes of eight passerine species found that the gapes were conspicuous in the ultraviolet spectrum (visible to birds but not to humans). Parents may, however, not rely solely on the gape coloration, and other factors influencing their decision remain unknown. Red gape color has been shown in several experiments to induce feeding. An experiment in manipulating brood size and immune system with barn swallow nestlings showed the vividness of the gape was positively correlated with T-cell–mediated immunocompetence, and that larger brood size and injection with an antigen led to a less vivid gape. Conversely, the red gape of the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) did not induce extra feeding in host parents. Some brood parasites, such as the Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (C. fugax), have colored patches on the wing that mimic the gape color of the parasitized species. When born, the chick's gape flanges are fleshy. As it grows into a fledgling, the gape flanges remain somewhat swollen and can thus be used to recognize that a particular bird is young. By the time it reaches adulthood, the gape flanges will no longer be visible. Nares Falcons have a small tubercule within each naris. Most species of birds have external nares (nostrils) located somewhere on their beak. The nares are two holes—circular, oval or slit-like in shape—which lead to the nasal cavities within the bird's skull, and thus to the rest of the respiratory system.(p375) In most bird species, the nares are located in the basal third of the upper mandible. Kiwi are a notable exception; their nares are located at the tip of their bills. A handful of species have no external nares. Cormorants and darters have primitive external nares as nestlings, but these close soon after the birds fledge; adults of these species (and gannets and boobies of all ages, which also lack external nostrils) breathe through their mouths.(p47) There is typically a septum made of bone or cartilage that separates the two nares, but in some families (including gulls, cranes and New World vultures), the septum is missing.(p47) While the nares are uncovered in most species, they are covered with feathers in a few groups of birds, including grouse and ptarmigans, crows, and some woodpeckers.(p375) The feathers over a ptarmigan's nostrils help to warm the air it inhales, while those over a woodpecker's nares help to keep wood particles from clogging its nasal passages. Species in the bird order Procellariformes have nostrils enclosed in double tubes which sit atop or along the sides of the upper mandible.(p375) These species, which include the albatrosses, petrels, diving petrels, storm petrels, fulmars and shearwaters, are widely known as "tubenoses". A number of species, including the falcons, have a small bony tubercule which projects from their nares. The function of this tubercule is unknown. Some scientists suggest it may act as a baffle, slowing down or diffusing airflow into the nares (and thus allowing the bird to continue breathing without damaging its respiratory system) during high-speed dives, but this theory has not been proved experimentally. Not all species that fly at high speeds have such tubercules, while some species which fly at low speeds do. Operculum The rock dove's operculum is a mass at the base of the bill. The nares of some birds are covered by an operculum (plural opercula), a membraneous, horny or cartilaginous flap.(p117) In diving birds, the operculum keeps water out of the nasal cavity;(p117) when the birds dive, the impact force of the water closes the operculum. Some species which feed on flowers have opercula to help to keep pollen from clogging their nasal passages,(p117) while the opercula of the two species of Attagis seedsnipe help to keep dust out. The nares of nestling tawny frogmouths are covered with large dome-shaped opercula, which help to reduce the rapid evaporation of water vapor, and may also help to increase condensation within the nostrils themselves—both critical functions, since the nestlings get fluids only from the food their parents bring them. These opercula shrink as the birds age, disappearing completely by the time they reach adulthood. In pigeons, the operculum has evolved into a soft swollen mass that sits at the base of the bill, above the nares;(p84) though it is sometimes referred to as the cere, this is a different structure.(p151) Tapaculos are the only birds known to have the ability to move their opercula.(p375) Rosette Some species, such as the puffin, have a fleshy rosette, sometimes called a "gape rosette", at the corners of the beak. In the puffin, this is grown as part of its display plumage. Cere "Cere" redirects here. For other uses, see Cere (disambiguation). Birds from a handful of families—including raptors, owls, skuas, parrots, turkeys and curassows—have a waxy structure called a cere (from the Latin cera, which means "wax") or ceroma which covers the base of their bill. This structure typically contains the nares, except in the owls, where the nares are distal to the cere. Although it is sometimes feathered in parrots, the cere is typically bare and often brightly colored. In raptors, the cere is a sexual signal which indicates the "quality" of a bird; the orangeness of a Montagu's harrier's cere, for example, correlates to its body mass and physical condition. The cere color of young Eurasian scops-owls has an ultraviolet (UV) component, with a UV peak that correlates to the bird's mass. A chick with a lower body mass has a UV peak at a higher wavelength than a chick with a higher body mass does. Studies have shown that parent owls preferentially feed chicks with ceres that show higher wavelength UV peaks, that is, lighter-weight chicks. The color or appearance of the cere can be used to distinguish between males and females in some species. For example, the male great curassow has a yellow cere, which the female (and young males) lack. The male budgerigar's cere is royal blue, while the female's is a very pale blue, white, or brown. Nail The nail is the black tip of this mute swan's beak. All birds of the family Anatidae (ducks, geese, and swans) have a nail, a plate of hard horny tissue at the tip of the beak. This shield-shaped structure, which sometimes spans the entire width of the beak, is often bent at the tip to form a hook. It serves different purposes depending on the bird's primary food source. Most species use their nails to dig seeds out of mud or vegetation, while diving ducks use theirs to pry molluscs from rocks. There is evidence that the nail may help a bird to grasp objects. Species which use strong grasping motions to secure their food (such as when catching and holding onto a large squirming frog) have very wide nails. Certain types of mechanoreceptors, nerve cells that are sensitive to pressure, vibration, or touch, are located under the nail. The shape or color of the nail can sometimes be used to help distinguish between similar-looking species or between various ages of waterfowl. For example, the greater scaup has a wider black nail than does the very similar lesser scaup. Juvenile "grey geese" have dark nails, while most adults have pale nails. The nail gave the wildfowl family one of its former names: "Unguirostres" comes from the Latin ungus, meaning "nail" and rostrum, meaning "beak". Rictal bristles Rictal bristles are stiff hair-like feathers that arise around the base of the beak. They are common among insectivorous birds, but are also found in some non-insectivorous species. Their function is uncertain, although several possibilities have been proposed. They may function as a "net", helping in the capture of flying prey, although to date, there has been no empirical evidence to support this idea. There is some experimental evidence to suggest that they may prevent particles from striking the eyes if, for example, a prey item is missed or broken apart on contact. They may also help to protect the eyes from particles encountered in flight, or from casual contact from vegetation. There is also evidence that the rictal bristles of some species may function tactilely, in a manner similar to that of mammalian whiskers (vibrissae). Studies have shown that Herbst corpuscles, mechanoreceptors sensitive to pressure and vibration, are found in association with rictal bristles. They may help with prey detection, with navigation in darkened nest cavities, with the gathering of information during flight or with prey handling. Egg tooth This Arctic tern chick still has its egg tooth, the small white projection near the tip of its upper mandible. Main article: Egg tooth Full-term chicks of most bird species have a small sharp, calcified projection on their beak, which they use to chip their way out of their egg.(p178) Commonly known as an egg tooth, this white spike is generally near the tip of the upper mandible, though some species have one near the tip of their lower mandible instead, and a few species have one on each mandible. Despite its name, the projection is not an actual tooth, as the similarly-named projections of some reptiles are; instead, it is part of the integumentary system, as are claws and scales. The hatching chick first uses its egg tooth to break the membrane around an air chamber at the wide end of the egg. Then it pecks at the eggshell while turning slowly within the egg, eventually (over a period of hours or days) creating a series of small circular fractures in the shell.(p427) Once it has breached the egg's surface, the chick continues to chip at it until it has made a large hole. The weakened egg eventually shatters under the pressure of the bird's movements.(p428) The egg tooth is so critical to a successful escape from the egg that chicks of most species will perish unhatched if they fail to develop one. However, there are a few species which do not have egg teeth. Megapode chicks have an egg tooth while still in the egg but lose it before hatching,(p427) while kiwi chicks never develop one; chicks of both families escape their eggs by kicking their way out. Most chicks lose their egg teeth within a few days of hatching,(p178) though petrels keep theirs for nearly three weeks(p428) and marbled murrelets have theirs for up to a month. Generally, the egg tooth drops off, though in songbirds it is resorbed.(p428) Color The color of a bird's beak results from concentrations of pigments — primarily melanins and carotenoids — in the epidermal layers, including the rhamphotheca. Eumelanin, which is found in the bare parts of many bird species, is responsible for all shades of gray and black; the denser the deposits of pigment found in the epidermis, the darker the resulting color. Phaeomelanin produces "earth tones" ranging from gold and rufous to various shades of brown.: 62 Although it is thought to occur in combination with eumelanin in beaks which are buff, tan, or horn-colored, researchers have yet to isolate phaeomelanin from any beak structure.: 63 More than a dozen types of carotenoids are responsible for the coloration of most red, orange, and yellow beaks.: 64 The hue of the color is determined by the precise mix of red and yellow pigments, while the saturation is determined by the density of the deposited pigments. For example, bright red is created by dense deposits of mostly red pigments, while dull yellow is created by diffuse deposits of mostly yellow pigments. Bright orange is created by dense deposits of both red and yellow pigments, in roughly equal concentrations.: 66 Beak coloration helps to make displays using those beaks more obvious.(p155) In general, beak color depends on a combination of the bird's hormonal state and diet. Colors are typically brightest as the breeding season approaches, and palest after breeding. Birds are capable of seeing colors in the ultraviolet range, and some species are known to have ultraviolet peaks of reflectance (indicating the presence of ultraviolet color) on their beaks. The presence and intensity of these peaks may indicate a bird's fitness, sexual maturity or pair bond status. King and emperor penguins, for example, show spots of ultraviolet reflectance only as adults. These spots are brighter on paired birds than on courting birds. The position of such spots on the beak may be important in allowing birds to identify conspecifics. For instance, the very similarly-plumaged king and emperor penguins have UV-reflective spots in different positions on their beaks. Dimorphism The beaks of the now-extinct Huia (female upper, male lower) show marked sexual dimorphism The size and shape of the beak can vary across species as well as between them; in some species, the size and proportions of the beak vary between males and females. This allows the sexes to utilize different ecological niches, thereby reducing intraspecific competition. For example, females of nearly all shorebirds have longer bills than males of the same species, and female American avocets have beaks which are slightly more upturned than those of males. Males of the larger gull species have bigger, stouter beaks than those of females of the same species, and immatures can have smaller, more slender beaks than those of adults. Many hornbills show sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of both beaks and casques, and the female huia's slim, decurved bill was nearly twice as long as the male's straight, thicker one.(p48) Color can also differ between sexes or ages within a species. Typically, such a color difference is due to the presence of androgens. For example, in house sparrows, melanins are produced only in the presence of testosterone; castrated male house sparrows—like female house sparrows—have brown beaks. Castration also prevents the normal seasonal color change in the beaks of male black-headed gulls and indigo buntings. Development The beak of modern birds has a fused premaxillary bone, which is modulated by the expression of Fgf8 gene in the frontonasal ectodermal zone during embryonic development. The shape of the beak is determined by two modules: the prenasal cartilage during early embryonic stage and the premaxillary bone during later stages. Development of the prenasal cartilage is regulated by genes Bmp4 and CaM, while that of the premaxillary bone is controlled by TGFβllr, β-catenin, and Dickkopf-3. TGFβllr codes for a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates gene transcription upon ligand binding; previous work has highlighted its role in mammalian craniofacial skeletal development. β-catenin is involved in the differentiation of terminal bone cells. Dickkopf-3 codes for a secreted protein also known to be expressed in mammalian craniofacial development. The combination of these signals determines beak growth along the length, depth, and width axes. Reduced expression of TGFβllr significantly decreased the depth and length of chicken embryonic beak due to the underdevelopment of the premaxillary bone. Contrarily, an increase in Bmp4 signaling would result in a reduced premaxillary bone due to the overdevelopment of the prenasal cartilage, which takes up more mesenchymal cells for cartilage, instead of bone, formation. Functions Three barn owls threatening an intruder. Barn owl threat displays usually include hissing and bill-snapping, as here The platypus uses its bill to navigate underwater, detect food, and dig. The bill contains receptors that help detect prey. Eating Different species' beaks have evolved according to their diet; for example, raptors have sharp-pointed beaks that facilitate dissection and biting off of prey animals' tissue, whereas passerine birds that specialize in eating seeds with especially tough shells (such as grosbeaks and cardinals) have large, stout beaks with high compressive power (on the same principle as a human-devised nutcracker). Birds that fish for a living have beaks adapted for that pursuit; for example, pelicans' beaks are well adapted for scooping up and swallowing fish whole. Woodpeckers have beaks well adapted for pecking apart wood while hunting for their meals of arthropods. Self-defensive pecking Birds may bite or stab with their beaks to defend themselves. Displays (for courtship, territoriality, or deterrence) Some species use their beaks in displays of various sorts. As part of his courtship, for example, the male garganey touches his beak to the blue speculum feathers on his wings in a fake preening display, and the male Mandarin duck does the same with his orange sail feathers.(p20) A number of species use a gaping, open beak in their fear and/or threat displays. Some augment the display by hissing or breathing heavily, while others clap their beak. Red-bellied woodpeckers at bird feeders often wave their formidable beaks at competing birds who get too close, clearly signaling "this seed's mine, you can't have it." Sensory detection The platypus uses its bill to navigate underwater, detect food, and dig. The bill contains electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors, causing muscular contractions to help detect prey. It is one of the few species of mammals to use electroreception. The beaks of aquatic birds contain Grandry corpuscles, which assist in velocity detection while filter feeding. Preening Main article: Preening The beak of birds plays a role in removing skin parasites (ectoparasites) such as lice. It is mainly the tip of the beak that does this. Studies have shown that inserting a bit to stop birds from using the tip results in increased parasite loads in pigeons. Birds that have naturally deformed beaks have also been noted to have higher levels of parasites. It is thought that the overhang at the end of the top portion of the beak (that is the portion that begins to curve downwards) slides against the lower beak to crush parasites. This overhang of the beak is thought to be under stabilising natural selection. Very long beaks are thought to be selected against because they are prone to a higher number of breaks, as has been demonstrated in rock pigeons. Beaks with no overhang would be unable to effectively remove and kill ectoparasites as mentioned above. Studies have supported there is a selection pressure for an intermediate amount of overhang. Western Scrub Jays who had more symmetrical bills (i.e. those with less of an overhang), were found to have higher amounts of lice when tested. The same pattern has been seen in surveys of Peruvian birds. Additionally, because of the role beaks play in preening, this is evidence for coevolution of the beak overhang morphology and body morphology of parasites. Artificially removing the ability to preen in birds, followed by readdition of preening ability was shown to result in changes in body size in lice. Once the ability of the birds to preen was reintroduced, the lice were found to show declines in body size suggesting they may evolve in response to preening pressures from birds who could respond in turn with changes in beak morphology. Communicative percussion A number of species, including storks, some owls, frogmouths and the noisy miner, use bill clapping as a form of communication.(p83) Some woodpecker species are known to use percussion as a courtship activity, whereas males will get the (aural) attention of females from a distance and then impress them with the sound volume and pattern. This explains why humans are sometimes inconvenienced by pecking that clearly has no feeding purpose (such as when the bird pecks on sheet metal repeatedly). Heat exchange Studies have shown that some birds use their beaks to rid themselves of excess heat. The toco toucan, which has the largest beak relative to the size of its body of any bird species, is capable of modifying the blood flow to its beak. This process allows the beak to work as a "transient thermal radiator", reportedly rivaling an elephant's ears in its ability to radiate body heat. Measurements of the bill sizes of several species of American sparrows found in salt marshes along the North American coastlines show a strong correlation with summer temperatures recorded in the locations where the sparrows breed; latitude alone showed a much weaker correlation. By dumping excess heat through their bills, the sparrows are able to avoid the water loss which would be required by evaporative cooling—an important benefit in a windy habitat where freshwater is scarce. Several ratites, including the common ostrich, the emu and the southern cassowary, use various bare parts of their bodies (including their beaks) to dissipate as much as 40% of their metabolic heat production. Alternately, studies have shown that birds from colder climates (higher altitudes or latitudes and lower environmental temperatures) have smaller beaks, lessening heat loss from that structure. Billing When billing, northern gannets raise their beaks high and clatter them against each other. During courtship, mated pairs of many bird species touch or clasp each other's bills. Termed billing (also nebbing in British English), this behavior appears to strengthen pair bonding. The amount of contact involved varies among species. Some gently touch only a part of their partner's beak while others clash their beaks vigorously together. Gannets raise their bills high and repeatedly clatter them, the male puffin nibbles at the female's beak, the male waxwing puts his bill in the female's mouth and ravens hold each other's beaks in a prolonged "kiss". Billing can also be used as a gesture of appeasement or subordination. Subordinate Canada jay routinely bill more dominant birds, lowering their body and quivering their wings in the manner of a young bird food begging as they do so. A number of parasites, including rhinonyssids and Trichomonas gallinae are known to be transferred between birds during episodes of billing. Use of the term extends beyond avian behavior; "billing and cooing" in reference to human courtship (particularly kissing) has been in use since Shakespeare's time, and derives from the courtship of doves. Beak trimming Main article: Debeaking Because the beak is a sensitive organ with many sensory receptors, beak trimming (sometimes referred to as 'debeaking') is "acutely painful" to the birds it is performed on. It is nonetheless routinely done to intensively farmed poultry flocks, particularly laying and broiler breeder flocks, because it helps reduce the damage the flocks inflict on themselves due to a number of stress-induced behaviors, including cannibalism, vent pecking and feather pecking. A cauterizing blade or infrared beam is used to cut off about half of the upper beak and about a third of the lower beak. Pain and sensitivity can persist for weeks or months after the procedure, and neuromas can form along the cut edges. Food intake typically decreases for some period after the beak is trimmed. However, studies show that trimmed poultry's adrenal glands weigh less, and their plasma corticosterone levels are lower than those found in untrimmed poultry, indicating that they are less stressed overall. A similar but separate practice, usually performed by an avian veterinarian or an experienced birdkeeper, involves clipping, filing or sanding the beaks of captive birds for health purposes – in order to correct or temporarily alleviate overgrowths or deformities and better allow the bird to go about its normal feeding and preening activities. Amongst raptor keepers, this practice is commonly known as "coping". Bill tip organ Kiwis have a probing bill that allows them to detect motion The bill tip organ is a region found near the tip of the bill in several types of birds that forage particularly by probing. The region has a high density of nerve endings known as the corpuscles of Herbst. This consists of pits in the bill surface which in the living bird is occupied by cells that sense pressure changes. The assumption is that this allows the bird to perform 'remote touch', which means that it can detect movements of animals which the bird does not directly touch. Bird species known to have a 'bill-tip organ' include ibises, shorebirds of the family Scolopacidae, and kiwis. There is a suggestion that across these species, the bill tip organ is better-developed among species foraging in wet habitats (water column, or soft mud) than in species using a more terrestrial foraging. However, it has been described in terrestrial birds too, including parrots, who are known for their dextrous extractive foraging techniques. Unlike probing foragers, the tactile pits in parrots are embedded in the hard keratin (or rhamphotheca) of the bill, rather than the bone, and along the inner edges of the curved bill, rather than being on the outside of the bill. 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Townsend; Clayton, Dale H. (2002). "Influence of bill shape on ectoparasite load in western scrub-jays" (PDF). The Condor. 104 (3): 675–678. doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2002)1042.0.co;2. hdl:1808/16618. ISSN 0010-5422. S2CID 32708877. ^ Clayton, D.H.; Walther, B.A. (2001-09-01). "Influence of host ecology and morphology on the diversity of Neotropical bird lice". Oikos. 94 (3): 455–467. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.940308.x. ISSN 1600-0706. ^ Tattersall, Glenn J.; Andrade, Denis V.; Abe, Augusto S. (24 July 2009). "Heat Exchange from the Toucan Bill Reveals a Controllable Vascular Thermal Radiator". Science. 325 (5949): 468–470. Bibcode:2009Sci...325..468T. doi:10.1126/science.1175553. PMID 19628866. S2CID 42756257. ^ Greenbert, Russell; Danner, Raymond; Olsen, Brian; Luther, David (14 July 2011). "High summer temperature explains bill size variation in salt marsh sparrows". Ecography. online first (2): 146–152. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.07002.x. ^ Phillips, Polly K.; Sanborn, Allen F. (December 1994). "An infrared, thermographic study of surface temperature in three ratites: Ostrich, emu and double-wattled cassowary". Journal of Thermal Biology. 19 (6): 423–430. doi:10.1016/0306-4565(94)90042-6. ^ "Evolution of bird bills: Birds reduce their 'heating bills' in cold climates". Science Daily. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2012. ^ Bierma, Nathan (12 August 2004). "Add this to life list: 'Birding' has inspired flock of words". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 6 June 2011. ^ Terres, John K. (1980). The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-46651-4. ^ Schreiber, Elizabeth Anne; Burger, Joanna, eds. (2002). Biology of Marine Birds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-8493-9882-7. ^ Armstrong (1965) p. 7 ^ Wilson, Edward O. (1980). Sociobiology. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-674-81624-4. ^ Amerson, A. Binion (May 1967). "Incidence and Transfer of Rhinonyssidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) in Sooty Terns (Sterna fuscata)". Journal of Medical Entomology. 4 (2): 197–9. doi:10.1093/jmedent/4.2.197. PMID 6052126. ^ Park, F. J. (March 2011). "Avian trichomoniasis: A study of lesions and relative prevalence in a variety of captive and free-living bird species as seen in an Australian avian practice". The Journal of the Australia Veterinary Association. 89 (3): 82–88. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00681.x. PMID 21323655. ^ Partridge, Eric (2001). Shakespeare's bawdy (4 ed.). London, UK: Routledge Classics 2001. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-415-25553-0. ^ Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (1980). The International Wildlife Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York, NY: Marshall Cavendish Corp. p. 1680. ^ a b Grandin, Temple (2010). Improving Animal Welfare: A practical approach. Oxfordshire, UK: CABI. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-84593-541-2. ^ Race Foster; Marty Smith. "Bird Beaks: Anatomy, care, and diseases". Pet Education. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012. ^ Ash, Lydia (2020) . "Coping your Raptor". The Modern Apprentice. Archived from the original on 2005-04-06. Retrieved 16 April 2012. ^ Cunningham, Susan J.; Alley, M.R.; Castro, I.; Potter, M.A.; Cunningham, M.; Pyne, M.J. (2010). "Bill morphology or Ibises suggests a remote-tactile sensory system for prey detection". The Auk. 127 (2): 308–316. doi:10.1525/auk.2009.09117. S2CID 85254980. ^ Demery, Zoe P.; Chappell, J.; Martin, G.R. (2011). "Vision, touch and object manipulation in Senegal parrots Poicephalus senegalus". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1725): 3687–3693. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0374. PMC 3203496. PMID 21525059. Bibliography Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beaks. Armstrong, Edward Allworthy (1965). Bird Display and Behaviour: An introduction to the study of bird psychology. New York, NY: Dover Publications. LCCN 64013457. Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth, eds. (1985). A Dictionary of Birds. Carlton, England: T and A.D. Poyser. ISBN 978-0-85661-039-4. Coues, Elliott (1890). Handbook of Field and General Ornithology. London, UK: Macmillan and Co. p. 1. OCLC 263166207. Gilbertson, Lance (1999). Zoology Lab Manual (4 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Companies. ISBN 978-0-07-237716-3. Gill, Frank B. (1995). Ornithology (2 ed.). New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-2415-5. Girling, Simon (2003). Veterinary Nursing of Exotic Pets. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-0747-1. Hill, Geoffrey E. (2010). National Geographic Bird Coloration. Washington, DC: National Geographic. ISBN 978-1-4262-0571-2. Howell, Steve N. G. (2007). Gulls of the Americas. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-618-72641-7. King, Anthony Stuart; McLelland, John, eds. (1985). Form and Function in Birds. Vol. 3. London, UK: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-407503-0. Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterström, Dan; Grant, Peter J. (1999). Collins Bird Guide: The Most Complete Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe. London, UK: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-711332-3. Proctor, Noble S.; Lynch, Patrick J. (1998). Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure and Function. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07619-6. Rogers, Lesley J.; Kaplan, Gisela T. (2000). Songs, Roars and Rituals: Communication in birds, mammals and other animals. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00827-4. Samour, Jaime, ed. (2000). Avian Medicine. London, UK: Mosby. ISBN 978-0-7234-2960-9. vteBirds (class: Aves) Outline Anatomy Beak Brain Crop milk Dactyly Eggs Feathers Flight Preen gland Plumage Vision Behaviour Singing Intelligence Migration Foraging Sexual selection Lek mating Seabird breeding Incubation Brood parasites Nesting Hybrids Evolution Origin of birds Theropoda dinosaurs Origin of flight Evolution of birds Darwin's finches Seabirds Fossil birds Archaeopteryx Omnivoropterygiformes Jeholornithidae Confuciusornithiformes Enantiornithes Chaoyangiformes Patagopterygiformes Ambiortiformes Songlingornithiformes Hongshanornithidae Gansuiformes Ichthyornithiformes Hesperornithes Lithornithiformes Dinornithiformes Aepyornithiformes Gastornithiformes Human interaction Ringing Ornithology Ornithomancy Bird collections Birdwatching big year Bird feeding Conservation Aviculture Waterfowl hunting Cockfighting Pigeon racing Falconry Pheasantry Imping Egg collecting Lists Families and orders Genera Glossary of bird terms List by population Lists by region Extinct species since 1500 Late Quaternary prehistoric birds Notable birds individuals fictional NeornithesPalaeognathae Struthioniformes (ostriches) Rheiformes (rheas) Tinamiformes (tinamous) Apterygiformes (kiwis) Casuariiformes (emus and cassowaries) NeognathaeGalloanserae (fowls)Anseriformes (waterfowls)Anatidae (ducks) Anatinae Aythyini Mergini Oxyurini Anserinae swans true geese Dendrocygninae Stictonettinae Tadorninae Anhimidae Anhima Chauna Anseranatidae Anseranas Galliformes (landfowls- gamebirds)Cracidae Cracinae Oreophasinae Penelopinae Megapodidae Aepypodius Alectura Eulipoa Leipoa Macrocephalon Megapodius Talegalla Numididae Acryllium Agelastes Guttera Numida Odontophoridae Callipepla Colinus Cyrtonyx Dactylortyx Dendrortyx Odontophorus Oreortyx Philortyx Rhynchortyx Phasianidae Meleagridinae (turkeys) Perdicinae Phasianinae (pheasants and relatives) Tetraoninae NeoavesColumbeaColumbimorphae Columbiformes (doves and pigeons) Mesitornithiformes (mesites) Pterocliformes (sandgrouse) Mirandornithes Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos) Podicipediformes (grebes) PassereaOtidimorphae Cuculiformes (cuckoos) Musophagiformes (turacos) Otidiformes (bustards) Strisores Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and relatives) Steatornithiformes Podargiformes Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds) Opisthocomiformes Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin) Cursorimorphae Charadriiformes (gulls and relatives) Gruiformes (cranes and relatives) Phaethontimorphae Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds) Eurypygiformes (kagu and sunbittern) Aequornithes Gaviiformes (loons or divers) Sphenisciformes (penguins) Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels) Ciconiiformes (storks) Suliformes (cormorants and relatives) Pelecaniformes (pelicans and relatives) Australaves Cariamiformes (seriemas and relatives) Falconiformes (falcons and relatives) Psittaciformes (parrots) Passeriformes (perching birds) Afroaves Cathartiformes (New World vultures and condors) Accipitriformes (eagles and hawks) Strigiformes (owls) Coliiformes (mousebirds) Trogoniformes (trogons and quetzals) Leptosomiformes (cuckoo-roller) Bucerotiformes (hornbills and hoopoes) Coraciiformes (kingfishers and rollers) Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives) Category Commons Portal WikiProject Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beak (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BirdBeaksA.svg"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle"},{"link_name":"non-avian dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-avian_dinosaur"},{"link_name":"pecking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecking"},{"link_name":"grasping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grasp#Verb"},{"link_name":"probing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/probe#Verb"},{"link_name":"eating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating"},{"link_name":"killing prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"preening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preening"},{"link_name":"courtship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtship_in_animals"},{"link_name":"rostrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"ornithischians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia"},{"link_name":"pterosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur"},{"link_name":"cetaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea"},{"link_name":"dicynodonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicynodont"},{"link_name":"anuran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuran"},{"link_name":"tadpoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadpole"},{"link_name":"monotremes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme"},{"link_name":"echidnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna"},{"link_name":"platypuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus"},{"link_name":"sirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenidae"},{"link_name":"pufferfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae"},{"link_name":"billfishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billfish"},{"link_name":"cephalopods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod_beak"}],"text":"For other uses, see Beak (disambiguation).Comparison of bird beaks, displaying different shapes adapted to different feeding methods. Not to scale.The beak, bill, or rostrum is an external anatomical structure found mostly in birds, but also in turtles, non-avian dinosaurs and a few mammals. A beak is used for pecking, grasping, and holding (in probing for food, eating, manipulating and carrying objects, killing prey, or fighting), preening, courtship, and feeding young. The terms beak and rostrum are also used to refer to a similar mouth part in some ornithischians, pterosaurs, cetaceans, dicynodonts, anuran tadpoles, monotremes (i.e. echidnas and platypuses, which have a beak-like structure), sirens, pufferfish, billfishes and cephalopods.Although beaks vary significantly in size, shape, color and texture, they share a similar underlying structure. Two bony projections – the upper and lower mandibles – are covered with a thin keratinized layer of epidermis known as the rhamphotheca. In most species, two holes called nares lead to the respiratory system.","title":"Beak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birds of prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_prey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Partington-1835-1"},{"link_name":"ornithology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proctor-Lynch-1998-2"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"Anglo French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merriam-beak-3"}],"text":"Although the word \"beak\" was, in the past, generally restricted to the sharpened bills of birds of prey,[1] in modern ornithology, the terms beak and bill are generally considered to be synonymous.[2] The word, which dates from the 13th century, comes from the Middle English bec (via Anglo French), which itself comes from the Latin beccus.[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chouette_cr%C3%A2ne_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"barn owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_owl"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coues-1890-4"},{"link_name":"three-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space"},{"link_name":"trabeculae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabecula"},{"link_name":"connective tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-1995-Ornthgy-2nd-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seki-Bodde-Meyers-2009-AB-6"},{"link_name":"four-bar linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar_linkage"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The bony core of the beak is a lightweight framework, like that seen on this barn owl's skull.Although beaks vary significantly in size and shape from species to species, their underlying structures have a similar pattern. All beaks are composed of two jaws, generally known as the maxilla (upper) and mandible (lower).[4](p147) The upper, and in some cases the lower, mandibles are strengthened internally by a complex three-dimensional network of bony spicules (or trabeculae) seated in soft connective tissue and surrounded by the hard outer layers of the beak.[5](p149)[6] The avian jaw apparatus is made up of two units: one four-bar linkage mechanism and one five-bar linkage mechanism.[7]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gull_Beak_IMG_1575.JPG"},{"link_name":"gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull"},{"link_name":"bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proctor-Lynch-1998-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PaleognathNeognath.png"},{"link_name":"vomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomer"},{"link_name":"ratites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratite"},{"link_name":"vomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomer"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"rami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramus_of_the_mandible"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coues-1890-4"},{"link_name":"proximally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-1995-Ornthgy-2nd-5"},{"link_name":"huia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huia"},{"link_name":"digastric muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digastric_muscle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Mandibles","text":"A gull's upper mandible can flex upwards because it is supported by small bones which can move slightly backwards and forwards.The upper mandible is supported by a three-pronged bone called the intermaxillary. The upper prong of this bone is embedded into the forehead, while the two lower prongs attach to the sides of the skull. At the base of the upper mandible a thin sheet of nasal bones is attached to the skull at the nasofrontal hinge, which gives mobility to the upper mandible, allowing it to move upward and downward.[2]Position of vomer (shaded red) in neognathae (left) and paleognathae (right)The base of the upper mandible, or the roof when seen from the mouth, is the palate, the structure of which differs greatly in the ratites. Here, the vomer is large and connects with premaxillae and maxillopalatine bones in a condition termed as a \"paleognathous palate\". All other extant birds have a narrow forked vomer that does not connect with other bones and is then termed as neognathous. The shape of these bones varies across the bird families.[a]The lower mandible is supported by a bone known as the inferior maxillary bone—a compound bone composed of two distinct ossified pieces. These ossified plates (or rami), which can be U-shaped or V-shaped,[4](p147) join distally (the exact location of the joint depends on the species) but are separated proximally, attaching on either side of the head to the quadrate bone. The jaw muscles, which allow the bird to close its beak, attach to the proximal end of the lower mandible and to the bird's skull.[5](p148) The muscles that depress the lower mandible are usually weak, except in a few birds such as the starlings and the extinct huia, which have well-developed digastric muscles that aid in foraging by prying or gaping actions.[8] In most birds, these muscles are relatively small as compared to the jaw muscles of similarly sized mammals.[9]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proctor-Lynch-1998-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-1995-Ornthgy-2nd-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"Malpighian layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpighian_layer"},{"link_name":"epidermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"vascular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular"},{"link_name":"dermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis"},{"link_name":"periosteum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periosteum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samour296-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"alcids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auk"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extant"},{"link_name":"albatrosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatross"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"emu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Rhamphotheca","text":"The outer surface of the beak consists of a thin sheath of keratin called the rhamphotheca,[2][5](p148) which can be subdivided into the rhinotheca of the upper mandible and the gnathotheca of the lower mandible.[10](p47) This covering arises from the Malpighian layer of the bird's epidermis,[10](p47)\ngrowing from plates at the base of each mandible.[11] There is a vascular layer between the rhamphotheca and the deeper layers of the dermis, which is attached directly to the periosteum of the bones of the beak.[12] The rhamphotheca grows continuously in most birds, and in some species, the color varies seasonally.[13]\nIn some alcids, such as the puffins, parts of the rhamphotheca are shed each year after the breeding season, while some pelicans shed a part of the bill called a \"bill horn\" that develops in the breeding season.[14][15][16]While most extant birds have a single seamless rhamphotheca, species in a few families, including the albatrosses[10](p47) and the emu, have compound rhamphothecae that consist of several pieces separated and defined by softer keratinous grooves.[17]\nStudies have shown that this was the primitive ancestral state of the rhamphotheca, and that the modern simple rhamphotheca resulted from the gradual loss of the defining grooves through evolution.[18]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergus_merganser_-Hogganfield_Loch,_Glasgow,_Scotland_-female-8.jpg"},{"link_name":"common merganser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_merganser"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stettenheim-20"},{"link_name":"Granivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granivorous"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husk"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon"},{"link_name":"kites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_(bird)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"shrikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrike"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"mergansers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merganser"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"insectivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivorous"},{"link_name":"snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail"},{"link_name":"coefficient of friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"hummingbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird"},{"link_name":"nectar thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar_robbing"},{"link_name":"flower corollas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corolla_(flower)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"snow goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_goose"},{"link_name":"Ross's goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%27s_goose"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Tomia","text":"The sawtooth serrations on a common merganser's bill help it to hold tight to its fish prey.The tomia (singular tomium) are the cutting edges of the two mandibles.[10](p598) In most birds, these range from rounded to slightly sharp, but some species have evolved structural modifications that allow them to handle their typical food sources better.[19]\nGranivorous (seed-eating) birds, for example, have ridges in their tomia, which help the bird to slice through a seed's outer hull.[20]\nMost falcons have a sharp projection along the upper mandible, with a corresponding notch on the lower mandible. They use this \"tooth\" to sever their prey's vertebrae fatally or to rip insects apart. Some kites, principally those that prey on insects or lizards, also have one or more of these sharp projections,[21]\nas do the shrikes.[22]\nThe tomial teeth of falcons are underlain by bone, while the shrike tomial teeth are entirely keratinous.[23] Some fish-eating species, e.g., the mergansers, have sawtooth serrations along their tomia, which help them to keep hold of their slippery, wriggling prey.[10](p48)Birds in roughly 30 families have tomia lined with tight bunches of very short bristles along their entire length. Most of these species are either insectivores (preferring hard-shelled prey) or snail eaters, and the brush-like projections may help to increase the coefficient of friction between the mandibles, thereby improving the bird's ability to hold hard prey items.[24]\nSerrations on hummingbird bills, found in 23% of all hummingbird genera, may perform a similar function, allowing the birds to effectively hold insect prey. They may also allow shorter-billed hummingbirds to function as nectar thieves, as they can more effectively hold and cut through long or waxy flower corollas.[25]\nIn some cases, the color of a bird's tomia can help to distinguish between similar species. The snow goose, for example, has a reddish-pink bill with black tomia, while the whole beak of the similar Ross's goose is pinkish-red, without darker tomia.[26]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MeasureBeakThrush.jpg"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pyle-28"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"E. Coues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Coues"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coues-1890-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coues-1890-4"},{"link_name":"bird banding (ringing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_ringing"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pyle-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borras-29"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borras-29"},{"link_name":"chord measurements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"calipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calipers"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pyle-28"},{"link_name":"parrot crossbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot_crossbill"},{"link_name":"red crossbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_crossbill"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"common loon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_loon"},{"link_name":"plumaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumage"},{"link_name":"yellow-billed loon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-billed_loon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Culmen","text":"A bird's culmen is measured in a straight line from the tip of the beak to a set point — here, where the feathering starts on the bird's forehead.[27]The culmen is the dorsal ridge of the upper mandible.[10](p127) Likened by ornithologist E. Coues[4] to the ridge line of a roof, it is the \"highest middle lengthwise line of the bill\" and runs from the point where the upper mandible emerges from the forehead's feathers to its tip.[4](p152) The bill's length along the culmen is one of the regular measurements made during bird banding (ringing)[27]\nand is particularly useful in feeding studies.[28] There are several standard measurements that can be made—from the beak's tip to the point where feathering starts on the forehead, from the tip to the anterior edge of the nostrils, from the tip to the base of the skull, or from the tip to the cere (for raptors and owls)[10](p342) — and scientists from various parts of the world generally favor one method over another.[28] In all cases, these are chord measurements (measured in a straight line from point to point, ignoring any curve in the culmen) taken with calipers.[27]The shape or color of the culmen can also help with the identification of birds in the field. For example, the culmen of the parrot crossbill is strongly decurved, while that of the very similar red crossbill is more moderately curved.[29]\nThe culmen of a juvenile common loon is all dark, while that of the very similarly plumaged juvenile yellow-billed loon is pale towards the tip.[30]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ventral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell23-32"},{"link_name":"begging behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging_behavior_in_animals"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Gonys","text":"The gonys is the ventral ridge of the lower mandible, created by the junction of the bone's two rami, or lateral plates.[10](p254) The proximal end of that junction—where the two plates separate—is known as the gonydeal angle or gonydeal expansion. In some gull species, the plates expand slightly at that point, creating a noticeable bulge; the size and shape of the gonydeal angle can be useful in identifying between otherwise similar species. Adults of many species of large gulls have a reddish or orangish gonydeal spot near the gonydeal expansion.[31] This spot triggers begging behavior in gull chicks. The chick pecks at the spot on its parent's bill, which in turn stimulates the parent to regurgitate food.[32]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coues-1890-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"}],"sub_title":"Commissure","text":"Depending on its use, commissure may refer to the junction of the upper and lower mandibles,[4](p155) or alternately, to the full-length apposition of the closed mandibles, from the corners of the mouth to the tip of the beak.[10](p105)","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gaping (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaping_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"gapes (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapes_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sturnus_vulgaris_fledgeling.jpg"},{"link_name":"common starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_starling"},{"link_name":"bird anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_anatomy"},{"link_name":"mandibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:House_sparrow_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"house sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_sparrow"},{"link_name":"altricial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altricial"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Viduidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduidae"},{"link_name":"Estrildidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrildidae"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"barn swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_swallow"},{"link_name":"correlated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation"},{"link_name":"T-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell"},{"link_name":"immunocompetence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunocompetence"},{"link_name":"antigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saino03-40"},{"link_name":"common cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"brood parasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite"},{"link_name":"Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgson%27s_hawk-cuckoo"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"fledgling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fledge"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Gape","text":"\"Gape\" redirects here. For other uses, see gaping (disambiguation) and gapes (disambiguation).The gapes of juvenile altricial birds are often brightly coloured, as in this common starling.In bird anatomy, the gape is the interior of the open mouth of a bird, and the gape flange is the region where the two mandibles join together at the base of the beak.[33]\nThe width of the gape can be a factor in the choice of food.[34]The gape flange on this juvenile house sparrow is the yellowish region at the base of the beak.Gapes of juvenile altricial birds are often brightly coloured, sometimes with contrasting spots or other patterns, and these are believed to be an indication of their health, fitness and competitive ability. Based on this, the parents decide how to distribute food among the chicks in the nest.[35]\nSome species, especially in the families Viduidae and Estrildidae, have bright spots on the gape known as gape tubercles or gape papillae. These nodular spots are conspicuous even in low light.[36]\nA study examining the nestling gapes of eight passerine species found that the gapes were conspicuous in the ultraviolet spectrum (visible to birds but not to humans).[37]\nParents may, however, not rely solely on the gape coloration, and other factors influencing their decision remain unknown.[38]Red gape color has been shown in several experiments to induce feeding. An experiment in manipulating brood size and immune system with barn swallow nestlings showed the vividness of the gape was positively correlated with T-cell–mediated immunocompetence, and that larger brood size and injection with an antigen led to a less vivid gape.[39]\nConversely, the red gape of the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) did not induce extra feeding in host parents.[40]\nSome brood parasites, such as the Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (C. fugax), have colored patches on the wing that mimic the gape color of the parasitized species.[41]When born, the chick's gape flanges are fleshy. As it grows into a fledgling, the gape flanges remain somewhat swollen and can thus be used to recognize that a particular bird is young.[42]\nBy the time it reaches adulthood, the gape flanges will no longer be visible.","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saker_Falcon_profile_shot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon"},{"link_name":"tubercule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercule"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capainolo-44"},{"link_name":"nostrils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostril"},{"link_name":"nasal cavities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cavities"},{"link_name":"respiratory system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Respiratory_system"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"Kiwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stettenheim-20"},{"link_name":"Cormorants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormorant"},{"link_name":"darters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darter"},{"link_name":"fledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fledge"},{"link_name":"gannets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannet"},{"link_name":"boobies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"septum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Procellariformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellariformes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon"},{"link_name":"tubercule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercule"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capainolo-44"}],"sub_title":"Nares","text":"Falcons have a small tubercule within each naris.[43]Most species of birds have external nares (nostrils) located somewhere on their beak. The nares are two holes—circular, oval or slit-like in shape—which lead to the nasal cavities within the bird's skull, and thus to the rest of the respiratory system.[10](p375) In most bird species, the nares are located in the basal third of the upper mandible. Kiwi are a notable exception; their nares are located at the tip of their bills.[19] A handful of species have no external nares. Cormorants and darters have primitive external nares as nestlings, but these close soon after the birds fledge; adults of these species (and gannets and boobies of all ages, which also lack external nostrils) breathe through their mouths.[10](p47) There is typically a septum made of bone or cartilage that separates the two nares, but in some families (including gulls, cranes and New World vultures), the septum is missing.[10](p47) While the nares are uncovered in most species, they are covered with feathers in a few groups of birds, including grouse and ptarmigans, crows, and some woodpeckers.[10](p375) The feathers over a ptarmigan's nostrils help to warm the air it inhales,[44]\nwhile those over a woodpecker's nares help to keep wood particles from clogging its nasal passages.[45]Species in the bird order Procellariformes have nostrils enclosed in double tubes which sit atop or along the sides of the upper mandible.[10](p375) These species, which include the albatrosses, petrels, diving petrels, storm petrels, fulmars and shearwaters, are widely known as \"tubenoses\".[46]\nA number of species, including the falcons, have a small bony tubercule which projects from their nares. The function of this tubercule is unknown. Some scientists suggest it may act as a baffle, slowing down or diffusing airflow into the nares (and thus allowing the bird to continue breathing without damaging its respiratory system) during high-speed dives, but this theory has not been proved experimentally. Not all species that fly at high speeds have such tubercules, while some species which fly at low speeds do.[43]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pigeon_portrait_4861.jpg"},{"link_name":"rock dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_dove"},{"link_name":"cartilaginous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-1995-Ornthgy-2nd-5"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitney-Smith-1911-48"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-1995-Ornthgy-2nd-5"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-1995-Ornthgy-2nd-5"},{"link_name":"Attagis seedsnipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attagis"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"tawny frogmouths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_frogmouth"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"pigeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"cere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cere"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coues-1890-4"},{"link_name":"Tapaculos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapaculo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"}],"sub_title":"Operculum","text":"The rock dove's operculum is a mass at the base of the bill.The nares of some birds are covered by an operculum (plural opercula), a membraneous, horny or cartilaginous flap.[5](p117)[47]\nIn diving birds, the operculum keeps water out of the nasal cavity;[5](p117) when the birds dive, the impact force of the water closes the operculum.[48]\nSome species which feed on flowers have opercula to help to keep pollen from clogging their nasal passages,[5](p117) while the opercula of the two species of Attagis seedsnipe help to keep dust out.[49]\nThe nares of nestling tawny frogmouths are covered with large dome-shaped opercula, which help to reduce the rapid evaporation of water vapor, and may also help to increase condensation within the nostrils themselves—both critical functions, since the nestlings get fluids only from the food their parents bring them. These opercula shrink as the birds age, disappearing completely by the time they reach adulthood.[50]\nIn pigeons, the operculum has evolved into a soft swollen mass that sits at the base of the bill, above the nares;[10](p84) though it is sometimes referred to as the cere, this is a different structure.[4](p151) Tapaculos are the only birds known to have the ability to move their opercula.[10](p375)","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"puffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffin"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skomer-puffin-2011-05-53"}],"sub_title":"Rosette","text":"Some species, such as the puffin, have a fleshy rosette, sometimes called a \"gape rosette\",[51]\nat the corners of the beak. In the puffin, this is grown as part of its display plumage.[52]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cere (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cere_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_(language)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"nares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nares"},{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stettenheim-20"},{"link_name":"Montagu's harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagu%27s_harrier"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mougeo-57"},{"link_name":"Eurasian scops-owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_scops-owl"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"great curassow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_curassow"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"budgerigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgerigar"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Cere","text":"\"Cere\" redirects here. For other uses, see Cere (disambiguation).Birds from a handful of families—including raptors, owls, skuas, parrots, turkeys and curassows—have a waxy structure called a cere (from the Latin cera, which means \"wax\") or ceroma[53][54]\nwhich covers the base of their bill. This structure typically contains the nares, except in the owls, where the nares are distal to the cere. Although it is sometimes feathered in parrots,[55]\nthe cere is typically bare and often brightly colored.[19] In raptors, the cere is a sexual signal which indicates the \"quality\" of a bird; the orangeness of a Montagu's harrier's cere, for example, correlates to its body mass and physical condition.[56]\nThe cere color of young Eurasian scops-owls has an ultraviolet (UV) component, with a UV peak that correlates to the bird's mass. A chick with a lower body mass has a UV peak at a higher wavelength than a chick with a higher body mass does. Studies have shown that parent owls preferentially feed chicks with ceres that show higher wavelength UV peaks, that is, lighter-weight chicks.[57]The color or appearance of the cere can be used to distinguish between males and females in some species. For example, the male great curassow has a yellow cere, which the female (and young males) lack.[58]\nThe male budgerigar's cere is royal blue, while the female's is a very pale blue, white, or brown.[59]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_MMB_49_Ruislip_Lido.jpg"},{"link_name":"mute swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_swan"},{"link_name":"Anatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatidae"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliot-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"diving ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_duck"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"mechanoreceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"greater scaup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_scaup"},{"link_name":"lesser scaup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_scaup"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"grey geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goose"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_(language)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliot-62"}],"sub_title":"Nail","text":"The nail is the black tip of this mute swan's beak.All birds of the family Anatidae (ducks, geese, and swans) have a nail, a plate of hard horny tissue at the tip of the beak.[60] This shield-shaped structure, which sometimes spans the entire width of the beak, is often bent at the tip to form a hook.[61]\nIt serves different purposes depending on the bird's primary food source. Most species use their nails to dig seeds out of mud or vegetation,[62]\nwhile diving ducks use theirs to pry molluscs from rocks.[63]\nThere is evidence that the nail may help a bird to grasp objects. Species which use strong grasping motions to secure their food (such as when catching and holding onto a large squirming frog) have very wide nails.[64]\nCertain types of mechanoreceptors, nerve cells that are sensitive to pressure, vibration, or touch, are located under the nail.[65]The shape or color of the nail can sometimes be used to help distinguish between similar-looking species or between various ages of waterfowl. For example, the greater scaup has a wider black nail than does the very similar lesser scaup.[66]\nJuvenile \"grey geese\" have dark nails, while most adults have pale nails.[67]\nThe nail gave the wildfowl family one of its former names: \"Unguirostres\" comes from the Latin ungus, meaning \"nail\" and rostrum, meaning \"beak\".[61]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lederer-69"},{"link_name":"insectivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivorous"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conover-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lederer-69"},{"link_name":"empirical evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cunningham-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conover-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cunningham-71"},{"link_name":"vibrissae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrissae"},{"link_name":"Herbst corpuscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbst_corpuscle"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cunningham-71"}],"sub_title":"Rictal bristles","text":"Rictal bristles are stiff hair-like feathers that arise around the base of the beak.[68]\nThey are common among insectivorous birds, but are also found in some non-insectivorous species.[69]\nTheir function is uncertain, although several possibilities have been proposed.[68] They may function as a \"net\", helping in the capture of flying prey, although to date, there has been no empirical evidence to support this idea.[70]\nThere is some experimental evidence to suggest that they may prevent particles from striking the eyes if, for example, a prey item is missed or broken apart on contact.[69] They may also help to protect the eyes from particles encountered in flight, or from casual contact from vegetation.[70] There is also evidence that the rictal bristles of some species may function tactilely, in a manner similar to that of mammalian whiskers (vibrissae). Studies have shown that Herbst corpuscles, mechanoreceptors sensitive to pressure and vibration, are found in association with rictal bristles. They may help with prey detection, with navigation in darkened nest cavities, with the gathering of information during flight or with prey handling.[70]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arctic_Tern_chick-4c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arctic tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_tern"},{"link_name":"calcified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcified"},{"link_name":"egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perrins-Attenborough-Arlott-1987-72"},{"link_name":"tooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"integumentary system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integumentary_system"},{"link_name":"claws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw"},{"link_name":"scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-1995-Ornthgy-2nd-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-1995-Ornthgy-2nd-5"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perrins-Attenborough-Arlott-1987-72"},{"link_name":"Megapode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapode"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-1995-Ornthgy-2nd-5"},{"link_name":"kiwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"petrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-1995-Ornthgy-2nd-5"},{"link_name":"marbled murrelets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbled_murrelet"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaiser-2007-InrBrd-75"},{"link_name":"songbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songbird"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-1995-Ornthgy-2nd-5"}],"text":"This Arctic tern chick still has its egg tooth, the small white projection near the tip of its upper mandible.Full-term chicks of most bird species have a small sharp, calcified projection on their beak, which they use to chip their way out of their egg.[10](p178)\nCommonly known as an egg tooth, this white spike is generally near the tip of the upper mandible, though some species have one near the tip of their lower mandible instead, and a few species have one on each mandible.[71]\nDespite its name, the projection is not an actual tooth, as the similarly-named projections of some reptiles are; instead, it is part of the integumentary system, as are claws and scales.[72]\nThe hatching chick first uses its egg tooth to break the membrane around an air chamber at the wide end of the egg. Then it pecks at the eggshell while turning slowly within the egg, eventually (over a period of hours or days) creating a series of small circular fractures in the shell.[5](p427)\nOnce it has breached the egg's surface, the chick continues to chip at it until it has made a large hole. The weakened egg eventually shatters under the pressure of the bird's movements.[5](p428)The egg tooth is so critical to a successful escape from the egg that chicks of most species will perish unhatched if they fail to develop one.[71] However, there are a few species which do not have egg teeth. Megapode chicks have an egg tooth while still in the egg but lose it before hatching,[5](p427) while kiwi chicks never develop one; chicks of both families escape their eggs by kicking their way out.[73]\nMost chicks lose their egg teeth within a few days of hatching,[10](p178) though petrels keep theirs for nearly three weeks[5](p428) and marbled murrelets have theirs for up to a month.[74]\nGenerally, the egg tooth drops off, though in songbirds it is resorbed.[5](p428)","title":"Egg tooth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pigments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"melanins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin"},{"link_name":"carotenoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoids"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Eumelanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumelanin"},{"link_name":"Phaeomelanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeomelanin"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-2010-NG-77"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-2010-NG-77"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-2010-NG-77"},{"link_name":"hue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue"},{"link_name":"saturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-2010-NG-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers-Kaplan-2000-78"},{"link_name":"hormonal state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell23-32"},{"link_name":"seeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_vision"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jouventin-79"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mougeo-57"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jouventin-79"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_penguin"},{"link_name":"emperor penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_penguin"},{"link_name":"conspecifics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspecific"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jouventin-79"}],"text":"The color of a bird's beak results from concentrations of pigments — primarily melanins and carotenoids — in the epidermal layers, including the rhamphotheca.[75]\nEumelanin, which is found in the bare parts of many bird species, is responsible for all shades of gray and black; the denser the deposits of pigment found in the epidermis, the darker the resulting color. Phaeomelanin produces \"earth tones\" ranging from gold and rufous to various shades of brown.[76]: 62 Although it is thought to occur in combination with eumelanin in beaks which are buff, tan, or horn-colored, researchers have yet to isolate phaeomelanin from any beak structure.[76]: 63 More than a dozen types of carotenoids are responsible for the coloration of most red, orange, and yellow beaks.[76]: 64The hue of the color is determined by the precise mix of red and yellow pigments, while the saturation is determined by the density of the deposited pigments. For example, bright red is created by dense deposits of mostly red pigments, while dull yellow is created by diffuse deposits of mostly yellow pigments. Bright orange is created by dense deposits of both red and yellow pigments, in roughly equal concentrations.[76]: 66 Beak coloration helps to make displays using those beaks more obvious.[77](p155) In general, beak color depends on a combination of the bird's hormonal state and diet. Colors are typically brightest as the breeding season approaches, and palest after breeding.[31]Birds are capable of seeing colors in the ultraviolet range, and some species are known to have ultraviolet peaks of reflectance (indicating the presence of ultraviolet color) on their beaks.[78] The presence and intensity of these peaks may indicate a bird's fitness,[56] sexual maturity or pair bond status.\n[78]\nKing and emperor penguins, for example, show spots of ultraviolet reflectance only as adults. These spots are brighter on paired birds than on courting birds. The position of such spots on the beak may be important in allowing birds to identify conspecifics. For instance, the very similarly-plumaged king and emperor penguins have UV-reflective spots in different positions on their beaks.[78]","title":"Color"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huia_Buller.jpg"},{"link_name":"Huia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huia"},{"link_name":"intraspecific competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraspecific_competition"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"American avocets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_avocet"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"hornbills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbill"},{"link_name":"sexual dimorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"casques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casque_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"huia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-Lack-1985-DctyBrds-11"},{"link_name":"androgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen"},{"link_name":"house sparrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_sparrow"},{"link_name":"testosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone"},{"link_name":"castrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castration"},{"link_name":"black-headed gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-headed_gull"},{"link_name":"indigo buntings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_bunting"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"The beaks of the now-extinct Huia (female upper, male lower) show marked sexual dimorphismThe size and shape of the beak can vary across species as well as between them; in some species, the size and proportions of the beak vary between males and females. This allows the sexes to utilize different ecological niches, thereby reducing intraspecific competition.[79]\nFor example, females of nearly all shorebirds have longer bills than males of the same species,[80]\nand female American avocets have beaks which are slightly more upturned than those of males.[81]\nMales of the larger gull species have bigger, stouter beaks than those of females of the same species, and immatures can have smaller, more slender beaks than those of adults.[82]\nMany hornbills show sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of both beaks and casques, and the female huia's slim, decurved bill was nearly twice as long as the male's straight, thicker one.[10](p48)Color can also differ between sexes or ages within a species. Typically, such a color difference is due to the presence of androgens. For example, in house sparrows, melanins are produced only in the presence of testosterone; castrated male house sparrows—like female house sparrows—have brown beaks. Castration also prevents the normal seasonal color change in the beaks of male black-headed gulls and indigo buntings.[83]","title":"Dimorphism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-87"}],"text":"The beak of modern birds has a fused premaxillary bone, which is modulated by the expression of Fgf8 gene in the frontonasal ectodermal zone during embryonic development.[84]The shape of the beak is determined by two modules: the prenasal cartilage during early embryonic stage and the premaxillary bone during later stages. Development of the prenasal cartilage is regulated by genes Bmp4 and CaM, while that of the premaxillary bone is controlled by TGFβllr, β-catenin, and Dickkopf-3.[85][86] TGFβllr codes for a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates gene transcription upon ligand binding; previous work has highlighted its role in mammalian craniofacial skeletal development.[87] β-catenin is involved in the differentiation of terminal bone cells. Dickkopf-3 codes for a secreted protein also known to be expressed in mammalian craniofacial development. The combination of these signals determines beak growth along the length, depth, and width axes. Reduced expression of TGFβllr significantly decreased the depth and length of chicken embryonic beak due to the underdevelopment of the premaxillary bone.[88] Contrarily, an increase in Bmp4 signaling would result in a reduced premaxillary bone due to the overdevelopment of the prenasal cartilage, which takes up more mesenchymal cells for cartilage, instead of bone, formation.[85][86]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barn owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_owl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Platypus_in_Geelong.jpg"},{"link_name":"platypus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus"}],"text":"Three barn owls threatening an intruder. Barn owl threat displays usually include hissing and bill-snapping, as hereThe platypus uses its bill to navigate underwater, detect food, and dig. The bill contains receptors that help detect prey.","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"raptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(bird)"},{"link_name":"prey animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"tough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughness"},{"link_name":"grosbeaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosbeak"},{"link_name":"cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinalidae"},{"link_name":"compressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physics)"},{"link_name":"nutcracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker"},{"link_name":"pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican"},{"link_name":"Woodpeckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodpecker"},{"link_name":"pecking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecking"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"}],"sub_title":"Eating","text":"Different species' beaks have evolved according to their diet; for example, raptors have sharp-pointed beaks that facilitate dissection and biting off of prey animals' tissue, whereas passerine birds that specialize in eating seeds with especially tough shells (such as grosbeaks and cardinals) have large, stout beaks with high compressive power (on the same principle as a human-devised nutcracker). Birds that fish for a living have beaks adapted for that pursuit; for example, pelicans' beaks are well adapted for scooping up and swallowing fish whole. Woodpeckers have beaks well adapted for pecking apart wood while hunting for their meals of arthropods.","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"Self-defensive pecking","text":"Birds may bite or stab with their beaks to defend themselves.[89]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"garganey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garganey"},{"link_name":"speculum feathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_feather"},{"link_name":"Mandarin duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_duck"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers-Kaplan-2000-78"},{"link_name":"Red-bellied woodpeckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-bellied_woodpecker"},{"link_name":"bird feeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_feeder"}],"sub_title":"Displays (for courtship, territoriality, or deterrence)","text":"Some species use their beaks in displays of various sorts. As part of his courtship, for example, the male garganey touches his beak to the blue speculum feathers on his wings in a fake preening display, and the male Mandarin duck does the same with his orange sail feathers.[77](p20) A number of species use a gaping, open beak in their fear and/or threat displays. Some augment the display by hissing or breathing heavily, while others clap their beak. Red-bellied woodpeckers at bird feeders often wave their formidable beaks at competing birds who get too close, clearly signaling \"this seed's mine, you can't have it.\"","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platypus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus"},{"link_name":"electroreception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroreception"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Grandry corpuscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandry_corpuscle"}],"sub_title":"Sensory detection","text":"The platypus uses its bill to navigate underwater, detect food, and dig. The bill contains electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors, causing muscular contractions to help detect prey. It is one of the few species of mammals to use electroreception.[90][91] The beaks of aquatic birds contain Grandry corpuscles, which assist in velocity detection while filter feeding.","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ectoparasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoparasitic_infestation"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clayton-Lee-Thompkins-Brodie-1999-09-AmNat-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pomeroy-1962-02-BB-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyd-1951-Parstgy-37-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Worth-1940-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ash-1960-Ibis-102-97"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clayton-Lee-Thompkins-Brodie-1999-09-AmNat-93"},{"link_name":"stabilising natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizing_selection"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clayton-Moyer-Bush-etal-2005-04-22-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moyer-Peterson-Clayton-2002-Cndr-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clayton-Walther-2001-09-100"},{"link_name":"coevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clayton-Lee-Thompkins-Brodie-1999-09-AmNat-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clayton-Lee-Thompkins-Brodie-1999-09-AmNat-93"}],"sub_title":"Preening","text":"The beak of birds plays a role in removing skin parasites (ectoparasites) such as lice. It is mainly the tip of the beak that does this. Studies have shown that inserting a bit to stop birds from using the tip results in increased parasite loads in pigeons.[92]\nBirds that have naturally deformed beaks have also been noted to have higher levels of parasites.[93][94][95][96]\nIt is thought that the overhang at the end of the top portion of the beak (that is the portion that begins to curve downwards) slides against the lower beak to crush parasites.[92]This overhang of the beak is thought to be under stabilising natural selection. Very long beaks are thought to be selected against because they are prone to a higher number of breaks, as has been demonstrated in rock pigeons.[97] Beaks with no overhang would be unable to effectively remove and kill ectoparasites as mentioned above. Studies have supported there is a selection pressure for an intermediate amount of overhang. Western Scrub Jays who had more symmetrical bills (i.e. those with less of an overhang), were found to have higher amounts of lice when tested.[98] The same pattern has been seen in surveys of Peruvian birds.[99]Additionally, because of the role beaks play in preening, this is evidence for coevolution of the beak overhang morphology and body morphology of parasites. Artificially removing the ability to preen in birds, followed by readdition of preening ability was shown to result in changes in body size in lice. Once the ability of the birds to preen was reintroduced, the lice were found to show declines in body size suggesting they may evolve in response to preening pressures from birds[92] who could respond in turn with changes in beak morphology.[92]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"storks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork"},{"link_name":"owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl"},{"link_name":"frogmouths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogmouth"},{"link_name":"noisy miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy_miner"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers-Kaplan-2000-78"},{"link_name":"aural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aural"}],"sub_title":"Communicative percussion","text":"A number of species, including storks, some owls, frogmouths and the noisy miner, use bill clapping as a form of communication.[77](p83) Some woodpecker species are known to use percussion as a courtship activity, whereas males will get the (aural) attention of females from a distance and then impress them with the sound volume and pattern. This explains why humans are sometimes inconvenienced by pecking that clearly has no feeding purpose (such as when the bird pecks on sheet metal repeatedly).","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toco toucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toco_toucan"},{"link_name":"blood flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_flow"},{"link_name":"elephant's ears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant#Ears_and_eyes"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tattersall-Andrade-Abe-2009-07-24-101"},{"link_name":"American sparrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_sparrow"},{"link_name":"salt marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenbert-Danner-Olsen-Luther-2011-07-14-102"},{"link_name":"ratites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratite"},{"link_name":"common ostrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ostrich"},{"link_name":"emu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu"},{"link_name":"southern cassowary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_cassowary"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phillips-Sanborn-1994-12-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciDai-2010-06-23-EvBrdBills-104"}],"sub_title":"Heat exchange","text":"Studies have shown that some birds use their beaks to rid themselves of excess heat. The toco toucan, which has the largest beak relative to the size of its body of any bird species, is capable of modifying the blood flow to its beak. This process allows the beak to work as a \"transient thermal radiator\", reportedly rivaling an elephant's ears in its ability to radiate body heat.[100]Measurements of the bill sizes of several species of American sparrows found in salt marshes along the North American coastlines show a strong correlation with summer temperatures recorded in the locations where the sparrows breed; latitude alone showed a much weaker correlation. By dumping excess heat through their bills, the sparrows are able to avoid the water loss which would be required by evaporative cooling—an important benefit in a windy habitat where freshwater is scarce.[101]\nSeveral ratites, including the common ostrich, the emu and the southern cassowary, use various bare parts of their bodies (including their beaks) to dissipate as much as 40% of their metabolic heat production.[102]\nAlternately, studies have shown that birds from colder climates (higher altitudes or latitudes and lower environmental temperatures) have smaller beaks, lessening heat loss from that structure.[103]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morus_bassanus_billing.jpg"},{"link_name":"northern gannets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_gannet"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bierma-2004-08-12-105"},{"link_name":"pair bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_bond"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terres-1980-Audbn-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schrieber-Burger-2002-BioMrnBrds-107"},{"link_name":"Gannets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannet"},{"link_name":"puffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffin"},{"link_name":"waxwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxwing"},{"link_name":"ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Canada jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_jay"},{"link_name":"bird food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_food"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-1980-SociBiol-109"},{"link_name":"rhinonyssids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinonyssidae"},{"link_name":"Trichomonas gallinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomonas_gallinae"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amerson-1967-05-JMEnt-110"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Park-2011-03-av-trich-111"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Partridge-2001-Shksp-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burton-Burton-1980-IWE-113"}],"text":"When billing, northern gannets raise their beaks high and clatter them against each other.During courtship, mated pairs of many bird species touch or clasp each other's bills. Termed billing (also nebbing in British English),[104]\nthis behavior appears to strengthen pair bonding.[105]The amount of contact involved varies among species. Some gently touch only a part of their partner's beak while others clash their beaks vigorously together.[106]Gannets raise their bills high and repeatedly clatter them, the male puffin nibbles at the female's beak, the male waxwing puts his bill in the female's mouth and ravens hold each other's beaks in a prolonged \"kiss\".[107]\nBilling can also be used as a gesture of appeasement or subordination. Subordinate Canada jay routinely bill more dominant birds, lowering their body and quivering their wings in the manner of a young bird food begging as they do so.[108]\nA number of parasites, including rhinonyssids and Trichomonas gallinae are known to be transferred between birds during episodes of billing.[109][110]Use of the term extends beyond avian behavior; \"billing and cooing\" in reference to human courtship (particularly kissing) has been in use since Shakespeare's time,[111] and derives from the courtship of doves.[112]","title":"Billing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grandin-2010-CABI-114"},{"link_name":"poultry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry"},{"link_name":"laying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_hen"},{"link_name":"broiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broiler"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cannibalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"vent pecking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vent_pecking"},{"link_name":"feather pecking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather_pecking"},{"link_name":"neuromas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromas"},{"link_name":"adrenal glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland"},{"link_name":"corticosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosterone"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grandin-2010-CABI-114"},{"link_name":"avian veterinarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_veterinarian"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster-Smith-c2012-115"},{"link_name":"raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_prey"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ash-2004-2020-116"}],"text":"Because the beak is a sensitive organ with many sensory receptors, beak trimming (sometimes referred to as 'debeaking') is \"acutely painful\"[113] to the birds it is performed on. It is nonetheless routinely done to intensively farmed poultry flocks, particularly laying and broiler breeder flocks, because it helps reduce the damage the flocks inflict on themselves due to a number of stress-induced behaviors, including cannibalism, vent pecking and feather pecking. A cauterizing blade or infrared beam is used to cut off about half of the upper beak and about a third of the lower beak. Pain and sensitivity can persist for weeks or months after the procedure, and neuromas can form along the cut edges. Food intake typically decreases for some period after the beak is trimmed. However, studies show that trimmed poultry's adrenal glands weigh less, and their plasma corticosterone levels are lower than those found in untrimmed poultry, indicating that they are less stressed overall.[113]A similar but separate practice, usually performed by an avian veterinarian or an experienced birdkeeper, involves clipping, filing or sanding the beaks of captive birds for health purposes – in order to correct or temporarily alleviate overgrowths or deformities and better allow the bird to go about its normal feeding and preening activities.[114]Amongst raptor keepers, this practice is commonly known as \"coping\".[115]","title":"Beak trimming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TeTuatahianui.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kiwis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)"},{"link_name":"corpuscles of Herbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpuscles_of_Herbst"},{"link_name":"ibises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibis"},{"link_name":"Scolopacidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolopacidae"},{"link_name":"kiwis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cunningham-Alley-Castro-etal-2010-Auk-117"},{"link_name":"parrots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot"},{"link_name":"keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"link_name":"rhamphotheca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rhamphotheca"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Demery-Chappell-Martin-2011-118"}],"text":"Kiwis have a probing bill that allows them to detect motionThe bill tip organ is a region found near the tip of the bill in several types of birds that forage particularly by probing. The region has a high density of nerve endings known as the corpuscles of Herbst. This consists of pits in the bill surface which in the living bird is occupied by cells that sense pressure changes. The assumption is that this allows the bird to perform 'remote touch', which means that it can detect movements of animals which the bird does not directly touch. Bird species known to have a 'bill-tip organ' include ibises, shorebirds of the family Scolopacidae, and kiwis.[116]There is a suggestion that across these species, the bill tip organ is better-developed among species foraging in wet habitats (water column, or soft mud) than in species using a more terrestrial foraging. However, it has been described in terrestrial birds too, including parrots, who are known for their dextrous extractive foraging techniques. Unlike probing foragers, the tactile pits in parrots are embedded in the hard keratin (or rhamphotheca) of the bill, rather than the bone, and along the inner edges of the curved bill, rather than being on the outside of the bill.[117]","title":"Bill tip organ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Catalogue of Species\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/catalogueofspeci00shar"}],"text":"^ \nFor an explanation of desmognathous, aegithognathous, etc. with images see \"Catalogue of Species\". 1891 – via Archive.org..","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Comparison of bird beaks, displaying different shapes adapted to different feeding methods. Not to scale.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BirdBeaksA.svg/220px-BirdBeaksA.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The bony core of the beak is a lightweight framework, like that seen on this barn owl's skull.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chouette_cr%C3%A2ne_%282%29.jpg/220px-Chouette_cr%C3%A2ne_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A gull's upper mandible can flex upwards because it is supported by small bones which can move slightly backwards and forwards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gull_Beak_IMG_1575.JPG/220px-Gull_Beak_IMG_1575.JPG"},{"image_text":"Position of vomer (shaded red) in neognathae (left) and paleognathae (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PaleognathNeognath.png/220px-PaleognathNeognath.png"},{"image_text":"The sawtooth serrations on a common merganser's bill help it to hold tight to its fish prey.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mergus_merganser_-Hogganfield_Loch%2C_Glasgow%2C_Scotland_-female-8.jpg/220px-Mergus_merganser_-Hogganfield_Loch%2C_Glasgow%2C_Scotland_-female-8.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bird's culmen is measured in a straight line from the tip of the beak to a set point — here, where the feathering starts on the bird's forehead.[27]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MeasureBeakThrush.jpg/220px-MeasureBeakThrush.jpg"},{"image_text":"The gapes of juvenile altricial birds are often brightly coloured, as in this common starling.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sturnus_vulgaris_fledgeling.jpg/220px-Sturnus_vulgaris_fledgeling.jpg"},{"image_text":"The gape flange on this juvenile house sparrow is the yellowish region at the base of the beak.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/House_sparrow_portrait.jpg/220px-House_sparrow_portrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"Falcons have a small tubercule within each naris.[43]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Saker_Falcon_profile_shot.jpg/220px-Saker_Falcon_profile_shot.jpg"},{"image_text":"The rock dove's operculum is a mass at the base of the bill.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pigeon_portrait_4861.jpg/220px-Pigeon_portrait_4861.jpg"},{"image_text":"The nail is the black tip of this mute swan's beak.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/London_MMB_49_Ruislip_Lido.jpg/220px-London_MMB_49_Ruislip_Lido.jpg"},{"image_text":"This Arctic tern chick still has its egg tooth, the small white projection near the tip of its upper mandible.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Arctic_Tern_chick-4c.jpg/220px-Arctic_Tern_chick-4c.jpg"},{"image_text":"The beaks of the now-extinct Huia (female upper, male lower) show marked sexual dimorphism","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Huia_Buller.jpg/220px-Huia_Buller.jpg"},{"image_text":"Three barn owls threatening an intruder. Barn owl threat displays usually include hissing and bill-snapping, as here"},{"image_text":"The platypus uses its bill to navigate underwater, detect food, and dig. The bill contains receptors that help detect prey.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Platypus_in_Geelong.jpg/220px-Platypus_in_Geelong.jpg"},{"image_text":"When billing, northern gannets raise their beaks high and clatter them against each other.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Morus_bassanus_billing.jpg/220px-Morus_bassanus_billing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kiwis have a probing bill that allows them to detect motion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/220px-TeTuatahianui.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bird anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_anatomy"},{"title":"Rostrum (anatomy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)"},{"title":"Snout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snout"}]	[{"reference":"\"Catalogue of Species\". 1891 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofspeci00shar","url_text":"\"Catalogue of Species\""}]},{"reference":"Partington, Charles Frederick (1835). The British cyclopæedia of natural history: Combining a scientific classification of animals, plants, and minerals. Orr & Smith. p. 417.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/britishcyclopd02partrich","url_text":"The British cyclopæedia of natural history: Combining a scientific classification of animals, plants, and minerals"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/britishcyclopd02partrich/page/417","url_text":"417"}]},{"reference":"Proctor, Noble S.; Lynch, Patrick J. (1998). Manual of Ornithology: Avian structure and function. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-300-07619-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07619-6","url_text":"978-0-300-07619-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Beak\". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/beak","url_text":"\"Beak\""}]},{"reference":"Coues, Elliott (1890). Handbook of Field and General Ornithology. London, UK: Macmillan and Co. pp. 1, 147, 151–152, 155. OCLC 263166207.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Coues","url_text":"Coues, Elliott"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32046","url_text":"Handbook of Field and General Ornithology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32046/page/n210","url_text":"1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/263166207","url_text":"263166207"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank B. (1995). Ornithology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 149, 427–428. ISBN 978-0-7167-2415-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-2415-5","url_text":"978-0-7167-2415-5"}]},{"reference":"Seki, Yasuaki; Bodde, Sara G.; Meyers, Marc A. (2009). \"Toucan and hornbill beaks: A comparative study\" (PDF). Acta Biomaterialia. 6 (2): 331–343. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.026. PMID 19699818. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402203544/http://www.meyersgroup.ucsd.edu/papers/journals/Meyers%20326.pdf","url_text":"\"Toucan and hornbill beaks: A comparative study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actbio.2009.08.026","url_text":"10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19699818","url_text":"19699818"},{"url":"http://www.meyersgroup.ucsd.edu/papers/journals/Meyers%20326.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Olsen, A.M. (3–7 Jan 2012). Beyond the beak: Modeling avian cranial kinesis and the evolution of bird skull shapes. Society for Integrative & Comparative Biology. Charleston, South Carolina. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075409/http://sicb.org/meetings/2012/schedule/abstractdetails.php?id=542","url_text":"Beyond the beak: Modeling avian cranial kinesis and the evolution of bird skull shapes"},{"url":"http://sicb.org/meetings/2012/schedule/abstractdetails.php?id=542","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mayr, Gerald (2005). \"A new eocene Chascacocolius-like mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with a remarkable gaping adaptation\" (PDF). Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 5 (3): 167–171. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/chascacocolius.pdf","url_text":"\"A new eocene Chascacocolius-like mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with a remarkable gaping adaptation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ode.2004.10.013","url_text":"10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.013"}]},{"reference":"Kaiser, Gary W. (2007). The Inner Bird: Anatomy and Evolution. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7748-1343-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1343-3","url_text":"978-0-7748-1343-3"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth, eds. (1985). A Dictionary of Birds. Carlton, England: T and A.D. Poyser. ISBN 978-0-85661-039-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85661-039-4","url_text":"978-0-85661-039-4"}]},{"reference":"Bonser, R.H. & Witter, M.S. (1993). \"Indentation hardness of the bill keratin of the European starling\" (PDF). The Condor. 95 (3): 736–738. doi:10.2307/1369622. JSTOR 1369622.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v095n03/p0736-p0738.pdf","url_text":"\"Indentation hardness of the bill keratin of the European starling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1369622","url_text":"10.2307/1369622"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1369622","url_text":"1369622"}]},{"reference":"Beddard, Frank E. (1898). The structure and classification of birds. London, UK: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022531309#page/n28/mode/1up","url_text":"The structure and classification of birds"}]},{"reference":"Pitocchelli, Jay; John F. Piatt; Harry R. Carter (2003). \"Variation in plumage, molt, and morphology of the Whiskered Auklet (Aethia pygmaea) in Alaska\". Journal of Field Ornithology. 74 (1): 90–98. doi:10.1648/0273-8570-74.1.90. S2CID 85982302.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1648%2F0273-8570-74.1.90","url_text":"10.1648/0273-8570-74.1.90"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85982302","url_text":"85982302"}]},{"reference":"Knopf, F.L. (1974). \"Schedule of presupplemental molt of white pelicans with notes on the bill horn\" (PDF). Condor. 77 (3): 356–359. doi:10.2307/1366249. JSTOR 1366249.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v077n03/p0356-p0359.pdf","url_text":"\"Schedule of presupplemental molt of white pelicans with notes on the bill horn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1366249","url_text":"10.2307/1366249"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1366249","url_text":"1366249"}]},{"reference":"Chernova, O.F.; Fadeeva, E.O. (2009). \"The peculiar architectonics of contour feathers of the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae, Struthioniformes)\". Doklady Biological Sciences. 425: 175–179. doi:10.1134/S0012496609020264. S2CID 38791844.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0012496609020264","url_text":"10.1134/S0012496609020264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38791844","url_text":"38791844"}]},{"reference":"Hieronymus, Tobin L.; Witmer, Lawrence M. (2010). \"Homology and evolution of avian compound rhamphothecae\". The Auk. 127 (3): 590–604. doi:10.1525/auk.2010.09122. S2CID 18430834.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fauk.2010.09122","url_text":"10.1525/auk.2010.09122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18430834","url_text":"18430834"}]},{"reference":"Stettenheim, Peter R. (2000). \"The Integumentary Morphology of Modern Birds—An Overview\". 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The Auk. 111 (3): 703–710.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v111n03/p0703-p0710.pdf","url_text":"\"Serrate Tomia: An Adaptation for Nectar Robbing in Hummingbirds?\""}]},{"reference":"Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988). Wildfowl. London, UK: Christopher Helm. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-0-7470-2201-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7470-2201-5","url_text":"978-0-7470-2201-5"}]},{"reference":"Pyle, Peter; Howell, Steve N. G.; Yunick, Robert P.; DeSante, David F. (1987). Identification Guide to North America Passerines. Bolinas, CA: Slate Creek Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-9618940-0-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9618940-0-9","url_text":"978-0-9618940-0-9"}]},{"reference":"Borras, A.; Pascual, J.; Senar, J. C. (Autumn 2000). \"What Do Different Bill Measures Measure and What Is the Best Method to Use in Granivorous Birds?\" (PDF). Journal of Field Ornithology. 71 (4): 606–611. doi:10.1648/0273-8570-71.4.606. JSTOR 4514529. S2CID 86597085.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bcn.cat/museuciencies_fitxers/imatges/FitxerContingut1987.pdf","url_text":"\"What Do Different Bill Measures Measure and What Is the Best Method to Use in Granivorous Birds?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1648%2F0273-8570-71.4.606","url_text":"10.1648/0273-8570-71.4.606"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4514529","url_text":"4514529"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86597085","url_text":"86597085"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Peter J.; Wolfe, Stephen L.; Hertz, Paul E.; Starr, Cecie (2008). Biology: The Dynamic Science. Vol. 2. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks / Cole. p. 1255. ISBN 978-0-495-01033-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-01033-3","url_text":"978-0-495-01033-3"}]},{"reference":"Newman, Kenneth B. (2000). Newman's birds by colour. Struik. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-86872-448-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rL7Bj_3C0u0C&pg=PA14","url_text":"Newman's birds by colour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-448-2","url_text":"978-1-86872-448-2"}]},{"reference":"Wheelwright, N.T. (1985). \"Fruit size, gape width and the diets of fruit-eating birds\" (PDF). Ecology. 66 (3): 808–818. doi:10.2307/1940542. JSTOR 1940542. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2013-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160408055802/http://www.bowdoin.edu/faculty/n/nwheelwr/pdf/FruitsizeGape.pdf","url_text":"\"Fruit size, gape width and the diets of fruit-eating birds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1940542","url_text":"10.2307/1940542"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1940542","url_text":"1940542"},{"url":"http://www.bowdoin.edu/faculty/n/nwheelwr/pdf/FruitsizeGape.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Soler, J.J.; Avilés, J.M. (2010). Halsey, Lewis George (ed.). \"Sibling competition and conspicuousness of nestling gapes in altricial birds: A comparative study\". PLoS ONE. 5 (5): e10509. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510509S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010509. PMC 2865545. PMID 20463902.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2865545","url_text":"\"Sibling competition and conspicuousness of nestling gapes in altricial birds: A comparative study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLoS_ONE","url_text":"PLoS ONE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...510509S","url_text":"2010PLoSO...510509S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010509","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0010509"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2865545","url_text":"2865545"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20463902","url_text":"20463902"}]},{"reference":"Hauber, Mark & Rebecca M. Kilner (2007). \"Coevolution, communication, and host-chick mimicry in parasitic finches: who mimics whom?\" (PDF). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 61 (4): 497–503. doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0291-0. S2CID 44030487. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320104718/http://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/zoostaff/BBE/Kilner/PDFs/Hauber%26KilnerBES2007.pdf","url_text":"\"Coevolution, communication, and host-chick mimicry in parasitic finches: who mimics whom?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-006-0291-0","url_text":"10.1007/s00265-006-0291-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44030487","url_text":"44030487"},{"url":"http://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/zoostaff/BBE/Kilner/PDFs/Hauber%26KilnerBES2007.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Sarah; Kilner, Rebecca M.; Langmore, Naomi E.; Bennett, Andrew T.D. (2003). \"Conspicuous, ultravioletrich mouth colours in begging chicks\". Biology Letters. 270 (Suppl 1): S‑25–S‑28. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0009. PMC 1698012. PMID 12952627.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698012","url_text":"\"Conspicuous, ultravioletrich mouth colours in begging chicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0009","url_text":"10.1098/rsbl.2003.0009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698012","url_text":"1698012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12952627","url_text":"12952627"}]},{"reference":"Schuetz, Justin G. (October 2005). \"Reduced growth but not survival of chicks with altered gape patterns\". Animal Behaviour. 70 (4): 839–848. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.007. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53170955.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2005.01.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3472","url_text":"0003-3472"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53170955","url_text":"53170955"}]},{"reference":"Nicola, Saino; Roberto, Ambrosini; Roberta, Martinelli; Paola, Ninni; Anders Pape, Møller (2003). \"Gape coloration reliably reflects immunocompetence of barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) nestlings\" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology. 14 (1): 16–22. doi:10.1093/beheco/14.1.16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711084908/http://www.georgealozano.com/papers/Saino2K03.pdf","url_text":"\"Gape coloration reliably reflects immunocompetence of barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) nestlings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F14.1.16","url_text":"10.1093/beheco/14.1.16"},{"url":"http://www.georgealozano.com/papers/Saino2K03.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Noble, D.G.; Davies, N.B.; Hartley, I.R.; McRae, S.B. (July 1999). \"The Red Gape of the Nestling Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) is not a supernormal stimulus for three common hosts\". Behaviour. 136 (9): 759–777. doi:10.1163/156853999501559. JSTOR 4535638.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853999501559","url_text":"10.1163/156853999501559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4535638","url_text":"4535638"}]},{"reference":"Tanaka, Keita D.; Morimoto, Gen; Ueda, Keisuke (2005). \"Yellow wing-patch of a nestling Horsfield's hawk cuckoo Cuculus fugax induces miscognition by hosts: Mimicking a gape?\". Journal of Avian Biology. 36 (5): 461–64. doi:10.1111/j.2005.0908-8857.03439.x. Archived from the original on 2012-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121021001003/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118658308/abstract","url_text":"\"Yellow wing-patch of a nestling Horsfield's hawk cuckoo Cuculus fugax induces miscognition by hosts: Mimicking a gape?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2005.0908-8857.03439.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.2005.0908-8857.03439.x"},{"url":"http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118658308/abstract","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zickefoose, Julie. \"Backyard Mystery Birds\". Bird Watcher's Digest. Retrieved 2010-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birdwatchersdigest.com/site/backyard_birds/bird_Id/mystery_birds.aspx","url_text":"\"Backyard Mystery Birds\""}]},{"reference":"Capainolo, Peter; Butler, Carol (2010). How Fast Can a Falcon Dive?. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8135-4790-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/howfastcanfalcon0000capa/page/51","url_text":"How Fast Can a Falcon Dive?"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/howfastcanfalcon0000capa/page/51","url_text":"51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4790-9","url_text":"978-0-8135-4790-9"}]},{"reference":"Gellhorn, Joyce (2007). White-tailed ptarmigan: Ghosts of the alpine tundra. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-55566-397-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55566-397-1","url_text":"978-1-55566-397-1"}]},{"reference":"Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1998). The Birder's Handbook: A field guide to the natural history of North American birds. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-671-65989-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/birdershandbookf00ehrl_0/page/209","url_text":"The Birder's Handbook: A field guide to the natural history of North American birds"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/birdershandbookf00ehrl_0/page/209","url_text":"209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-65989-9","url_text":"978-0-671-65989-9"}]},{"reference":"Carboneras, Carlos (1992). \"Family Diomedeidae (Albatrosses)\". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 199. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Birds_of_the_World","url_text":"Handbook of Birds of the World"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/199","url_text":"199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-10-8","url_text":"978-84-87334-10-8"}]},{"reference":"Whitney, William Dwight; Smith, Benjamin Eli (1911). The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: The Century Company. p. 4123. LCCN 11031934.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dhTpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA4123","url_text":"The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/11031934","url_text":"11031934"}]},{"reference":"Bock, Walter J. (1989). \"Organisms as functional machines: A connectivity explanation\". American Zoologist. 29 (3): 1119–1132. doi:10.1093/icb/29.3.1119. JSTOR 3883510.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F29.3.1119","url_text":"\"Organisms as functional machines: A connectivity explanation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F29.3.1119","url_text":"10.1093/icb/29.3.1119"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3883510","url_text":"3883510"}]},{"reference":"Tudge, Colin (2009). The Bird: A natural history of who birds are, where they came from, and how they live. New York, NY: Crown Publishers. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-307-34204-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/birdnaturalhisto0000tudg/page/140","url_text":"The Bird: A natural history of who birds are, where they came from, and how they live"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/birdnaturalhisto0000tudg/page/140","url_text":"140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-34204-1","url_text":"978-0-307-34204-1"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Gisela T. (2007). Tawny Frogmouth. Collingwood, Victoria: Csiro Publishing. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-643-09239-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tawnyfrogmouthau00kapl","url_text":"Tawny Frogmouth"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tawnyfrogmouthau00kapl/page/n50","url_text":"40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09239-6","url_text":"978-0-643-09239-6"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Mike P. (2014). \"Aging Atlantic puffins Fratercula arctica in summer and winter\" (PDF). Seabird. 27. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology: 22–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160611084736/http://www.seabirdgroup.org.uk/journals/seabird_27/seabird-27-21.pdf","url_text":"\"Aging Atlantic puffins Fratercula arctica in summer and winter\""},{"url":"http://www.seabirdgroup.org.uk/journals/seabird_27/seabird-27-21.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Skomer Island Puffin\" (PDF). www.welshwildlife.org (factsheet). May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.welshwildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Puffin.pdf","url_text":"\"Skomer Island Puffin\""}]},{"reference":"Eleanor Lawrence (2008). Henderson's Dictionary of Biology (14th ed.). Pearson Benjamin Cummings Prentice Hall. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-321-50579-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ymGPfl_HDv8C&pg=PA111","url_text":"Henderson's Dictionary of Biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-50579-8","url_text":"978-0-321-50579-8"}]},{"reference":"Jupiter, Tony; Parr, Mike (2010). Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. A&C Black. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4081-3575-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kqYmmbZXlOkC","url_text":"Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3575-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-3575-4"}]},{"reference":"Mougeo, François; Arroyo, Beatriz E. (22 June 2006). \"Ultraviolet reflectance by the cere of raptors\". Biology Letters. 2 (2): 173–176. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0434. PMC 1618910. PMID 17148356.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618910","url_text":"\"Ultraviolet reflectance by the cere of raptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2005.0434","url_text":"10.1098/rsbl.2005.0434"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618910","url_text":"1618910"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17148356","url_text":"17148356"}]},{"reference":"Parejo, Deseada; Avilés, Jesús M.; Rodriguez, Juan (23 April 2010). \"Visual cues and parental favouritism in a nocturnal bird\". Biology Letters. 6 (2): 171–173. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0769. PMC 2865047. PMID 19864276.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2865047","url_text":"\"Visual cues and parental favouritism in a nocturnal bird\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0769","url_text":"10.1098/rsbl.2009.0769"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2865047","url_text":"2865047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19864276","url_text":"19864276"}]},{"reference":"Leopold, Aldo Starker (1972). Wildlife of Mexico: The Game Birds and Mammals. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-520-00724-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wildlifeofmexico00leop/page/202","url_text":"Wildlife of Mexico: The Game Birds and Mammals"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wildlifeofmexico00leop/page/202","url_text":"202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00724-6","url_text":"978-0-520-00724-6"}]},{"reference":"Alderton, David (1996). A Birdkeeper's Guide to Budgies. Tetra Press. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Elliot, Daniel Giraud (1898). The Wild Fowl of the United States and British Possessions. New York, NY: F. P. Harper. p. xviii. LCCN 98001121.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wildfowluniteds00elligoog","url_text":"The Wild Fowl of the United States and British Possessions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/98001121","url_text":"98001121"}]},{"reference":"Perrins, Christopher M. (1974). Birds. London, UK: Collins. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-00-212173-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-212173-6","url_text":"978-0-00-212173-6"}]},{"reference":"Petrie, Chuck (2006). Why Ducks Do That: 40 distinctive duck behaviors explained and photographed. Minocqua, WI: Willow Creek Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-59543-050-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59543-050-2","url_text":"978-1-59543-050-2"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Donald Charles; Fisher, Harvey I. (1962). Functional Anatomy of the Feeding Apparatus in Waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae). Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 179. OCLC 646859135.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/646859135","url_text":"646859135"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathan, eds. (2006). Field Guide to the Birds of North America (5 ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-7922-5314-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-5314-3","url_text":"978-0-7922-5314-3"}]},{"reference":"Lederer, Roger J. \"The Role of Avian Rictal Bristles\" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 84 (2): 193–197.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v084n02/p0193-p0197.pdf","url_text":"\"The Role of Avian Rictal Bristles\""}]},{"reference":"Conover, Michael R.; Miller, Don E. (November 1980). \"Rictal Bristle Function in Willow Flycatcher\" (PDF). The Condor. 82 (4): 469–471. doi:10.2307/1367580. JSTOR 1367580.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v082n04/p0469-p0471.pdf","url_text":"\"Rictal Bristle Function in Willow Flycatcher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1367580","url_text":"10.2307/1367580"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1367580","url_text":"1367580"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Susan J.; Alley, Maurice R.; Castro, Isabel (January 2011). \"Facial Bristle Feather Histology and Morphology in New Zealand Birds: Implications for Function\". Journal of Morphology (PDF). 272 (1): 118–128. doi:10.1002/jmor.10908. PMID 21069752. S2CID 20407444.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.10908","url_text":"10.1002/jmor.10908"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21069752","url_text":"21069752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20407444","url_text":"20407444"}]},{"reference":"Perrins, Christopher M.; Attenborough, David; Arlott, Norman (1987). New Generation Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-292-75532-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75532-1","url_text":"978-0-292-75532-1"}]},{"reference":"Clark, George A. 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Biology 342: Animal Behavior. Portland, OR: Reed College.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reed.edu/biology/professors/srenn/pages/teaching/web_2007/myp_site/","url_text":"\"Platypus electroreception\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College","url_text":"Reed College"}]},{"reference":"\"Platypus\". LiveScience. 4 August 2014. 27572.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livescience.com/27572-platypus.html","url_text":"\"Platypus\""}]},{"reference":"Clayton, [deficient citation]; Lee, [deficient citation]; Tompkins, [deficient citation]; Brodie, [deficient citation] (September 1999). \"Reciprocal Natural Selection on Host-Parasite Phenotypes\" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 154 (3): 261–270. doi:10.1086/303237. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30056229. ISSN 1537-5323. PMID 10506542. S2CID 4369897. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-12. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilkara_chicle	Manilkara chicle	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Species of tree Manilkara chicle Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Ericales Family: Sapotaceae Genus: Manilkara Species: M. chicle Binomial name Manilkara chicle(Pittier) Gilly Synonyms Achras chicle PittierMopania chicle (Pittier) Lundell list sources : Manilkara chicle is a tropical evergreen tree native to Mexico and Central America. The tree ranges from Veracruz in Mexico south to Atlántico in Colombia. It yields a natural gum known as chicle, traditionally used in making chewing gum and other products. See also Manilkara zapota, the sapodilla tree References ^ a b Trop. Woods no. 73: 14. 1943 "Plant Name Details for Manilkara chicle". IPNI. Retrieved December 25, 2009. nomenclatural synonym: Sapotaceae Achras chicle ^ J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 9: 436. 1919 "Plant Name Details for Achras chicle". IPNI. Retrieved December 25, 2009. Distribution: Vega Grande, near Los Amates, Izabal (Guatemala, Central America, Southern America)nomenclatural synonym: Sapotaceae Mopania chiclenomenclatural synonym: Sapotaceae Manilkara chicle ^ Wrightia 6: 19. 1978 "Plant Name Details for Mopania chicle". IPNI. Retrieved December 25, 2009. nomenclatural synonym: Sapotaceae Achras chicle ^ "Manilkara chicle". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 January 2018. External links Data related to Manilkara chicle at Wikispecies Taxon identifiersManilkara chicle Wikidata: Q1072226 Wikispecies: Manilkara chicle CoL: 3XVB9 EoL: 1154616 EPPO: MNKCH GBIF: 2885232 GRIN: 428790 iNaturalist: 279162 IPNI: 152591-2 IRMNG: 10238862 IUCN: 61964258 NCBI: 362715 Observation.org: 509820 Open Tree of Life: 178859 Plant List: kew-120131 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:152591-2 Tropicos: 28700413 WFO: wfo-0000235843 Achras chicle Wikidata: Q39916218 CoL: 98MP GBIF: 5333705 GRIN: 428791 IPNI: 2415-2 IRMNG: 10239917 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:2415-2 Tropicos: 28700448 WFO: wfo-0000289253	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Atlántico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"natural gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gum"},{"link_name":"chicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicle"},{"link_name":"chewing gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_gum"}],"text":"Manilkara chicle is a tropical evergreen tree native to Mexico and Central America. The tree ranges from Veracruz in Mexico south to Atlántico in Colombia.[4] It yields a natural gum known as chicle, traditionally used in making chewing gum and other products.","title":"Manilkara chicle"}]	[]	[{"title":"Manilkara zapota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilkara_zapota"}]	[{"reference":"\"Plant Name Details for Manilkara chicle\". IPNI. Retrieved December 25, 2009. nomenclatural synonym: Sapotaceae Achras chicle","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=C2CDD17854C13F81AEE2ABA353BCB0D6?id=152591-2","url_text":"\"Plant Name Details for Manilkara chicle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"IPNI"}]},{"reference":"\"Plant Name Details for Achras chicle\". IPNI. Retrieved December 25, 2009. 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Retrieved 14 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=428790","url_text":"\"Manilkara chicle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=C2CDD17854C13F81AEE2ABA353BCB0D6?id=152591-2","external_links_name":"\"Plant Name Details for Manilkara chicle\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=2415-2","external_links_name":"\"Plant Name Details for Achras chicle\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=164209-2","external_links_name":"\"Plant Name Details for Mopania chicle\""},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=428790","external_links_name":"\"Manilkara chicle\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3XVB9","external_links_name":"3XVB9"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1154616","external_links_name":"1154616"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MNKCH","external_links_name":"MNKCH"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2885232","external_links_name":"2885232"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=428790","external_links_name":"428790"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/279162","external_links_name":"279162"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/152591-2","external_links_name":"152591-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10238862","external_links_name":"10238862"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/61964258","external_links_name":"61964258"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=362715","external_links_name":"362715"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/509820/","external_links_name":"509820"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=178859","external_links_name":"178859"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-120131","external_links_name":"kew-120131"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A152591-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:152591-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/28700413","external_links_name":"28700413"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000235843","external_links_name":"wfo-0000235843"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/98MP","external_links_name":"98MP"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5333705","external_links_name":"5333705"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=428791","external_links_name":"428791"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/2415-2","external_links_name":"2415-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10239917","external_links_name":"10239917"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A2415-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:2415-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/28700448","external_links_name":"28700448"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000289253","external_links_name":"wfo-0000289253"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C5%A1per_Vin%C4%8Dec	Gašper Vinčec	["1 References","2 External links"]	Slovenian sailor (born 1981) Gašper VinčecPersonal informationNationalitySlovenianBorn (1981-04-05) 5 April 1981 (age 43)Koper, SR Slovenia, SFR YugoslaviaHeight1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)Weight93 kg (205 lb)Sailing careerClassDinghyClubJD Finn SloveijaCoachRoman Teply Medal record Men's sailing Representing Slovenia World Championships 2007 Cascais Finn Gašper Vinčec (born 5 April 1981) is a Slovenian former sailor, who specialized in the Finn class. He represented his country Slovenia in two editions of the Summer Olympic Games (2004 and 2008) and came closest to the medal haul in the final race of his signature fleet, finishing in seventh place. Outside his Olympic career, Vinčec picked up a bronze at the 2007 ISAF Worlds in Cascais, Portugal, becoming the first Slovenian sailor to ascend the podium since the breakup of SFR Yugoslavia. A member of the country's Finn yacht club (Slovene: JD Finn Slovenija), Vinčec trained most of his competitive sporting career under the tutelage of his personal coach Roman Teply. Vinčec made his Olympic debut in Athens 2004, sailing in the Finn class. There, he accumulated a net grade of 151 points to obtain the lowly twentieth overall spot out of 25 entrants at the end of the eleven-race series. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Vinčec qualified for his second Slovenian team in the open Finn class. Building up his Olympic selection, he picked up a bronze at the 2007 ISAF Worlds in Cascais, Portugal to lock the country's top Finn berth for the Games. A potential medal favorite, Vinčec entered the final race with a myriad of top-ten marks over the past eight legs. A costly penalty on the run, however, effectively pushed Vinčec towards the back of the fleet, slipping him out of the podium to seventh overall with 72 net points. Vinčec sought to bid for his third consecutive trip to the Games in both London 2012 and Rio 2016, but he lost twice in a series of domestic selection regattas to multiple-time medalist Vasilij Žbogar. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Gašper Vinčec". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2020. ^ a b "Vincec On Course For Beijing". World Sailing. 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2020. ^ "Vinčec: Roglič je bil kot kača" (in Slovenian). Primorske novice. 13 October 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2020. ^ a b "Sailing Worlds: Vincec Takes Bronze in Finn Class". Slovenian Press Agency. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2020. ^ "Men's Finn Class". Athens 2004. BBC Sport. 15 August 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2013. ^ "Day 9: Ayton and Trujillo Win Gold". World Sailing. 11 July 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "Beijing 2008: Mixed Finn Class". Beijing 2008. NBC Olympics. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2013. ^ "Razočarani Vinčec sedmi" (in Slovenian). 24UR. 17 August 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2020. ^ "Žbogar četrti, Vinčec šesti pred regato za medalje" (in Slovenian). Slovenske novice. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2020. External links Gašper Vinčec at World Sailing Gašper Vinčec at Olympics.com Gašper Vinčec at Olympedia Gasper Vincec at FinnClass.org Gasper Vincec at NBC 2008 Olympics website at the Wayback Machine (archived 20 July 2012)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_(dinghy)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vincec-oly-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2007 ISAF Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_ISAF_Sailing_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Cascais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascais"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vincec-bronze-4"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Athens 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_2004"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Finn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vincec-oly-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Finn"},{"link_name":"2007 ISAF Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_ISAF_Sailing_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Cascais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascais"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vincec-bronze-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"London 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_2012"},{"link_name":"Rio 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_2016"},{"link_name":"Vasilij Žbogar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasilij_%C5%BDbogar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Gašper Vinčec (born 5 April 1981) is a Slovenian former sailor, who specialized in the Finn class.[1] He represented his country Slovenia in two editions of the Summer Olympic Games (2004 and 2008) and came closest to the medal haul in the final race of his signature fleet, finishing in seventh place.[2][3] Outside his Olympic career, Vinčec picked up a bronze at the 2007 ISAF Worlds in Cascais, Portugal, becoming the first Slovenian sailor to ascend the podium since the breakup of SFR Yugoslavia.[4] A member of the country's Finn yacht club (Slovene: JD Finn Slovenija), Vinčec trained most of his competitive sporting career under the tutelage of his personal coach Roman Teply.Vinčec made his Olympic debut in Athens 2004, sailing in the Finn class. There, he accumulated a net grade of 151 points to obtain the lowly twentieth overall spot out of 25 entrants at the end of the eleven-race series.[2][5]At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Vinčec qualified for his second Slovenian team in the open Finn class. Building up his Olympic selection, he picked up a bronze at the 2007 ISAF Worlds in Cascais, Portugal to lock the country's top Finn berth for the Games.[4][6] A potential medal favorite, Vinčec entered the final race with a myriad of top-ten marks over the past eight legs. A costly penalty on the run, however, effectively pushed Vinčec towards the back of the fleet, slipping him out of the podium to seventh overall with 72 net points.[7][8]Vinčec sought to bid for his third consecutive trip to the Games in both London 2012 and Rio 2016, but he lost twice in a series of domestic selection regattas to multiple-time medalist Vasilij Žbogar.[9]","title":"Gašper Vinčec"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Gašper Vinčec\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204035106/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vi/gasper-vincec-1.html","url_text":"\"Gašper Vinčec\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vi/gasper-vincec-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vincec On Course For Beijing\". World Sailing. 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. 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Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.sta.si/1175465/sailing-worlds-vincec-takes-bronze-in-finn-class","url_text":"\"Sailing Worlds: Vincec Takes Bronze in Finn Class\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Press_Agency","url_text":"Slovenian Press Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Finn Class\". Athens 2004. BBC Sport. 15 August 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics_2004/sailing/results/3531738.stm","url_text":"\"Men's Finn Class\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_2004","url_text":"Athens 2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Day 9: Ayton and Trujillo Win Gold\". World Sailing. 11 July 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930112955/http://www.sailing.org/news/6139.php#.XoSVMtMza8o","url_text":"\"Day 9: Ayton and Trujillo Win Gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Sailing","url_text":"World Sailing"},{"url":"https://www.sailing.org/news/6139.php#.XoSVMtMza8o","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beijing 2008: Mixed Finn Class\". Beijing 2008. NBC Olympics. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120714024501/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/sailing/resultsandschedules/rsc=SAX002000/standings.html","url_text":"\"Beijing 2008: Mixed Finn Class\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_2008","url_text":"Beijing 2008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Olympics","url_text":"NBC Olympics"},{"url":"http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/sailing/resultsandschedules/rsc=SAX002000/standings.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Razočarani Vinčec sedmi\" [Disappointed Vinčec finished seventh] (in Slovenian). 24UR. 17 August 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.24ur.com/sport/peking2008/vincec-na-oi-sedmi.html","url_text":"\"Razočarani Vinčec sedmi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24UR","url_text":"24UR"}]},{"reference":"\"Žbogar četrti, Vinčec šesti pred regato za medalje\" [Žbogar wins, Vinčec finished sixth in the medal race] (in Slovenian). Slovenske novice. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slovenskenovice.si/sport/zbogar-cetrti-vincec-sesti-pred-regato-za-medalje","url_text":"\"Žbogar četrti, Vinčec šesti pred regato za medalje\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenske_novice","url_text":"Slovenske novice"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204035106/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vi/gasper-vincec-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Gašper Vinčec\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vi/gasper-vincec-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150922203649/http://www.sailing.org/news/4922.php","external_links_name":"\"Vincec On Course For Beijing\""},{"Link":"https://www.sailing.org/news/4922.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.primorske.si/sport/vincec-roglic-je-bil-kot-kaca","external_links_name":"\"Vinčec: Roglič je bil kot kača\""},{"Link":"https://english.sta.si/1175465/sailing-worlds-vincec-takes-bronze-in-finn-class","external_links_name":"\"Sailing Worlds: Vincec Takes Bronze in Finn Class\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics_2004/sailing/results/3531738.stm","external_links_name":"\"Men's Finn Class\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930112955/http://www.sailing.org/news/6139.php#.XoSVMtMza8o","external_links_name":"\"Day 9: Ayton and Trujillo Win Gold\""},{"Link":"https://www.sailing.org/news/6139.php#.XoSVMtMza8o","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120714024501/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/sailing/resultsandschedules/rsc=SAX002000/standings.html","external_links_name":"\"Beijing 2008: Mixed Finn Class\""},{"Link":"http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/sailing/resultsandschedules/rsc=SAX002000/standings.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.24ur.com/sport/peking2008/vincec-na-oi-sedmi.html","external_links_name":"\"Razočarani Vinčec sedmi\""},{"Link":"https://www.slovenskenovice.si/sport/zbogar-cetrti-vincec-sesti-pred-regato-za-medalje","external_links_name":"\"Žbogar četrti, Vinčec šesti pred regato za medalje\""},{"Link":"https://www.sailing.org/sailor/gasper-vincec?ref=SLOGV1","external_links_name":"Gašper Vinčec"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/gasper-vincec","external_links_name":"Gašper Vinčec"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/104030","external_links_name":"Gašper Vinčec"},{"Link":"https://www.finnclass.org/media-finn/sailor-profiles/352-gasper-vincec","external_links_name":"Gasper Vincec"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120720155559/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=62655/bio/index.html","external_links_name":"Gasper Vincec at NBC 2008 Olympics website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Mountcastle	Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle	["1 Early life and education","2 Research and career","3 Awards and honours","4 References"]	American physician For other uses, see Mountcastle (disambiguation). Vernon MountcastleBornVernon Benjamin Mountcastle(1918-07-15)July 15, 1918DiedJanuary 11, 2015(2015-01-11) (aged 96)EducationRoanoke CollegeSpouseNancy ClaytonAwards Karl Spencer Lashley Award (1974) Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (1978) National Medal of Science (1986) Scientific careerInstitutionsJohns Hopkins University Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle (July 15, 1918 – January 11, 2015) was an American neurophysiologist and Professor Emeritus of Neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University. He discovered and characterized the columnar organization of the cerebral cortex in the 1950s. This discovery was a turning point in investigations of the cerebral cortex, as nearly all cortical studies of sensory function after Mountcastle's 1957 paper, on the somatosensory cortex, used columnar organization as their basis. Early life and education Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle was born on July 15, 1918, in Shelbyville, Kentucky as the third of five children into a family of "farmers, industrial entrepreneurs, or builders of railroads". In 1921 his family moved to Roanoke, Virginia where he went to elementary and junior high school and was "an enthusiastic Boy Scout". Because his mother, a former teacher, had taught him to read and write when he was 4 years old, he immediately moved ahead two grades when entering the public school system and graduated from high school at the age of 16. He entered Roanoke College in Salem, Virginia in 1935, in the midst of the Great Depression, where he majored in chemistry and finished in 3 years. While at Roanoke, he played tennis and was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. In 1938 he started medical school at Johns Hopkins University where his teachers included William Mansfield Clark, Philip Bard, Adolf Meyer, Arnold Rice Rich, Maxwell Wintrobe, and Warfield Longcope. During his studies, Mountcastle planned to become a surgeon and never performed any experiments until after he returned from World War II. He joined the V-12 Navy College Training Program for medical students in January 1942, which allowed him to finish medical school and internship and was eventually ordered to report to the Naval Operating Base in Norfolk, Virginia in June 1943. Throughout the fall of 1943 and most of 1944 he was stationed in Africa and Europe and served on four LSTs during the Anzio and Normandy invasions. As he had received insufficient points for discharge from the Navy by the end of the war, he had to serve for one more year, which he spent at the Norfolk Naval Hospital as well as briefly serving on the USS Cadmus. He received his discharge from the Navy just before the Cadmus left for extended ocean duty. Research and career Mountcastle's interest in cognition, specifically perception, led him to guide his laboratory to studies that linked perception and neural responses in the 1960s. Although there were several notable works from his laboratory, the highest profile early paper appeared in 1968, a study explaining the neural basis of Flutter and vibration by the action of peripheral mechanoreceptors. In 1978 Mountcastle proposed that all parts of the neocortex operate through a common principle, with the cortical column being the unit of computation. Mountcastle's devotion to studies of single unit neural coding evolved through his leadership in the Bard Laboratories of Neurophysiology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, which for many years, was the only institute in the world devoted to this sub-field. Its work is continued today in the Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute. Mountcastle died in Baltimore at the age of 96 in January 2015. Awards and honours Mountcastle was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1965 and National Academy of Sciences in 1966. He became a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1976. In 1978, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel, both of whom received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981. In 1980, he was awarded the Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience. In 1981, Mountcastle became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. In 1983, he was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. In 1984, Mountcastle received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He also received the United States National Medal of Science in 1986. In 1998, Mountcastle was awarded the NAS Award in the Neurosciences from the National Academy of Sciences. David Hubel in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech said Mountcastle's "discovery of columns in the somatosensory cortex was surely the single most important contribution to the understanding of cerebral cortex since Ramón y Cajal". Jeff Hawkins in his book On Intelligence describes Mountcastle's 1978 article, An organizing principle..., as "the rosetta stone of neuroscience". References ^ Mountcastle, V. B. (1957). "Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex". Journal of Neurophysiology. 20 (4): 408–34. doi:10.1152/jn.1957.20.4.408. PMID 13439410. ^ Snyder, S. H. (2015). "Vernon B. Mountcastle 1918-2015". Nature Neuroscience. 18 (3): 318. doi:10.1038/nn.3958. PMID 25686477. S2CID 205437385. ^ Martin, Kevan (2015). "Vernon B. Mountcastle (1918–2015) Discoverer of the repeating organization of neurons in the mammalian cortex". Nature. 518 (7539): 304. doi:10.1038/518304a. PMID 25693556. ^ a b Mountcastle, V. B. (1978), "An Organizing Principle for Cerebral Function: The Unit Model and the Distributed System", in Gerald M. Edelman; Vernon B. Mountcastle (eds.), The Mindful Brain, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-05020-X ^ Vernon Mountcastle (2005), The sensory hand: neural mechanisms of somatic sensation, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01974-4. ^ "Mountcaslte: the Brain Voyager". Archived from the original on 2017-03-09. Retrieved 2007-03-05. ^ Mountcastle, V. B.; Lynch, J. C.; Georgopoulos, A; Sakata, H; Acuna, C (1975). "Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: Command functions for operations within extrapersonal space". Journal of Neurophysiology. 38 (4): 871–908. doi:10.1152/jn.1975.38.4.871. PMID 808592. S2CID 2128539. ^ a b c d e f Mountcastle, Vernon B. (2009). "Vernon B. Mountcastle". In Squire, Larry R. (ed.). The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography. Washington DC: Society for Neuroscience. pp. 342–380. ISBN 978-0-19-538010-1. ^ "Dr. Vernon B. Mountcastle, Jr. '38". Retrieved 6 July 2020. ^ Talbot, W. H.; Darian-Smith, I; Kornhuber, H. H.; Mountcastle, V. B. (1968). "The sense of flutter-vibration: Comparison of the human capacity with response patterns of mechanoreceptive afferents from the monkey hand". Journal of Neurophysiology. 31 (2): 301–34. doi:10.1152/jn.1968.31.2.301. PMID 4972033. ^ Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle's publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required) ^ Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle publications indexed by Microsoft Academic ^ Vernon Mountcastle, neuroscientist dubbed ‘the Jacques Cousteau of the cortex,’ dies, Washington Post ^ "Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-07-20. ^ "Vernon B. Mountcastle". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2022-07-20. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-07-20. ^ "About Us". World Cultural Council. Retrieved November 8, 2016. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. ^ "Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2011. ^ Hubel, David H. "Nobel lecture" (PDF). Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 February 2011. ^ On Intelligence, 2004, Jeff Hawkins, page 52 vteUnited States National Medal of Science laureatesBehavioral and social science1960s 1964 Neal Elgar Miller 1980s 1986 Herbert A. Simon 1987 Anne Anastasi George J. Stigler 1988 Milton Friedman 1990s 1990 Leonid Hurwicz Patrick Suppes 1991 George A. Miller 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson 1994 Robert K. Merton 1995 Roger N. Shepard 1996 Paul Samuelson 1997 William K. Estes 1998 William Julius Wilson 1999 Robert M. Solow 2000s 2000 Gary Becker 2003 R. Duncan Luce 2004 Kenneth Arrow 2005 Gordon H. Bower 2008 Michael I. Posner 2009 Mortimer Mishkin 2010s 2011 Anne Treisman 2014 Robert Axelrod 2015 Albert Bandura Biological sciences1960s 1963 C. B. van Niel 1964 Theodosius Dobzhansky Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965 Francis P. Rous George G. Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke 1966 Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann William C. Rose Sewall Wright 1967 Kenneth S. Cole Harry F. Harlow Michael Heidelberger Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968 Horace Barker Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk Jay Lush Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1969 Robert Huebner Ernst Mayr 1970s 1970 Barbara McClintock Albert B. Sabin 1973 Daniel I. Arnon Earl W. Sutherland Jr. 1974 Britton Chance Erwin Chargaff James V. Neel James Augustine Shannon 1975 Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy Sterling B. Hendricks Orville Alvin Vogel 1976 Roger Guillemin Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Racker E. O. Wilson 1979 Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Paul Alfred Weiss 1980s 1981 Philip Handler 1982 Seymour Benzer Glenn W. Burton Mildred Cohn 1983 Howard L. Bachrach Paul Berg Wendell L. Roelofs Berta Scharrer 1986 Stanley Cohen Donald A. Henderson Vernon B. Mountcastle George Emil Palade Joan A. Steitz 1987 Michael E. DeBakey Theodor O. Diener Harry Eagle Har Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988 Michael S. Brown Stanley Norman Cohen Joseph L. Goldstein Maurice R. Hilleman Eric R. Kandel Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1989 Katherine Esau Viktor Hamburger Philip Leder Joshua Lederberg Roger W. Sperry Harland G. Wood 1990s 1990 Baruj Benacerraf Herbert W. Boyer Daniel E. Koshland Jr. Edward B. Lewis David G. Nathan E. Donnall Thomas 1991 Mary Ellen Avery G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Robert W. Kates Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks Folke K. Skoog Paul C. Zamecnik 1992 Maxine Singer Howard Martin Temin 1993 Daniel Nathans Salome G. Waelsch 1994 Thomas Eisner Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995 Alexander Rich 1996 Ruth Patrick 1997 James Watson Robert A. Weinberg 1998 Bruce Ames Janet Rowley 1999 David Baltimore Jared Diamond Lynn Margulis 2000s 2000 Nancy C. Andreasen Peter H. Raven Carl Woese 2001 Francisco J. Ayala George F. Bass Mario R. Capecchi Ann Graybiel Gene E. Likens Victor A. McKusick Harold Varmus 2002 James E. Darnell Evelyn M. Witkin 2003 J. Michael Bishop Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky 2004 Norman E. Borlaug Phillip A. Sharp Thomas E. Starzl 2005 Anthony Fauci Torsten N. Wiesel 2006 Rita R. Colwell Nina Fedoroff Lubert Stryer 2007 Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O'Malley 2008 Francis S. Collins Elaine Fuchs J. Craig Venter 2009 Susan L. Lindquist Stanley B. Prusiner 2010s 2010 Ralph L. Brinster Rudolf Jaenisch 2011 Lucy Shapiro Leroy Hood Sallie Chisholm 2012 May Berenbaum Bruce Alberts 2013 Rakesh K. Jain 2014 Stanley Falkow Mary-Claire King Simon Levin Chemistry1960s 1964 Roger Adams 1980s 1982 F. Albert Cotton Gilbert Stork 1983 Roald Hoffmann George C. Pimentel Richard N. Zare 1986 Harry B. Gray Yuan Tseh Lee Carl S. Marvel Frank H. Westheimer 1987 William S. Johnson Walter H. Stockmayer Max Tishler 1988 William O. Baker Konrad E. Bloch Elias J. Corey 1989 Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Rudolph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell 1990s 1990 Elkan Blout Karl Folkers John D. Roberts 1991 Ronald Breslow Gertrude B. Elion Dudley R. Herschbach Glenn T. Seaborg 1992 Howard E. Simmons Jr. 1993 Donald J. Cram Norman Hackerman 1994 George S. Hammond 1995 Thomas Cech Isabella L. Karle 1996 Norman Davidson 1997 Darleane C. Hoffman Harold S. Johnston 1998 John W. Cahn George M. Whitesides 1999 Stuart A. Rice John Ross Susan Solomon 2000s 2000 John D. Baldeschwieler Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001 Ernest R. Davidson Gábor A. Somorjai 2002 John I. Brauman 2004 Stephen J. Lippard 2005 Tobin J. Marks 2006 Marvin H. Caruthers Peter B. Dervan 2007 Mostafa A. El-Sayed 2008 Joanna Fowler JoAnne Stubbe 2009 Stephen J. Benkovic Marye Anne Fox 2010s 2010 Jacqueline K. Barton Peter J. Stang 2011 Allen J. Bard M. Frederick Hawthorne 2012 Judith P. Klinman Jerrold Meinwald 2013 Geraldine L. Richmond 2014 A. Paul Alivisatos Engineering sciences1960s 1962 Theodore von Kármán 1963 Vannevar Bush John Robinson Pierce 1964 Charles S. Draper Othmar H. Ammann 1965 Hugh L. Dryden Clarence L. Johnson Warren K. Lewis 1966 Claude E. Shannon 1967 Edwin H. Land Igor I. Sikorsky 1968 J. Presper Eckert Nathan M. Newmark 1969 Jack St. Clair Kilby 1970s 1970 George E. Mueller 1973 Harold E. Edgerton Richard T. Whitcomb 1974 Rudolf Kompfner Ralph Brazelton Peck Abel Wolman 1975 Manson Benedict William Hayward Pickering Frederick E. Terman Wernher von Braun 1976 Morris Cohen Peter C. Goldmark Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979 Emmett N. Leith Raymond D. Mindlin Robert N. Noyce Earl R. Parker Simon Ramo 1980s 1982 Edward H. Heinemann Donald L. Katz 1983 Bill Hewlett George Low John G. Trump 1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann Tung-Yen Lin Bernard M. Oliver 1987 Robert Byron Bird H. Bolton Seed Ernst Weber 1988 Daniel C. Drucker Willis M. Hawkins George W. Housner 1989 Harry George Drickamer Herbert E. Grier 1990s 1990 Mildred Dresselhaus Nick Holonyak Jr. 1991 George H. Heilmeier Luna B. Leopold H. Guyford Stever 1992 Calvin F. Quate John Roy Whinnery 1993 Alfred Y. Cho 1994 Ray W. Clough 1995 Hermann A. Haus 1996 James L. Flanagan C. Kumar N. Patel 1998 Eli Ruckenstein 1999 Kenneth N. Stevens 2000s 2000 Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 2001 Andreas Acrivos 2002 Leo Beranek 2003 John M. Prausnitz 2004 Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005 Jan D. Achenbach 2006 Robert S. Langer 2007 David J. Wineland 2008 Rudolf E. Kálmán 2009 Amnon Yariv 2010s 2010 Shu Chien 2011 John B. Goodenough 2012 Thomas Kailath Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences1960s 1963 Norbert Wiener 1964 Solomon Lefschetz H. Marston Morse 1965 Oscar Zariski 1966 John Milnor 1967 Paul Cohen 1968 Jerzy Neyman 1969 William Feller 1970s 1970 Richard Brauer 1973 John Tukey 1974 Kurt Gödel 1975 John W. Backus Shiing-Shen Chern George Dantzig 1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs Hassler Whitney 1979 Joseph L. Doob Donald E. Knuth 1980s 1982 Marshall H. Stone 1983 Herman Goldstine Isadore Singer 1986 Peter Lax Antoni Zygmund 1987 Raoul Bott Michael Freedman 1988 Ralph E. Gomory Joseph B. Keller 1989 Samuel Karlin Saunders Mac Lane Donald C. Spencer 1990s 1990 George F. Carrier Stephen Cole Kleene John McCarthy 1991 Alberto Calderón 1992 Allen Newell 1993 Martin David Kruskal 1994 John Cocke 1995 Louis Nirenberg 1996 Richard Karp Stephen Smale 1997 Shing-Tung Yau 1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999 Felix Browder Ronald R. Coifman 2000s 2000 John Griggs Thompson Karen Uhlenbeck 2001 Calyampudi R. Rao Elias M. Stein 2002 James G. Glimm 2003 Carl R. de Boor 2004 Dennis P. Sullivan 2005 Bradley Efron 2006 Hyman Bass 2007 Leonard Kleinrock Andrew J. Viterbi 2009 David B. Mumford 2010s 2010 Richard A. Tapia S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 2011 Solomon W. Golomb Barry Mazur 2012 Alexandre Chorin David Blackwell 2013 Michael Artin Physical sciences1960s 1963 Luis W. Alvarez 1964 Julian Schwinger Harold Urey Robert Burns Woodward 1965 John Bardeen Peter Debye Leon M. Lederman William Rubey 1966 Jacob Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring John H. Van Vleck Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967 Jesse Beams Francis Birch Gregory Breit Louis Hammett George Kistiakowsky 1968 Paul Bartlett Herbert Friedman Lars Onsager Eugene Wigner 1969 Herbert C. Brown Wolfgang Panofsky 1970s 1970 Robert H. Dicke Allan R. Sandage John C. Slater John A. Wheeler Saul Winstein 1973 Carl Djerassi Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Vladimir Haensel Frederick Seitz Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Flory William Alfred Fowler Linus Carl Pauling Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975 Hans A. Bethe Joseph O. Hirschfelder Lewis Sarett Edgar Bright Wilson Chien-Shiung Wu 1976 Samuel Goudsmit Herbert S. Gutowsky Frederick Rossini Verner Suomi Henry Taube George Uhlenbeck 1979 Richard P. Feynman Herman Mark Edward M. Purcell John Sinfelt Lyman Spitzer Victor F. Weisskopf 1980s 1982 Philip W. Anderson Yoichiro Nambu Edward Teller Charles H. Townes 1983 E. Margaret Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber Helmut Landsberg Walter Munk Frederick Reines Bruno B. Rossi J. Robert Schrieffer 1986 Solomon J. Buchsbaum H. Richard Crane Herman Feshbach Robert Hofstadter Chen-Ning Yang 1987 Philip Abelson Walter Elsasser Paul C. Lauterbur George Pake James A. Van Allen 1988 D. Allan Bromley Paul Ching-Wu Chu Walter Kohn Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. Jack Steinberger 1989 Arnold O. Beckman Eugene Parker Robert Sharp Henry Stommel 1990s 1990 Allan M. Cormack Edwin M. McMillan Robert Pound Roger Revelle 1991 Arthur L. Schawlow Ed Stone Steven Weinberg 1992 Eugene M. Shoemaker 1993 Val Fitch Vera Rubin 1994 Albert Overhauser Frank Press 1995 Hans Dehmelt Peter Goldreich 1996 Wallace S. Broecker 1997 Marshall Rosenbluth Martin Schwarzschild George Wetherill 1998 Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall 1999 James Cronin Leo Kadanoff 2000s 2000 Willis E. Lamb Jeremiah P. Ostriker Gilbert F. White 2001 Marvin L. Cohen Raymond Davis Jr. Charles Keeling 2002 Richard Garwin W. Jason Morgan Edward Witten 2003 G. Brent Dalrymple Riccardo Giacconi 2004 Robert N. Clayton 2005 Ralph A. Alpher Lonnie Thompson 2006 Daniel Kleppner 2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Charles P. Slichter 2008 Berni Alder James E. Gunn 2009 Yakir Aharonov Esther M. Conwell Warren M. Washington 2010s 2011 Sidney Drell Sandra Faber Sylvester James Gates 2012 Burton Richter Sean C. Solomon 2014 Shirley Ann Jackson vteFounding members of the World Cultural Council Christian B. Anfinsen Werner Arber James Baddiley M. Balasegaram Frank Barnaby Christiaan Barnard Colin Blakemore Aage N. Bohr Norman Borlaug Harold G. Callan André Frédéric Cournand William J. Darby Eduardo de Robertis Cornelis de Jager Guy Blaudin de Thé Jean-François Denisse Venancio Deulofeu Frank J. Dixon Richard S. Doll Audouin Dollfus Jacques-Émile Dubois Gerald Durrell Francisco J. Dy John C. Eccles Paul Ehrlich Manfred Eigen Mohammed El Fasi Ernest L. Eliel Kenneth O. Emergy José Rafael Estrada Hans J. Eysenck Don W. Fawcett David J. Finney Val L. Fitch Carl G. Gahmberg Alfred D. Hershey Gerhard Herzberg David H. Hubel Osmo H. Järvi Reginald V. Jones Adrian Kantrowitz Nathan O. Kaplan Leo A. Kaprio Vassos Karageorghis Peter E. Kent Donald W. Kerst Seymour S. Kety Prem N. Kirpal Georges B. Koelle Walther Manshard Georges Mathé William D. McElroy Henry McIlwain John McMichael Jerrold Meinwald Harry Melville Desmond J. Morris Giuseppe Moruzzi Nevill F. Mott Vernon B. Mountcastle Robert S. Mulliken Walter H. Munk Ilie G. Murgulescu Jayant V. Narlikar Louis E. F. Néel Yuval Ne'eman Bernhard H. Neumann William A. Nierenberg Marshall W. Nirenberg George E. Palade Arthur B. Pardee David Phillips Jacques Piccard Jens J. Pindborg Comlan A. A. Quenum Hermann Rahn G. N. Ramachandran Gunnar Randers Chintamani N. R. Rao Rex Richards Jean Rösch Abraham J. A. Roux Stanley K. Runcorn Donald H. Sadler Hakim Muhammad Saeed Nobufusa Saito Abdus Salam Stuart J. Saunders Menahem Max Schiffer William G. Schneider Glenn T. Seaborg Ernest R. Sears Frederick Seitz Leonard T. Skeggs Stefan Ślopek George J. Smets George D. Snell Leonard Sosnowky Roger W. Sperry Lyman Spitzer Frederick Stewart Heikki Suomalainen Pol Swings Charles Tanford Henry Taube John M. Tedder Edward Teller Howard Temin Harold Thompson Peter C. Thonemann Phillip V. Tobias Alexander R. Todd Jan Peter Toennies Andrzej Trautman Jean L. F. Tricart Ioan Ursu Constantin Vago Eugene van Tamelen Ulf S. von Euler Alan Walsh William J. Whelan Karel F. Wiesner Rosalyn S. Yalow John Z. Young vteFellows of the Royal Society elected in 1996Fellows Alf Adams Jan Anderson Jonathan Ashmore David Beach John Michael Brown Chris Dobson Patrick J. Dowling Dianne Edwards Peter Edwards Andrew Fabian Jim Feast Michael Denis Gale David Gubbins Duncan Haldane Thomas Jessell David Lane Martin Geoffrey Low Andrew Lyne Nicholas Manton Francis Patrick McCormick Iain MacIntyre Thomas Meade Stewart Crichton Miller Ian Mark Mills M. S. Narasimhan Linda Partridge Malcolm Peaker John A. Pickett Peter Pusey Martin Roth Christopher Sachrajda Ekhard Salje Tim Shallice George D. W. Smith Edwin Smith David Ian Stuart Grant Robert Sutherland Martin J. Taylor Phillip V. Tobias James Whitelaw Foreign James E. Darnell Jacques-Louis Lions Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle James R. Rice Michael Rossmann Martin Schwarzschild Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Academics CiNii Scopus People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mountcastle (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountcastle_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"neurophysiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysiologist"},{"link_name":"Professor Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"columnar organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_column"},{"link_name":"cerebral cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modality-1"},{"link_name":"somatosensory cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M-1978-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M-1975-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"For other uses, see Mountcastle (disambiguation).Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle (July 15, 1918 – January 11, 2015) was an American neurophysiologist and Professor Emeritus of Neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University. He discovered and characterized the columnar organization of the cerebral cortex in the 1950s. This discovery was a turning point in investigations of the cerebral cortex, as nearly all cortical studies of sensory function after Mountcastle's 1957 paper,[1] on the somatosensory cortex, used columnar organization as their basis.[2][3][4][5][6][7]","title":"Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelbyville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbyville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mountcastle2009-8"},{"link_name":"Roanoke, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Boy Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mountcastle2009-8"},{"link_name":"Roanoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_College"},{"link_name":"Salem, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mountcastle2009-8"},{"link_name":"Sigma Chi Fraternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Chi_Fraternity"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"medical school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"William Mansfield Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mansfield_Clark"},{"link_name":"Philip Bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Bard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adolf Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Meyer_(psychiatrist)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Rice Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Rice_Rich"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Wintrobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Wintrobe"},{"link_name":"Warfield Longcope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfield_Longcope"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mountcastle2009-8"},{"link_name":"V-12 Navy College Training Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-12_Navy_College_Training_Program"},{"link_name":"Naval Operating Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"LSTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank"},{"link_name":"Anzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mountcastle2009-8"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Naval Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Medical_Center_Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"USS Cadmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cadmus_(AR-14)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mountcastle2009-8"}],"text":"Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle was born on July 15, 1918, in Shelbyville, Kentucky as the third of five children into a family of \"farmers, industrial entrepreneurs, or builders of railroads\".[8]\nIn 1921 his family moved to Roanoke, Virginia where he went to elementary and junior high school and was \"an enthusiastic Boy Scout\".[8]\nBecause his mother, a former teacher, had taught him to read and write when he was 4 years old, he immediately moved ahead two grades when entering the public school system and graduated from high school at the age of 16. He entered Roanoke College in Salem, Virginia in 1935, in the midst of the Great Depression, where he majored in chemistry and finished in 3 years.[8] While at Roanoke, he played tennis and was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity.[9]\nIn 1938 he started medical school at Johns Hopkins University where his teachers included William Mansfield Clark, Philip Bard, Adolf Meyer, Arnold Rice Rich, Maxwell Wintrobe, and Warfield Longcope. During his studies, Mountcastle planned to become a surgeon and never performed any experiments until after he returned from World War II.[8] He joined the V-12 Navy College Training Program for medical students in January 1942, which allowed him to finish medical school and internship and was eventually ordered to report to the Naval Operating Base in Norfolk, Virginia in June 1943. Throughout the fall of 1943 and most of 1944 he was stationed in Africa and Europe and served on four LSTs during the Anzio and Normandy invasions.[8]\nAs he had received insufficient points for discharge from the Navy by the end of the war, he had to serve for one more year, which he spent at the Norfolk Naval Hospital as well as briefly serving on the USS Cadmus. He received his discharge from the Navy just before the Cadmus left for extended ocean duty.[8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition"},{"link_name":"perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flutter-10"},{"link_name":"vibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillation"},{"link_name":"mechanoreceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scopus-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-microsoft-12"},{"link_name":"neocortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocortex"},{"link_name":"cortical column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_column"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M-1978-4"},{"link_name":"neural coding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_coding"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Mountcastle's interest in cognition, specifically perception, led him to guide his laboratory to studies that linked perception and neural responses in the 1960s. Although there were several notable works from his laboratory, the highest profile early paper appeared in 1968,[10] a study explaining the neural basis of Flutter and vibration by the action of peripheral mechanoreceptors.[11][12]In 1978 Mountcastle proposed that all parts of the neocortex operate through a common principle, with the cortical column being the unit of computation.[4]Mountcastle's devotion to studies of single unit neural coding evolved through his leadership in the Bard Laboratories of Neurophysiology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, which for many years, was the only institute in the world devoted to this sub-field. Its work is continued today in the Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute. Mountcastle died in Baltimore at the age of 96 in January 2015.[13]","title":"Research and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Gross_Horwitz_Prize"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"David Hubel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hubel"},{"link_name":"Torsten Wiesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_W._Gerard_Prize_in_Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"World Cultural Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cultural_Council"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science"},{"link_name":"NAS Award in the Neurosciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Award_in_the_Neurosciences"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliot-19"},{"link_name":"David Hubel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hubel"},{"link_name":"Ramón y Cajal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hubel-20"},{"link_name":"Jeff Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"On Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"rosetta stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Mountcastle was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1965[14] and National Academy of Sciences in 1966.[15] He became a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1976.[16] In 1978, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel, both of whom received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981. In 1980, he was awarded the Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience. In 1981, Mountcastle became a founding member of the World Cultural Council.[17] In 1983, he was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. In 1984, Mountcastle received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[18] He also received the United States National Medal of Science in 1986. In 1998, Mountcastle was awarded the NAS Award in the Neurosciences from the National Academy of Sciences.[19]David Hubel in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech said Mountcastle's \"discovery of columns in the somatosensory cortex was surely the single most important contribution to the understanding of cerebral cortex since Ramón y Cajal\".[20]Jeff Hawkins in his book On Intelligence describes Mountcastle's 1978 article, An organizing principle..., as \"the rosetta stone of neuroscience\".[21]","title":"Awards and honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mountcastle, V. B. (1957). \"Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex\". Journal of Neurophysiology. 20 (4): 408–34. doi:10.1152/jn.1957.20.4.408. PMID 13439410.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.1957.20.4.408","url_text":"\"Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.1957.20.4.408","url_text":"10.1152/jn.1957.20.4.408"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13439410","url_text":"13439410"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, S. H. (2015). \"Vernon B. Mountcastle 1918-2015\". Nature Neuroscience. 18 (3): 318. doi:10.1038/nn.3958. PMID 25686477. S2CID 205437385.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn.3958","url_text":"\"Vernon B. 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Mountcastle (1918–2015) Discoverer of the repeating organization of neurons in the mammalian cortex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F518304a","url_text":"10.1038/518304a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25693556","url_text":"25693556"}]},{"reference":"Mountcastle, V. B. (1978), \"An Organizing Principle for Cerebral Function: The Unit Model and the Distributed System\", in Gerald M. Edelman; Vernon B. Mountcastle (eds.), The Mindful Brain, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-05020-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-05020-X","url_text":"0-262-05020-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Mountcaslte: the Brain Voyager\". Archived from the original on 2017-03-09. Retrieved 2007-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170309135445/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hmn/w07/classnotes.cfm","url_text":"\"Mountcaslte: the Brain Voyager\""},{"url":"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hmn/W07/classnotes.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mountcastle, V. B.; Lynch, J. C.; Georgopoulos, A; Sakata, H; Acuna, C (1975). \"Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: Command functions for operations within extrapersonal space\". Journal of Neurophysiology. 38 (4): 871–908. doi:10.1152/jn.1975.38.4.871. PMID 808592. S2CID 2128539.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.1975.38.4.871","url_text":"10.1152/jn.1975.38.4.871"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/808592","url_text":"808592"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2128539","url_text":"2128539"}]},{"reference":"Mountcastle, Vernon B. (2009). \"Vernon B. Mountcastle\". In Squire, Larry R. (ed.). The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography. Washington DC: Society for Neuroscience. pp. 342–380. ISBN 978-0-19-538010-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfn.org/-/media/SfN/Documents/TheHistoryofNeuroscience/Volume-6/c10.ashx?la=en&hash=6D769D3388A306B91EC4BDDC3BD839A7EA8B59D0","url_text":"\"Vernon B. 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PMID 4972033.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.1968.31.2.301","url_text":"10.1152/jn.1968.31.2.301"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4972033","url_text":"4972033"}]},{"reference":"\"Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amacad.org/person/vernon-benjamin-mountcastle","url_text":"\"Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vernon B. Mountcastle\". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2022-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/52315.html","url_text":"\"Vernon B. Mountcastle\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Vernon++Mountcastle&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". World Cultural Council. Retrieved November 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cultural_Council","url_text":"World Cultural Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.","urls":[{"url":"https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration","url_text":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement","url_text":"American Academy of Achievement"}]},{"reference":"\"Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal\". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120801121352/http://nas.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_elliot","url_text":"\"Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal\""},{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_elliot","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hubel, David H. \"Nobel lecture\" (PDF). Nobelprize.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibras_Natkho	Bibras Natcho	["1 Early and personal life","2 Club career","2.1 Hapoel Tel Aviv","2.2 Rubin Kazan","2.3 PAOK","2.4 CSKA Moscow","2.5 Olympiacos","2.6 Partizan","3 International career","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","4.2 International","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"]	Israeli footballer (born 1988) Bibars Natcho Natcho with CSKA Moscow in 2015Personal informationFull name Bibars NatchoDate of birth (1988-02-18) 18 February 1988 (age 36)Place of birth Kfar Kama, IsraelHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team PartizanNumber 10Youth career Hapoel Tel AvivSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2006–2010 Hapoel Tel Aviv 91 (5)2010–2014 Rubin Kazan 104 (21)2014 PAOK 17 (3)2014–2018 CSKA Moscow 101 (24)2018–2019 Olympiacos 21 (1)2019– Partizan 155 (53)International career‡2004–200 Israel U17 12 (3)2006 Israel U18 4 (1)2006–2007 Israel U19 14 (7)2007–2010 Israel U21 23 (5)2010–2023 Israel 88 (4) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 25 May 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 25 March 2023 Bibars Natcho (Adyghe: Пыйпэрыс Натхъо, Hebrew: ביברס נאתכו, Serbian Cyrillic: Бибарс Натхо; born 18 February 1988) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serbian club Partizan. He is a former captain of the Israel national team who is also the first of either Circassian or Muslim origin, until his international retirement on 25 March 2023. He also holds Serbian citizenship. Early and personal life Natcho was born in Kfar Kama, Israel, to a Circassian-Israeli Muslim family. His father Akram Natkho served in the Israel Border Police (Magav), and died of cardiac arrest in 2008. His cousin, Circassian-Israeli basketball player Nili Natkho, died in 2004 in a car accident in northern Israel. Their grandfather emigrated from Turkey to what was then British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel). His younger cousin Amir Natkho joined CSKA in 2015 as well. His uncle, Amir's father, Adam Natkho is also a former footballer from Russia. He is married to Circassian-Israeli fashion designer Talia Ashmoz-Natcho, and together they have three children. His eldest son was born in 2012 and is named after Natcho's late father. Club career Hapoel Tel Aviv Natcho joined Israeli club Hapoel Tel Aviv's youth team with fellow Israel youth international Ben Sahar, moving through the ranks up to the first team at the start of the 2006–07 season, winning the Israel State Cup during that season. Throughout the years, Natcho became an important player in Hapoel and in the Israeli national youth teams. Natcho made his Israeli Premier League debut coming on as a substitute against Maccabi Netanya on 18 November 2006. Natcho's first professional goal was against NK Široki Brijeg during the 2nd leg of the 2007–08 UEFA Cup second qualifying round at Bloomfield Stadium. After the arrival of Israeli coach Eli Guttman during the 2007–08 season, Natcho became a main part of the team, scoring his first league goal against Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. on 9 February 2008. Natcho made a few impressive performances at the beginning of the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League helping Hapoel finish top of Group C, ending the European campaign drawing 0–0 on a raining evening and losing 0–3 away at the Central Stadium. Rubin Kazan Natcho playing for Rubin Kazan in 2010 After losing 0–3 on aggregate in the Round of 32 of Europa League, Natcho moved to the eventual "European Dream" killers Rubin Kazan on 8 March 2010, signing a four-year deal with this Russian club. with transfer fee of €650,000 paid to Hapoel Tel Aviv. Natcho then scored his first goal for the club, on 17 April 2010, in a 1–0 win over Amkar Perm. His second goal came in a 2–1 win over Rostov on 16 October 2010. However, injuries limited his playing time, as he made fourteen appearances and scored twice. Natcho with Rubin Kazan in 2010 Natcho started the 2011–12 season well in all competitions, scoring his first goal on 27 May 2011, in a 4–1 win over Tom Tomsk. His second goal of the season came on 14 June 2011, in a 3–0 win over Dynamo Moscow. As a result of his performance, Natcho was named Team of The Week Matchday 13. Elsewhere, Natcho scored two goals in the Champions League qualifier against Dynamo Kyiv and Lyon, who they eliminated Kazan out of the competitions and the club would play in the Europa League. Then in the Europa League campaign, Natcho scored twice in six matches in the group stage of the Europa League against Tottenham Hostpur and Shamrock Rovers. Natcho performance was praised for his role during the season and helped the club win the Russian Cup after playing a vital of assisting the winning goal, in a 1–0 win over Dynamo Moscow. Natcho made 56 appearances and scored fourteen appearances in all competitions. Also at the end of the year, Natcho was voted by the club's supporters as the best player of the year. At the start of the 2012–13 season, Natcho continuously made a good start for the club when he scored six goals in the first six matches against Krasnodar, twice against Alania Vladikavkaz, Dynamo Moscow, Spartak Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg. Soon after, Natcho started negotiating over a new three-year contract with the club that would keep him until 2016. However, the negotiations changed again to a one-year contract a month later. Despite a contract negotiations, which is yet reported, Natcho scored his sixth goal of the season, on 11 November 2012, in a 2–0 win over Krylia Sovetov Samara. It would later be revealed that the delay to Natcho's new contract was over the future of Manager Kurban Berdyev. In the quarter final of the Europa League, Natcho scored two goals (both coming from penalty) in both legs, as Rubin Kazan lose 5–4 on aggregate against Chelsea. Natcho would add two more goals later in the season against Lokomotiv Moscow and Krasnodar. At the end of the 2012–13 season, Natcho wasn't only named by Sports.ru as one of the top players in the Russian league, but team of the year. However, Natcho's agent revealed that Natcho had yet to reach an agreement over a new contract. In the 2013–14 season, Natcho started his season when he scored in the second round of first leg of the Europa League, in a 3–2 win over Jagodina. Rubin Kazan would win in the return leg and would progress to the group stage. With his uncertainty of his future, as his contract with the club expires in six months time, it announced that Natcho would stay at the club for the remaining months until January. In the Europa League, Natcho played a vital role of assisting goals in the qualifying round and group stages. He would score three goals in six matches of the group stage, against Zulte Waregem and Maribor. In conclusion of the Europa League group stage, UEFA named Natcho in the Team of the Group Stage. Natcho scored a league goal, on 2 December 2013, in a 3–0 win over Amkar Perm. Natcho was named in the Team of the Season of the Europa League in the 2013–14 season. In the comments on his inclusion, UEFA said: "Probably Rubin's top performer over the last three years, the Israeli international dominates midfield, supplying assists and delivering great set pieces". In the winter break of the season, it was announced that Natcho would leave the club upon expiry of his contract. Natcho cited the departure of Manager Berdyev as the reason of his departure. After leaving the club, Natcho hinted playing in the Bundesliga since it fits his playing style. Natcho rejected a latest contract from Rubin Kazan despite having increase wages. During his career at Rubin Kazan, he was sometimes referred to as the 'best foreigner' in the Russian league and made 104 appearances and scored 21 times. PAOK On 28 January 2014, Natcho arrived in Thessaloniki, Greece, to discuss a possible contract with PAOK. As his contract with Rubin Kazan and sponsorship of 123pame expired he could move to PAOK as a free transfer. The next day Natcho joined the club, signing a six-month contract. His first goal for the club on 5 February 2014, in a 5–0 win against Crete, followed by his second, in a 2–0 win over Atromitos on 6 April 2014. Having made a good display, Natcho was awarded Player of the Month in March. Natcho would help the club reach the final of Greek Cup, but received a yellow card during the match, which cause him to miss out for the final match. At the end of the season, it announced that Natcho was released by the club upon expiry of his contract. CSKA Moscow Natcho playing for CSKA Moscow in 2018 After six months at Greece, Natcho returned to Russia, where he joined CSKA Moscow on a four-year contract. Natcho scored his first goal for the club, which is against his former club, in a 2–1 loss on 18 August 2014. After the match, Natcho felt he owned an apology to Rubin Kazan's supporters. Natcho then scored a hat-trick on 31 August 2014, in a 6–0 win over Rostov. On 21 October 2014, Natcho scored his first Champions League goal for CSKA Moscow with a penalty in the 86th minute against Manchester City. Five days later, Natcho scored a brace, as CSKA Moscow drew 3–3 with FC Ural. Natcho provided two assists in the 2–1 victory over Manchester City in a Champions League group stage game. At the end of the 2014–15 season, Natcho scored 12 goals, gave 8 assists, and was placed in the "Team of the Season". He ended the season being the top scorer of CSKA. In a game against Dynamo Moscow on 5 October 2015 he suffered a slight concussion and was bleeding. Despite that, he insisted on continuing playing (his manager substituted him despite his protests). He left CSKA upon the expiration of his contract on 2 June 2018. Olympiacos After four years at Russia, Natcho returned to Greece, where he joined Olympiacos on a two-year contract. A year later he mutually ended his contract with the club. Partizan On 19 August 2019, Natcho signed a three-year contract with Serbian club Partizan and chose the number 6 shirt. He made his Partizan debut three days later coming on as a 73rd-minute sub in the UEFA Europa League play-off game against Molde. His first goals came on 19 September 2019 when he scored a brace in a 2–2 home draw with AZ Alkmaar in the first matchday of the Europa League group stage. Natcho scored his first Belgrade Derby goal on 10 June 2020, in a 1–0 Serbian Cup semi-final win. He finished his first season in Partizan with 32 appearances, 11 goals and 9 assists, across three competitions. Natcho scored his second Belgrade Derby goal on 19 September 2021 in a 1–1 home draw Serbian SuperLiga game week 9, the Israeli shot diagonally from the right side with his weaker left foot and shook the net of Milan Borjan. On 12 February 2022, in a 0–2 league win at Radnički Niš, Natcho became only the fourth foreign player in Partizan history to record the 100th official cap. On 8 July 2022, Natcho acquired Serbian citizenship. Natcho was voted Player of the Week 13 in Serbian SuperLiga after scoring a brace and recording one assist in a 4–1 victory against Vojvodina in Derby of Serbia. On March 12, 2023, Natcho scored his 50th goal in the Partizan jersey in a 0–3 win away at Mladost Lučani. International career Natcho playing for Israel in 2015 Throughout his career, Natcho has played for nearly every Israeli national team together with his colleague, Beram Kayal. He represented the national team at the Valeri Lobanovsky Memorial Tournament 2007 that was victorious for it. As a former captain of the Israel under-19 team, Natcho was called up for the senior team friendly match held 12 August 2009 against Northern Ireland, but wasn't capped. Natcho made his first appearance for the senior side in a friendly match against Romania on 3 March 2010, when he came on as a substitute. He scored his first international goal against Azerbaijan on 7 September 2012. On 25 March 2023, he retired from international football. Career statistics Club As of 25 May 2024 Club League National cup League cup Europe Other Total Club Season Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Hapoel Tel Aviv 2006–07 Israeli Premier League 11 0 4 0 4 0 1 0 — 20 0 2007–08 26 4 5 0 4 0 8 1 — 43 5 2008–09 30 1 2 0 7 0 6 0 — 45 1 2009–10 24 0 1 0 1 0 12 2 — 38 2 Total 91 5 12 0 16 0 27 3 — 146 8 Rubin Kazan 2010 Russian Premier League 14 2 0 0 — 6 0 0 0 20 2 2011–12 41 9 3 0 — 12 5 — 56 14 2012–13 30 9 0 0 — 11 2 0 0 41 11 2013–14 19 1 0 0 — 11 4 — 30 5 Total 104 21 3 0 — 40 11 0 0 147 32 PAOK 2013–14 Super League Greece 17 3 3 0 — 0 0 — 20 3 CSKA Moscow 2014–15 Russian Premier League 26 12 2 1 — 6 1 0 0 34 14 2015–16 20 2 3 0 — 8 0 — 31 2 2016–17 26 6 1 0 — 5 1 1 0 33 7 2017–18 29 4 1 0 — 14 1 — 44 5 Total 101 24 7 1 — 33 3 1 0 142 28 Olympiacos 2018–19 Super League Greece 21 1 5 0 — 8 0 — 34 1 Partizan 2019–20 Serbian SuperLiga 22 8 3 1 — 7 2 — 32 11 2020–21 33 12 5 1 — 3 2 — 41 15 2021–22 30 10 3 0 — 13 1 — 46 11 2022–23 36 12 0 0 — 10 1 — 46 13 2023–24 34 11 4 0 — 4 1 — 42 12 Total 155 53 15 2 — 37 7 — 207 62 Career total 489 107 45 3 16 0 145 24 1 0 696 134 ^ Includes Israel State Cup, Russian Cup, Greek Cup, Serbian Cup ^ Includes Toto Cup ^ Appearances in UEFA Cup ^ a b c d e f Appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ Four appearances in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ Four appearances and two goals in UEFA Champions League, eight appearances and three goals in UEFA Europa League ^ a b c Appearances in UEFA Champions League ^ Appearance in Russian Super Cup ^ Eight appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League, six appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ a b Appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League ^ Two appearances in UEFA Europa League, eight appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa Conference League International As of match played 25 March 2023 Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Israel 2010 6 0 2011 7 0 2012 9 1 2013 8 0 2014 6 0 2015 5 0 2016 2 0 2017 6 0 2018 7 0 2019 10 1 2020 7 0 2021 11 1 2022 3 1 2023 1 0 Total 88 4 Scores and results list Israel's goal tally first. List of international goals scored by Bibras Natcho No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 7 September 2012 Tofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium, Baku, Azerbaijan Azerbaijan 1–0 1–1 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 2 9 September 2019 Stožice Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia Slovenia 1–1 2–3 UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying 3 31 March 2021 Zimbru Stadium, Chișinău, Moldova Moldova 4–1 4–1 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification 4 27 September 2022 National Stadium, Ta' Qali, Malta Malta 1–0 1–2 Friendly Honours Hapoel Tel Aviv Israel State Cup: 2006–07 Rubin Kazan Russian Cup: 2011–12 Russian Super Cup: 2012 CSKA Moscow Russian Premier League: 2015–16 Individual UEFA Europa League Top assist provider: 2013–14 UEFA Europa League Team of the Group Stage 2013–14 Russian Premier League Central Midfielder of the Season: 2011–12, 2014–15 Serbian SuperLiga Player of the Week: 2021–22 (Round 2), 2022–23 (Round 13) Orders President's Medal: 2023 References ^ "Bibars Natcho". 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Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Talia Ashmoz Natcho (@talianatcho) • Instagram photos and videos". ^ "Bibras Natkho is One of a Kind". 8 October 2013. ^ Натхо подписал четырехлетний контракт с "Рубином". rubin-kazan.ru, 8 March 2010 (in Russian) ^ Не такой, как все (in Russian). Championat.com. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Natcho chips in with Rubin winner". UEFA Official Website. 17 April 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Натхо: вернусь в строй через два-три дня (in Russian). Championat.com. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Салуквадзе выбыл из строя на три недели (in Russian). Championat.com. 1 August 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Натхо не пришлось спорить с Нобоа за право пробить пенальти (in Russian). Sportsbox.ru. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Символическая сборная 13-го тура (in Russian). Championat.com. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Rubin record two-goal win against Dynamo". UEFA Official Website. 26 July 2011. 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Championat.com. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Казанцы нанесли зенитовцам первое поражение в сезоне (in Russian). Championat.com. 25 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Рубин" договорился с Натхо о новом контракте (in Russian). Sport Box.ru. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Натхо продлит контракт с "Рубином" (in Russian). Sportbox.ru. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Топ-10 игроков с заканчивающимися контрактами (in Russian). Sport Box.ru. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Бердыев: игра с "Крыльями Советов" получилась тяжёлая (in Russian). Championat.com. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Переговоры о новом контракте Натхо перенесены из-за ситуации с Бердыевым (in Russian). Championat.com. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Chelsea 3–1 Rubin Kazan". BBC Sport. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Rubin Kazan 3–2 Chelsea (agg 4–5)". BBC Sport. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Тарасов: "Локомотив" скатывается в яму (in Russian). Championat.com. 30 March 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Голы Ерёменко и Натхо помогли "Рубину" обыграть "Краснодар" (in Russian). Championat.com. 26 May 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Кто лучший игрок чемпионата России-2012/13? (in Russian). Sports.ru. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Символическая сборная премьер-лиги по версии Sports.ru" (in Russian). Sports.ru. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Натхо пока не договорился с "Рубином" (in Russian). SportBox.ru. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Рубин" победил "Ягодину" в Сербии, пропустив дважды (in Russian). Championat.com. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Рубин" рассчитывает сохранить Натхо и Рязанцева (in Russian). Championat.com. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Rubin go through the gears to beat Zulte Waregem". UEFA Official Website. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Unbeaten Rubin eliminate Zulte Waregem". UEFA Official Website. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Maribor earn last-gasp draw at Rubin". UEFA Official Website. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Team of the Europa League group stage". UEFA Official Website. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Видеоповтор гола Натхо в ворота "Амкара" (in Russian). Championat.com. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ a b "Team of the Europa League group stage". 13 December 2013. ^ Натхо покидает "Рубин" (in Russian). Sports Express. 22 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Биберс Натхо: "Бундеслига подходит мне по стилю" (in Russian). Sports Express. 30 December 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Натхо отказался от повышения зарплаты в "Рубине" (in Russian). Sport Box.ru. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Yokhin, Michael (17 December 2013). "Israel's Xavi one of best free agents on market". ESPN. Retrieved 15 February 2014. ^ Παίκτης του ΠΑΟΚ ο Μπίμπρας Νάτχο Archived 4 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. paokfc.gr. Retrieved on 29 January 2014. ^ Ρεσιτάλ ΠΑΟΚ με μπροστάρη τον Κλάους και υπογραφή των… νέων (in Greek). PAOK Official Website. 5 February 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Η βράβευση του MVP Νάτχο" (in Greek). PAOK Official Website. 7 April 2014. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Экс-футболист "Рубина" Натхо признан лучшим игроком ПАОКа в марте (in Russian). Sports.ru. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "Das ist Terrorismus" (in German). Kicker.de. 17 April 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Τα συμβόλαια που ολοκληρώνονται (in Greek). PAOK Official Website. 30 June 2014. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Бибрас Натхо стал игроком ПФК ЦСКА (in Russian). PFC CSKA Moscow. 9 August 2014. ^ "Russia Premier League Wrap: Spartak sink CSKA". FourFourTwo. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Бибрас Натхо: "Хочу извиниться перед болельщиками "Рубина" (in Russian). Sports Express. 23 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ Хет-трик Натхо помог ПФК ЦСКА разгромить "Ростов" в ЧР со счетом 6:0 (in Russian). Ria Sports. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014. ^ "CSKA Moscow v Rostov". ESPN FC. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2015. ^ "Champions League : A controversial penalty earns CSKA Moscow a 2–2 draw with Manchester City". Sky Sports. 21 October 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014. ^ Очередной уральский триллер от ЦСКА (in Russian). Championat.com. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014. ^ "Manchester City v CSKA Moskva Live Commentary & Result, 05/11/2014, UEFA Champions League \| Goal.com". ^ ""6+5". Символическая сборная РФПЛ-2014/15". June 2015. ^ "Бибрас Натхо — лучший бомбардир ПФК ЦСКА в сезоне-2014/15". ^ "Окровавленный Натхо не хотел покидать поле боя. Репортаж с дерби". ^ Бибрас Натхо покидает ПФК ЦСКА (in Russian). PFC CSKA Moscow. 2 June 2018. ^ Επίσημο: Στον Ολυμπιακό ο Νάτχο (in Greek). www.sport24.gr. 6 August 2018. ^ "VELIKO pojačanje Partizana: Bibras Natho! (VIDEO)". Mondo Portal (in Serbian (Latin script)). Retrieved 24 August 2019. ^ UEFA.com. "Partizan-Molde - UEFA Europa League". UEFA.com. Retrieved 24 August 2019. ^ "Ten-man AZ earn a point at Partizan Belgrade". Football Oranje. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019. ^ "Sadikova čarolija i egzekutor Natho: Partizan u finalu Kupa! (VIDEO) \| MozzartSport". www.mozzartsport.com. Retrieved 29 August 2020. ^ "Natcho's second Derby goal". Soccerway.com. 19 September 2021. ^ "NATHO U KLUBU 100: Izraelac odigrao stotinu utakmica za Partizan". Arena Sport TV (in Serbian). Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ "PARTIZAN VS. VOJVODINA 4 - 1". Soccerway.com. 2 October 2022. ^ "MLADOST LUČANI VS. PARTIZAN 0 - 3". Soccerway.com. 12 March 2023. ^ Boker, Moshe (23 March 2011). "Holding Triumvirate". Ha'aretz. Retrieved 8 June 2011. ^ "Ukraine 1-1 (4:5) Israel". 22 August 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2020. ^ "Valeri Lobanovsky Memorial Tournament". Retrieved 13 January 2020. ^ זיו: "אנחנו כאן כדי להתכונן למטרה האמיתית שלנו" Archived 2 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Football.org.il. Retrieved on 4 April 2013. ^ "Players of "Rubin" in their national teams: Natkho scored goal". FC Rubin Kazan Official Website. 8 September 2014. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2014. ^ "ההתאחדות לכדורגל בישראל - פרטי שחקן". ^ a b "Bibras Natcho". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 14 September 2019. ^ "Statistics – Tournament phase – Player statistics – Assists". UEFA.com. ^ "Все новости". ^ "Все новости". ^ "Igrač kola: Dva gola Natha za tri boda crno-belih u derbiju kola". www.superliga.rs. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ "Najbolji igrač 13. kola Mozzart Bet Super lige Srbije – Bibars Natcho". www.superliga.rs. Retrieved 4 October 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bibras Natkho. Profile at the CSKA Moscow website Profile at the Israel Football Association website Bibras Natcho at National-Football-Teams.com vteFK Partizan – current squad 1 A. Jovanović 2 Stojković 4 Saničanin 5 Antić 6 Marković (c) 7 Severina 8 Kanouté 10 Natcho 11 Saldanha 14 Baždar 15 Kalulu 16 Owusu 17 Živković 19 Šćekić 20 Pavlović 21 Castillo 23 Nikolić 25 de Medina 26 Filipović 29 Zahid 30 Roganović 33 Krunić 36 Kovačević 40 Miličić 41 Radulaški 42 D. Jovanović 43 Trifunović 44 Mirčetić 45 Stjepanović 55 Pantić 77 Goh 85 Stevanović 99 Janković Manager: Stanojević	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adyghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyghe_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"Israel national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Circassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InternationalRetirement-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports.ru-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Bibars Natcho (Adyghe: Пыйпэрыс Натхъо, Hebrew: ביברס נאתכו, Serbian Cyrillic: Бибарс Натхо; born 18 February 1988) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serbian club Partizan. He is a former captain of the Israel national team who is also the first of either Circassian or Muslim origin, until his international retirement on 25 March 2023.[3][4]He also holds Serbian citizenship.[5]","title":"Bibras Natcho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kfar Kama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar_Kama"},{"link_name":"Circassian-Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian-Israeli"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports.ru-4"},{"link_name":"Israel Border Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Border_Police"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nili Natkho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nili_Natkho"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"British Mandate of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Amir Natkho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Natkho"},{"link_name":"CSKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBC-9"},{"link_name":"Adam Natkho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Natkho"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Natcho was born in Kfar Kama, Israel, to a Circassian-Israeli Muslim family.[4] His father Akram Natkho served in the Israel Border Police (Magav), and died of cardiac arrest in 2008.[6][7] His cousin, Circassian-Israeli basketball player Nili Natkho, died in 2004 in a car accident in northern Israel. Their grandfather emigrated from Turkey to what was then British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel).[8] His younger cousin Amir Natkho joined CSKA in 2015 as well.[9] His uncle, Amir's father, Adam Natkho is also a former footballer from Russia.[10]He is married to Circassian-Israeli fashion designer Talia Ashmoz-Natcho,[11] and together they have three children.[12] His eldest son was born in 2012 and is named after Natcho's late father.[citation needed]","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hapoel Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel_Tel_Aviv_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ben Sahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Sahar"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Israeli_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Israel State Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_State_Cup"},{"link_name":"Israeli Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Maccabi Netanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Netanya_F.C."},{"link_name":"NK Široki Brijeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_%C5%A0iroki_Brijeg"},{"link_name":"2007–08 UEFA Cup second qualifying round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Cup#Second_qualifying_round"},{"link_name":"Bloomfield Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Eli Guttman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Guttman"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Israeli_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Petah_Tikva_F.C."},{"link_name":"2009–10 UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Group C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Europa_League#Group_C"},{"link_name":"Central Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Stadium_(Kazan)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Hapoel Tel Aviv","text":"Natcho joined Israeli club Hapoel Tel Aviv's youth team with fellow Israel youth international Ben Sahar, moving through the ranks up to the first team at the start of the 2006–07 season, winning the Israel State Cup during that season. Throughout the years, Natcho became an important player in Hapoel and in the Israeli national youth teams. Natcho made his Israeli Premier League debut coming on as a substitute against Maccabi Netanya on 18 November 2006. Natcho's first professional goal was against NK Široki Brijeg during the 2nd leg of the 2007–08 UEFA Cup second qualifying round at Bloomfield Stadium. After the arrival of Israeli coach Eli Guttman during the 2007–08 season, Natcho became a main part of the team, scoring his first league goal against Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. on 9 February 2008. Natcho made a few impressive performances at the beginning of the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League helping Hapoel finish top of Group C, ending the European campaign drawing 0–0 on a raining evening and losing 0–3 away at the Central Stadium.[citation needed]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bibras_Natkho_IMG_1464.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rubin Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Round of 32 of Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Europa_League#Round_of_32"},{"link_name":"Rubin Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB-13"},{"link_name":"Hapoel Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel_Tel_Aviv_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Amkar Perm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Amkar_Perm"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rostov"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bibras_Natkho.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rubin Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Tom Tomsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Tom_Tomsk"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hostpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Shamrock Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Russian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Russian_Cup#Final"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Krasnodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Krasnodar"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Alania Vladikavkaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Alania_Vladikavkaz"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Spartak Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Zenit Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Krylia Sovetov Samara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Krylia_Sovetov_Samara"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Kurban Berdyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurban_Berdyev"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Jagodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Jagodina"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Zulte Waregem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.V._Zulte_Waregem"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Maribor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Maribor"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uefa.com-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-54"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Rubin Kazan","text":"Natcho playing for Rubin Kazan in 2010After losing 0–3 on aggregate in the Round of 32 of Europa League, Natcho moved to the eventual \"European Dream\" killers Rubin Kazan on 8 March 2010, signing a four-year deal with this Russian club.[13] with transfer fee of €650,000 paid to Hapoel Tel Aviv.[14]Natcho then scored his first goal for the club, on 17 April 2010, in a 1–0 win over Amkar Perm.[15] His second goal came in a 2–1 win over Rostov on 16 October 2010. However, injuries limited his playing time, as he made fourteen appearances and scored twice.[16][17]Natcho with Rubin Kazan in 2010Natcho started the 2011–12 season well in all competitions, scoring his first goal on 27 May 2011, in a 4–1 win over Tom Tomsk.[18] His second goal of the season came on 14 June 2011, in a 3–0 win over Dynamo Moscow. As a result of his performance, Natcho was named Team of The Week Matchday 13.[19] Elsewhere, Natcho scored two goals in the Champions League qualifier against Dynamo Kyiv[20] and Lyon, who they eliminated Kazan out of the competitions and the club would play in the Europa League.[21] Then in the Europa League campaign, Natcho scored twice in six matches in the group stage of the Europa League against Tottenham Hostpur[22] and Shamrock Rovers.[23] Natcho performance was praised for his role during the season and helped the club win the Russian Cup after playing a vital of assisting the winning goal, in a 1–0 win over Dynamo Moscow.[24] Natcho made 56 appearances and scored fourteen appearances in all competitions. Also at the end of the year, Natcho was voted by the club's supporters as the best player of the year.[25]At the start of the 2012–13 season, Natcho continuously made a good start for the club when he scored six goals in the first six matches against Krasnodar,[26] twice against Alania Vladikavkaz,[27] Dynamo Moscow,[28] Spartak Moscow[29] and Zenit Saint Petersburg.[30] Soon after, Natcho started negotiating over a new three-year contract with the club that would keep him until 2016.[31] However, the negotiations changed again to a one-year contract a month later.[32] Despite a contract negotiations, which is yet reported,[33] Natcho scored his sixth goal of the season, on 11 November 2012, in a 2–0 win over Krylia Sovetov Samara.[34] It would later be revealed that the delay to Natcho's new contract was over the future of Manager Kurban Berdyev.[35] In the quarter final of the Europa League, Natcho scored two goals (both coming from penalty) in both legs, as Rubin Kazan lose 5–4 on aggregate against Chelsea.[36][37] Natcho would add two more goals later in the season against Lokomotiv Moscow[38] and Krasnodar.[39] At the end of the 2012–13 season, Natcho wasn't only named by Sports.ru as one of the top players in the Russian league,[40] but team of the year.[41] However, Natcho's agent revealed that Natcho had yet to reach an agreement over a new contract.[42]In the 2013–14 season, Natcho started his season when he scored in the second round of first leg of the Europa League, in a 3–2 win over Jagodina. Rubin Kazan would win in the return leg and would progress to the group stage.[43] With his uncertainty of his future, as his contract with the club expires in six months time, it announced that Natcho would stay at the club for the remaining months until January.[44] In the Europa League, Natcho played a vital role of assisting goals in the qualifying round and group stages. He would score three goals in six matches of the group stage, against Zulte Waregem[45][46] and Maribor.[47] In conclusion of the Europa League group stage, UEFA named Natcho in the Team of the Group Stage.[48] Natcho scored a league goal, on 2 December 2013, in a 3–0 win over Amkar Perm.[49]Natcho was named in the Team of the Season of the Europa League in the 2013–14 season. In the comments on his inclusion, UEFA said: \"Probably Rubin's top performer over the last three years, the Israeli international dominates midfield, supplying assists and delivering great set pieces\".[50]In the winter break of the season, it was announced that Natcho would leave the club upon expiry of his contract. Natcho cited the departure of Manager Berdyev as the reason of his departure.[51] After leaving the club, Natcho hinted playing in the Bundesliga since it fits his playing style.[52] Natcho rejected a latest contract from Rubin Kazan despite having increase wages.[53] During his career at Rubin Kazan, he was sometimes referred to as the 'best foreigner' in the Russian league[54] and made 104 appearances and scored 21 times.[citation needed]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"PAOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAOK_FC"},{"link_name":"Rubin Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Kazan"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFI_Crete"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Atromitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atromitos_F.C."},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"final of Greek Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Greek_Football_Cup#Final"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"PAOK","text":"On 28 January 2014, Natcho arrived in Thessaloniki, Greece, to discuss a possible contract with PAOK. As his contract with Rubin Kazan and sponsorship of 123pame expired he could move to PAOK as a free transfer. The next day Natcho joined the club, signing a six-month contract.[55]His first goal for the club on 5 February 2014, in a 5–0 win against Crete,[56] followed by his second, in a 2–0 win over Atromitos on 6 April 2014.[57] Having made a good display, Natcho was awarded Player of the Month in March.[58] Natcho would help the club reach the final of Greek Cup, but received a yellow card during the match, which cause him to miss out for the final match.[59]At the end of the season, it announced that Natcho was released by the club upon expiry of his contract.[60]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CSKA-CZ_(10).jpg"},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Rostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rostov"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"FC Ural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Ural_Sverdlovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"CSKA Moscow","text":"Natcho playing for CSKA Moscow in 2018After six months at Greece, Natcho returned to Russia, where he joined CSKA Moscow on a four-year contract.[61]Natcho scored his first goal for the club, which is against his former club, in a 2–1 loss on 18 August 2014.[62] After the match, Natcho felt he owned an apology to Rubin Kazan's supporters.[63] Natcho then scored a hat-trick on 31 August 2014, in a 6–0 win over Rostov.[64][65] On 21 October 2014, Natcho scored his first Champions League goal for CSKA Moscow with a penalty in the 86th minute against Manchester City.[66] Five days later, Natcho scored a brace, as CSKA Moscow drew 3–3 with FC Ural.[67]Natcho provided two assists in the 2–1 victory over Manchester City in a Champions League group stage game.[68]At the end of the 2014–15 season, Natcho scored 12 goals, gave 8 assists, and was placed in the \"Team of the Season\".[69] He ended the season being the top scorer of CSKA.[70]In a game against Dynamo Moscow on 5 October 2015 he suffered a slight concussion and was bleeding. Despite that, he insisted on continuing playing (his manager substituted him despite his protests).[71]He left CSKA upon the expiration of his contract on 2 June 2018.[72]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympiacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C."},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Olympiacos","text":"After four years at Russia, Natcho returned to Greece, where he joined Olympiacos on a two-year contract.[73] A year later he mutually ended his contract with the club.[citation needed]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Molde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_FK"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"AZ Alkmaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZ_Alkmaar"},{"link_name":"Europa League group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_UEFA_Europa_League_group_stage#Group_L"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_derby_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cup"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Serbian SuperLiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_SuperLiga"},{"link_name":"Milan Borjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Borjan"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Radnički Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Radni%C4%8Dki_Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Serbian SuperLiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_SuperLiga"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Derby of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Mladost Lučani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Mladost_Lu%C4%8Dani"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Partizan","text":"On 19 August 2019, Natcho signed a three-year contract with Serbian club Partizan and chose the number 6 shirt.[74] He made his Partizan debut three days later coming on as a 73rd-minute sub in the UEFA Europa League play-off game against Molde.[75] His first goals came on 19 September 2019 when he scored a brace in a 2–2 home draw with AZ Alkmaar in the first matchday of the Europa League group stage.[76]Natcho scored his first Belgrade Derby goal on 10 June 2020, in a 1–0 Serbian Cup semi-final win.[77] He finished his first season in Partizan with 32 appearances, 11 goals and 9 assists, across three competitions.[citation needed]Natcho scored his second Belgrade Derby goal on 19 September 2021 in a 1–1 home draw Serbian SuperLiga game week 9, the Israeli shot diagonally from the right side with his weaker left foot and shook the net of Milan Borjan.[78] On 12 February 2022, in a 0–2 league win at Radnički Niš, Natcho became only the fourth foreign player in Partizan history to record the 100th official cap.[79]On 8 July 2022, Natcho acquired Serbian citizenship.[5] Natcho was voted Player of the Week 13 in Serbian SuperLiga after scoring a brace and recording one assist in a 4–1 victory against Vojvodina in Derby of Serbia.[80] On March 12, 2023, Natcho scored his 50th goal in the Partizan jersey in a 0–3 win away at Mladost Lučani.[81]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bibras_Natkho_Israel.JPG"},{"link_name":"Beram Kayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beram_Kayal"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boker-82"},{"link_name":"Valeri Lobanovsky Memorial Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Lobanovsky_Memorial_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Israel under-19 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"senior team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InternationalRetirement-3"}],"text":"Natcho playing for Israel in 2015Throughout his career, Natcho has played for nearly every Israeli national team together with his colleague, Beram Kayal.[82] He represented the national team at the Valeri Lobanovsky Memorial Tournament 2007 that was victorious for it.[83][84] As a former captain of the Israel under-19 team, Natcho was called up for the senior team friendly match held 12 August 2009 against Northern Ireland,[85] but wasn't capped. Natcho made his first appearance for the senior side in a friendly match against Romania on 3 March 2010, when he came on as a substitute. He scored his first international goal against Azerbaijan on 7 September 2012.[86]On 25 March 2023, he retired from international football.[3]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-88"},{"link_name":"Israel State Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_State_Cup"},{"link_name":"Russian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"Greek Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-89"},{"link_name":"Toto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-90"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_91-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_91-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_91-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_91-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_91-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_91-5"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-92"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-93"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_94-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_94-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_94-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95"},{"link_name":"Russian Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-96"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UECL_97-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UECL_97-1"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-98"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of 25 May 2024[87]^ Includes Israel State Cup, Russian Cup, Greek Cup, Serbian Cup\n\n^ Includes Toto Cup\n\n^ Appearances in UEFA Cup\n\n^ a b c d e f Appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Four appearances in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Four appearances and two goals in UEFA Champions League, eight appearances and three goals in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ a b c Appearances in UEFA Champions League\n\n^ Appearance in Russian Super Cup\n\n^ Eight appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League, six appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ a b Appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League\n\n^ Two appearances in UEFA Europa League, eight appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa Conference League","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-99"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-99"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"As of match played 25 March 2023[88]Scores and results list Israel's goal tally first.[88]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel State Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_State_Cup"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Israel_State_Cup"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Russian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Russian_Cup"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Russian Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Russian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Russian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Europa_League#Top_assists_provider"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uefa.com-50"},{"link_name":"Russian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Serbian SuperLiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_SuperLiga"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Serbian_SuperLiga#Awards"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Serbian_SuperLiga#Awards"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Israel_president%27s_medal.jpg"},{"link_name":"President's Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Medal_(Israel)"}],"text":"Hapoel Tel AvivIsrael State Cup: 2006–07[citation needed]Rubin KazanRussian Cup: 2011–12[citation needed]\nRussian Super Cup: 2012[citation needed]CSKA MoscowRussian Premier League: 2015–16[citation needed]IndividualUEFA Europa League Top assist provider: 2013–14[89]UEFA Europa League Team of the Group Stage 2013–14[50]Russian Premier League Central Midfielder of the Season: 2011–12,[90] 2014–15[91]Serbian SuperLiga Player of the Week: 2021–22 (Round 2[92]), 2022–23 (Round 13[93])OrdersPresident's Medal: 2023","title":"Honours"}]	[{"image_text":"Natcho playing for Rubin Kazan in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bibras_Natkho_IMG_1464.jpg/180px-Bibras_Natkho_IMG_1464.jpg"},{"image_text":"Natcho with Rubin Kazan in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bibras_Natkho.jpg/175px-Bibras_Natkho.jpg"},{"image_text":"Natcho playing for CSKA Moscow in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CSKA-CZ_%2810%29.jpg/170px-CSKA-CZ_%2810%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Natcho playing for Israel in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bibras_Natkho_Israel.JPG/220px-Bibras_Natkho_Israel.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bibars Natcho\". Partizan FC. 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://partizan.rs/en/player/3","url_text":"\"Bibars Natcho\""}]},{"reference":"\"נאתכו: בטוח שהנבחרת תגיע ליורו, אהיה בשווייץ\". 25 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.one.co.il/Article/432368.html","url_text":"\"נאתכו: בטוח שהנבחרת תגיע ליורו, אהיה בשווייץ\""}]},{"reference":"Бибарс Натхо: \"В \"Рубине\" я соблюдаю уразу вместе с Бердыевым и Караденизом\" (in Russian). Sports.ru. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sports.ru/football/133959745.html","url_text":"Бибарс Натхо: \"В \"Рубине\" я соблюдаю уразу вместе с Бердыевым и Караденизом\""}]},{"reference":"\"Службени гласник Републике Србије\". www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs. Retrieved 10 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/viewdoc?uuid=b8c6b564-f274-4c5d-9764-d5462c41e8d4","url_text":"\"Службени гласник Републике Србије\""}]},{"reference":"Zenziper, Nadav (7 September 2015). \"Israel's Muslim soccer captain: Hatikvah makes me uncomfortable\". Ynetnews.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4698241,00.html","url_text":"\"Israel's Muslim soccer captain: Hatikvah makes me uncomfortable\""}]},{"reference":"Натхо: чувствую, что как игрок я прибавил именно в \"Рубине\" (in Russian). Championat.com. 9 November 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-649734-natkho-chuvstvuju-chto-kak-igrok-ja-pribavil-imenno-v-rubine.html","url_text":"Натхо: чувствую, что как игрок я прибавил именно в \"Рубине\""}]},{"reference":"Три дома Бибраса Натхо (in Russian). Adiga. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://fond-adygi.ru/page/tri-doma-bibrasa-natho","url_text":"Три дома Бибраса Натхо"}]},{"reference":"Амир Натхо перешел из \"Барселоны\" в ЦСКА [Amir Natkho moves from Barcelona to CSKA] (in Russian). RBC. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://sport.rbc.ru/article/261219/","url_text":"Амир Натхо перешел из \"Барселоны\" в ЦСКА"}]},{"reference":"Впервые футболист из Израиля выступает за Казань (in Russian). RG.ru. 8 April 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rg.ru/2010/04/08/reg-volga-kama/natho.html","url_text":"Впервые футболист из Израиля выступает за Казань"}]},{"reference":"\"Talia Ashmoz Natcho (@talianatcho) • Instagram photos and videos\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/talianatcho/","url_text":"\"Talia Ashmoz Natcho (@talianatcho) • Instagram photos and videos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bibras Natkho is One of a Kind\". 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://russianfootballnews.com/bibras-natkho-is-one-of-a-kind/","url_text":"\"Bibras Natkho is One of a Kind\""}]},{"reference":"Не такой, как все (in Russian). Championat.com. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/article-50384-ne-takoj-kak-vse.html","url_text":"Не такой, как все"}]},{"reference":"\"Natcho chips in with Rubin winner\". UEFA Official Website. 17 April 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=rus/news/newsid=1477468.html","url_text":"\"Natcho chips in with Rubin winner\""}]},{"reference":"Натхо: вернусь в строй через два-три дня (in Russian). Championat.com. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-486366-natkho-vernus-v-stroj-cherez-dva-tri-dnja.html","url_text":"Натхо: вернусь в строй через два-три дня"}]},{"reference":"Салуквадзе выбыл из строя на три недели (in Russian). Championat.com. 1 August 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-560537-salukvadze-vybyl-iz-stroja-na-tri-nedeli.html","url_text":"Салуквадзе выбыл из строя на три недели"}]},{"reference":"Натхо не пришлось спорить с Нобоа за право пробить пенальти (in Russian). Sportsbox.ru. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sportbox.ru/Vidy_sporta/Futbol/Russia/premier_league/spbnews_Natho-ne-prishlosi-sporiti-s-Noboa-za-pravo-probiti","url_text":"Натхо не пришлось спорить с Нобоа за право пробить пенальти"}]},{"reference":"Символическая сборная 13-го тура (in Russian). Championat.com. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/article-88166-simvolicheskaja-sbornaja-13-go-tura.html","url_text":"Символическая сборная 13-го тура"}]},{"reference":"\"Rubin record two-goal win against Dynamo\". UEFA Official Website. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=1653478.html","url_text":"\"Rubin record two-goal win against Dynamo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resilient Lyon hold off Rubin\". UEFA Official Website. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=1657745.html","url_text":"\"Resilient Lyon hold off Rubin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rubin Kazan 1–0 Tottenham\". BBC Sport. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/15472973.stm","url_text":"\"Rubin Kazan 1–0 Tottenham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Europa League: Shamrock Rovers 0–3 Rubin Kazan\". BBC Sport. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14940959.stm","url_text":"\"Europa League: Shamrock Rovers 0–3 Rubin Kazan\""}]},{"reference":"קטן, יאיר (25 May 2012). כישלון מהדהד: העונה המאכזבת של הליגיונרים. Ynet (in Hebrew). Ynet Sports. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4233594,00.html","url_text":"כישלון מהדהד: העונה המאכזבת של הליגיונרים"}]},{"reference":"Натхо признан лучшим футболистом \"Рубина\" в уходящем году (in Russian). Championat.com. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1035147-natkho-priznan-luchshim-futbolistom-rubina-v-ukhodjashhem-godu.html","url_text":"Натхо признан лучшим футболистом \"Рубина\" в уходящем году"}]},{"reference":"\"Краснодар\" победил \"Рубин\" благодаря дублю Мовсисяна (in Russian). Championat.com. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1256283-krasnodar-pobedil-rubin-blagodarja-dublju-movsisjana.html","url_text":"\"Краснодар\" победил \"Рубин\" благодаря дублю Мовсисяна"}]},{"reference":"\"Рубин\" выиграл у \"Алании\" с разницей в два мяча (in Russian). Championat.com. 29 July 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1262543-rubin-vyigral-u-alanii-s-raznicej-v-dva-mjacha.html","url_text":"\"Рубин\" выиграл у \"Алании\" с разницей в два мяча"}]},{"reference":"Натхо: гонкой бомбардиров не интересуюсь (in Russian). Championat.com. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1277854-natkho-gonkoj-bombardirov-ne-interesujus.html","url_text":"Натхо: гонкой бомбардиров не интересуюсь"}]},{"reference":"Ромуло приближает \"Спартак\" к лидеру (in Russian). Championat.com. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/article-134646-premer-liga-5-j-tur-top-desjat-sobytij-uik-jenda.html","url_text":"Ромуло приближает \"Спартак\" к лидеру"}]},{"reference":"Казанцы нанесли зенитовцам первое поражение в сезоне (in Russian). Championat.com. 25 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1289282-zenit---rubin---12-kazancy-nanesli-zenitovcam-pervoe-porazhenie-v-sezone.html","url_text":"Казанцы нанесли зенитовцам первое поражение в сезоне"}]},{"reference":"\"Рубин\" договорился с Натхо о новом контракте (in Russian). Sport Box.ru. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sportbox.ru/Vidy_sporta/Futbol/Russia/premier_league/spbnews_NI334880_Rubin-dogovorilsya-s-Natho-o-novom-kontrak","url_text":"\"Рубин\" договорился с Натхо о новом контракте"}]},{"reference":"Натхо продлит контракт с \"Рубином\" (in Russian). Sportbox.ru. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sportbox.ru/Vidy_sporta/Futbol/Russia/premier_league/spbnews_NI340875_Natho-prodlit-kontrakt-s-Rubinom","url_text":"Натхо продлит контракт с \"Рубином\""}]},{"reference":"Топ-10 игроков с заканчивающимися контрактами (in Russian). Sport Box.ru. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sportbox.ru/Vidy_sporta/Futbol/Russia/premier_league/spbnews_NI365681_Prodlevati-budete-Top-10-igrokov-s-zakanch","url_text":"Топ-10 игроков с заканчивающимися контрактами"}]},{"reference":"Бердыев: игра с \"Крыльями Советов\" получилась тяжёлая (in Russian). Championat.com. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1368071-berdyev-igra-s-kryljami-sovetov-poluchilas-tjazhelaja.html","url_text":"Бердыев: игра с \"Крыльями Советов\" получилась тяжёлая"}]},{"reference":"Переговоры о новом контракте Натхо перенесены из-за ситуации с Бердыевым (in Russian). Championat.com. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1403303-peregovory-o-novom-kontrakte-natkho-pereneseny-iz-za-situacii-s-berdyevym.html","url_text":"Переговоры о новом контракте Натхо перенесены из-за ситуации с Бердыевым"}]},{"reference":"\"Chelsea 3–1 Rubin Kazan\". BBC Sport. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21963641","url_text":"\"Chelsea 3–1 Rubin Kazan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rubin Kazan 3–2 Chelsea (agg 4–5)\". BBC Sport. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22023533","url_text":"\"Rubin Kazan 3–2 Chelsea (agg 4–5)\""}]},{"reference":"Тарасов: \"Локомотив\" скатывается в яму (in Russian). Championat.com. 30 March 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/article-157061-rubin---lokomotiv-kommentarii-futbolistov.html","url_text":"Тарасов: \"Локомотив\" скатывается в яму"}]},{"reference":"Голы Ерёменко и Натхо помогли \"Рубину\" обыграть \"Краснодар\" (in Russian). Championat.com. 26 May 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1539156-goly-erjomenko-i-natkho-pomogli-rubinu-obygrat-krasnodar.html","url_text":"Голы Ерёменко и Натхо помогли \"Рубину\" обыграть \"Краснодар\""}]},{"reference":"Кто лучший игрок чемпионата России-2012/13? (in Russian). Sports.ru. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sports.ru/football/149071392.html","url_text":"Кто лучший игрок чемпионата России-2012/13?"}]},{"reference":"\"Символическая сборная премьер-лиги по версии Sports.ru\" (in Russian). Sports.ru. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sports.ru/football/149281458.html","url_text":"\"Символическая сборная премьер-лиги по версии Sports.ru\""}]},{"reference":"Натхо пока не договорился с \"Рубином\" (in Russian). SportBox.ru. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sportbox.ru/Vidy_sporta/Futbol/transfers/spbnews_NI381561_Natho-poka-ne-dogovorilsya-s-Rubinom","url_text":"Натхо пока не договорился с \"Рубином\""}]},{"reference":"\"Рубин\" победил \"Ягодину\" в Сербии, пропустив дважды (in Russian). Championat.com. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1583321-rubin-pobedil-jagodinu-v-serbii-propustiv-dvazhdy.html","url_text":"\"Рубин\" победил \"Ягодину\" в Сербии, пропустив дважды"}]},{"reference":"\"Рубин\" рассчитывает сохранить Натхо и Рязанцева (in Russian). Championat.com. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1604768-rubin-rasschityvaet-sokhranit-natkho-i-rjazanceva.html","url_text":"\"Рубин\" рассчитывает сохранить Натхо и Рязанцева"}]},{"reference":"\"Rubin go through the gears to beat Zulte Waregem\". UEFA Official Website. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=2000354.html","url_text":"\"Rubin go through the gears to beat Zulte Waregem\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unbeaten Rubin eliminate Zulte Waregem\". UEFA Official Website. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=2000450.html","url_text":"\"Unbeaten Rubin eliminate Zulte Waregem\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maribor earn last-gasp draw at Rubin\". UEFA Official Website. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=2000428.html","url_text":"\"Maribor earn last-gasp draw at Rubin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team of the Europa League group stage\". UEFA Official Website. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2034165.html","url_text":"\"Team of the Europa League group stage\""}]},{"reference":"Видеоповтор гола Натхо в ворота \"Амкара\" (in Russian). Championat.com. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1699439-rubin---amkar-videopovtor-gola-natkho-v-vorota-amkara.html","url_text":"Видеоповтор гола Натхо в ворота \"Амкара\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team of the Europa League group stage\". 13 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2034165.html","url_text":"\"Team of the Europa League group stage\""}]},{"reference":"Натхо покидает \"Рубин\" (in Russian). 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дня"},{"Link":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-560537-salukvadze-vybyl-iz-stroja-na-tri-nedeli.html","external_links_name":"Салуквадзе выбыл из строя на три недели"},{"Link":"http://news.sportbox.ru/Vidy_sporta/Futbol/Russia/premier_league/spbnews_Natho-ne-prishlosi-sporiti-s-Noboa-za-pravo-probiti","external_links_name":"Натхо не пришлось спорить с Нобоа за право пробить пенальти"},{"Link":"http://www.championat.com/football/article-88166-simvolicheskaja-sbornaja-13-go-tura.html","external_links_name":"Символическая сборная 13-го тура"},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=1653478.html","external_links_name":"\"Rubin record two-goal win against Dynamo\""},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=1657745.html","external_links_name":"\"Resilient Lyon hold off Rubin\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/15472973.stm","external_links_name":"\"Rubin Kazan 1–0 Tottenham\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14940959.stm","external_links_name":"\"Europa League: Shamrock Rovers 0–3 Rubin Kazan\""},{"Link":"http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4233594,00.html","external_links_name":"כישלון מהדהד: העונה המאכזבת של הליגיונרים"},{"Link":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1035147-natkho-priznan-luchshim-futbolistom-rubina-v-ukhodjashhem-godu.html","external_links_name":"Натхо признан лучшим футболистом \"Рубина\" в уходящем году"},{"Link":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1256283-krasnodar-pobedil-rubin-blagodarja-dublju-movsisjana.html","external_links_name":"\"Краснодар\" победил \"Рубин\" благодаря дублю Мовсисяна"},{"Link":"http://www.championat.com/football/news-1262543-rubin-vyigral-u-alanii-s-raznicej-v-dva-mjacha.html","external_links_name":"\"Рубин\" выиграл у \"Алании\" с разницей в два 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cameron_Sproul	William Cameron Sproul	["1 Early life and education","2 Business career","3 Political career","4 Personal life","5 Legacy","6 References","7 External links"]	American politician William Cameron SproulSproul in 191827th Governor of PennsylvaniaIn officeJanuary 21, 1919 – January 16, 1923LieutenantEdward BeidlemanPreceded byMartin BrumbaughSucceeded byGifford PinchotMember of the Pennsylvania Senate from the 9th districtIn office1897–1919Preceded byJesse Matlack BakerSucceeded byRichard J. BaldwinChair of the National Governors AssociationIn officeAugust 18, 1919 – December 14, 1922Preceded byHenry Justin AllenSucceeded byChanning H. Cox Personal detailsBornEmerson Columbus Harrington(1870-09-16)September 16, 1870Colerain Township, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedMarch 21, 1928(1928-03-21) (aged 57)Wallingford, Pennsylvania, U.S.Political partyRepublicanEducationSwarthmore College (BA)Signature William Cameron Sproul (September 16, 1870 – March 21, 1928) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Republican member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1897 to 1919 and as the 27th governor of Pennsylvania from 1919 to 1923. He also served as chair of the National Governors Association from 1919 to 1922. Early life and education Sproul was born at John Douglass House to William Hall and Deborah Dickinson (Slokom) Sproul in Colerain Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, on September 16, 1870. The family relocated to Chester, Pennsylvania, in 1883, and Sproul graduated from Chester High School in 1887. He attended Swarthmore College, was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity and graduated with honors in 1891. Business career After graduation, Sproul acquired an interest in the Franklin Printing Company of Philadelphia. Sproul later purchased a half interest in the Chester Times newspaper. Sproul was employed in the field of newspaper publishing, and rose to the rank of president of the Chester Daily Times. Additionally, he made a substantial profit through investments in railroads and manufacturing interests. In 1895, Sproul was elected a director of the First National Bank of Chester. In 1898, he became vice president of the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding and Engine Works but resigned a year later when he organized the Seaboard Steel Casting Company and served as president. In 1900, he was elected president of the Chester Shipping Company. He was president of the Ohio Valley Electric Railway Company, the Lackawanna & Wyoming Valley Railroad Company and of the General Refractories Company. He was director of the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad Company, the Delaware County Trust and Title Insurance Company, the Commercial Trust Company of Philadelphia and the American Railways Company. Political career Willim Cameron Sproul and son Jack in Armistice Day parade, November 11, 1918 A prominent Republican, Sproul served in the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 9th District from 1897 to 1919. At age 26, he was the youngest member of the senate and the youngest man to become senator from Delaware County. In 1911, he drafted the landmark Sproul Road Bill, which created the state highway system. In 1918, Sproul was elected as the 27th Governor of Pennsylvania and served until 1923. As governor, he focused on expanding funding for education, roadway construction, and veterans' services. He also spurred an effort to expand state forest land in order to replenish the state's woodlands after years of depletion by lumber companies. Sproul was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1920. He was later offered the nomination for vice president on a ticket with Warren Harding, but he declined. In 1926, Sproul chaired the bi-state committee that organized the construction of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge between Philadelphia and Camden. During his political career, Sproul was elected to the American Philosophical Society. Personal life Sproul homestead in Chester, Pennsylvania On January 21, 1892, Sproul married Emeline Wallace Roach, the daughter of shipbuilder John Roach. They had two children, Dorothy Wallace Sproul (1892–1931) and John Roach Sproul (1894–1949), who married Henry D. Hatfield's daughter, Hazel Bronson Hatfield. Although Sproul was a millionaire, he died intestate on March 21, 1928. He is interred at the Chester Rural Cemetery in Chester, Pennsylvania. Legacy Telescope in the Sproul Observatory at Swarthmore College His birthplace is known as the John Douglass House and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. The following are named in his honor: Sproul Hall, a Penn State University residence hall built in 1966 Governor Sproul Apartments in Broomall, Pennsylvania Sproul Estates, a residential development in Wallingford, Pennsylvania, built on the site of his former residence Sproul State Forest in Clinton and Centre counties Sproul Road, which parallels much of PA Route 320 in between Wayne, Radnor and Marple Sproul Observatory at Swarthmore College References ^ "William Cameron Sproul". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved August 10, 2018. ^ a b "William C. Sproul, Ex-Governor, Dies. Former Pennsylvania Executive Succumbs at 57 After Illness of Several Months. Began Life As Farmer Boy. After College He Bought Interest in a Newspaper, but Later Took Up Financial Interests". New York Times. March 22, 1928. Retrieved December 27, 2013. William Cameron Sproul, former Governor of Pennsylvania, three times President of the Union League of Philadelphia and a nationally known figure in Republican politics, died at his home, Lapidea Manor, near Chester, shortly before 10 o'clock tonight .... ^ a b c d Ashmead, Henry Graham (1914). History of the Delaware County National Bank. Chester, Pennsylvania: Press of the Chester Times. p. 159. Retrieved August 11, 2018. ^ a b Ashmead, Henry Graham (1914). History of the Delaware County National Bank. Chester, Pennsylvania: Press of the Chester Times. p. 159. Retrieved March 1, 2018. ^ Jordan, John W. (1914). A History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania and Its People. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. pp. 515–516. Retrieved August 11, 2018. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved September 22, 2023. ^ a b "Governor William Cameron Sproul". www.phmc.state.pa.us. Retrieved August 12, 2018. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "Sproul Hall". www.housing.psu.edu. Retrieved August 12, 2018. ^ "Wallingford PA Community Spotlight - Sproul Estates". www.wallingfordpahomes.com. Retrieved August 12, 2018. PHMC: William Cameron Sproul biography Pennsylvania Governors Past to Present: Governor William Cameron Sproul Biography portal External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Cameron Sproul. Works by or about William Cameron Sproul at Internet Archive Party political offices Preceded byMartin Grove Brumbaugh Republican nominee for Governor of Pennsylvania 1918 Succeeded byGifford Pinchot Political offices Preceded byJesse Matlack Baker Member of the Pennsylvania Senate 9th District 1897–1919 Succeeded byRichard J. Baldwin Preceded byMartin Brumbaugh Governor of Pennsylvania 1919–1923 Succeeded byGifford Pinchot Preceded byHenry Justin Allen Chair of the National Governors Association 1919–1922 Succeeded byChanning H. Cox vteGovernors and presidents of PennsylvaniaPresidents(1777–1790) Wharton Bryan Reed Moore Dickinson Franklin Mifflin Governors(since 1790) Mifflin McKean Snyder Findlay Hiester Shulze G. Wolf Ritner Porter Shunk Johnston Bigler Pollock Packer Curtin Geary Hartranft Hoyt Pattison Beaver Pattison Hastings Stone Pennypacker Stuart Tener Brumbaugh Sproul Pinchot Fisher Pinchot Earle James Martin Bell Duff Fine Leader Lawrence Scranton Shafer Shapp Thornburgh Casey Ridge Schweiker Rendell Corbett T. Wolf Shapiro vteChairs of the National Governors Association Willson McGovern Walsh Spry Capper Harrington Allen Sproul Cox Trinkle Brewster McMullen Dern Case Pollard Rolph McNutt Peery Cochran Stark Vanderbilt Stassen O'Conor Saltonstall Maw Martin Caldwell Hildreth Hunt Lane Carlson Lausche Peterson Shivers Thornton Kennon Langlie Stanley Stratton Collins Boggs McNichols Powell Rosellini Anderson Sawyer Reed Guy Volpe Ellington Love Hearnes Moore Mandel Evans Rampton Ray Andrus Askew Milliken Carroll Bowen Busbee Snelling Matheson J. Thompson Carlin Alexander Clinton Sununu Baliles Branstad Gardner Ashcroft Romer Campbell Dean T. Thompson Miller Voinovich Carper Leavitt Glendening Engler Patton Kempthorne Warner Huckabee Napolitano Pawlenty Rendell Douglas Manchin Gregoire Heineman Markell Fallin Hickenlooper Herbert McAuliffe Sandoval Bullock Hogan Cuomo Hutchinson Murphy Cox vte(← 1916) 1920 United States presidential election (→ 1924)Republican Party(Convention)Nominees President: Warren G. Harding Vice President: Calvin Coolidge Other candidates Leonard Wood Frank Orren Lowden Hiram Johnson William Cameron Sproul Nicholas Murray Butler Calvin Coolidge Robert M. La Follette Jeter C. Pritchard Miles Poindexter Howard Sutherland Herbert Hoover Democratic Party(Convention)Nominees President: James M. Cox Vice President: Franklin D. Roosevelt Other candidates William Gibbs McAdoo A. Mitchell Palmer Al Smith John W. Davis Edward I. Edwards Woodrow Wilson (incumbent) Robert L. Owen Third party and independent candidatesSocialist Party Nominee: Eugene V. Debs VP nominee: Seymour Stedman Farmer–Labor Party Nominee: Parley P. Christensen VP nominee: Max S. Hayes Prohibition Party Nominee: Aaron S. Watkins VP nominee: D. Leigh Colvin American Party Nominee: James E. Ferguson VP nominee: William J. Hough Socialist Labor Party Nominee: William Wesley Cox VP nominee: August Gillhaus Single Tax Nominee: Robert Colvin Macauley VP nominee: Richard C. Barnum Other 1920 elections: House Senate Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"governor of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"National Governors Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Governors_Association"}],"text":"William Cameron Sproul (September 16, 1870 – March 21, 1928) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Republican member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1897 to 1919[1] and as the 27th governor of Pennsylvania from 1919 to 1923.[2] He also served as chair of the National Governors Association from 1919 to 1922.","title":"William Cameron Sproul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Douglass House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglass_House"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalBank-3"},{"link_name":"Colerain Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colerain_Township,_Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Chester, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Chester High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_High_School_(Chester,_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashmead-4"},{"link_name":"Swarthmore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College"},{"link_name":"Phi Kappa Psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi"}],"text":"Sproul was born at John Douglass House to William Hall and Deborah Dickinson (Slokom) Sproul[3] in Colerain Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, on September 16, 1870. The family relocated to Chester, Pennsylvania, in 1883, and Sproul graduated from Chester High School in 1887.[4] He attended Swarthmore College, was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity and graduated with honors in 1891.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashmead-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jordan-5"},{"link_name":"Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding and Engine Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River_Iron_Shipbuilding_and_Engine_Works"},{"link_name":"Ohio Valley Electric Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Electric_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Lackawanna & Wyoming Valley Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_%26_Wyoming_Valley_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Baltimore_and_Washington_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalBank-3"}],"text":"After graduation, Sproul acquired an interest in the Franklin Printing Company of Philadelphia. Sproul later purchased a half interest in the Chester Times newspaper.[4]Sproul was employed in the field of newspaper publishing, and rose to the rank of president of the Chester Daily Times.[5] Additionally, he made a substantial profit through investments in railroads and manufacturing interests.In 1895, Sproul was elected a director of the First National Bank of Chester.In 1898, he became vice president of the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding and Engine Works but resigned a year later when he organized the Seaboard Steel Casting Company and served as president.In 1900, he was elected president of the Chester Shipping Company. He was president of the Ohio Valley Electric Railway Company, the Lackawanna & Wyoming Valley Railroad Company and of the General Refractories Company. He was director of the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad Company, the Delaware County Trust and Title Insurance Company, the Commercial Trust Company of Philadelphia and the American Railways Company.[3]","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gov._W._C._Sproul_and_son_Jack_led_the_Union_League_in_Peace_Parade_on_Armistice_Day,_Nov._11,_1918_(12795375065).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"9th District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Senate,_District_9"},{"link_name":"Delaware County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalBank-3"},{"link_name":"Sproul Road Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproul_Road_Bill"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election,_1918"},{"link_name":"27th Governor of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Warren Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Harding"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Willim Cameron Sproul and son Jack in Armistice Day parade, November 11, 1918A prominent Republican, Sproul served in the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 9th District from 1897 to 1919. At age 26, he was the youngest member of the senate and the youngest man to become senator from Delaware County.[3] In 1911, he drafted the landmark Sproul Road Bill, which created the state highway system.In 1918, Sproul was elected as the 27th Governor of Pennsylvania and served until 1923. As governor, he focused on expanding funding for education, roadway construction, and veterans' services. He also spurred an effort to expand state forest land in order to replenish the state's woodlands after years of depletion by lumber companies.Sproul was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1920. He was later offered the nomination for vice president on a ticket with Warren Harding, but he declined. In 1926, Sproul chaired the bi-state committee that organized the construction of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge between Philadelphia and Camden.During his political career, Sproul was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[6]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sproul_Homestead.png"},{"link_name":"Chester, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"John Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roach_(shipbuilder)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phmc-7"},{"link_name":"Henry D. Hatfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_D._Hatfield"},{"link_name":"intestate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Chester Rural Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Rural_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phmc-7"}],"text":"Sproul homestead in Chester, PennsylvaniaOn January 21, 1892, Sproul married Emeline Wallace Roach, the daughter of shipbuilder John Roach.[7] They had two children, Dorothy Wallace Sproul (1892–1931) and John Roach Sproul (1894–1949), who married Henry D. Hatfield's daughter, Hazel Bronson Hatfield.Although Sproul was a millionaire, he died intestate on March 21, 1928.[2] He is interred at the Chester Rural Cemetery in Chester, Pennsylvania.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sproul_Telescope.png"},{"link_name":"Sproul Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproul_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Swarthmore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College"},{"link_name":"John Douglass House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglass_House"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-8"},{"link_name":"Penn State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Broomall, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broomall,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Wallingford, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sproul State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproul_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA Route 320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA_Route_320"},{"link_name":"Sproul Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproul_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalBank-3"}],"text":"Telescope in the Sproul Observatory at Swarthmore CollegeHis birthplace is known as the John Douglass House and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.[8]The following are named in his honor:Sproul Hall, a Penn State University residence hall built in 1966[9]\nGovernor Sproul Apartments in Broomall, Pennsylvania\nSproul Estates, a residential development in Wallingford, Pennsylvania, built on the site of his former residence[10]\nSproul State Forest in Clinton and Centre counties\nSproul Road, which parallels much of PA Route 320 in between Wayne, Radnor and Marple\nSproul Observatory at Swarthmore College[3]","title":"Legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"Willim Cameron Sproul and son Jack in Armistice Day parade, November 11, 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gov._W._C._Sproul_and_son_Jack_led_the_Union_League_in_Peace_Parade_on_Armistice_Day%2C_Nov._11%2C_1918_%2812795375065%29.jpg/220px-Gov._W._C._Sproul_and_son_Jack_led_the_Union_League_in_Peace_Parade_on_Armistice_Day%2C_Nov._11%2C_1918_%2812795375065%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sproul homestead in Chester, Pennsylvania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sproul_Homestead.png/220px-Sproul_Homestead.png"},{"image_text":"Telescope in the Sproul Observatory at Swarthmore College","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sproul_Telescope.png/220px-Sproul_Telescope.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"William Cameron Sproul\". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved August 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/bioshistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=5518&body=S","url_text":"\"William Cameron Sproul\""}]},{"reference":"\"William C. Sproul, Ex-Governor, Dies. Former Pennsylvania Executive Succumbs at 57 After Illness of Several Months. Began Life As Farmer Boy. After College He Bought Interest in a Newspaper, but Later Took Up Financial Interests\". New York Times. March 22, 1928. Retrieved December 27, 2013. William Cameron Sproul, former Governor of Pennsylvania, three times President of the Union League of Philadelphia and a nationally known figure in Republican politics, died at his home, Lapidea Manor, near Chester, shortly before 10 o'clock tonight ....","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E13FA3559127A93C0AB1788D85F4C8285F9","url_text":"\"William C. Sproul, Ex-Governor, Dies. Former Pennsylvania Executive Succumbs at 57 After Illness of Several Months. Began Life As Farmer Boy. After College He Bought Interest in a Newspaper, but Later Took Up Financial Interests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ashmead, Henry Graham (1914). History of the Delaware County National Bank. Chester, Pennsylvania: Press of the Chester Times. p. 159. Retrieved August 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CLMpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA132","url_text":"History of the Delaware County National Bank"}]},{"reference":"Ashmead, Henry Graham (1914). History of the Delaware County National Bank. Chester, Pennsylvania: Press of the Chester Times. p. 159. Retrieved March 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CLMpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA132","url_text":"History of the Delaware County National Bank"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, John W. (1914). A History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania and Its People. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. pp. 515–516. Retrieved August 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/historyofdelawar02jord#page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"A History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania and Its People"}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved September 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=William+C.+Sproul&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Governor William Cameron Sproul\". www.phmc.state.pa.us. Retrieved August 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/governors/1876-1951/william-sproul.html","url_text":"\"Governor William Cameron Sproul\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Sproul Hall\". www.housing.psu.edu. Retrieved August 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://housing.psu.edu/sproul-hall","url_text":"\"Sproul Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wallingford PA Community Spotlight - Sproul Estates\". www.wallingfordpahomes.com. Retrieved August 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wallingfordpahomes.com/blog/2011/02/sproul-estates-wallingford-pa-community-spotlight/","url_text":"\"Wallingford PA Community Spotlight - Sproul Estates\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/bioshistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=5518&body=S","external_links_name":"\"William Cameron Sproul\""},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E13FA3559127A93C0AB1788D85F4C8285F9","external_links_name":"\"William C. Sproul, Ex-Governor, Dies. Former Pennsylvania Executive Succumbs at 57 After Illness of Several Months. Began Life As Farmer Boy. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Butterfly_Effect_Part_2_(Ugly_Betty)	Ugly Betty season 4	["1 Cast","1.1 Main Cast","1.2 Recurring Cast","1.3 Guest Cast","2 Episodes","3 DVD release","4 US Ratings","5 UK Ratings","6 Production","7 References"]	Season of television series Ugly BettySeason 4DVD coverNo. of episodes20ReleaseOriginal networkABCOriginal releaseOctober 16, 2009 (2009-10-16) –April 14, 2010 (2010-04-14)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 3 List of episodes The fourth and final season of the American comedy-drama television series Ugly Betty was picked up for a full season on April 23, 2009. The season premiered on October 16, 2009 and ended with the series finale on April 14, 2010. Outside the United States, Season 4 began airing on digital channel 7TWO on April 13, 2010, in Australia, and on August 11, 2010, on E4 and Channel 4 in the UK. The season had been shifted to the Friday night death slot and ratings for the first 8 episodes were extremely low (especially the seventh which became the all-time lowest rated episode). On December 2, 2009, ABC confirmed that Ugly Betty would be moving to Wednesday nights after Christmas 2009, due to Eastwick's cancellation. However, ratings did not improve and ABC lowered the episode count from an original 22 to 20. On January 27, 2010, ABC announced the show would not be brought back for a fifth season. Cast Most of the main cast from the show's third season returned for the fourth season, with the exception of Ashley Jensen. Daniel Eric Gold was promoted to the main cast as Matt Hartley, having appeared in a recurring capacity during Season 3. Yaya DaCosta took over the recurring role of Nico Slater, who was played in the first season by Jowharah Jones. The fourth season saw guest appearances by the brothers of two of the show's stars. Becki Newton's brother Matt Newton took on the recurring role of Marc's new boyfriend Troy, and Vanessa Williams's brother Chris Williams played drag queen "Wilheldiva Hater". Main Cast America Ferrera as Betty Suarez Vanessa L. Williams as Wilhelmina Slater Eric Mabius as Daniel Meade Judith Light as Claire Meade Michael Urie as Marc St. James Becki Newton as Amanda Tanen Ana Ortiz as Hilda Suarez Tony Plana as Ignacio Suarez Mark Indelicato as Justin Suarez Daniel Eric Gold as Matt Hartley (episodes 1-11) Recurring Cast Dylan Baker as Bennett Wallis Neal Bledsoe as Tyler Venton Grant Bowler as Connor Owens Smith Cho as Megan Yaya DaCosta as Nico Slater Kristen Johnston as Helen Ralph Macchio as Councilman Archie Rodriguez Alec Mapa as Suzuki St. Pierre Piter Marek as Jonathan Vieja Ryan McGinnis as Austin Marley Matt Newton as Troy David Rasche as Calvin Hartley Adam Rodriguez as Bobby Talercio Jamie-Lynn Sigler as Natalie Guest Cast Christie Brinkley as Penelope Graybridge Brooklyn Decker as Lexie Christine Ebersole as Frances Tovah Feldshuh as Mrs. Varner Jesse Tyler Ferguson as Dr. Gabe Farkus Christopher Gorham as Henry Grubstick Dana Ivey as Roberta Ashley Jensen as Christina McKinney Carol Kane as Lena Korvinka Lainie Kazan as Dina Talercio Sarah Lafleur as Molly Meade Hamish Linklater as Evan Grant Brian Stokes Mitchell as Donald Jones Donna Murphy as Eve Kathy Najimy as Dr. Frankel Lynn Redgrave as Olivia Guillemette Freddy Rodriguez as Giovanni ‘Gio’ Rossi RuPaul as Rudolph Rich Sommer as Jimmy Wilson Fisher Stevens as Mr. Z Aaron Tveit as Zachary Boule Lauren Vélez as Elena Sanchez Chris Williams as Wilheldiva Hater In addition, the final season featured cameo appearances by singer Shakira, designer Brian Reyes, and drag queens Varla Jean Merman, Candi Shell, and Hedda Lettuce as themselves. Episodes See also: List of Ugly Betty episodes No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)661"The Butterfly Effect (Part 1)"John TerleskySheila Lawrence & Henry Alonso MyersOctober 16, 2009 (2009-10-16)5.01 Betty finds that everything is changing as she begins her new job as associate features editor, especially since her boss is her ex-boyfriend, Matt Hartley, who is still unhappy about their breakup. In addition, Betty's new officemate Megan openly resents her, while Marc is constantly undermining her because he felt he was more deserving of the promotion. Meanwhile, without Betty as his assistant, Daniel is adrift, still mourning the loss of his wife, Molly. Justin starts high school and is victimized by bullies but won't tell his mom, Hilda. Claire Meade is finding that her power struggle at the company has her sitting pretty – for the moment – opposite Wilhelmina, who lost her claim to the Meade throne last season. But Wilhelmina has perhaps an even bigger problem than job security – she is harboring a secret at home that is driving Marc to distraction. 672"The Butterfly Effect (Part 2)"Victor Nelli, Jr.Sheila Lawrence & Henry Alonso MyersOctober 16, 2009 (2009-10-16)5.18 After managing to turn her first editorial pitch into fruition, Betty struggles to balance her time between working on her United Nations photoshoot and helping Daniel cope with his loneliness under extremely short notice. When she fails at multi-tasking and as more frown upon her and Daniel, Betty decides to transform into a more fashionable and focused woman, causing people to slowly start accepting her. Finding out that Justin has been talking to Marc about his troubles and not her, Hilda bans him from talking to Marc again which causes their relationship to turn rocky. Wilhelmina struggles to keep her secret safe when Marc manages to find out as well as her concern for her job at Mode. 683"Blue on Blue"Victor Nelli, JrAbraham HigginbothamOctober 23, 2009 (2009-10-23)4.55 Worrying that Matt will fire her both professionally and personally, Betty gets her big break concerning the sudden announcement of Gucci's new designer, Evan York (Hamish Linklater), with the help of Hilda's connected customer, Sammy (Adam Ferrara). But Marc plots to sabotage her, enlisting a clueless Amanda and Matt in his efforts, culminating in a showdown at the restaurant where Ignacio works. Meanwhile Daniel begins to attend a bereavement group, where he meets Natalie (Jamie-Lynn Sigler), an eccentric girl who takes him out for an interesting night on the town, and Wilhelmina flies to Bermuda when she learns Connor may be there and when she meets him face-to-face, she gets torn between her real feelings for him and the fact that he almost endangered her job at Mode. 694"The Weiner, the Bun, and the Boob"Wendey StanzlerBrian TanenOctober 30, 2009 (2009-10-30)4.50 Betty is overwhelmed with her editorial work, so Wilhelmina assigns Marc to be Betty's temporary assistant. Betty's story idea to cover the worst jobs in New York goes south when she has to dress up as a hot dog and do a Bollywood dance number. Meanwhile, Marc frets that he'll never be taken seriously by his idol at Vogue magazine, Hilda gets Archie's campaign in trouble, Daniel hires a gorgeous but inept assistant (supermodel Brooklyn Decker), and Natalie introduces Daniel to the Community – a group whose charismatic leader (Dylan Baker) zeroes in on Daniel. 705"Plus None"Paul HolahanCara DiPaoloNovember 6, 2009 (2009-11-06)4.76 Wilhelmina is furious with Marc who secretly signs her up for a fund-raiser for Tibetan orphans but what makes matters worse is that the party will take place in her apartment, knowing that this could endanger Nico's safety but the truth behind Nico's dire straits is revealed. Betty tries to reconnect with Matt but is immediately saddened when Matt asks Amanda to be his "plus one" at Wilhelmina's fund-raiser but he shocks both her and Betty when they see Matt bringing in someone else. Daniel hires his new BFF Natalie as his assistant, making Betty feel obsolete. Amanda keeps a secret from Betty, and Daniel discovers that his mother, Claire, has history with Cal Hartley. 716"Backseat Betty"John PutchTracy Poust & Jon KinnallyNovember 13, 2009 (2009-11-13)4.46 Hilda's badboy high school flame and Betty's schoolgirl crush, Bobby Talercio (Adam Rodriguez), teaches at Justin's school, causing the sisters to both doubt their feelings for "nice guys". Justin is struggling to fit in at high school, so Marc advises him to befriend the mean girl type cheerleaders. When Justin is invited to Homecoming, he becomes the victim of another prank as he is jokingly awarded as "Homecoming Queen" but Justin takes Marc's advice and manages to turn the prank back at his bullies. Meanwhile Daniel introduces Amanda to the Community of the Phoenix, as he's lured deeper into its clutches by the leader, Bennett (Dylan Baker) and his teammate Natalie. Wilhelmina takes a drastic step to find money for Nico's blackmail payment but when she finds out that Connor is dead, she cries, knowing that her life is slowly shutting down. 727"Level (7) with Me"John FortenberryChris BlackNovember 27, 2009 (2009-11-27)3.39 Daniel lets the leaders from the Community of the Phoenix to take over and control Mode, and Bennett's promise on Daniel's reuniting with his dead wife prompt Betty to action. She schemes with Claire and with an ingenious plan and finding unlikely allies in Matt and Amanda, the four stage a rescue attempt. Saddened by Connor's recent death and trouble surrounding Nico's blackmailing, Wilhelmina has let herself go, wearing sweats and garden clogs in public, prompting a tabloid feeding frenzy and forcing Marc to try to get her back in the fashion world, resulting in slapping some sense into her and inadvertently finds out the truth of Nico's mystery. 738"The Bahamas Triangle"Victor Neili, Jr.Sheila LawrenceDecember 4, 2009 (2009-12-04)4.23 In the steamy Bahamas, the love triangle between Betty, Matt and Amanda explodes, and romantic pairings abound. Things should be dreamy at the Atlantis resort, where even Shakira (portraying herself) is staying. Betty finally discovers that Matt is into Amanda. Saddened that it's her last shoot in the Bahamas, Willie tries to find another job but learns her nemesis, Penelope Graybridge (Christie Brinkley), snagged it, and, even more importantly, discovers Connor is very much alive. Marc frets that there is no one on the island for him, but then meets the uber-hot Troy (portrayed by Matt Newton), and back home, Hilda draws closer to her old love, Bobby. 749"Be-Shure"David DworetzkyGail LernerDecember 11, 2009 (2009-12-11)4.80 Against the backdrop of Ignacio's multi-culti holiday dinner that he prepares for his new flame Jean (Faith Prince), who is Jewish, Betty and Hilda have pregnancy scares. Worse, they purchase their Be-Shure instant pregnancy tests from the local pharmacy – where Jean works and Ignacio is shopping. Meanwhile, Hartley installs Willie's replacement, a clueless Hollywood mogul, Denise Ludwig (Nadia Dajani), whose claim to fame is a tacky movie, but Marc has a plan to get Willie back – if only Daniel will agree. And Claire gets Amanda's help and tracks down Tyler (Neal Bledsoe), the son she long ago gave up for adoption. 7510"The Passion of the Betty"S.J. ClarksonDavid Grubstick & Chris BlackJanuary 6, 2010 (2010-01-06)5.13 When Betty becomes concerned that she and Matt are spending too much time together, she tries to give him something else to be passionate about – a surprise gallery showing of his art work – with unintended results. Meanwhile, Marc is horrified that his one-night stand, Troy, is falling for him, since Marc was Troy's "first", Hilda grapples with whether or not to tell Bobby that he's the father of her unborn child, and Cal officially replaces Wilhelmina with Denise. Jesse Tyler Ferguson returns as Betty's orthodontist, Dr. Farkas, for a cameo, and Christine Ebersole guest stars as Frances, the gallery owner. 7611"Back in Her Place"Richard HeusAbraham HigginbothamJanuary 13, 2010 (2010-01-13)4.67 A battered but unbowed Betty recounts her worst week EVER to Mr. Z (guest star Fisher Stevens) as the show flashes back to her horrible last few days. Frustrated over the frivolous assignments Wilhelmina gives her at Mode, and inspired by Audrey Hepburn's memoir, Betty creates her own blog about amazing charitable ventures that inspire her. As her hobby enriches her, her job is nearly killing her, since Wilhelmina tortures Betty with beauty experiments for future stories. Betty is also upset when Matt tells her that he will be participating in a 6-month trip in Africa. Meanwhile, Daniel fears Marc is sabotaging him while Bobby treats a hormonal Hilda to some pampering during "Hilda Week", which goes awry, and Wilhelmina makes a long-term commitment to the incarcerated Connor. 7712"Blackout!"John PutchCara DiPaoloJanuary 20, 2010 (2010-01-20)4.59 Betty tries to be neighborly by planning a karaoke party in her apartment building, but before the big day, her building is robbed, and it's partly her fault. Marc is distraught since he lost something irreplaceable in the theft. Meanwhile, Daniel and Wilhelmina are back to being at each other's throats, so Amanda tricks them into attending couples counseling with Dr. Sparks (Frank Whaley), and Ignacio refuses to accept Bobby in Hilda's life. Then a citywide blackout ups the ante for everyone. 7813"Chica and the Man"Victor Nelli, Jr.Gail LernerFebruary 3, 2010 (2010-02-03)4.34 Wilhelmina is furious when she discovers she has a drag queen impersonator – Wilhediva Hater (portrayed by Vanessa Williams's brother, Chris Williams). The fur flies with unexpected results amid guest stars who include RuPaul Charles as Rudolph, the emcee of the cabaret. Meanwhile Betty receives an award for her blog, which causes tension between her and Daniel. When she vents online, her fans in blogosphere escalate the feud, and the press hounds Daniel. Amanda rehires Helen (Kristen Johnston), but Willie orders Amanda to fire her – which Amanda just can't bring herself to do. And Marc runs his own photo shoot with a famous director (played by Carlos Leon) 7914"Smokin' Hot"John ScottBrian TanenFebruary 10, 2010 (2010-02-10)4.68 Wilhelmina marginalizes Betty during Fashion Week but Daniel intercedes, and she's assigned to cover a low-priority show. There, she discovers a new designer, Marisa, whom she promotes as one of the 10 Designers to Watch, but Marc steals all her thunder. Meanwhile, Amanda is impressed by Helen's sewing skills and teams up with her to start a new line, but cannot convince Marc or Betty to lobby Wilhelmina on her behalf. Claire's son Tyler comes to New York to find her, and Daniel gets seduced into modeling. The fashion and the feelings are smoking hot, but the real flames are at the Suarez home, which mysteriously catches fire leaving peril and destruction behind. 8015"Fire and Nice"John TerleskyErika JohnsonMarch 10, 2010 (2010-03-10)4.10 To speed along the investigation into her house fire, Betty is pressured to date an annoying fireman, Jimmy (Rich Sommer). Wilhelmina tries to prove to Don (Brian Stokes Mitchell), an old flame from her past, that she's just "Wanda from the block" instead of dumb. Amanda draws closer to Tyler, convincing Claire to hire him as an in-house model at Mode. Meanwhile, Hilda meets Bobby's parents for the first time (Lainie Kazan and Nestor Serrano). 8116"All the World's a Stage"Andy WolkAbraham Higginbotham & David GrubstickMarch 17, 2010 (2010-03-17)3.33 Justin loves his acting class, helmed by the eccentric Lena Korvinka (Carol Kane), and finds himself in an unexpected triangle with his new pals, Austin (Ryan McGinnis) and Lily. When Betty drops by class, she's smitten with a cool young playwright, Zachary (Aaron Tveit), whom she will profile for Mode. But she challenges her own ethics when she starts dating him. And Wilhelmina is hospitalized with a perforated ulcer, and can't help her type-A personality even when bedridden, but then her roommate, Roberta (Dana Ivey), prompts an epiphany. 8217"Million Dollar Smile"Paul HolahanHenry Alonso Myers & Chris BlackMarch 24, 2010 (2010-03-24)4.56 Betty is thrilled to get her braces off, courtesy of her chatty new orthodontist, Dr. Frankel (Kathy Najimy). But before this can happen, she gets knocked unconscious at a photo shoot of the "Million Dollar Bra" at the Guggenheim, spinning her into a dream sequence. An angelic Dr. Frankel shows her how different her life would have been had she never worn braces. She's the "pretty sister", while Hilda is homely, Ignacio is a compulsive gambler, Marc is a doting dad and Amanda is married to Daniel. But glam Betty is also mean – she's in cahoots with Wilhelmina to terrify and overpower everyone at Mode. 8318"London Calling"Mark WorthingtonDavid Grubstick & Sheila LawrenceMarch 31, 2010 (2010-03-31)4.01 Betty gets an assignment to cover London Fashion Week, accompanied by Amanda, and she brings Hilda along as a bachelorette party treat. She reconnects with Christina (Ashley Jensen) and also runs into Gio (Freddy Rodriguez) whilst thinking he was someone else & showing off her 'flags'. Willie joins AA to get closer to Tyler and to double-cross Claire and Daniel, and Bobby can't figure out why Justin is spending all his time with Austin. 8419"The Past Presents the Future"Paul HolahanJon Kinnaly & Tracy PoustApril 7, 2010 (2010-04-07)4.03 The wedding day is approaching for Hilda. Betty asks Daniel to be her plus-one, Ignacio invites Elena, and Amanda is set on fixing up Marc with her new client, Spencer. Meanwhile, Justin weighs whether his own plus-one could be Austin, Betty considers unexpected offers in her personal and professional life, and Wilhelmina finds a way to fight the Meade empire by using Tyler as her pawn. 8520"Hello Goodbye"Victor Nelli Jr.Silvio HortaApril 14, 2010 (2010-04-14)5.43 In the award-winning series finale, which features appearances by familiar faces from the past, Betty finds it hard to tell Daniel that she has accepted a job in London. When Marc informs the entire company by email, Daniel's reaction surprises her, but not Claire. Justin and Bobby enthusiastically go apartment-hunting in Manhattan, but Hilda resists even the most amazing places. Amanda grapples with the death of her dog Halston, the last link to her mother. Marc wonders if he will ever have a successful relationship. Wilhelmina wakes from her coma, causing Claire much dread. Notes: Episodes 66–74 aired on Fridays (October 16, 2009 – December 11, 2009). Episodes 75–85 aired on Wednesdays (January 6, 2010 – April 14, 2010). Season 4 was originally slated to have a total of 22 episodes but was reduced to 20 episodes. DVD release Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Ugly Betty Season Four, subtitled "From Poncho, to Honcho", on August 17, 2010 in the United States and Canada. All 20 episodes were included in the set, along with additional bonus tracks. DVD name Ep # Release dates Additional Features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete Fourth and Final Season – From Poncho, to Honcho 20 August 17, 2010 March 28, 2011 February 16, 2011 This six disc box set contains all 20 episodes from the fourth and final season. Among the features: Betty Goes Bahamas – Follow the hilarious misadventures of Michael Urie and Becki Newton as they search for their fellow cast members during a location shoot in the Bahamas. Mode After Hours – Webisodes "Stress-Orcism" "Role Playing" "Queenseeker" "Harassment of a Sexual Nature" Betty Bloops Deleted Scenes Audio Commentary US Ratings Episode # Title Airdate Rating Share 18–49 sss Viewers (m) Rank Rank (timeslot) (viewers) 66 "The Butterfly Effect (Part 1)" October 16, 2009 3.1 6 1.3 5.01 TBA 3 67 "The Butterfly Effect (Part 2)" October 16, 2009 3.2 6 1.4 5.18 TBA 4 68 "Blue on Blue" October 23, 2009 3.0 5 1.2 4.55 TBA 3 69 "The Weiner, the Bun, and the Boob" October 30, 2009 3.0 5 1.2 4.50 TBA 3 70 "Plus None" November 7, 2009 3.2 6 1.3 4.76 TBA 3 71 "Backseat Betty" November 13, 2009 3.0 5 1.3 4.46 TBA 3 72 "Level (7) with Me" November 27, 2009 2.3 4 0.9 3.39 TBA 4 73 "The Bahamas Triangle" December 4, 2009 2.9 5 1.2 4.23 TBA 3 74 "Be-Shure" December 11, 2009 3.3 6 1.4 4.80 TBA 2 75 "The Passion of the Betty" January 6, 2010 3.5 5 1.8 5.13 TBA 2 76 "Back in Her Place" January 13, 2010 4.6 4 1.7 4.67 TBA 2 77 "Blackout!" January 20, 2010 3.2 6 1.6 4.59 TBA 2 78 "Chica and the Man" February 3, 2010 2.9 5 1.5 4.34 TBA 3 79 "Smokin' Hot" February 10, 2010 3.2 5 1.7 4.68 TBA 3 80 "Fire and Nice" March 10, 2010 TBA 4 1.5 4.10 TBA TBA 81 "All the World's a Stage" March 17, 2010 TBA 3 1.0 3.33 TBA TBA 82 "Million Dollar Smile" March 24, 2010 3.2 5 1.7 4.63 TBA 3 83 "London Calling" March 31, 2010 2.7 5 1.3 4.01 TBA 3 84 "The Past Presents the Future" April 7, 2010 TBA 3 85 "Hello Goodbye" April 14, 2010 3.7 7 1.8 5.43 TBA 2 UK Ratings The fourth season was broadcast on Wednesday nights at 9 pm on E4, and an hour later on E4 +1. Episode # Title Airdate E4 E4 +1 Totalviewersb (m) Rankcable Viewersa Rank Viewersa Rank 66 "The Butterfly Effect (Part 1)" August 11, 2010 974 #1 233 #6 1.207 #5 67 "The Butterfly Effect (Part 2)" August 18, 2010 886 #1 267 #1 1.153 #13 68 "Blue on Blue" August 25, 2010 867 #1 188 #9 1.055 #11 69 "The Weiner, the Bun, and the Boob" September 1, 2010 968 #1 209 #5 1.177 #8 70 "Plus None" September 8, 2010 801 #1 200 #8 1.001 #16 71 "Backseat Betty" September 15, 2010 827 #2 — — 0.827 #18 72 "Level (7) with Me" September 22, 2010 842 #2 — — 0.842 #17 73 "The Bahamas Triangle" September 29, 2010 938 #2 268 5 1.206 #13 74 "Be-Shure" October 6, 2010 892 #2 316 #2 1.208 #12 75 "The Passion of the Betty" October 13, 2010 800 #2 316 #3 1.116 #20 76 "Back in Her Place" October 20, 2010 824 #2 247 #3 1.071 #20 77 "Blackout!" November 3, 2010 738 #2 338 #3 1.076 — 78 "Chica and the Man" November 10, 2010 650 #6 248 #4 0.898 — 79 "Smokin' Hot" November 17, 2010 655 #4 — — 0.655 — 80 "Fire and Nice" November 24, 2010 670 #4 212 #8 0.882 — 81 "All the World's a Stage" December 1, 2010 777 #2 341 #3 1.118 — 82 "Million Dollar Smile" December 8, 2010 984 #2 336 #2 1.320 #11 83 "London Calling" December 15, 2010 997 #3 255 #5 1.252 #8 84 "The Past Presents the Future" December 22, 2010 1,234 #1 265 #6 1.499 #3 85 "Hello Goodbye" December 22, 2010 1,130 #2 387 #1 1.517 #8 a Viewers in thousands. All viewer figures and weekly ranks are from BARB. Production Production for the fourth season began in July 2009. The cast headed to The Bahamas in October 2009 to shoot the episode "The Bahamas Triangle" on location at the Atlantis Resort and Casino. The series wrapped up filming in the United Kingdom in April 2010. References ^ "ABC Announces Several Renewals". Hollywood Reporter. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009. ^ http://www.seattlepi.com/tvguide/412823_tvgif2.html ^ "Ugly Betty" Cancelled by ABC, USA Today, January 27, 2010 ^ "'Ugly Betty' scoop: The braces are coming off!". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2019. ^ "Gold promoted to Ugly Betty regular". Digital Spy. Retrieved June 25, 2009. ^ Ausiello, Michael (August 11, 2009). "'Ugly Betty' recast: 'Top Model' alum is Willie's daughter!". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2019. ^ "Ugly Betty – Episode 4.04 – The Wiener, the Bun and the Boob – Press Release". Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2009. ^ "ABC's November Sweeps programming to include Hank, The Forgotten and Eastwick". Tvbythenumbers.com. October 30, 2009. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009. Retrieved November 23, 2009. ^ Archived January 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ TV.com (March 8, 2011). "Ugly Betty: Chica and the Man Episode Summary on". Tv.com. ^ "Fire and Nice". Zap2it. Retrieved February 19, 2010. ^ "All the World's a Stage". TV.com. Retrieved March 2, 2010. ^ "Broadcast Finals: The Middle, Modern Family, Idol, Survivor, ANTM Rise". Tvbythenumbers.com. March 25, 2010. Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2010. ^ ""The Middle," "Modern Family," and "American Idol" Rise In Wednesday Broadcast Finals". Tvbythenumbers.com. April 1, 2010. Archived from the original on April 3, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010. ^ "TV Ratings: Wednesday Overnight Nielsen Ratings, Human Target, American Idol ratings, Minute to Win It ratings, Law & Order: SVU ratings, Modern Family ratings, Cougar Town ra". Tvbythenumbers.com. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2010. ^ a b c d "Wednesday Broadcast Finals: The Middle, Modern Family, Cougar Town Adjusted Up; Ugly Betty Down". The Programming Insider. Mediaweek. April 15, 2010. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010. ^ "TV Ratings: Overnight Nielsen Ratings for Friday, December 11, 2009; 20/20 ratings, Dollhouse ratings, Yes. Virginia Ratings, The Big Bang Theory ratings, Medium ratings, Date". Tvbythenumbers.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2009. ^ "Rating News – 13th Jan". Archived from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2010. ^ Seidman, Robert (March 11, 2010). "Broadcast Finals: ABC's Entire Lineup Drops By 1/10th with Adults 18–49; Criminal Minds, CSI: NY Drop". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2010. ^ Gorman (February 10, 2010). "TV Ratings: American Idol Down, But Still Dominates; Modern Family Rebounds". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2010. ^ "Wednesday Broadcast Finals: The Middle, Modern Family, Cougar Town Adjusted Up; Ugly Betty Down". The Programming Insider. Media Week. April 15, 2010. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2010. ^ BARB, scroll to relevant week. ^ "Crushable – Crushable gives you the celebrity news, style and scoop on the stuff you care about". Uglybettynews.com. ^ Ross, Dalton (April 5, 2010). "Major 'Ugly Betty' series finale spoiler: Does this mean what I THINK it means?". Entertainment Weekly. vteUgly BettySeasons 1 2 3 4 Characters Betty Suarez Daniel Meade Wilhelmina Slater Hilda Suarez Ignacio Suarez Justin Suarez Bradford Meade Claire Meade Alexis Meade Christina McKinney Amanda Tanen Marc St. James Henry Grubstick Related articles Awards Yo soy Betty, la fea (original telenovela) "Betty (You Are Beautiful)" Betty en NY vteUgly Betty episodesSeason 1 "Pilot" "The Box and the Bunny" "Queens for a Day" "Fey's Sleigh Ride" "The Lyin', the Watch and the Wardrobe" "Trust, Lust, and Must" "After Hours" "Four Thanksgivings and a Funeral" "Lose the Boss" "Fake Plastic Snow" "Swag" "Sofia's Choice" "In or Out" "I'm Coming Out" "Brothers" "Derailed" "Icing on the Cake" "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" "Punch Out" "Petra-Gate" "Secretaries' Day" "A Tree Grows in Guadalajara" "East Side Story" Season 2 "How Betty Got Her Grieve Back" "Family/Affair" "Betty's Wait Problem" "Grin and Bear It" "A League of Their Own" "Something Wicked This Way Comes" "A Nice Day for a Posh Wedding" "I See Me, I.C.U." "Giving Up the Ghost" "Bananas for Betty" "Zero Worship" "Odor in the Court" "A Thousand Words Before Friday" "Twenty Four Candles" "Burning Questions" "Betty's Baby Bump" "The Kids Are Alright" "Jump" Season 3 "The Manahattan Project" "Filing for the Enemy" "Crimes of Fashion" "Betty Suarez Land" "Granny Pants" "Ugly Berry" "Crush'd" "Tornado Girl" "When Betty Met YETI" "Bad Amanda" "Dressed for Success" "Sisters on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown" "Kissed Off" "The Courtship of Betty's Father" "There's No Place Like Mode" "Things Fall Apart" "Sugar Daddy" "A Mother of a Problem" "The Sex Issue" "Rabbit Test" "The Born Identity" "In the Stars" "Curveball" "The Fall Issue" Season 4 "The Butterfly Effect" "Blue on Blue" "The Weiner, the Bun, and the Boob" "Plus None" "Backseat Betty" "Level (7) with Me" "The Bahamas Triangle" "Be-Shure" "The Passion of the Betty" "Back in Her Place" "Blackout!" "Chica and the Man" "Smokin' Hot" "Fire and Nice" "All the World's a Stage" "Million Dollar Smile" "London Calling" "The Past Presents the Future" "Hello Goodbye"	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program"},{"link_name":"Ugly Betty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_Betty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"7TWO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7Two"},{"link_name":"E4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_(channel)"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Friday night death slot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_night_death_slot"},{"link_name":"seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(7)_with_Me"},{"link_name":"Ugly Betty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_Betty"},{"link_name":"Eastwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastwick_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattlepi.com-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Season of television seriesThe fourth and final season of the American comedy-drama television series Ugly Betty was picked up for a full season on April 23, 2009.[1] The season premiered on October 16, 2009 and ended with the series finale on April 14, 2010.Outside the United States, Season 4 began airing on digital channel 7TWO on April 13, 2010, in Australia, and on August 11, 2010, on E4 and Channel 4 in the UK.The season had been shifted to the Friday night death slot and ratings for the first 8 episodes were extremely low (especially the seventh which became the all-time lowest rated episode). On December 2, 2009, ABC confirmed that Ugly Betty would be moving to Wednesday nights after Christmas 2009, due to Eastwick's cancellation. However, ratings did not improve and ABC lowered the episode count from an original 22 to 20.[2]\nOn January 27, 2010, ABC announced the show would not be brought back for a fifth season.[3]","title":"Ugly Betty season 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_Betty_season_3"},{"link_name":"Ashley Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Daniel Eric Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Eric_Gold"},{"link_name":"Yaya DaCosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaya_DaCosta"},{"link_name":"Jowharah Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jowharah_Jones"},{"link_name":"Chris Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ugly_Betty_season_4&action=edit&section=2"},{"link_name":"America Ferrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Ferrera"},{"link_name":"Betty Suarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Suarez"},{"link_name":"Vanessa L. 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Brinkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Brinkley"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Decker"},{"link_name":"Christine Ebersole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Ebersole"},{"link_name":"Tovah Feldshuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovah_Feldshuh"},{"link_name":"Jesse Tyler Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Christopher Gorham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Gorham"},{"link_name":"Henry Grubstick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Grubstick"},{"link_name":"Dana Ivey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Ivey"},{"link_name":"Ashley Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Christina McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_McKinney"},{"link_name":"Carol Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Kane"},{"link_name":"Lainie Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainie_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Sarah Lafleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Lafleur"},{"link_name":"Hamish Linklater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Linklater"},{"link_name":"Brian Stokes Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Stokes_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Donna Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Kathy Najimy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Najimy"},{"link_name":"Lynn Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"Freddy Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Rodriguez_(actor)"},{"link_name":"RuPaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul"},{"link_name":"Rich Sommer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Sommer"},{"link_name":"Fisher Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Aaron Tveit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Tveit"},{"link_name":"Lauren Vélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_V%C3%A9lez"},{"link_name":"Chris Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Shakira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira"},{"link_name":"Varla Jean Merman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varla_Jean_Merman"},{"link_name":"Hedda Lettuce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedda_Lettuce"}],"text":"Most of the main cast from the show's third season returned for the fourth season, with the exception of Ashley Jensen. Daniel Eric Gold was promoted to the main cast as Matt Hartley, having appeared in a recurring capacity during Season 3.Yaya DaCosta took over the recurring role of Nico Slater, who was played in the first season by Jowharah Jones.The fourth season saw guest appearances by the brothers of two of the show's stars. Becki Newton's brother Matt Newton took on the recurring role of Marc's new boyfriend Troy, and Vanessa Williams's brother Chris Williams played drag queen \"Wilheldiva Hater\".Main Cast[edit]\nAmerica Ferrera as Betty Suarez\nVanessa L. Williams as Wilhelmina Slater\nEric Mabius as Daniel Meade\nJudith Light as Claire Meade\nMichael Urie as Marc St. James\nBecki Newton as Amanda Tanen\nAna Ortiz as Hilda Suarez\nTony Plana as Ignacio Suarez\nMark Indelicato as Justin Suarez\nDaniel Eric Gold as Matt Hartley (episodes 1-11)[4][5]\nRecurring Cast[edit]\nDylan Baker as Bennett Wallis\nNeal Bledsoe as Tyler Venton\nGrant Bowler as Connor Owens\nSmith Cho as Megan\nYaya DaCosta as Nico Slater[6]\nKristen Johnston as Helen\nRalph Macchio as Councilman Archie Rodriguez\nAlec Mapa as Suzuki St. Pierre\nPiter Marek as Jonathan Vieja\nRyan McGinnis as Austin Marley\nMatt Newton as Troy\nDavid Rasche as Calvin Hartley\nAdam Rodriguez as Bobby Talercio\nJamie-Lynn Sigler as Natalie\nGuest Cast[edit]\nChristie Brinkley as Penelope Graybridge\nBrooklyn Decker as Lexie\nChristine Ebersole as Frances\nTovah Feldshuh as Mrs. Varner\nJesse Tyler Ferguson as Dr. Gabe Farkus\nChristopher Gorham as Henry Grubstick\nDana Ivey as Roberta\nAshley Jensen as Christina McKinney\nCarol Kane as Lena Korvinka\nLainie Kazan as Dina Talercio\nSarah Lafleur as Molly Meade\nHamish Linklater as Evan Grant\nBrian Stokes Mitchell as Donald Jones\nDonna Murphy as Eve\nKathy Najimy as Dr. Frankel\nLynn Redgrave as Olivia Guillemette\nFreddy Rodriguez as Giovanni ‘Gio’ Rossi\nRuPaul as Rudolph\nRich Sommer as Jimmy Wilson\nFisher Stevens as Mr. Z\nAaron Tveit as Zachary Boule\nLauren Vélez as Elena Sanchez\nChris Williams as Wilheldiva HaterIn addition, the final season featured cameo appearances by singer Shakira, designer Brian Reyes, and drag queens Varla Jean Merman, Candi Shell, and Hedda Lettuce as themselves.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Ugly Betty episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ugly_Betty_episodes"}],"text":"See also: List of Ugly Betty episodesNotes:Episodes 66–74 aired on Fridays (October 16, 2009 – December 11, 2009).\nEpisodes 75–85 aired on Wednesdays (January 6, 2010 – April 14, 2010).\nSeason 4 was originally slated to have a total of 22 episodes but was reduced to 20 episodes.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Mode After Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_Betty#Mode_After_Hours"}],"text":"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Ugly Betty Season Four, subtitled \"From Poncho, to Honcho\", on August 17, 2010 in the United States and Canada. All 20 episodes were included in the set, along with additional bonus tracks.Among the features:Betty Goes Bahamas – Follow the hilarious misadventures of Michael Urie and Becki Newton as they search for their fellow cast members during a location shoot in the Bahamas.\nMode After Hours – Webisodes\n\"Stress-Orcism\"\n\"Role Playing\"\n\"Queenseeker\"\n\"Harassment of a Sexual Nature\"\nBetty Bloops\nDeleted Scenes\nAudio Commentary","title":"DVD release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"US Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_(channel)"},{"link_name":"E4 +1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_(channel)"},{"link_name":"BARB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BARB"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukratings-22"}],"text":"The fourth season was broadcast on Wednesday nights at 9 pm on E4, and an hour later on E4 +1.a Viewers in thousands.\nAll viewer figures and weekly ranks are from BARB.[22]","title":"UK Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"The Bahamas Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas_Triangle"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Production for the fourth season began in July 2009. The cast headed to The Bahamas in October 2009 to shoot the episode \"The Bahamas Triangle\" on location at the Atlantis Resort and Casino.[23] The series wrapped up filming in the United Kingdom in April 2010.[24]","title":"Production"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"ABC Announces Several Renewals\". Hollywood Reporter. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090426035230/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/television/news/e3i202b681b4f137513e078e67f0d29aa46","url_text":"\"ABC Announces Several Renewals\""},{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/television/news/e3i202b681b4f137513e078e67f0d29aa46","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Ugly Betty' scoop: The braces are coming off!\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090502204239/http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2009/04/ugly-betty-scoo.html","url_text":"\"'Ugly Betty' scoop: The braces are coming off!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2009/04/30/ugly-betty-scoo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold promoted to Ugly Betty regular\". Digital Spy. Retrieved June 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/a162002/gold-promoted-to-ugly-betty-regular.html","url_text":"\"Gold promoted to Ugly Betty regular\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"Ausiello, Michael (August 11, 2009). \"'Ugly Betty' recast: 'Top Model' alum is Willie's daughter!\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100926111015/http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2009/08/11/ugly-betty-recast-top-model-alum-is-willies-daughter/","url_text":"\"'Ugly Betty' recast: 'Top Model' alum is Willie's daughter!\""},{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2009/08/11/ugly-betty-recast-top-model-alum-is-willies-daughter/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ugly Betty – Episode 4.04 – The Wiener, the Bun and the Boob – Press Release\". Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091030002524/http://www.spoilertv.com/2009/10/ugly-betty-episode-404-wiener-bun-and.html","url_text":"\"Ugly Betty – Episode 4.04 – The Wiener, the Bun and the Boob – Press Release\""},{"url":"http://www.spoilertv.com/2009/10/ugly-betty-episode-404-wiener-bun-and.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ABC's November Sweeps programming to include Hank, The Forgotten and Eastwick\". Tvbythenumbers.com. October 30, 2009. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009. Retrieved November 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091101035345/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/10/30/abcs-november-sweeps-programming-to-include-hank-the-forgotten-and-eastwick/32124","url_text":"\"ABC's November Sweeps programming to include Hank, The Forgotten and Eastwick\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/10/30/abcs-november-sweeps-programming-to-include-hank-the-forgotten-and-eastwick/32124","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"TV.com (March 8, 2011). \"Ugly Betty: Chica and the Man Episode Summary on\". Tv.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv.com/ugly-betty/chica-and-the-man/episode/1318295/summary.html?tag=ep_guide;summary","url_text":"\"Ugly Betty: Chica and the Man Episode Summary on\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fire and Nice\". Zap2it. Retrieved February 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/ugly-betty-fire-and-nice/EP008487230085","url_text":"\"Fire and Nice\""}]},{"reference":"\"All the World's a Stage\". TV.com. Retrieved March 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv.com/ugly-betty/all-the-worlds-a-stage/episode/1330374/summary.html?tag=episode_header;next","url_text":"\"All the World's a Stage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcast Finals: The Middle, Modern Family, Idol, Survivor, ANTM Rise\". Tvbythenumbers.com. March 25, 2010. Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100401043305/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/03/25/broadcast-finals-the-middle-modern-family-idol-survivor-antm-rise/46117","url_text":"\"Broadcast Finals: The Middle, Modern Family, Idol, Survivor, ANTM Rise\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/03/25/broadcast-finals-the-middle-modern-family-idol-survivor-antm-rise/46117","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Middle,\" \"Modern Family,\" and \"American Idol\" Rise In Wednesday Broadcast Finals\". Tvbythenumbers.com. April 1, 2010. Archived from the original on April 3, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100403233829/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/04/01/the-middle-modern-family-and-american-idol-rise-in-wednesday-broadcast-finals/47069","url_text":"\"\"The Middle,\" \"Modern Family,\" and \"American Idol\" Rise In Wednesday Broadcast Finals\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/04/01/the-middle-modern-family-and-american-idol-rise-in-wednesday-broadcast-finals/47069","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TV Ratings: Wednesday Overnight Nielsen Ratings, Human Target, American Idol ratings, Minute to Win It ratings, Law & Order: SVU ratings, Modern Family ratings, Cougar Town ra\". Tvbythenumbers.com. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100412182413/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/04/08/tv-ratings-human-target-down-a-touch-idol-wins-again-cbs-comedies-csi-ny-see-series-lows/47724","url_text":"\"TV Ratings: Wednesday Overnight Nielsen Ratings, Human Target, American Idol ratings, Minute to Win It ratings, Law & Order: SVU ratings, Modern Family ratings, Cougar Town ra\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/04/08/tv-ratings-human-target-down-a-touch-idol-wins-again-cbs-comedies-csi-ny-see-series-lows/47724","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wednesday Broadcast Finals: The Middle, Modern Family, Cougar Town Adjusted Up; Ugly Betty Down\". The Programming Insider. Mediaweek. April 15, 2010. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. 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Retrieved December 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100402101232/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/12/12/tv-ratings-ugly-betty-up-again-dollhouse-up-a-tiny-bit/36044","url_text":"\"TV Ratings: Overnight Nielsen Ratings for Friday, December 11, 2009; 20/20 ratings, Dollhouse ratings, Yes. Virginia Ratings, The Big Bang Theory ratings, Medium ratings, Date\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/12/12/tv-ratings-ugly-betty-up-again-dollhouse-up-a-tiny-bit/36044","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rating News – 13th Jan\". Archived from the original on February 18, 2010. 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Retrieved March 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012015015/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/02/11/broadcast-finals-abcs-entire-lineup-drops-by-110th-with-adults-18-49-criminal-minds-csi-ny-drop/41810/","url_text":"\"Broadcast Finals: ABC's Entire Lineup Drops By 1/10th with Adults 18–49; Criminal Minds, CSI: NY Drop\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/02/11/broadcast-finals-abcs-entire-lineup-drops-by-110th-with-adults-18-49-criminal-minds-csi-ny-drop/41810","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman (February 10, 2010). \"TV Ratings: American Idol Down, But Still Dominates; Modern Family Rebounds\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120714225624/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/03/11/tv-ratings-american-idol-down-but-still-dominate-modern-family-rebounds-human-target-still-on-the-bubble/44606/","url_text":"\"TV Ratings: American Idol Down, But Still Dominates; Modern Family Rebounds\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/03/11/tv-ratings-american-idol-down-but-still-dominate-modern-family-rebounds-human-target-still-on-the-bubble/44606","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wednesday Broadcast Finals: The Middle, Modern Family, Cougar Town Adjusted Up; Ugly Betty Down\". The Programming Insider. Media Week. April 15, 2010. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100418215022/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/04/15/wednesday-broadcast-finals-the-middle-modern-family-cougar-town-adjusted-up-ugly-betty-down/48734","url_text":"\"Wednesday Broadcast Finals: The Middle, Modern Family, Cougar Town Adjusted Up; Ugly Betty Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/04/15/wednesday-broadcast-finals-the-middle-modern-family-cougar-town-adjusted-up-ugly-betty-down/48734","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crushable – Crushable gives you the celebrity news, style and scoop on the stuff you care about\". Uglybettynews.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uglybettynews.com/","url_text":"\"Crushable – Crushable gives you the celebrity news, style and scoop on the stuff you care about\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, Dalton (April 5, 2010). \"Major 'Ugly Betty' series finale spoiler: Does this mean what I THINK it means?\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2010/04/05/scoop-ugly-betty-series-finale-spoiler/","url_text":"\"Major 'Ugly Betty' series finale spoiler: Does this mean what I THINK it means?\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090426035230/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/television/news/e3i202b681b4f137513e078e67f0d29aa46","external_links_name":"\"ABC Announces Several Renewals\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/television/news/e3i202b681b4f137513e078e67f0d29aa46","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.seattlepi.com/tvguide/412823_tvgif2.html","external_links_name":"http://www.seattlepi.com/tvguide/412823_tvgif2.html"},{"Link":"http://content.usatoday.com/communites/entertainment/post/2010/01/ugly-betty-canceled-by-abc-/1","external_links_name":"\"Ugly Betty\" Cancelled by 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_McLachlan	Geoffrey McLachlan	["1 Education and career","2 Honours and awards","3 Published books","4 Personal life","5 References"]	Geoffrey John McLachlanBorn (1946-10-03) 3 October 1946 (age 77)Rockhampton, Queensland, AustraliaEducationUniversity of QueenslandScientific careerInstitutionsUniversity of QueenslandDoctoral advisorStephen LiptonDoctoral studentsKaye BasfordOther notable studentsPeter Donnelly Geoffrey John McLachlan FAA (born 3 October 1946) is an Australian researcher in computational statistics, machine learning and pattern recognition. McLachlan is best known for his work in classification and finite mixture models. He is the joint author of five influential books on the topics of mixtures and classification, as well as their applications. Currently, McLachlan is a Professor of statistics within the School of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Queensland. Education and career McLachlan was born in Rockhampton and obtained his BSc in mathematics at the University of Queensland in 1969. He went to pursue a PhD at the same university in 1973 under the supervision of Stephen Lipton, a former staff member at the famous Rothamsted experimental station in the UK. McLachlan obtained a Doctor of Science at the University of Queensland in 1994. He has served in many positions of academic service over his career, most notably including as an Australian Research Council College of Experts member (2008–2010). McLachlan is currently serving on the editorial boards of the journals: Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, BMC Bioinformatics, Cancer Informatics, Journal of Classification, Statistics and Computing, Statistical Modelling, Statistics Surveys, and WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. McLachlan has also supervised numerous PhD students over his career, most notably including Professor Kaye Basford at the University of Queensland and Professor Angus Ng at Griffith University. McLachlan is a prolific author in the fields of computational statistics, pattern recognition, machine learning, and neural networks. He has written over 300 research articles. Further, Google Scholar lists him with an h-index of 63 and attributes over 60000 citations to his publications. The themes in McLachlan's work include the use of finite mixtures of atypical distributions for clustering of complex data. This includes the use of multivariate t-distributions, and skew variants of multivariate t- and normal distributions. His works have found applications in numerous areas of practical research including biology, bioinformatics, cardiology, engineering, psychology, neuroimaging, among numerous other fields. McLachlan's research has been published in various well-regarded journals such as Biometrics; Biometrika; Journal of the Royal Statistical Society; Journal of the American Statistical Association; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA; Nature Methods; the Computer Journal; and the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Medical Imaging, and Neural Networks. He is a featured researcher in Journeys to Data Mining: Experiences from 15 Renowned Researchers, edited by Mohamed Medhat Gaber. Honours and awards Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow (2007-2011) Pitman Medal of the Statistical Society of Australia (2010) ISI Highly Cited Author (2010) President of the International Federation of Classification Societies (2010-2011) IEEE ICDM Research Contributions Award (2011) UQ Vice-Chancellor's Senior Research Fellow (2012-2015) Shayle Searle Visiting Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (2014) Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (2015) Research Medal of the International Federation of Classification Societies (2017) Published books The EM Algorithm and Extensions Second Edition, G.J. McLachlan and T. Krishnan (2008). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. International Standard Book Number ISBN 978-0-471-20170-0 Analyzing Microarray Gene Expression Data, G.J. McLachlan, K.-A. Do, and C. Ambroise (2004). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. International Standard Book Number ISBN 978-0-471-72612-8 Finite Mixture Models, G.J. McLachlan and D. Peel. (2000). New York: Wiley. International Standard Book Number ISBN 978-0-471-00626-8 Discriminant Analysis and Statistical Pattern Recognition, G.J. McLachlan (1992). New York: Wiley. International Standard Book Number ISBN 978-0-471-69115-0 Mixture Models: Inference and Applications to Clustering, G.J. McLachlan and K.E. Basford (1988). New York: Marcel Dekker. Personal life McLachlan is married to Beryl Seymour in 1973, and has two sons, Jonathan and Robbie, and four granddaughters. References ^ a b c Nguyen, Hien; Lee, Sharon; Forbes, Florence (2022). "A Festschrift for Geoff McLachlan". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics. 64 (2): 111–116. doi:10.1111/anzs.12372. ISSN 1369-1473. S2CID 251228153. ^ "Professor Geoff McLachlan - UQ Researchers". researchers.uq.edu.au. Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ "Geoff McLachlan: Educational History". people.smp.uq.edu.au. Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ "Geoff McLachlan: Professional and Academic Services". people.smp.uq.edu.au. Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ "Professor Kaye Basford - School of Agriculture and Food Sciences - The University of Queensland, Australia". www.uq.edu.au. Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ "Staff directory entry for Professor Shu-Kay Angus Ng". www.griffith.edu.au. Retrieved 14 May 2018. ^ "Geoff McLachlan: Research Publications". people.smp.uq.edu.au. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ^ "Geoff McLachlan - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ Gaber, Mohamed Medhat (20 July 2012). Journeys to Data Mining: Experiences from 15 Renowned Researchers. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642280474. ^ a b "Geoff McLachlan: Recent Awards/Honours". people.smp.uq.edu.au. Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ "Pitman Medal - SSAI - The Statistical Society of Australia". SSAI. Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ "UQ researchers gain international recognition". UQ News. Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ "International Federation of Classification Societies Newsletter" (PDF). ^ "IEEE ICDM Research Contributions Award". www.kdnuggets.com. Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ "Wellington Statistics Group (WSG) Report 2014" (PDF). ^ "Fellows elected in 2015 \| Australian Academy of Science". www.science.org.au. Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ "IFCS 2017 Awards" (PDF). Retrieved 17 August 2017. ^ Reviews of Mixture Models: Inference and Applications to Clustering: Lindsay, Bruce (March 1989), Journal of the American Statistical Association, 84 (405): 337–338, doi:10.2307/2289892, JSTOR 2289892, S2CID 119405289{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link) Geary, D. N. (1989), Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society), 152 (1): 126–127, doi:10.2307/2982840, JSTOR 2982840{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link) Hand, D. J. (1989), Applied Statistics, 38 (2): 384–385, doi:10.2307/2348072, JSTOR 2348072{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link) ^ "Geoff McLachlan: Family". people.smp.uq.edu.au. Retrieved 24 May 2017. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii DBLP Google Scholar MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project ORCID ResearcherID zbMATH People Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fest-1"},{"link_name":"computational statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_statistics"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"pattern recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition"},{"link_name":"classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification"},{"link_name":"mixture models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture_model"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Geoffrey John McLachlan FAA (born 3 October 1946)[1] is an Australian researcher in computational statistics, machine learning and pattern recognition. McLachlan is best known for his work in classification and finite mixture models. He is the joint author of five influential books on the topics of mixtures and classification, as well as their applications. Currently, McLachlan is a Professor of statistics within the School of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Queensland.[2]","title":"Geoffrey McLachlan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockhampton"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Rothamsted experimental station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothamsted_experimental_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fest-1"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Australian Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_Bioinformatics"},{"link_name":"Cancer Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Informatics"},{"link_name":"Statistics and Computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_and_Computing"},{"link_name":"Statistical Modelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Modelling"},{"link_name":"Statistics Surveys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Surveys"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kaye Basford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaye_Basford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Griffith University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"h-index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-index"},{"link_name":"multivariate t-distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_t-distribution"},{"link_name":"skew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewness"},{"link_name":"normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"bioinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"},{"link_name":"cardiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"neuroimaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaging"},{"link_name":"Biometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrics_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Biometrika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrika"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society"},{"link_name":"Journal of the American Statistical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Statistical_Association"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Nature Methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Methods"},{"link_name":"Computer Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Computer_Journal"},{"link_name":"IEEE Transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEEE_publications"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"McLachlan was born in Rockhampton and obtained his BSc in mathematics at the University of Queensland in 1969. He went to pursue a PhD at the same university in 1973 under the supervision of Stephen Lipton, a former staff member at the famous Rothamsted experimental station in the UK.[1] McLachlan obtained a Doctor of Science at the University of Queensland in 1994.[3] He has served in many positions of academic service over his career, most notably including as an Australian Research Council College of Experts member (2008–2010). McLachlan is currently serving on the editorial boards of the journals: Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, BMC Bioinformatics, Cancer Informatics, Journal of Classification, Statistics and Computing, Statistical Modelling, Statistics Surveys, and WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery.[4] McLachlan has also supervised numerous PhD students over his career, most notably including Professor Kaye Basford at the University of Queensland[5] and Professor Angus Ng at Griffith University.[6]McLachlan is a prolific author in the fields of computational statistics, pattern recognition, machine learning, and neural networks. He has written over 300 research articles.[7] Further, Google Scholar lists him with an h-index of 63 and attributes over 60000 citations to his publications.The themes in McLachlan's work include the use of finite mixtures of atypical distributions for clustering of complex data. This includes the use of multivariate t-distributions, and skew variants of multivariate t- and normal distributions. His works have found applications in numerous areas of practical research including biology, bioinformatics, cardiology, engineering, psychology, neuroimaging, among numerous other fields. McLachlan's research has been published in various well-regarded journals such as Biometrics; Biometrika; Journal of the Royal Statistical Society; Journal of the American Statistical Association; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA; Nature Methods; the Computer Journal; and the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Medical Imaging, and Neural Networks.[8] He is a featured researcher in Journeys to Data Mining: Experiences from 15 Renowned Researchers, edited by Mohamed Medhat Gaber.[9]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Statistical Society of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Society_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ISI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Scientific_Information"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Shayle Searle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayle_R._Searle"},{"link_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Australian Academy of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow (2007-2011)[10]\nPitman Medal of the Statistical Society of Australia (2010)[11]\nISI Highly Cited Author (2010)[12]\nPresident of the International Federation of Classification Societies (2010-2011)[13]\nIEEE ICDM Research Contributions Award (2011)[14]\nUQ Vice-Chancellor's Senior Research Fellow (2012-2015)[10]\nShayle Searle Visiting Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (2014)[15]\nFellow of the Australian Academy of Science (2015)[16]\nResearch Medal of the International Federation of Classification Societies (2017)[17]","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Standard Book Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-20170-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-20170-0"},{"link_name":"K.-A. Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim-Anh_Do"},{"link_name":"International Standard Book Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-72612-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-72612-8"},{"link_name":"International Standard Book Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-00626-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-00626-8"},{"link_name":"International Standard Book Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-69115-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-69115-0"},{"link_name":"K.E. Basford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaye_Basford"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The EM Algorithm and Extensions Second Edition, G.J. McLachlan and T. Krishnan (2008). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. International Standard Book Number ISBN 978-0-471-20170-0\nAnalyzing Microarray Gene Expression Data, G.J. McLachlan, K.-A. Do, and C. Ambroise (2004). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. International Standard Book Number ISBN 978-0-471-72612-8\nFinite Mixture Models, G.J. McLachlan and D. Peel. (2000). New York: Wiley. International Standard Book Number ISBN 978-0-471-00626-8\nDiscriminant Analysis and Statistical Pattern Recognition, G.J. McLachlan (1992). New York: Wiley. International Standard Book Number ISBN 978-0-471-69115-0\nMixture Models: Inference and Applications to Clustering, G.J. McLachlan and K.E. Basford (1988). New York: Marcel Dekker.[18]","title":"Published books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"McLachlan is married to Beryl Seymour in 1973, and has two sons, Jonathan and Robbie, and four granddaughters.[19]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Nguyen, Hien; Lee, Sharon; Forbes, Florence (2022). \"A Festschrift for Geoff McLachlan\". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics. 64 (2): 111–116. doi:10.1111/anzs.12372. ISSN 1369-1473. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut_Sr.	Kurt Vonnegut Sr.	["1 Early life and education","2 Practice","3 Personal life","4 Works","5 References"]	American architect Kurt Vonnegut Sr.Born(1884-11-24)November 24, 1884Indianapolis, IndianaDiedOctober 1, 1957(1957-10-01) (aged 72)Indianapolis, IndianaOccupationArchitectKnown forPartner in Vonnegut & Bohn, Vonnegut, Bohn & Mueller, and Vonnegut, Wright & YeagerChildren Bernard Vonnegut Alice Vonnegut Kurt Vonnegut Jr. A Seahorse money box created by Vonnegut which served as the first monetary donation box for The Children's Museum of Indianapolis Kurt Vonnegut Sr. (November 24, 1884 – October 1, 1957) was an American architect and architectural lecturer active in early- to mid-20th-century Indianapolis, Indiana. A member of the American Institute of Architects, he was partner in the firms of Vonnegut & Bohn, Vonnegut, Bohn & Mueller, and Vonnegut, Wright & Yeager. He designed several churches, banks, and became the in-house architect for Indiana Bell and Hooks Drug stores (prior to World War II), practicing extensively in the Art Deco style. He was the father of chemist Bernard Vonnegut and author Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Early life and education Kurt Vonnegut Sr. was born on November 24, 1884, in Indianapolis, Indiana, to Nannie Schnull Vonnegut (d. 1929), daughter of Henry Schnull, and Bernard Vonnegut I (1855–1908), an architect and partner in the well-established firm of Vonnegut & Bohn. He attended grammar school from 1890 to 1898 (Indianapolis Public School No. 10) and Shortridge High School. Vonnegut attended the American College in Strasbourg for three years from around 1902 and earned a Bachelor of Science in architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1908. That same year, he continued his studies in Berlin, and was admitted to the Königliche Akademie der Künste for the semester 1908–1909. He was traveling "with his widowed mother and his sister, Irma" (later Irma Vonnegut Lindener), returning in 1910 to join his father's surviving partner, Arthur Bohn. Practice Vonnegut joined as a partner in Vonnegut & Bohn, and while there he joined the University Club and taught lettering at the Herron Art Institute from 1912 to 1913 and architectural history from 1913 to 1915, and headed the Art Association of Indianapolis' Art School Committee from 1915 to 1927. He designed the original logo for the Indianapolis Children's Museum. The firm did little during the Great Depression and eventually the firm was renamed Vonnegut, Bohn & Mueller Architects with the addition of another partner. In 1946, Kurt Vonnegut Sr. was the sole partner and merged with the firms Pierre & Wright (of Indianapolis, Indiana) and Miller & Yeager (of Terre Haute, Indiana) to form Vonnegut, Wright & Yeager, which was located at 1126 Hume Mansur Building, Indianapolis, and 402 Opera House Building, Terre Haute. Personal life On November 22, 1913, Vonnegut married Edith Sophia Lieber (d. May 14, 1944), the daughter of millionaire Indianapolis brewer Albert Lieber and Alice Barus, who had died of pneumonia when Edith was six. Shortly thereafter, Albert Lieber married Ora D. Lane, and later Meda Langtry, a widow near the same age as Edith. Kurt and Edith Vonnegut had had three children: Bernard Vonnegut (1914–1997), Alice Vonnegut (1917–1958); and Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (1922–2007). Through Lieber's father, a trust fund from Lieber's grandfather (Peter Lieber), an inheritance from Vonnegut's mother, and Vonnegut's architectural practice, the family was upper-middle class, although during the Great Depression the Leiber brewery went bankrupt and Vonnegut & Bohn produced next to nothing. Around this time, Vonnegut designed and built a large brick residence for his family located at 4401 N. Illinois Street in Indianapolis. The home was heavily mortgaged and was eventually sold during the Depression. A smaller house was designed and built in the suburban development of Williams Creek, Indiana, in 1941. Its basement featured a small shop with a kiln for ceramics. The Vonnegut children attended good schools: Bernard attended Park School and earned a Bachelor of Science and PhD in Chemistry from Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Alice attended Tudor Hall School for Girls; Kurt Jr. attended private schools until the third grade, when he was removed for financial reasons, then attended Indianapolis Public School No. 43, Shortridge High School and Cornell University, where he studied physics, chemistry, and math before enlisting in the U.S. Army as a private during World War II. Following Edith's death in 1944, Kurt remained somewhat isolated, eventually moving to a small cottage near Nashville, Indiana. Kurt was a lifetime smoker, suffered from emphysema, and died on October 1, 1957, at his home from lung cancer without treatment. He was buried on October 3, 1957, in the Vonnegut lot in Crown Hill Cemetery next to his wife and parents. Kurt Vonnegut Jr. wrote of his brother's profession, his mother's death, and of his father as an architect, writing in Hocus Pocus that "Another flaw in the human character is that everybody wants to build and nobody wants to do maintenance." Works The first building of All Souls Unitarian Church, 1453 N. Alabama Street, Indianapolis, Indiana Anderson Bank Building in Anderson, Indiana He also designed signature Art Deco buildings for Indiana Bell throughout the state and new buildings for Hooks Drug stores prior to World War II Indiana Bell Telephone Building in Indianapolis, Indiana The Schultz Department Store (1913), 216 N. Fourth Street, Lafayette, Indiana, now called the Schultz Walgamuth Building Kurt Vonnegut Sr. residence (c. 1929), 4365 North Illinois Street, Indianapolis, 4th Ward Washington Township, Marion County, Indiana Kurt Vonnegut Sr. residence in Williams Creek, Indiana (1941) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Biographical on Kurt Vonnegut Sr." Archived April 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Lake Maxinkuckee Its Intrigue History & Genealogy; Culver, Marshall, Indiana ^ Admission list of Königliche Akademie der Künste zu Berlin, 1908/09, No. 246. Archive of the Berlin University of the Arts. ^ a b Questionnaire for Architects’ Roster and/or Register of Architects Qualified for Federal Public Works Archived July 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, June 13, 1946. ^ In 1962 noted Indianapolis architect Evans Woollen III and his wife, Nancy, moved into the former Vonnegut residence on North Illinois Street and raised their two sons there. See Philip J. Trounstine (May 9, 1976). "Evans Woollen". Star Magazine. Indianapolis, Indiana: 23. See also: Will Higgins and Vic Ryckaert (May 18, 2016). "Evans Woollen III Architect Who Helped Shaped Indy Dies". Indianapolis Star. Indianapolis. Retrieved December 18, 2017. ^ Letter Kurt Vonnegut Jr. sent his father from a repatriation camp ^ Quotations by Kurt Vonnegut at quotationspage.com vteKurt VonnegutBibliographyNovels Player Piano (1952) The Sirens of Titan (1959) Mother Night (1961) Cat's Cradle (1963) God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1965) Slaughterhouse-Five (1969) Breakfast of Champions (1973) Slapstick (1976) Jailbird (1979) Deadeye Dick (1982) Galápagos (1985) Bluebeard (1987) Hocus Pocus (1990) Timequake (1997) Novellas Sun Moon Star (1980) God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian (1999) We Are What We Pretend to Be: The First and Last Works (2013) Collected short fiction Canary in a Cat House (1961) Welcome to the Monkey House (1968) Bagombo Snuff Box (1999) Armageddon in Retrospect (2008) Look at the Birdie (2009) While Mortals Sleep (2011) Sucker's Portfolio (2013) Complete Stories (2017) Collected non-fiction Wampeters, Foma and Granfalloons (1974) Palm Sunday (1981) Fates Worse Than Death (1991) A Man Without a Country (2005) Armageddon in Retrospect (2008) Kurt Vonnegut: Letters (2012) If This Isn't Nice, What Is?: Advice to the Young (2013) Vonnegut by the Dozen (2015) Plays/screenplays Fortitude (1968) Happy Birthday, Wanda June (1970) Between Time and Timbuktu (1972) Interviews Like Shaking Hands with God (1999) Conversations with Kurt Vonnegut (1999) Kurt Vonnegut: The Last Interview (1999) Adaptations Happy Birthday, Wanda June (1971) Slaughterhouse-Five (1972) Between Time and Timbuktu (1972) Next Door (1975) Kurt Vonnegut's God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1979) Slapstick of Another Kind (1982) Who Am I This Time? (1982) Displaced Person (1985) Kurt Vonnegut's Monkey House (1991) Harrison Bergeron (1995) Mother Night (1996) Breakfast of Champions (1999) 2081 (2009) 2BR02B: To Be or Naught to Be (2016) Charactersand concepts Kilgore Trout Eliot Rosewater Rabo Karabekian RAMJAC Ilium Granfalloon Tralfamadore Ice-nine Related Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library Vonnegut (Mercury crater) Family Jill Krementz (second wife) Mark Vonnegut (son) Edith Vonnegut (daughter) Kurt Vonnegut Sr. (father) Bernard Vonnegut (brother) Bernard Vonnegut Sr. (grandfather) Clemens Vonnegut (great-grandfather)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Seahorse_money_box.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Children's Museum of Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Children%27s_Museum_of_Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"Vonnegut & Bohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonnegut_%26_Bohn"},{"link_name":"Vonnegut, Bohn & Mueller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonnegut,_Bohn_%26_Mueller"},{"link_name":"Vonnegut, Wright & Yeager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonnegut,_Wright_%26_Yeager"},{"link_name":"Indiana Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Bell"},{"link_name":"Hooks Drug stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooks_Drug_stores"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Bernard Vonnegut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut_Jr."}],"text":"A Seahorse money box created by Vonnegut which served as the first monetary donation box for The Children's Museum of IndianapolisKurt Vonnegut Sr. (November 24, 1884 – October 1, 1957) was an American architect and architectural lecturer active in early- to mid-20th-century Indianapolis, Indiana.[1] A member of the American Institute of Architects, he was partner in the firms of Vonnegut & Bohn, Vonnegut, Bohn & Mueller, and Vonnegut, Wright & Yeager. 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He was the father of chemist Bernard Vonnegut and author Kurt Vonnegut Jr.","title":"Kurt Vonnegut Sr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Bernard Vonnegut I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Vonnegut_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"Shortridge High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortridge_High_School_(Indianapolis,_Indiana)"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Königliche Akademie der Künste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arthur Bohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bohn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"}],"text":"Kurt Vonnegut Sr. was born on November 24, 1884, in Indianapolis, Indiana, to Nannie Schnull Vonnegut (d. 1929), daughter of Henry Schnull, and Bernard Vonnegut I (1855–1908), an architect and partner in the well-established firm of Vonnegut & Bohn.[1] He attended grammar school from 1890 to 1898 (Indianapolis Public School No. 10) and Shortridge High School. Vonnegut attended the American College in Strasbourg for three years from around 1902 and earned a Bachelor of Science in architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1908. That same year, he continued his studies in Berlin, and was admitted to the Königliche Akademie der Künste for the semester 1908–1909.[2] He was traveling \"with his widowed mother and his sister, Irma\" (later Irma Vonnegut Lindener), returning in 1910 to join his father's surviving partner, Arthur Bohn.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettering"},{"link_name":"Herron Art Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herron_School_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Children's Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Children%27s_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Pierre & Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_%26_Wright"},{"link_name":"Miller & Yeager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_%26_Yeager"},{"link_name":"Terre Haute, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Vonnegut, Wright & Yeager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonnegut,_Wright_%26_Yeager"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIAquestion-3"}],"text":"Vonnegut joined as a partner in Vonnegut & Bohn, and while there he joined the University Club and taught lettering at the Herron Art Institute from 1912 to 1913 and architectural history from 1913 to 1915, and headed the Art Association of Indianapolis' Art School Committee from 1915 to 1927. He designed the original logo for the Indianapolis Children's Museum.[1]The firm did little during the Great Depression and eventually the firm was renamed Vonnegut, Bohn & Mueller Architects with the addition of another partner.In 1946, Kurt Vonnegut Sr. was the sole partner and merged with the firms Pierre & Wright (of Indianapolis, Indiana) and Miller & Yeager (of Terre Haute, Indiana) to form Vonnegut, Wright & Yeager, which was located at 1126 Hume Mansur Building, Indianapolis, and 402 Opera House Building, Terre Haute.[3]","title":"Practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard Vonnegut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut_Jr."},{"link_name":"upper-middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper-middle_class"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"mortgaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage"},{"link_name":"Williams Creek, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Creek,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Park School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_School_(Indianapolis,_Indiana)"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Tudor Hall School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Hall_School_for_Girls_(Indianapolis,_Indiana)"},{"link_name":"Shortridge High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortridge_High_School_(Indianapolis,_Indiana)"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"emphysema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"Crown Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Hill_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"Hocus Pocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocus_Pocus_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On November 22, 1913, Vonnegut married Edith Sophia Lieber (d. May 14, 1944), the daughter of millionaire Indianapolis brewer Albert Lieber and Alice Barus, who had died of pneumonia when Edith was six. Shortly thereafter, Albert Lieber married Ora D. Lane, and later Meda Langtry, a widow near the same age as Edith. Kurt and Edith Vonnegut had had three children: Bernard Vonnegut (1914–1997), Alice Vonnegut (1917–1958); and Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (1922–2007).Through Lieber's father, a trust fund from Lieber's grandfather (Peter Lieber), an inheritance from Vonnegut's mother, and Vonnegut's architectural practice, the family was upper-middle class, although during the Great Depression the Leiber brewery went bankrupt and Vonnegut & Bohn produced next to nothing. Around this time, Vonnegut designed and built a large brick residence for his family located at 4401 N. Illinois Street in Indianapolis. The home was heavily mortgaged and was eventually sold during the Depression. A smaller house was designed and built in the suburban development of Williams Creek, Indiana, in 1941. Its basement featured a small shop with a kiln for ceramics.[1][4]The Vonnegut children attended good schools: Bernard attended Park School and earned a Bachelor of Science and PhD in Chemistry from Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Alice attended Tudor Hall School for Girls; Kurt Jr. attended private schools until the third grade, when he was removed for financial reasons, then attended Indianapolis Public School No. 43, Shortridge High School and Cornell University, where he studied physics, chemistry, and math before enlisting in the U.S. Army as a private during World War II.[1][5]Following Edith's death in 1944, Kurt remained somewhat isolated, eventually moving to a small cottage near Nashville, Indiana. Kurt was a lifetime smoker, suffered from emphysema, and died on October 1, 1957, at his home from lung cancer without treatment.[1] He was buried on October 3, 1957, in the Vonnegut lot in Crown Hill Cemetery next to his wife and parents.[1]Kurt Vonnegut Jr. wrote of his brother's profession, his mother's death, and of his father as an architect, writing in Hocus Pocus that \"Another flaw in the human character is that everybody wants to build and nobody wants to do maintenance.\"[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"Anderson Bank Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Bank_Building"},{"link_name":"Anderson, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIAquestion-3"},{"link_name":"Marion County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"Williams Creek, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Creek,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"}],"text":"The first building of All Souls Unitarian Church, 1453 N. Alabama Street, Indianapolis, Indiana[1]\nAnderson Bank Building in Anderson, Indiana[1]\nHe also designed signature Art Deco buildings for Indiana Bell throughout the state and new buildings for Hooks Drug stores prior to World War II[1]\nIndiana Bell Telephone Building in Indianapolis, Indiana[1][3]\nThe Schultz Department Store (1913), 216 N. Fourth Street, Lafayette, Indiana, now called the Schultz Walgamuth Building\nKurt Vonnegut Sr. residence (c. 1929), 4365 North Illinois Street, Indianapolis, 4th Ward Washington Township, Marion County, Indiana[1]\nKurt Vonnegut Sr. residence in Williams Creek, Indiana (1941)[1]","title":"Works"}]	[{"image_text":"A Seahorse money box created by Vonnegut which served as the first monetary donation box for The Children's Museum of Indianapolis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Seahorse_money_box.jpg/220px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Seahorse_money_box.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Philip J. Trounstine (May 9, 1976). \"Evans Woollen\". [Indianapolis] Star Magazine. Indianapolis, Indiana: 23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Will Higgins and Vic Ryckaert (May 18, 2016). \"Evans Woollen III Architect Who Helped Shaped Indy Dies\". Indianapolis Star. Indianapolis. Retrieved December 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/arts/2016/05/18/evans-woollen-iii-architect-who-helped-shaped-indy-dies/84537500/","url_text":"\"Evans Woollen III Architect Who Helped Shaped Indy Dies\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://genwiz.genealogenie.net/lake_maxinkuckee/vonnegut/kurt_sr_vonnegut.htm","external_links_name":"\"Biographical on Kurt Vonnegut Sr.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110411071343/http://genwiz.genealogenie.net/lake_maxinkuckee/vonnegut/kurt_sr_vonnegut.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://communities.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/AIA%20scans/Rosters/VonnegutWrightYeager_roster.pdf","external_links_name":"Questionnaire for Architects’ Roster and/or Register of Architects Qualified for Federal Public Works"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724230155/http://communities.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/AIA%20scans/Rosters/VonnegutWrightYeager_roster.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/arts/2016/05/18/evans-woollen-iii-architect-who-helped-shaped-indy-dies/84537500/","external_links_name":"\"Evans Woollen III Architect Who Helped Shaped Indy Dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.lettersofnote.com/2009/11/slaughterhouse-five.html","external_links_name":"Letter Kurt Vonnegut Jr. sent his father from a repatriation camp"},{"Link":"http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Kurt_Vonnegut/","external_links_name":"Quotations by Kurt Vonnegut"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_PCM-1600	PCM adaptor	["1 Operation","1.1 Sampling frequency","1.2 Video format","2 Models","3 Obsolescence","4 Notes","5 References"]	Encodes digital audio as video This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sony PCM-1630 A PCM adaptor is a device that encodes digital audio as video for recording on a videocassette recorder. The adapter also has the ability to decode a video signal back to digital audio for playback. This digital audio system was used for mastering early compact discs. Operation High-quality pulse-code modulation (PCM) audio requires a significantly larger bandwidth than a regular analog audio signal. For example, a 16-bit PCM signal requires an analog bandwidth of about 1-1.5 MHz compared to about 15-20 kHz of analog bandwidth required for an analog audio signal. A standard analog audio recorder cannot meet this requirement. One solution arrived at in the early 1980s was to use a videotape recorder, which is capable of recording signals with higher bandwidths. A means of converting digital audio into a video format was necessary. Such an audio recording system includes two devices: the PCM adaptor, which converts audio into pseudo-video, and the videocassette recorder. A PCM adaptor performs an analog-to-digital conversion producing series of binary digits, which, in turn, is coded and modulated into a black and white video signal, appearing as a vibrating checkerboard pattern, which can then be recorded as a video signal. Most video-based PCM adaptors record audio at 14 or 16 bits per sample, with a sampling frequency of 44.1 kHz for PAL or monochrome NTSC, or 44.056 kHz for color NTSC. Some of the earlier models, such as the Sony PCM-100, recorded 16 bits per sample, but used only 14 of the bits for the audio, with the remaining 2 bits used for error correction for the case of dropouts or other anomalies being present on the videotape. Sampling frequency The use of video for the PCM adapter helps to explain the choice of sampling frequency for the CD, because the number of video lines, frame rate and bits per line end up dictating the sampling frequency one can achieve. A sampling frequency of 44.1 kHz was thus adopted for the compact disc, as at the time, there was no other practical way of storing digital audio than by using a PCM adaptor and videocassette recorder combination. It is simplest if the same number of lines are used in each field, and, crucially, it was decided to adopt a sample rate that could be used on both PAL and monochrome NTSC equipment. Since monochrome NTSC has a field rate of 60 Hz, and PAL has a field rate of 50 Hz, their least common multiple is 300 Hz, and with 3 samples per line, this yields a sample rate that is a multiple of 900 Hz. For monochrome NTSC the sample rate is 5m × 60 × 3, where 5m is the number of active lines per field, which must be a multiple of 5 (the rest used for synchronization), and for PAL the sample rate is 6n × 50 × 3, where 6n is the number of active lines per field, which must be a multiple of 6. The sampling rates that satisfy these requirements – at least 40 kHz (to encode up to 20 kHz sounds), no more than 46.875 kHz (requiring no more than 3 samples per line in PAL), and a multiple of 900 Hz (to allow encoding in both NTSC and PAL), are thus 40.5, 41.4, 42.3, 43.2, 44.1, 45, 45.9, and 46.8 kHz. The lower ones are eliminated due to low-pass filters requiring a transition band, while the higher ones are eliminated due to some lines being required for vertical blanking interval; 44.1 kHz was the higher usable rate, and was eventually chosen. The sampling frequencies of 44.1 and 44.056 kHz were thus the result of a need for compatibility with the 25-frame (PAL countries) and 30-frame black and white (NTSC countries) video formats used for audio storage at the time. Video format Audio samples are recorded as if they were on the lines of a raster scan of video, as follows: analog video standards represent video at a field rate of 60 Hz (NTSC, North America – or 60/1.001 Hz ≈ 59.94 Hz for color NTSC) or 50 Hz (PAL, Europe), which corresponds to a frame rate of 30 frames per second (frame/s) or 25 frame/s – each field is half the lines of an interlaced image (alternating the odd lines and the even lines). Each of these fields is in turn composed of lines – a frame of 625 lines for PAL and 525 lines for NTSC, though some of the lines are actually for synchronizing the signal, and a field comprises half the visible lines in one vertical scan. Digital audio samples are then encoded along each line, thus allowing reuse of the existing synchronization circuitry – as video, the resulting images look like lines of binary black and white (rather, gray) dots along each scan line. The line frequency (lines per second) was 15,625 Hz for PAL (625 × 50/2), 15,750 Hz for 60 Hz (monochrome) NTSC (525 × 60/2), and 15,750/1.001 Hz (approximately 15,734.26 Hz) for 59.94 (color) NTSC, and thus to record audio at the required over 40 kHz required encoding multiple samples per line, with 3 samples per line being sufficient, yielding up to 15,625 × 3 = 46,875 for PAL and 15,750 × 3 = 47,250 for NTSC. It is desirable to minimize the number of samples per line, so that each sample can have more space devoted to it, thus making it easier to have a higher bit depth (16 bits, rather than 14 or 12 bits, say) and better error tolerance, and in practice, the signal was stereo, requiring 3 × 2 = 6 samples per line. However, some of these lines are devoted to (vertical) synchronization: specifically, the lines during the vertical blanking interval (VBI) could not be used, so a maximum of 490 lines per frame (245 lines per field) could be used in NTSC, and about 588 lines per frame (294 lines per field) on PAL (Note that, in video, PAL has (up to) 575 visible lines while NTSC has up to 485). Models A Sony PCM-501ES EIAJ LPCM Adapter on a Sony SL-HF360 VTR The Sony PCM-1600 was the first commercial video-based 16-bit recorder. The 1600 (and its later versions, the 1610 and 1630) used special U-matic-format VCRs also furnished by Sony for transports, such as the BVU-200B (the first model of VCR optimized to work, and sold with, the PCM-1600 in 1979), BVU-800DA, VO-5630DA, and the later DMR-2000 and DMR-4000, which were based on the industrial VO-5850 and the broadcast BVU-800 video machines respectively. These were all in essence modified versions of existing Sony U-Matic video recorders adapted for use with the 1600-series adaptors by way of disabling the chroma and dropout compensator circuits of the VCRs, which would hinder the proper recording of the monochrome-video-based digital audio data from the 1600-series adaptors if enabled. The BVU-200B packaged with the PCM-1600 also was modified to have its video head switching point moved to the vertical blanking interval of the digital-audio-bearing video signal being recorded to prevent errors or interference with the digital audio data. Editing was accomplished by using a 1600-series adaptor and two or more of these VCRs with a DAE-1100 or DAE-3000 editing controller. The 1600-series were the first systems used for mastering audio compact discs in the early 1980s by many major record labels, with the final U-matic 1600-format digital audio tapes being sent to CD pressing plants to be recorded to a glass master disc used for making the replicated CDs. Several semi-professional/consumer models of PCM adaptors were also released by Sony: Sony PCM-1 (introduced in 1977) Sony PCM-F1 (the first consumer-marketed model which was sold with a companion Betamax-format VCR, the Sony SL-2000, SL-F1, or SL-F1E, for recording & playback) Sony PCM-100 Sony PCM-501ES Sony PCM-601 (included SPDIF digital audio input and output) Sony PCM-701 Technics also made a battery-powered portable PCM adaptor, the SV-100, a hi-fi component adapter, the SV-110, and a version with a built-in VHS videocassette transport, the SV-P100. All the Technics (Panasonic) PCM adapters are limited to 14-bit resolution. Other makes and models of PCM adaptors offered on the market were the Nakamichi DMP-100, the JVC VP-100, the Sharp RX-3, the Sansui PC-X1 and the Hitachi PCM-V300. dbx, Inc. also manufactured a pseudo-video adaptor, the Model 700. It differed from the above-listed models in the fact that it did not use PCM, but rather delta-sigma modulation. This resulted in a higher quality digital recording with more dynamic range than what standard PCM modulation could offer. Like a standard PCM adaptor, the Model 700 also utilized a VCR for a transport. Obsolescence In 1987, a few years after the PCM adaptor's introduction, Sony introduced a new cassette-based format for digital audio recording called Digital Audio Tape (DAT). Since DAT did not rely on a separate video cassette recorder, it was a much more portable and less-cumbersome format to use than a PCM adaptor-based system. DAT recorders had their own built-in transport using a small cassette unique to the format. DAT used tape 4 millimetres (0.16 in) in width loaded into a cassette 73 mm × 54 mm × 10.5 mm (2.87 in. x 2.12 in. x 0.41 in.) in size. The audio data was recorded to the tape by using helical scan recording, the same fashion that a VCR connected to a PCM adaptor would record to a videotape. In essence, DAT was a modernized, integrated, and miniaturized version of a PCM adaptor-based system. Like a PCM adaptor, DAT could record only two tracks of audio at a time, but the smaller size of the equipment and media, as well as being able to accept multiple sampling rates and other flexibility, gave DAT many advantages over PCM adaptor-based systems. Digital recorders capable of multi-track recording such as Mitsubishi's ProDigi format and Sony's DASH format also became available on the professional audio market about the same time as the introduction of PCM adaptors. Other tape-based digital audio recording systems overcame problems that made typical analog recorders unable to meet the bandwidth (frequency range) demands of digital recording by a combination of higher tape speeds, narrower head gaps used in combination with metal-formulation tapes, and the spreading of data across multiple parallel tracks. Despite obsolescence, hobbyists are still capable of using modern-day DVDs or Blu-ray discs as a transport medium for video-based encoding of digital audio streams. Notes ^ 44.1 kHz, 48 kHz and 32 kHz were supported, all at 16 bits per sample. A special LP recording mode using 12 bits per sample at 32 kHz gave extended recording time. ^ As opposed to only two tracks for stereo that a PCM adaptor or DAT could record. References ^ ITU-R BT.470-6 ^ Ned Soseman (2012-01-13). "MADI Magic". TV Technology. Retrieved 2018-12-12. ^ "Sony's Professional Audio". Retrieved 2024-06-03. ^ Frederick J. Bashour (May 2000). "Sony PCM-F1 Digital Recording Processor". Pro Audio Review. Archived from the original on February 8, 2008. ^ Heitarō Nakajima (1983). Digital Audio Technology. Tab Books. p. 268. Watkinson, John. The art of digital audio. Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-08-049936-9. OCLC 171287847.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_PCM-1630_20111008.jpg"},{"link_name":"digital audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"videocassette recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette_recorder"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)"},{"link_name":"compact discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"}],"text":"Sony PCM-1630A PCM adaptor is a device that encodes digital audio as video for recording on a videocassette recorder. The adapter also has the ability to decode a video signal back to digital audio for playback. This digital audio system was used for mastering early compact discs.","title":"PCM adaptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pulse-code modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megahertz"},{"link_name":"kHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertz"},{"link_name":"analog-to-digital conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_conversion"},{"link_name":"black and white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_white_television"},{"link_name":"PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL"},{"link_name":"NTSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC"},{"link_name":"dropouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropout_(electronics)"}],"text":"High-quality pulse-code modulation (PCM) audio requires a significantly larger bandwidth than a regular analog audio signal. For example, a 16-bit PCM signal requires an analog bandwidth of about 1-1.5 MHz compared to about 15-20 kHz of analog bandwidth required for an analog audio signal. A standard analog audio recorder cannot meet this requirement. One solution arrived at in the early 1980s was to use a videotape recorder, which is capable of recording signals with higher bandwidths.A means of converting digital audio into a video format was necessary. Such an audio recording system includes two devices: the PCM adaptor, which converts audio into pseudo-video, and the videocassette recorder. A PCM adaptor performs an analog-to-digital conversion producing series of binary digits, which, in turn, is coded and modulated into a black and white video signal, appearing as a vibrating checkerboard pattern, which can then be recorded as a video signal.Most video-based PCM adaptors record audio at 14 or 16 bits per sample, with a sampling frequency of 44.1 kHz for PAL or monochrome NTSC, or 44.056 kHz for color NTSC. Some of the earlier models, such as the Sony PCM-100, recorded 16 bits per sample, but used only 14 of the bits for the audio, with the remaining 2 bits used for error correction for the case of dropouts or other anomalies being present on the videotape.","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"44.1 kHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44.1_kHz"},{"link_name":"compact disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"least common multiple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_common_multiple"}],"sub_title":"Sampling frequency","text":"The use of video for the PCM adapter helps to explain the choice of sampling frequency for the CD, because the number of video lines, frame rate and bits per line end up dictating the sampling frequency one can achieve. A sampling frequency of 44.1 kHz was thus adopted for the compact disc, as at the time, there was no other practical way of storing digital audio than by using a PCM adaptor and videocassette recorder combination.It is simplest if the same number of lines are used in each field, and, crucially, it was decided to adopt a sample rate that could be used on both PAL and monochrome NTSC equipment. Since monochrome NTSC has a field rate of 60 Hz, and PAL has a field rate of 50 Hz, their least common multiple is 300 Hz, and with 3 samples per line, this yields a sample rate that is a multiple of 900 Hz. For monochrome NTSC the sample rate is 5m × 60 × 3, where 5m is the number of active lines per field, which must be a multiple of 5 (the rest used for synchronization), and for PAL the sample rate is 6n × 50 × 3, where 6n is the number of active lines per field, which must be a multiple of 6. The sampling rates that satisfy these requirements – at least 40 kHz (to encode up to 20 kHz sounds), no more than 46.875 kHz (requiring no more than 3 samples per line in PAL), and a multiple of 900 Hz (to allow encoding in both NTSC and PAL), are thus 40.5, 41.4, 42.3, 43.2, 44.1, 45, 45.9, and 46.8 kHz. The lower ones are eliminated due to low-pass filters requiring a transition band, while the higher ones are eliminated due to some lines being required for vertical blanking interval; 44.1 kHz was the higher usable rate, and was eventually chosen.The sampling frequencies of 44.1 and 44.056 kHz were thus the result of a need for compatibility with the 25-frame (PAL countries) and 30-frame black and white (NTSC countries) video formats used for audio storage at the time.","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"raster scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_scan"},{"link_name":"field rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_rate"},{"link_name":"NTSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC"},{"link_name":"PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL"},{"link_name":"frame rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate"},{"link_name":"frames per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frames_per_second"},{"link_name":"interlaced image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlaced_image"},{"link_name":"line frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_frequency"},{"link_name":"bit depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_bit_depth"},{"link_name":"vertical blanking interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Video format","text":"Audio samples are recorded as if they were on the lines of a raster scan of video, as follows: analog video standards represent video at a field rate of 60 Hz (NTSC, North America – or 60/1.001 Hz ≈ 59.94 Hz for color NTSC) or 50 Hz (PAL, Europe), which corresponds to a frame rate of 30 frames per second (frame/s) or 25 frame/s – each field is half the lines of an interlaced image (alternating the odd lines and the even lines). Each of these fields is in turn composed of lines – a frame of 625 lines for PAL and 525 lines for NTSC, though some of the lines are actually for synchronizing the signal, and a field comprises half the visible lines in one vertical scan. Digital audio samples are then encoded along each line, thus allowing reuse of the existing synchronization circuitry – as video, the resulting images look like lines of binary black and white (rather, gray) dots along each scan line. The line frequency (lines per second) was 15,625 Hz for PAL (625 × 50/2), 15,750 Hz for 60 Hz (monochrome) NTSC (525 × 60/2), and 15,750/1.001 Hz (approximately 15,734.26 Hz) for 59.94 (color) NTSC, and thus to record audio at the required over 40 kHz required encoding multiple samples per line, with 3 samples per line being sufficient, yielding up to 15,625 × 3 = 46,875 for PAL and 15,750 × 3 = 47,250 for NTSC. It is desirable to minimize the number of samples per line, so that each sample can have more space devoted to it, thus making it easier to have a higher bit depth (16 bits, rather than 14 or 12 bits, say) and better error tolerance, and in practice, the signal was stereo, requiring 3 × 2 = 6 samples per line. However, some of these lines are devoted to (vertical) synchronization: specifically, the lines during the vertical blanking interval (VBI) could not be used, so a maximum of 490 lines per frame (245 lines per field) could be used in NTSC, and about 588 lines per frame (294 lines per field) on PAL (Note that, in video, PAL has (up to) 575 visible lines[1] while NTSC has up to 485).","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_PCM-501ES_%26_Sony_SL-HF360.jpg"},{"link_name":"U-matic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-matic"},{"link_name":"transports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_(recording)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"dropout compensator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropout_compensator"},{"link_name":"vertical blanking interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval"},{"link_name":"compact discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"glass master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_master"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Betamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamax"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Technics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technics_(brand)"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"videocassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nakamichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakamichi"},{"link_name":"JVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JVC"},{"link_name":"Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Sansui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansui_Electric"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"dbx, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbx,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Model 700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbx_Model_700_Digital_Audio_Processor"},{"link_name":"delta-sigma modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation"},{"link_name":"digital recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_recording"},{"link_name":"dynamic range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_range"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A Sony PCM-501ES EIAJ LPCM Adapter on a Sony SL-HF360 VTRThe Sony PCM-1600 was the first commercial video-based 16-bit recorder. The 1600 (and its later versions, the 1610 and 1630) used special U-matic-format VCRs also furnished by Sony for transports, such as the BVU-200B (the first model of VCR optimized to work, and sold with, the PCM-1600 in 1979),[2] BVU-800DA, VO-5630DA, and the later DMR-2000 and DMR-4000, which were based on the industrial VO-5850 and the broadcast BVU-800 video machines respectively. These were all in essence modified versions of existing Sony U-Matic video recorders adapted for use with the 1600-series adaptors by way of disabling the chroma and dropout compensator circuits of the VCRs, which would hinder the proper recording of the monochrome-video-based digital audio data from the 1600-series adaptors if enabled. The BVU-200B packaged with the PCM-1600 also was modified to have its video head switching point moved to the vertical blanking interval of the digital-audio-bearing video signal being recorded to prevent errors or interference with the digital audio data. Editing was accomplished by using a 1600-series adaptor and two or more of these VCRs with a DAE-1100 or DAE-3000 editing controller. The 1600-series were the first systems used for mastering audio compact discs in the early 1980s by many major record labels, with the final U-matic 1600-format digital audio tapes being sent to CD pressing plants to be recorded to a glass master disc used for making the replicated CDs.Several semi-professional/consumer models of PCM adaptors were also released by Sony:Sony PCM-1 (introduced in 1977)[3]\nSony PCM-F1 (the first consumer-marketed model which was sold with a companion Betamax-format VCR, the Sony SL-2000, SL-F1, or SL-F1E, for recording & playback)[4]\nSony PCM-100\nSony PCM-501ES\nSony PCM-601 (included SPDIF digital audio input and output)\nSony PCM-701Technics also made a battery-powered portable PCM adaptor, the SV-100, a hi-fi component adapter, the SV-110, and a version with a built-in VHS videocassette transport, the SV-P100.[citation needed] All the Technics (Panasonic) PCM adapters are limited to 14-bit resolution. Other makes and models of PCM adaptors offered on the market were the Nakamichi DMP-100, the JVC VP-100, the Sharp RX-3, the Sansui PC-X1 and the Hitachi PCM-V300.[5]dbx, Inc. also manufactured a pseudo-video adaptor, the Model 700. It differed from the above-listed models in the fact that it did not use PCM, but rather delta-sigma modulation. This resulted in a higher quality digital recording with more dynamic range than what standard PCM modulation could offer.[citation needed] Like a standard PCM adaptor, the Model 700 also utilized a VCR for a transport.","title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Digital Audio Tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape"},{"link_name":"helical scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helical_scan"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi"},{"link_name":"ProDigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProDigi"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"DASH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Stationary_Head"}],"text":"In 1987, a few years after the PCM adaptor's introduction, Sony introduced a new cassette-based format for digital audio recording called Digital Audio Tape (DAT). Since DAT did not rely on a separate video cassette recorder, it was a much more portable and less-cumbersome format to use than a PCM adaptor-based system. DAT recorders had their own built-in transport using a small cassette unique to the format. DAT used tape 4 millimetres (0.16 in) in width loaded into a cassette 73 mm × 54 mm × 10.5 mm (2.87 in. x 2.12 in. x 0.41 in.) in size. The audio data was recorded to the tape by using helical scan recording, the same fashion that a VCR connected to a PCM adaptor would record to a videotape. In essence, DAT was a modernized, integrated, and miniaturized version of a PCM adaptor-based system.Like a PCM adaptor, DAT could record only two tracks of audio at a time, but the smaller size of the equipment and media, as well as being able to accept multiple sampling rates and other flexibility,[a] gave DAT many advantages over PCM adaptor-based systems.Digital recorders capable of multi-track recording[b] such as Mitsubishi's ProDigi format and Sony's DASH format also became available on the professional audio market about the same time as the introduction of PCM adaptors. Other tape-based digital audio recording systems overcame problems that made typical analog recorders unable to meet the bandwidth (frequency range) demands of digital recording by a combination of higher tape speeds, narrower head gaps used in combination with metal-formulation tapes, and the spreading of data across multiple parallel tracks.Despite obsolescence, hobbyists are still capable of using modern-day DVDs or Blu-ray discs as a transport medium for video-based encoding of digital audio streams.","title":"Obsolescence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ 44.1 kHz, 48 kHz and 32 kHz were supported, all at 16 bits per sample. A special LP recording mode using 12 bits per sample at 32 kHz gave extended recording time.\n\n^ As opposed to only two tracks for stereo that a PCM adaptor or DAT could record.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Sony PCM-1630","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sony_PCM-1630_20111008.jpg/220px-Sony_PCM-1630_20111008.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Sony PCM-501ES EIAJ LPCM Adapter on a Sony SL-HF360 VTR","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sony_PCM-501ES_%26_Sony_SL-HF360.jpg/350px-Sony_PCM-501ES_%26_Sony_SL-HF360.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Ned Soseman (2012-01-13). \"MADI Magic\". TV Technology. Retrieved 2018-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvtechnology.com/miscellaneous/madi-magic","url_text":"\"MADI Magic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony's Professional Audio\". Retrieved 2024-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sony.net/Products/proaudio/en/story/story02.html","url_text":"\"Sony's Professional Audio\""}]},{"reference":"Frederick J. Bashour (May 2000). \"Sony PCM-F1 Digital Recording Processor\". Pro Audio Review. Archived from the original on February 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080208230045/http://www.proaudioreview.com/may00/SonyPCM-F1RetroReviewWeb.shtml","url_text":"\"Sony PCM-F1 Digital Recording Processor\""},{"url":"https://www.proaudioreview.com/may00/SonyPCM-F1RetroReviewWeb.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Heitarō Nakajima (1983). Digital Audio Technology. Tab Books. p. 268.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Watkinson, John. The art of digital audio. Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-08-049936-9. OCLC 171287847.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/171287847","url_text":"The art of digital audio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-049936-9","url_text":"978-0-08-049936-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/171287847","url_text":"171287847"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.tvtechnology.com/miscellaneous/madi-magic","external_links_name":"\"MADI Magic\""},{"Link":"https://www.sony.net/Products/proaudio/en/story/story02.html","external_links_name":"\"Sony's Professional Audio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080208230045/http://www.proaudioreview.com/may00/SonyPCM-F1RetroReviewWeb.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Sony PCM-F1 Digital Recording Processor\""},{"Link":"https://www.proaudioreview.com/may00/SonyPCM-F1RetroReviewWeb.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/171287847","external_links_name":"The art of digital audio"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/171287847","external_links_name":"171287847"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBM-AM	WBBM (AM)	["1 Programming","2 History","2.1 Early years","2.2 WBBM Lincoln","2.3 WBBM Chicago","2.4 CBS Radio","2.5 Move to AM 780","2.6 All news programming","2.7 FM simulcast","2.8 Chicago Cubs","2.9 Entercom/Audacy ownership","2.10 Transmitter relocation","3 Station alumni","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°56′3.11″N 88°4′22.25″W / 41.9341972°N 88.0728472°W / 41.9341972; -88.0728472 Radio station in Illinois, United StatesWBBMChicago, IllinoisUnited StatesBroadcast areaChicago metropolitan areaFrequency780 kHzBrandingNewsradio 780 WBBMProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatAll-news radioAffiliationsCBS News RadioBloomberg RadioWBBM-TVOwnershipOwnerAudacy, Inc.(Audacy License, LLC, as Debtor-in-Possession)Sister stationsWBBM-FM, WBMX, WCFS-FM, WSCR, WUSN, WXRTHistoryFirst air dateFebruary 6, 1924 (1924-02-06)Call sign meaningNone (sequentially assigned), but founder Frank Atlass announced that they stood for "We Broadcast Better Music"Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID9631ClassAPower35,000 watts day42,000 watts nightTransmitter coordinates41°56′3.11″N 88°4′22.25″W / 41.9341972°N 88.0728472°W / 41.9341972; -88.0728472 (main)41°56′18″N 87°45′5″W / 41.93833°N 87.75139°W / 41.93833; -87.75139 (WBBM (auxiliary)) (aux)Repeater(s)105.9 WCFS-FM (Elmwood Park)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen live (via Audacy)Websitewww.audacy.com/wbbm780 WBBM (780 kHz) – branded Newsradio 780 WBBM – is a commercial all-news AM radio station licensed to serve Chicago, Illinois. Owned by Audacy, Inc., its studios are located at Two Prudential Plaza in the Chicago Loop, while the station transmitter—diplexed with sister station WSCR—resides in the nearby suburb of Bloomingdale. WBBM is a Class A station that broadcasts on a clear-channel AM frequency, powered with 35,000 watts by day and 42,000 watts at night, using a non-directional antenna. Its daytime signal provides at least grade B coverage to most of the northern two-thirds of Illinois (as far south as Springfield) as well as large portions of Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan and Indiana. Its city-grade coverage reaches as far north as Milwaukee. At night, WBBM can be heard across much of North America under favorable conditions, but is strongest in the Midwest. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WBBM broadcasts over HD Radio using the in-band on-channel standard, is simulcast over WCFS-FM (105.9), and is available online via Audacy. Programming The most-common "program" on WBBM is a live rolling "news wheel" that begins at the top of each hour, structured into segments of news, traffic, weather, sports, and business updates from Bloomberg Radio. The scheduling of these segments is similar to that of several co-owned all-news stations including WCBS in New York City, KNX in Los Angeles, KCBS in San Francisco and WWJ in Detroit. This news wheel can be interrupted for breaking local or national news events that necessitate longer-form coverage. WBBM is the Chicago affiliate station for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team. Other programs featured on WBBM include: Noon Business Hour; At Issue, public affairs interviews with Craig Dellimore; CBS News Weekend Roundup; old-time radio program When Radio Was; audio portions of 60 Minutes and Face the Nation. WBBM also broadcasts 60-second light segments throughout the day, such as Real Estate Feature, Made in Chicago, Innovation Minute, Eating Right, among others. These segments are also available as podcasts. Current on-air staff includes: Cisco Cotto, Keith Johnson, Nick Young, Lisa Fielding, Bernie Tafoya, Craig Dellimore, Mai Martinez, Andy Dahn, Rachel Pierson, Nancy Harty and Rob Hart. History Early years WBBM was first licensed on January 31, 1924, to the Frank Atlass Produce Company at 110 Park Place in Lincoln, Illinois. The station's primary founder, 29-year-old Harry Leslie "Les" Atlass, had extensive earlier radio experience. In 1911, he had reportedly constructed a simple spark transmitter set. Three years later his then 11-year-old younger brother, Ralph, constructed an apparently unlicensed amateur radio station at the family home, that was described as "chief wireless station" of the newly formed Lincoln United Wireless Association. With the April 1917 entrance of the United States into World War I the federal government took full control of the radio industry, and it became illegal for civilians to operate radio transmitters and receivers. After the conclusion of the war, the civilian radio restrictions were lifted. Les Atlass' continuing interest in radio led in mid-1923 to his obtaining a license to operate an amateur radio station, 9DFC. Although the original spark radio transmitters were only capable of producing the dots-and-dashes of Morse code, the development of vacuum tube transmitters made audio transmissions practical. In the early 1920s, this led to the introduction of organized broadcasting, and by the end of 1922, over 500 broadcast stations were operating in the United States. Amateur radio stations were not permitted to make broadcasts intended for the general public. However, during April 1923, Les Atlass, in conjunction with the Lincoln Courier newspaper, broadcast local election results over 9DFC, claiming as a technicality that instead of a prohibited public broadcast, he was merely transmitting information to a second amateur, which by chance (and through newspaper publicity) others might overhear. WBBM Lincoln A few months later Atlass procured a proper broadcasting station license with the call sign WBBM, which made its debut on the evening of February 6, 1924, transmitting on 1330 kHz. The station's call letters had been randomly assigned from an alphabetic list maintained by the Department of Commerce, and during the inaugural broadcast, Atlass adopted a representative slogan of "We Broadcast Better Music". Over the years, additional slogans would include "We Broadcast Broadmoor Music", "World's Best Broadcast Medium", and "Where Better Broadcasts Materialize". WBBM's time in Lincoln was brief. In mid-February 1924, it was announced that the Frank Atlass Produce Company, the family business where Les Atlass was president, had been sold, and he was preparing to move to Chicago. The last reported broadcast in Lincoln occurred on April 14, after which the station was dismantled, and its equipment shipped to Les Atlass' newly purchased Chicago home. The station was officially deleted a few months later. WBBM Chicago Poster for the WPA Illinois Writers Project radio series Moments with Genius, broadcast on WBBM c. 1939. Eleanor Roosevelt dedicating the South Side Community Art Center, broadcast nationally on CBS Radio via WBBM (May 7, 1941) Shortly after moving to Chicago, Les Atlass returned to the airwaves, and received a new license for a broadcasting station operated from his home at 7421 Sheridan Road, again with the call letters WBBM and transmitting on 1330 kHz, now with himself as the licensee. In 1925, station ownership was transferred to the Atlass Investment Company, with the station located at 1554 Howard Street, now transmitting with 1,500 watts. On June 4, 1925, studios and transmitter were moved to the Broadmoor Hotel in Chicago's Rogers Park neighborhood. "95.99%" of the station's programming was devoted to music during this period, including live musical broadcasts aired from a small studio in the lobby of the hotel. In 1926, the Stewart-Warner corporation leased the station's full schedule, and began producing all of its programming. On June 15, 1927, WBBM moved to 770 kHz with 1,000 watts, sharing time with Chicago stations WAAF (now WNTD) and WJBT. Later in the year power was increased to 5,000 watts. On November 11, 1928, under the provisions of General Order 40, the Federal Radio Commission reallocated frequencies on the AM broadcasting band. WAAF was reassigned to 920 kHz, while WBBM and WJBT remained at 770 kHz, with the frequency now designated a "clear channel" assignment. WJBT's license was acquired by the Atlass Investment Company, and the two stations were consolidated as WBBM-WJBT, although the latter call sign was rarely, if ever, used. Its transmitter was moved to Glenview, Illinois, and its studios were moved to the Wrigley Building. Powers for clear channel stations could potentially be up to 50,000 watts, and WBBM's was increased to 10,000 watts in 1928 and 25,000 watts the following year. CBS Radio The station began a long association with the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) on September 27, 1928, when it joined as Chicago's second network affiliate. WMAQ (now WSCR) had joined the network at its launch one year earlier. CBS bought a controlling interest in WBBM in 1929, and in 1931 it purchased the remaining station stock. Les Atlass remained at the station, while Ralph left and purchased station WLAP, then in Louisville. On May 15, 1933, the station discontinued the WJBT dual call letter usage and reverted to just WBBM, after the Federal Radio Commission requested that stations using only one of their assigned call letters drop those that were no longer in regular use. As part of the November 11, 1928, AM band reorganization, KFAB in Lincoln, Nebraska, had also been assigned to transmit on 770 kHz. WBBM and KFAB were far enough apart to allow concurrent operation during the daytime, but their longer range nighttime signals required coordination to avoid mutual interference. Initially the stations established a timesharing agreement for nighttime hours. However, in early 1932 KFAB switched network affiliation from the NBC Red Network to CBS. With much of their evening programming the same, the two stations establishing simultaneous "synchronized" broadcasting of their common network programming. The synchronized operation began on January 27, 1934. In 1945 WBBM broadcast "Five after the Hour", written by Les Weinrott. Move to AM 780 WBBM's power was increased to 50,000 watts in 1935. In March 1941, as part of the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), both WBBM and KFAB were shifted to 780 kHz. After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the resulting U.S. entry into World War II, there was an increase in air traffic at Naval Air Station Glenview. The Navy asked WBBM to move its towers to a new location. As a result, the station's towers and transmitter were moved to Itasca, Illinois, on May 1, 1942. During World War II, much of WBBM's programming was devoted to the war effort. In 1948, KFAB was relocated to Omaha, and was also reassigned to 1110 kHz, freeing up WBBM to begin operating full-time on 780 kHz, ending the nighttime synchronized broadcasts. In 1956, WBBM's studios were moved to North McClurg Court, with the rest of CBS's Chicago operations, where it remained until moving to Two Prudential Plaza in 2006. Les Atlass held various senior level management positions with WBBM and CBS until his retirement November 29, 1959, on his 65th birthday. He died the next year. All news programming Beginning in the 1950s, as network programming moved from radio to television, WBBM maintained a personality-based middle of the road (MOR) format until 1964. At that point, it eliminated music and switched to a news/talk format. WBBM adopted its current all-news format on May 6, 1968 (after co-owned WCBS in New York City switched to all news in 1967 and KNX in Los Angeles made the change in the spring of 1968). The station was the flagship station of the Chicago Bears since from 2000 through 2022, and in its history has also aired Chicago White Sox baseball games and Chicago Blackhawks hockey games. Over the years, WBBM fended off competition from other all-news stations that were attempted in the Chicago radio market: McLendon-owned WNUS-AM-FM (1390 AM, now WGRB and 107.5 FM, now WGCI-FM), NBC's WNIS-FM (now WKQX) and Group W's WMAQ (now WSCR), which came under the CBS umbrella when Westinghouse Electric Corporation purchased CBS in 1995. From the 1950s through the 90s, WBBM had been in a spirited battle with rival news/talk/sports station WGN for the position of the No. 1 radio station in the Chicago market. In the June 2009 ratings period, as estimated by Arbitron, WGN held a slight edge over WBBM in PPM-metered listener ratings. However, since the fall of 2009, WBBM has maintained a lead while WGN's listenership began to decline. FM simulcast Another challenge to WBBM's news radio domination came from Merlin Media, operated by former Tribune Company executive Randy Michaels. Michaels purchased FM station WKQX (the successor to WNIS-FM) in June 2011 with plans to switch formats to all-news as FM News 101.1, but in a preemptive move, CBS Radio launched a simulcast of WBBM over WCFS-FM that August 1. Previously, WBBM had been simulcast over WCFS's HD2 subchannel. The FM station's call letters were retained and should not be confused with WBBM-FM; WCFS-FM's former adult contemporary format moved to the HD2 channel (until 2020), effectively switching signals with WBBM's audio. Chicago Cubs On June 5, 2014, the Chicago Cubs announced that the flagship station for their radio broadcasts would be moved from WGN to WBBM for the 2015 season under a seven-year deal. Cubs games were only broadcast on WBBM's AM feed; while the games were being played, WCFS-FM continued to broadcast WBBM's regular all-news programming uninterrupted. The arrangement lasted only one season; after co-owned sports radio station WSCR lost the White Sox to WLS for the 2016 season, an option was invoked which moved the Cubs to WSCR, giving the sports station another Chicago baseball team. Interestingly, WLS only aired White Sox games for two seasons, ending in 2017, the White Sox relocated to WGN. Entercom/Audacy ownership On February 2, 2017, CBS agreed to merge CBS Radio with Entercom, the fourth-largest radio broadcaster in the United States. The sale was conducted using a Reverse Morris Trust to avoid a tax liability. While CBS shareholders retained a 72% ownership stake in the combined company, Entercom was the surviving entity, separating the WBBM radio stations (both 780 and FM 96.3) plus WCFS-FM from WBBM-TV. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17. Despite the ownership change, WBBM radio and WBBM-TV maintain a partnership, with WBBM radio making use of some WBBM-TV local news and weather reporting. On March 1, 2018, Entercom launched a new website for WBBM alone on the company's Radio.com portal, breaking it off from the former CBS Chicago portal. Shortly after the move of the transmitter to the WSCR site, WBBM adjusted its news wheel for some segments for the first time in decades, presumably due to lengthening traffic reports and the adjustment of some ad breaks. The sports news segment moved to :16/:46, with business news coverage moving to :23/:53 past the hour, and hourly feature segments moving to :21 past the hour. The COVID-19 pandemic had a major effect on the station's daily operations, with only three people at a time in the station's newsroom and most of the station's anchors and news writers remote working. Traffic reports were temporarily reduced, the station's sportscasts were reduced, and some airshifts, mainly overnights, do not feature traffic reports, with some news hours pre-recorded with only reference to the minutes rather than anchors being live, though breaking news in overnight hours is still covered live. Entercom changed its name to Audacy on March 30, 2021. Transmitter relocation In 2018, WBBM was granted an FCC construction permit to move its transmitter to WSCR's tower site in Bloomingdale. That allowed Entercom to sell the Itasca transmitter site to commercial and residential land developers. WBBM's power was reduced to 35,000 watts during the day and 42,000 watts at night, from the previous 50,000 watt signal it had maintained since 1935. Entercom engineers say the reduction in transmitting power will not be apparent to most listeners, except in some fringe areas. The move was completed on July 18, 2019, with the previous transmitter in Itasca, Illinois, coming down shortly thereafter. Despite the reduction in power, WBBM is still considered a Class A station broadcasting on a clear channel frequency. Station alumni Mal Bellairs – Broadcaster (deceased) Chris Berry – Director, News and Programming Chris Boden – Sportscaster John Callaway – News Director (deceased) Harry Caray – White Sox Play by Play; (deceased) Pat Cassidy – Morning Drive Anchor (retired) Colin Darragh - International pilot and aviation enthusiast Brian Davis – Sportscaster Pat Foley – Blackhawk Hockey Play by Play (retired) Paul Gibson – Broadcaster (deceased) Dr. Freda Kehm - "Dr. Kehm on Child Care" radio show, Director of Association for Family Living, Northwestern University faculty, first psychologist radio show in America Rich King – Sports Director (retired from WGN-TV) Felicia Middlebrooks - Morning Drive Anchor (retired) Suzanne Le Mignot – Reporter (now at WBBM-TV) Brent Musburger – Sports Director; (retired) Lee Phillip – Broadcaster (deceased) Jimmy Piersall – White Sox Color Commentator (deceased) Chuck Schaden – Broadcaster Carole Simpson – Reporter Dale Tallon – Blackhawk Hockey Color Commentator Jay Andres – American Airlines Music Till Dawn Sherman Kaplan - Reporter (retired) References ^ Janowski, Thaddeus P. (September 29, 2010). "FCC 316: Application for Consent to Assign Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License or to Transfer Control of Entity Holding Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License (BTCH-20100930AFL)". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved March 15, 2011. ^ a b c d e f Tubbs, William B. (Autumn 1996). "'We Broadcast Better Music': WBBM Goes on the Air in Lincoln, Illinois". Illinois Historical Journal. 89 (3): 161–174. Retrieved January 9, 2021. ^ "Facility Technical Data for WBBM". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ http://hdradio.com/station_guides/widget.php?id=4 Archived September 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine HD Radio Guide for Chicago ^ a b Feder, Robert (July 15, 2011). "It's official: CBS to expand Newsradio brand with FM simulcast". Time Out Chicago. Retrieved July 15, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g History Cards for WBBM, fcc.gov. Retrieved April 6, 2019. ^ a b "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, February 1, 1924, page 4. ^ "H. Leslie Atlass Dies; Founded Radio Station WBBM at Lincoln", Decatur (Illinois) Herald, November 19, 1960, page 1. Prior to 1923, there are no licensed amateur stations reported for either Atlass brother in the government's annual lists. ^ " Atlass Recalls 50 Years in Radio" by Larry Wolters, Chicago Tribune, February 23, 1964, Section 10, Radio B. ^ "Happenings at Lincoln", The Bloomington (Illinois) Pantagraph, September 10, 1914, page 10. ^ "WAR!", QST, May 1917, page 3. ^ "Removal of Restrictions on Radio Receiving Stations", United States Bulletin, April 28, 1919, page 11. ^ "Restrictions on Radio Amateurs Removed", Radio Service Bulletin, October 1, 1919, page 7. ^ "Ninth District", Amateur Radio Stations of the United States (June 30, 1923, edition) page 268. The leading "9" in 9DFC's call sign indicated that the station was located in the 9th Radio Inspection district, and the fact that the "D" fell in the range of A-W reflected the fact that the station was operating under a standard amateur station license. ^ "Radiophone Broadcasting Stations" (WBBM entry), Radio Digest, April 18, 1925, page 23. ^ a b "Boy's Hobby Grows Up Into Station WBBM", Radio Digest, November 21, 1925, pages 6, 28. ^ a b "A Continuing Study of Major Radio Markets: Study No. 7: Chicago.", Broadcasting – Telecasting, October 25, 1948. pp. 14, 17. Retrieved April 3, 2019. ^ "Strike Out All Particulars", Radio Service Bulletin, October 1, 1924, page 6. ^ "Mrs. Roosevelt Dedicates South Side Art Center". Chicago Tribune. May 8, 1941. Retrieved November 2, 2015. ^ "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, December 1, 1924, page 2. ^ "Alterations and Corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, July 1, 1925, page 10. ^ a b Schaden, Chuck (1988). WBBM Radio: Yesterday & Today. WBBM Newsradio 78, Chicago, Il. Retrieved April 3, 2019. ^ "Broadcasting Stations" (effective June 15, 1927), Radio Service Bulletin, May 31, 1927, page 5. ^ Report on Chain Broadcasting. Federal Communications Commission. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1941. p. 23. Retrieved April 6, 2019. ^ "Brothers to Part", Washington (D.C) Evening Star, February 22, 1931, Part 4, page 9. ^ "Double Call Letters Are Being Eliminated", Washington (D.C.) Evening Star, June 25, 1933, Part 4, page 6. ^ "CBS Adds Two", Broadcasting, January 15, 1932, page 6. ^ "Present Practice in the Synchronous Operation of Broadcast Stations as Exemplified by WBBM and KFAB" by L. McC. Young, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, March 1936 (vol. 24, no. 3), page 440 (durenberger.com) ^ "The Definitive Five After the Hour Radio Log with Herb Butterfield and Ken Nordine". ^ "RadioEchoes.com". ^ Movie–Radio Guide. Programs for September 12–18, 1942. Retrieved April 8, 2019. ^ "Tower Site of the Week: WBBM 780, Chicago" by Scott Fybush, January 4, 2008 (fybush.com) ^ "Controlling Interest in WBT Goes to KFAB in 3-Way Deal", Broadcasting, February 7, 1944, page 16. ^ "Rehabilitation Institute Moves Ahead With Plans For Old CBS Building Site", CBS 2 Chicago. January 25, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2019. ^ "Radio Pioneer Leslie Atlass Dies in Miami", Chicago Tribune, November 19, 1960, Part 1, page 10. ^ "Former WBBM-AM anchor Dale McCarren dies". Chicago Tribune. March 16, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2024. ^ "Another CBS owned station, WBBM, Chicago, will switch to an all-news format on May 5". The Cincinnati Enquirer. April 14, 1968. p. 21. Retrieved March 10, 2024. ^ Robert Channick (June 5, 2014). "Cubs, WBBM make radio deal official". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 9, 2014. ^ Kyle Thele (November 11, 2015). "Cubs make their radio move to WSCR official". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2015. ^ Robert Channick (June 4, 2014). "WBBM to be Cubs' new radio home". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ "WSCR-AM 670 The Score Named The Cubs' New Flagship Station". chicago.cbslocal.com. CBS Chicago. November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015. ^ Cynthia Littleton (February 2, 2017). "CBS Sets Radio Division Merger With Entercom". Variety. Retrieved February 2, 2017. ^ "CBS and Entercom Are Merging Their Radio Stations (Reuters)". Fortune. February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017. ^ "Entercom Receives FCC Approval for Merger with CBS Radio" (Press release), November 9, 2017 (entercom.com) ^ "Entercom Completes CBS Radio Merger" by Lance Venta, February 24, 2018 (radioinsight.com) ^ "WBBM Newsradio". Retrieved July 30, 2019. ^ Feder, Robert (April 30, 2020). "Remote control keeps WBBM Newsradio on top of the news". RobertFeder.com. Retrieved May 3, 2020. ^ Application Search Details – BP-20171011AAC, fcc.gov. Retrieved April 4, 2019. ^ a b Feder, Robert. "Robservations: WBBM Newsradio to beam from Bloomingdale?", RobertFeder.com. October 16, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2019. ^ a b Feder, Robert. "Robservations: Steve Dahl to 'lock up' The Loop today", RobertFeder.com. March 9, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2019. ^ Tafoya, Bernie (July 18, 2019). "WBBM Newsradio's Transmitter Site Moves To Bloomingdale, Itasca Tower Comes Down". WBBM/Radio.com. Retrieved July 19, 2019. ^ "AM Query Results". transition.fcc.gov. Retrieved August 27, 2019. ^ https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Station-Albums/WBBM-Yesterday-Today.pdf p. 73 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to WBBM (AM). Official website WBBM in the FCC AM station database WBBM in Nielsen Audio's AM station database FCC History Cards for WBBM (covering 1927–1979) Links to related articles vteRadio stations in Chicago, IllinoisBy AM frequency 560 6701 7201 7801 820 8901 950 10001 1080 1110 1160 1200 1240 1300 1330 1390 1450 1490 1570 1590 1690 By FM frequency 87.72 88.1 WCRX WLTL WNTH WTZI 88.3 WHCM WXAV WZRD 88.5 WGBK WHFH WHPK 88.7 88.9 WARG WIIT WRRG 89.3 WKKC WNUR-FM 90.1 90.7 91.5 92.7 93.1 93.9 94.7 95.5 96.3 97.1 97.9 98.7 99.5 100.3 101.1 101.9 102.7 103.5 104.3 105.1 105.9 106.3 106.7 107.5 107.9 LPFM 98.3 99.1 105.5 107.1 Translators 91.1 95.1 95.9 W240DE W240EH 96.7 97.5 100.7 101.5 103.1 103.9 104.7 NOAA Weather Radiofrequency 162.55 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 88.1-1 89.3-1 89.3-2 90.1-1 90.1-2 90.1-3 90.7-1 91.5-1 91.5-2 93.1-1 93.9-1 93.9-2 94.7-1 94.7-2 95.5-1 95.5-2 96.3-1 96.3-2 97.1-1 97.1-2 98.7-1 99.5-1 100.3-1 100.3-2 101.1-1 101.1-2 101.9-1 101.9-2 102.7-1 102.7-2 103.5-1 103.5-2 104.3-1 104.3-2 105.1-1 105.1-2 105.1-3 105.9-1 105.9-2 106.3-1 106.7-1 107.5-1 107.5-2 By call sign KWO39 W216CL W236CF W240DE W240EH W244BQ W248BB W264BF W268AY W276BM W280EM W284DA WARG WBBM1 WBBM-FM HD2 WBEZ HD2 WBGX WBMX HD2 WCFS-FM HD2 WCGO WCHI-FM HD2 WCKL WCPT WCPY WCRX WCXP-LP WDRV HD2 WEUR WFMT WGBK WGCI-FM HD2 WGN1 WGRB WHFH WHPK WIIT WIND WKKC HD2 WKQX HD2 WKSC-FM HD2 WKTA WLEY-FM WLIT-FM HD2 WLPN-LP WLS1 WLS-FM HD2 WLTL WLUW WMBI-FM HD2 HD3 WMVP1 WNTD WNTH WNUR-FM WNWI WOJO HD2 HD3 WPPN HD2 WQEG-LP WRDZ WRLL WRME-LD2 WRRG WRTE WRTO WSBC WSCR1 WSRB WTBC-FM HD2 WTMX HD2 WTZI WUSN WVAZ HD2 WVON WXAV WXES WXRT WYLL WZQC-LP WZRD Defunct WCEV (1450 AM) WCFJ (1470 AM) WCGO (1600 AM) WCLM (101.9 FM) WCLR (88.3 FM) WCRW (1240 AM) WEDC (1240 AM) WENR WGHC-LP (98.3 FM) WJAZ WMBB-WOK WORD/WCHI (1490 AM) WRLL (1690 AM) WSSD (88.1 FM) WWHN-FM (88.9 FM) Satellite radio local traffic/weather XM Channel 217 Sirius Channel 151 Radio stations in the Chicago metropolitan area Chicago Aurora/Elgin/Wheaton DeKalb Joliet/Morris/Crete Kenosha/Waukegan Northwest Indiana Other nearby regions Benton Harbor-St. Joseph Kankakee LaSalle–Peru Milwaukee-Racine Rockford See also List of radio stations in Illinois Mass media in Chicago Radio stations TV stations Newspapers Notes 1. Clear-channel stations with extended nighttime coverage. 2. Audio from channel 6 TV station vteNews/talk radio stations in the state of IllinoisAll-news WBBM – Chicago WCFS – Elmwood Park WMFN - Peotone News and talk WBBA-FM – Pittsfield WBGZ – Alton WBIG – Aurora WCIL – Carbondale WCGO – Evanston WCMY – Ottawa WCPT – Willow Springs WCRA – Effingham WDAN – Danville WDWS – Champaign WFIW – Fairfield WGEM – Quincy WGIL – Galesburg WGN – Chicago WHOW – Clinton WIBK – Watseka WIND – Chicago WJBC – Bloomington WJBM – Jerseyville WJIL - Jacksonville WJOL – Joliet WJPF – Herrin WKAN – Kankakee WKEI – Kewanee WKYX – Golconda WLBK – DeKalb WLMD - Bushnell WLS – Chicago WMAY-FM – Taylorville WMIX – Mount Vernon WRMN – Elgin WROK – Rockford WRPW – Colfax WSDR – Sterling WSOY – Decatur WTAD – Quincy WTAX – Springfield WTAX-FM - Sherman WTAY - Robinson WTIM – Assumption WTRH – Ramsey WZOE – Princeton WZUS – Macon See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Illinois vteAudacy, Inc.AM radio stations KAMP KCBS KCSP KDKA KFH KFXX KIFM KIKK KILT KJCE KMBZ KMOX KMTT KNSS KNX KRLD KWOD KXNT KYW KYYS WAAF WAMO** WAOK WAXY WBBM WBEN WCBS WCCO WEEI WFAN WGR WHLL WILK WINS WJFK WJZ WLMZ WMC WMFS WORD WPHT WQAM WRNL WROC WRVA WSCR WSSP WTEM WTIC WVEI WWJ WWKB WWL WWWL WWWS WXYT WYRD FM radio stations KALC KALV-FM KAMX KBZT KCBS-FM KDGS KDKA-FM KEYN-FM KEZK-FM KFBZ KFRC-FM KFRG KFTK-FM KGMZ-FM KGON KHMX KHTP KILT-FM KISW KITS KJKK KKDO KKHH KKMJ-FM KKWF KLLC KLOL KLUC-FM KMBZ-FM KMLE KMNB KMVK KMXB KNDD KNRK KNSS-FM KNX-FM KOOL-FM KQKS KQMT KQRC-FM KRBQ KRBZ KRLD-FM KROQ-FM KRSK KRTH KRXQ KSEG KSFM KSON KSPF KSWD KTWV KUDL KVIL (HD2) KWFN KWJJ-FM KXFG KXQQ-FM KXSN KYCH-FM KYKY KYXY KZJK KZPT WBBM-FM WBEB WBEE-FM WBGB WBMX WBTJ WBZA WBZZ WCBS-FM WCFS-FM WCMF-FM WDAF-FM WDCH-FM† WDOK WDSY-FM WDZH WEEI-FM WEZB WFAN-FM WFBC-FM WFUN-FM WGGY WHHL WIAD WILK-FM WINS-FM WIP-FM WJFK-FM WJMH WJZ-FM WKBU WKIS WKRK-FM WKRZ WKSE WKTK WKXJ WLFP WLIF WLKK WLMG WLMZ-FM WLND WLYF WLZL WMAS-FM WMFS-FM WMHX WMJX WMMM-FM WMXJ WMYX-FM WNCX WNEW-FM WNVZ WOCL WOGL WOLX-FM WOMC WOMX-FM WPAW WPGC-FM WPHI-FM WPOW WPTE WPXY-FM WQAL WQMG WQMP WRCH WROQ WRVQ WRVR WRXL HD2 WRXR-FM WSFS WSKY-FM WSMW WSPA-FM WSTR WTDY-FM WTIC-FM WTPT WTVR-FM WUSN WUSY WVEE WVEI-FM WVKL WWBX WWDE-FM WWEI WWL-FM WWMX WXBK WXRT WXSS WXYT-FM WYCD WYRD-FM WZGC WZMX Radio Networks BetQL Network Infinity Sports Network* Sabres Hockey Network New York Yankees Radio Channel Q Digital properties Audacy Cadence13 Eventful Pineapple Street Studios Play.it See also CBS Radio List of radio stations * = Formerly CBS Sports Radio, Audacy operated as producer with distribution handled by Westwood One. ** = Audacy operates pursuant to a local marketing agreement with Martz Communications Group. † = Operated by Bloomberg L.P. pursuant to a time brokerage agreement. vteClear-channel stationsThese AM radio stations have a full-power nighttime skywave signal well beyond their daytime groundwave coverage, by international agreements.Canada CBEF CBK CBN CBR CBW CBY CFNV CFRB CFZM CJBC CKAC CKDO CKGM CKWX United States KAAY KBBI KBRW KBYR KCBF KCHU KDKA KDLG KENI KEX KFAB KFAR KFBK KFI KFQD KGO KICY KIRO KJNP KMOX KNBR KNOM KNWN KNX KNZR KOA KOAN KOKC KOTZ KRLD KSL KSTP KTSB KVNT KWKH KXEL KYUK KYW WABC WBAL WBAP WBBM WBBR WBT WBZ WCBS WCCO WCKY WFAN WFED WFME WGN WGY WHAM WHAS WHO WJR WLAC WLS WLW WMVP WOAI WOR WPHT WRVA WSB WSCR WSM WTAM WTIC WWKB WWL WWVA Mexico XEB XECPAE XEG XEMR XEPRS XEQ XERF XEROK XEW XEWA XEWK XEWW XEX Bahamas ZNS-1 By frequency 540 (SK) 540 (S.L.P.) 640 (NL) 640 (CA) 640 (AK) 650 (AK) 650 (TN) 660 (AK) 660 (NY) 670 (AK) 670 (IL) 680 (AK) 680 (CA) 690 (B.C.) 690 (QC) 700 (AK) 700 (OH) 710 (WA) 710 (NY) 720 (AK) 720 (IL) 730 (QC) 730 (CDMX) 740 (ON) 750 (AK) 750 (GA) 760 (MI) 770 (AK) 770 (NY) 780 (AK) 780 (IL) 800 (Chih.) 810 (CA) 810 (NY) 820 (AK) 820 (TX) 830 (MN) 840 (KY) 850 (AK) 850 (CO) 860 (ON) 870 (LA) 880 (NY) 890 (AK) 890 (IL) 900 (CDMX) 940 (CDMX) 940 (QC) 990 (MB) 990 (NL) 1000 (IL) 1000 (WA) 1010 (AB) 1010 (ON) 1020 (AK) 1020 (PA) 1030 (MA) 1040 (IA) 1050 (N.L.) 1060 (PA) 1060 (CDMX) 1070 (CA) 1080 (AK) 1080 (CT) 1080 (TX) 1090 (AR) 1090 (MD) 1090 (B.C.) 1100 (OH) 1110 (NC) 1110 (NE) 1120 (MO) 1130 (BC) 1130 (LA) 1130 (NY) 1140 (VA) 1140 (N.L.) 1160 (UT) 1170 (AK) 1170 (OK) 1170 (WV) 1180 (NY) 1190 (OR) 1190 (Jal.) 1200 (TX) 1210 (PA) 1220 (CDMX) 1500 (DC) 1500 (MN) 1510 (TN) 1520 (NY) 1520 (OK) 1530 (CA) 1530 (OH) 1540 (IA) 1540 (Bah.) 1550 (ON) 1560 (CA) 1560 (NY) 1570 (Coah.) 1580 (ON) See also Daytime-only radio stations vteAll-news radio stations in the United StatesABC News Radio WINS/WINS-FM (New York City) KNWN/KNWN-FM (Seattle) Black Information Network KFOO (Riverside, California) KHHO (Tacoma–Seattle) KHVN (Fort Worth–Dallas) KKGM (Fort Worth–Dallas) KKSF (Oakland–San Francisco) W227BF/KQQL-HD2 (Shoreview–Minneapolis–St. Paul) W254AZ/WRFX-HD2 (Belmont–Charlotte) W256BT/WMMS-HD2 (Cleveland) WBIN (Atlanta) WDFN (Detroit) WGVL (Greenville, South Carolina) WHTY (Phenix City, Alabama–Columbus, Georgia) WIZE (Springfield-Dayton) WMGE (Dry Branch–Macon) WNOH (Norfolk) WODT (New Orleans) WWRL (New York City) WQLL (Pikesville-Baltimore) WTEL ( Philadelphia) WXBN (Miami) WYNF (Augusta) CBS News Radio KCBS/KFRC-FM (San Francisco) KNX/KNX-FM (Los Angeles) KRLD (Dallas) KYW/WPHI-FM (Philadelphia) WBBM/WCFS-FM (Chicago) WBZ (Boston) WCBS (New York City) WTOP-FM (Washington, D.C.) WWJ (Detroit) WGL (Fort Wayne, Indiana) Independent WNUZ-LP (Lancaster, Pennsylvania) Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHz"},{"link_name":"all-news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-news"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_radio"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Audacy, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Two Prudential Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Prudential_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Chicago Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Loop"},{"link_name":"diplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplexer"},{"link_name":"WSCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSCR"},{"link_name":"Bloomingdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomingdale,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_broadcast_station_classes"},{"link_name":"clear-channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel"},{"link_name":"non-directional antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-directional_antenna"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest"},{"link_name":"analog transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_transmission"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"in-band on-channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-band_on-channel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"WCFS-FM (105.9)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCFS-FM"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Audacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy"}],"text":"Radio station in Illinois, United StatesWBBM (780 kHz) – branded Newsradio 780 WBBM – is a commercial all-news AM radio station licensed to serve Chicago, Illinois. Owned by Audacy, Inc., its studios are located at Two Prudential Plaza in the Chicago Loop, while the station transmitter—diplexed with sister station WSCR—resides in the nearby suburb of Bloomingdale.WBBM is a Class A station that broadcasts on a clear-channel AM frequency, powered with 35,000 watts by day and 42,000 watts at night, using a non-directional antenna. Its daytime signal provides at least grade B coverage to most of the northern two-thirds of Illinois (as far south as Springfield) as well as large portions of Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan and Indiana. Its city-grade coverage reaches as far north as Milwaukee. At night, WBBM can be heard across much of North America under favorable conditions, but is strongest in the Midwest.In addition to a standard analog transmission, WBBM broadcasts over HD Radio using the in-band on-channel standard,[4] is simulcast over WCFS-FM (105.9),[5] and is available online via Audacy.","title":"WBBM (AM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_reporting"},{"link_name":"weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasting"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Radio"},{"link_name":"WCBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCBS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"KNX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNX_(AM)"},{"link_name":"KCBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCBS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WWJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWJ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame Fighting Irish football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football"},{"link_name":"CBS News Weekend Roundup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News_Weekend_Roundup"},{"link_name":"When Radio Was","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Radio_Was"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"},{"link_name":"Face the Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_the_Nation"},{"link_name":"podcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"Cisco Cotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Cotto"},{"link_name":"Nick Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Young_(broadcast_journalist)"}],"text":"The most-common \"program\" on WBBM is a live rolling \"news wheel\" that begins at the top of each hour, structured into segments of news, traffic, weather, sports, and business updates from Bloomberg Radio. The scheduling of these segments is similar to that of several co-owned all-news stations including WCBS in New York City, KNX in Los Angeles, KCBS in San Francisco and WWJ in Detroit. This news wheel can be interrupted for breaking local or national news events that necessitate longer-form coverage.WBBM is the Chicago affiliate station for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team.Other programs featured on WBBM include: Noon Business Hour; At Issue, public affairs interviews with Craig Dellimore; CBS News Weekend Roundup; old-time radio program When Radio Was; audio portions of 60 Minutes and Face the Nation.WBBM also broadcasts 60-second light segments throughout the day, such as Real Estate Feature, Made in Chicago, Innovation Minute, Eating Right, among others. These segments are also available as podcasts. Current on-air staff includes: Cisco Cotto, Keith Johnson, Nick Young, Lisa Fielding, Bernie Tafoya, Craig Dellimore, Mai Martinez, Andy Dahn, Rachel Pierson, Nancy Harty and Rob Hart.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryCards-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstlicense-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Morse code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code"},{"link_name":"vacuum tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Courier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tubbs-2"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"WBBM was first licensed on January 31, 1924, to the Frank Atlass Produce Company at 110 Park Place in Lincoln, Illinois.[6][7] The station's primary founder, 29-year-old Harry Leslie \"Les\" Atlass, had extensive earlier radio experience. In 1911, he had reportedly constructed a simple spark transmitter set.[8] Three years later his then 11-year-old younger brother, Ralph, constructed an apparently unlicensed amateur radio station at the family home,[9] that was described as \"chief wireless station\" of the newly formed Lincoln United Wireless Association.[10]With the April 1917 entrance of the United States into World War I the federal government took full control of the radio industry, and it became illegal for civilians to operate radio transmitters and receivers.[11] After the conclusion of the war, the civilian radio restrictions were lifted.[12][13] Les Atlass' continuing interest in radio led in mid-1923 to his obtaining a license to operate an amateur radio station, 9DFC.[14]Although the original spark radio transmitters were only capable of producing the dots-and-dashes of Morse code, the development of vacuum tube transmitters made audio transmissions practical. In the early 1920s, this led to the introduction of organized broadcasting, and by the end of 1922, over 500 broadcast stations were operating in the United States. Amateur radio stations were not permitted to make broadcasts intended for the general public. However, during April 1923, Les Atlass, in conjunction with the Lincoln Courier newspaper, broadcast local election results over 9DFC, claiming as a technicality that instead of a prohibited public broadcast, he was merely transmitting information to a second amateur, which by chance (and through newspaper publicity) others might overhear.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tubbs-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstlicense-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tubbs-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hobby-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMHistories-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tubbs-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"WBBM Lincoln","text":"A few months later Atlass procured a proper broadcasting station license with the call sign WBBM, which made its debut on the evening of February 6, 1924,[2] transmitting on 1330 kHz.[7] The station's call letters had been randomly assigned from an alphabetic list maintained by the Department of Commerce, and during the inaugural broadcast, Atlass adopted a representative slogan of \"We Broadcast Better Music\".[2] Over the years, additional slogans would include \"We Broadcast Broadmoor Music\",[15] \"World's Best Broadcast Medium\",[16] and \"Where Better Broadcasts Materialize\".[17]WBBM's time in Lincoln was brief. In mid-February 1924, it was announced that the Frank Atlass Produce Company, the family business where Les Atlass was president, had been sold, and he was preparing to move to Chicago. The last reported broadcast in Lincoln occurred on April 14, after which the station was dismantled, and its equipment shipped to Les Atlass' newly purchased Chicago home.[2] The station was officially deleted a few months later.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moments-with-Genius-Poster.jpg"},{"link_name":"WPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"Illinois Writers Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eleanor-Roosevelt-South-Side-Art-Center-1941.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"South Side Community Art Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side_Community_Art_Center"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rogers Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Park"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hobby-16"},{"link_name":"Stewart-Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart-Warner"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schaden-22"},{"link_name":"WNTD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNTD"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryCards-6"},{"link_name":"General Order 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Order_40"},{"link_name":"Federal Radio Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission"},{"link_name":"clear channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_channel_station"},{"link_name":"Glenview, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenview,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Wrigley Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Building"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryCards-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryCards-6"}],"sub_title":"WBBM Chicago","text":"Poster for the WPA Illinois Writers Project radio series Moments with Genius, broadcast on WBBM c. 1939.Eleanor Roosevelt dedicating the South Side Community Art Center, broadcast nationally on CBS Radio via WBBM (May 7, 1941)[19]Shortly after moving to Chicago, Les Atlass returned to the airwaves, and received a new license for a broadcasting station operated from his home at 7421 Sheridan Road, again with the call letters WBBM and transmitting on 1330 kHz, now with himself as the licensee.[20]In 1925, station ownership was transferred to the Atlass Investment Company, with the station located at 1554 Howard Street, now transmitting with 1,500 watts.[21] On June 4, 1925, studios and transmitter were moved to the Broadmoor Hotel in Chicago's Rogers Park neighborhood. \"95.99%\" of the station's programming was devoted to music during this period,[16] including live musical broadcasts aired from a small studio in the lobby of the hotel. In 1926, the Stewart-Warner corporation leased the station's full schedule, and began producing all of its programming.[22]On June 15, 1927, WBBM moved to 770 kHz with 1,000 watts, sharing time with Chicago stations WAAF (now WNTD) and WJBT.[23] Later in the year power was increased to 5,000 watts.[6] On November 11, 1928, under the provisions of General Order 40, the Federal Radio Commission reallocated frequencies on the AM broadcasting band. WAAF was reassigned to 920 kHz, while WBBM and WJBT remained at 770 kHz, with the frequency now designated a \"clear channel\" assignment. WJBT's license was acquired by the Atlass Investment Company, and the two stations were consolidated as WBBM-WJBT, although the latter call sign was rarely, if ever, used. Its transmitter was moved to Glenview, Illinois, and its studios were moved to the Wrigley Building.[6] Powers for clear channel stations could potentially be up to 50,000 watts, and WBBM's was increased to 10,000 watts in 1928 and 25,000 watts the following year.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"network affiliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_affiliate"},{"link_name":"WSCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSCR"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMHistories-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"WLAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLAP"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"KFAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFAB"},{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"NBC Red Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Red_Network"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio_News"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"CBS Radio","text":"The station began a long association with the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) on September 27, 1928, when it joined as Chicago's second network affiliate. WMAQ (now WSCR) had joined the network at its launch one year earlier.[17] CBS bought a controlling interest in WBBM in 1929,[24] and in 1931 it purchased the remaining station stock. Les Atlass remained at the station, while Ralph left and purchased station WLAP, then in Louisville.[25]On May 15, 1933, the station discontinued the WJBT dual call letter usage and reverted to just WBBM, after the Federal Radio Commission requested that stations using only one of their assigned call letters drop those that were no longer in regular use.[26]As part of the November 11, 1928, AM band reorganization, KFAB in Lincoln, Nebraska, had also been assigned to transmit on 770 kHz. WBBM and KFAB were far enough apart to allow concurrent operation during the daytime, but their longer range nighttime signals required coordination to avoid mutual interference. Initially the stations established a timesharing agreement for nighttime hours. However, in early 1932 KFAB switched network affiliation from the NBC Red Network to CBS. With much of their evening programming the same, the two stations establishing simultaneous \"synchronized\" broadcasting of their common network programming.[27] The synchronized operation began on January 27, 1934.[28]In 1945 WBBM broadcast \"Five after the Hour\", written by Les Weinrott.[29][30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryCards-6"},{"link_name":"North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Glenview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Glenview"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Itasca, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itasca,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryCards-6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schaden-22"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MRG91242-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Two Prudential Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Prudential_Plaza"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryCards-6"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-35"}],"sub_title":"Move to AM 780","text":"WBBM's power was increased to 50,000 watts in 1935.[6] In March 1941, as part of the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), both WBBM and KFAB were shifted to 780 kHz. After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the resulting U.S. entry into World War II, there was an increase in air traffic at Naval Air Station Glenview. The Navy asked WBBM to move its towers to a new location. As a result, the station's towers and transmitter were moved to Itasca, Illinois, on May 1, 1942.[6] During World War II, much of WBBM's programming was devoted to the war effort.[22][31][32]In 1948, KFAB was relocated to Omaha, and was also reassigned to 1110 kHz, freeing up WBBM to begin operating full-time on 780 kHz, ending the nighttime synchronized broadcasts.[33] In 1956, WBBM's studios were moved to North McClurg Court, with the rest of CBS's Chicago operations, where it remained until moving to Two Prudential Plaza in 2006.[6][34] Les Atlass held various senior level management positions with WBBM and CBS until his retirement November 29, 1959, on his 65th birthday. He died the next year.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"middle of the road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)"},{"link_name":"news/talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News/talk"},{"link_name":"WCBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCBS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"KNX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNX_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"flagship station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_station"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"radio market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_market"},{"link_name":"McLendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McLendon"},{"link_name":"WGRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGRB"},{"link_name":"WGCI-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGCI-FM"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"WKQX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKQX"},{"link_name":"Group W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"WMAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAQ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WSCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSCR"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Electric Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation"},{"link_name":"WGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGN_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Arbitron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitron"},{"link_name":"PPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_People_Meter"}],"sub_title":"All news programming","text":"Beginning in the 1950s, as network programming moved from radio to television, WBBM maintained a personality-based middle of the road (MOR) format until 1964. At that point, it eliminated music and switched to a news/talk format. WBBM adopted its current all-news format on May 6, 1968 (after co-owned WCBS in New York City switched to all news in 1967 and KNX in Los Angeles made the change in the spring of 1968).[36][37] The station was the flagship station of the Chicago Bears since from 2000 through 2022, and in its history has also aired Chicago White Sox baseball games and Chicago Blackhawks hockey games.Over the years, WBBM fended off competition from other all-news stations that were attempted in the Chicago radio market: McLendon-owned WNUS-AM-FM (1390 AM, now WGRB and 107.5 FM, now WGCI-FM), NBC's WNIS-FM (now WKQX) and Group W's WMAQ (now WSCR), which came under the CBS umbrella when Westinghouse Electric Corporation purchased CBS in 1995.From the 1950s through the 90s, WBBM had been in a spirited battle with rival news/talk/sports station WGN for the position of the No. 1 radio station in the Chicago market. In the June 2009 ratings period, as estimated by Arbitron, WGN held a slight edge over WBBM in PPM-metered listener ratings. However, since the fall of 2009, WBBM has maintained a lead while WGN's listenership began to decline.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randy Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Michaels"},{"link_name":"WKQX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKQX"},{"link_name":"WCFS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCFS-FM"},{"link_name":"HD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subchannel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"WBBM-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBM-FM"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"}],"sub_title":"FM simulcast","text":"Another challenge to WBBM's news radio domination came from Merlin Media, operated by former Tribune Company executive Randy Michaels. Michaels purchased FM station WKQX (the successor to WNIS-FM) in June 2011 with plans to switch formats to all-news as FM News 101.1, but in a preemptive move, CBS Radio launched a simulcast of WBBM over WCFS-FM that August 1. Previously, WBBM had been simulcast over WCFS's HD2 subchannel.[5]The FM station's call letters were retained and should not be confused with WBBM-FM; WCFS-FM's former adult contemporary format moved to the HD2 channel (until 2020), effectively switching signals with WBBM's audio.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"radio broadcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"WGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGN_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chctrb-wbbmcubs-38"},{"link_name":"sports radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_radio"},{"link_name":"WSCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSCR"},{"link_name":"White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sox"},{"link_name":"WLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suntimes-cubswscr-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Chicago Cubs","text":"On June 5, 2014, the Chicago Cubs announced that the flagship station for their radio broadcasts would be moved from WGN to WBBM for the 2015 season under a seven-year deal. Cubs games were only broadcast on WBBM's AM feed; while the games were being played, WCFS-FM continued to broadcast WBBM's regular all-news programming uninterrupted.[38]The arrangement lasted only one season; after co-owned sports radio station WSCR lost the White Sox to WLS for the 2016 season, an option was invoked which moved the Cubs to WSCR, giving the sports station another Chicago baseball team.[39][40][41] Interestingly, WLS only aired White Sox games for two seasons, ending in 2017, the White Sox relocated to WGN.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entercom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entercom"},{"link_name":"Reverse Morris Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Morris_Trust"},{"link_name":"FM 96.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBM-FM"},{"link_name":"WBBM-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBM-TV"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-cbsentercom-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Radio.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio.com"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"remote working","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Entercom/Audacy ownership","text":"On February 2, 2017, CBS agreed to merge CBS Radio with Entercom, the fourth-largest radio broadcaster in the United States. The sale was conducted using a Reverse Morris Trust to avoid a tax liability. While CBS shareholders retained a 72% ownership stake in the combined company, Entercom was the surviving entity, separating the WBBM radio stations (both 780 and FM 96.3) plus WCFS-FM from WBBM-TV. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17.[42][43][44][45]Despite the ownership change, WBBM radio and WBBM-TV maintain a partnership, with WBBM radio making use of some WBBM-TV local news and weather reporting. On March 1, 2018, Entercom launched a new website for WBBM alone on the company's Radio.com portal, breaking it off from the former CBS Chicago portal.Shortly after the move of the transmitter to the WSCR site, WBBM adjusted its news wheel for some segments for the first time in decades, presumably due to lengthening traffic reports and the adjustment of some ad breaks. The sports news segment moved to :16/:46, with business news coverage moving to :23/:53 past the hour, and hourly feature segments moving to :21 past the hour.[46]The COVID-19 pandemic had a major effect on the station's daily operations, with only three people at a time in the station's newsroom and most of the station's anchors and news writers remote working. Traffic reports were temporarily reduced, the station's sportscasts were reduced, and some airshifts, mainly overnights, do not feature traffic reports, with some news hours pre-recorded with only reference to the minutes rather than anchors being live, though breaking news in overnight hours is still covered live.[47] Entercom changed its name to Audacy on March 30, 2021.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"construction permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_permit"},{"link_name":"Bloomingdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomingdale,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feder101617-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feder3918-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feder101617-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feder3918-50"},{"link_name":"Itasca, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itasca,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_broadcast_station_classes"},{"link_name":"clear channel frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_channel_station"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Transmitter relocation","text":"In 2018, WBBM was granted an FCC construction permit to move its transmitter to WSCR's tower site in Bloomingdale. That allowed Entercom to sell the Itasca transmitter site to commercial and residential land developers.[48][49][50]WBBM's power was reduced to 35,000 watts during the day and 42,000 watts at night, from the previous 50,000 watt signal it had maintained since 1935. Entercom engineers say the reduction in transmitting power will not be apparent to most listeners, except in some fringe areas.[49][50] The move was completed on July 18, 2019, with the previous transmitter in Itasca, Illinois, coming down shortly thereafter.[51] Despite the reduction in power, WBBM is still considered a Class A station broadcasting on a clear channel frequency.[52]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mal Bellairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Bellairs"},{"link_name":"Chris Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Berry_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Chris Boden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Boden_(sports_reporter)"},{"link_name":"John Callaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Callaway"},{"link_name":"Harry Caray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Caray"},{"link_name":"Brian Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Davis_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Pat Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Foley"},{"link_name":"Paul Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gibson_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Rich King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_King_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"WGN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGN-TV"},{"link_name":"Felicia Middlebrooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Middlebrooks"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Le Mignot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Le_Mignot"},{"link_name":"WBBM-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBM-TV"},{"link_name":"Brent Musburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Musburger"},{"link_name":"Lee Phillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Phillip_Bell"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Piersall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Piersall"},{"link_name":"Chuck Schaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schaden"},{"link_name":"Carole Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Dale Tallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Tallon"}],"text":"Mal Bellairs – Broadcaster (deceased)\nChris Berry – Director, News and Programming\nChris Boden – Sportscaster\nJohn Callaway – News Director (deceased)\nHarry Caray – White Sox Play by Play; (deceased)\nPat Cassidy – Morning Drive Anchor (retired)\nColin Darragh - International pilot and aviation enthusiast\nBrian Davis – Sportscaster\nPat Foley – Blackhawk Hockey Play by Play (retired)\nPaul Gibson – Broadcaster (deceased)\nDr. Freda Kehm - \"Dr. Kehm on Child Care\" radio show, Director of Association for Family Living, Northwestern University faculty, first psychologist radio show in America[53]\nRich King – Sports Director (retired from WGN-TV)\nFelicia Middlebrooks - Morning Drive Anchor (retired)\nSuzanne Le Mignot – Reporter (now at WBBM-TV)\nBrent Musburger – Sports Director; (retired)\nLee Phillip – Broadcaster (deceased)\nJimmy Piersall – White Sox Color Commentator (deceased)\nChuck Schaden – Broadcaster\nCarole Simpson – Reporter\nDale Tallon – Blackhawk Hockey Color Commentator\nJay Andres – American Airlines Music Till Dawn\nSherman Kaplan - Reporter (retired)","title":"Station alumni"}]	[{"image_text":"Poster for the WPA Illinois Writers Project radio series Moments with Genius, broadcast on WBBM c. 1939.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Moments-with-Genius-Poster.jpg/260px-Moments-with-Genius-Poster.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eleanor Roosevelt dedicating the South Side Community Art Center, broadcast nationally on CBS Radio via WBBM (May 7, 1941)[19]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Eleanor-Roosevelt-South-Side-Art-Center-1941.jpg/260px-Eleanor-Roosevelt-South-Side-Art-Center-1941.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Janowski, Thaddeus P. (September 29, 2010). \"FCC 316: Application for Consent to Assign Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License or to Transfer Control of Entity Holding Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License (BTCH-20100930AFL)\". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved March 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context=25&appn=101400486&formid=316&fac_num=28621","url_text":"\"FCC 316: Application for Consent to Assign Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License or to Transfer Control of Entity Holding Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License (BTCH-20100930AFL)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"Tubbs, William B. (Autumn 1996). \"'We Broadcast Better Music': WBBM Goes on the Air in Lincoln, Illinois\". Illinois Historical Journal. 89 (3): 161–174. Retrieved January 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idaillinois.org/digital/collection/eiu02/id/6113","url_text":"\"'We Broadcast Better Music': WBBM Goes on the Air in Lincoln, Illinois\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WBBM\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=9631","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WBBM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"Feder, Robert (July 15, 2011). \"It's official: CBS to expand Newsradio brand with FM simulcast\". Time Out Chicago. Retrieved July 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://timeoutchicago.com/arts-culture/chicago-media-blog/14850277/it's-official-cbs-to-expand-newsradio-brand-with-fm-simulca","url_text":"\"It's official: CBS to expand Newsradio brand with FM simulcast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_Chicago","url_text":"Time Out Chicago"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Roosevelt Dedicates South Side Art Center\". Chicago Tribune. May 8, 1941. Retrieved November 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1941/05/08/page/15/article/mrs-roosevelt-dedicates-south-side-art-center","url_text":"\"Mrs. Roosevelt Dedicates South Side Art Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"The Definitive Five After the Hour Radio Log with Herb Butterfield and Ken Nordine\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/DigitalDeliToo/dd2jb-Five-After-the-Hour.html","url_text":"\"The Definitive Five After the Hour Radio Log with Herb Butterfield and Ken Nordine\""}]},{"reference":"\"RadioEchoes.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://radioechoes.com/?page=series&genre=Variety&series=Five%20After%20The%20Hour","url_text":"\"RadioEchoes.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former WBBM-AM anchor Dale McCarren dies\". Chicago Tribune. March 16, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/2009/03/16/former-wbbm-am-anchor-dale-mccarren-dies/","url_text":"\"Former WBBM-AM anchor Dale McCarren dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Another CBS owned station, WBBM, Chicago, will switch to an all-news format on May 5\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. April 14, 1968. p. 21. Retrieved March 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-enquirer-another-cbs-owne/143054671/","url_text":"\"Another CBS owned station, WBBM, Chicago, will switch to an all-news format on May 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer","url_text":"The Cincinnati Enquirer"}]},{"reference":"Robert Channick (June 5, 2014). \"Cubs, WBBM make radio deal official\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/chi-cubs-wgn-wbbm-radio-20140605,0,5683316.story","url_text":"\"Cubs, WBBM make radio deal official\""}]},{"reference":"Kyle Thele (November 11, 2015). \"Cubs make their radio move to WSCR official\". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117224156/http://chicago.suntimes.com/sports/7/71/1091613/cubs-make-radio-move-wscr-official","url_text":"\"Cubs make their radio move to WSCR official\""},{"url":"http://chicago.suntimes.com/sports/7/71/1091613/cubs-make-radio-move-wscr-official","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robert Channick (June 4, 2014). \"WBBM to be Cubs' new radio home\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-06-04/business/chi-cubs-radio-wgn-wbbm-20140603_1_chicago-cubs-new-radio-home-pat-hughes","url_text":"\"WBBM to be Cubs' new radio home\""}]},{"reference":"\"WSCR-AM 670 The Score Named The Cubs' New Flagship Station\". chicago.cbslocal.com. CBS Chicago. November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2015/11/11/wscr-am-670-the-score-named-the-cubs-new-flagship-station/","url_text":"\"WSCR-AM 670 The Score Named The Cubs' New Flagship Station\""}]},{"reference":"Cynthia Littleton (February 2, 2017). \"CBS Sets Radio Division Merger With Entercom\". Variety. Retrieved February 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/biz/news/cbs-entercom-radio-division-merger-1201976392/","url_text":"\"CBS Sets Radio Division Merger With Entercom\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBS and Entercom Are Merging Their Radio Stations (Reuters)\". Fortune. February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://fortune.com/2017/02/02/cbs-entercom-radio-merger/","url_text":"\"CBS and Entercom Are Merging Their Radio Stations (Reuters)\""}]},{"reference":"\"WBBM Newsradio\". Retrieved July 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://wbbm780.radio.com/shows/wbbm-newsradio-3","url_text":"\"WBBM Newsradio\""}]},{"reference":"Feder, Robert (April 30, 2020). \"Remote control keeps WBBM Newsradio on top of the news\". RobertFeder.com. Retrieved May 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.robertfeder.com/2020/04/30/remote-control-keeps-wbbm-newsradio-top-news/","url_text":"\"Remote control keeps WBBM Newsradio on top of the news\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feder","url_text":"RobertFeder.com"}]},{"reference":"Tafoya, Bernie (July 18, 2019). \"WBBM Newsradio's Transmitter Site Moves To Bloomingdale, Itasca Tower Comes Down\". WBBM/Radio.com. Retrieved July 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://wbbm780.radio.com/articles/wbbm-newsradios-transmitter-site-moves-bloomingdale","url_text":"\"WBBM Newsradio's Transmitter Site Moves To Bloomingdale, Itasca Tower Comes Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio.com","url_text":"Radio.com"}]},{"reference":"\"AM Query Results\". transition.fcc.gov. Retrieved August 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=wbbm&arn=&state=&city=&freq=530&fre2=1700&type=0&facid=&class=&list=0&ThisTab=Results+to+This+Page%2FTab&dist=&dlat2=&mlat2=&slat2=&NS=N&dlon2=&mlon2=&slon2=&EW=W&size=9","url_text":"\"AM Query Results\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WBBM_(AM)&params=41_56_3.11_N_88_4_22.25_W_region:US-IL_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°56′3.11″N 88°4′22.25″W / 41.9341972°N 88.0728472°W / 41.9341972; -88.0728472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WBBM_(AM)&params=41_56_3.11_N_88_4_22.25_W_region:US-IL_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°56′3.11″N 88°4′22.25″W / 41.9341972°N 88.0728472°W / 41.9341972; -88.0728472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WBBM_(AM)&params=41_56_18_N_87_45_5_W_region:US-IL_type:landmark&title=WBBM+%28auxiliary%29","external_links_name":"41°56′18″N 87°45′5″W / 41.93833°N 87.75139°W / 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-47_(Michigan_highway)	M-47 (Michigan highway)	["1 Route description","2 History","2.1 M-111","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Route map: State highway in Saginaw and Bay counties in Michigan, United States M-47M-47 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by MDOTLength14.328 mi (23.059 km)Existedc. July 1, 1919–presentMajor junctionsSouth end M-46 near ShieldsMajor intersections M-58 near SaginawNorth end US 10 near Midland LocationCountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountiesSaginaw, Bay Highway system Michigan State Trunkline Highway System Interstate US State Byways ← M-46→ M-48← M-110M-111→ US 112 M-47 is a north–south state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan. It runs near Saginaw and Midland in the Tri-Cities area of the Lower Peninsula. The highway runs through suburban and agricultural areas to connect the two cities with the airport in the area. The northernmost section of M-47 runs along a freeway to the terminus at US Highway 10 (US 10). M-47 runs for 14.328 miles (23.059 km), all of which has been listed as a part of the National Highway System. First designated by July 1, 1919, along a different routing, M-47 was extended several times in both directions through the 1920s and 1930s. Two of these extensions replaced sections of M-111 in the Bay City area. At the apex of its length in the 1950s, M-47 stretched from Webberville in the south to Bay City State Park in the north. Since Interstate 75 (I-75) opened in the Tri-Cities area, the northern section of M-47 was rerouted and truncated as a result of related changes to other highways. The southern end was moved after I-96 opened in the Lansing area. Further changes into the 1970s shortened M-47 more, producing the routing in use today. Route description M-47 starts at M-46 (Gratiot Road) east of Shields next to the Oakwood Cemetery. M-47 is known as Midland Road as it runs slightly northwest to intersect with M-58 (State Road) in Saginaw Charter Township running parallel to the Tittabawassee River. This area is the western edge of Saginaw's suburbs. Along the road towards Freeland, there are periodic small farms in between small residential subdivisions. In the community of Freeland, M-47 runs near the MBS International Airport off Freeland Road. North of town, M-47 leaves Midland Road and becomes a freeway near Tittabawassee Park. The freeway section of M-47 runs through rural farm land. There is a diamond interchange with Salzburg Road before the terminal interchange at US 10. As part of its maintenance duties, the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) tracks the volume of traffic on the highways it maintains. This number is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), a calculation of the average traffic for a segment of roadway on any average day of the year. In 2009, the department measured a peak of 19,719 vehicles daily on the stretch north of Tittabawassee Road. The section south of the US 10 interchange had the lowest traffic level at 9,315 vehicles AADT. Additionally, the entire route of M-47 has been listed on the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility. History The original designation of M-47 was routed from the Shiawassee–Ingham county line north to St. Charles and then east along M-46 into Saginaw. A southern extension into Ingham County to end at M-16 in Williamston was transferred and completed in 1924. A northern extension to Bay City replaced a section of M-111 in 1929, and extended farther to Bay City State Park in 1933. M-47 replaced the remainder of M-111 and extended southward from the park to Bay City in 1938, creating a "U-turn" in the routing. The southern terminus was moved again in late 1951 or early 1952 to Webberville, although still ending on US 16. At its greatest extent in the 1950s, the highway extended north from Webberville through Owosso and St. Charles to a junction with M-46 between Hemlock and Shields. M-47 turned east along M-46, running concurrently with that highway to Saginaw Township. There M-47 turned north independently to a junction with US 10, and then ran concurrently with US 10 into Saginaw. Once in the city, M-47 turned north along Bay Street out of town toward Bay City. M-47 joined US 23 and followed it north of town. M-47 then ran separately to the state park before turning south and back into downtown Bay City, ending at the US 23 business loop. Major changes to the routing of M-47 started in December 1960 when the I-75/US 10/US 23 freeway opened between Saginaw and Bay City. US 10 was rerouted east of Midland to Bay City along the M-20 freeway. M-47 was rerouted along the former US 10 from Saginaw to east of Midland using a connector expressway from Freeland north to the US 10 freeway. M-81 was extended over State Street in Saginaw, and the former routing of M-47 between Saginaw and Bay City was redesignated as M-84. M-13 also replaced the former US 23/M-47 when US 23 was moved to freeways as well. The southern end of M-47 was changed in 1962 with the completion of I-96 in the Lansing area. US 16 was replaced by M-43, and the southern terminus of M-47 was moved to exit 122 along I-96. This segment of M-47 south of M-46 became an extension of M-52 in 1969, truncating M-47 to Hemlock. The interchange at Salzburg Road north of Freeland opened in 1970, and the expressway segment was upgraded to a full freeway. At the same time, M-47 was truncated to its current routing, resulting in the elimination of the M-46/M-47 concurrency near Shields. In the end, only about a mile and a half (2.4 km) of roadway still bears the M-47 from before the changes made starting in 1960, along a section of road that was not originally part of the highway in 1919. In June 2014, a construction project began on the interchange with US 10 at the route's northern terminus. This construction consisted of bridge replacement over US 10, as well as a new ramp connecting northbound M-47 to westbound US 10 that, unlike the old ramp, does not conflict with westbound traffic exiting onto southbound M-47. M-111 M-111LocationBay CountyLength5.1 mi (8.2 km)Existed1928–1938 In 1928, M-111 was assigned to a route connecting M-13 (later signed as US 23 for a time) north of Bay City to Bay City State Park on Saginaw Bay. The original route consisted of what is today Euclid Avenue. In the early 1930s, a return leg towards Bay City was added to the east of the original route along what is now State Park Road, giving the route an upside-down-U shape. In 1933, the western leg along Euclid Avenue from Midland Road to Beaver Road was designated as M-47. In 1938, all of M-111 was re-designated as M-47—thus making M-47 double back to Bay City. Major intersections All exits are unnumbered. CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes SaginawSaginaw Township0.0000.000 M-46 (Gratiot Road) – Saginaw, St. Louis 1.5462.488 M-58 east (State Road) – SaginawWestern terminus of M-58 Tittabawassee Township10.02316.130Midland RoadSouthern end of freeway BayWilliams Township13.25821.337Salzburg RoadInterchange 14.32823.059 US 10 – Midland, Bay CityInterchange; exit 130 on US 10 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi See also Michigan Highways portal References ^ a b Michigan Department of Transportation (2021). Next Generation PR Finder (Map). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 11, 2021. ^ a b c Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1919). State of Michigan (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Lower Peninsula sheet. OCLC 15607244. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. ^ a b Michigan Department of Transportation (2010). Uniquely Michigan: Official Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § J12. OCLC 42778335, 639960603. ^ Google (February 12, 2008). "Overview Map of M-47" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 12, 2008. ^ "Traffic Monitoring Information System". Michigan Department of Transportation. 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2011. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006). National Highway System, Michigan (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2008. ^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (May 15, 1924). Official Highway Condition Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1924). Official Highway Condition Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (May 1, 1929). Official Highway Service Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957. ^ Michigan State Highway Department & H.M. Gousha (January 1, 1930). Official Highway Service Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (May 1, 1933). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § J12. OCLC 12701053. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2016 – via Archives of Michigan. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (September 1, 1933). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § J12. OCLC 12701053. ^ a b c Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (May 1, 1938). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Spring ed.). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § J12. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. ^ a b c Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1938). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § J12. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1951). Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L11. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1952). Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L11. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department (1958). Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Saginaw and Bay City insets, §§ L11–J12. OCLC 12701120, 51856742. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1958) ^ "Mackie Dedicates 5-Mile Section of M-78 Freeway". Argus-Press. Owosso, Michigan. December 16, 1960. p. 14. Retrieved February 16, 2011. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1960). Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § J12. OCLC 12701120, 81552576. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1960) ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1961). Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § J12. OCLC 12701120, 51857665. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1961) ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1962). Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L11. OCLC 12701120, 173191490. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1963). Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L11. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. ^ Michigan Department of State Highways & H.M. Gousha (1969). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. §§ L11–J12. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. ^ a b Michigan Department of State Highways (1970). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. §§ L11–J12. OCLC 12701120. ^ Michigan Department of State Highways (1971). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. § J12. OCLC 12701120, 77960415. ^ Waterman, Cole (June 26, 2014). "'Huge Project' of Demolition, Reconstruction Underway on US 10/M-47 Interchange in Williams Township". The Bay City Times. Retrieved January 22, 2015 – via MLive. ^ Google (February 16, 2011). "Overview Map of M-111 (1938)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 16, 2011. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department (December 1, 1927). Official Highway Service Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1928). Official Highway Service Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957. ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (October 1, 1932). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § J12. OCLC 12701053. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/M-47 (Michigan highway)KML is from Wikidata M-47 at Michigan Highways Former M-111 at Michigan Highways	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"state trunkline highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Saginaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Tri-Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Cities_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Lower Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"US Highway 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_10_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bay City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Webberville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webberville,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Bay City State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Interstate 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"I-96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_96"},{"link_name":"Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan"}],"text":"State highway in Saginaw and Bay counties in Michigan, United StatesM-47 is a north–south state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan. It runs near Saginaw and Midland in the Tri-Cities area of the Lower Peninsula. The highway runs through suburban and agricultural areas to connect the two cities with the airport in the area. The northernmost section of M-47 runs along a freeway to the terminus at US Highway 10 (US 10). M-47 runs for 14.328 miles (23.059 km), all of which has been listed as a part of the National Highway System.First designated by July 1, 1919, along a different routing, M-47 was extended several times in both directions through the 1920s and 1930s. Two of these extensions replaced sections of M-111 in the Bay City area. At the apex of its length in the 1950s, M-47 stretched from Webberville in the south to Bay City State Park in the north. Since Interstate 75 (I-75) opened in the Tri-Cities area, the northern section of M-47 was rerouted and truncated as a result of related changes to other highways. The southern end was moved after I-96 opened in the Lansing area. Further changes into the 1970s shortened M-47 more, producing the routing in use today.","title":"M-47 (Michigan highway)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M-46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-46_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shields,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"M-58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-58_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"Saginaw Charter Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Tittabawassee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tittabawassee_River"},{"link_name":"Freeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeland,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"MBS International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBS_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDOT10-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"},{"link_name":"Michigan Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"annual average daily traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_average_daily_traffic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TMIS-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS-MI-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS-7"}],"text":"M-47 starts at M-46 (Gratiot Road) east of Shields next to the Oakwood Cemetery. M-47 is known as Midland Road as it runs slightly northwest to intersect with M-58 (State Road) in Saginaw Charter Township running parallel to the Tittabawassee River. This area is the western edge of Saginaw's suburbs. Along the road towards Freeland, there are periodic small farms in between small residential subdivisions. In the community of Freeland, M-47 runs near the MBS International Airport off Freeland Road. North of town, M-47 leaves Midland Road and becomes a freeway near Tittabawassee Park. The freeway section of M-47 runs through rural farm land. There is a diamond interchange with Salzburg Road before the terminal interchange at US 10.[3][4]As part of its maintenance duties, the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) tracks the volume of traffic on the highways it maintains. This number is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), a calculation of the average traffic for a segment of roadway on any average day of the year. In 2009, the department measured a peak of 19,719 vehicles daily on the stretch north of Tittabawassee Road. The section south of the US 10 interchange had the lowest traffic level at 9,315 vehicles AADT.[5] Additionally, the entire route of M-47 has been listed on the National Highway System,[6] a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.[7]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shiawassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiawassee_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingham_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"St. Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD19LP-2"},{"link_name":"M-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-16_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"Williamston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamston,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD24-05-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD24-10-9"},{"link_name":"M-111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M-111"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD29-05-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD30-01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD33-01-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD33-09-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD38-05-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD38-12-15"},{"link_name":"US 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_16_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD51-07-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD52-04-17"},{"link_name":"Owosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owosso,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlock,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"running concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"the US 23 business loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_Business_(Bay_City,_Michigan)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD58-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"M-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-20_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-access_road"},{"link_name":"M-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-81_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"M-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-84_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"M-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-13_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD60-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD61-21"},{"link_name":"M-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-43_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD62-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD63-23"},{"link_name":"M-52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-52_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDSH69-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDSH70-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDSH70-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDSH71-26"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDOT10-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD58-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD19LP-2"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The original designation of M-47 was routed from the Shiawassee–Ingham county line north to St. Charles and then east along M-46 into Saginaw.[2] A southern extension into Ingham County to end at M-16 in Williamston was transferred and completed in 1924.[8][9] A northern extension to Bay City replaced a section of M-111 in 1929,[10][11] and extended farther to Bay City State Park in 1933.[12][13] M-47 replaced the remainder of M-111 and extended southward from the park to Bay City in 1938, creating a \"U-turn\" in the routing.[14][15] The southern terminus was moved again in late 1951 or early 1952 to Webberville, although still ending on US 16.[16][17]At its greatest extent in the 1950s, the highway extended north from Webberville through Owosso and St. Charles to a junction with M-46 between Hemlock and Shields. M-47 turned east along M-46, running concurrently with that highway to Saginaw Township. There M-47 turned north independently to a junction with US 10, and then ran concurrently with US 10 into Saginaw. Once in the city, M-47 turned north along Bay Street out of town toward Bay City. M-47 joined US 23 and followed it north of town. M-47 then ran separately to the state park before turning south and back into downtown Bay City, ending at the US 23 business loop.[18]Major changes to the routing of M-47 started in December 1960 when the I-75/US 10/US 23 freeway opened between Saginaw and Bay City.[19] US 10 was rerouted east of Midland to Bay City along the M-20 freeway. M-47 was rerouted along the former US 10 from Saginaw to east of Midland using a connector expressway from Freeland north to the US 10 freeway. M-81 was extended over State Street in Saginaw, and the former routing of M-47 between Saginaw and Bay City was redesignated as M-84. M-13 also replaced the former US 23/M-47 when US 23 was moved to freeways as well.[20][21] The southern end of M-47 was changed in 1962 with the completion of I-96 in the Lansing area. US 16 was replaced by M-43, and the southern terminus of M-47 was moved to exit 122 along I-96.[22][23] This segment of M-47 south of M-46 became an extension of M-52 in 1969, truncating M-47 to Hemlock.[24][25] The interchange at Salzburg Road north of Freeland opened in 1970, and the expressway segment was upgraded to a full freeway. At the same time, M-47 was truncated to its current routing, resulting in the elimination of the M-46/M-47 concurrency near Shields.[25][26] In the end, only about a mile and a half (2.4 km) of roadway still bears the M-47 from before the changes made starting in 1960,[3][18] along a section of road that was not originally part of the highway in 1919.[2]In June 2014, a construction project began on the interchange with US 10 at the route's northern terminus. This construction consisted of bridge replacement over US 10, as well as a new ramp connecting northbound M-47 to westbound US 10 that, unlike the old ramp, does not conflict with westbound traffic exiting onto southbound M-47.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-13_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"Bay City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Bay City State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Saginaw Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_Bay"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD27-12-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD28-10-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD32-10-31"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD33-01-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD33-09-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD38-05-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD38-12-15"}],"sub_title":"M-111","text":"In 1928, M-111 was assigned to a route connecting M-13 (later signed as US 23 for a time) north of Bay City to Bay City State Park on Saginaw Bay. The original route consisted of what is today Euclid Avenue.[29][30] In the early 1930s, a return leg towards Bay City was added to the east of the original route along what is now State Park Road, giving the route an upside-down-U shape.[31] In 1933, the western leg along Euclid Avenue from Midland Road to Beaver Road was designated as M-47.[12][13] In 1938, all of M-111 was re-designated as M-47—thus making M-47 double back to Bay City.[14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All exits are unnumbered.","title":"Major intersections"}]	[]	[{"title":"Michigan Highways portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Michigan_Highways"}]	[{"reference":"Michigan Department of Transportation (2021). Next Generation PR Finder (Map). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Michigan Department of Transportation"},{"url":"https://mdotgis.state.mi.us/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=c3aa2462a1e24e37a33184a33e5976aa","url_text":"Next Generation PR Finder"}]},{"reference":"Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1919). State of Michigan (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Lower Peninsula sheet. OCLC 15607244. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Highway_Department","url_text":"Michigan State Highway Department"},{"url":"https://michiganology.org/uncategorized/digitalFile_e810cb56-cee6-4b6b-884d-0d3e9bbba3c2/","url_text":"State of Michigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15607244","url_text":"15607244"}]},{"reference":"Michigan Department of Transportation (2010). Uniquely Michigan: Official Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § J12. OCLC 42778335, 639960603.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42778335","url_text":"42778335"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/639960603","url_text":"639960603"}]},{"reference":"Google (February 12, 2008). \"Overview Map of M-47\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Midland+Rd&daddr=Unknown+road&geocode=Fbh3lgIdnKz9-g%3BFWw-mQIdriP8-g&hl=en&mra=ls&sll=43.41652,-84.033051&sspn=0.117459,0.116386&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=12","url_text":"\"Overview Map of M-47\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Traffic Monitoring Information System\". Michigan Department of Transportation. 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://mdotnetpublic.state.mi.us/tmispublic/","url_text":"\"Traffic Monitoring Information System\""}]},{"reference":"Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006). National Highway System, Michigan (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004040152/http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_NHS_Statewide_150626_7.pdf","url_text":"National Highway System, Michigan"},{"url":"http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_NHS_Statewide_150626_7.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). \"What is the National Highway System?\". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/","url_text":"\"What is the National Highway System?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"}]},{"reference":"Michigan State Highway Department (May 15, 1924). Official Highway Condition Map (Map). [c. 1:823,680]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1924). Official Highway Condition Map (Map). [c. 1:823,680]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michigan State Highway Department (May 1, 1929). Official Highway Service Map (Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12701195","url_text":"12701195"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79754957","url_text":"79754957"}]},{"reference":"Michigan State Highway Department & H.M. Gousha (January 1, 1930). Official Highway Service Map (Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.M._Gousha","url_text":"H.M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan	Battle of Anadan	["1 Events","2 Aftermath","3 References","4 Bibliography"]	2012 battle of the Syrian Civil War Battle of Anadanمعركة عندانPart of the Battle of Aleppo and the 2012–13 escalation of the Syrian Civil WarRebel fighters with a captured Syrian Army T-55 at the Anadan checkpoint during the battleDate29–30 July 2012LocationAnadan, Aleppo GovernorateResult Rebel victory Rebels gain control of Anadan checkpointBelligerents Free Syrian Army Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed ForcesCommanders and leaders Gen. Abdel Nasser Firzat1st Lt. Rifaat Khalil(Muthanna ibn Haritha Battalion) UnknownUnits involved Conquest Brigade Muthanna ibn Haritha Battalion Al-Tawhid Brigade Free North Battalion Syrian Army Infantry Border Guard Brigade 111th RegimentStrength 150 fighters1 BMP-1 130+ soldiers12 tanks1 helicopterCasualties and losses 4 killed 6 killed,25 captured,1–2 main battle tanks destroyed and8 captured5 APCs capturedvteBattle of AleppoCombat operations 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 Anadan Menagh Air Base Base 46 2013 Safira Khan al-Assal SAA offensive Canopus Star 2014 Rainbow 2015 Rebel offensive Kuweires offensive SAA offensive 2016 Northern offensive Southern offensives Aleppo bombings Summer offensives 1st SAA Rebel 2nd SAA SAA offensive Rebel offensive Final offensive The Battle of Anadan (Arabic: معركة عندان) was a ten-hour-long armed confrontation between the rebels of the Free Syrian Army and soldiers of the Syrian Army that occurred when FSA forces attempted to overrun a large army checkpoint in the Anadan area. At the end of the battle, FSA fighters successfully seized the checkpoint. Events Rebels gather during the battle At dusk on 29 July, First Lieutenant Rifaat Khali, commander of the Conquest Brigade in the area, mobilized 150 fighters to seize control of the Anadan checkpoint, a strategic location linking the city of Aleppo 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the south with the Turkish border to the north, which the FSA used as a source for supplies. The battle took place concurrently with the first night and day of the Battle of Aleppo itself. FSA fighters surrounded the checkpoint as night fell and began an assault against the garrisoned troops and besieged them. A force of 50 fighters out of an initial 150 fighters took part at first, using RPGs, machine guns, and assault rifles. The besieged government soldiers called in artillery strikes from batteries based in Aleppo city, which pounded areas surrounding the checkpoint, striking nearby villages where FSA fighters were located, in a last-ditch effort to force the FSA to disengage, but failed to do so. Three hours after the attack began, a loyalist helicopter arrived and circled the area, but had little effect on the battle. The lack of reinforcements for the government soldiers during the whole ten hours led to speculation that the Syrian army was under significant military pressure in other areas of Aleppo. An FSA operated BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicles supported the fighters, as they assaulted the base, firing at least 70 rounds into the checkpoint. After ten hours of fighting, some of the government soldiers were able to break out and flee. At least six of them were killed and 25 others captured. The FSA lost four fighters, and an unknown number were wounded. Aftermath After seizing the checkpoint, FSA fighters retrieved ammunition left behind by the defeated government forces. During the fighting, eight tanks were also captured, between four and seven of which were still operational; the operational ones were intended for use in the Battle of Aleppo. At least some of the captured tanks were deployed northwards to Azaz, where they were used to support an attack on a loyalist-held airbase. The rebels, however, pulled back from their attack on the airbase within a day after failing to capture it. References ^ a b c d "Syrian Soldiers 'Fled Like Rats': Rebels". TOLO News. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2018. ^ Bolling (2012), pp. 8, 9. ^ Bolling (2012), p. 8. ^ a b "Syria: Rebels Plan Own Assault On Aleppo". Sky News. Retrieved 25 October 2014. ^ a b c d "Syria rebels seize strategic checkpoint - thenews.com.pk". The News International, Pakistan. 30 July 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2014. ^ a b c "CNN inside Syria: Firefight for control of army base – This Just In - CNN.com Blogs". Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2014. ^ a b "Bashar soldiers 'fled like rats': rebels \| News24". News24. 30 July 2012. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2014. ^ "FSA seizes checkpoint between Aleppo, Turkey as France to seek U.N. meeting". English.alarabiya.net. Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2015-05-20. ^ a b c Bolling (2012), p. 9. ^ "Syrian rebels seize strategic checkpoint between Aleppo and Turkey, according to rebel officer". Al Jazeera Blogs. Retrieved 25 October 2014. ^ a b c "Syrian troops 'fled like rats' in checkpoint fight". Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012. ^ "Syrian rebels push to grab territory outside Aleppo - CNN.com". CNN. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2014. ^ Matthew Weaver (3 August 2012). "Syria crisis: rows and more violence after Kofi Annan resigns - live updates". the Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2014. Bibliography Bolling, Jeffrey (2012). Rebel Groups in Northern Aleppo Province (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of War. vteSyrian civil warOverviewsMain overviews Syria Rojava Syrian civil war Timeline Background and causes Syrian peace process Syrian government reactions Belligerents Inter-rebel conflict Spillover Cities and towns Sectarianism and minorities Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present) Effects and ongoing concerns Casualties of the Syrian civil war Refugees of the Syrian civil war Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war Phases and processes Syrian revolution Early insurgency phase 2012–2013 escalation Ceasefires Syrian peace process World reaction International reactions to the Syrian civil war Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war Specific groups and countries Russian involvement Russian intervention Turkish involvement Turkish occupation of northern Syria Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria American intervention in the Syrian civil war 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria Kurdish Area in Syria Syrian Democratic Forces Rojava conflict U.S. task force Agreements and dialogues Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria TimelineBackground 1963 coup 1966 coup Corrective Movement Islamist uprising Latakia protests Damascus Spring Qamishli riots Syrian occupation of Lebanon Damascus Declaration Human rights in Syria 2010s in Syria political history 2011Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Syrian Revolution Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Siege of Daraa Siege of Baniyas May Talkalakh siege Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh June Jisr ash-Shughur operation Siege of Hama Siege of Homs Jabal al-Zawiya operation Siege of Latakia Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014) Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012) Battle of Zabadani Battle of Douma Daraa Governorate clashes Battle of Rastan Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush Idlib Governorate clashes December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres 2012Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec January al-Midan bombing Battle of Rastan First Battle of Idlib Battle of al-Qusayr Idlib Governorate operation (Apr) Battle of Taftanaz May Battle of Rastan Houla massacre Battle of al-Haffah Al-Qubeir massacre Battle of Tremseh Battle of Damascus 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing Battle of Aleppo Battle of Anadan Siege of Base 46 Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013) Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct) Darayya massacre Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz Battle of Maarrat al-Numan First siege of Wadi Deif Battle of Harem Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013) Battle of Darayya Aqrab massacre Hama offensive Halfaya massacre Battle of Darayya Quneitra Governorate clashes Talbiseh bakery massacre 2013Jan–AprMay–Dec Battle of Safira Battle of Shadadeh Damascus offensive Raqqa campaign (2012–2013) Battle of Raqqa (Mar) Daraa offensive Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug) Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl Ghouta chemical attack Al-Qusayr offensive Battle of al-Qusayr Bayda and Baniyas massacres Hama offensive Hatla massacre Khan al-Assal chemical attack Khan al-Assal massacre Adra massacre Battle of Ras al-Ayn Battle of Tell Abyad Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov) Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) Battle of al-Yaarubiyah Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan) 2014Jan–JulAug–Dec First Inter-rebel conflict Battle of Markada Deir ez-Zor offensive Battle of Morek Daraa offensive (Feb–May) Maan massacre Al-Otaiba ambush Idlib offensive Battle of Hosn Latakia Offensive Battle of Al-Malihah Kafr Zita chemical attack Second siege of Wadi Deif Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug) Battle of Arsal First Battle of the Shaer gas field Eastern Syria offensive Battle of Tabqa Airbase Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul) Hama Offensive Quneitra offensive Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov) Siege of Kobanî Homs school bombing Daraa offensive (Oct) Al-Safira offensive Idlib Raid Second Inter-Rebel Conflict Second Battle of the Shaer gas field Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec) 2015Jan–JulAug–Dec Air Force An-26 crash Daraa Offensive (Jan) Southern Syria Offensive Eastern al-Hasakah offensive Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Battle of Bosra Idlib Offensive Second Battle of Idlib Battle of Nasib Border Crossing Battle of Yarmouk Camp Western al-Hasakah offensive Palmyra offensive (May) Qamishli bombings Tell Abyad offensive Kobanî massacre Quneitra offensive (Jun) Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug) Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep) Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov) Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) Al-Hawl offensive Homs offensive (Nov-Dec) East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016) 2015–2016 Latakia offensive Tishrin Dam offensive Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown 2016Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan) January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb) Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi offensive February Homs bombings February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Khanasir offensive Battle of Tel Abyad Battle of Maarrat al-Numan Battle of Qamishli (Apr) Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun) Palmyra offensive (Mar) East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May) Northern Raqqa offensive (May) May Jableh & Tartous bombings Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun) Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct) Manbij offensive Tokhar massacre Southern Aleppo campaign Battle of al-Rai (Aug) Operation Euphrates Shield Aleppo summer campaign Western al-Bab offensive (Sep) 5 September bombings September Deir ez-Zor air raid September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct) Dabiq offensive Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov) Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov) Raqqa campaign Battle of al-Bab Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec) Palmyra offensive (Dec) 2017Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017) January Azaz bombing Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17) Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb) Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun) Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb) Qaboun offensive Palmyra offensive East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr) March Damascus bombings Al-Jinah airstrike Hama offensive (Mar–Apr) Battle of Tabqa Khan Shaykhun chemical attack Shayrat missile strike Aleppo bombing April Turkish airstrikes East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) Desert campaign (May–Jul) Maskanah Plains offensive East Hama offensive Battle of Raqqa Daraa offensive (Jun) Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun) Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug) Quneitra offensive (Jun) Idlib clashes (Jul) Central campaign Qalamoun (Jul–Aug) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18) Hama offensive (Sep) Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18) Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate Battle of Harasta Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec) Euphrates Crossing offensive Mayadin offensive Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov) Abu Kamal offensive Beit Jinn offensive 2018Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Operation Olive Branch Battle of Khasham Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr) Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb) Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict Southern Damascus offensive (Mar) Douma chemical attack Missile strikes (Apr) Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May) Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr) Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May) Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr) Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun) As-Suwayda offensive (Jun) Southern offensive As-Suwayda attacks As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov) Qamishli clashes (Sep) Missile strikes (Sep) Northern border clashes 2019Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Idlib inter-rebel conflict Manbij bombing Battle of Baghuz Fawqani ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor Dêrik prison escape attempt Tell Rifaat clashes Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug) June bombings Hass refugee camp bombing Missile strikes (Aug) Turkish offensive into northeast Barisha raid November bombings Israeli missile strikes (Nov) Qah missile strike Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20) US airstrikes 2020Jan–Dec COVID-19 pandemic Afrin bombing Idlib Governorate clashes Kafr-Takharim airstrike Ayn Issa clashes Deir ez-Zor ambush 2021Jan–Dec Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah Missile strikes (Jan) US airstrike (Feb) Battle of Qamishli (Apr) US airstrike (Jun) Daraa clashes Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict 2022Jan–Dec Battle of al-Hasakah Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes Jabal al-Bishrī clashes Jarqli airstrikes Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct) Operation Claw-Sword Northwest clashes (Dec) 2023Jan-Dec Al-Sukhnah attack Damascus airstrike Hama attack Northern border clashes SpilloverIsrael and Golan Heights: March 2017 incident February 2018 incident May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents Iraq: Akashat ambush Operation al-Shabah April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike Jordanian border incidents April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike Lebanon: Lebanese border clashes Battle of Sidon Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut North Lebanon clashes Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017) Turkey: December 2011 Turkish border clash 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown 2012 Turkish border clashes 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria Assassination of Andrei Karlov Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 2020 Balyun airstrikes Operation Spring Shield Elsewhere: Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran) BelligerentsSyriaPolitics of Syria Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Communist Party Military and militias Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Resistance PFLP-GC al-Quds Brigade Palestine Liberation Army Foreign support Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Liwa Fatemiyoun Russian involvement medical facility targeting military intervention Wagner Group Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Popular Mobilization Forces OppositionInterim government National Coalition Local Coordination Committees Syrian National Council Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian Support Group Adopt a Revolution Syrian Patriotic Group Opposition militias Syrian National Army Free Syrian Army National Front for Liberation Army of Glory Authenticity and Development Front Army of Free Tribes Revolutionary Commando Army Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Grey Wolves Foreign support American-led intervention Jordanian intervention Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey Autonomous Administrationof North and East SyriaDFNS Government Democratic Union Party Kurdish National Council Smaller political parties SDF militias People's Protection Units Women's Protection Units Anti-Terror Units Al-Sanadid Forces Army of Revolutionaries SDF military councils Syriac Military Council Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa Northern Democratic Brigade Support Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Kurdistan Workers' Party International Freedom Battalion Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units IslamistsIslamic State Military activity of ISIL Dokumacılar Khalid ibn al-Walid Army Liwa al-Aqsa Group of the One and Only Liwa Dawud al-Qaeda and allies Tahrir al-Sham Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria Caucasus Emirate Ajnad al-Kavkaz Junud al-Makhdi Malhama Tactical Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan People Ammar Abdulhamid Ali al-Abdallah Adnan al-Aroor al-Assad family Bashar Maher Rifaat Rami Makhlouf Hafez Makhlouf Riad al-Asaad Anwar al-Bunni Fahd Jassem al-Freij Suheil al-Hassan Haitham al-Maleh Moaz al-Khatib Kamal al-Labwani Hamza al-Khateeb Tal al-Mallohi Fida al-Sayed Riad al-Turk Khaled Khoja Ammar al-Qurabi Suheir Atassi Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni Aref Dalila Farid Ghadry Burhan Ghalioun Razan Ghazzawi Ghassan Hitto Salim Idris Randa Kassis Abdul Halim Khaddam Michel Kilo Bassma Kodmani Ali Habib Mahmud Ali Mahmoud Othman Ibrahim Qashoush Dawoud Rajiha Yassin al-Haj Saleh Bouthaina Shaaban Abdulbaset Sieda Riad Seif Fadwa Souleimane Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid Yaser Tabbara Razan Zaitouneh Rami Jarrah Abdurrahman Mustafa Fadlallah al-Haji RelatedElections 2011 local elections 2012 parliamentary election 2014 presidential election 2015 Northern local elections 2016 parliamentary election 2017 Northern local elections 2017 Northern regional elections 2018 local elections 2020 parliamentary election 2021 presidential election Issues Casualties Cities and towns Chemical weapons Damaged heritage sites Foreign involvement Human rights violations Humanitarian aid International demonstrations and protests International reactions Massacres Refugees Sectarianism and minorities Status of the Golan Heights Spillover in Lebanon Syrian government reactions Peace process Arab League monitors Friends of Syria Group Kofi Annan peace plan UN supervision mission Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan U.S.–Russia peace proposals 39th G8 summit UN Security Council Resolution 2118 Geneva II conference 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement Vienna talks 2016 Geneva talks Idlib demilitarization (2018–present) First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Syrian Constitutional Committee War crimes trials Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany Related topics Exclusive mandate Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference International recognition of the Syrian National Council Syria Files Syrian detainee report Syrian media coverage 2015 European migrant crisis Syrian civil war in popular culture Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)"},{"link_name":"2012–13 escalation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_escalation_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rebels_with_captured_T-55_at_Anadan_checkpoint.png"},{"link_name":"T-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-55"},{"link_name":"Anadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadan"},{"link_name":"Aleppo Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Free Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"Syrian Arab Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic"},{"link_name":"Syrian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fled-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fled-1"},{"link_name":"Conquest Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolling20128,_9-2"},{"link_name":"Al-Tawhid Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tawhid_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolling20128-3"},{"link_name":"Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"BMP-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenews1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenews1-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news3-7"},{"link_name":"main battle tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolling20129-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"APCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolling20129-9"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2012_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2013_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2014_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2015_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2016_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Anadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Menagh Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Base 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46"},{"link_name":"Safira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Safira"},{"link_name":"Khan al-Assal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre"},{"link_name":"SAA offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)"},{"link_name":"Canopus Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Canopus_Star"},{"link_name":"Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rainbow_(Syrian_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Rebel offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July_2015)"},{"link_name":"Kuweires offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuweires_offensive_(2015)"},{"link_name":"SAA offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)"},{"link_name":"Northern offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)"},{"link_name":"Southern offensives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign"},{"link_name":"Aleppo bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_bombings_(April%E2%80%93July_2016)"},{"link_name":"Summer offensives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign"},{"link_name":"1st SAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(June%E2%80%93July_2016)"},{"link_name":"Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2016)"},{"link_name":"2nd SAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(August%E2%80%93September_2016)"},{"link_name":"SAA offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)"},{"link_name":"Rebel offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)"},{"link_name":"Final offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Free Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"Anadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gulf-times1-11"}],"text":"Battle of Anadanمعركة عندانPart of the Battle of Aleppo and the 2012–13 escalation of the Syrian Civil WarRebel fighters with a captured Syrian Army T-55 at the Anadan checkpoint during the battleDate29–30 July 2012LocationAnadan, Aleppo GovernorateResult\nRebel victory\n\nRebels gain control of Anadan checkpointBelligerents\n Free Syrian Army\n Syrian Arab Republic\n\n Syrian Armed ForcesCommanders and leaders\nGen. Abdel Nasser Firzat[1]1st Lt. Rifaat Khalil[1](Muthanna ibn Haritha Battalion)\nUnknownUnits involved\nConquest Brigade\n\nMuthanna ibn Haritha Battalion[2]\nAl-Tawhid Brigade\n\nFree North Battalion[3]\n Syrian Army\n\nInfantry Border Guard Brigade\n111th RegimentStrength\n150 fighters1 BMP-1[4]\n130+ soldiers[5]12 tanks[6]1 helicopter[6]Casualties and losses\n4 killed[7]\n6 killed,[8]25 captured,[5][7]1–2 main battle tanks destroyed and8 captured[9][10]5 APCs captured[9]vteBattle of AleppoCombat operations\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n\n2012\n\nAnadan\nMenagh Air Base\nBase 46\n2013\n\nSafira\nKhan al-Assal\nSAA offensive\nCanopus Star\n2014\n\nRainbow\n2015\n\nRebel offensive\nKuweires offensive\nSAA offensive\n2016\n\nNorthern offensive\nSouthern offensives\nAleppo bombings\nSummer offensives\n1st SAA\nRebel\n2nd SAA\nSAA offensive\nRebel offensive\nFinal offensiveThe Battle of Anadan (Arabic: معركة عندان) was a ten-hour-long armed confrontation between the rebels of the Free Syrian Army and soldiers of the Syrian Army that occurred when FSA forces attempted to overrun a large army checkpoint in the Anadan area.[11] At the end of the battle, FSA fighters successfully seized the checkpoint.","title":"Battle of Anadan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rebels_gather_during_Battle_of_Anadan.png"},{"link_name":"First Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Anadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadan"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Turkish border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fled-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fled-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenews1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"},{"link_name":"BMP-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenews1-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gulf-times1-11"}],"text":"Rebels gather during the battleAt dusk on 29 July, First Lieutenant Rifaat Khali, commander of the Conquest Brigade in the area, mobilized 150 fighters to seize control of the Anadan checkpoint, a strategic location linking the city of Aleppo 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the south with the Turkish border to the north, which the FSA used as a source for supplies. The battle took place concurrently with the first night and day of the Battle of Aleppo itself.[1]FSA fighters surrounded the checkpoint as night fell and began an assault against the garrisoned troops and besieged them. A force of 50 fighters out of an initial 150 fighters took part at first, using RPGs, machine guns, and assault rifles.[1][5] The besieged government soldiers called in artillery strikes from batteries based in Aleppo city, which pounded areas surrounding the checkpoint, striking nearby villages where FSA fighters were located, in a last-ditch effort to force the FSA to disengage, but failed to do so. Three hours after the attack began, a loyalist helicopter arrived and circled the area, but had little effect on the battle. The lack of reinforcements for the government soldiers during the whole ten hours led to speculation that the Syrian army was under significant military pressure in other areas of Aleppo.[6]An FSA operated BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicles supported the fighters, as they assaulted the base, firing at least 70 rounds into the checkpoint.[4] After ten hours of fighting, some of the government soldiers were able to break out and flee. At least six of them were killed and 25 others captured. The FSA lost four fighters, and an unknown number were wounded.[5][11]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gulf-times1-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolling20129-9"},{"link_name":"Azaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaz"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"After seizing the checkpoint, FSA fighters retrieved ammunition left behind by the defeated government forces. During the fighting, eight tanks were also captured, between four and seven of which were still operational; the operational ones were intended for use in the Battle of Aleppo.[11][9] At least some of the captured tanks were deployed northwards to Azaz, where they were used to support an attack on a loyalist-held airbase.[12] The rebels, however, pulled back from their attack on the airbase within a day after failing to capture it.[13]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rebel Groups in Northern Aleppo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_RebelGroupsNorthernAleppo.pdf"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Institute for the Study of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Syrian civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Rojava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava"},{"link_name":"Syrian civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Background and causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Syrian peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_peace_process"},{"link_name":"Syrian government reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Belligerents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Inter-rebel conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Spillover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Cities and towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Sectarianism and minorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Casualties of the Syrian civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Refugees of the Syrian 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Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Resistance"},{"link_name":"PFLP-GC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command"},{"link_name":"al-Quds Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds"},{"link_name":"Palestine Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Foreign support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Iranian involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Liwa Fatemiyoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun"},{"link_name":"Russian involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"medical facility 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Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_National_Army"},{"link_name":"Free Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"National Front for Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation"},{"link_name":"Army of Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza"},{"link_name":"Authenticity and Development Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front"},{"link_name":"Army of Free Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Commando Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghaweir_al-Thowra"},{"link_name":"Muslim Brotherhood in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"Grey Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Foreign 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Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"Kurdish National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council"},{"link_name":"Smaller political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava"},{"link_name":"SDF militias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces"},{"link_name":"People's Protection Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units"},{"link_name":"Women's Protection Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units"},{"link_name":"Anti-Terror Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units"},{"link_name":"Al-Sanadid Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces"},{"link_name":"Army of Revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries"},{"link_name":"SDF military councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils"},{"link_name":"Syriac Military Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council"},{"link_name":"Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa"},{"link_name":"Northern Democratic Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Patriotic Union of Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"International Freedom Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Sinjar Resistance Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units"},{"link_name":"Êzîdxan Women's Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units"},{"link_name":"Islamists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"Military activity of ISIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_activity_of_the_Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"Dokumacılar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar"},{"link_name":"Khalid ibn al-Walid Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army"},{"link_name":"Liwa al-Aqsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa"},{"link_name":"Group of the One and Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only"},{"link_name":"Liwa Dawud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_Dawud"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Tahrir al-Sham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham"},{"link_name":"Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"Caucasus Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Ajnad al-Kavkaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz"},{"link_name":"Junud al-Makhdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi"},{"link_name":"Malhama Tactical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malhama_Tactical"},{"link_name":"Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Ammar Abdulhamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Abdallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah"},{"link_name":"Adnan al-Aroor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor"},{"link_name":"al-Assad family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad_family"},{"link_name":"Bashar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maher_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"Rifaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"Rami Makhlouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf"},{"link_name":"Hafez Makhlouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf"},{"link_name":"Riad al-Asaad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad"},{"link_name":"Anwar al-Bunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni"},{"link_name":"Fahd Jassem al-Freij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij"},{"link_name":"Suheil al-Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan"},{"link_name":"Haitham al-Maleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh"},{"link_name":"Moaz al-Khatib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib"},{"link_name":"Kamal al-Labwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani"},{"link_name":"Hamza al-Khateeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb"},{"link_name":"Tal al-Mallohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi"},{"link_name":"Fida al-Sayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed"},{"link_name":"Riad al-Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad_al-Turk"},{"link_name":"Khaled Khoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Khoja"},{"link_name":"Ammar al-Qurabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi"},{"link_name":"Suheir Atassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suheir_Atassi"},{"link_name":"Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni"},{"link_name":"Aref Dalila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aref_Dalila"},{"link_name":"Farid Ghadry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_Ghadry"},{"link_name":"Burhan Ghalioun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun"},{"link_name":"Razan Ghazzawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi"},{"link_name":"Ghassan Hitto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto"},{"link_name":"Salim Idris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Idris"},{"link_name":"Randa Kassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randa_Kassis"},{"link_name":"Abdul Halim Khaddam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam"},{"link_name":"Michel Kilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Kilo"},{"link_name":"Bassma Kodmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani"},{"link_name":"Ali Habib Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud"},{"link_name":"Ali Mahmoud Othman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Qashoush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush"},{"link_name":"Dawoud Rajiha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha"},{"link_name":"Yassin al-Haj Saleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh"},{"link_name":"Bouthaina Shaaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban"},{"link_name":"Abdulbaset Sieda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda"},{"link_name":"Riad Seif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad_Seif"},{"link_name":"Fadwa Souleimane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane"},{"link_name":"Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid"},{"link_name":"Yaser Tabbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara"},{"link_name":"Razan Zaitouneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh"},{"link_name":"Rami Jarrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami_Jarrah"},{"link_name":"Abdurrahman Mustafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa"},{"link_name":"Fadlallah al-Haji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji"},{"link_name":"2011 local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2012 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"2014 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"2015 Northern local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2016 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"2017 Northern local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2017 Northern regional elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"2018 local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2020 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"2021 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Casualties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Cities and towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Chemical weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Damaged heritage sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Foreign involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Human rights violations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Humanitarian aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"International demonstrations and protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"International reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Sectarianism and minorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Status of the Golan Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights"},{"link_name":"Spillover in Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Syrian government reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_peace_process"},{"link_name":"Arab League monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"Friends of Syria Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan peace plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan"},{"link_name":"UN supervision mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan"},{"link_name":"U.S.–Russia peace proposals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria"},{"link_name":"39th G8 summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_G8_summit"},{"link_name":"UN Security Council Resolution 2118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118"},{"link_name":"Geneva II conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria"},{"link_name":"2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement"},{"link_name":"Vienna talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria"},{"link_name":"2016 Geneva talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)"},{"link_name":"Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)"},{"link_name":"First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone"},{"link_name":"Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone"},{"link_name":"Syrian Constitutional Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee"},{"link_name":"Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Exclusive mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_mandate"},{"link_name":"Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference"},{"link_name":"International recognition of the Syrian National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council"},{"link_name":"Syria Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Files"},{"link_name":"Syrian detainee report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report"},{"link_name":"Syrian media coverage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"2015 European migrant crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis"},{"link_name":"Syrian civil war in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Syrian_civil_war"}],"text":"Bolling, Jeffrey (2012). Rebel Groups in Northern Aleppo Province (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of War.vteSyrian civil warOverviewsMain overviews\nSyria\nRojava\nSyrian civil war\nTimeline \nBackground and causes\nSyrian peace process\nSyrian government reactions\nBelligerents \nInter-rebel conflict\nSpillover\nCities and towns \nSectarianism and minorities\nSyrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)\nEffects and ongoing concerns\nCasualties of the Syrian civil war\nRefugees of the Syrian civil war\nHumanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war\nHuman rights violations during the Syrian civil war\nPhases and processes\nSyrian revolution\nEarly insurgency phase\n2012–2013 escalation\nCeasefires\nSyrian peace process\nWorld reaction\nInternational reactions to the Syrian civil war\nForeign involvement in the Syrian civil war\nSpecific groups and countries\nRussian involvement\nRussian intervention\nTurkish involvement\nTurkish occupation of northern Syria\nSecond Northern Syria Buffer Zone\nRussian-Turkish agreement on Syria\nAmerican intervention in the Syrian civil war\n2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria\nKurdish Area in Syria\nSyrian Democratic Forces\nRojava conflict\nU.S. task force\nAgreements and dialogues\nRussian-Turkish agreement on Syria\nRelations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria\nTimelineBackground\n1963 coup\n1966 coup\nCorrective Movement\nIslamist uprising\nLatakia protests\nDamascus Spring\nQamishli riots\nSyrian occupation of Lebanon\nDamascus Declaration\nHuman rights in Syria\n2010s in Syria political history\n2011Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec\nSyrian Revolution\nDeath of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb\nSiege of Daraa\nSiege of Baniyas\nMay Talkalakh siege\nSiege of Rastan and Talbiseh\nJune Jisr ash-Shughur operation\nSiege of Hama\nSiege of Homs\nJabal al-Zawiya operation\nSiege of Latakia\nDeir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)\nRif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)\nBattle of Zabadani\nBattle of Douma\nDaraa Governorate clashes\nBattle of Rastan\nShayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush\nIdlib Governorate clashes\nDecember Jabal al-Zawiya massacres\n2012Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec\nJanuary al-Midan bombing\nBattle of Rastan\nFirst Battle of Idlib\nBattle of al-Qusayr\nIdlib Governorate operation (Apr)\nBattle of Taftanaz\nMay Battle of Rastan\nHoula massacre\nBattle of al-Haffah\nAl-Qubeir massacre\nBattle of Tremseh\nBattle of Damascus\n18 July 2012 Damascus bombing\nBattle of Aleppo\nBattle of Anadan\nSiege of Base 46\nAl-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)\nRif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)\nDarayya massacre\nBattle of Khirbet Al-Joz\nBattle of Maarrat al-Numan\nFirst siege of Wadi Deif\nBattle of Harem\nRif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)\nBattle of Darayya\nAqrab massacre\nHama offensive\nHalfaya massacre\nBattle of Darayya\nQuneitra Governorate clashes\nTalbiseh bakery massacre\n2013Jan–AprMay–Dec\nBattle of Safira\nBattle of Shadadeh\nDamascus offensive\nRaqqa campaign (2012–2013)\nBattle of Raqqa (Mar)\nDaraa offensive\nRif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)\nBattle of Jdaidet al-Fadl\nGhouta chemical attack\nAl-Qusayr offensive\nBattle of al-Qusayr\nBayda and Baniyas massacres\nHama offensive\nHatla massacre\nKhan al-Assal chemical attack\nKhan al-Assal massacre\nAdra massacre\nBattle of Ras al-Ayn\nBattle of Tell Abyad\nRif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)\nAleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)\nBattle of al-Yaarubiyah\nBattle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)\n2014Jan–JulAug–Dec\nFirst Inter-rebel conflict\nBattle of Markada\nDeir ez-Zor offensive\nBattle of Morek\nDaraa offensive (Feb–May)\nMaan massacre\nAl-Otaiba ambush\nIdlib offensive\nBattle of Hosn\nLatakia Offensive\nBattle of Al-Malihah\nKafr Zita chemical attack\nSecond siege of Wadi Deif\nQalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)\nBattle of Arsal\nFirst Battle of the Shaer gas field\nEastern Syria offensive\nBattle of Tabqa Airbase\nNorthern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)\nHama Offensive\nQuneitra offensive\nRif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)\nSiege of Kobanî\nHoms school bombing\nDaraa offensive (Oct)\nAl-Safira offensive\nIdlib Raid\nSecond Inter-Rebel Conflict\nSecond Battle of the Shaer gas field\nBattle of Al-Shaykh Maskin\nDeir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)\n2015Jan–JulAug–Dec\nAir Force An-26 crash\nDaraa Offensive (Jan)\nSouthern Syria Offensive\nEastern al-Hasakah offensive\nBattle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)\nBattle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)\nBattle of Bosra\nIdlib Offensive\nSecond Battle of Idlib\nBattle of Nasib Border Crossing\nBattle of Yarmouk Camp\nWestern al-Hasakah offensive\nPalmyra offensive (May)\nQamishli bombings\nTell Abyad offensive\nKobanî massacre\nQuneitra offensive (Jun)\nPalmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)\nRif Dimashq offensive (Sep)\nNorthwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)\nAleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)\nAl-Hawl offensive\nHoms offensive (Nov-Dec)\nEast Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)\n2015–2016 Latakia offensive\nTishrin Dam offensive\nRussian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown\n2016Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec\nSecond Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin\nDeir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)\nJanuary Sayyidah Zaynab bombings\nNorthern Aleppo offensive (Feb)\nIthriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)\nAl-Shaddadi offensive\nFebruary Homs bombings\nFebruary Sayyidah Zaynab bombings\nKhanasir offensive\nBattle of Tel Abyad\nBattle of Maarrat al-Numan\nBattle of Qamishli (Apr)\nNorthern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)\nPalmyra offensive (Mar)\nEast Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)\nRif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)\nNorthern Raqqa offensive (May)\nMay Jableh & Tartous bombings\nIthriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)\nRif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)\nManbij offensive\nTokhar massacre\nSouthern Aleppo campaign\nBattle of al-Rai (Aug)\nOperation Euphrates Shield\nAleppo summer campaign\nWestern al-Bab offensive (Sep)\n5 September bombings\nSeptember Deir ez-Zor air raid\nSeptember Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack\nAleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)\nDabiq offensive\nWestern al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)\nKhan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)\nRaqqa campaign\nBattle of al-Bab\nAleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)\nPalmyra offensive (Dec)\n2017Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec\nWadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)\nJanuary Azaz bombing\nDesert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)\nIdlib clashes (Jan–Mar)\nDeir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)\nDaraa offensive (Feb–Jun)\nSouthwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)\nQaboun offensive\nPalmyra offensive\nEast Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)\nMarch Damascus bombings\nAl-Jinah airstrike\nHama offensive (Mar–Apr)\nBattle of Tabqa\nKhan Shaykhun chemical attack\nShayrat missile strike\nAleppo bombing\nApril Turkish airstrikes\nEast Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)\nDesert campaign (May–Jul)\nMaskanah Plains offensive\nEast Hama offensive\nBattle of Raqqa\nDaraa offensive (Jun)\nSouthern Raqqa offensive (Jun)\nJobar offensive (Jun–Aug)\nQuneitra offensive (Jun)\nIdlib clashes (Jul)\nCentral campaign\nQalamoun (Jul–Aug)\nDeir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)\nHama offensive (Sep)\nNorthwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)\nTurkish military operation in Idlib Governorate\nBattle of Harasta\nEastern campaign (Sep–Dec)\nEuphrates Crossing offensive\nMayadin offensive\nBattle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)\nAbu Kamal offensive\nBeit Jinn offensive\n2018Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec\nOperation Olive Branch\nBattle of Khasham\nRif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)\nSouthern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)\nSyrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict\nSouthern Damascus offensive (Mar)\nDouma chemical attack\nMissile strikes (Apr)\nNorthern Homs offensive (Apr–May)\nEastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)\nSouthern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)\nDeir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)\nDeir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)\nAs-Suwayda offensive (Jun)\nSouthern offensive\nAs-Suwayda attacks\nAs-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)\nQamishli clashes (Sep)\nMissile strikes (Sep)\nNorthern border clashes\n2019Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec\nIdlib inter-rebel conflict\nManbij bombing\nBattle of Baghuz Fawqani\nISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor\nDêrik prison escape attempt\nTell Rifaat clashes\nNorthwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)\nJune bombings\nHass refugee camp bombing\nMissile strikes (Aug)\nTurkish offensive into northeast\nBarisha raid\nNovember bombings\nIsraeli missile strikes (Nov)\nQah missile strike\nNorthwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)\nUS airstrikes\n2020Jan–Dec\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nAfrin bombing\nIdlib Governorate clashes\nKafr-Takharim airstrike\nAyn Issa clashes\nDeir ez-Zor ambush\n2021Jan–Dec\nSiege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah\nMissile strikes (Jan)\nUS airstrike (Feb)\nBattle of Qamishli (Apr)\nUS airstrike (Jun)\nDaraa clashes\nTahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict\n2022Jan–Dec\nBattle of al-Hasakah\nAhrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes\nJabal al-Bishrī clashes\nJarqli airstrikes\nNorthern Aleppo clashes (Oct)\nOperation Claw-Sword\nNorthwest clashes (Dec)\n2023Jan-Dec\nAl-Sukhnah attack\nDamascus airstrike\nHama attack\nNorthern border clashes\nSpilloverIsrael and Golan Heights:\nMarch 2017 incident\nFebruary 2018 incident\nMay 2018 Israel–Iran incidents\nIraq:\nAkashat ambush\nOperation al-Shabah\nApril 2014 Iraqi border airstrike\nJordanian border incidents\nApril 2014 Jordanian border airstrike\nLebanon:\nLebanese border clashes\nBattle of Sidon\nIranian embassy bombing in Beirut\nNorth Lebanon clashes\nQalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)\nTurkey:\nDecember 2011 Turkish border clash\n2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown\n2012 Turkish border clashes\n2013 Reyhanlı car bombings\nJanuary 2014 Turkish attack in Syria\nAssassination of Andrei Karlov\nRussian Air Force Al-Bab incident\n2020 Balyun airstrikes\nOperation Spring Shield\nElsewhere:\nDeir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)\nBelligerentsSyriaPolitics of Syria\nArab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region\nSyrian Social Nationalist Party\nArab Socialist Movement\nSyrian Communist Party\nMilitary and militias\nSyrian Armed Forces\nSyrian Resistance\nPFLP-GC\nal-Quds Brigade\nPalestine Liberation Army\nForeign support\nHezbollah involvement\nIranian involvement\nLiwa Fatemiyoun\nRussian involvement\nmedical facility targeting\nmilitary intervention\nWagner Group\nRussia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition\nPopular Mobilization Forces\nOppositionInterim government\nNational Coalition\nLocal Coordination Committees\nSyrian National Council\nSupreme Council of the Syrian Revolution\nNational Coordination Committee for Democratic Change\nSyrian Revolution General Commission\nSyrian Support Group\nAdopt a Revolution\nSyrian Patriotic Group\nOpposition militias\nSyrian National Army\nFree Syrian Army\nNational Front for Liberation\nArmy of Glory\nAuthenticity and Development Front\nArmy of Free Tribes\nRevolutionary Commando Army\nMuslim Brotherhood in Syria\nGrey Wolves\nForeign support\nAmerican-led intervention\nJordanian intervention\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nTurkey\nAutonomous Administrationof North and East SyriaDFNS Government\nDemocratic Union Party\nKurdish National Council\nSmaller political parties\nSDF militias\nPeople's Protection Units\nWomen's Protection Units\nAnti-Terror Units\nAl-Sanadid Forces\nArmy of Revolutionaries\nSDF military councils\nSyriac Military Council\nLiwa Thuwar al-Raqqa\nNorthern Democratic Brigade\nSupport\nPatriotic Union of Kurdistan\nKurdistan Workers' Party\nInternational Freedom Battalion\nSinjar Resistance Units\nÊzîdxan Women's Units\nIslamistsIslamic State\nMilitary activity of ISIL\nDokumacılar\nKhalid ibn al-Walid Army\nLiwa al-Aqsa\nGroup of the One and Only\nLiwa Dawud\nal-Qaeda and allies\nTahrir al-Sham\nTurkistan Islamic Party in Syria\nCaucasus Emirate\nAjnad al-Kavkaz\nJunud al-Makhdi\nMalhama Tactical\nAnsar al-Islam in Kurdistan\nPeople\nAmmar Abdulhamid\nAli al-Abdallah\nAdnan al-Aroor\nal-Assad family\nBashar\nMaher\nRifaat\nRami Makhlouf\nHafez Makhlouf\nRiad al-Asaad\nAnwar al-Bunni\nFahd Jassem al-Freij\nSuheil al-Hassan\nHaitham al-Maleh\nMoaz al-Khatib\nKamal al-Labwani\nHamza al-Khateeb\nTal al-Mallohi\nFida al-Sayed\nRiad al-Turk\nKhaled Khoja\nAmmar al-Qurabi\nSuheir Atassi\nAli Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni\nAref Dalila\nFarid Ghadry\nBurhan Ghalioun\nRazan Ghazzawi\nGhassan Hitto\nSalim Idris\nRanda Kassis\nAbdul Halim Khaddam\nMichel Kilo\nBassma Kodmani\nAli Habib Mahmud\nAli Mahmoud Othman\nIbrahim Qashoush\nDawoud Rajiha\nYassin al-Haj Saleh\nBouthaina Shaaban\nAbdulbaset Sieda\nRiad Seif\nFadwa Souleimane\nMohamad Anas Haitham Soueid\nYaser Tabbara\nRazan Zaitouneh\nRami Jarrah\nAbdurrahman Mustafa\nFadlallah al-Haji\nRelatedElections\n2011 local elections\n2012 parliamentary election\n2014 presidential election\n2015 Northern local elections\n2016 parliamentary election\n2017 Northern local elections\n2017 Northern regional elections\n2018 local elections\n2020 parliamentary election\n2021 presidential election\nIssues\nCasualties\nCities and towns\nChemical weapons\nDamaged heritage sites\nForeign involvement\nHuman rights violations\nHumanitarian aid\nInternational demonstrations and protests\nInternational reactions\nMassacres\nRefugees\nSectarianism and minorities\nStatus of the Golan Heights\nSpillover in Lebanon\nSyrian government reactions\nPeace process\nArab League monitors\nFriends of Syria Group\nKofi Annan peace plan\nUN supervision mission\nLakhdar Brahimi peace plan\nU.S.–Russia peace proposals\n39th G8 summit\nUN Security Council Resolution 2118\nGeneva II conference\n2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement\nVienna talks\n2016 Geneva talks\nIdlib demilitarization (2018–present)\nFirst Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal\nSecond Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal\nSyrian Constitutional Committee\nWar crimes trials\nUniversal jurisdiction trials in Germany\nRelated topics\nExclusive mandate\nFourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference\nInternational recognition of the Syrian National Council\nSyria Files\nSyrian detainee report\nSyrian media coverage\n2015 European migrant crisis\nSyrian civil war in popular culture\n\n Category","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Rebels gather during the battle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rebels_gather_during_Battle_of_Anadan.png/250px-Rebels_gather_during_Battle_of_Anadan.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Syrian Soldiers 'Fled Like Rats': Rebels\". TOLO News. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tolonews.com/world/syrian-soldiers-fled-rats-rebels","url_text":"\"Syrian Soldiers 'Fled Like Rats': Rebels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOLO_(TV_channel)","url_text":"TOLO News"}]},{"reference":"\"Syria: Rebels Plan Own Assault On Aleppo\". Sky News. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sky.com/story/966624/syria-rebels-plan-own-assault-on-aleppo","url_text":"\"Syria: Rebels Plan Own Assault On Aleppo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Syria rebels seize strategic checkpoint - thenews.com.pk\". The News International, Pakistan. 30 July 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120730114043/http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-61251-Syria-rebels-seize-strategic-checkpoint","url_text":"\"Syria rebels seize strategic checkpoint - thenews.com.pk\""},{"url":"http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-61251-Syria-rebels-seize-strategic-checkpoint","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CNN inside Syria: Firefight for control of army base – This Just In - CNN.com Blogs\". Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171019114438/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/31/cnn-inside-syria-firefight-for-control-of-army-base/","url_text":"\"CNN inside Syria: Firefight for control of army base – This Just In - CNN.com Blogs\""},{"url":"http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/31/cnn-inside-syria-firefight-for-control-of-army-base/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bashar soldiers 'fled like rats': rebels \| News24\". News24. 30 July 2012. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171019114927/http://www.news24.com/World/News/Bashar-soldiers-fled-like-rats-rebels-20120730","url_text":"\"Bashar soldiers 'fled like rats': rebels \| News24\""},{"url":"http://www.news24.com/World/News/Bashar-soldiers-fled-like-rats-rebels-20120730","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FSA seizes checkpoint between Aleppo, Turkey as France to seek U.N. meeting\". English.alarabiya.net. Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2015-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160203170425/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/30/229245.html","url_text":"\"FSA seizes checkpoint between Aleppo, Turkey as France to seek U.N. meeting\""},{"url":"http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/30/229245.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian rebels seize strategic checkpoint between Aleppo and Turkey, according to rebel officer\". Al Jazeera Blogs. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/syrian-rebels-seize-strategic-checkpoint-between-aleppo-and-turkey-according-rebel","url_text":"\"Syrian rebels seize strategic checkpoint between Aleppo and Turkey, according to rebel officer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian troops 'fled like rats' in checkpoint fight\". Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120801035226/http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=522265&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17","url_text":"\"Syrian troops 'fled like rats' in checkpoint fight\""},{"url":"http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=522265&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian rebels push to grab territory outside Aleppo - CNN.com\". CNN. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/30/world/meast/syria-unrest/","url_text":"\"Syrian rebels push to grab territory outside Aleppo - CNN.com\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew Weaver (3 August 2012). \"Syria crisis: rows and more violence after Kofi Annan resigns - live updates\". the Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/aug/03/syria-conflict-annan-live","url_text":"\"Syria crisis: rows and more violence after Kofi Annan resigns - live updates\""}]},{"reference":"Bolling, Jeffrey (2012). Rebel Groups in Northern Aleppo Province (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of War.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_RebelGroupsNorthernAleppo.pdf","url_text":"Rebel Groups in Northern Aleppo Province"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.","url_text":"Washington, D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War","url_text":"Institute for the Study of War"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.tolonews.com/world/syrian-soldiers-fled-rats-rebels","external_links_name":"\"Syrian Soldiers 'Fled Like Rats': Rebels\""},{"Link":"http://news.sky.com/story/966624/syria-rebels-plan-own-assault-on-aleppo","external_links_name":"\"Syria: Rebels Plan Own Assault On Aleppo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120730114043/http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-61251-Syria-rebels-seize-strategic-checkpoint","external_links_name":"\"Syria rebels seize strategic checkpoint - thenews.com.pk\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-61251-Syria-rebels-seize-strategic-checkpoint","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171019114438/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/31/cnn-inside-syria-firefight-for-control-of-army-base/","external_links_name":"\"CNN inside Syria: Firefight for control of army base – This Just In - CNN.com Blogs\""},{"Link":"http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/31/cnn-inside-syria-firefight-for-control-of-army-base/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171019114927/http://www.news24.com/World/News/Bashar-soldiers-fled-like-rats-rebels-20120730","external_links_name":"\"Bashar soldiers 'fled like rats': rebels \| News24\""},{"Link":"http://www.news24.com/World/News/Bashar-soldiers-fled-like-rats-rebels-20120730","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160203170425/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/30/229245.html","external_links_name":"\"FSA seizes checkpoint between Aleppo, Turkey as France to seek U.N. meeting\""},{"Link":"http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/30/229245.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/syrian-rebels-seize-strategic-checkpoint-between-aleppo-and-turkey-according-rebel","external_links_name":"\"Syrian rebels seize strategic checkpoint between Aleppo and Turkey, according to rebel officer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120801035226/http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=522265&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17","external_links_name":"\"Syrian troops 'fled like rats' in checkpoint fight\""},{"Link":"http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=522265&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/30/world/meast/syria-unrest/","external_links_name":"\"Syrian rebels push to grab territory outside Aleppo - CNN.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/aug/03/syria-conflict-annan-live","external_links_name":"\"Syria crisis: rows and more violence after Kofi Annan resigns - live updates\""},{"Link":"http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_RebelGroupsNorthernAleppo.pdf","external_links_name":"Rebel Groups in Northern Aleppo Province"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annali_di_Matematica_Pura_ed_Applicata	Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata	["1 Abstracting and indexing","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]	Not to be confused with Annales de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Academic journalAnnali di Matematica Pura ed ApplicataDisciplineMathematicsLanguageEnglishEdited byGraziano GentiliPublication detailsFormer name(s)Annali di Scienze Matematiche e FisicheHistory1850–presentPublisherSpringer Science+Business Media (Italy)FrequencyBimonthlyOpen accessHybridImpact factor0.969 (2020)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Ann. Mat. Pura Appl.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusCODENANLMAEISSN0373-3114 (print)1618-1891 (web)LCCNsf97001020OCLC no.47976464Links Journal homepage Online archive The Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata (Annals of Pure and Applied Mathematics) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of pure and applied mathematics. The journal was established in 1850 under the title of Annali di scienze matematiche e fisiche (Annals of Mathematics and Physics), and changed to its current title in 1858: it was the first Italian periodical devoted to mathematics and written in Italian. The founding editors-in-chief were Barnaba Tortolini and Francesco Brioschi. It is currently published by Springer Science+Business Media and the editor-in-chief is Graziano Gentili (University of Florence). Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: Science Citation Index Expanded Scopus Zentralblatt MATH Academic OneFile Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences INIS Atomindex International Bibliography of Periodical Literature Mathematical Reviews Referativny Zhurnal According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 0.969. Notes ^ Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Library of Congress. OCLC 01481351. Retrieved 2014-06-17. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ a b (Bacciotti 1998, p. 308). ^ "Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2021. References Bacciotti, Andrea (1998), "Periodici di matematica italiani: passato e futuro" , Bollettino dell'Unione Matematica Italiana. Sezione A. La Matematica nella Società e nella Cultura, Serie VII (in Italian), 1-A (3): 307–315, MR 1719425. External links Official website This article about a mathematics journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annales de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_de_Math%C3%A9matiques_Pures_et_Appliqu%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed"},{"link_name":"scientific journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"pure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics"},{"link_name":"applied mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bacciotti.308-2"},{"link_name":"Barnaba Tortolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaba_Tortolini"},{"link_name":"Francesco Brioschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Brioschi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bacciotti.308-2"},{"link_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"University of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florence"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Annales de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées.Academic journalThe Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata (Annals of Pure and Applied Mathematics) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of pure and applied mathematics. The journal was established in 1850 under the title of Annali di scienze matematiche e fisiche (Annals of Mathematics and Physics), and changed to its current title in 1858:[1] it was the first Italian periodical devoted to mathematics and written in Italian.[2] The founding editors-in-chief were Barnaba Tortolini and Francesco Brioschi.[2]\nIt is currently published by Springer Science+Business Media and the editor-in-chief is Graziano Gentili (University of Florence).","title":"Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Science Citation Index Expanded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Citation_Index_Expanded"},{"link_name":"Scopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopus"},{"link_name":"Zentralblatt MATH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH"},{"link_name":"Academic OneFile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_OneFile"},{"link_name":"Current Contents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Contents"},{"link_name":"INIS Atomindex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INIS_Atomindex"},{"link_name":"International Bibliography of Periodical Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bibliography_of_Periodical_Literature"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Reviews"},{"link_name":"Referativny Zhurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referativny_Zhurnal"},{"link_name":"Journal Citation Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports"},{"link_name":"impact factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoS-3"}],"text":"The journal is abstracted and indexed in:Science Citation Index Expanded\nScopus\nZentralblatt MATH\nAcademic OneFile\nCurrent Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences\nINIS Atomindex\nInternational Bibliography of Periodical Literature\nMathematical Reviews\nReferativny ZhurnalAccording to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 0.969.[3]","title":"Abstracting and indexing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LC_1-0"},{"link_name":"Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lccn.loc.gov/sf97001020"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"01481351","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/01481351"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bacciotti.308_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bacciotti.308_2-1"},{"link_name":"Bacciotti 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBacciotti1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WoS_3-0"},{"link_name":"2020 Journal Citation Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports"},{"link_name":"Web of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Thomson Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters"}],"text":"^ Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Library of Congress. OCLC 01481351. Retrieved 2014-06-17. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)\n\n^ a b (Bacciotti 1998, p. 308).\n\n^ \"Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata\". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2021.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Library of Congress. OCLC 01481351. Retrieved 2014-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://lccn.loc.gov/sf97001020","url_text":"Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/01481351","url_text":"01481351"}]},{"reference":"\"Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata\". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports","url_text":"2020 Journal Citation Reports"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_Science","url_text":"Web of Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters","url_text":"Thomson Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Bacciotti, Andrea (1998), \"Periodici di matematica italiani: passato e futuro\" [Italian mathematics periodicals: past and future], Bollettino dell'Unione Matematica Italiana. Sezione A. La Matematica nella Società e nella Cultura, Serie VII (in Italian), 1-A (3): 307–315, MR 1719425","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bdim.eu/item?id=BUMI_1998_8_1A_3_307_0","url_text":"\"Periodici di matematica italiani: passato e futuro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bollettino_dell%27Unione_Matematica_Italiana&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Bollettino dell'Unione Matematica Italiana. Sezione A. 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