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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Cause
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Douglas Cause
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["1 Background","2 Litigation","3 Aftermath","4 In popular culture and literature","5 References"]
|
Print commemorating the victory of Archibald Douglas in the House of Lords. A portrait of Douglas appears in the medallion, supported on a plinth by a figure of Justice. The plinth bears two medallion portraits of the Lords Mansfield and Camden, who were judges in the case. At the foot of the plinth, trampled underfoot, lies the figure of Deceit, holding a mask.
The Douglas Cause was a cause célèbre and legal struggle contested in Great Britain during the 1760s. The main parties were Archibald Douglas (1748–1827) and James Douglas-Hamilton, 7th Duke of Hamilton (1755–1769). The affair gripped the nation, leading to death threats and rioting.
Background
Archibald Douglas, 3rd Marquess and 1st Duke of Douglas (1694–1761) had been raised to the dukedom by Queen Anne in 1703 at the age of nine in order to secure the loyalty of the powerful Clan Douglas to her new regime. The duke was virtually illiterate and took no part in the affairs of the nation. He lived largely as a recluse and may have suffered from insanity.
The duke remained unmarried until late in life and had no issue. His sister Lady Jane Douglas (1698–1753) was his putative heir. In the event of her remaining childless, most of the duke’s fortune along with a string of titles and ancient honours would pass to his kinsmen, the Dukes of Hamilton, who were descended in the male line from William Douglas, 1st Marquess of Douglas.
Until 1748, all looked set fair for the Hamiltons. The duke was unmarried, and although in 1746 Lady Jane had secretly married the unsuitable Colonel John Stewart, a penniless soldier of fortune, she was by then aged 48, and Colonel Stewart (described by the duke as a 'wore-out old rake') was 60. The marriage seemed unlikely to produce children.
Following their marriage, Colonel and Lady Jane Stewart travelled to the Continent to escape their creditors under the assumed name of "Gray". Two years later in the summer of 1748, Lady Jane admitted the marriage and gave out that she was heavily pregnant. It was subsequently reported that on 10 July at the house of Madame Le Brun in Faubourg Saint-Germain in Paris, she had given birth to twin sons – Archibald and Sholto. Lady Jane was 50 years old.
Encouraged by the Hamiltons, the duke refused to recognise the boys as his sister’s children and his heirs. He cut off her allowance and when the couple returned to Britain in 1751, Stewart was imprisoned for debt. Lady Jane and her son Sholto both died in 1753, and the young Archibald ended up in the care of his kinsman, Charles Douglas, 3rd Duke of Queensberry, who saw to his education.
In 1758, to general astonishment, the Duke of Douglas, then aged 63, married Margaret Douglas, a middle-aged distant relative. The Duchess of Douglas made it the main business of her remaining lifetime to redress the wrong done to Lady Jane. She prevailed upon the duke to investigate the circumstances of the case for himself, which he did at much expense and pains. In the end he was satisfied, expressed passionate remorse and revoked the existing entail of his estates, settling them upon Archibald Stewart in July 1761. Ten days later, the duke died.
While the Dukedom of Douglas expired along with the duke, the Marquessate of Douglas and the ancient Earldom of Angus devolved upon his nearest heir male, the six-year old James Douglas-Hamilton, 7th Duke of Hamilton. However, the duke’s castles, properties and extensive lands in eight Scottish counties, passed to Archibald Stewart, then 13 years old. Stewart legally changed his surname to Douglas and duly entered into his inheritance, worth the remarkable sum of £12,000 per annum (the equivalent value of over £2.6 million in 2021).
Litigation
Douglas Castle, part of the inheritance contested between the parties.
With so much at stake, it was unsurprising that the Hamiltons contested the settlement. They dispatched Andrew Stuart of Torrance, a 'shady investigator', to Paris to investigate. He came back with the information that Archibald Douglas had been born ‘Jacques Louis Mignon’, the son of a glass worker, and had been kidnapped in July 1748 by ‘a lady, a gentleman and their maid’. He further claimed that the deceased Sholto Stewart was the son of ‘Sanry the Rope Dancer’, who had vanished in similar circumstances. Stuart also reported that witnesses to Lady Jane’s pregnancy could not be found, and that the couple had not stayed where they said they had.
In 1762, the Hamiltons launched an action in the Court of Session in Edinburgh claiming that Archibald Douglas’s identity had been fabricated and that he had no legal right to the Douglas inheritance. By 1767, each side had published memorials – 1,000 page statements of case, which incorporated letters, documents, witness reports, affidavits and citations of Scots and French law. A total of 24 lawyers read speeches to the 15 judges before whom the case was heard. The hearings lasted 21 days, making it the longest ever pleading before the Court of Session. For the legal profession, the case was a bonanza, eventually racking up costs estimated at £100,000.
There was immense public interest in the case throughout Europe, and everyone held an opinion. David Hume, Adam Smith and Dr Johnson all supported Hamilton. Johnson’s biographer, James Boswell, disagreed and became a propagandist for Douglas, producing more than twenty articles and three books on the subject. The Edinburgh populace were also firmly on the side of Douglas, no doubt resentful at the prospect of Hamilton acquiring a second ducal fortune.
On 14 July 1767, the court gave its opinion. The lords of session were split down the middle, seven in favour of Hamilton and seven for Douglas. The Lord President, Robert Dundas, gave his casting vote in favour of Hamilton. As one contemporary observer, lawyer Robert Stewart wrote, ‘poor Douglas lost his cause yesterday by the president’s casting vote, leaving him without father or mother, sister or brother or any relation on Earth for the evidence on which he is condemned does not give him in law other parents’. The court's judgement was so unpopular that the president's life was threatened.
Douglas’s lawyers immediately launched an appeal to the House of Lords in London. The case opened in January 1769 and lasted more than a month. A reputed £100,000 worth of bets were waged on the outcome. During its progress, the Hamiltons’ investigator, Andrew Stuart, challenged one of Douglas’s lawyers Edward Thurlow to a duel for calling him a liar. Pistols were fired but both missed. The verdict, when it was finally delivered in February 1769, was unanimously in favour of Archibald Douglas.
Edinburgh went wild with joy. Mobs smashed the windows of the lords of session who had opposed Douglas, and plundered the Hamilton apartments in Holyroodhouse. For two days it was dangerous for opponents of Archibald Douglas to be in Edinburgh, and the military had to be called out to restore calm.
Aftermath
Six years after the decision in 1775, Andrew Stuart published Letters to the Right Honourable Lord Mansfield. In these epistles, Stuart assailed the Earl of Mansfield, a judge in the case who had supported the claims of Douglas, for his want of impartiality. The force and eloquence of Stuart’s writing was compared at the time to that of Junius.
Archibald Douglas became one of the richest magnates in Scotland, but memories of the scandal lingered about him. It is noteworthy that he was not immediately ennobled as a high ranking peer, as might have been expected for someone of his wealth and family influence. It was not until 1790 that he was raised to the lowest rank of the peerage of Great Britain as Baron Douglas of Douglas.
In popular culture and literature
The scandal was the subject of a book by Percy FitzGerald entitled Lady Jean, The Romance of the Great Douglas Cause, published by Fisher Unwin in 1904. The events of the case are recounted in the 1971 play The Douglas Cause by William Douglas Home. Home was himself a direct descendant of Archibald Douglas.
References
^ a b c d e f g h "The Scotland Magazine, Issue 50, April 2010". Retrieved 1 May 2017.
^ a b c d Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1888). "Douglas, Archibald (1694-1761)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 15. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ a b c d Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1888). "Douglas, Jane" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 15. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ a b c d e f Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1888). "Douglas, Archibald James Edward" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 15. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1898). "Thurlow, Edward (1731-1806)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 56. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1898). "Stuart, Andrew" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Douglas_Cause.jpg"},{"link_name":"cause célèbre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Archibald Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_1st_Baron_Douglas"},{"link_name":"James Douglas-Hamilton, 7th Duke of Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton,_7th_Duke_of_Hamilton"}],"text":"Print commemorating the victory of Archibald Douglas in the House of Lords. A portrait of Douglas appears in the medallion, supported on a plinth by a figure of Justice. The plinth bears two medallion portraits of the Lords Mansfield and Camden, who were judges in the case. At the foot of the plinth, trampled underfoot, lies the figure of Deceit, holding a mask.The Douglas Cause was a cause célèbre and legal struggle contested in Great Britain during the 1760s. The main parties were Archibald Douglas (1748–1827) and James Douglas-Hamilton, 7th Duke of Hamilton (1755–1769). The affair gripped the nation, leading to death threats and rioting.","title":"Douglas Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archibald Douglas, 3rd Marquess and 1st Duke of Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_1st_Duke_of_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Clan Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotland_Magazine-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB1-2"},{"link_name":"Lady Jane Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jane_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB2-3"},{"link_name":"William Douglas, 1st Marquess of Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas,_1st_Marquess_of_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Colonel John Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummond-Stewart_baronets"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB2-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB2-3"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB2-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB1-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Douglas, 3rd Duke of Queensberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Douglas,_3rd_Duke_of_Queensberry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB3-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB1-2"},{"link_name":"Earldom of Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Angus"},{"link_name":"heir male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_male"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotland_Magazine-1"}],"text":"Archibald Douglas, 3rd Marquess and 1st Duke of Douglas (1694–1761) had been raised to the dukedom by Queen Anne in 1703 at the age of nine in order to secure the loyalty of the powerful Clan Douglas to her new regime.[1] The duke was virtually illiterate and took no part in the affairs of the nation. He lived largely as a recluse and may have suffered from insanity.[2]The duke remained unmarried until late in life and had no issue. His sister Lady Jane Douglas (1698–1753) was his putative heir.[3] In the event of her remaining childless, most of the duke’s fortune along with a string of titles and ancient honours would pass to his kinsmen, the Dukes of Hamilton, who were descended in the male line from William Douglas, 1st Marquess of Douglas.Until 1748, all looked set fair for the Hamiltons. The duke was unmarried, and although in 1746 Lady Jane had secretly married the unsuitable Colonel John Stewart, a penniless soldier of fortune,[3] she was by then aged 48, and Colonel Stewart (described by the duke as a 'wore-out old rake')[citation needed] was 60. The marriage seemed unlikely to produce children.Following their marriage, Colonel and Lady Jane Stewart travelled to the Continent to escape their creditors under the assumed name of \"Gray\".[3] Two years later in the summer of 1748, Lady Jane admitted the marriage and gave out that she was heavily pregnant. It was subsequently reported that on 10 July at the house of Madame Le Brun in Faubourg Saint-Germain in Paris, she had given birth to twin sons – Archibald and Sholto.[3] Lady Jane was 50 years old.Encouraged by the Hamiltons, the duke refused to recognise the boys as his sister’s children and his heirs.[2] He cut off her allowance and when the couple returned to Britain in 1751, Stewart was imprisoned for debt. Lady Jane and her son Sholto both died in 1753, and the young Archibald ended up in the care of his kinsman, Charles Douglas, 3rd Duke of Queensberry, who saw to his education.[4]In 1758, to general astonishment, the Duke of Douglas, then aged 63, married Margaret Douglas, a middle-aged distant relative. The Duchess of Douglas made it the main business of her remaining lifetime to redress the wrong done to Lady Jane.[2] She prevailed upon the duke to investigate the circumstances of the case for himself, which he did at much expense and pains. In the end he was satisfied, expressed passionate remorse[2] and revoked the existing entail of his estates, settling them upon Archibald Stewart in July 1761. Ten days later, the duke died.While the Dukedom of Douglas expired along with the duke, the Marquessate of Douglas and the ancient Earldom of Angus devolved upon his nearest heir male, the six-year old James Douglas-Hamilton, 7th Duke of Hamilton. However, the duke’s castles, properties and extensive lands in eight Scottish counties, passed to Archibald Stewart, then 13 years old. Stewart legally changed his surname to Douglas and duly entered into his inheritance, worth the remarkable sum of £12,000 per annum[1] (the equivalent value of over £2.6 million in 2021).","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_Castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Douglas Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Castle"},{"link_name":"Andrew Stuart of Torrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stuart_(1725%E2%80%931801)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotland_Magazine-1"},{"link_name":"Court of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Session"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB3-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotland_Magazine-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"David Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"Dr Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"James Boswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Boswell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotland_Magazine-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB3-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Dundas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dundas_of_Arniston,_the_younger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotland_Magazine-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB3-4"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotland_Magazine-1"},{"link_name":"Edward Thurlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thurlow,_1st_Baron_Thurlow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Holyroodhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_Palace"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB3-4"}],"text":"Douglas Castle, part of the inheritance contested between the parties.With so much at stake, it was unsurprising that the Hamiltons contested the settlement. They dispatched Andrew Stuart of Torrance, a 'shady investigator', to Paris to investigate. He came back with the information that Archibald Douglas had been born ‘Jacques Louis Mignon’, the son of a glass worker, and had been kidnapped in July 1748 by ‘a lady, a gentleman and their maid’. He further claimed that the deceased Sholto Stewart was the son of ‘Sanry the Rope Dancer’, who had vanished in similar circumstances. Stuart also reported that witnesses to Lady Jane’s pregnancy could not be found, and that the couple had not stayed where they said they had.[1]In 1762, the Hamiltons launched an action in the Court of Session in Edinburgh claiming that Archibald Douglas’s identity had been fabricated and that he had no legal right to the Douglas inheritance.[4] By 1767, each side had published memorials – 1,000 page statements of case, which incorporated letters, documents, witness reports, affidavits and citations of Scots and French law.[1] A total of 24 lawyers read speeches to the 15 judges before whom the case was heard. The hearings lasted 21 days, making it the longest ever pleading before the Court of Session. For the legal profession, the case was a bonanza, eventually racking up costs estimated at £100,000.[citation needed]There was immense public interest in the case throughout Europe, and everyone held an opinion. David Hume, Adam Smith and Dr Johnson all supported Hamilton. Johnson’s biographer, James Boswell, disagreed and became a propagandist for Douglas, producing more than twenty articles and three books on the subject.[1] The Edinburgh populace were also firmly on the side of Douglas, no doubt resentful at the prospect of Hamilton acquiring a second ducal fortune.[4]On 14 July 1767, the court gave its opinion. The lords of session were split down the middle, seven in favour of Hamilton and seven for Douglas. The Lord President, Robert Dundas, gave his casting vote in favour of Hamilton. As one contemporary observer, lawyer Robert Stewart wrote, ‘poor Douglas lost his cause yesterday by the president’s casting vote, leaving him without father or mother, sister or brother or any relation on Earth for the evidence on which he is condemned does not give him in law other parents’.[1] The court's judgement was so unpopular that the president's life was threatened.[4]Douglas’s lawyers immediately launched an appeal to the House of Lords in London. The case opened in January 1769 and lasted more than a month. A reputed £100,000 worth of bets were waged on the outcome.[1] During its progress, the Hamiltons’ investigator, Andrew Stuart, challenged one of Douglas’s lawyers Edward Thurlow to a duel for calling him a liar.[5] Pistols were fired but both missed. The verdict, when it was finally delivered in February 1769, was unanimously in favour of Archibald Douglas.Edinburgh went wild with joy. Mobs smashed the windows of the lords of session who had opposed Douglas, and plundered the Hamilton apartments in Holyroodhouse. For two days it was dangerous for opponents of Archibald Douglas to be in Edinburgh, and the military had to be called out to restore calm.[4]","title":"Litigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earl of Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"Junius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotland_Magazine-1"},{"link_name":"peerage of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB3-4"}],"text":"Six years after the decision in 1775, Andrew Stuart published Letters to the Right Honourable Lord Mansfield. In these epistles, Stuart assailed the Earl of Mansfield, a judge in the case who had supported the claims of Douglas, for his want of impartiality. The force and eloquence of Stuart’s writing was compared at the time to that of Junius.[6]Archibald Douglas became one of the richest magnates in Scotland,[1] but memories of the scandal lingered about him. It is noteworthy that he was not immediately ennobled as a high ranking peer, as might have been expected for someone of his wealth and family influence. It was not until 1790 that he was raised to the lowest rank of the peerage of Great Britain as Baron Douglas of Douglas.[4]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lady Jean, The Romance of the Great Douglas Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ladyjeanromanceo00fitz/page/n7"},{"link_name":"William Douglas Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas_Home"}],"text":"The scandal was the subject of a book by Percy FitzGerald entitled Lady Jean, The Romance of the Great Douglas Cause, published by Fisher Unwin in 1904. The events of the case are recounted in the 1971 play The Douglas Cause by William Douglas Home. Home was himself a direct descendant of Archibald Douglas.","title":"In popular culture and literature"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Print commemorating the victory of Archibald Douglas in the House of Lords. A portrait of Douglas appears in the medallion, supported on a plinth by a figure of Justice. The plinth bears two medallion portraits of the Lords Mansfield and Camden, who were judges in the case. At the foot of the plinth, trampled underfoot, lies the figure of Deceit, holding a mask.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_Douglas_Cause.jpg/300px-The_Douglas_Cause.jpg"},{"image_text":"Douglas Castle, part of the inheritance contested between the parties.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Douglas_Castle.jpg/400px-Douglas_Castle.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mulberry-Garden
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The Mulberry-Garden
|
["1 Stage history and reception","2 The structure of The Mulberry-Garden","3 References","4 Editions","5 Further reading","6 See also"]
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The Mulberry-Garden is a comedy by Restoration poet and playwright Sir Charles Sedley (1639–1701) and was published in 1668
Stage history and reception
In his diary, Samuel Pepys mentions Sedley's long-awaited play: "It being the first day of Sir Charles Sidly's new play, so long expected, The Mulbery guarden" Pepys, however, who frequented the theatre was disappointed after the première in the Theatre in Bridges Street on 18 May 1668. Apart from this short critique, no other comment on the performance is known. Pepys was not only disappointed with the language and design of the play; a lover of music like himself also disapproved of the musical setting.
The play was performed again on 20 May 1668, following on another probable performance the previous day. The Mulberry-Garden was still performed on 29 June 1668. While the play was not a smash hit, it had the average reception of so many other comedies at the time. The new edition of The Mulberry-Garden (1675) suggests that the play was revived for the theatre season of 1674/75.
As far as is known, The Mulberry-Garden was not revived after Sedley's death (1701). Unlike the well-known comedies The Country Wife, The Man of Mode and Ravenscroft's London Cuckolds, Sedley's play never belonged to a canon of plays which were regularly performed in the eighteenth century.
The structure of The Mulberry-Garden
The Mulberry-Garden is a typical split-plot tragicomedy, which was a popular and thriving genre of Restoration comedy between 1660 and 1671. The multi-plot structure generally comprises a heroic couple (e.g. Althea and Eugenio, Diana and Philander in Sedley's play) in a high plot with a chivalric or aristocratic code of impeccable moral integrity, whose discourse is usually presented in (rhyming) couplets. Therefore, heroic high plots in tragicomedies share with heroic drama in general the basic conception to instruct the spectator and to raise in him an admiration for the heroic characters (see Lisideus's definition of drama in John Dryden's Essay of Dramatick Poesie).
A satiric middle plot introduces a witty "gay couple" (Olivia and Wildish, a polite rake) that manages to live the free spirit of self-determination, although their love is frequently threatened by blocking characters (Olivia's uncle, the Puritan Sir Samuel Forecast). On the third level, the gulling plot, certain stereotypical characters, such as the sanctimonious Puritan (Sir Samuel), the modish gallant (Estridge and Modish), or the lecherous old ogler, are satirized. Examples of this type of play are James Howard's The English Mounsieur (1663/1674), George Etherege's Comical Revenge: or, Love in a Tub (1664), John Dryden's An Evening's Love: or, The Mock Astrologer (1667), and William Wycherley's Love in a Wood (1671). Although tragicomedies generally do not feature heroic characters in epic-like situations, they uphold class distinctions, social hierarchies, and aristocratic values in the high plots.
In The Mulberry-Garden, Sedley created a heroic high plot in which the two couples are facing a sea of troubles hindering their love, and the marriages of Althea and Eugenio and Diana and Philander are finally brought about only by the device of deus ex machina. The lovers are characterized by distinctive sets of values that determine their behaviour within a frame of idealized romance. The male heroic characters follow a code of honour in the traditional vein of chivalry, and the female equivalents stand for virtue and moral integrity. As in the code of romances, the attitude towards love remains both idealistic and asexual throughout the play; the heroic lovers are never in danger of sexual promiscuity or of other forces that imperil their virtue.
It is through the female heroine of the middle plot, Olivia, that the rhyming confessions of her sister Victoria are presented as pompous. The gay couple of the middle plot offers an ideal of marriage which is based upon independence and the pursuit of one's personal happiness. Whatever standards the heroic couples (re)present, it is the marriage of Olivia and Wildish that is central to the play. Therefore, the middle plot presents a golden mean between two extremes. Although The Mulberry-Garden is not anti-heroic, the validity of older, stricter conventions of patriarchal authority and unreflecting obedience are called into question.
The original Mulberry garden was a tree-planted pleasure ground and occupied the site of the present Buckingham Palace and gardens. Its name derives from a garden of mulberry trees planted in the reign of James I. in 1609. For Bellamira: or, The Mistress, Sedley's racy comedy of 1687, see Bellamira (Sedley play).
References
^ The Diary of Samuel Pepys Eds Robert Latham and William Matthews, Vol. IX, 203
^ PEPYS, Vol. IX, 203
^ The London Stage 1660-1800 Ed. William Van Lennep, Vol. I, 137. See also PEPYS, IX, 206.
^ LONDON STAGE, I, 221.
^ For a modern edition of Sedley's comedies, see Sir Charles Sedley's "The Mulberry-Garden" (1668) and "Bellamira: or, The Mistress" (1687) Ed. Holger Hanowell (Frankfurt a.M., 2001). The present article is an excerpt from Hanowell's edition, authorized by the editor. See also Robert D. Hume, The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1976).
^ The Works of John Dryden Eds Edward Niles Hooker and H.T. Swedenberg, Jr, Vol. XVII, 15 and 35.
^ John Harrington Smith, The Gay Couple in Restoration Comedy (Cambridge, MA, 1948).
^ For a description of the multiple-plot structure, see J. Douglas Canfield, "Ideology of Restoration Tragicomedy", in: ELH, 51, (1984), 447-64.
^ Walter Besant, London in the Time of the Stuarts. The Survey of London (London, 1903), pp. 313-14
Editions
17th and 18th Century editions
Quarto editions of 1668 and 1675, printed for Henry Herringman
The Works of the Honourable Sir Charles Sedley, published by Samuel Briscoe (London, 1722)
Modern Edition
Holger Hanowell (2001). Sir Charles Sedley's "The Mulberry-Garden" (1668) and "Bellamira: or, The Mistress" (1687). An Old-Spelling Critical Edition with an Introduction and a Commentary. Frankfurt a. M.
Further reading
de Sola Pinto, Vivian (1927). Sir Charles Sedley 1639-1701: A Study in the Life and Literature of the Restoration. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Hudnall Jr., Michael Benjamin (1984). Moral Design in the Plays of Sir Charles Sedley. Knoxville: University of Tennessee.
Hughes, Derek (1996). English Drama 1660-1700. Oxford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Hume, Robert D. (1976). The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century. Oxford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
See also
Mulberry (disambiguation)
Mulberry garden
vteRestoration comedyPlaywrights
Aphra Behn
Susanna Centlivre
Colley Cibber
William Congreve
John Dryden
Thomas D'Urfey
George Etherege
George Farquhar
Edward Howard
James Howard
Robert Howard
Thomas Otway
Charles Sedley
Thomas Shadwell
Thomas Southerne
Richard Steele
John Vanbrugh
George Villiers
William Wycherley
Notable plays
The Cutter of Coleman Street (1661)
The Adventures of Five Hours (1663)
The Comical Revenge (1664)
The Mulberry-Garden (1668)
She Would If She Could (1668)
An Evening's Love (1668)
Sir Solomon Single (1670)
Love in a Wood (1671)
The Rehearsal (1671)
Epsom Wells (1672)
Marriage à la mode (1672)
The Country Wife (1675)
Love in the Dark (1675)
The Country Wit (1676)
The Plain-Dealer (1676)
The Man of Mode (1676)
Tom Essence (1676)
A Fond Husband (1677)
Friendship in Fashion (1678)
Squire Oldsapp (1678)
Tunbridge Wells (1678)
A True Widow (1678)
The Woman Captain (1679)
The London Cuckolds (1681)
Sir Barnaby Whigg (1681)
The Royalist (1682)
City Politiques (1683)
Dame Dobson (1683)
A Commonwealth of Women (1685)
Sir Courtly Nice (1685)
Bellamira (1687)
A Fool's Preferment (1688)
The Squire of Alsatia (1688)
Bury Fair (1689)
The Fortune Hunters (1689)
The English Friar (1690)
Sir Anthony Love (1690)
Love for Money (1691)
The Wives Excuse (1691)
Greenwich Park (1691)
The Marriage-Hater Matched (1692)
The Volunteers (1692)
The Canterbury Guests (1694)
The Married Beau (1694)
Love for Love (1695)
Love's Last Shift (1696)
The Relapse (1696)
The Campaigners (1698)
Love and a Bottle (1698)
The Constant Couple (1699)
The Way of the World (1700)
Sir Harry Wildair (1701)
The Lying Lover (1703)
The Careless Husband (1704)
The Recruiting Officer (1706)
The Beaux' Stratagem (1707)
Characters
Fop
Spark
Rake
Related people
Charles II
Jeremy Collier
Thomas Hobbes
Marquis de Sade
Molière
James II and VII
Georg Monck
John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester
Related articles
Bedlam
Chocolate houses
Comedy of manners
Court
Dorset Garden
Drury Lane
Fleet Prison
Hedonism
The Libertine (1994)
The Libertine (film)
Libertinism
Lincoln's Inn Fields
Mode
Restoration of Charles II
Second Anglo-Dutch War
Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage
Wit
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The Mulberry-Garden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Pepys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pepys"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Country Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Country_Wife"},{"link_name":"The Man of Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_of_Mode"},{"link_name":"Ravenscroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ravenscroft"}],"text":"In his diary, Samuel Pepys mentions Sedley's long-awaited play: \"It being the first day of Sir Charles Sidly's new play, so long expected, The Mulbery guarden\"[1] Pepys, however, who frequented the theatre was disappointed after the première in the Theatre in Bridges Street on 18 May 1668.[2] Apart from this short critique, no other comment on the performance is known. Pepys was not only disappointed with the language and design of the play; a lover of music like himself also disapproved of the musical setting.The play was performed again on 20 May 1668, following on another probable performance the previous day.[3] The Mulberry-Garden was still performed on 29 June 1668. While the play was not a smash hit, it had the average reception of so many other comedies at the time. The new edition of The Mulberry-Garden (1675) suggests that the play was revived for the theatre season of 1674/75.[4]As far as is known, The Mulberry-Garden was not revived after Sedley's death (1701). Unlike the well-known comedies The Country Wife, The Man of Mode and Ravenscroft's London Cuckolds, Sedley's play never belonged to a canon of plays which were regularly performed in the eighteenth century.","title":"Stage history and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Restoration comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_comedy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dryden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"James Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Howard_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"George Etherege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Etherege"},{"link_name":"John Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dryden"},{"link_name":"William Wycherley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wycherley"},{"link_name":"Love in a Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_a_Wood_(play)"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"},{"link_name":"James I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_I.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bellamira (Sedley play)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellamira_(Sedley_play)"}],"text":"The Mulberry-Garden is a typical split-plot tragicomedy, which was a popular and thriving genre of Restoration comedy between 1660 and 1671.[5] The multi-plot structure generally comprises a heroic couple (e.g. Althea and Eugenio, Diana and Philander in Sedley's play) in a high plot with a chivalric or aristocratic code of impeccable moral integrity, whose discourse is usually presented in (rhyming) couplets. Therefore, heroic high plots in tragicomedies share with heroic drama in general the basic conception to instruct the spectator and to raise in him an admiration for the heroic characters (see Lisideus's definition of drama in John Dryden's Essay of Dramatick Poesie).[6]A satiric middle plot introduces a witty \"gay couple\"[7] (Olivia and Wildish, a polite rake) that manages to live the free spirit of self-determination, although their love is frequently threatened by blocking characters (Olivia's uncle, the Puritan Sir Samuel Forecast).[8] On the third level, the gulling plot, certain stereotypical characters, such as the sanctimonious Puritan (Sir Samuel), the modish gallant (Estridge and Modish), or the lecherous old ogler, are satirized. Examples of this type of play are James Howard's The English Mounsieur (1663/1674), George Etherege's Comical Revenge: or, Love in a Tub (1664), John Dryden's An Evening's Love: or, The Mock Astrologer (1667), and William Wycherley's Love in a Wood (1671). Although tragicomedies generally do not feature heroic characters in epic-like situations, they uphold class distinctions, social hierarchies, and aristocratic values in the high plots.In The Mulberry-Garden, Sedley created a heroic high plot in which the two couples are facing a sea of troubles hindering their love, and the marriages of Althea and Eugenio and Diana and Philander are finally brought about only by the device of deus ex machina. The lovers are characterized by distinctive sets of values that determine their behaviour within a frame of idealized romance. The male heroic characters follow a code of honour in the traditional vein of chivalry, and the female equivalents stand for virtue and moral integrity. As in the code of romances, the attitude towards love remains both idealistic and asexual throughout the play; the heroic lovers are never in danger of sexual promiscuity or of other forces that imperil their virtue.It is through the female heroine of the middle plot, Olivia, that the rhyming confessions of her sister Victoria are presented as pompous. The gay couple of the middle plot offers an ideal of marriage which is based upon independence and the pursuit of one's personal happiness. Whatever standards the heroic couples (re)present, it is the marriage of Olivia and Wildish that is central to the play. Therefore, the middle plot presents a golden mean between two extremes. Although The Mulberry-Garden is not anti-heroic, the validity of older, stricter conventions of patriarchal authority and unreflecting obedience are called into question.The original Mulberry garden was a tree-planted pleasure ground and occupied the site of the present Buckingham Palace and gardens. Its name derives from a garden of mulberry trees planted in the reign of James I. in 1609.[9] For Bellamira: or, The Mistress, Sedley's racy comedy of 1687, see Bellamira (Sedley play).","title":"The structure of The Mulberry-Garden"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"17th and 18th Century editionsQuarto editions of 1668 and 1675, printed for Henry Herringman\nThe Works of the Honourable Sir Charles Sedley, published by Samuel Briscoe (London, 1722)Modern EditionHolger Hanowell (2001). Sir Charles Sedley's \"The Mulberry-Garden\" (1668) and \"Bellamira: or, The Mistress\" (1687). An Old-Spelling Critical Edition with an Introduction and a Commentary. Frankfurt a. M.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Charles Sedley 1639-1701: A Study in the Life and Literature of the Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sircharlessedley0000pint"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/developmentofeng0000hume"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"de Sola Pinto, Vivian (1927). Sir Charles Sedley 1639-1701: A Study in the Life and Literature of the Restoration. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nHudnall Jr., Michael Benjamin (1984). Moral Design in the Plays of Sir Charles Sedley. Knoxville: University of Tennessee.\nHughes, Derek (1996). English Drama 1660-1700. Oxford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nHume, Robert D. (1976). The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century. Oxford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dryden"},{"title":"Thomas D'Urfey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_D%27Urfey"},{"title":"George Etherege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Etherege"},{"title":"George Farquhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Farquhar"},{"title":"Edward Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Howard_(playwright)"},{"title":"James Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Howard_(dramatist)"},{"title":"Robert Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Howard_(playwright)"},{"title":"Thomas Otway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Otway"},{"title":"Charles Sedley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Sedley,_5th_Baronet"},{"title":"Thomas Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell"},{"title":"Thomas Southerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Southerne"},{"title":"Richard Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Steele"},{"title":"John Vanbrugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh"},{"title":"George Villiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham"},{"title":"William Wycherley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wycherley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg"},{"title":"plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"title":"The Cutter of Coleman Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cutter_of_Coleman_Street"},{"title":"The Adventures of Five Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Five_Hours"},{"title":"The Comical Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comical_Revenge"},{"title":"The Mulberry-Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"She Would If She Could","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Would_If_She_Could"},{"title":"An Evening's 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[{"reference":"Holger Hanowell (2001). Sir Charles Sedley's \"The Mulberry-Garden\" (1668) and \"Bellamira: or, The Mistress\" (1687). An Old-Spelling Critical Edition with an Introduction and a Commentary. Frankfurt a. M.","urls":[]},{"reference":"de Sola Pinto, Vivian (1927). Sir Charles Sedley 1639-1701: A Study in the Life and Literature of the Restoration. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sircharlessedley0000pint","url_text":"Sir Charles Sedley 1639-1701: A Study in the Life and Literature of the Restoration"}]},{"reference":"Hudnall Jr., Michael Benjamin (1984). Moral Design in the Plays of Sir Charles Sedley. Knoxville: University of Tennessee.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hughes, Derek (1996). English Drama 1660-1700. Oxford.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hume, Robert D. (1976). The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century. Oxford.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/developmentofeng0000hume","url_text":"The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sircharlessedley0000pint","external_links_name":"Sir Charles Sedley 1639-1701: A Study in the Life and Literature of the Restoration"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/developmentofeng0000hume","external_links_name":"The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Turner_(painter)
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Charles Henry Turner (painter)
|
["1 Family","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American painter
For other people with the same name, see Charles Turner (disambiguation).
Self-portrait by Turner
Charles Henry Francis Turner (7 August 1848 – 24 November 1908) was an American watercolourist and oil painter of landscapes, portraits, illustrations, and genre scenes, who from 1877 studied with Otto Grundmann (1844–1890), founder of the "Boston School", at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts School. Turner was a member of the Unity Art Club and the Boston Art Club, of which he later became president.
Turner was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, but lived and worked in Jackson, New Hampshire and Boston, Massachusetts and exhibited in Boston, Philadelphia, and New York.
In the 1880s he spent some time studying and working in Europe, later joining the White Mountain School of painting.
Turner produced some fine, detailed pyrographic artworks. On his trip to the Continent, he was inspired by European and French master paintings and portraits. His love of portrait painting and exposure to early French pyrography, led to his interest in this art form. He created three known pyrographic portraits of European ladies together with a pyrographically decorated oak blanket chest, inscribed on the lid: "This chest decorated in pyrography by me Charles H.F. Turner for my grand daughter Elise 1901".
Family
Charles Henry's father was Henry W. Turner of Boston, and his mother was Sarah A. Goss (b. 28 August 1828 in Hampton, New Hampshire). After his mother's death Charles Henry was raised in Hampton by his mother's parents, William and Theodate Goss.
Charles Henry married Elise Clementina Augusta Hagedorn (b. Stadthagen, Germany) and they had two children, both born in Boston: Gertrude Hagedorn Turner and Charles Mallord Turner.
He died in Boston.
References
^ "Schneible Fine Art". Archived from the original on 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
^ Raymond Agler Fine Arts Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ Hampton Historical Society
^ Rootsweb
^ Rootsweb
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Henry Turner (painter).
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Self-portrait by Turner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Charles_Henry_Turner14a.jpg/220px-Charles_Henry_Turner14a.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Schneible Fine Art\". Archived from the original on 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2008-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080207115609/http://www.artscraftsgal.com/level.itml/icOid/172","url_text":"\"Schneible Fine Art\""},{"url":"http://www.artscraftsgal.com/level.itml/icOid/172","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080207115609/http://www.artscraftsgal.com/level.itml/icOid/172","external_links_name":"\"Schneible Fine Art\""},{"Link":"http://www.artscraftsgal.com/level.itml/icOid/172","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.trocadero.com/agler/items/748413/item748413.html","external_links_name":"Raymond Agler Fine Arts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716072657/http://www.trocadero.com/agler/items/748413/item748413.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hamptonhistoricalsociety.org/turner.htm","external_links_name":"Hampton Historical Society"},{"Link":"https://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=hampton-nh&id=I5382","external_links_name":"Rootsweb"},{"Link":"https://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=hampton-nh&id=I5381","external_links_name":"Rootsweb"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_otter_(disambiguation)
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River otter
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["1 Otters","2 Other uses","3 See also"]
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River otter may refer to:
Otters
Eurasian river otter, found in Eurasia
Giant river otter, found in South America
Japanese river otter, an extinct species
Neotropical river otter, found in Central and South America
North American river otter, found in North America
Southern river otter, found in Chile and Argentina
Other uses
River Otter, Devon, a river in South West England
Missouri River Otters, a former minor league hockey team from St. Charles, Missouri
See also
Otter (disambiguation)
Otter River (disambiguation)
River Ottery, Cornwall
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title River otter.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"River otter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurasian river otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_river_otter"},{"link_name":"Giant river otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_river_otter"},{"link_name":"Japanese river otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_river_otter"},{"link_name":"Neotropical river otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropical_river_otter"},{"link_name":"North American river otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_river_otter"},{"link_name":"Southern river otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_river_otter"}],"text":"Eurasian river otter, found in Eurasia\nGiant river otter, found in South America\nJapanese river otter, an extinct species\nNeotropical river otter, found in Central and South America\nNorth American river otter, found in North America\nSouthern river otter, found in Chile and Argentina","title":"Otters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Otter, Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Otter,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Missouri River Otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River_Otters"}],"text":"River Otter, Devon, a river in South West England\nMissouri River Otters, a former minor league hockey team from St. Charles, Missouri","title":"Other uses"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Otter (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Otter River (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_River_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"River Ottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ottery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/River_otter&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/River_otter&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-868
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German submarine U-868
|
["1 Design","2 Service history","2.1 Fate","3 Summary of raiding history","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Citations","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
|
German World War II submarine
History
Nazi Germany
NameU-868
Ordered25 August 1941
BuilderDeSchiMAG AG Weser, Bremen
Yard number1076
Laid down11 March 1943
Launched18 August 1943
Commissioned23 December 1943
Fate
Surrendered on 9 May 1945
Sunk on 30 November 1945 during Operation Deadlight
General characteristics
Class and typeType IXC/40 submarine
Displacement
1,144 t (1,126 long tons) surfaced
1,257 t (1,237 long tons) submerged
Length
76.76 m (251 ft 10 in) o/a
58.75 m (192 ft 9 in) pressure hull
Beam6.86 m (22 ft 6 in) o/a 4.44 m (14 ft 7 in) pressure hull
Height9.6 m (31 ft 6 in)
Draught4.67 m (15 ft 4 in)
Installed power
4,400 PS (3,200 kW; 4,300 bhp) (diesels)
1,000 PS (740 kW; 990 shp) (electric)
Propulsion
2 shafts
2 × diesel engines
2 × electric motors
Speed
19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) surfaced
7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph) submerged
Range
13,850 nmi (25,650 km; 15,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced
63 nmi (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged
Test depth230 m (750 ft)
Complement4 officers, 44 enlisted
Armament
6 × torpedo tubes (four bow, two stern)
22 × 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedoes
1 × 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK C/32 deck gun (180 rounds)
1 × 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42
2 × twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns
Service record
Part of:
4th U-boat Flotilla
23 December 1943 – 31 July 1944
2nd U-boat Flotilla
1 August – 30 September 1944
33rd U-boat Flotilla
1 October 1944 – 5 May 1945
Identification codes:
M 16 800Commanders:
Kptlt. Dietrich Rauch
23 December 1943 – 21 July 1944
Oblt.z.S. Eduard Turre
22 July 1944 – 9 May 1945
Operations:
2 patrols:
1st patrol:
21 January – 18 February 1945
2nd patrol:
a. 14 March – 10 April 1945
b. 14 – 17 April 1945
Victories:
1 warship sunk (672 tons)
German submarine U-868 was a Type IXC/40 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine in the Second World War. The ship was ordered on 25 August 1941 and laid down on 11 March 1943. She was launched on 18 August 1943, at Bremen, Germany. She had two commanders over her operational lifespan, for the period from 23 December 1943 until 21 July 1944 it was Kapitänleutnant Dietrich Rauch, then Oberleutnant zur See Eduard Turre for the period from 22 July 1944 until 9 May 1945.
Design
German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. U-868 had a displacement of 1,144 tonnes (1,126 long tons) when at the surface and 1,257 tonnes (1,237 long tons) while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.67 m (15 ft 4 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 metric horsepower (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 shaft horsepower (1,010 PS; 750 kW) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 13,850 nautical miles (25,650 km; 15,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-868 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 as well as two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.
Service history
In her operations, she sank a single warship, the 672 tons HMS Guysborough on 17 March 1945.
Fate
U-868 was surrendered by her captain on 9 May 1945 at Bergen in Norway. She was then transferred to Loch Ryan 30 May 1945 for Operation Deadlight, where a large number of U-boats were sunk in one operation. U-868 was sunk on 30 November 1945 during operation.
Summary of raiding history
Date
Ship Name
Nationality
Tonnage
Fate
17 March 1945
HMCS Guysborough
Royal Canadian Navy
672
Sunk
References
Notes
^ Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement.
Citations
^ a b c Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type XIC/40 boat U-868". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
^ a b c d Gröner 1991, p. 68.
^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Operation Deadlight - Fates". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-868". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
Bibliography
Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.
Gröner, Eric; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). German Warships 1815-1945: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
External links
Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type IXC/40 boat U-868". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
vteGerman Type IXC/40 submarines
U-167
U-168
U-169
U-170
U-183
U-184
U-185
U-186
U-187
U-188
U-189
U-190
U-191
U-192
U-193
U-194
U-525
U-526
U-527
U-528
U-529
U-530
U-531
U-532
U-533
U-534
U-535
U-536
U-537
U-538
U-539
U-540
U-541
U-542
U-543
U-544
U-545
U-546
U-547
U-548
U-549
U-550
U-801
U-802
U-803
U-804
U-805
U-806
U-841
U-842
U-843
U-844
U-845
U-846
U-853
U-854
U-855
U-856
U-857
U-858
U-865
U-866
U-867
U-868
U-869
U-870
U-877
U-878
U-879
U-880
U-881
U-889
U-1221
U-1222
U-1223
U-1224
U-1225
U-1226
U-1227
U-1228
U-1229
U-1230
U-1231
U-1232
U-1233
U-1234
U-1235
Preceded by: Type IXC
Followed by: Type IXD
List of U-boats of Germany
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1945Shipwrecks
6 Nov: USS Oberrender
8 Nov: USS Hogan
10 Nov: HMCS Assiniboine
12 Nov: Hokkai Maru
17 Nov: Sesotris
20 Nov: Ingénieur Général Haarbleicher
22 Nov: USS Canandaigua, Kiyokawa Maru
27 Nov: U-2321, U-2322, U-2324, U-2328, U-2345, U-2361
28 Nov: U-2325, U-2329, U-2334, U-2335, U-2338, U-2350, U-2363
29 Nov: U-298, U-312, U-968
30 Nov: U-170, U-281, U-328, U-369, U-481, U-868
Other incidents
30 Nov: U.S.O., Outarde
1944 1945 1946 October 1945 December 1945
|
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The ship was ordered on 25 August 1941 and laid down on 11 March 1943. She was launched on 18 August 1943, at Bremen, Germany. She had two commanders over her operational lifespan, for the period from 23 December 1943 until 21 July 1944 it was Kapitänleutnant Dietrich Rauch, then Oberleutnant zur See Eduard Turre for the period from 22 July 1944 until 9 May 1945.[1]","title":"German submarine U-868"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Type IXC/40 submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine#Type_IXC/40"},{"link_name":"Type IXCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine#Type_IXC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199168-2"},{"link_name":"pressure hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_hull"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draught_(ship)"},{"link_name":"MAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_SE"},{"link_name":"supercharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharged"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"Siemens-Schuckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens-Schuckert"},{"link_name":"double-acting electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor%E2%80%93generator"},{"link_name":"propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199168-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199168-2"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10.5_cm_SK_C/32_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.7_cm_Flak_18/36/37/43"},{"link_name":"2 cm (0.79 in) C/30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_cm_FlaK_30"},{"link_name":"complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199168-2"}],"text":"German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. U-868 had a displacement of 1,144 tonnes (1,126 long tons) when at the surface and 1,257 tonnes (1,237 long tons) while submerged.[2] The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.67 m (15 ft 4 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 metric horsepower (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 shaft horsepower (1,010 PS; 750 kW) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).[2]The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph).[2] When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 13,850 nautical miles (25,650 km; 15,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-868 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 as well as two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.[2]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Guysborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Guysborough"}],"text":"In her operations, she sank a single warship, the 672 tons HMS Guysborough on 17 March 1945.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"Loch Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Operation Deadlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deadlight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Fate","text":"U-868 was surrendered by her captain on 9 May 1945 at Bergen in Norway. She was then transferred to Loch Ryan 30 May 1945 for Operation Deadlight,[1] where a large number of U-boats were sunk in one operation. U-868 was sunk on 30 November 1945 during operation.[1][3]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary of raiding history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55750-186-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-186-6"},{"link_name":"Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/Der_U_Boot_Krieg_1939_1945_Deutsche_U_Bo/vXKwAAAAIAAJ?hl=en"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8132-0514-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8132-0514-2"},{"link_name":"German Warships 1815-1945: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/German_Warships_1815_1945/Udg-0AEACAAJ?hl=en"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-593-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-593-4"}],"text":"Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.\nBusch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945] (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.\nGröner, Eric; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). German Warships 1815-1945: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"The Type XIC/40 boat U-868\". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 31 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/boats/u868.html","url_text":"\"The Type XIC/40 boat U-868\""}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"Operation Deadlight - Fates\". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/fates/deadlight.htm","url_text":"\"Operation Deadlight - Fates\""}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"Ships hit by U-868\". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 13 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/boats/successes/u868.html","url_text":"\"Ships hit by U-868\""}]},{"reference":"Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-186-6","url_text":"1-55750-186-6"}]},{"reference":"Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945] (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Der_U_Boot_Krieg_1939_1945_Deutsche_U_Bo/vXKwAAAAIAAJ?hl=en","url_text":"Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8132-0514-2","url_text":"3-8132-0514-2"}]},{"reference":"Gröner, Eric; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). German Warships 1815-1945: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/German_Warships_1815_1945/Udg-0AEACAAJ?hl=en","url_text":"German Warships 1815-1945: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-593-4","url_text":"0-85177-593-4"}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"The Type IXC/40 boat U-868\". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/boats/u868.htm","url_text":"\"The Type IXC/40 boat U-868\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://uboat.net/boats/u868.html","external_links_name":"\"The Type XIC/40 boat U-868\""},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/fates/deadlight.htm","external_links_name":"\"Operation Deadlight - Fates\""},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/boats/successes/u868.html","external_links_name":"\"Ships hit by U-868\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Der_U_Boot_Krieg_1939_1945_Deutsche_U_Bo/vXKwAAAAIAAJ?hl=en","external_links_name":"Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/German_Warships_1815_1945/Udg-0AEACAAJ?hl=en","external_links_name":"German Warships 1815-1945: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels"},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/boats/u868.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Type IXC/40 boat U-868\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ives_(actor)
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George Ives (actor)
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["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 References","5 External links"]
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American actor (1926–2013)
George IvesIves in Mister Roberts (1967)Born(1926-01-19)January 19, 1926New York City, U.S.DiedFebruary 22, 2013(2013-02-22) (aged 87)Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1950–2007
George Ives (January 19, 1926 – February 22, 2013) was an American character actor.
Career
A native of New York City, Ives played Douglas Aldrich in the television series The Jim Backus Show, also known as Hot off the Wire. He starred in an episode of The King of Queens, an episode of The Andy Griffith Show entitled TV or Not TV, as well as an episode of The Office entitled "Phyllis' Wedding.” Ives also appeared as Lank Dailey, owner of Dailey's Motel and the Arena roadhouse in Hot Rods to Hell, the last film directed by John Brahm.
Personal life
He died at his home in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, in 2013 at the age of 87.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1953
Niagara
Carillon Tower Guide
Uncredited
1966
Hot Rods to Hell
Lank Dailey
1967
The Ballad of Josie
Freemont
Uncredited
1968
The Secret War of Harry Frigg
Major
1972
Get to Know Your Rabbit
Mr. Morris
2001
The Man Who Wasn't There
Lloyd Garroway
2003
Intolerable Cruelty
Mrs. Gutman's Lawyer
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1951, 1952
Studio One
Dick Herbert / Mr. Robinson
2 episodes
1953–1956
The United States Steel Hour
Various roles
3 episodes
1960
Bachelor Father
Arthur Daniels
Episode: "Bentley, the Stage Mother"
1960
The Donna Reed Show
John Coutts
Episode: "Donna Decorates"
1961
The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis
Mr. Huggins
Episode: "What's My Lion?"
1961
Peter Gunn
Arthur Holland
Episode: "Jacoby's Vacation"
1961
Shirley Temple's Storybook
The Apothecary
Episode: "The Terrible Clockman"
1961
The DuPont Show with June Allyson
The Colonel
Episode: "The School of the Soldier"
1961
The Jim Backus Show
Douglas Aldrich
Episode: "The Woman's Touch"
1961–1962
The Hathaways
Bert Brockwood / George Brockwood
4 episodes
1961–1962
The Law and Mr. Jones
Hiller / Harwood
2 episodes
1961, 1962
Perry Mason
Police Board Chairman / Lt. Gregg
1963
My Three Sons
Larry Travers
Episode: "The Dream Book"
1963
The Eleventh Hour
The Manager
Episode: "Everybody Knows You Left Me"
1963, 1965
Mr. Novak
Mr. Ingram / Dr. Loomis
2 episodes
1964
The Lieutenant
Hotel Manager
Episode: "Between Music and Laughter"
1964
The Farmer's Daughter
Willingham
Episode: "The Swinger"
1964, 1965
Wendy and Me
Dr. Rawlins / Norman Robinson
2 episodes
1965
No Time for Sergeants
Dr. Stone
Episode: "A Hatful of Muscles"
1965
The Andy Griffith Show
Allen Harvey
Episode: "TV or Not TV"
1965
Mister Ed
Mr. Pettigrew
Episode: "Ed's Diction Teacher"
1965–1966
Mister Roberts
Doc
30 episodes
1965–1968
Bewitched
Various roles
3 episodes
1966
Please Don't Eat the Daisies
Mickey
Episode: "My Mother's Name Is Fred"
1967
Run for Your Life
Eddling
Episode: "The Calculus of Chaos"
1967
Petticoat Junction
Rod Grander
Episode: "The Fishing Derby"
1967
Get Smart
Dr. Bascomb
Episode: "Witness for the Persecution"
1967–1971
Green Acres
Various roles
5 episodes
1969
Judd, for the Defense
Dr. Nelson Kornbluth
Episode: "The Law and Order Blues: Part 2"
1970
It Takes a Thief
Crane Belson
Episode: "The Suzie Simone Caper"
1971
Room 222
Howard Bruckner
2 episodes
1971
That Girl
Dawson
Episode: "That Shoplifter"
1971
The Mod Squad
Manager
Episode: "The Poisoned Mind"
1971
The D.A.
Judge
Episode: "The People vs. Swammerdam"
1971
O'Hara, U.S. Treasury
Clifford Spry
Episode: "Operation: Crystal Springs"
1972
The Sixth Sense
Frank Young
Episode: "Gallows in the Wind"
1972, 1973
Emergency!
School Principal / Party Guest
2 episodes
1974
Happy Days
Mr. McKay
Episode: "Hardware Jungle"
1974
Get Christie Love!
Butler
Episode: "Pawn Ticket for Murder"
1975
Adam-12
George Dubow
Episode: "Citizen with a Gun"
1975
Mannix
Hallihan
Episode: "Design for Dying"
1977
Wonder Woman
Samuels
Episode: "The Return of Wonder Woman"
2001
The King of Queens
Man in Limo
2 episodes
2007
The Office
Uncle Al
Episode: "Phyllis' Wedding"
References
^ Bruce Eder (2010). "George Ives - Full Biography". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
^ Mank, Gregory William (2001). Hollywood Cauldron: Thirteen Horror Films From the Genre's Golden Age. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co Inc Pub. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-7864-1112-2.
^ "George IVES - Obituary". legacy.com. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Ives (actor).
George Ives at IMDb
This article about an American actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_pop
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Electropop
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["1 History","1.1 Early 1980s","1.2 21st century","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Form of electronic songs/music
"Electronic pop" redirects here. For the related genre, see synth-pop. For popular electronic music, see Electronic music § Late 1960s to early 1980s.
For other uses, see Electropop (disambiguation).
ElectropopStylistic origins
Synth-pop
pop
electronic
electronica
Cultural originsEarly 1980s, United KingdomDerivative forms
Chillwave
uplifting trance
Other topicsAlternative danceBitpopchill-outK-popC-popJ-popV-popEuropopPost-discoelectroElectroclashElectro-industrialElectro houseIndie electronicElectronic rockIndie popSynth-popProgressive house
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vte
Electropop is a popular music fusion genre combining elements of the electronic and pop styles. It has been described as a variant of synth-pop with outstanding heavy emphasis on its electronic sound. The genre was developed in the 1980s and saw a revival of popularity and influence in the late 2000s.
History
Early 1980s
Main article: Synth-pop
See also: Electronics in rock music
During the early 1980s, British artists such as Gary Numan, Depeche Mode, Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark, The Human League, Soft Cell, John Foxx and Visage helped pioneer a new synth-pop style that drew more heavily from electronic music and emphasized primary usage of synthesizers.
Some fascinating new music began arriving on these shores; it was dubbed electropop, because electronic instrumentation — mainly synthesizers and syndrums — was used to craft pop songs. "Pop Muzik" by M was one of the first. There was a gradual accumulation of worthy electropop discs, though they were still mostly heard only in rock discos. But in 1981, the floodgates opened, and "new music" at last made a mighty splash. The breakthrough song was "Don't You Want Me" by the Human League. — Anglomania: The Second British Invasion, by Parke Puterbaugh for Rolling Stone, November 1983.
21st century
See also: Synth-pop § 21st-century revival (2000s–present)
Britney Spears' highly influential fifth studio album Blackout (2007) is credited for bringing the genre to mainstream prominence. The media in 2009 ran articles proclaiming a new era of different electropop stars, and indeed the times saw a rise in popularity of several electropop artists. In the Sound of 2009 poll of 130 music experts conducted for the BBC, ten of the top fifteen artists named were of the electropop genre. Lady Gaga had major commercial success from 2008 with her debut album The Fame. Music writer Simon Reynolds noted that "Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, which wasn't particularly 1980s". The Korean pop music scene has also become dominated and influenced by electropop, particularly with boy bands and girl groups such as Super Junior, SHINee, f(x) and Girls' Generation.
Singer Michael Angelakos of Passion Pit said in a 2009 interview that while playing electropop was not his intention, the limitations of dorm life made the genre more accessible.
In 2009, The Guardian quoted James Oldham—head of artists and repertoire at A&M Records—as saying "All A&R departments have been saying to managers and lawyers: 'Don't give us any more bands because we're not going to sign them and they're not going to sell records.' So everything we've been put on to is electronic in nature."
In 2019, Kenneth Womack wrote that singer and songwriter Billie Eilish had "staked her claim as the reigning queen of electropop" with her critical and commercial hit album When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?.
See also
Dance-pop
Minimal wave
Vaporwave
Futurepop
Auto-Tune
References
^ Jon Pareles (March 21, 2010). "Spilling Beyond a Festival's Main Courses". The New York Times.
^ "Spilling Beyond a Festival's Main Courses". The New York Times. March 22, 2010.
^ a b Jones 2006, p. 107.
^ Reynolds 2005, pp. 296–308.
^ "Anglomania: The Second British Invasion". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
^ UK gaga for electro-pop, guitar bands fight back Archived 2009-07-23 at the Wayback Machine, The Kuwait Times, January 28, 2009
^ The 1980s revival that lasted an entire decade by Simon Reynolds for The Guardian, 22 January 2010.
^ Mullins, Michelle (January 15, 2012). "K-pop splashes into the west". The Purdue University Calumet Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 4, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
^ "Interview: Michael Angelakos of Passion Pit Boston Phoenix October 1, 2009".
^ "Gaga for girl power". smh.com.au. February 28, 2009.
^ Neil McCormick (August 5, 2009). "La Roux, Lady Gaga, Mika, Little Boots: the 80s are back". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022.
^
Womack, Kenneth (May 10, 2019). "Billie Eilish is the new pop intelligentsia". Salon. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
Bibliography
Jones, Hollin (2006). Music Projects with Propellerhead Reason: Grooves, Beats and Styles from Trip Hop to Techno. PC Publishing. ISBN 978-1-870775-14-4.
Reynolds, Simon (2005). Rip it up and start again : post-punk 1978-84. London: Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-21570-6.
vteSynth-pop
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synth-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop"},{"link_name":"Electronic music § Late 1960s to early 1980s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music#Late_1960s_to_early_1980s"},{"link_name":"Electropop (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropop_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"fusion genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_genre"},{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"synth-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop"},{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006107-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006107-3"}],"text":"\"Electronic pop\" redirects here. For the related genre, see synth-pop. For popular electronic music, see Electronic music § Late 1960s to early 1980s.For other uses, see Electropop (disambiguation).Electropop is a popular music fusion genre combining elements of the electronic and pop styles. It has been described as a variant of synth-pop with outstanding heavy emphasis on its electronic sound.[3] The genre was developed in the 1980s and saw a revival of popularity and influence in the late 2000s.[3]","title":"Electropop"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electronics in rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music"},{"link_name":"Gary Numan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Numan"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_In_The_Dark"},{"link_name":"The Human League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_League"},{"link_name":"Soft Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_Cell"},{"link_name":"John Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foxx"},{"link_name":"Visage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visage_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005296%E2%80%93308-4"},{"link_name":"Pop Muzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Muzik"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_(band)"},{"link_name":"Don't You Want Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_You_Want_Me"},{"link_name":"Second British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Early 1980s","text":"See also: Electronics in rock musicDuring the early 1980s, British artists such as Gary Numan, Depeche Mode, Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark, The Human League, Soft Cell, John Foxx and Visage helped pioneer a new synth-pop style that drew more heavily from electronic music and emphasized primary usage of synthesizers.[4]Some fascinating new music began arriving on these shores; it was dubbed electropop, because electronic instrumentation — mainly synthesizers and syndrums — was used to craft pop songs. \"Pop Muzik\" by M was one of the first. There was a gradual accumulation of worthy electropop discs, though they were still mostly heard only in rock discos. But in 1981, the floodgates opened, and \"new music\" at last made a mighty splash. The breakthrough song was \"Don't You Want Me\" by the Human League. — Anglomania: The Second British Invasion, by Parke Puterbaugh for Rolling Stone, November 1983.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Synth-pop § 21st-century revival (2000s–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop#21st-century_revival_(2000s%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Blackout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_(Britney_Spears_album)"},{"link_name":"Sound of 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_of..._(BBC_poll)"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK-6"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"The Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fame"},{"link_name":"Simon Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"electroclash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroclash"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Korean pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_pop"},{"link_name":"Super Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior"},{"link_name":"SHINee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHINee"},{"link_name":"f(x)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F(x)_(group)"},{"link_name":"Girls' Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%27_Generation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Passion Pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_Pit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"artists and repertoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"A&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewGeneration-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Womack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Womack"},{"link_name":"Billie Eilish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Eilish"},{"link_name":"When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_We_All_Fall_Asleep,_Where_Do_We_Go%3F"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"See also: Synth-pop § 21st-century revival (2000s–present)Britney Spears' highly influential fifth studio album Blackout (2007) is credited for bringing the genre to mainstream prominence. The media in 2009 ran articles proclaiming a new era of different electropop stars, and indeed the times saw a rise in popularity of several electropop artists. In the Sound of 2009 poll of 130 music experts conducted for the BBC, ten of the top fifteen artists named were of the electropop genre.[6] Lady Gaga had major commercial success from 2008 with her debut album The Fame. Music writer Simon Reynolds noted that \"Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, which wasn't particularly 1980s\".[7] The Korean pop music scene has also become dominated and influenced by electropop, particularly with boy bands and girl groups such as Super Junior, SHINee, f(x) and Girls' Generation.[8]Singer Michael Angelakos of Passion Pit said in a 2009 interview that while playing electropop was not his intention, the limitations of dorm life made the genre more accessible.[9]In 2009, The Guardian quoted James Oldham—head of artists and repertoire at A&M Records—as saying \"All A&R departments have been saying to managers and lawyers: 'Don't give us any more bands because we're not going to sign them and they're not going to sell records.' So everything we've been put on to is electronic in nature.\"[10][11]In 2019, Kenneth Womack wrote that singer and songwriter Billie Eilish had \"staked her claim as the reigning queen of electropop\" with her critical and commercial hit album When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?.[12]","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"title":"Minimal wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_wave"},{"title":"Vaporwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporwave"},{"title":"Futurepop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurepop"},{"title":"Auto-Tune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Tune"}]
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[{"reference":"Jon Pareles (March 21, 2010). \"Spilling Beyond a Festival's Main Courses\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/arts/music/22sxsw2.html","url_text":"\"Spilling Beyond a Festival's Main Courses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Spilling Beyond a Festival's Main Courses\". The New York Times. March 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/arts/music/22sxsw2.html","url_text":"\"Spilling Beyond a Festival's Main Courses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anglomania: The Second British Invasion\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/anglomania-the-second-british-invasion-52016/","url_text":"\"Anglomania: The Second British Invasion\""}]},{"reference":"Mullins, Michelle (January 15, 2012). \"K-pop splashes into the west\". The Purdue University Calumet Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 4, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130604184727/http://www.pucchronicle.com/k-pop-splashes-into-the-west-1.2741892","url_text":"\"K-pop splashes into the west\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University_Calumet","url_text":"The Purdue University Calumet Chronicle"},{"url":"http://www.pucchronicle.com/k-pop-splashes-into-the-west-1.2741892","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Michael Angelakos of Passion Pit Boston Phoenix October 1, 2009\".","urls":[{"url":"http://thephoenix.com/boston/music/87381-interview-michael-angelakos-of-passion-pit/?page=3#TOPCONTENT","url_text":"\"Interview: Michael Angelakos of Passion Pit Boston Phoenix October 1, 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gaga for girl power\". smh.com.au. February 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/music/gaga-for-girl-power/2009/02/27/1235237908240.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1","url_text":"\"Gaga for girl power\""}]},{"reference":"Neil McCormick (August 5, 2009). \"La Roux, Lady Gaga, Mika, Little Boots: the 80s are back\". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/5978573/La-Roux-Lady-Gaga-Mika-Little-Boots-the-80s-are-back.html","url_text":"\"La Roux, Lady Gaga, Mika, Little Boots: the 80s are back\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/5978573/La-Roux-Lady-Gaga-Mika-Little-Boots-the-80s-are-back.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Womack, Kenneth (May 10, 2019). \"Billie Eilish is the new pop intelligentsia\". Salon. Retrieved February 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Womack","url_text":"Womack, Kenneth"},{"url":"https://www.salon.com/2019/05/10/she-was-just-seventeen-billie-eilish-is-the-new-pop-intelligentsia/","url_text":"\"Billie Eilish is the new pop intelligentsia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)","url_text":"Salon"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Hollin (2006). Music Projects with Propellerhead Reason: Grooves, Beats and Styles from Trip Hop to Techno. PC Publishing. ISBN 978-1-870775-14-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nOrhiSrz-OkC&pg=PA107","url_text":"Music Projects with Propellerhead Reason: Grooves, Beats and Styles from Trip Hop to Techno"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870775-14-4","url_text":"978-1-870775-14-4"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Simon (2005). Rip it up and start again : post-punk 1978-84. London: Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-21570-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21570-6","url_text":"978-0-571-21570-6"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/arts/music/22sxsw2.html","external_links_name":"\"Spilling Beyond a Festival's Main Courses\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/arts/music/22sxsw2.html","external_links_name":"\"Spilling Beyond a Festival's Main Courses\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/anglomania-the-second-british-invasion-52016/","external_links_name":"\"Anglomania: The Second British Invasion\""},{"Link":"http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=NzM1NzEwNTk5","external_links_name":"UK gaga for electro-pop, guitar bands fight back"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090723215505/http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=NzM1NzEwNTk5","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2010/jan/22/eighties-revival-decade","external_links_name":"The 1980s revival that lasted an entire decade"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130604184727/http://www.pucchronicle.com/k-pop-splashes-into-the-west-1.2741892","external_links_name":"\"K-pop splashes into the west\""},{"Link":"http://www.pucchronicle.com/k-pop-splashes-into-the-west-1.2741892","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://thephoenix.com/boston/music/87381-interview-michael-angelakos-of-passion-pit/?page=3#TOPCONTENT","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Michael Angelakos of Passion Pit Boston Phoenix October 1, 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/music/gaga-for-girl-power/2009/02/27/1235237908240.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1","external_links_name":"\"Gaga for girl power\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/5978573/La-Roux-Lady-Gaga-Mika-Little-Boots-the-80s-are-back.html","external_links_name":"\"La Roux, Lady Gaga, Mika, Little Boots: the 80s are back\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/5978573/La-Roux-Lady-Gaga-Mika-Little-Boots-the-80s-are-back.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.salon.com/2019/05/10/she-was-just-seventeen-billie-eilish-is-the-new-pop-intelligentsia/","external_links_name":"\"Billie Eilish is the new pop intelligentsia\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nOrhiSrz-OkC&pg=PA107","external_links_name":"Music Projects with Propellerhead Reason: Grooves, Beats and Styles from Trip Hop to Techno"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon_McGuire
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Deacon McGuire
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["1 Early years","2 Professional baseball player","2.1 Minor leagues","2.2 Toledo Blue Stockings","2.3 Detroit Wolverines","2.4 Philadelphia Quakers","2.5 Cleveland, Toronto and Rochester","2.6 The \"Deacon\"","2.7 Washington Senators","2.8 Brooklyn Superbas","2.9 Challenging the \"reserve clause\"","2.10 Detroit Tigers","2.11 New York Highlanders","3 Manager and coach","3.1 Boston Red Sox","3.2 Cleveland Naps","3.3 Detroit Tigers","4 Legacy","4.1 Padding the glove","4.2 Gnarled hands","4.3 Career statistics and records","5 Family and later years","6 Managerial record","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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American baseball player, manager, and coach (1863–1936)
Baseball player
Deacon McGuireCatcherBorn: (1863-11-18)November 18, 1863Youngstown, Ohio, U.S.Died: October 31, 1936(1936-10-31) (aged 72)Duck Lake, Michigan, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutJune 21, 1884, for the Toledo Blue StockingsLast MLB appearanceMay 18, 1912, for the Detroit TigersMLB statisticsBatting average.278Hits1,748Home runs45Runs batted in840Games managed516Managerial record210–287Winning %.423
TeamsAs Player
Toledo Blue Stockings (1884)
Detroit Wolverines (1885)
Philadelphia Quakers (1886–1888)
Detroit Wolverines (1888)
Cleveland Blues (1888)
Rochester Broncos (1890)
Washington Statesman/Senators (1891–1899)
Brooklyn Superbas (1899–1901)
Detroit Tigers (1902–1903)
New York Highlanders (1904–1907)
Boston Americans/Red Sox (1907–1908)
Cleveland Naps (1908, 1910)
Detroit Tigers (1912)
As Manager
Washington Senators (1898)
Boston Americans/Red Sox (1907–1908)
Cleveland Naps (1909–1911)
Career highlights and awards
MLB record 1,459 runners caught stealing
MLB record 1,860 assists by a catcher
James Thomas "Deacon" McGuire (November 18, 1863 – October 31, 1936) was an American professional baseball player, manager and coach whose career spanned the years 1883 to 1915. He played 26 seasons in Major League Baseball, principally as a catcher, for 11 different major league clubs. His longest stretches were with the Washington Statesmen/Senators (901 games, 1892–99), Brooklyn Superbas (202 games, 1899–1901) and New York Highlanders (225 games, 1904–07). He played on Brooklyn teams that won National League pennants in 1899 and 1900.
McGuire was the most durable catcher of his era, setting major league catching records for most career games caught (1,612), putouts (6,856), assists (1,860), double plays turned (143), runners caught stealing (1,459), and stolen bases allowed (2,529). His assist, caught stealing, and stolen bases allowed totals remain current major league records. During his major league career, he also compiled a .278 batting average, .341 on-base percentage, 770 runs scored, 1,750 hits, 300 doubles, 79 triples, 45 home runs, 840 RBIs and 118 stolen bases. His best season was 1895 when he caught a major league record 133 games and compiled a .336 batting average with 10 home runs, 97 RBIs and 17 stolen bases.
McGuire was also the manager of the Washington Senators (1898), Boston Red Sox (1907–08) and Cleveland Indians (1909–11). He compiled a 210–287 (.423) as a major league manager.
Early years
McGuire was born in Youngstown, Ohio, in 1863. He moved as a boy to Cleveland, learned to play baseball "on the lots" of that city, and at age 18 was playing for the "Woodlands" team. As a young man, he moved to Albion, Michigan, where he worked as an apprentice in an iron foundry in Albion and played baseball on the weekend.
Professional baseball player
Minor leagues
McGuire first gained note playing baseball for a team in Hastings, Michigan, where he was paired with pitcher Lady Baldwin. McGuire was reputed to be "the only catcher within a 50-mile radius who could handle" the left-handed Baldwin and his "incendiary fastball and sinuous curve, a so-called 'snakeball.'" At age 19, McGuire began his professional baseball career in 1883 with the Terre Haute, Indiana, club.
Toledo Blue Stockings
McGuire made his major league debut in June 1884 with the Toledo Blue Stockings of the American Association. He hit .185 in 151 at bats and appeared in 45 games. At Toledo, he shared the catching responsibilities with Moses Fleetwood Walker, the first African-American player in Major League Baseball. McGuire and Walker each caught 41 games for the Blue Stockings. The Blue Stockings finished in eighth place (out of 13 teams) with a 46–58 record and folded after the 1884 season.
Detroit Wolverines
McGuire began the 1885 season playing for the Indianapolis Hoosiers of the newly formed Western League. McGuire appeared in 16 games for the Hoosiers, who were the dominant team in the Western League, compiling an .880 winning percentage.
In mid June 1885, the Western League disbanded, and a mad rush developed to sign the players on the Indianapolis roster, a line-up that included McGuire, Sam Thompson, Sam Crane, Chub Collins, Jim Donnelly, Mox McQuery, Gene Moriarty, and Dan Casey. Sam Thompson later told the colorful story of the Detroit Wolverines' acquisition of the Indianapolis players. Detroit sent two representatives (Marsh and Maloney) to Indianapolis, principally to sign the Hoosiers' battery of Larry McKeon and Jim Keenan. The Wolverines were outbid by the Cincinnati Reds for McKeon and Keenan but wound up with the Hoosiers' manager (Bill Watkins) and the rest of the team's starting lineup. The only catch was that a 10-day waiting period would allow other teams to outbid Detroit. Marsh and Maloney promptly sent the players to Detroit and quartered them in a hotel there. The next morning, the players were told that the team had arranged a fishing trip for them. The players boarded the steamship Annette and enjoyed the first day and night of successful fishing. After three days, the players became suspicious, but the ship captain laughed when asked when they would return to Detroit. As the players became mutinous on the sixth day, the captain admitted he had been ordered to keep them "out at sea" for 10 days. In another account, Thompson described his 10 days aboard the Annette as follows: We were prisoners, but well cared-for prisoners. Anything in the line of creature comforts you could find packed away on ice. We lived on the best in the market, and spent the rest of the time in fishing and playing poker, chips having very thoughtfully been provided. On the night of the tenth day, at midnight, we were all taken ashore where Watkins met us and signed us to our contracts.
The players were only later presented with their accumulated mail which included scores of offers from other clubs. A writer in the Detroit Free Press later noted: "Detroit magnates showed some inside baseball brains and great finessing in sending the players away from all tempters for that period when they belonged to no club."
Once at Detroit, McGuire hit .190 in 121 at bats and served as the backup for catcher Charlie Bennett; Bennett caught 62 games and McGuire 31. While with the Wolverines, McGuire was reunited with Lady Baldwin, the "snakeball" pitcher who he had caught in Hastings. Despite the infusion of talent from Indianapolis, the Wolverines finished in sixth place with a 41–67 record.
Philadelphia Quakers
Gilbert & Bacon photograph of McGuire
In November 1885, the Wolverines returned McGuire to league control, and he was then acquired by the Philadelphia Quakers in January 1886. McGuire played with the Quakers for two full seasons.
In 1886, McGuire caught 49 games for the Quakers, two more than the team's other principal catcher Jack Clements. The 1886 season was McGuire's first in the major leagues with a winning ball club, as the Quakers finished in fourth place in the National League with a 71–43 record.
In 1887, McGuire and Clements again split the catching duties for the Quakers, with 41 and 59 games, respectively. McGuire improved dramatically as a batter in 1887. After compiling a .198 batting average in 1886, McGuire hit .307 in 150 at bats. The team also improved to second place with a 75–48 record.
McGuire began the 1888 season with the Quakers. However, on June 30, 1888, he was released by the Quakers after batting .333 in 12 games and 51 at bats.
Cleveland, Toronto and Rochester
On July 2, 1888, McGuire signed as a free agent with the Detroit Wolverines. He appeared in only three games for Detroit, had no hits in 13 at bats, and was released on August 1, 1888. In late August 1888, McGuire met and signed with Tom Loftus, the manager of the Cleveland Blues of the National League. The Cleveland Plain Dealer reported at the time: "He will strengthen the team a good deal, especially in batting. Jim was a little careless as to his condition early in the season and Harry Wright released him because he had three other cheaper catchers. . . . At this time he is in perfect condition and has given a fine sample of his work in the three games against Kansas City." McGuire appeared in 26 games for Cleveland at the end of the 1888 season, batting .255 in 94 at bats.
In early February 1889, McGuire was released by Cleveland and signed by the Toronto Canucks of the International League. McGuire appeared in 93 games for Toronto and hit .282 with 72 runs scored, 42 extra base hits and 29 stolen bases. (An account published at the end of the 1889 season stated that McGuire hit .300 at Toronto and caught 92 games).
In February 1890, the Rochester Broncos of the American Association purchased McGuire from Toronto. In his return to the major leagues, McGuire appeared in 87 games for Rochester, 71 as a catcher, 15 at first base, three in the outfield and one as a pitcher. He hit .299 with a .356 on-base percentage, .408 slugging average and 53 RBIs. Prior to the 1890 season, McGuire had never earned a Wins Above Replacement (WAR) rating even as high as 1.0; his 1890 season received a 2.7 WAR rating. His defensive play also blossomed in 1890 with a 0.9 Defensive WAR rating – the only season in McGuire's long career in which he ranked among the top ten Defensive WAR ratings in his league.
The "Deacon"
In The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, sports historian Bill James wrote that McGuire was called Deacon, "because he didn't drink and carouse", like other players of his era. To the contrary, a biographical sketch of McGuire published in 1901 stated that McGuire had been a heavy drinker for much of his career, though he did later become a "teetotaler." The sketch noted:McGuire's career, as will be noted, has been a somewhat checkered one and not without its ups and downs. His downs, for the most part, were due to an acquaintance he early formed with the Hon. John Barleycorn, and his association with this noted gentleman led to frequent and divers bouts with one Ben Booze who invariably gave Mac the worst of it and came near causing his downfall. It was not until he quit these gentlemen entirely that the true worth of the man permanently asserted itself and his flight into fame was continued.
Another account, published in Sports Illustrated 1984, stated that McGuire's Brooklyn teammates gave him the nickname in 1900 because he was "so straight-arrow" and had never been fined or ejected from a game. Multiple accounts support the widely publicized claim that he was never fined or ejected from a game and describe McGuire as "placid, easy-going, hard-working and thoroughly conscientious."
However, the origin of the "Deacon" nickname appears to date back to 1896. In February of that year, The Sporting Life, a national baseball newspaper, reported a dispatch from Michigan that McGuire "has experienced religion at a revival meeting and is thinking of giving up baseball and devote his time to preaching, perhaps." The Sporting Life closed with this observation: " If Mac felt bent on doing missionary work his duty is to remain right where he is. But he will be back next April doing just as brilliant work behind the bat as last year. He will have no redress, however, if he is addressed hereafter as 'Deacon' McGuire."
Washington Senators
McGuire on the cover of Sporting Life, June 1898
Deacon McGuire in Washington Senators uniform. Photographed by C. M. Bell studio.
In February 1891, McGuire jumped from the Rochester Broncos to the Washington Statesmen. He played the next nine seasons in a Washington uniform.
During the 1891 season, McGuire appeared in 114 games for the Statesmen, including 98 as a catcher and 18 in the outfield. He compiled a .303 batting average and, with the boost from 43 bases on balls and 10 times hit by pitch, a .382 on-base percentage. For the second consecutive season, he earned a 2.7 WAR rating – a level he would exceed only once in his career. Focusing solely on offense, his Offensive WAR rating in 1891 was 3.3 – the only time he ranked among the top ten Offensive WAR ratings in his league. Defensively, McGuire led the American Association's catchers with 130 assists, 56 errors, 204 stolen bases allowed and 129 runners caught stealing. Despite McGuire's efforts, the Statesmen finished the 1891 season in last place in the American Association with a 44–91 record.
In 1892, the Statesmen were admitted to the National League and renamed the Senators. The Senators finished the season in 10th place (out of 12 teams) with a 58–93 record. McGuire's batting average, ever erratic, dropped 71 points from the prior year to .232. However, McGuire had almost as many bases on balls (61) as hits (73), giving him a more than respectable .360 on-base percentage. Factoring in all of his contributions, McGuire received a 2.4 WAR rating for 1892.
In 1893, McGuire caught only 50 games and, despite the limited playing time, ranked second in the National League's catchers with 27 errors. The 1893 season also generated McGuire's worst WAR rating (0.4) of the decade. The Senators as a team also suffered in 1893, finishing in 12th (last) place with a 40–89 record.
The Senators rebounded only slightly in 1894, finishing in 11th place with a 45–87 record. McGuire, on the other hand, improved markedly. His batting average jumped 49 points to .306, and his WAR rating increased to 1.5. Defensively, he led the league with 278 stolen bases allowed and finished second among the league's catchers with 114 assists, 127 runners caught stealing, 36 errors and 27 passed balls.
McGuire had the best season of his career in 1895 as he hit .336 with 48 extra bases hits (including 10 home runs), 97 RBIs and 17 stolen bases. His WAR rating of 4.0 was, by far, the highest of his career. Defensively, he set a new major league record by catching all 133 games. The Sporting News in October 1895 called McGuire's 133 games the "record of records":Catcher Jim McGuire's correct record of League games caught in this season is 133, 128 of which appear in the standing of the club, four were tie games and one the postponed Boston game. He is to-day in excellent condition. This is the record of records in the league, and many a year will roll by before it is equaled."
He also led the National League's catchers with 312 putouts, 180 assists, 40 errors, 12 double plays turned, 28 passed balls, 293 stolen bases allowed, and 189 runners caught stealing. Even with McGuire having his best season, the Senators continued to wallow near the bottom of the National League, finishing the 1895 season in 10th place with a 43–85 record.
In 1896, McGuire had another good season, and the Senators again finished near the bottom of the standings, in ninth place with a 58–73 record. McGuire hit .321, earning a 2.4 WAR rating. Defensively, he led the league's catchers in multiple categories for the second consecutive year, totaling 98 games at catcher (1st), 349 putouts (1st), 87 assists (2nd), 30 errors (1st), 14 double plays (1st), 205 stolen bases allowed (1st), and 97 runners caught stealing (2nd).
The 1897 season was one of modest improvement for the Senators, finishing in sixth place with a 61–71 record. McGuire appeared in fewer games, 73 at catcher and six at first base, compiled a .343 batting average (the highest of his career), and earned a 2.5 WAR rating.
In 1898, the Senators' improvement dissipated, as they finished in 11th place with a 51–101 record. McGuire appeared in 131 games for the Senators, 93 at catcher and 37 at first base. His batting average dropped by 75 points under the prior year to .268 with a WAR rating of 1.6. McGuire was also asked to serve as player-manager during the latter half of the 1898 season, compiling a record of 21–47 in the final 68 games of the season.
By 1899, McGuire was 35 years old and the ninth oldest player in the National League. He began the year for the ninth consecutive season with an overmatched Washington team that finished in 11th place. During the first half of the season, McGuire's performance ebbed, earning a 0.8 WAR rating.
Brooklyn Superbas
On July 14, 1899, McGuire received good news; he had been traded to the Brooklyn Superbas, a team managed by Ned Hanlon and competing for the National League pennant. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle praised the trade: "McGuire has always been looked upon as one of the best catchers in the league . . . he has no superior as a coacher of pitchers and for steady and uninterrupted work." The Washington correspondent for the Sporting Life wrote that the trade "marked the passing of the most consistent and reliable player that ever wore a Washington uniform" and called McGuire "the backbone of the Washington team."
Playing for a winning ball club for the first time in a decade, McGuire caught 46 games and blossomed. His batting average bounced back to .318 with a .385 on-base percentage, .446 slugging average and 1.4 WAR rating. The team finished strong with the addition of McGuire, compiling a 39–14 record after August 12 and winning the National League pennant by eight games.
In 1900, McGuire shared catching responsibility with Duke Farrell, McGuire handling 69 games at the position and Farrell 76. McGuire compiled a .286 batting average, .348 on-base percentage and 1.2 WAR rating. His performance helped the Superbas win their second consecutive pennant with an 82–54 record. During one game in 1900, McGuire threw out seven runners attempting to steal second base, caught another "asleep on second and nipped still another slumbering off third."
McGuire resumed his role as the Superbas' number one catcher in 1901. He caught 81 games and compiled a .296 batting average, .342 on-base percentage and 1.6 WAR rating. The Superbas remained competitive, finishing in third place with a 79–57 record.
Challenging the "reserve clause"
In March 1902, McGuire jumped to the still new American League, signing a two-year with the Detroit Tigers. The Brooklyn club sued McGuire for breaching his contract to play there and sought an injunction prohibiting him from playing anywhere else. The case went to trial in June 1902 in Philadelphia federal court. Brooklyn club president Charles Ebbets testified in court "to the extraordinary qualities of McGuire as a catcher." McGuire argued that his contract with Brooklyn was invalid on the ground that the "reserve clause" was a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
After hearing the evidence, Judge George M. Dallas ruled in favor of McGuire, holding that the Brooklyn contract was unenforceable due to a lack of mutuality, and because Brooklyn had failed to prove that McGuire's services were unique and irreplaceable. Judge Dallas' opinion, in part, stated:The contract upon which this suit is founded provides that the party of the first part (the plaintiff) may end and determine all its liabilities and obligations thereunder upon giving the party of the second part (the defendant) ten days' notice of its option and intention to do so, and in Marble Company vs. Itipley, 10 Wall. 339, it was distinctly held that a contract which the plaintiff may abandon at any time on giving one year's notice is not enforceable in equity.... In short, I am of opinion that the decision in Marble Company against Ripley is binding upon this Court and is determinative of the present motion. A preliminary injunction should not be awarded in any case where the proofs leave the mind of the Court in serious doubt respecting the plaintiff's asserted right, and the testimony and affidavits submitted for and against the present application do not establish with reasonable certainty that the breach of contract of which the plaintiff complains could not be adequately compensated at law. The evidence adduced is by no means conclusive upon the question whether the services which the defendant contracted to render were so unique and peculiar that they could not be performed and substantially as well by others engaged in professional ball playing, who might be easily be obtained to take his place. The motion for a preliminary injunction is denied.
The Brooklyn correspondent for The Sporting News wrote that the court's decision did not change the fact that "McGuire played the Brooklyn management a low and cowardly trick", suggested that the team sue McGuire for damages, and opined that the Brooklyn public did not care "two cents whether McGuire never comes back." In 1914, the McGuire case became a significant precedent that was relied upon by players and Federal League officials when that league sought to entice players to its ranks.
Detroit Tigers
With the legal proceedings at an end, McGuire shared catching responsibility in Detroit with Fritz Buelow, McGuire catching 70 games in 1902 and Buelow 63. The Tigers' management valued McGuire not only for his playing ability, but also because his coaching "was figured on to aid greatly in developing the young material" that the Tigers were bringing together. At age 38, McGuire was the fourth oldest player in the American League, his batting average dropped to .227 – his lowest level since 1886 ---, and his WAR rating fell to 0.7. The Tigers finished in seventh place with a 52–83 record.
In February 1903, Ned Hanlon, manager of the Brooklyn club, claimed that Brooklyn still had the reserve rights to McGuire and challenged his contract with Detroit. Hanlon did not issue the threatened order to report for several weeks, then did so in April 1903. In the end, a deal was struck pursuant to which Brooklyn released any claim it had over McGuire.
During the 1903 season, McGuire again shared catching duties with Buelow – 69 games for McGuire and 63 for Buelow. McGuire hit .250 and earned a 1.2 WAR rating. The Tigers finished in fifth place with a 65–71 record.
New York Highlanders
In February 1904, Detroit sold McGuire to the New York Highlanders. He spent his final years as a full-time player with the Highlanders from 1904 to 1906. In 1904, at age 40, McGuire caught 97 games, his highest tally since 1899. He led the American League's catchers with 11 double plays turned and ranked second in the league with 530 putouts and 120 assists. His batting average fell to .208, but with Willie Keeler batting .343 and Jack Chesbro winning 41 games, the Highlanders compiled a 92–59 and finished one-and-a-half games behind Boston for the American League pennant.
In 1905, McGuire remained New York's number one catcher, appearing in 71 games at the position. He hit .219 and earned a 0.7 WAR rating. By 1906, McGuire, at age 42, was the second oldest player in the league. In his last season as a full-time player, he caught 51 games and hit .299 in 144 at bats.
Manager and coach
Boston Red Sox
McGuire was hired by the Boston Red Sox in early June 1906 and took over as the team's manager on June 10, 1907. He compiled a 45–61 (.425) record as manager in 1907 and returned in 1908, compiling a 53–62 (.461) record. McGuire also appeared in seven games as a player for Boston, principally as a pinch-hitter, and made three hits, including a home run, and scored a run in five plate appearances. He was released by the Red Sox on August 28, 1908.
Although McGuire's Boston teams did not achieve a winning record, his teams lacked batting strength. He had Cy Young as a pitcher, but his 1907 team finished with the lowest batting average (.234) in the American League. McGuire was credited with having "whipped the bunch of veterans and kids from tailenders into a fighting machine, laying the foundation for the whirlwind team" that went 88–63 in 1909.
Cleveland Naps
McGuire as manager at Cleveland
On September 18, 1908, McGuire signed as a free agent with the Cleveland Naps and appeared in only one game, at first base. McGuire served principally as a scout for Cleveland in 1908 and the first half of 1909. On August 21, 1909, he was hired as Cleveland's manager, replacing Nap Lajoie. Club officials at the time opined that McGuire "possesses the necessary ginger to bring about a different style of playing." McGuire led the team to a 14–25 (.359) record during the last weeks of the 1909 season. He returned in 1910 and led the team to a 71–81 (.467) record. In 1911, McGuire compiled a 6–11 (.353) record as Cleveland's manager. On May 3, 1911, he resigned as manager and was replaced by George Stovall. In resigning his post, McGuire stated that he was disappointed in the team's showing and hoped that better results could be achieved with a new man in charge.
Detroit Tigers
In February 1912, McGuire was hired as a pitching coach for the Detroit Tigers. He had been expected to serve as a scout during the regular season, but was assigned in May 1912 to remain with the club as a coach throughout the season, working alongside manager Hughie Jennings. The Sporting Life wrote: "With McGuire and Jennings on the coaching lines the Tigers would be better fortified in this department than any team in the league." In May 1912, when the Detroit players refused to play in protest over the suspension of Ty Cobb for attacking a fan, the club's management was forced to come up with a substitute team for a game in Philadelphia. McGuire took to the field as one of the Tigers' replacement players. He had a hit and scored a run in his final major league game, but the Tigers lost the game by a 24–2 score.
In January 1914, McGuire was assigned to coach Detroit's young pitchers during spring training with the understanding that he would then leave the club to assume "his regular duties as chief of scouts." In 1915, he returned to the Tigers as a scout. In January 1916, Detroit president Frank Navin released McGuire from the position he had held with the club as a scout and coach. McGuire stated at the time that he expected "to devote all his attention to his business In Albion, Mich." (Some accounts indicate that he continued to scout for the Tigers until 1926.)
Legacy
Padding the glove
In 1936, H. G. Salsinger wrote an article that was published in The Sporting News crediting McGuire as the "first catcher to pad a glove." Salsinger wrote that McGuire "resorted to a primordial method" by stuffing his glove with a piece of raw steak to absorb the shock. Salsinger wrote that manufacturers took a hint from McGuire and began padding catcher's mitts with felt and hair. Salsinger opined that modern catchers "should erect a monument" to repay the debt owed to McGuire's innovation.
McGuire claimed he came up with the idea when he was catching for pitcher Hank O'Day at Toledo in 1884. McGuire said that O'Day "threw the heaviest and hardest ball I ever caught", and that O'Day's pitches "came like a shell from a cannon." McGuire recalled: "The reinforced full-fingered catcher's glove had just come into use the year before. One day on my way to that old Toledo park on Monroe Street, I passed a butcher pounding round steak. It gave me an idea, and I went in and bought a lot of it. I put a piece of it in my glove at the start of every inning, and Hank's pitches beat that steak into a pulp." McGuire's wife recalled her husband using "a piece of beefsteak" and noted: "At game's end it would be hamburger."
Gnarled hands
McGuire's gnarled, knotted left hand, x-rayed in 1906
McGuire played before the advent of most modern protective equipment, and his fingers were reportedly "gnarled, broken, bent, split and crooked" by the end of his career. One account, published in 1901, emphasized the physical beating:A picture of McGuire's hands would be an interesting and wonderful exhibit. The maimed and misshapen members which he will carry with him after he quits the game and to the grave are mute reminders of many a foul ticked off the bat, a wild thrown ball stopped with the finger tips after a leap into the air, or a low one clawed up out of the roots of the plate, and an occasional one caught full on the end of a digit, splitting the flesh and nail.
In 1904, former teammate Sam Crane called McGuire "a wonder – physically and mentally" and "a human octopus." Crane also described McGuire's hands:His big, brawny, strong hands, now grotesquely disfigured by the continuous battering they have received from the viciously wicked inshoots, curves, slants and benders of the speediest pitchers known in the long history of the game, have acted as an unflinchable barrier to the accumulation of momentum that if concentrated would have an irresistible force capable of crushing a battleship or of pulverizing a backstop construction of Harveyized steel armor plate.
In 1907, newspapers across the country published an x-ray of McGuire's left hand (pictured, above at right), showing "36 breaks, twists or bumps all due to baseball accidents." The text accompanying the widely published photograph noted: "When the picture was developed the photographer was amazed to see the knots, like gnarled places on an old oak tree, around the joints, and numerous spots showing old breaks. In several joints the bones are flattened and pushed to the side."
Career statistics and records
Despite the injuries and physical demands of a catcher's duties, McGuire showed remarkable longevity. In 26 years in the major leagues, McGuire compiled a .278 career batting average, .341 on-base percentage and .372 slugging percentage. He appeared in 1,781 games and totaled 770 runs scored, 1,750 hits, 300 doubles, 79 triples, 45 home runs, 840 RBIs, 118 stolen bases and 515 bases on balls.
McGuire's longevity enabled him to set numerous major league records, some of which are set forth below:
Most seasons. McGuire played in 26 major league seasons. That remained a major league record for many decades. Tommy John tied the record in 1989, and Nolan Ryan exceeded it in 1993 when he appeared in his 27th major league season.
Most teams. McGuire played for 11 different major league teams. That stood as a major league record until 2000 when Mike Morgan played for his 12th major league team.
Caught stealing. McGuire still holds the major league records for most runners caught stealing in a season (189 in 1895) and in a career (1,459).
Stolen bases allowed. While McGuire threw out a lot of base runners, he also allowed a lot of stolen bases. He holds the current major league record for most stolen bases allowed in a season (293 in 1895) and in a career (2,529).
Assists as catcher. McGuire broke the record for most career assists by a catcher in 1901. His final total of 1,860 assists remains the current major league record.
Games as catcher. McGuire set both season and career records for games at catcher. He set the season record in 1895 when he appeared in 133 games, and he became the career leader in 1900 by breaking Wilbert Robinson's record of 1,108 games. His final tally of 1,612 games as catcher remained a major league record until it was broken in 1925 by Ray Schalk.
Putouts as catcher. McGuire broke the career record for putouts as catcher in 1901. His final total of 6,856 putouts remained the major league record until it, too, was broken in 1925 by Ray Schalk.
Double plays as catcher. In 1904, McGuire broke Chief Zimmer's record for most double plays turned as catcher. McGuire's final total of 143 double plays remained the major league record until 1920 when it was broken by Steve O'Neill.
In The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, sports historian Bill James ranked McGuire as the 40th best catcher of all time. The only 19th century catcher ranked higher than McGuire was Buck Ewing, whom James ranked 17th.
Family and later years
McGuire was married in 1893 to May K. Huxford. They had no children.
Even before retiring from baseball, McGuire made his home in Albion, Michigan, and had developed other business interests there. By 1901, McGuire and his brother owned a "well paying wet goods emporium" and an ice business in Albion. The "wet goods emporium" appears to refer to a saloon in Albion known as "McGuire Brothers", originally located at 204 S. Superior St., which moved in 1912 to 103 West Porter Street. McGuire worked in the saloon during the off-season, and his brother (George) operated it year round. In 1915, Albion "went dry", and McGuire Brothers became a restaurant and "sample room" and eventually closed. In 1906, McGuire and his wife also purchased a flour mill on the Kalamazoo River near Albion.
McGuire's grave at Riverside Cemetery
In 1914, a man who was believed to have gone insane twice attempted to kill McGuire. The first attempt was at McGuire's cabin in Duck Lake, Michigan, using both an axe and a revolver. The second attempt was at McGuire's home in Albion, using a repeating rifle. McGuire was reported to have narrowly escaped death.
After retiring from baseball, McGuire returned to his home in Albion. He coached the Albion College baseball team in 1926 and worked as a chicken farmer. McGuire died in 1936 at age 72. The cause of death was pneumonia, that developed after he suffered a stroke at his chicken ranch in Duck Lake, Michigan. He was buried at Riverside Cemetery in Albion.
Managerial record
Team
Year
Regular season
Postseason
Games
Won
Lost
Win %
Finish
Won
Lost
Win %
Result
WSH
1898
68
21
47
.309
interim
–
–
–
–
WAS total
68
21
47
.309
0
0
–
BOA
1907
106
45
61
.425
7th in AL
–
–
–
–
BOS
1908
115
53
62
.461
released
–
–
–
–
BOA/ BOS total
221
98
123
.443
0
0
–
CLE
1909
39
14
25
.359
6th in AL
–
–
–
–
CLE
1910
152
71
81
.467
5th in AL
–
–
–
–
CLE
1911
17
6
11
.353
resigned
–
–
–
–
CLE total
208
91
117
.438
0
0
–
Total
497
210
287
.423
0
0
–
See also
List of Major League Baseball player–managers
List of Major League Baseball players who played in four decades
References
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^ a b c d "Deacon McGuire Managerial Record". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ a b c d "Jim M'Guire Succeeds Nap Lajoie as Manager of the Clevelands: Veteran Player Who Formerly Managed Boston Red Sox and Has Been Acting as Nap Scout, Takes Charge Monday; Is the Only Man Really Considered for the Position by the Cleveland Magnates". Cleveland Plain Dealer. August 22, 1909. p. 1C.
^ a b c d e f g h i Bruce Anderson (August 13, 1984). "A Former Foundry Worker Forged A Record By Playing For 26 Seasons". Sports Illustrated.
^ a b c d e f "Jim McGuire Still on Deck: Veteran Catcher Holds Up His End with the Younger Stars; Has Been in the Baseball Harness a Score of Years; Sketch of a Michigan Man Who Is Famous on the Diamond". Detroit Free Press. March 18, 1901. p. 8. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ a b c d "Necrology". The Sporting News. November 5, 1936. p. 6.
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^ a b c "Jim M'Guire's Great Record: Now Playing His Twenty-First Season Behind Bat; Has Never Been Taken Out of Game by Umpire; Only Player Who Caught Every Game of Year". Detroit Free Press. July 24, 1904. p. 14. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ "Never Put Out of Game in Thirty-Two Years". The Day Book. Chicago. January 7, 1916. p. 7.("McGuire was never fined or put out of a game by an umpire.")
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^ a b "From the Capital: How the News as to the Movements of Brown and McGuire is Regarded – Chats About and With Ball Players, Etc" (PDF). The Sporting Life. February 8, 1896. p. 4.
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^ "Catcher M'Guire Served: Brooklyn Club Asks for an Enjoining Order". Detroit Free Press. May 27, 1902. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ "News of Sporting World: Case Goes to Federal Court Application for Transfer in McGuire Matter Ruling Will Be More Important Than State Courts' Hedges". Detroit Free Press. May 28, 1902. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ John B. Foster (April 5, 1902). "Brooklyn Bulletin: The Case of Catcher McGuire Commented Upon at Length — Brooklyn's Club Hard Hit by Contract-Jumping Tactics" (PDF). The Sporting Life. p. 8.
^ "McGuire Case Is Heart: Court Stops National LIne of Testimony". Detroit Free Press. June 24, 1903. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ a b "Brooklyn Boss' Belief: Declares That the Brooklyn Club Will Make a Legal Fight for Kirkpatrick and Discusses the "Continuous Ball" Question". The Sporting Life. January 31, 1914. p. 11.
^ a b "Another Hard Blow Given the Base Ball Contract by a Court: In the Famous McGuire Case a United States Court Rules That the Base Ball Contract is Non-Enforceable Owing to Its Lack of Mutuality" (PDF). The Sporting Life. July 5, 1902. p. 3.(quoting the opinion of Judge Dallas)
^ "Brooklyn Bulletin: Demoralizing Result of the Legal War Over Contracts" (PDF). The Sporting Life. July 5, 1902. p. 3.
^ "In Meshes of Law Again: Base Ball Contracts to Figure in Court" (PDF). The Sporting Life. January 31, 1914. p. 10.
^ a b "McGuire Can Make Trouble: Hanlon Takes Advantage and Claims Catcher; Angus Is Anxious to Have the Case Settled Now; Jim' Coaching Figured on to Bring Out Youngsters". Detroit Free Press. February 1903. p. 10. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ "1902 Detroit Tigers". baseball-reference.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ "No Order for McGuire: Hanlon Goes South Without Word to the Player". Detroit Free Press. March 25, 1903. p. 10. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ "Hanlon Sends Notice to Catcher McGuire: Orders Detroit Backstop to Report to Brooklyn". Detroit Free Press. April 24, 1902. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ "M'Guire Joins Detroit Nine: Buys Release and Will Report Here on Monday". Detroit Free Press. April 26, 1903. p. 8. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ "1903 Detroit Tigers". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ "1904 Detroit Tigers". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ "McGuire Is Well Pleased: New Manager Arrives in Town; Glad of Opportunity to SHow WHat He Can Do". Boston Daily Globe. June 10, 1907. p. 4. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ "1907 American League Team Statistics and Standings". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ "McGuire To Manage the Indians: Former Leader of Boston Americans Picked To Succeed Lajoie". Boston Daily Globe. August 22, 1909. p. 12. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ Henry P. Edwards (May 5, 1911). "Jim M'Guire Resigns as Manager of Naps, Geo. Stovall Now In Charge". Cleveland Plain Dealer. p. 9.
^ "Latest News By Telegraph Briefly Told" (PDF). The Sporting Life. February 10, 1912. p. 3.
^ "M'Guire's Role: Be Detroit Coach Throughout the Entire Season" (PDF). The Sporting Life. May 18, 1912. p. 8.
^ a b c H. G. Salsinger (November 26, 1936). "McGuire First Catcher to Pad a Glove: All Ten of Deacon Jim's Fingers Broken Before He Hit on Expedient of Using Raw Steak Inside Mitt". The Sporting News. p. 8.
^ Paul Bruske (January 3, 1914). "The City of the Straits But Little Affected By the Federal League Move and Only Languidly Interested in Fraternity Controversy" (PDF). p. 10.
^ "American League Notes" (PDF). The Sporting Life. February 6, 1915. p. 8.
^ "American League Notes" (PDF). The Sporting Life. January 15, 1916. p. 11.
^ a b c Frank Passic (July 16, 1995). "McGuire Brothers, Part 2". Morning Star (Albion, Mich.). p. 20.
^ a b "36 Bones Smashed at Baseball". The Spokane Press. March 28, 1907. p. 3.(available in LOC Chronicling America data base)
^ "A Thousand Words—Deacon McGuire's Left Hand". Baseball History Daily. June 14, 2013.
^ a b Robert W. Bigelow. "Deacon McGuire". Society for American Baseball Research.
^ Jeff Passan (March 12, 2010). "Stairs is a swing away from record book". Yahoo! Sports. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
^ "Progressive Leaders & Records for Caught Stealing as C". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ "Progressive Leaders & Records for Stolen Bases Allowed as C". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ "Progressive Leaders & Records for Assists as C". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ "Progressive Leaders & Records for Def. Games as C". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ a b "Progressive Leaders & Records for Putouts as C". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ a b 1900 U.S. Census entry for James T. McGuire, born November 18, 1864, employed as "base ball pitcher", and May K. McGuire, born May 10, 1872, married 7 years. Source Citation: Year: 1900; Census Place: Albion Ward 1, Calhoun, Michigan; Roll: 704; Page: 3B; Enumeration District: 0023; FHL microfilm: 1240704. Ancestry.com. 1900 United States Federal Census .
^ 1910 U.S. Census entry for James T. McGuire, age 46, baseball manager, and May K. McGuire. Source Citation: Year: 1910; Census Place: Albion Ward 1, Calhoun, Michigan; Roll: T624_639; Page: 12A; Enumeration District: 0025; FHL microfilm: 1374652. Ancestry.com. 1910 United States Federal Census .
^ a b 1920 U.S. Census entry for James T. McGuire, age 56, born in Ohio, and May McGuire. Source Citation: Year: 1920; Census Place: Clarence, Calhoun, Michigan; Roll: T625_760; Page: 1B; Enumeration District: 66; Image: 122. Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census .
^ Frank Passic (December 18, 1994). "Two and a Half Cents Worth". Morning Star (Albion). p. 2.
^ a b Frank Passic (June 16, 1997). "McGuire Brothers Saloon Was Prominent in Early 20th Century". Albion Recorder. p. 4.
^ "M'Guire's New 'Spec': The Famous Catcher of the New York Highlanders Becomes Owner of a Flour Mill Out West" (PDF). The Sporting Life. August 11, 1906. p. 7.
^ "Alleged Insane Man Attempts to Murder McGuire". Detroit Free Press. June 7, 1914. p. 17. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Further reading
Bigelow, Robert W. "Deacon McGuire". SABR. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
vteBrooklyn Superbas 1899 National League champions
John Anderson
Doc Casey
Bill Dahlen
Tom Daly
Jack Dunn
Duke Farrell
Jay Hughes
Hughie Jennings
Fielder Jones
Willie Keeler
Joe Kelley
Brickyard Kennedy
Dan McGann
Deacon McGuire
Doc McJames
Joe Yeager
Manager: Ned Hanlon
vteBrooklyn Superbas 1900 National League champions
Lave Cross
Bill Dahlen
Tom Daly
Gene DeMontreville
Jack Dunn
Duke Farrell
Harry Howell
Hughie Jennings
Fielder Jones
Willie Keeler
Joe Kelley
Brickyard Kennedy
Frank Kitson
Joe McGinnity
Deacon McGuire
Jerry Nops
Jimmy Sheckard
Gus Weyhing
Manager: Ned Hanlon
vteWashington Senators (1891–99) managers
Sam Trott
Pop Snyder
Dan Shannon
Sandy Griffin
Billy Barnie
Arthur Irwin
Danny Richardson
Jim O'Rourke
Gus Schmelz
Tom Brown
Jack Doyle
Deacon McGuire
vteBoston Red Sox managers
Jimmy Collins (1901–1906)
Chick Stahl (1906)
Cy Young (1907)
Bob Unglaub (1907)
George Huff (1907)
Deacon McGuire (1907–1908)
Fred Lake (1908–1909)
Patsy Donovan (1910–1911)
Jake Stahl (1912–1913)
Bill Carrigan (1913–1916)
Jack Barry (1917)
Ed Barrow (1918–1920)
Hugh Duffy (1921–1922)
Frank Chance (1923)
Lee Fohl (1924–1926)
Bill Carrigan (1927–1929)
Heinie Wagner (1930)
Shano Collins (1931–1932)
Marty McManus (1932–1933)
Bucky Harris (1934)
Joe Cronin (1935–1947)
Joe McCarthy (1948–1950)
Steve O'Neill (1950–1951)
Lou Boudreau (1952–1954)
Pinky Higgins (1955–1959)
Rudy York (1959)
Billy Jurges (1959–1960)
Del Baker (1960)
Pinky Higgins (1960–1962)
Johnny Pesky (1963–1964)
Billy Herman (1964–1966)
Pete Runnels (1966)
Dick Williams (1967–1969)
Eddie Popowski (1969)
Eddie Kasko (1970–1973)
Eddie Popowski (1973)
Darrell Johnson (1974–1976)
Don Zimmer (1976–1980)
Johnny Pesky (1980)
Ralph Houk (1981–1984)
John McNamara (1985–1988)
Joe Morgan (1988–1991)
Butch Hobson (1992–1994)
Kevin Kennedy (1995–1996)
Jimy Williams (1997–2001)
Joe Kerrigan (2001)
Grady Little (2002–2003)
Terry Francona (2004–2011)
Bobby Valentine (2012)
John Farrell (2013–2017)
Alex Cora (2018–2019)
Ron Roenicke (2020)
Alex Cora (2021–present)
vteCleveland Guardians managers
Jimmy McAleer (1901)
Bill Armour (1902–1904)
Bill Bradley (1905)
Nap Lajoie (1905–1909)
Deacon McGuire (1909–1911)
George Stovall (1911)
Harry Davis (1912)
Joe Birmingham (1912–1915)
Lee Fohl (1915–1919)
Tris Speaker (1919–1926)
Jack McCallister (1927)
Roger Peckinpaugh (1928–1933)
Bibb Falk (1933)
Walter Johnson (1933–1935)
Steve O'Neill (1935–1937)
Ossie Vitt (1938–1940)
Roger Peckinpaugh (1941)
Lou Boudreau (1942–1950)
Al López (1951–1956)
Kerby Farrell (1957)
Bobby Bragan (1958)
Joe Gordon (1958–1960)
Jo-Jo White (1960)
Jimmy Dykes (1960–1961)
Mel Harder (1961)
Mel McGaha (1962)
Mel Harder (1962)
Birdie Tebbetts (1963)
George Strickland (1964)
Birdie Tebbetts (1964–1966)
George Strickland (1966)
Joe Adcock (1967)
Alvin Dark (1968–1971)
Johnny Lipon (1971)
Ken Aspromonte (1972–1974)
Frank Robinson (1975–1977)
Jeff Torborg (1977–1979)
Dave Garcia (1979–1982)
Mike Ferraro (1983)
Pat Corrales (1983–1987)
Doc Edwards (1987–1989)
John Hart (1989)
John McNamara (1990–1991)
Mike Hargrove (1991–1999)
Charlie Manuel (2000–2002)
Joel Skinner (2002)
Eric Wedge (2003–2009)
Manny Acta (2010–2012)
Sandy Alomar (2012)
Terry Francona (2013–2023)
Stephen Vogt (2024–present)
vteBoston Red Sox captains
Jimmy Collins*
Chick Stahl*
Bob Unglaub*
Deacon McGuire
Doc Gessler
Harry Lord
Heinie Wagner
Jake Stahl
Jack Barry
Dick Hoblitzell
Harry Hooper
Everett Scott
Del Pratt
George Burns
Mike Menosky
Jimmie Foxx
Carl Yastrzemski
Jim Rice
Jason Varitek
Captains when the team was known as the Boston Americans are denoted by an asterisk
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"Washington Statesmen/Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1891%E2%80%9399)"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Superbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Superbas"},{"link_name":"New York Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"putouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putout"},{"link_name":"assists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"double plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_play"},{"link_name":"caught stealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught_stealing"},{"link_name":"stolen bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_base"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"on-base percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-base_percentage"},{"link_name":"runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"triples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"RBIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MGR-2"}],"text":"Baseball playerJames Thomas \"Deacon\" McGuire (November 18, 1863 – October 31, 1936) was an American professional baseball player, manager and coach whose career spanned the years 1883 to 1915. He played 26 seasons in Major League Baseball, principally as a catcher, for 11 different major league clubs. His longest stretches were with the Washington Statesmen/Senators (901 games, 1892–99), Brooklyn Superbas (202 games, 1899–1901) and New York Highlanders (225 games, 1904–07). He played on Brooklyn teams that won National League pennants in 1899 and 1900.McGuire was the most durable catcher of his era, setting major league catching records for most career games caught (1,612), putouts (6,856), assists (1,860), double plays turned (143), runners caught stealing (1,459), and stolen bases allowed (2,529). His assist, caught stealing, and stolen bases allowed totals remain current major league records. During his major league career, he also compiled a .278 batting average, .341 on-base percentage, 770 runs scored, 1,750 hits, 300 doubles, 79 triples, 45 home runs, 840 RBIs and 118 stolen bases. His best season was 1895 when he caught a major league record 133 games and compiled a .336 batting average with 10 home runs, 97 RBIs and 17 stolen bases.[1]McGuire was also the manager of the Washington Senators (1898), Boston Red Sox (1907–08) and Cleveland Indians (1909–11). He compiled a 210–287 (.423) as a major league manager.[2]","title":"Deacon McGuire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Youngstown, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPD-3"},{"link_name":"Albion, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-4"}],"text":"McGuire was born in Youngstown, Ohio, in 1863.[1] He moved as a boy to Cleveland, learned to play baseball \"on the lots\" of that city, and at age 18 was playing for the \"Woodlands\" team.[3] As a young man, he moved to Albion, Michigan, where he worked as an apprentice in an iron foundry in Albion and played baseball on the weekend.[4]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hastings, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lady Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sketch-5"},{"link_name":"Terre Haute, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPD-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Necro-6"}],"sub_title":"Minor leagues","text":"McGuire first gained note playing baseball for a team in Hastings, Michigan, where he was paired with pitcher Lady Baldwin. McGuire was reputed to be \"the only catcher within a 50-mile radius who could handle\" the left-handed Baldwin and his \"incendiary fastball and sinuous curve, a so-called 'snakeball.'\"[4][5] At age 19, McGuire began his professional baseball career in 1883 with the Terre Haute, Indiana, club.[3][6]","title":"Professional baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toledo Blue Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Blue_Stockings"},{"link_name":"American Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(19th_century)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Moses Fleetwood Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Fleetwood_Walker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Toledo Blue Stockings","text":"McGuire made his major league debut in June 1884 with the Toledo Blue Stockings of the American Association. He hit .185 in 151 at bats and appeared in 45 games.[1] At Toledo, he shared the catching responsibilities with Moses Fleetwood Walker, the first African-American player in Major League Baseball.[4] McGuire and Walker each caught 41 games for the Blue Stockings.[1][7] The Blue Stockings finished in eighth place (out of 13 teams) with a 46–58 record and folded after the 1884 season.[8]","title":"Professional baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indianapolis Hoosiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Hoosiers_(minor_league_baseball)"},{"link_name":"Western League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_League_(original)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS-9"},{"link_name":"Sam Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Sam Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Crane_(second_baseman)"},{"link_name":"Chub Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chub_Collins"},{"link_name":"Jim Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Donnelly_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Mox McQuery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mox_McQuery"},{"link_name":"Gene Moriarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Moriarty"},{"link_name":"Dan Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Casey_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Detroit Wolverines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Wolverines"},{"link_name":"Larry McKeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_McKeon_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jim Keenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Keenan"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Bill Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Watkins_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS-9"},{"link_name":"Charlie Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lady Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Detroit Wolverines","text":"McGuire began the 1885 season playing for the Indianapolis Hoosiers of the newly formed Western League. McGuire appeared in 16 games for the Hoosiers, who were the dominant team in the Western League, compiling an .880 winning percentage.[9]In mid June 1885, the Western League disbanded, and a mad rush developed to sign the players on the Indianapolis roster,[9] a line-up that included McGuire, Sam Thompson, Sam Crane, Chub Collins, Jim Donnelly, Mox McQuery, Gene Moriarty, and Dan Casey. Sam Thompson later told the colorful story of the Detroit Wolverines' acquisition of the Indianapolis players. Detroit sent two representatives (Marsh and Maloney) to Indianapolis, principally to sign the Hoosiers' battery of Larry McKeon and Jim Keenan. The Wolverines were outbid by the Cincinnati Reds for McKeon and Keenan but wound up with the Hoosiers' manager (Bill Watkins) and the rest of the team's starting lineup. The only catch was that a 10-day waiting period would allow other teams to outbid Detroit. Marsh and Maloney promptly sent the players to Detroit and quartered them in a hotel there. The next morning, the players were told that the team had arranged a fishing trip for them. The players boarded the steamship Annette and enjoyed the first day and night of successful fishing. After three days, the players became suspicious, but the ship captain laughed when asked when they would return to Detroit. As the players became mutinous on the sixth day, the captain admitted he had been ordered to keep them \"out at sea\" for 10 days.[9] In another account, Thompson described his 10 days aboard the Annette as follows:We were prisoners, but well cared-for prisoners. Anything in the line of creature comforts you could find packed away on ice. We lived on the best in the market, and spent the rest of the time in fishing and playing poker, chips having very thoughtfully been provided. On the night of the tenth day, at midnight, we were all taken ashore where Watkins met us and signed us to our contracts.[10]The players were only later presented with their accumulated mail which included scores of offers from other clubs.[9] A writer in the Detroit Free Press later noted: \"Detroit magnates showed some inside baseball brains and great finessing in sending the players away from all tempters for that period when they belonged to no club.\"[9]Once at Detroit, McGuire hit .190 in 121 at bats and served as the backup for catcher Charlie Bennett; Bennett caught 62 games and McGuire 31.[1][11] While with the Wolverines, McGuire was reunited with Lady Baldwin, the \"snakeball\" pitcher who he had caught in Hastings. Despite the infusion of talent from Indianapolis, the Wolverines finished in sixth place with a 41–67 record.[12]","title":"Professional baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deacon_McGuire_(Gilbert_%26_Bacon_Photo).png"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Quakers_(NL)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Jack Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Clements"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JC-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JC-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"}],"sub_title":"Philadelphia Quakers","text":"Gilbert & Bacon photograph of McGuireIn November 1885, the Wolverines returned McGuire to league control, and he was then acquired by the Philadelphia Quakers in January 1886. McGuire played with the Quakers for two full seasons.[1]In 1886, McGuire caught 49 games for the Quakers,[1] two more than the team's other principal catcher Jack Clements.[13] The 1886 season was McGuire's first in the major leagues with a winning ball club, as the Quakers finished in fourth place in the National League with a 71–43 record.[14]In 1887, McGuire and Clements again split the catching duties for the Quakers, with 41 and 59 games, respectively.[1][13] McGuire improved dramatically as a batter in 1887. After compiling a .198 batting average in 1886, McGuire hit .307 in 150 at bats.[1] The team also improved to second place with a 75–48 record.[15]McGuire began the 1888 season with the Quakers. However, on June 30, 1888, he was released by the Quakers after batting .333 in 12 games and 51 at bats.[1]","title":"Professional baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Tom Loftus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Loftus"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Blues_(AA)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minor-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Rochester Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Broncos"},{"link_name":"on-base percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-base_percentage"},{"link_name":"slugging average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slugging_average"},{"link_name":"Wins Above Replacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wins_Above_Replacement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"}],"sub_title":"Cleveland, Toronto and Rochester","text":"On July 2, 1888, McGuire signed as a free agent with the Detroit Wolverines. He appeared in only three games for Detroit, had no hits in 13 at bats, and was released on August 1, 1888.[1] In late August 1888, McGuire met and signed with Tom Loftus, the manager of the Cleveland Blues of the National League. The Cleveland Plain Dealer reported at the time: \"He will strengthen the team a good deal, especially in batting. Jim was a little careless as to his condition early in the season and Harry Wright released him because he had three other cheaper catchers. . . . At this time he is in perfect condition and has given a fine sample of his work in the three games against Kansas City.\"[16] McGuire appeared in 26 games for Cleveland at the end of the 1888 season, batting .255 in 94 at bats.[1]In early February 1889, McGuire was released by Cleveland and signed by the Toronto Canucks of the International League.[17] McGuire appeared in 93 games for Toronto and hit .282 with 72 runs scored, 42 extra base hits and 29 stolen bases.[18] (An account published at the end of the 1889 season stated that McGuire hit .300 at Toronto and caught 92 games).[19]In February 1890, the Rochester Broncos of the American Association purchased McGuire from Toronto. In his return to the major leagues, McGuire appeared in 87 games for Rochester, 71 as a catcher, 15 at first base, three in the outfield and one as a pitcher. He hit .299 with a .356 on-base percentage, .408 slugging average and 53 RBIs. Prior to the 1890 season, McGuire had never earned a Wins Above Replacement (WAR) rating even as high as 1.0; his 1890 season received a 2.7 WAR rating. His defensive play also blossomed in 1890 with a 0.9 Defensive WAR rating – the only season in McGuire's long career in which he ranked among the top ten Defensive WAR ratings in his league.[1]","title":"Professional baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Bill_James_Historical_Baseball_Abstract"},{"link_name":"Bill James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_James"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBJ-20"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sketch-5"},{"link_name":"John Barleycorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barleycorn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sketch-5"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFP2-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSL-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSL-24"}],"sub_title":"The \"Deacon\"","text":"In The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, sports historian Bill James wrote that McGuire was called Deacon, \"because he didn't drink and carouse\", like other players of his era.[20] To the contrary, a biographical sketch of McGuire published in 1901 stated that McGuire had been a heavy drinker for much of his career, though he did later become a \"teetotaler.\"[5] The sketch noted:McGuire's career, as will be noted, has been a somewhat checkered one and not without its ups and downs. His downs, for the most part, were due to an acquaintance he early formed with the Hon. John Barleycorn, and his association with this noted gentleman led to frequent and divers bouts with one Ben Booze who invariably gave Mac the worst of it and came near causing his downfall. It was not until he quit these gentlemen entirely that the true worth of the man permanently asserted itself and his flight into fame was continued.[5]Another account, published in Sports Illustrated 1984, stated that McGuire's Brooklyn teammates gave him the nickname in 1900 because he was \"so straight-arrow\" and had never been fined or ejected from a game.[4] Multiple accounts support the widely publicized claim that he was never fined or ejected from a game and describe McGuire as \"placid, easy-going, hard-working and thoroughly conscientious.\"[21][22][23]However, the origin of the \"Deacon\" nickname appears to date back to 1896. In February of that year, The Sporting Life, a national baseball newspaper, reported a dispatch from Michigan that McGuire \"has experienced religion at a revival meeting and is thinking of giving up baseball and devote his time to preaching, perhaps.\"[24] The Sporting Life closed with this observation: \" If Mac felt bent on doing missionary work his duty is to remain right where he is. But he will be back next April doing just as brilliant work behind the bat as last year. He will have no redress, however, if he is addressed hereafter as 'Deacon' McGuire.\"[24]","title":"Professional baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deacon_McGuire_on_Sporting_Life_cover_(1898).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deacon_McGuire_-_Washington_Senator.jpg"},{"link_name":"C. M. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._M._Bell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"hit by pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_by_pitch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"player-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-manager"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MGR-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"}],"sub_title":"Washington Senators","text":"McGuire on the cover of Sporting Life, June 1898Deacon McGuire in Washington Senators uniform. Photographed by C. M. Bell studio.In February 1891, McGuire jumped from the Rochester Broncos to the Washington Statesmen. He played the next nine seasons in a Washington uniform.[1]During the 1891 season, McGuire appeared in 114 games for the Statesmen, including 98 as a catcher and 18 in the outfield. He compiled a .303 batting average and, with the boost from 43 bases on balls and 10 times hit by pitch, a .382 on-base percentage. For the second consecutive season, he earned a 2.7 WAR rating – a level he would exceed only once in his career. Focusing solely on offense, his Offensive WAR rating in 1891 was 3.3 – the only time he ranked among the top ten Offensive WAR ratings in his league. Defensively, McGuire led the American Association's catchers with 130 assists, 56 errors, 204 stolen bases allowed and 129 runners caught stealing.[1] Despite McGuire's efforts, the Statesmen finished the 1891 season in last place in the American Association with a 44–91 record.[25]In 1892, the Statesmen were admitted to the National League and renamed the Senators. The Senators finished the season in 10th place (out of 12 teams) with a 58–93 record.[26] McGuire's batting average, ever erratic, dropped 71 points from the prior year to .232. However, McGuire had almost as many bases on balls (61) as hits (73), giving him a more than respectable .360 on-base percentage. Factoring in all of his contributions, McGuire received a 2.4 WAR rating for 1892.[1]In 1893, McGuire caught only 50 games and, despite the limited playing time, ranked second in the National League's catchers with 27 errors. The 1893 season also generated McGuire's worst WAR rating (0.4) of the decade.[1] The Senators as a team also suffered in 1893, finishing in 12th (last) place with a 40–89 record.[27]The Senators rebounded only slightly in 1894, finishing in 11th place with a 45–87 record.[28] McGuire, on the other hand, improved markedly. His batting average jumped 49 points to .306, and his WAR rating increased to 1.5. Defensively, he led the league with 278 stolen bases allowed and finished second among the league's catchers with 114 assists, 127 runners caught stealing, 36 errors and 27 passed balls.[1]McGuire had the best season of his career in 1895 as he hit .336 with 48 extra bases hits (including 10 home runs), 97 RBIs and 17 stolen bases. His WAR rating of 4.0 was, by far, the highest of his career. Defensively, he set a new major league record by catching all 133 games. The Sporting News in October 1895 called McGuire's 133 games the \"record of records\":Catcher Jim McGuire's correct record of League games caught in this season is 133, 128 of which appear in the standing of the club, four were tie games and one the postponed Boston game. He is to-day in excellent condition. This is the record of records in the league, and many a year will roll by before it is equaled.\"[29]He also led the National League's catchers with 312 putouts, 180 assists, 40 errors, 12 double plays turned, 28 passed balls, 293 stolen bases allowed, and 189 runners caught stealing.[1] Even with McGuire having his best season, the Senators continued to wallow near the bottom of the National League, finishing the 1895 season in 10th place with a 43–85 record.[30]In 1896, McGuire had another good season, and the Senators again finished near the bottom of the standings, in ninth place with a 58–73 record.[31] McGuire hit .321, earning a 2.4 WAR rating. Defensively, he led the league's catchers in multiple categories for the second consecutive year, totaling 98 games at catcher (1st), 349 putouts (1st), 87 assists (2nd), 30 errors (1st), 14 double plays (1st), 205 stolen bases allowed (1st), and 97 runners caught stealing (2nd).[1]The 1897 season was one of modest improvement for the Senators, finishing in sixth place with a 61–71 record.[32] McGuire appeared in fewer games, 73 at catcher and six at first base, compiled a .343 batting average (the highest of his career), and earned a 2.5 WAR rating.[1]In 1898, the Senators' improvement dissipated, as they finished in 11th place with a 51–101 record.[33] McGuire appeared in 131 games for the Senators, 93 at catcher and 37 at first base. His batting average dropped by 75 points under the prior year to .268 with a WAR rating of 1.6.[1] McGuire was also asked to serve as player-manager during the latter half of the 1898 season, compiling a record of 21–47 in the final 68 games of the season.[2]By 1899, McGuire was 35 years old and the ninth oldest player in the National League. He began the year for the ninth consecutive season with an overmatched Washington team that finished in 11th place. During the first half of the season, McGuire's performance ebbed, earning a 0.8 WAR rating.[1]","title":"Professional baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn Superbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Superbas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Ned Hanlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Hanlon_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Daily Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-4"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Duke Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Farrell"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1900_Brooklyn_Superbas-36"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sketch-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1900_Brooklyn_Superbas-36"}],"sub_title":"Brooklyn Superbas","text":"On July 14, 1899, McGuire received good news; he had been traded to the Brooklyn Superbas,[1] a team managed by Ned Hanlon and competing for the National League pennant. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle praised the trade: \"McGuire has always been looked upon as one of the best catchers in the league . . . he has no superior as a coacher of pitchers and for steady and uninterrupted work.\"[4] The Washington correspondent for the Sporting Life wrote that the trade \"marked the passing of the most consistent and reliable player that ever wore a Washington uniform\" and called McGuire \"the backbone of the Washington team.\"[34]Playing for a winning ball club for the first time in a decade, McGuire caught 46 games and blossomed. His batting average bounced back to .318 with a .385 on-base percentage, .446 slugging average and 1.4 WAR rating.[1] The team finished strong with the addition of McGuire, compiling a 39–14 record after August 12 and winning the National League pennant by eight games.[35]In 1900, McGuire shared catching responsibility with Duke Farrell, McGuire handling 69 games at the position and Farrell 76. McGuire compiled a .286 batting average, .348 on-base percentage and 1.2 WAR rating. His performance helped the Superbas win their second consecutive pennant with an 82–54 record.[36] During one game in 1900, McGuire threw out seven runners attempting to steal second base, caught another \"asleep on second and nipped still another slumbering off third.\"[5]McGuire resumed his role as the Superbas' number one catcher in 1901. He caught 81 games and compiled a .296 batting average, .342 on-base percentage and 1.6 WAR rating.[1] The Superbas remained competitive, finishing in third place with a 79–57 record.[36]","title":"Professional baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Charles Ebbets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ebbets"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBB-41"},{"link_name":"George M. Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Dallas_(judge)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Federal League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_League"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBB-41"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Challenging the \"reserve clause\"","text":"In March 1902, McGuire jumped to the still new American League, signing a two-year with the Detroit Tigers. The Brooklyn club sued McGuire for breaching his contract to play there and sought an injunction prohibiting him from playing anywhere else.[37][38][39] The case went to trial in June 1902 in Philadelphia federal court. Brooklyn club president Charles Ebbets testified in court \"to the extraordinary qualities of McGuire as a catcher.\"[40] McGuire argued that his contract with Brooklyn was invalid on the ground that the \"reserve clause\" was a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.[41]After hearing the evidence, Judge George M. Dallas ruled in favor of McGuire, holding that the Brooklyn contract was unenforceable due to a lack of mutuality, and because Brooklyn had failed to prove that McGuire's services were unique and irreplaceable.[42] Judge Dallas' opinion, in part, stated:The contract upon which this suit is founded provides that the party of the first part (the plaintiff) may end and determine all its liabilities and obligations thereunder upon giving the party of the second part (the defendant) ten days' notice of its option and intention to do so, and in Marble Company vs. Itipley, 10 Wall. 339, it was distinctly held that a contract which the plaintiff may abandon at any time on giving one year's notice is not enforceable in equity.... In short, I am of opinion that the decision in Marble Company against Ripley is binding upon this Court and is determinative of the present motion. A preliminary injunction should not be awarded in any case where the proofs leave the mind of the Court in serious doubt respecting the plaintiff's asserted right, and the testimony and affidavits submitted for and against the present application do not establish with reasonable certainty that the breach of contract of which the plaintiff complains could not be adequately compensated at law. The evidence adduced is by no means conclusive upon the question whether the services which the defendant contracted to render were so unique and peculiar that they could not be performed and substantially as well by others engaged in professional ball playing, who might be easily be obtained to take his place. The motion for a preliminary injunction is denied.[42]The Brooklyn correspondent for The Sporting News wrote that the court's decision did not change the fact that \"McGuire played the Brooklyn management a low and cowardly trick\", suggested that the team sue McGuire for damages, and opined that the Brooklyn public did not care \"two cents whether McGuire never comes back.\"[43] In 1914, the McGuire case became a significant precedent that was relied upon by players and Federal League officials when that league sought to entice players to its ranks.[41][44]","title":"Professional baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fritz Buelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Buelow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFP-45"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFP-45"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Detroit Tigers","text":"With the legal proceedings at an end, McGuire shared catching responsibility in Detroit with Fritz Buelow, McGuire catching 70 games in 1902 and Buelow 63.[1] The Tigers' management valued McGuire not only for his playing ability, but also because his coaching \"was figured on to aid greatly in developing the young material\" that the Tigers were bringing together.[45] At age 38, McGuire was the fourth oldest player in the American League, his batting average dropped to .227 – his lowest level since 1886 ---, and his WAR rating fell to 0.7.[1] The Tigers finished in seventh place with a 52–83 record.[46]In February 1903, Ned Hanlon, manager of the Brooklyn club, claimed that Brooklyn still had the reserve rights to McGuire and challenged his contract with Detroit.[45] Hanlon did not issue the threatened order to report for several weeks,[47] then did so in April 1903.[48] In the end, a deal was struck pursuant to which Brooklyn released any claim it had over McGuire.[49]During the 1903 season, McGuire again shared catching duties with Buelow – 69 games for McGuire and 63 for Buelow. McGuire hit .250 and earned a 1.2 WAR rating.[1] The Tigers finished in fifth place with a 65–71 record.[50]","title":"Professional baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Willie Keeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Keeler"},{"link_name":"Jack Chesbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Chesbro"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"}],"sub_title":"New York Highlanders","text":"In February 1904, Detroit sold McGuire to the New York Highlanders. He spent his final years as a full-time player with the Highlanders from 1904 to 1906. In 1904, at age 40, McGuire caught 97 games, his highest tally since 1899. He led the American League's catchers with 11 double plays turned and ranked second in the league with 530 putouts and 120 assists. His batting average fell to .208,[1] but with Willie Keeler batting .343 and Jack Chesbro winning 41 games, the Highlanders compiled a 92–59 and finished one-and-a-half games behind Boston for the American League pennant.[51]In 1905, McGuire remained New York's number one catcher, appearing in 71 games at the position. He hit .219 and earned a 0.7 WAR rating. By 1906, McGuire, at age 42, was the second oldest player in the league. In his last season as a full-time player, he caught 51 games and hit .299 in 144 at bats.[1]","title":"Professional baseball player"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Manager and coach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MGR-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Cy Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Young"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPD-3"}],"sub_title":"Boston Red Sox","text":"McGuire was hired by the Boston Red Sox in early June 1906 and took over as the team's manager on June 10, 1907.[52] He compiled a 45–61 (.425) record as manager in 1907 and returned in 1908, compiling a 53–62 (.461) record.[2] McGuire also appeared in seven games as a player for Boston, principally as a pinch-hitter, and made three hits, including a home run, and scored a run in five plate appearances. He was released by the Red Sox on August 28, 1908.[1]Although McGuire's Boston teams did not achieve a winning record, his teams lacked batting strength. He had Cy Young as a pitcher, but his 1907 team finished with the lowest batting average (.234) in the American League.[53] McGuire was credited with having \"whipped the bunch of veterans and kids from tailenders into a fighting machine, laying the foundation for the whirlwind team\" that went 88–63 in 1909.[3]","title":"Manager and coach"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deacon_McGuire_(Cleveland).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Naps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Naps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Nap Lajoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap_Lajoie"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPD-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MGR-2"},{"link_name":"George Stovall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stovall"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Cleveland Naps","text":"McGuire as manager at ClevelandOn September 18, 1908, McGuire signed as a free agent with the Cleveland Naps and appeared in only one game, at first base.[1] McGuire served principally as a scout for Cleveland in 1908 and the first half of 1909. On August 21, 1909, he was hired as Cleveland's manager, replacing Nap Lajoie.[54] Club officials at the time opined that McGuire \"possesses the necessary ginger to bring about a different style of playing.\"[3] McGuire led the team to a 14–25 (.359) record during the last weeks of the 1909 season. He returned in 1910 and led the team to a 71–81 (.467) record. In 1911, McGuire compiled a 6–11 (.353) record as Cleveland's manager.[2] On May 3, 1911, he resigned as manager and was replaced by George Stovall. In resigning his post, McGuire stated that he was disappointed in the team's showing and hoped that better results could be achieved with a new man in charge.[55]","title":"Manager and coach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Hughie Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughie_Jennings"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Ty Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Cobb"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGS-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Frank Navin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Navin"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Necro-6"}],"sub_title":"Detroit Tigers","text":"In February 1912, McGuire was hired as a pitching coach for the Detroit Tigers.[56] He had been expected to serve as a scout during the regular season, but was assigned in May 1912 to remain with the club as a coach throughout the season, working alongside manager Hughie Jennings. The Sporting Life wrote: \"With McGuire and Jennings on the coaching lines the Tigers would be better fortified in this department than any team in the league.\"[57] In May 1912, when the Detroit players refused to play in protest over the suspension of Ty Cobb for attacking a fan, the club's management was forced to come up with a substitute team for a game in Philadelphia. McGuire took to the field as one of the Tigers' replacement players. He had a hit and scored a run in his final major league game, but the Tigers lost the game by a 24–2 score.[58]In January 1914, McGuire was assigned to coach Detroit's young pitchers during spring training with the understanding that he would then leave the club to assume \"his regular duties as chief of scouts.\"[59] In 1915, he returned to the Tigers as a scout.[60] In January 1916, Detroit president Frank Navin released McGuire from the position he had held with the club as a scout and coach. McGuire stated at the time that he expected \"to devote all his attention to his business In Albion, Mich.\"[61] (Some accounts indicate that he continued to scout for the Tigers until 1926.[4][6])","title":"Manager and coach"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. G. Salsinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Salsinger"},{"link_name":"The Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_News"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGS-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGS-58"},{"link_name":"Hank O'Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_O%27Day"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-4"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FP-62"}],"sub_title":"Padding the glove","text":"In 1936, H. G. Salsinger wrote an article that was published in The Sporting News crediting McGuire as the \"first catcher to pad a glove.\"[58] Salsinger wrote that McGuire \"resorted to a primordial method\" by stuffing his glove with a piece of raw steak to absorb the shock. Salsinger wrote that manufacturers took a hint from McGuire and began padding catcher's mitts with felt and hair. Salsinger opined that modern catchers \"should erect a monument\" to repay the debt owed to McGuire's innovation.[58]McGuire claimed he came up with the idea when he was catching for pitcher Hank O'Day at Toledo in 1884. McGuire said that O'Day \"threw the heaviest and hardest ball I ever caught\", and that O'Day's pitches \"came like a shell from a cannon.\"[4] McGuire recalled: \"The reinforced full-fingered catcher's glove had just come into use the year before. One day on my way to that old Toledo park on Monroe Street, I passed a butcher pounding round steak. It gave me an idea, and I went in and bought a lot of it. I put a piece of it in my glove at the start of every inning, and Hank's pitches beat that steak into a pulp.\"[4] McGuire's wife recalled her husband using \"a piece of beefsteak\" and noted: \"At game's end it would be hamburger.\"[62]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deacon_McGuire_hand_x-ray.jpg"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FP-62"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sketch-5"},{"link_name":"Sam Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Crane_(second_baseman)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFP2-21"},{"link_name":"Harveyized steel armor plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_armor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFP2-21"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Gnarled hands","text":"McGuire's gnarled, knotted left hand, x-rayed in 1906McGuire played before the advent of most modern protective equipment, and his fingers were reportedly \"gnarled, broken, bent, split and crooked\" by the end of his career.[62] One account, published in 1901, emphasized the physical beating:A picture of McGuire's hands would be an interesting and wonderful exhibit. The maimed and misshapen members which he will carry with him after he quits the game and to the grave are mute reminders of many a foul ticked off the bat, a wild thrown ball stopped with the finger tips after a leap into the air, or a low one clawed up out of the roots of the plate, and an occasional one caught full on the end of a digit, splitting the flesh and nail.[5]In 1904, former teammate Sam Crane called McGuire \"a wonder – physically and mentally\" and \"a human octopus.\"[21] Crane also described McGuire's hands:His big, brawny, strong hands, now grotesquely disfigured by the continuous battering they have received from the viciously wicked inshoots, curves, slants and benders of the speediest pitchers known in the long history of the game, have acted as an unflinchable barrier to the accumulation of momentum that if concentrated would have an irresistible force capable of crushing a battleship or of pulverizing a backstop construction of Harveyized steel armor plate.[21]In 1907, newspapers across the country published an x-ray of McGuire's left hand (pictured, above at right), showing \"36 breaks, twists or bumps all due to baseball accidents.\"[63] The text accompanying the widely published photograph noted: \"When the picture was developed the photographer was amazed to see the knots, like gnarled places on an old oak tree, around the joints, and numerous spots showing old breaks. In several joints the bones are flattened and pushed to the side.\"[63][64]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-4"},{"link_name":"Tommy John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_John"},{"link_name":"Nolan Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Ryan"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SABR-65"},{"link_name":"Mike Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Morgan_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"caught stealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught_stealing"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Wilbert Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbert_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Ray Schalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Schalk"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"putouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putout"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports_Reference_LLC-71"},{"link_name":"Chief Zimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer"},{"link_name":"Steve O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports_Reference_LLC-71"},{"link_name":"The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Bill_James_Historical_Baseball_Abstract"},{"link_name":"Bill James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_James"},{"link_name":"Buck Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Ewing"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBJ-20"}],"sub_title":"Career statistics and records","text":"Despite the injuries and physical demands of a catcher's duties, McGuire showed remarkable longevity. In 26 years in the major leagues, McGuire compiled a .278 career batting average, .341 on-base percentage and .372 slugging percentage. He appeared in 1,781 games and totaled 770 runs scored, 1,750 hits, 300 doubles, 79 triples, 45 home runs, 840 RBIs, 118 stolen bases and 515 bases on balls.[1]McGuire's longevity enabled him to set numerous major league records, some of which are set forth below:Most seasons. McGuire played in 26 major league seasons. That remained a major league record for many decades.[4] Tommy John tied the record in 1989, and Nolan Ryan exceeded it in 1993 when he appeared in his 27th major league season.[65]\nMost teams. McGuire played for 11 different major league teams. That stood as a major league record until 2000 when Mike Morgan played for his 12th major league team.[66]\nCaught stealing. McGuire still holds the major league records for most runners caught stealing in a season (189 in 1895) and in a career (1,459).[67]\nStolen bases allowed. While McGuire threw out a lot of base runners, he also allowed a lot of stolen bases. He holds the current major league record for most stolen bases allowed in a season (293 in 1895) and in a career (2,529).[68]\nAssists as catcher. McGuire broke the record for most career assists by a catcher in 1901. His final total of 1,860 assists remains the current major league record.[69]\nGames as catcher. McGuire set both season and career records for games at catcher. He set the season record in 1895 when he appeared in 133 games, and he became the career leader in 1900 by breaking Wilbert Robinson's record of 1,108 games. His final tally of 1,612 games as catcher remained a major league record until it was broken in 1925 by Ray Schalk.[70]\nPutouts as catcher. McGuire broke the career record for putouts as catcher in 1901. His final total of 6,856 putouts remained the major league record until it, too, was broken in 1925 by Ray Schalk.[71]\nDouble plays as catcher. In 1904, McGuire broke Chief Zimmer's record for most double plays turned as catcher. McGuire's final total of 143 double plays remained the major league record until 1920 when it was broken by Steve O'Neill.[71]In The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, sports historian Bill James ranked McGuire as the 40th best catcher of all time. The only 19th century catcher ranked higher than McGuire was Buck Ewing, whom James ranked 17th.[20]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FP-62"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C00-72"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SABR-65"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C00-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C20-74"},{"link_name":"Albion, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sketch-5"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB-76"},{"link_name":"Kalamazoo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo_River"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_James_Thomas_McGuire_(1863%E2%80%931936)_at_Riverside_Cemetery,_Albion,_Michigan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duck Lake, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Lake,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Albion College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Necro-6"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C20-74"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"Duck Lake, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Lake,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Necro-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"}],"text":"McGuire was married in 1893 to May K. Huxford.[62][72] They had no children.[65][72][73][74]Even before retiring from baseball, McGuire made his home in Albion, Michigan, and had developed other business interests there. By 1901, McGuire and his brother owned a \"well paying wet goods emporium\" and an ice business in Albion.[5] The \"wet goods emporium\" appears to refer to a saloon in Albion known as \"McGuire Brothers\", originally located at 204 S. Superior St., which moved in 1912 to 103 West Porter Street. McGuire worked in the saloon during the off-season, and his brother (George) operated it year round.[75][76] In 1915, Albion \"went dry\", and McGuire Brothers became a restaurant and \"sample room\" and eventually closed.[76] In 1906, McGuire and his wife also purchased a flour mill on the Kalamazoo River near Albion.[77]McGuire's grave at Riverside CemeteryIn 1914, a man who was believed to have gone insane twice attempted to kill McGuire. The first attempt was at McGuire's cabin in Duck Lake, Michigan, using both an axe and a revolver. The second attempt was at McGuire's home in Albion, using a repeating rifle. McGuire was reported to have narrowly escaped death.[78]After retiring from baseball, McGuire returned to his home in Albion. He coached the Albion College baseball team in 1926 and worked as a chicken farmer.[6][74] McGuire died in 1936 at age 72. The cause of death was pneumonia, that developed after he suffered a stroke at his chicken ranch in Duck Lake, Michigan.[6] He was buried at Riverside Cemetery in Albion.[1]","title":"Family and later years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Managerial record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Deacon McGuire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sabr.org/bioproj/person/62d7cf30"},{"link_name":"SABR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Research"}],"text":"Bigelow, Robert W. \"Deacon McGuire\". SABR. Retrieved November 17, 2018.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Gilbert & Bacon photograph of McGuire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Deacon_McGuire_%28Gilbert_%26_Bacon_Photo%29.png/165px-Deacon_McGuire_%28Gilbert_%26_Bacon_Photo%29.png"},{"image_text":"McGuire on the cover of Sporting Life, June 1898","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Deacon_McGuire_on_Sporting_Life_cover_%281898%29.png/165px-Deacon_McGuire_on_Sporting_Life_cover_%281898%29.png"},{"image_text":"Deacon McGuire in Washington Senators uniform. Photographed by C. M. Bell studio.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Deacon_McGuire_-_Washington_Senator.jpg/220px-Deacon_McGuire_-_Washington_Senator.jpg"},{"image_text":"McGuire as manager at Cleveland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Deacon_McGuire_%28Cleveland%29.jpg/165px-Deacon_McGuire_%28Cleveland%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"McGuire's gnarled, knotted left hand, x-rayed in 1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Deacon_McGuire_hand_x-ray.jpg/165px-Deacon_McGuire_hand_x-ray.jpg"},{"image_text":"McGuire's grave at Riverside Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Grave_of_James_Thomas_McGuire_%281863%E2%80%931936%29_at_Riverside_Cemetery%2C_Albion%2C_Michigan.jpg/220px-Grave_of_James_Thomas_McGuire_%281863%E2%80%931936%29_at_Riverside_Cemetery%2C_Albion%2C_Michigan.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of Major League Baseball player–managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_player%E2%80%93managers"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball players who played in four decades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_who_played_in_four_decades"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Deacon McGuire Statistics and History\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mcguide01.shtml","url_text":"\"Deacon McGuire Statistics and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deacon McGuire Managerial Record\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/managers/mcguide01.shtml","url_text":"\"Deacon McGuire Managerial Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jim M'Guire Succeeds Nap Lajoie as Manager of the Clevelands: Veteran Player Who Formerly Managed Boston Red Sox and Has Been Acting as Nap Scout, Takes Charge Monday; Is the Only Man Really Considered for the Position by the Cleveland Magnates\". Cleveland Plain Dealer. August 22, 1909. p. 1C.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bruce Anderson (August 13, 1984). \"A Former Foundry Worker Forged A Record By Playing For 26 Seasons\". Sports Illustrated.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/1984/08/13/620477/a-former-foundry-worker-forged-a-record-by-playing-for-26-seasons","url_text":"\"A Former Foundry Worker Forged A Record By Playing For 26 Seasons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jim McGuire Still on Deck: Veteran Catcher Holds Up His End with the Younger Stars; Has Been in the Baseball Harness a Score of Years; Sketch of a Michigan Man Who Is Famous on the Diamond\". Detroit Free Press. March 18, 1901. p. 8. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140716043805/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563182698.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+18%2C+1901&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=JIM+McGUIRE+STILL+ON+DECK","url_text":"\"Jim McGuire Still on Deck: Veteran Catcher Holds Up His End with the Younger Stars; Has Been in the Baseball Harness a Score of Years; Sketch of a Michigan Man Who Is Famous on the Diamond\""},{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563182698.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+18%2C+1901&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=JIM+McGUIRE+STILL+ON+DECK","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Necrology\". The Sporting News. November 5, 1936. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fleet Walker Statistics and History\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/w/walkefl01.shtml","url_text":"\"Fleet Walker Statistics and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"1884 Toledo Blue Stockings\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/TOL/1884.shtml","url_text":"\"1884 Toledo Blue Stockings\""}]},{"reference":"Maclean Kennedy (February 16, 1913). \"Sam Thompson Ranks as one of the Great Sluggers of Baseball History\". Detroit Free Press. p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Charlie Bennett Statistics and History\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/bennech01.shtml","url_text":"\"Charlie Bennett Statistics and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"1885 Detroit Wolverines\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/DTN/1885.shtml","url_text":"\"1885 Detroit Wolverines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Clements Statistics and History\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/c/clemeja01.shtml","url_text":"\"Jack Clements Statistics and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"1886 Philadelphia Quakers\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/PHI/1886.shtml","url_text":"\"1886 Philadelphia Quakers\""}]},{"reference":"\"1887 Philadelphia Quakers\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/PHI/1887.shtml","url_text":"\"1887 Philadelphia Quakers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jim M'Guire Is A Blue\". Cleveland Plain Dealer. September 2, 1888. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jim M'Guire for Toronto\". Cleveland Plain Dealer. February 7, 1889. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Deacon McGuire Minor League Statistics\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=mcguir006jam","url_text":"\"Deacon McGuire Minor League Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Base Ball Notes\". Cleveland Plain Dealer. October 5, 1889. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bill James (2001). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. Free Press. pp. 378, 398. ISBN 9780743227223.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame","url_text":"The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame/page/378","url_text":"378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743227223","url_text":"9780743227223"}]},{"reference":"\"Jim M'Guire's Great Record: Now Playing His Twenty-First Season Behind Bat; Has Never Been Taken Out of Game by Umpire; Only Player Who Caught Every Game of Year\". Detroit Free Press. July 24, 1904. p. 14. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140716063137/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/276218660.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+24%2C+1904&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=JIM+M%27GUIRE%27S+GREAT+RECORD","url_text":"\"Jim M'Guire's Great Record: Now Playing His Twenty-First Season Behind Bat; Has Never Been Taken Out of Game by Umpire; Only Player Who Caught Every Game of Year\""},{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/276218660.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+24%2C+1904&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=JIM+M%27GUIRE%27S+GREAT+RECORD","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Never Put Out of Game in Thirty-Two Years\". The Day Book. Chicago. January 7, 1916. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_Book","url_text":"The Day Book"}]},{"reference":"\"Jas. McGuire's Record Is Different: During Quarter Century of Base Ball \"Deacon\" Has Not Been Fined or Fired From Game\". The Tacoma Times. March 4, 1909. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"From the Capital: How the News as to the Movements of Brown and McGuire is Regarded – Chats About and With Ball Players, Etc\" (PDF). The Sporting Life. February 8, 1896. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1896/VOL_26_NO_20/SL2620004.pdf","url_text":"\"From the Capital: How the News as to the Movements of Brown and McGuire is Regarded – Chats About and With Ball Players, Etc\""}]},{"reference":"\"1891 Washington Statesmen\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WAS/1891.shtml","url_text":"\"1891 Washington Statesmen\""}]},{"reference":"\"1892 Washington Senators\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WHS/1892.shtml","url_text":"\"1892 Washington Senators\""}]},{"reference":"\"1893 Washington Senators\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WHS/1893.shtml","url_text":"\"1893 Washington Senators\""}]},{"reference":"\"1894 Washington Senators\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WHS/1894.shtml","url_text":"\"1894 Washington Senators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hub Happenings\" (PDF). The Sporting Life. October 5, 1895. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1895/VOL_26_NO_02/SL2602008.pdf","url_text":"\"Hub Happenings\""}]},{"reference":"\"1895 Washington Senators\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WHS/1895.shtml","url_text":"\"1895 Washington Senators\""}]},{"reference":"\"1896 Washington Senators\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WHS/1896.shtml","url_text":"\"1896 Washington Senators\""}]},{"reference":"\"1897 Washington Senators\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WHS/1897.shtml","url_text":"\"1897 Washington Senators\""}]},{"reference":"\"1898 Washington Senators\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WHS/1898.shtml","url_text":"\"1898 Washington Senators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wobbly Washington\" (PDF). Sporting Life. July 22, 1899. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1899/VOL_33_NO_18/SL3318004.pdf","url_text":"\"Wobbly Washington\""}]},{"reference":"\"1899 Brooklyn Superbas\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1899.shtml","url_text":"\"1899 Brooklyn Superbas\""}]},{"reference":"\"1900 Brooklyn Superbas\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1900.shtml","url_text":"\"1900 Brooklyn Superbas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catcher M'Guire Served: Brooklyn Club Asks for an Enjoining Order\". Detroit Free Press. May 27, 1902. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140716040203/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563308754.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+27%2C+1902&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=CATCHER+M%27GUIRE+SERVED","url_text":"\"Catcher M'Guire Served: Brooklyn Club Asks for an Enjoining Order\""},{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563308754.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+27%2C+1902&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=CATCHER+M%27GUIRE+SERVED","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News of Sporting World: Case Goes to Federal Court Application for Transfer in McGuire Matter Ruling Will Be More Important Than State Courts' Hedges\". Detroit Free Press. May 28, 1902. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140716052612/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563396488.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+28%2C+1902&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=NEWS+OF+SPORTING+WORLD","url_text":"\"News of Sporting World: Case Goes to Federal Court Application for Transfer in McGuire Matter Ruling Will Be More Important Than State Courts' Hedges\""},{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563396488.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+28%2C+1902&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=NEWS+OF+SPORTING+WORLD","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John B. Foster (April 5, 1902). \"Brooklyn Bulletin: The Case of Catcher McGuire Commented Upon at Length — Brooklyn's Club Hard Hit by Contract-Jumping Tactics\" (PDF). The Sporting Life. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1902/VOL_39_NO_03/SL3903008.pdf","url_text":"\"Brooklyn Bulletin: The Case of Catcher McGuire Commented Upon at Length — Brooklyn's Club Hard Hit by Contract-Jumping Tactics\""}]},{"reference":"\"McGuire Case Is Heart: Court Stops National LIne of Testimony\". Detroit Free Press. June 24, 1903. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140716020724/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563400483.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+24%2C+1902&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=McGUIRE+CASE+IS+HEARD","url_text":"\"McGuire Case Is Heart: Court Stops National LIne of Testimony\""},{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563400483.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+24%2C+1902&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=McGUIRE+CASE+IS+HEARD","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooklyn Boss' Belief: Declares That the Brooklyn Club Will Make a Legal Fight for Kirkpatrick and Discusses the \"Continuous Ball\" Question\". The Sporting Life. January 31, 1914. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1914/VOL_62_NO_22/SL6222011.pdf.","url_text":"\"Brooklyn Boss' Belief: Declares That the Brooklyn Club Will Make a Legal Fight for Kirkpatrick and Discusses the \"Continuous Ball\" Question\""}]},{"reference":"\"Another Hard Blow Given the Base Ball Contract by a Court: In the Famous McGuire Case a United States Court Rules That the Base Ball Contract is Non-Enforceable Owing to Its Lack of Mutuality\" (PDF). The Sporting Life. July 5, 1902. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1902/VOL_39_NO_16/SL3916003.pdf","url_text":"\"Another Hard Blow Given the Base Ball Contract by a Court: In the Famous McGuire Case a United States Court Rules That the Base Ball Contract is Non-Enforceable Owing to Its Lack of Mutuality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brooklyn Bulletin: Demoralizing Result of the Legal War Over Contracts\" (PDF). The Sporting Life. July 5, 1902. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1902/VOL_39_NO_16/SL3916003.pdf","url_text":"\"Brooklyn Bulletin: Demoralizing Result of the Legal War Over Contracts\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Meshes of Law Again: Base Ball Contracts to Figure in Court\" (PDF). The Sporting Life. January 31, 1914. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1914/VOL_62_NO_22/SL6222010.pdf","url_text":"\"In Meshes of Law Again: Base Ball Contracts to Figure in Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"McGuire Can Make Trouble: Hanlon Takes Advantage and Claims Catcher; Angus Is Anxious to Have the Case Settled Now; Jim' Coaching Figured on to Bring Out Youngsters\". Detroit Free Press. February 1903. p. 10. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140716052328/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563381644.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Feb+20%2C+1903&author=Jackson%2C+Joe&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=McGUIRE+CAN+MAKE+TROUBLE","url_text":"\"McGuire Can Make Trouble: Hanlon Takes Advantage and Claims Catcher; Angus Is Anxious to Have the Case Settled Now; Jim' Coaching Figured on to Bring Out Youngsters\""},{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563381644.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Feb+20%2C+1903&author=Jackson%2C+Joe&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=McGUIRE+CAN+MAKE+TROUBLE","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1902 Detroit Tigers\". baseball-reference.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100922033455/http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/DET/1902.shtml","url_text":"\"1902 Detroit Tigers\""},{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/DET/1902.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No Order for McGuire: Hanlon Goes South Without Word to the Player\". Detroit Free Press. March 25, 1903. p. 10. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115610/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563445883.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+25,+1903&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=&desc=NO+ORDER+FOR+McGUIRE.","url_text":"\"No Order for McGuire: Hanlon Goes South Without Word to the Player\""},{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563445883.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+25%2C+1903&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=NO+ORDER+FOR+McGUIRE.","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hanlon Sends Notice to Catcher McGuire: Orders Detroit Backstop to Report to Brooklyn\". Detroit Free Press. April 24, 1902. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140716031905/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563331546.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+24%2C+1902&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=HANLON+SENDS+NOTICE+TO+CATCHER+McGUIRE","url_text":"\"Hanlon Sends Notice to Catcher McGuire: Orders Detroit Backstop to Report to Brooklyn\""},{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563331546.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+24%2C+1902&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=HANLON+SENDS+NOTICE+TO+CATCHER+McGUIRE","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"M'Guire Joins Detroit Nine: Buys Release and Will Report Here on Monday\". Detroit Free Press. April 26, 1903. p. 8. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140716030956/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563467671.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+26%2C+1903&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=M%27GUIRE+JOINS+DETROIT+NINE","url_text":"\"M'Guire Joins Detroit Nine: Buys Release and Will Report Here on Monday\""},{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/563467671.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+26%2C+1903&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=M%27GUIRE+JOINS+DETROIT+NINE","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1903 Detroit Tigers\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/DET/1903.shtml","url_text":"\"1903 Detroit Tigers\""}]},{"reference":"\"1904 Detroit Tigers\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1904.shtml","url_text":"\"1904 Detroit Tigers\""}]},{"reference":"\"McGuire Is Well Pleased: New Manager Arrives in Town; Glad of Opportunity to SHow WHat He Can Do\". Boston Daily Globe. June 10, 1907. p. 4. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715105037/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/500819643.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+10%2C+1907&author=T+H+M&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe+%281872-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=McGUIRE+IS+WELL+PLEASED","url_text":"\"McGuire Is Well Pleased: New Manager Arrives in Town; Glad of Opportunity to SHow WHat He Can Do\""},{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/500819643.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+10%2C+1907&author=T+H+M&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe+%281872-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=McGUIRE+IS+WELL+PLEASED","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1907 American League Team Statistics and Standings\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1907.shtml","url_text":"\"1907 American League Team Statistics and Standings\""}]},{"reference":"\"McGuire To Manage the Indians: Former Leader of Boston Americans Picked To Succeed Lajoie\". Boston Daily Globe. August 22, 1909. p. 12. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715074652/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/501311239.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+22%2C+1909&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe+%281872-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=McGUIRE+TO+MANAGE+THE+INDIANS","url_text":"\"McGuire To Manage the Indians: Former Leader of Boston Americans Picked To Succeed Lajoie\""},{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/501311239.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+22%2C+1909&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe+%281872-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=McGUIRE+TO+MANAGE+THE+INDIANS","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henry P. Edwards (May 5, 1911). \"Jim M'Guire Resigns as Manager of Naps, Geo. Stovall Now In Charge\". Cleveland Plain Dealer. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Latest News By Telegraph Briefly Told\" (PDF). The Sporting Life. February 10, 1912. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1912/VOL_58_NO_23/SL5823003.pdf","url_text":"\"Latest News By Telegraph Briefly Told\""}]},{"reference":"\"M'Guire's Role: Be Detroit Coach Throughout the Entire Season\" (PDF). The Sporting Life. May 18, 1912. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1912/VOL_59_NO_11/SL5911008.pdf","url_text":"\"M'Guire's Role: Be Detroit Coach Throughout the Entire Season\""}]},{"reference":"H. G. Salsinger (November 26, 1936). \"McGuire First Catcher to Pad a Glove: All Ten of Deacon Jim's Fingers Broken Before He Hit on Expedient of Using Raw Steak Inside Mitt\". The Sporting News. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paul Bruske (January 3, 1914). \"The City of the Straits But Little Affected By the Federal League Move and Only Languidly Interested in Fraternity Controversy\" (PDF). p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1914/VOL_62_NO_18/SL6218010.pdf","url_text":"\"The City of the Straits But Little Affected By the Federal League Move and Only Languidly Interested in Fraternity Controversy\""}]},{"reference":"\"American League Notes\" (PDF). The Sporting Life. February 6, 1915. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1915/VOL_64_NO_23/SL6423008.pdf","url_text":"\"American League Notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"American League Notes\" (PDF). The Sporting Life. January 15, 1916. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1916/VOL_66_NO_20/SL6620011.pdf","url_text":"\"American League Notes\""}]},{"reference":"Frank Passic (July 16, 1995). \"McGuire Brothers, Part 2\". Morning Star (Albion, Mich.). p. 20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.albionmich.com/history/histor_notebook/950716.shtml","url_text":"\"McGuire Brothers, Part 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"36 Bones Smashed at Baseball\". The Spokane Press. March 28, 1907. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A Thousand Words—Deacon McGuire's Left Hand\". Baseball History Daily. June 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://baseballhistorydaily.com/2013/06/14/a-thousand-words-deacon-mcguires-left-hand/","url_text":"\"A Thousand Words—Deacon McGuire's Left Hand\""}]},{"reference":"Robert W. Bigelow. \"Deacon McGuire\". Society for American Baseball Research.","urls":[{"url":"http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/62d7cf30","url_text":"\"Deacon McGuire\""}]},{"reference":"Jeff Passan (March 12, 2010). \"Stairs is a swing away from record book\". Yahoo! Sports. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100316100649/http://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news?slug=jp-stairs031210&prov=yhoo&type=lgns","url_text":"\"Stairs is a swing away from record book\""},{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news?slug=jp-stairs031210&prov=yhoo&type=lgns","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Progressive Leaders & Records for Caught Stealing as C\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/CS_c_progress.shtml","url_text":"\"Progressive Leaders & Records for Caught Stealing as C\""}]},{"reference":"\"Progressive Leaders & Records for Stolen Bases Allowed as C\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/SB_c_progress.shtml","url_text":"\"Progressive Leaders & Records for Stolen Bases Allowed as C\""}]},{"reference":"\"Progressive Leaders & Records for Assists as C\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/A_c_progress.shtml","url_text":"\"Progressive Leaders & Records for Assists as C\""}]},{"reference":"\"Progressive Leaders & Records for Def. Games as C\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/Gm_c_progress.shtml","url_text":"\"Progressive Leaders & Records for Def. Games as C\""}]},{"reference":"\"Progressive Leaders & Records for Putouts as C\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/PO_c_progress.shtml","url_text":"\"Progressive Leaders & Records for Putouts as C\""}]},{"reference":"Frank Passic (December 18, 1994). \"Two and a Half Cents Worth\". Morning Star (Albion). p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.albionmich.com/history/histor_notebook/941218.shtml","url_text":"\"Two and a Half Cents Worth\""}]},{"reference":"Frank Passic (June 16, 1997). \"McGuire Brothers Saloon Was Prominent in Early 20th Century\". Albion Recorder. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.albionmich.com/history/histor_notebook/R970616.shtml","url_text":"\"McGuire Brothers Saloon Was Prominent in Early 20th Century\""}]},{"reference":"\"M'Guire's New 'Spec': The Famous Catcher of the New York Highlanders Becomes Owner of a Flour Mill Out West\" (PDF). The Sporting Life. August 11, 1906. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1906/VOL_47_NO_22/SL4722007.pdf","url_text":"\"M'Guire's New 'Spec': The Famous Catcher of the New York Highlanders Becomes Owner of a Flour Mill Out West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alleged Insane Man Attempts to Murder McGuire\". Detroit Free Press. June 7, 1914. p. 17. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140716062511/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/565712220.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+7%2C+1914&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=Alleged+Insane+Man+Attempts+to+Murder+McGuire","url_text":"\"Alleged Insane Man Attempts to Murder McGuire\""},{"url":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/565712220.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+7%2C+1914&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=Alleged+Insane+Man+Attempts+to+Murder+McGuire","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bigelow, Robert W. \"Deacon McGuire\". SABR. Retrieved November 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/62d7cf30","url_text":"\"Deacon McGuire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Research","url_text":"SABR"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelstar_(series)
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Rebelstar
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["1 Rebelstar Raiders","1.1 Reception","2 Rebelstar","2.1 Reception","3 Rebelstar II","3.1 Reception","4 Rebelstar: Tactical Command","5 Rebelstar: Psionic Rebellion (unreleased)","6 Legacy","7 References","8 External links"]
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For the Indian actor, see Krishnam Raju.
Amstrad CPC cover of Rebelstar
The Rebelstar games are a series of turn-based tactics video games designed by Julian Gollop. Rebelstar Raiders was published in 1984 by Red Shift for the ZX Spectrum. It was reworked in machine code as Rebelstar, published by Firebird in 1986. A sequel, Rebelstar II, was published in 1988 by Silverbird. Rebelstar, but not its sequel, was also adapted for the Amstrad CPC home computer.
Each title in the Rebelstar series is a science fiction-themed turn-based tactics game, in which each player controls an opposing squad of soldiers, using their individual action points for movement, attacking, and other activities. The playing area is top-down plan view, with units shown in profile. The games achieved critical acclaim, and formed the beginning of a development history that led to the Laser Squad and X-COM series.
A spiritual successor titled Rebelstar: Tactical Command was developed by Gollop's Codo Technologies and released for the Game Boy Advance by Namco in 2005. Two more Namco projects, Rebelstar: Psionic Rebellion and Rebelstar 2: The Meklon Conspiracy, were cancelled.
Rebelstar Raiders
1984 video gameRebelstar RaidersRebelstar Raiders scenario "Moonbase"Developer(s)Julian GollopPublisher(s)Red Shift LtdPlatform(s)ZX SpectrumRelease1984Genre(s)Turn-based tacticsMode(s)Two player only
Rebelstar Raiders was originally released for the 48k ZX Spectrum in 1984 by Red Shift Ltd, a war games publisher who had also released Julian Gollop's space strategy game Nebula. It was written in BASIC.
Rebelstar Raiders does not feature a computer-controlled opponent, so is strictly a two-player game. It includes three different scenarios, the maps for which are loaded in as a screen datum; thus the playing area is limited to the size of the screen. In each scenario, each player's units are deployed manually before play commences.
Combat can either be melee or ranged, which takes into account limited ammunition and line of sight. Damage is taken from a unit's 'endurance' statistic. If this is reduced below one fifth of its initial value, the unit is seriously wounded. If reduced to zero, the unit is destroyed. Units also have 'skill' and 'armour' values.
The first scenario, "Moonbase", is the beginning of a storyline that runs through the whole series. The Raiders are attempting to destroy a vast organisation based on a planet called Pi. Before any of the Raiders ships can land on Pi, the planetary defenses on the moon, Spyder, must be destroyed. One player controls a squad of 24 Raiders, who are led by "the first of the Capricorn clones", Joe Capricorn. The Raiders' squad also includes Captain Krenon, a character who features in the two later Rebelstar games. The moonbase, which is disguised as a mining station, is defended by sentry robots, mining robots and auto-guns in pre-set locations, and deployable technicians and security guards. The Raiders win if one unit can get to the control room and destroy the sensitive equipment there.
In the second scenario, "Starlingale", Joe Capricorn, Captain Krenon and a few other survivors have returned to their eponymous escape vessel. The ship is still undergoing hull repairs, and must be defended for 12 turns. The Red Shift player, controlling various robot operatives, must destroy the two Navcomps on the bridge to prevent takeoff. The Raider's units include the pre-deployed Starlingale pilots and plod-bots, 14 deployable Raiders, with eight Raiders arriving later as reinforcements. The Red Shift Operatives include zorbotrons (armed with gas bombs), fly-bots (armed with zeekers), slavers (with las-whips), a mining robot and two security guards.
The third and final scenario, "The Final Assault", has the Starlingale join the Freedream on the surface of Pi. The Raiders must destroy eight parts of the Main-Comp in an underground shelter.
Reception
CRASH noted the detailed blueprint-style maps and their flexible layout and the strategic mix of different weapon types and unit deployment. However, the sound effects were deemed irritating, and the packaging amateurish.
Rebelstar
1986 video gameRebelstarRebelstar on the ZX SpectrumDeveloper(s)Julian GollopPublisher(s)Firebird SoftwarePlatform(s)ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPCRelease1986Genre(s)Turn-based tacticsMode(s)Single-player or two players
Rebelstar was originally published in 1986 by Telecomsoft's budget label, Firebird. Unlike its predecessor it was written in machine code, and featured a larger, scrolling playfield. The game supports single player and two player variants, and had overhauled game mechanics. Only one map is available.
Morale, stamina and encumbrance are new statistics for units, and ranged fire has the option of fast snapshots or more action-point consuming aimed shots. In addition, an "opportunity fire" system allows a player to interrupt their opponents turn with pre-targeted shots. Objects are more interactive than in Rebelstar Raiders, with units able to drop or collect weapons, ammunition, dead bodies, and other items. Some types of terrain may provide cover and slow units down. Wreckage of droids and dead bodies also cause partial obstructions.
The objective for the Raiders in Rebelstar is to destroy ISAAC, the computer responsible for breaking the Raiders' secret codes. The game can be won either by destroying ISAAC's central core, or by eliminating all enemy forces in the base. The player can gain reinforcements by destroying three Laser Defence Computers located around the base; this allows reinforcements to arrive a few turns later.
In the single player version, the difficulty level can be set from one to eight, each level increasing the number and power of the droid forces. The game has a built-in time limit, and the Raiders automatically lose if they fail to achieve either of their objectives within the time limit.
Reception
CRASH gave Rebelstar 93%, making it a Crash Smash. The magazine was impressed with the fast pace, challenging difficulty level, and clear graphics. The character graphics and individual morale and skills were felt to contribute towards the game's atmosphere. The reviewer pointed out some similarities with Snapshot, a module for the 1977 Game Designers' Workshop role playing game Traveller.
Rebelstar was also ranked as the second greatest Spectrum game of all time by Your Sinclair, which held Rebelstar as an example of how the wargaming genre could be "an experience unrivalled for thrills by all but the most adrenalin-pumping blaster". Both Your Sinclair and CRASH praised the decision to release the game at the budget price of £1.99.
It was one of 3 Spectrum games listed in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die.
Rebelstar II
1988 video gameRebelstar IIGameplay screenshotDeveloper(s)Target GamesPublisher(s)Silverbird SoftwareDesigner(s)Julian GollopPlatform(s)ZX SpectrumRelease1988Genre(s)Turn-based tacticsMode(s)Single-player or two players
Rebelstar II (also known as Rebelstar II: Alien Encounter) was developed by Target Games and published in 1988 on Telecomsoft's Silverbird label (their rebranded budget range). Again, it was programmed by Julian Gollop, with Ian Terry providing graphical assistance.
The scenario takes place on the planet of Thray 6, on which an alien race is threatening Rebelstar. The Raiders' objective is to kill aliens, kill the alien queen, and capture alien eggs. The Raiders have a set escape window, with their shuttle landing on turn 15 and taking off on 26. At that point, the game ends and victory points compared. The left half of the map is an outdoor environment, with bushes, trees, rivers and marshes. The alien queen herself can fire a short-ranged but deadly acidic spit.
Reception
CRASH gave Rebelstar II an overall 90%, highlighting the excellent graphics and engrossing gameplay: "it can all get very exhilarating to see laser bolts flying back and forth, occasionally missing by pixels." Similarities with the film Aliens were pointed out, with the visual appearance of the antagonists, the storyline, and the names of some of the Raiders: "This is a game to appeal not only to strategists, but also fans of the Alien movies and in fact anyone who enjoys a really good - and very tense - game."
Rebelstar: Tactical Command
Main article: Rebelstar: Tactical Command
Rebelstar: Tactical Command, a Game Boy Advance game released in 2005, was developed by Gollop's new studio Codo Technologies and released by Namco. It shares the Rebelstar name as well as many gameplay similarities, but is neither a remake of nor a sequel to the original. It was supposed to be followed by the cancelled sequel Rebelstar 2: The Meklon Conspiracy.
Rebelstar: Psionic Rebellion (unreleased)
Rebelstar: Psionic Rebellion was a cancelled "high production value AAA title due to be released at the end of 2008, early 2009 on Xbox 360 and PS3" which was being developed by Kuju Entertainment for Namco. Its look would be "mature, detailed, gritty and very stylish, similar to that of a western graphic novel".
Legacy
Two other related games made by the same designer and sharing the same mechanics but in a fantasy setting are Chaos and Lords of Chaos. All three games in the series were re-released as part of The Rebelstar Collection, a compilation of Gollop's games published in 1991 by Mythos Games. This compilation also included Chaos and Nebula. Many of the features and ideas in this series would go on to be used by Gollop in the Laser Squad and X-COM series of games.
References
^ Rebelstar Raiders at SpectrumComputing.co.uk
^ Rebelstar at SpectrumComputing.co.uk
^ Rebelstar II at SpectrumComputing.co.uk
^ Rebelstar at CPCZone.net
^ "The LSN pedigree: from Rebelstar to the X-Com games". lasersquadnemesis.com. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
^ a b "The Rebelstar Collection" players' manual; Mythos Games Ltd, 1991
^ "Frontline" Rebelstar Raiders review from CRASH page 78 issue 9 , October 1984.
^ Rebelstar review from CRASH issue 31; retrieved from CRASH The Online Edition
^ Campbell, Stuart (January 1992). "The YS Official Top 100 Part 4". Your Sinclair (73). Future Publishing. Archived from the original on 2006-08-16.
^ Rebelstar II review from CRASH issue 64, May 1989; retrieved from CRASH The Online Edition
^ Gollop, Julian (2013-11-29). "Rebelstar 2 - The Game that Never Was". Gollop Games. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ GameSetWatch Artwork From Kuju's Cancelled Rebelstar PS3/Xbox 360 Game
^ The Rebelstar Collection at SpectrumComputing.co.uk
External links
Rebelstar series at MobyGames
Rebelstar at SpectrumComputing.co.uk
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krishnam Raju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnam_Raju"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rebelstar_cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"turn-based tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn-based_tactics"},{"link_name":"Julian Gollop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Gollop"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_in_video_gaming"},{"link_name":"Red Shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shift_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"machine code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code"},{"link_name":"Firebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomsoft"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_in_video_gaming"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_video_gaming"},{"link_name":"Silverbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomsoft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"action points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_points"},{"link_name":"Laser Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Squad"},{"link_name":"X-COM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XCOM"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rebelstar: Tactical Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelstar:_Tactical_Command"},{"link_name":"Codo Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codo_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Namco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco"}],"text":"For the Indian actor, see Krishnam Raju.Amstrad CPC cover of RebelstarThe Rebelstar games are a series of turn-based tactics video games designed by Julian Gollop. Rebelstar Raiders was published in 1984 by Red Shift for the ZX Spectrum.[1] It was reworked in machine code as Rebelstar, published by Firebird in 1986.[2] A sequel, Rebelstar II, was published in 1988 by Silverbird.[3] Rebelstar, but not its sequel, was also adapted for the Amstrad CPC home computer.[4]Each title in the Rebelstar series is a science fiction-themed turn-based tactics game, in which each player controls an opposing squad of soldiers, using their individual action points for movement, attacking, and other activities. The playing area is top-down plan view, with units shown in profile. The games achieved critical acclaim, and formed the beginning of a development history that led to the Laser Squad and X-COM series.[5]A spiritual successor titled Rebelstar: Tactical Command was developed by Gollop's Codo Technologies and released for the Game Boy Advance by Namco in 2005. Two more Namco projects, Rebelstar: Psionic Rebellion and Rebelstar 2: The Meklon Conspiracy, were cancelled.","title":"Rebelstar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julian Gollop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Gollop"},{"link_name":"Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"line of sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_sight_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collection-6"}],"text":"1984 video gameRebelstar Raiders was originally released for the 48k ZX Spectrum in 1984 by Red Shift Ltd, a war games publisher who had also released Julian Gollop's space strategy game Nebula. It was written in BASIC.Rebelstar Raiders does not feature a computer-controlled opponent, so is strictly a two-player game. It includes three different scenarios, the maps for which are loaded in as a screen datum; thus the playing area is limited to the size of the screen. In each scenario, each player's units are deployed manually before play commences.Combat can either be melee or ranged, which takes into account limited ammunition and line of sight. Damage is taken from a unit's 'endurance' statistic. If this is reduced below one fifth of its initial value, the unit is seriously wounded. If reduced to zero, the unit is destroyed. Units also have 'skill' and 'armour' values.[6]The first scenario, \"Moonbase\", is the beginning of a storyline that runs through the whole series. The Raiders are attempting to destroy a vast organisation based on a planet called Pi. Before any of the Raiders ships can land on Pi, the planetary defenses on the moon, Spyder, must be destroyed. One player controls a squad of 24 Raiders, who are led by \"the first of the Capricorn clones\", Joe Capricorn. The Raiders' squad also includes Captain Krenon, a character who features in the two later Rebelstar games. The moonbase, which is disguised as a mining station, is defended by sentry robots, mining robots and auto-guns in pre-set locations, and deployable technicians and security guards. The Raiders win if one unit can get to the control room and destroy the sensitive equipment there.\nIn the second scenario, \"Starlingale\", Joe Capricorn, Captain Krenon and a few other survivors have returned to their eponymous escape vessel. The ship is still undergoing hull repairs, and must be defended for 12 turns. The Red Shift player, controlling various robot operatives, must destroy the two Navcomps on the bridge to prevent takeoff. The Raider's units include the pre-deployed Starlingale pilots and plod-bots, 14 deployable Raiders, with eight Raiders arriving later as reinforcements. The Red Shift Operatives include zorbotrons (armed with gas bombs), fly-bots (armed with zeekers), slavers (with las-whips), a mining robot and two security guards.\nThe third and final scenario, \"The Final Assault\", has the Starlingale join the Freedream on the surface of Pi. The Raiders must destroy eight parts of the Main-Comp in an underground shelter.","title":"Rebelstar Raiders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CRASH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRASH_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"CRASH noted the detailed blueprint-style maps and their flexible layout and the strategic mix of different weapon types and unit deployment. However, the sound effects were deemed irritating, and the packaging amateurish.[7]","title":"Rebelstar Raiders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_mechanic"}],"text":"1986 video gameRebelstar was originally published in 1986 by Telecomsoft's budget label, Firebird. Unlike its predecessor it was written in machine code, and featured a larger, scrolling playfield. The game supports single player and two player variants, and had overhauled game mechanics. Only one map is available.Morale, stamina and encumbrance are new statistics for units, and ranged fire has the option of fast snapshots or more action-point consuming aimed shots. In addition, an \"opportunity fire\" system allows a player to interrupt their opponents turn with pre-targeted shots. Objects are more interactive than in Rebelstar Raiders, with units able to drop or collect weapons, ammunition, dead bodies, and other items. Some types of terrain may provide cover and slow units down. Wreckage of droids and dead bodies also cause partial obstructions.The objective for the Raiders in Rebelstar is to destroy ISAAC, the computer responsible for breaking the Raiders' secret codes. The game can be won either by destroying ISAAC's central core, or by eliminating all enemy forces in the base. The player can gain reinforcements by destroying three Laser Defence Computers located around the base; this allows reinforcements to arrive a few turns later.In the single player version, the difficulty level can be set from one to eight, each level increasing the number and power of the droid forces. The game has a built-in time limit, and the Raiders automatically lose if they fail to achieve either of their objectives within the time limit.","title":"Rebelstar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Game Designers' Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Designers%27_Workshop"},{"link_name":"Traveller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveller_(role-playing_game)"},{"link_name":"Your Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1001_Video_Games_You_Must_Play_Before_You_Die"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"CRASH gave Rebelstar 93%,[8] making it a Crash Smash. The magazine was impressed with the fast pace, challenging difficulty level, and clear graphics. The character graphics and individual morale and skills were felt to contribute towards the game's atmosphere. The reviewer pointed out some similarities with Snapshot, a module for the 1977 Game Designers' Workshop role playing game Traveller.Rebelstar was also ranked as the second greatest Spectrum game of all time by Your Sinclair, which held Rebelstar as an example of how the wargaming genre could be \"an experience unrivalled for thrills by all but the most adrenalin-pumping blaster\".[9] Both Your Sinclair and CRASH praised the decision to release the game at the budget price of £1.99.It was one of 3 Spectrum games listed in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die.","title":"Rebelstar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Target Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos_Games"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collection-6"}],"text":"1988 video gameRebelstar II (also known as Rebelstar II: Alien Encounter) was developed by Target Games and published in 1988 on Telecomsoft's Silverbird label (their rebranded budget range). Again, it was programmed by Julian Gollop, with Ian Terry providing graphical assistance.The scenario takes place on the planet of Thray 6, on which an alien race is threatening Rebelstar. The Raiders' objective is to kill aliens, kill the alien queen, and capture alien eggs. The Raiders have a set escape window, with their shuttle landing on turn 15 and taking off on 26. At that point, the game ends and victory points compared.[6] The left half of the map is an outdoor environment, with bushes, trees, rivers and marshes. The alien queen herself can fire a short-ranged but deadly acidic spit.","title":"Rebelstar II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"CRASH gave Rebelstar II an overall 90%,[10] highlighting the excellent graphics and engrossing gameplay: \"it can all get very exhilarating to see laser bolts flying back and forth, occasionally missing by pixels.\" Similarities with the film Aliens were pointed out, with the visual appearance of the antagonists, the storyline, and the names of some of the Raiders: \"This is a game to appeal not only to strategists, but also fans of the Alien movies and in fact anyone who enjoys a really good - and very tense - game.\"","title":"Rebelstar II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Codo Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codo_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Rebelstar: Tactical Command, a Game Boy Advance game released in 2005, was developed by Gollop's new studio Codo Technologies and released by Namco. It shares the Rebelstar name as well as many gameplay similarities, but is neither a remake of nor a sequel to the original. It was supposed to be followed by the cancelled sequel Rebelstar 2: The Meklon Conspiracy.[11]","title":"Rebelstar: Tactical Command"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"PS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Kuju Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuju_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Rebelstar: Psionic Rebellion was a cancelled \"high production value AAA title due to be released at the end of 2008, early 2009 on Xbox 360 and PS3\" which was being developed by Kuju Entertainment for Namco. Its look would be \"mature, detailed, gritty and very stylish, similar to that of a western graphic novel\".[12]","title":"Rebelstar: Psionic Rebellion (unreleased)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Lords of Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_Chaos_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Mythos Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos_Games"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Laser Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Squad"},{"link_name":"X-COM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-COM"}],"text":"Two other related games made by the same designer and sharing the same mechanics but in a fantasy setting are Chaos and Lords of Chaos. All three games in the series were re-released as part of The Rebelstar Collection, a compilation of Gollop's games published in 1991 by Mythos Games.[13] This compilation also included Chaos and Nebula. Many of the features and ideas in this series would go on to be used by Gollop in the Laser Squad and X-COM series of games.","title":"Legacy"}]
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[{"image_text":"Amstrad CPC cover of Rebelstar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Rebelstar_cover.jpg/220px-Rebelstar_cover.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The LSN pedigree: from Rebelstar to the X-Com games\". lasersquadnemesis.com. Retrieved 2007-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lasersquadnemesis.com/","url_text":"\"The LSN pedigree: from Rebelstar to the X-Com games\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Stuart (January 1992). \"The YS Official Top 100 Part 4\". Your Sinclair (73). Future Publishing. Archived from the original on 2006-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060816053829/http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/ystop100_4.htm","url_text":"\"The YS Official Top 100 Part 4\""},{"url":"http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/ystop100_4.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gollop, Julian (2013-11-29). \"Rebelstar 2 - The Game that Never Was\". Gollop Games. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214328/http://www.gollopgames.com/2013/11/rebelstar-2-game-that-never-was.html","url_text":"\"Rebelstar 2 - The Game that Never Was\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/entry/0004064","external_links_name":"Rebelstar Raiders"},{"Link":"https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/entry/0004058","external_links_name":"Rebelstar"},{"Link":"https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/entry/0004061","external_links_name":"Rebelstar II"},{"Link":"http://www.cpczone.net/index.php?game=2653","external_links_name":"Rebelstar"},{"Link":"http://www.lasersquadnemesis.com/","external_links_name":"\"The LSN pedigree: from Rebelstar to the X-Com games\""},{"Link":"http://www.crashonline.org.uk/09/frontline.htm","external_links_name":"\"Frontline\" Rebelstar Raiders review"},{"Link":"http://www.crashonline.org.uk/31/rebelstar.htm","external_links_name":"Rebelstar review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060816053829/http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/ystop100_4.htm","external_links_name":"\"The YS Official Top 100 Part 4\""},{"Link":"http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/ystop100_4.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.crashonline.org.uk/64/rebelstar2.htm","external_links_name":"Rebelstar II review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214328/http://www.gollopgames.com/2013/11/rebelstar-2-game-that-never-was.html","external_links_name":"\"Rebelstar 2 - The Game that Never Was\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2009/08/artwork_from_kujus_cancelled_r.php","external_links_name":"GameSetWatch Artwork From Kuju's Cancelled Rebelstar PS3/Xbox 360 Game"},{"Link":"https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/entry/0014482","external_links_name":"The Rebelstar Collection"},{"Link":"http://www.mobygames.com/game-group/rebelstar-series","external_links_name":"Rebelstar series"},{"Link":"https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/entry/0004058","external_links_name":"Rebelstar"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_facial_artery
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Transverse facial artery
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["1 Course","2 Additional images","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Transverse facial arteryBloodvessels of the eyelids, front view. 1, supraorbital artery and supraorbital vein; 2, nasal artery; 3, angular artery, the terminal branch of 4, the facial artery; 5, suborbital artery; 6, anterior branch of the superficial temporal artery; 6’, malar branch of the transverse artery of the face; 7, lacrimal artery; 8, superior palpebral artery with 8’, its external arch; 9, anastomoses of the superior palpebral with the superficial temporal and lacrimal; 10, inferior palpebral artery; 11, facial vein; 12, angular vein; 13, branch of the superficial temporal vein.The arteries of the face and scalp. (Transv. facial labeled at center, to right of ear.)DetailsSourceSuperficial temporalSuppliesParotid glandparotid duct masseter muscleIdentifiersLatinarteria transversa facieiTA98A12.2.05.047TA24416FMA49657Anatomical terminology
The transverse facial artery is an artery that branches from the superficial temporal artery and runs across the face.
Course
The transverse facial artery is given off from the superficial temporal artery before that vessel leaves the parotid gland; running forward through the substance of the gland, it passes transversely across the side of the face, between the parotid duct and the lower border of the zygomatic arch, and divides into numerous branches, which supply the parotid gland and parotid duct, the masseter muscle, and the integument, and anastomose with the facial artery, the masseteric artery, the buccinator artery, and the infraorbital artery.
This vessel rests on the masseter, and is accompanied by one or two branches of the facial nerve.
Additional images
Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries
See also
Facial artery
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 558 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
External links
Anatomy photo:23:05-0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The Transverse Facial Artery and Vein"
lesson4 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (parotid4, infratempfossaart)
vteArteries of the head and neckCCAECAsup. thyroid
superior laryngeal
sternocleidomastoid branch
infrahyoid branch
cricothyroid branch
glandular branches
asc. pharyngeal
posterior meningeal
pharyngeal branches
inferior tympanic
lingual
suprahyoid
dorsal lingual
deep lingual
sublingual
facial
cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular)
facial branches (inferior labial
superior labial / nasal septum
lateral nasal
angular)
occipital
sternocleidomastoid
meningeal
occipital
auricular
descending
post. auricular
stylomastoid
stapedial
auricular
occipital
supf. temporal
transverse facial
middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital)
anterior auricular
frontal
parietal
maxillary1st part / mandibular
anterior tympanic
deep auricular
middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal)
accessory meningeal
inferior alveolar
2nd part / pterygoid
to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric)
buccal
3rd part / pterygopalatine
posterior superior alveolar
infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar)
descending palatine (greater palatine, lesser palatine)
artery of the pterygoid canal
sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal)
pharyngeal
ICAcervical
carotid sinus
petrous
Vidian
caroticotympanic
cavernous/ophthalmic
orbital group:anterior ethmoidal
posterior ethmoidal
lacrimal (lateral palpebral)
medial palpebral
terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal)
ocular group: central retinal
ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior)
Circulus arteriosus major
hypophysial (superior, inferior)
brain
Circle of Willis
ACA (anterior communicating, Recurrent artery of Heubner, Orbitofrontal artery)
MCA (anterolateral central, Prefrontal artery, Superior terminal branch, Inferior terminal branch, Anterior temporal branch)
posterior communicating
anterior choroidal
ScAvertebral artery
meningeal
spinal (posterior, anterior)
basilar: pontine
labyrinthine
cerebellar (AICA, SCA, PICA)
cerebral (PCA)
thyrocervical trunkinferior thyroid
inferior laryngeal
tracheal
esophageal
ascending cervical
pharyngeal
glandular branches
transverse cervical
superficial branch
deep branch / dorsal scapular
scapular anastomosis
suprascapular
acromial branch
scapular anastomosis
costocervical trunk
deep cervical
Supreme Intercostal artery
Portal: Anatomy
Authority control databases
Terminologia Anatomica
This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superficial temporal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_temporal_artery"}],"text":"The transverse facial artery is an artery that branches from the superficial temporal artery and runs across the face.","title":"Transverse facial artery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superficial temporal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_temporal_artery"},{"link_name":"parotid gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_gland"},{"link_name":"parotid duct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_duct"},{"link_name":"zygomatic arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_arch"},{"link_name":"parotid gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_gland"},{"link_name":"parotid duct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_duct"},{"link_name":"masseter muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masseter_muscle"},{"link_name":"facial artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_artery"},{"link_name":"masseteric artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masseteric_artery"},{"link_name":"buccinator artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinator_artery"},{"link_name":"infraorbital artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraorbital_artery"},{"link_name":"masseter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masseter"},{"link_name":"facial nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_nerve"}],"text":"The transverse facial artery is given off from the superficial temporal artery before that vessel leaves the parotid gland; running forward through the substance of the gland, it passes transversely across the side of the face, between the parotid duct and the lower border of the zygomatic arch, and divides into numerous branches, which supply the parotid gland and parotid duct, the masseter muscle, and the integument, and anastomose with the facial artery, the masseteric artery, the buccinator artery, and the infraorbital artery.This vessel rests on the masseter, and is accompanied by one or two branches of the facial nerve.","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray507.png"},{"link_name":"carotid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_artery"},{"link_name":"subclavian arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclavian_artery"}],"text":"Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries","title":"Additional images"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Facial artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_artery"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution_ratio
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Dilution ratio
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["1 Dilution factor","2 References","3 See also"]
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Change in concentration when mixing two liquids
For the economics concept, see Concentration ratio.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dilution ratio" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In chemistry and biology, the dilution ratio and dilution factor are two related (but slightly different) expressions of the change in concentration of a liquid substance when mixing it with another liquid substance. They are often used for simple dilutions, one in which a unit volume of a liquid material of interest is combined with an appropriate volume of a solvent liquid to achieve the desired concentration. The diluted material must be thoroughly mixed to achieve the true dilution.
For example, in a solution with a 1:5 dilution ratio, entails combining 1 unit volume of solute (the material to be diluted) with 5 unit volumes of the solvent to give 6 total units of total volume.
In photographic development, dilutions are normally given in a '1+x' format. For example '1+49' would typically mean 1 part concentrate and 49 parts water, meaning a 500ml solution would require 10ml concentrate and 490ml water.
Dilution factor
The "dilution factor" is an expression which describes the ratio of the aliquot volume to the final volume. Dilution factor is a notation often used in commercial assays. For example, in solution with a 1/5 dilution factor (which may be abbreviated as x5 dilution), entails combining 1 unit volume of solute (the material to be diluted) with (approximately) 4 unit volumes of the solvent to give 5 units of total volume. The following formulas can be used to calculate the volumes of solute (Vsolute) and solvent (Vsolvent) to be used:
V
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t
e
=
V
t
o
t
a
l
F
V
s
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v
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=
V
t
o
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a
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−
V
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e
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{\rm {solute}}&={\frac {V_{\rm {total}}}{F}}\\V_{\rm {solvent}}&=V_{\rm {total}}-V_{\rm {solute}}\end{aligned}}}
where Vtotal is the desired total volume, and F is the desired dilution factor number (the number in the position of F if expressed as "1/F dilution factor" or "xF dilution").
However, some solutions and mixtures take up slightly less volume than their components.
In other areas of science such as pharmacy, and in non-scientific usage, a dilution is normally given as a plain ratio of solvent to solute. For large factors, this confusion makes only a minor difference, but in precise work it can be important to make clear whether dilution ratio or dilution factor is intended.
References
^ Dr. Walker. "Dilutions" (PDF). Weber State University. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
See also
Fraction (chemistry)
Concentration
Ternary plot
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[]
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[{"title":"Fraction (chemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction_(chemistry)"},{"title":"Concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration"},{"title":"Ternary plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_plot"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorovirus
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Chlorovirus
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["1 Taxonomy","2 Ecology","3 Structure","4 Hosts","5 Life cycle","6 Effects of infection","7 Evolution","8 References","9 External links"]
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Genus of viruses
Chlorovirus
Virus classification
(unranked):
Virus
Realm:
Varidnaviria
Kingdom:
Bamfordvirae
Phylum:
Nucleocytoviricota
Class:
Megaviricetes
Order:
Algavirales
Family:
Phycodnaviridae
Genus:
Chlorovirus
Chlorovirus, also known as Chlorella virus, is a genus of giant double-stranded DNA viruses, in the family Phycodnaviridae. This genus is found globally in freshwater environments where freshwater microscopic algae serve as natural hosts. There are 19 species in this genus.
Chlorovirus was discovered in 1981 by Russel H. Meints, James L. Van Etten, Daniel Kuczmarski, Kit Lee, and Barbara Ang while attempting to culture Chlorella-like algae. During the attempted process viral particles were discovered in the cells 2 to 6 hours after being initially isolated, followed by lysis after 12 to 20 hours. This virus was initially called HVCV (Hydra viridis Chlorella virus) since it was first found to infect Chlorella-like algae.
Though relatively new to virologists and thus not extensively studied, one species, Chlorovirus ATCV-1, commonly found in lakes, has been recently found to infect humans. New studies focusing on effects of infection in mouse model are currently emerging as well.
Taxonomy
Chlorovirus is a genus of giant double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses in the family Phycodnaviridae, and Baltimore group 1: dsDNA viruses. The genus contains the following species:
Acanthocystis turfacea chlorella virus 1
Hydra viridis Chlorella virus 1
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus A1
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus AL1A
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus AL2A
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus BJ2C
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus CA4A
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus CA4B
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus IL3A
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus NC1A
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus NE8A
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus NY2A
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus NYs1
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus SC1A
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus XY6E
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus XZ3A
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus XZ4A
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus XZ4C
Ecology
Chloroviruses are widespread in freshwater environments in all parts of the globe and have been isolated from freshwater sources in Europe, Asia, Australia, as well as North and South America. Natural hosts of chloroviruses include various types of unicellular eukaryotic Chlorella-like algae, with individual virus species typically infecting only within a distinct strain. These algal hosts are known to establish endosymbiotic relationships with larger protists, such as Paramecium bursaria (a member of the ciliates), Acanthocystis turfacea (a centroheliozoan) and Hydra viridis (member of the hydrozoa). While an individual protist can harbour up to several hundred algal cells at any given time, free-floating algae are highly susceptible to chloroviruses, indicating that such endosymbiosis serves to provide resistance from infection.
Chlorovirus titers are variable by season and location, but typically fluctuate between 1 and 100 PFU/mL, although high abundances of up to 100,000 PFU/mL may occur in some environments. Due to the rich genetic diversity and high specialization of individual species with respect to infectious range, variations in their ecology are not unusual, resulting in unique spatio-temporal patterns, which ultimately depend on lifestyle and nature of the host. As such, previous survey data highlighted two prominent seasonal abundance peaks for both Chlorella variabilis NC64A and Chlorella variabilis Syngen viruses — one in late fall, and the other in late spring to mid-summer — which is likely attributed to the fact that they share a host species. Conversely, Chlorella heliozoae SAG viruses peaked at different times of the year and generally exhibited more variability in titers, as compared to the NC64A and Syngen viruses. Additionally, studies revealed that chloroviruses demonstrate some resilience in response to decreased temperatures observed during the winter season, characterized by presence of infectious particles under ice layers in a stormwater management pond in Ontario, Canada. Further, DeLong et al. (2016) suggest that predation by small crustaceans can play an indirect role in titer fluctuations, as degradation of protist cells passing through the digestive tract results in liberation of large numbers of unicellular algae that become susceptible to viral infection due to disruption of endosymbiosis. Overall, seasonal abundance of chloroviruses depends not only on the host species, but also on the abundance of other microorganisms, general nutrient status and ecological conditions.
Collectively, chloroviruses are able to mediate global biogeochemical cycles through phytoplankton turnover. Chlorella, in co-occurrence with other types of microscopic algae like Microcystis aeruginosa, are known to cause toxic algal blooms that typically last from February to June in the Northern hemisphere, resulting in oxygen depletion and deaths of larger organisms in freshwater habitats. Lytic infection of unicellular algae by chloroviruses results in termination of algal blooms and the subsequent release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus trapped in the cells, transporting them to lower trophic levels and, ultimately, fueling the food chain.
Structure
Schematic drawing of a typical Phycodnaviridae virion (cross section and side view, not showing spike and vertex)
Viruses in the genus Chlorovirus are enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=169 (triangulation number) symmetry. The diameter is around 100-220 nm. Genomes are linear, usually single-copy, composed of dsDNA (double-stranded DNA), and around 330 kb in length. The dsDNA is closed with a hairpin structure terminus. Genomes also often have several hundred open reading frames. As a group, chloroviruses encode from 632 protein families; however, each individual virus only has 330 to 416 protein encoding genes. As part of the DNA modification systems, chloroviruses have methylated bases in specific sections of their DNA sequence. Some chloroviruses also contain introns and inteins, though this is rare within the genus.
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1) have a 190 nm diameter and a fivefold axis. One face's juncture has a protruding spike, which is the first part of the virus to contact its host. The outer capsid covers a single lipid bilayer membrane, which is obtained from the host's endoplasmic reticulum. Some capsomers on the external shell have fibres extending away from the virus to aid in host attachment.
Genus
Structure
Symmetry
Capsid
Genomic arrangement
Genomic segmentation
Chlorovirus
Icosahedral
T=169
Enveloped
Linear
Monopartite
Hosts
Chloroviruses infect certain unicellular, eukaryotic chlorella-like green algae, called zoochlorellae, and are very species and even strain specific. These zoochlorellae commonly establish endosymbiotic relationships with the protozoan Paramecium bursaria, the coelenterate Hydra viridis, the heliozoon Acanthocystis turfacea and other freshwater and marine invertebrates and protozoans. The viruses cannot infect zoochlorellae when they are in their symbiotic phase, and there is no evidence that zoochlorellae grow free of their hosts in indigenous waters. Chloroviruses have also recently been found to infect people, leading to studies on infections in mice as well.
Life cycle
Chlorella cells and chlorovirus Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (PBCV-1) (A) PBCV-1 and its symbiotic chlorella cells. (B) Plaques formed as a result of PBCV-1 on Chlorella variabilis. ( C) 5 times averaged electron micrograph of PBCV-1 displayins a long narrow spike at one of its verticies with fibres extending. (D) PBCV-1 attached to the cell wall. (E) Surface view of PBCV-1 spike/fibres. (F) Initial attachment of PBCV-1 to a C. variabilis cell. (G) Digestion of the cell wall once PBCV-1 has attached (1-3 minutes postinfection). (H) Virion particles assembling within the cytoplasm, marking virus assembly centers approximately 4 hours post infection. (I) Depiction of PBCV-1 assembling into infectious particles. (J) Localized lysis of cell wall/plasma membrane, and release of progeny viruses approximately 8 hours postinfection.
Cross-section of a five-fold averaged cryo-EM of PBCV-1 as the virus is getting ready to release its DNA into the host cell.
PBCV-1 infected chlorella cells at 1.5–2 min p.i. were examined by Scanning-Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) tomography. The membrane-lined channel connecting the virus genome with the interior of the host is clearly visible.
Viral replication is nucleo-cytoplasmic. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model, and DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis via lytic phospholipids, with passive diffusion being the mechanism behind transmission routes.
In three dimensional recreations of PBCV-1, it is seen that the spike first contacts the host’s cell wall and is aided by fibres in order to secure the virus to the host. The attachment of PBCV-1 to its receptor is very specific, and a major source of limitation with regards to viral host range. Virus-associated enzymes allow the host cell wall to degrade, and the viral internal membrane fuses with the host membrane. This fusion allows the transfer of viral DNA and virion-associated proteins into the host cell and also triggers depolarization of the host membrane. This is presumably occurring due to a virus encoded K+ channel. Studies predict this channel is within the virus, acting as an internal membrane releasing K+ from the cell, which may assist in the ejection of viral DNA and proteins from the viral cell to its host. The depolarization of the host’s cell membrane is also thought to prevent secondary infection from another virus or secondary transporters.
Because PBCV-1 does not have an RNA polymerase gene, its DNA and viral-associated proteins move to the nucleus where transcription begins 5–10 minutes post infection. This rapid transcription is attributed to some component facilitating this transfer or viral DNA to the nucleus. This component is assumed to be a product of the PBCV-a443r gene, which obtains structures resembling proteins involved in nuclear trafficking in mammalian cells.
Host transcription rates decrease in this early phase of infection, and host transcription facilitators are reprogrammed to transcribe the new viral DNA. Minutes after infection, host chromosomal DNA degradation begins. This is presumed to occur through PBCV-1 encoded and packaged DNA restriction endonucleases. Degradation of the host chromosomal DNA inhibits host transcription. This results in 33-55% of the polyadenylated mRNAs in the infected cell being of viral origin by 20 minutes after initial infection.
Viral DNA replication initiates after 60 to 90 minutes, which is then followed by the transcription of late genes within the host cell. Roughly 2–3 hours post infection, the assembly of virus capsids begins. This occurs within localized regions of the cytoplasm, with the virus capsids becoming prominent 3–4 hours after initial infection. 5–6 hours after PBCV-1 infection, the cytoplasm of the host cell fills with infectious progeny virus particles. Shortly after that (6–8 hours post infection), localized lysis of the host cell releases progeny. ~1000 particles are released from each infected cell, ~30% of which form plaques.
Effects of infection
In algae infected with Cloroviruses the result is lysis, and thus death. As such, Chloroviruses are an important mechanism to the termination of algal blooms and play a vital role in the supply of nutrients to the water column (See Ecology section for more information). Chloroviruses are also able to change the wall structure of infected cells. Some chloroviruses contain chitin synthase (CHS) genes while some others contain hyaluronan synthase (HAS) genes, respectively triggering the formation of chitin sensitive fibres or hyaluronan sensitive fibres. Though the function of producing a fibrous mat is not definitively known, it is believed that the fibres could: deter the uptake of the infected cell by symbiotic protozoans, which cause the digestion of the lysed cell; infect another host that takes up the fibre covered algae; or join with other infected and fibre covered cells. The ability to encode enzymes that trigger the synthesis of hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) is found in no other viruses.
Recently, chlorovirus ATCV-1 DNA has been found in human oropharyngeal samples. Prior to this is it was not known chlorovirus could infect humans, so there is limited knowledge about infections in people. People who were found to be infected had delayed memory and decreased attention. Humans found to be infected with ATCV-1 showed a decreased visual processing ability and reduced visual motor speed. This led to an overall decline in the ability to perform tasks based on vision and spatial reasoning.
Studies infecting mice with ACTV-1 have been performed following the discovery chlorovirus can infect humans. The studies conducted on infected mice show changes in the Cdk5 pathway, which aids with learning and memory formation, as well as alterations in gene expression in the dopamine pathway. Further, infected mice were found to be less social, interacting less with newly introduced companion mice than the control group. Infected mice also spent longer in a light-exposed portion of a test chamber, where the control mice tended to prefer the dark side and avoided the light. This indicates a decrease in anxiety with ACTV-1 infection. The test mice were also less able to recognize an object that had been moved from its previous location, showing a decrease in spatial reference memory. As in humans, there is a decrease in vision spatial task ability. Within the hippocampus (area of brain responsible for memory and learning), changes in gene expression occur, and infection presents a change in the pathways of immune cell functioning and antigen processing. It has been suggested that this possibly indicates an immune system response to the ACTV-1 virus causing inflammation which may be the cause for the cognitive impairments. The symptoms presented may also suggest hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex interference from ACTV-1 infection.
Evolution
Chloroviruses, as well as the remaining members of the family Phycodnaviridae, are considered part of the broader group of microbes called nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs). Although phycodnaviruses are diverse genetically and infect different hosts, they display high levels of similarity on the structural level to each other and other NCLDVs. Phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein within the group indicates great likelihood of close relatedness, as well as prior divergence from a single common ancestor, which is believed to be a small DNA virus. Additionally, studies suggest that genome gigantism, characteristic of all chloroviruses, is a property which evolved early on in the history of NCLDVs, and subsequent adaptations towards respective hosts and particular habitats resulted in mutations and gene loss events, which ultimately shaped all currently existing chlorovirus species.
Genome sequencing and functional screening of proteins from PBCV-1 and ATCV-1 revealed large number of horizontally transferred genes, which indicates a long history of co-evolution with the unicellular host and lateral gene transfer with other seemingly unrelated organisms. Further, both viruses were found to encode several so-called "progenitor enzymes", which are smaller, but less specialized than their modern-day analogues. For example, one of the sugar-manipulating enzymes in PBCV-1 (GDP-d-mannose 4,6 dehydratase or GMD) was shown to mediate catalysis of not only the dehydration of GDP-d-mannose, but also reduction of the sugar molecule produced in the initially predicted process. Such dual functionality is uncommon among the currently existing sugar-manipulating enzymes, and possibly suggests the ancient nature of the PBCV-1 GMD.
Infection cycle studies in PBCV-1 revealed that the virus relies on a unique capsid glycosylation process independent of the host's ER or Golgi machinery. This feature has not yet been observed in any other virus currently known to science and potentially represents an ancient and conserved pathway, which could have evolved before eukaryogenesis, which was estimated to occur around 2.0-2.7 billion years ago.
Recent discovery regarding presence of DNA sequences homologous to ATCV-1 in the human oropharyngeal virome, as well as the subsequent studies demonstrating successful infection of mammalian animal model by ATCV-1, also point to the likelihood of ancient evolutionary history of chloroviruses, which possess structural features and utilize molecular mechanisms that potentially allow for replication within diverse animal hosts.
References
^ a b c Quispe CF, Sonderman O, Seng A, Rasmussen B, Weber G, Mueller C, Dunigan DD, Van Etten JL (July 2016). "Three-year survey of abundance, prevalence and genetic diversity of chlorovirus populations in a small urban lake". Archives of Virology. 161 (7): 1839–47. doi:10.1007/s00705-016-2853-4. PMID 27068168. S2CID 8751019.
^ a b "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ a b "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
^ Meints, Russel H.; Van Etten, James L.; Kuczmarski, Daniel; Lee, Kit; Ang, Barbara (September 1981). "Viral infection of the symbiotic chlorella-like alga present in Hydra viridis". Virology. 113 (2): 698–703. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(81)90198-7. PMID 18635088.
^ Hoshina, Ryo; Shimizu, Mayumi; Makino, Yoichi; Haruyama, Yoshihiro; Ueda, Shin-ichiro; Kato, Yutaka; Kasahara, Masahiro; Ono, Bun-ichiro; Imamura, Nobutaka (13 September 2010). "Isolation and characterization of a virus (CvV-BW1) that infects symbiotic algae of Paramecium bursaria in Lake Biwa, Japan". Virology Journal. 7: 222. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-222. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 2949830. PMID 20831832.
^ a b c d e f g Yolken RH, Jones-Brando L, Dunigan DD, Kannan G, Dickerson F, Severance E, Sabunciyan S, Talbot CC, Prandovszky E, Gurnon JR, Agarkova IV, Leister F, Gressitt KL, Chen O, Deuber B, Ma F, Pletnikov MV, Van Etten JL (November 2014). "Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (45): 16106–11. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11116106Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1418895111. PMC 4234575. PMID 25349393.
^ a b c Petro, Marilyn S.; Agarkova, Irina V.; Petro, Thomas M. (August 2016). "Effect of Chlorovirus ATCV-1 infection on behavior of C57Bl/6 mice". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 297: 46–55. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.05.009. PMID 27397075. S2CID 38573451.
^ Short SM (September 2012). "The ecology of viruses that infect eukaryotic algae". Environmental Microbiology. 14 (9): 2253–71. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02706.x. PMID 22360532.
^ a b c Van Etten JL, Dunigan DD (August 2016). "Giant Chloroviruses: Five Easy Questions". PLOS Pathogens. 12 (8): e1005751. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005751. PMC 4990331. PMID 27536965.
^ a b DeLong JP, Al-Ameeli Z, Duncan G, Van Etten JL, Dunigan DD (November 2016). "Predators catalyze an increase in chloroviruses by foraging on the symbiotic hosts of zoochlorellae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (48): 13780–13784. doi:10.1073/pnas.1613843113. PMC 5137705. PMID 27821770.
^ Long AM, Short SM (July 2016). "Seasonal determinations of algal virus decay rates reveal overwintering in a temperate freshwater pond". The ISME Journal. 10 (7): 1602–12. doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.240. PMC 4918447. PMID 26943625.
^ a b Yanai GM (2009). Transcription analysis of the chlorovirus Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus-1 (PhD). University of Nebraska at Lincoln.
^ Song H, Lavoie M, Fan X, Tan H, Liu G, Xu P, Fu Z, Paerl HW, Qian H (August 2017). "Allelopathic interactions of linoleic acid and nitric oxide increase the competitive ability of Microcystis aeruginosa". The ISME Journal. 11 (8): 1865–1876. doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.45. PMC 5520033. PMID 28398349.
^ Rieper M (1 March 1976). "Investigations on the relationships between algal blooms and bacterial populations in the Schlei Fjord (western Baltic Sea)". Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen. 28 (1): 1–18. Bibcode:1976HWM....28....1R. doi:10.1007/bf01610792. ISSN 0017-9957.
^ a b Quispe, Cristian F.; Esmael, Ahmed; Sonderman, Olivia; McQuinn, Michelle; Agarkova, Irina; Battah, Mohammed; Duncan, Garry A.; Dunigan, David D.; Smith, Timothy P.L.; De Castro, Cristina; Speciale, Immacolata; Ma, Fangrui; Van Etten, James L. (January 2017). "Characterization of a new chlorovirus type with permissive and non-permissive features on phylogenetically related algal strains". Virology. 500: 103–113. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.013. PMC 5127778. PMID 27816636.
^ a b Van Etten, James L.; Dunigan, David D. (January 2012). "Chloroviruses: not your everyday plant virus". Trends in Plant Science. 17 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2011.10.005. PMC 3259250. PMID 22100667.
^ a b Van Etten, James L.; Dunigan, David D.; Condit, Richard C. (18 August 2016). "Giant Chloroviruses: Five Easy Questions". PLOS Pathogens. 12 (8): e1005751. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005751. PMC 4990331. PMID 27536965.
^ Van Etten JL, Dunigan DD (January 2012). "Chloroviruses: not your everyday plant virus". Trends in Plant Science. 17 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2011.10.005. PMC 3259250. PMID 22100667.
^ a b c Van Etten, James L.; Dunigan, David D. (2012). "Chloroviruses: not your everyday plant virus". Trends in Plant Science. 17 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2011.10.005. PMC 3259250. PMID 22100667.
^ a b James L. Van Etten, Irina V. Agarkova, David D. Dunigan: Chloroviruses. In: Viruses 2020, 12(1), 20. Special Issue Viruses Ten-Year Anniversary. doi:10.3390/v12010020. Material copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
^ Zhang, X; Xiang, Y; Dunigan, DD; Klose, T; Chipman, PR; Van Etten, JL; Rossmann, MG (2011). "Three dimensional structure and function of the Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus capsid". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2011 (108): 14837–14842. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10814837Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.1107847108. PMC 3169150. PMID 21873222.
^ Blanc, G; Mozar, M; Agarkova, IV; Gurnon, JR; Yanai Balser, G; Rowe, JM; Xia, Y; Riethoven, JJ; Dunigan, DD; Van Etten, JL (2014). "Deep RNA sequencing reveals hidden features and dynamics of early gene transcription in Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e90989. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...990989B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090989. PMC 3946568. PMID 24608750.
^ KANG, MING; DUNIGAN, DAVID D.; ETTEN, JAMES L. VAN (1 May 2005). "Chlorovirus: a genus of Phycodnaviridae that infects certain chlorella-like green algae". Molecular Plant Pathology. 6 (3): 213–224. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00281.x. PMID 20565652.
^ Yutin N, Wolf YI, Koonin EV (October 2014). "Origin of giant viruses from smaller DNA viruses not from a fourth domain of cellular life". Virology. 466–467: 38–52. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.032. PMC 4325995. PMID 25042053.
^ a b c Dunigan DD, Fitzgerald LA, Van Etten JL (April 2006). "Phycodnaviruses: a peek at genetic diversity". Virus Research. 117 (1): 119–32. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.024. PMID 16516998.
^ a b Van Etten JL, Agarkova I, Dunigan DD, Tonetti M, De Castro C, Duncan GA (April 2017). "Chloroviruses Have a Sweet Tooth". Viruses. 9 (4): 88. doi:10.3390/v9040088. PMC 5408694. PMID 28441734.
^ Petro TM, Agarkova IV, Zhou Y, Yolken RH, Van Etten JL, Dunigan DD (December 2015). "Response of Mammalian Macrophages to Challenge with the Chlorovirus Acanthocystis turfacea Chlorella Virus 1". Journal of Virology. 89 (23): 12096–107. doi:10.1128/JVI.01254-15. PMC 4645302. PMID 26401040.
^ Petro MS, Agarkova IV, Petro TM (August 2016). "Effect of Chlorovirus ATCV-1 infection on behavior of C57Bl/6 mice". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 297: 46–55. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.05.009. PMID 27397075. S2CID 38573451.
External links
Viralzone: Chlorovirus
ICTV
vteBaltimore (virus classification)DNAI: dsDNA virusesAdnaviriaZilligviraeTaleaviricotaTokiviricetesLigamenvirales
Lipothrixviridae
Rudiviridae
Primavirales
Tristromaviridae
DuplodnaviriaHeunggongviraePeploviricotaHerviviricetesHerpesvirales
Alloherpesviridae
Herpesviridae
Malacoherpesviridae
UroviricotaCaudoviricetesCaudovirales
Ackermannviridae
Autographiviridae
Chaseviridae
Demerecviridae
Drexlerviridae
Guelinviridae
Herelleviridae
Myoviridae
Podoviridae
Rountreeviridae
Salasmaviridae
Schitoviridae
Siphoviridae
Zobellviridae
MonodnaviriaShotokuviraeCossaviricotaPapovaviricetesSepolyvirales
Polyomaviridae
Zurhausenvirales
Papillomaviridae
VaridnaviriaBamfordviraeNucleocytoviricotaPokkesviricetesAsfuvirales
Asfarviridae
Chitovirales
Poxviridae
MegaviricetesAlgavirales
Phycodnaviridae
Imitervirales
Mimiviridae
Pimascovirales
Ascoviridae
Iridoviridae
Marseilleviridae
PreplasmiviricotaMaveriviricetesPriklausovirales
Lavidaviridae
PolintoviricetesOrthopolintovirales
Adintoviridae
TectiliviricetesBelfryvirales
Turriviridae
Kalamavirales
Tectiviridae
Rowavirales
Adenoviridae
Vinavirales
Corticoviridae
HelvetiaviraeDividoviricotaLaserviricetesHalopanivirales
Matshushitaviridae
Simuloviridae
Sphaerolipoviridae
UnassignedNaldaviricetesLefavirales
Baculoviridae
Hytrosaviridae
Nudiviridae
Unassigned
Nimaviridae
Unassigned
Families: Ampullaviridae
Bicaudaviridae
Clavaviridae
Fuselloviridae
Globuloviridae
Guttaviridae
Halspiviridae
Ovaliviridae
Plasmaviridae
Polydnaviridae
Portogloboviridae
Thaspiviridae
Genera: Dinodnavirus
Rhizidiovirus
II: ssDNA virusesMonodnaviriaLoebviraeHofneiviricotaFaserviricetesTubulavirales
Inoviridae
Paulinoviridae
Plectroviridae
SangerviraePhixviricotaMalgrandaviricetesPetitvirales
Microviridae
ShotokuviraeCossaviricotaMouviricetesPolivirales
Bidnaviridae
QuintoviricetesPiccovirales
Parvoviridae
CressdnaviricotaArfiviricetesBaphyvirales
Bacilladnaviridae
Cirlivirales
Circoviridae
Cremevirales
Smacoviridae
Mulpavirales
Metaxyviridae
Nanoviridae
Recrevirales
Redondoviridae
RepensiviricetesGeplafuvirales
Geminiviridae
Genomoviridae
TrapaviraeSaleviricotaHuolimaviricetesHaloruvirales
Pleolipoviridae
Unassigned
Families: Anelloviridae
Finnlakeviridae
Spiraviridae
RNAIII: dsRNA virusesRiboviriaOrthornaviraeDuplornaviricotaChrymotiviricetesGhabrivirales
Chrysoviridae
Megabirnaviridae
Quadriviridae
Totiviridae
ResentoviricetesReovirales
Reoviridae
VidaverviricetesMindivirales
Cystoviridae
PisuviricotaDuplopiviricetesDurnavirales
Amalgaviridae
Curvulaviridae
Hypoviridae
Picobirnaviridae
Partitiviridae
Unassigned
Families: Birnaviridae
Polymycoviridae
Genera: Botybirnavirus
IV: (+)ssRNA virusesRiboviriaOrthornaviraeKitrinoviricotaAlsuviricetesHepelivirales
Alphatetraviridae
Benyviridae
Hepeviridae
Matonaviridae
Martellivirales
Bromoviridae
Closteroviridae
Endornaviridae
Kitaviridae
Mayoviridae
Togaviridae
Virgaviridae
Tymovirales
Alphaflexiviridae
Betaflexiviridae
Deltaflexiviridae
Gammaflexiviridae
Tymoviridae
FlasuviricetesAmarillovirales
Flaviviridae
MagsaviricetesNodamuvirales
Nodaviridae
Sinhaliviridae
TolucaviricetesTolivirales
Carmotetraviridae
Luteoviridae
Tombusviridae
LenarviricotaLeviviricetesNorzivirales
Atkinsviridae
Duinviridae
Fiersviridae
Solspiviridae
Timlovirales
Blumeviridae
Steitzviridae
AmabiliviricetesWolframvirales
Narnaviridae
HoweltoviricetesCryppavirales
Mitoviridae
MiaviricetesOurlivirales
Botourmiaviridae
PisuviricotaPisoniviricetesNidovirales
Abyssoviridae
Arteriviridae
Cremegaviridae
Coronaviridae
Euroniviridae
Gresnaviridae
Medioniviridae
Mesoniviridae
Mononiviridae
Nanghoshaviridae
Nanhypoviridae
Olifoviridae
Roniviridae
Tobaniviridae
Picornavirales
Picornaviridae
Marnaviridae
Solinviviridae
Caliciviridae
Iflaviridae
Secoviridae
Dicistroviridae
Polycipiviridae
Sobelivirales
Alvernaviridae
Barnaviridae
Solemoviridae
StelpaviricetesPatatavirales
Potyviridae
Stellavirales
Astroviridae
Unassigned
Families: Permutotetraviridae
Sarthroviridae
V: (–)ssRNA virusesRiboviriaOrthornaviraeNegarnaviricotaChunqiuviricetesMuvirales
Qinviridae
EllioviricetesBunyavirales
Cruliviridae
Arenaviridae
Fimoviridae
Hantaviridae
Leishbuviridae
Mypoviridae
Nairoviridae
Peribunyaviridae
Phasmaviridae
Phenuiviridae
Tospoviridae
Wupedeviridae
InsthoviricetesArticulavirales
Amnoonviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
MilneviricetesSerpentovirales
Aspiviridae
MonjiviricetesJingchuvirales
Aliusviridae
Chuviridae
Crepuscuviridae
Myriaviridae
Natareviridae
Mononegavirales
Artoviridae
Bornaviridae
Filoviridae
Lispiviridae
Mymonaviridae
Nyamiviridae
Paramyxoviridae
Pneumoviridae
Rhabdoviridae
Sunviridae
Xinmoviridae
YunchangviricetesGoujianvirales
Yueviridae
RTVI: ssRNA-RT virusesRiboviriaPararnaviraeArtverviricotaRevtraviricetesOrtervirales
Belpaoviridae
Metaviridae
Pseudoviridae
Retroviridae
VII: dsDNA-RT virusesRiboviriaPararnaviraeArtverviricotaRevtraviricetesBlubervirales
Hepadnaviridae
Ortervirales
Caulimoviridae
Taxon identifiersChlorovirus
Wikidata: Q18822090
Wikispecies: Chlorovirus
CoL: 62M8T
EoL: 67594
GBIF: 10145004
IRMNG: 1303992
NCBI: 181083
WoRMS: 600170
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNA viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_virus"},{"link_name":"Phycodnaviridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycodnaviridae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViralZone-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV-3"},{"link_name":"Chlorella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorella"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chlorovirus ATCV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorovirus_ATCV-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marilyn_S_2016-7"}],"text":"Chlorovirus, also known as Chlorella virus, is a genus of giant double-stranded DNA viruses, in the family Phycodnaviridae. This genus is found globally in freshwater environments[1] where freshwater microscopic algae serve as natural hosts. There are 19 species in this genus.[2][3]Chlorovirus was discovered in 1981 by Russel H. Meints, James L. Van Etten, Daniel Kuczmarski, Kit Lee, and Barbara Ang while attempting to culture Chlorella-like algae. During the attempted process viral particles were discovered in the cells 2 to 6 hours after being initially isolated, followed by lysis after 12 to 20 hours. This virus was initially called HVCV (Hydra viridis Chlorella virus) since it was first found to infect Chlorella-like algae.[4][5]Though relatively new to virologists and thus not extensively studied, one species, Chlorovirus ATCV-1, commonly found in lakes, has been recently found to infect humans.[6] New studies focusing on effects of infection in mouse model are currently emerging as well.[6][7]","title":"Chlorovirus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phycodnaviridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycodnaviridae"},{"link_name":"Baltimore group 1: dsDNA viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_classification"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV-3"},{"link_name":"Acanthocystis turfacea chlorella virus 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocystis_turfacea_chlorella_virus_1"},{"link_name":"Hydra viridis Chlorella virus 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydra_viridis_Chlorella_virus_1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus AL1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_AL1A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus AL2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_AL2A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus BJ2C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_BJ2C&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus CA4A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_CA4A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus CA4B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_CA4B&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus IL3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_IL3A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus NC1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_NC1A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus NE8A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_NE8A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus NY2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_NY2A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus NYs1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_NYs1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus SC1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_SC1A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus XY6E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_XY6E&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus XZ3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_XZ3A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus XZ4A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_XZ4A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus XZ4C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_bursaria_Chlorella_virus_XZ4C&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Chlorovirus is a genus of giant double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses in the family Phycodnaviridae, and Baltimore group 1: dsDNA viruses. The genus contains the following species:[3]Acanthocystis turfacea chlorella virus 1\nHydra viridis Chlorella virus 1\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus A1\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus AL1A\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus AL2A\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus BJ2C\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus CA4A\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus CA4B\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus IL3A\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus NC1A\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus NE8A\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus NY2A\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus NYs1\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus SC1A\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus XY6E\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus XZ3A\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus XZ4A\nParamecium bursaria Chlorella virus XZ4C","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"endosymbiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiont"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium_bursaria"},{"link_name":"ciliates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate"},{"link_name":"centroheliozoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrohelid"},{"link_name":"hydrozoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrozoa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journals.plos.org-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ontario, Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yanai_2009-12"},{"link_name":"biogeochemical cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle"},{"link_name":"phytoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"},{"link_name":"Microcystis aeruginosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcystis_aeruginosa"},{"link_name":"algal blooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"trophic levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_level"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yanai_2009-12"}],"text":"Chloroviruses are widespread in freshwater environments in all parts of the globe and have been isolated from freshwater sources in Europe, Asia, Australia, as well as North and South America.[1][8] Natural hosts of chloroviruses include various types of unicellular eukaryotic Chlorella-like algae, with individual virus species typically infecting only within a distinct strain. These algal hosts are known to establish endosymbiotic relationships with larger protists, such as Paramecium bursaria (a member of the ciliates), Acanthocystis turfacea (a centroheliozoan) and Hydra viridis (member of the hydrozoa).[9] While an individual protist can harbour up to several hundred algal cells at any given time, free-floating algae are highly susceptible to chloroviruses, indicating that such endosymbiosis serves to provide resistance from infection.[10]Chlorovirus titers are variable by season and location, but typically fluctuate between 1 and 100 PFU/mL, although high abundances of up to 100,000 PFU/mL may occur in some environments. Due to the rich genetic diversity and high specialization of individual species with respect to infectious range, variations in their ecology are not unusual, resulting in unique spatio-temporal patterns, which ultimately depend on lifestyle and nature of the host. As such, previous survey data highlighted two prominent seasonal abundance peaks for both Chlorella variabilis NC64A and Chlorella variabilis Syngen viruses — one in late fall, and the other in late spring to mid-summer — which is likely attributed to the fact that they share a host species. Conversely, Chlorella heliozoae SAG viruses peaked at different times of the year and generally exhibited more variability in titers, as compared to the NC64A and Syngen viruses.[1] Additionally, studies revealed that chloroviruses demonstrate some resilience in response to decreased temperatures observed during the winter season, characterized by presence of infectious particles under ice layers in a stormwater management pond in Ontario, Canada.[11] Further, DeLong et al. (2016) suggest that predation by small crustaceans can play an indirect role in titer fluctuations, as degradation of protist cells passing through the digestive tract results in liberation of large numbers of unicellular algae that become susceptible to viral infection due to disruption of endosymbiosis.[10] Overall, seasonal abundance of chloroviruses depends not only on the host species, but also on the abundance of other microorganisms, general nutrient status and ecological conditions.[12]Collectively, chloroviruses are able to mediate global biogeochemical cycles through phytoplankton turnover. Chlorella, in co-occurrence with other types of microscopic algae like Microcystis aeruginosa, are known to cause toxic algal blooms that typically last from February to June in the Northern hemisphere, resulting in oxygen depletion and deaths of larger organisms in freshwater habitats.[13][14] Lytic infection of unicellular algae by chloroviruses results in termination of algal blooms and the subsequent release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus trapped in the cells, transporting them to lower trophic levels and, ultimately, fueling the food chain.[12]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phycodnaviridae_virion.jpg"},{"link_name":"triangulation number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_number"},{"link_name":"dsDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_virus"},{"link_name":"open reading frames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViralZone-2"},{"link_name":"methylated bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation"},{"link_name":"introns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introns"},{"link_name":"inteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intein"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journals.plos.org-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journals.plos.org-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cristian_F_2016-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James_L_2011-16"},{"link_name":"capsid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsid"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cristian_F_2016-15"},{"link_name":"capsomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsomere"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James_L_2011-16"}],"text":"Schematic drawing of a typical Phycodnaviridae virion (cross section and side view, not showing spike and vertex)Viruses in the genus Chlorovirus are enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=169 (triangulation number) symmetry. The diameter is around 100-220 nm. Genomes are linear, usually single-copy, composed of dsDNA (double-stranded DNA), and around 330 kb in length. The dsDNA is closed with a hairpin structure terminus. Genomes also often have several hundred open reading frames.[2] As a group, chloroviruses encode from 632 protein families; however, each individual virus only has 330 to 416 protein encoding genes. As part of the DNA modification systems, chloroviruses have methylated bases in specific sections of their DNA sequence. Some chloroviruses also contain introns and inteins, though this is rare within the genus.[9]Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1) have a 190 nm diameter[9] and a fivefold axis.[15] One face's juncture has a protruding spike, which is the first part of the virus to contact its host.[16] The outer capsid covers a single lipid bilayer membrane, which is obtained from the host's endoplasmic reticulum.[15] Some capsomers on the external shell have fibres extending away from the virus to aid in host attachment.[17][16]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chlorella-like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorella"},{"link_name":"zoochlorellae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoochlorellae"},{"link_name":"Paramecium bursaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium_bursaria"},{"link_name":"Hydra viridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_viridis"},{"link_name":"Acanthocystis turfacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acanthocystis_turfacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"}],"text":"Chloroviruses infect certain unicellular, eukaryotic chlorella-like green algae, called zoochlorellae, and are very species and even strain specific. These zoochlorellae commonly establish endosymbiotic relationships with the protozoan Paramecium bursaria, the coelenterate Hydra viridis, the heliozoon Acanthocystis turfacea and other freshwater and marine invertebrates and protozoans. The viruses cannot infect zoochlorellae when they are in their symbiotic phase, and there is no evidence that zoochlorellae grow free of their hosts in indigenous waters.[18] Chloroviruses have also recently been found to infect people, leading to studies on infections in mice as well.[6]","title":"Hosts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chlorella_cells_and_chlorovirus_Paramecium_bursaria_chlorella_virus_(PBCV-1).png"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Etten_2012-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viruses-12-00020-g001_(E)_PBCV-1.png"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Etten_2019-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viruses-12-00020-g007_PBCV-1_(frameless).png"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Etten_2019-20"},{"link_name":"DNA strand displacement model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand_displacement_amplification"},{"link_name":"lysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"depolarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolarization"},{"link_name":"K+ channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Etten_2012-19"},{"link_name":"RNA polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"restriction endonucleases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_enzyme"},{"link_name":"mRNAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNAs"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"plaques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_plaque"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Etten_2012-19"}],"text":"Chlorella cells and chlorovirus Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (PBCV-1) (A) PBCV-1 and its symbiotic chlorella cells. (B) Plaques formed as a result of PBCV-1 on Chlorella variabilis. ( C) 5 times averaged electron micrograph of PBCV-1 displayins a long narrow spike at one of its verticies with fibres extending. (D) PBCV-1 attached to the cell wall. (E) Surface view of PBCV-1 spike/fibres. (F) Initial attachment of PBCV-1 to a C. variabilis cell. (G) Digestion of the cell wall once PBCV-1 has attached (1-3 minutes postinfection). (H) Virion particles assembling within the cytoplasm, marking virus assembly centers approximately 4 hours post infection. (I) Depiction of PBCV-1 assembling into infectious particles. (J) Localized lysis of cell wall/plasma membrane, and release of progeny viruses approximately 8 hours postinfection.[19]Cross-section of a five-fold averaged cryo-EM of PBCV-1 as the virus is getting ready to release its DNA into the host cell.[20]PBCV-1 infected chlorella cells at 1.5–2 min p.i. were examined by Scanning-Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) tomography. The membrane-lined channel connecting the virus genome with the interior of the host is clearly visible.[20]Viral replication is nucleo-cytoplasmic. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model, and DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis via lytic phospholipids, with passive diffusion being the mechanism behind transmission routes.[citation needed]In three dimensional recreations of PBCV-1, it is seen that the spike first contacts the host’s cell wall[21] and is aided by fibres in order to secure the virus to the host. The attachment of PBCV-1 to its receptor is very specific, and a major source of limitation with regards to viral host range. Virus-associated enzymes allow the host cell wall to degrade, and the viral internal membrane fuses with the host membrane. This fusion allows the transfer of viral DNA and virion-associated proteins into the host cell and also triggers depolarization of the host membrane. This is presumably occurring due to a virus encoded K+ channel. Studies predict this channel is within the virus, acting as an internal membrane releasing K+ from the cell, which may assist in the ejection of viral DNA and proteins from the viral cell to its host. The depolarization of the host’s cell membrane is also thought to prevent secondary infection from another virus or secondary transporters.[19]Because PBCV-1 does not have an RNA polymerase gene, its DNA and viral-associated proteins move to the nucleus where transcription begins 5–10 minutes post infection. This rapid transcription is attributed to some component facilitating this transfer or viral DNA to the nucleus. This component is assumed to be a product of the PBCV-a443r gene, which obtains structures resembling proteins involved in nuclear trafficking in mammalian cells.Host transcription rates decrease in this early phase of infection, and host transcription facilitators are reprogrammed to transcribe the new viral DNA. Minutes after infection, host chromosomal DNA degradation begins. This is presumed to occur through PBCV-1 encoded and packaged DNA restriction endonucleases. Degradation of the host chromosomal DNA inhibits host transcription. This results in 33-55% of the polyadenylated mRNAs in the infected cell being of viral origin by 20 minutes after initial infection.[22]Viral DNA replication initiates after 60 to 90 minutes, which is then followed by the transcription of late genes within the host cell. Roughly 2–3 hours post infection, the assembly of virus capsids begins. This occurs within localized regions of the cytoplasm, with the virus capsids becoming prominent 3–4 hours after initial infection. 5–6 hours after PBCV-1 infection, the cytoplasm of the host cell fills with infectious progeny virus particles. Shortly after that (6–8 hours post infection), localized lysis of the host cell releases progeny. ~1000 particles are released from each infected cell, ~30% of which form plaques.[19]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysis"},{"link_name":"algal blooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom"},{"link_name":"water column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_column"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"},{"link_name":"chitin synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin_synthase"},{"link_name":"hyaluronan synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronan_synthase"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"oropharyngeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx"},{"link_name":"visual processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_processing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"Cdk5 pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_5"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marilyn_S_2016-7"},{"link_name":"hippocampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus"},{"link_name":"immune cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_cell"},{"link_name":"antigen processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen_processing"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"medial prefrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marilyn_S_2016-7"}],"text":"In algae infected with Cloroviruses the result is lysis, and thus death. As such, Chloroviruses are an important mechanism to the termination of algal blooms and play a vital role in the supply of nutrients to the water column[17] (See Ecology section for more information). Chloroviruses are also able to change the wall structure of infected cells. Some chloroviruses contain chitin synthase (CHS) genes while some others contain hyaluronan synthase (HAS) genes, respectively triggering the formation of chitin sensitive fibres or hyaluronan sensitive fibres. Though the function of producing a fibrous mat is not definitively known, it is believed that the fibres could: deter the uptake of the infected cell by symbiotic protozoans, which cause the digestion of the lysed cell; infect another host that takes up the fibre covered algae; or join with other infected and fibre covered cells. The ability to encode enzymes that trigger the synthesis of hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) is found in no other viruses.[23]Recently, chlorovirus ATCV-1 DNA has been found in human oropharyngeal samples. Prior to this is it was not known chlorovirus could infect humans, so there is limited knowledge about infections in people. People who were found to be infected had delayed memory and decreased attention. Humans found to be infected with ATCV-1 showed a decreased visual processing ability and reduced visual motor speed. This led to an overall decline in the ability to perform tasks based on vision and spatial reasoning.[6]Studies infecting mice with ACTV-1 have been performed following the discovery chlorovirus can infect humans. The studies conducted on infected mice show changes in the Cdk5 pathway, which aids with learning and memory formation, as well as alterations in gene expression in the dopamine pathway.[6] Further, infected mice were found to be less social, interacting less with newly introduced companion mice than the control group. Infected mice also spent longer in a light-exposed portion of a test chamber, where the control mice tended to prefer the dark side and avoided the light. This indicates a decrease in anxiety with ACTV-1 infection. The test mice were also less able to recognize an object that had been moved from its previous location, showing a decrease in spatial reference memory.[7] As in humans, there is a decrease in vision spatial task ability. Within the hippocampus (area of brain responsible for memory and learning), changes in gene expression occur, and infection presents a change in the pathways of immune cell functioning and antigen processing. It has been suggested that this possibly indicates an immune system response to the ACTV-1 virus causing inflammation which may be the cause for the cognitive impairments.[6] The symptoms presented may also suggest hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex interference from ACTV-1 infection.[7]","title":"Effects of infection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-25"},{"link_name":"Genome sequencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing"},{"link_name":"ATCV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocystis_turfacea_chlorella_virus_1"},{"link_name":"horizontally transferred genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-25"},{"link_name":"GDP-d-mannose 4,6 dehydratase or GMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP-mannose_4,6-dehydratase"},{"link_name":"GDP-d-mannose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP-D-mannose"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-26"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"Golgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus"},{"link_name":"eukaryogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-26"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Chloroviruses, as well as the remaining members of the family Phycodnaviridae, are considered part of the broader group of microbes called nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs). Although phycodnaviruses are diverse genetically and infect different hosts, they display high levels of similarity on the structural level to each other and other NCLDVs. Phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein within the group indicates great likelihood of close relatedness, as well as prior divergence from a single common ancestor, which is believed to be a small DNA virus.[24][25] Additionally, studies suggest that genome gigantism, characteristic of all chloroviruses, is a property which evolved early on in the history of NCLDVs, and subsequent adaptations towards respective hosts and particular habitats resulted in mutations and gene loss events, which ultimately shaped all currently existing chlorovirus species.[25]Genome sequencing and functional screening of proteins from PBCV-1 and ATCV-1 revealed large number of horizontally transferred genes, which indicates a long history of co-evolution with the unicellular host and lateral gene transfer with other seemingly unrelated organisms.[25] Further, both viruses were found to encode several so-called \"progenitor enzymes\", which are smaller, but less specialized than their modern-day analogues. For example, one of the sugar-manipulating enzymes in PBCV-1 (GDP-d-mannose 4,6 dehydratase or GMD) was shown to mediate catalysis of not only the dehydration of GDP-d-mannose, but also reduction of the sugar molecule produced in the initially predicted process. Such dual functionality is uncommon among the currently existing sugar-manipulating enzymes, and possibly suggests the ancient nature of the PBCV-1 GMD.[26]Infection cycle studies in PBCV-1 revealed that the virus relies on a unique capsid glycosylation process independent of the host's ER or Golgi machinery. This feature has not yet been observed in any other virus currently known to science and potentially represents an ancient and conserved pathway, which could have evolved before eukaryogenesis, which was estimated to occur around 2.0-2.7 billion years ago.[26]Recent discovery regarding presence of DNA sequences homologous to ATCV-1 in the human oropharyngeal virome, as well as the subsequent studies demonstrating successful infection of mammalian animal model by ATCV-1, also point to the likelihood of ancient evolutionary history of chloroviruses, which possess structural features and utilize molecular mechanisms that potentially allow for replication within diverse animal hosts.[6][27][28]","title":"Evolution"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Schematic drawing of a typical Phycodnaviridae virion (cross section and side view, not showing spike and vertex)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Phycodnaviridae_virion.jpg/370px-Phycodnaviridae_virion.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chlorella cells and chlorovirus Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (PBCV-1) (A) PBCV-1 and its symbiotic chlorella cells. (B) Plaques formed as a result of PBCV-1 on Chlorella variabilis. ( C) 5 times averaged electron micrograph of PBCV-1 displayins a long narrow spike at one of its verticies with fibres extending. (D) PBCV-1 attached to the cell wall. (E) Surface view of PBCV-1 spike/fibres. (F) Initial attachment of PBCV-1 to a C. variabilis cell. (G) Digestion of the cell wall once PBCV-1 has attached (1-3 minutes postinfection). (H) Virion particles assembling within the cytoplasm, marking virus assembly centers approximately 4 hours post infection. (I) Depiction of PBCV-1 assembling into infectious particles. (J) Localized lysis of cell wall/plasma membrane, and release of progeny viruses approximately 8 hours postinfection.[19]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chlorella_cells_and_chlorovirus_Paramecium_bursaria_chlorella_virus_%28PBCV-1%29.png/440px-Chlorella_cells_and_chlorovirus_Paramecium_bursaria_chlorella_virus_%28PBCV-1%29.png"},{"image_text":"Cross-section of a five-fold averaged cryo-EM of PBCV-1 as the virus is getting ready to release its DNA into the host cell.[20]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Viruses-12-00020-g001_%28E%29_PBCV-1.png/180px-Viruses-12-00020-g001_%28E%29_PBCV-1.png"},{"image_text":"PBCV-1 infected chlorella cells at 1.5–2 min p.i. were examined by Scanning-Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) tomography. The membrane-lined channel connecting the virus genome with the interior of the host is clearly visible.[20]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Viruses-12-00020-g007_PBCV-1_%28frameless%29.png/180px-Viruses-12-00020-g007_PBCV-1_%28frameless%29.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Quispe CF, Sonderman O, Seng A, Rasmussen B, Weber G, Mueller C, Dunigan DD, Van Etten JL (July 2016). \"Three-year survey of abundance, prevalence and genetic diversity of chlorovirus populations in a small urban lake\". Archives of Virology. 161 (7): 1839–47. doi:10.1007/s00705-016-2853-4. PMID 27068168. S2CID 8751019.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vanetten/20","url_text":"\"Three-year survey of abundance, prevalence and genetic diversity of chlorovirus populations in a small urban lake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00705-016-2853-4","url_text":"10.1007/s00705-016-2853-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27068168","url_text":"27068168"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8751019","url_text":"8751019"}]},{"reference":"\"Viral Zone\". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/588.html","url_text":"\"Viral Zone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release\". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ictv.global/taxonomy","url_text":"\"Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release\""}]},{"reference":"Meints, Russel H.; Van Etten, James L.; Kuczmarski, Daniel; Lee, Kit; Ang, Barbara (September 1981). \"Viral infection of the symbiotic chlorella-like alga present in Hydra viridis\". Virology. 113 (2): 698–703. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(81)90198-7. PMID 18635088.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0042-6822%2881%2990198-7","url_text":"10.1016/0042-6822(81)90198-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18635088","url_text":"18635088"}]},{"reference":"Hoshina, Ryo; Shimizu, Mayumi; Makino, Yoichi; Haruyama, Yoshihiro; Ueda, Shin-ichiro; Kato, Yutaka; Kasahara, Masahiro; Ono, Bun-ichiro; Imamura, Nobutaka (13 September 2010). \"Isolation and characterization of a virus (CvV-BW1) that infects symbiotic algae of Paramecium bursaria in Lake Biwa, Japan\". Virology Journal. 7: 222. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-222. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 2949830. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanolysin
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Tetanolysin
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["1 References","2 Further reading"]
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TetanolysinIdentifiersOrganismClostridium tetaniSymboltlyUniProtQ893D9Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro
Tetanolysin is a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. Its function is unknown, but it is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of tetanus. The other C. tetani toxin, tetanospasmin, is more definitively linked to tetanus. It is sensitive to oxygen.
Tetanolysin belongs to a family of protein toxins known as thiol-activated cytolysins, which bind to cholesterol. It is related to streptolysin O and the θ-toxin of Clostridium perfringens. Cytolysins form pores in the cytoplasmic membrane that allows for the passage of ions and other molecules into the cell. The molecular weight of tetanolysin is around 55,000 daltons.
References
^ Billington, Stephen J.; Jost, B.Helen; Songer, J.Glenn (January 2000). "Thiol-activated cytolysins: structure, function and role in pathogenesis". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 182 (2): 195–205. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08895.x. PMID 10620666.
^ Roper MH, Wassilak SG, Tiwari TS, Orenstein WA (2013). "Tetanus toxoid". Vaccines (6th ed.). pp. 746–772. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4557-0090-5.00039-2. ISBN 9781455700905.
^ Tetanolysin
Further reading
Alouf, J. (1997) pp 7–10 in Guidebook to Protein Toxins and Their Use in Cell Biology, Ed. Rappuoli, R. and Montecucco, C. (Oxford University Press).
Ahnert-Hilger, G., Pahner, I., and Höltje, M. (1999) Pore-forming Toxins as Cell Biological and Pharmacological Tools. In press.
Conti, A., Brando, C., DeBell, K.E., Alava, M.A., Hoffman, T., Bonvini, E. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 783-791.
Raya, S.A., Trembovler, V., Shohami, E. and Lazarovici, P. (1993) Nat. Toxins 1, 263-70.
vte
Toxins
cardiotoxin
cytotoxin
enterotoxin
hemotoxin
hepatotoxin
neurotoxin
phototoxin
Bacterial toxinsExotoxinGram positiveBacilliClostridium:
tetani
Tetanospasmin
Tetanolysin
perfringens
Alpha toxin
Enterotoxin
difficile
A
B
botulinum
Botox
other:
Anthrax toxin
Listeriolysin O
Cocci
Streptolysin
Leukocidin
Panton–Valentine leukocidin
Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus aureus alpha/beta/delta
Exfoliatin
Toxic shock syndrome toxin
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
Actinomycetota
Cord factor
Diphtheria toxin
Gram negative
Shiga toxin/Verotoxin
E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin
Cholera toxin/Heat-labile enterotoxin
Pertussis toxin
Pseudomonas exotoxin
Extracellular adenylate cyclase
Mechanisms
type I
Superantigen
type II
Pore-forming toxin
type III
AB toxin/AB5
Endotoxin
Lipopolysaccharide
Lipid A
Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxin
Cry1Ac
Cry3Bb1
Other B. thuringiensis toxins
Cry6Aa
Cry34Ab1
Virulence factor
Clumping factor A
Fibronectin binding protein A
Mycotoxins
Aflatoxin
Amatoxin (alpha-amanitin, beta-amanitin, gamma-amanitin, epsilon-amanitin)
beta-Nitropropionic acid
Citrinin
Cytochalasin
Ergotamine
Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4)
Gliotoxin
Ibotenic acid
Lolitrem B
Muscimol
Orellanine
Ochratoxin
Patulin
Phalloidin
Sterigmatocystin
Trichothecene
Vomitoxin
Zeranol
Zearalenone
Plant toxins
Amygdalin
Anisatin
Antiarin
Brucine
Chaconine
Cicutoxin
Coniine
Daphnin
Delphinine
Divicine
Djenkolic acid
Falcarinol
Gossypol
Helenalin
Ledol
Linamarin
Lotaustralin
Mimosine
Oenanthotoxin
Oleandrin
Persin
Protoanemonin
Pseudaconitine
Retronecine
Resiniferatoxin
Scopolamine
Solamargine
Solanidine
Solanine
Solasodamine
Solasodine
Solasonine
Solauricidine
Solauricine
Strychnine
Swainsonine
Tagetitoxin
Tinyatoxin
Tomatine
Toxalbumin
Abrin
Ricin
Tutin
Invertebrate toxinsScorpion:
Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
Charybdotoxin
Maurotoxin
Agitoxin
Margatoxin
Slotoxin
Scyllatoxin
Hefutoxin
HgeTx1
HsTx1
Lq2
Birtoxin
Bestoxin
BmKAEP
Phaiodotoxin
Imperatoxin
Pi3
spider:
Latrotoxin
Alpha-latrotoxin
CSTX
Cupiennins
PhTx3
Stromatoxin
Vanillotoxin
Huwentoxin
Mollusca:
Conotoxin
Eledoisin
Onchidal
Saxitoxin
Tetrodotoxin
Vertebrate toxinsFish:
Ciguatoxin
Tetrodotoxin
Amphibian:
(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
Batrachotoxin
Bufotoxins
Arenobufagin
Bufotalin
Bufotenin
Cinobufagin
Marinobufagin
Epibatidine
Histrionicotoxin
Pumiliotoxin 251D
Samandarin
Samandaridine
Tarichatoxin
Zetekitoxin AB
Reptile/Snake venom:
Bungarotoxin
Alpha-Bungarotoxin
Beta-Bungarotoxin
Calciseptine
Taicatoxin
Calcicludine
Cardiotoxin III
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
Category
This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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Its function is unknown, but it is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of tetanus. The other C. tetani toxin, tetanospasmin, is more definitively linked to tetanus. It is sensitive to oxygen.Tetanolysin belongs to a family of protein toxins known as thiol-activated cytolysins, which bind to cholesterol.[1] It is related to streptolysin O and the θ-toxin of Clostridium perfringens.[2] Cytolysins form pores in the cytoplasmic membrane that allows for the passage of ions and other molecules into the cell. The molecular weight of tetanolysin is around 55,000 daltons.[3]","title":"Tetanolysin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Toxins"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Toxins"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toxins"},{"link_name":"Toxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin"},{"link_name":"cardiotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxicity"},{"link_name":"cytotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity"},{"link_name":"enterotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterotoxin"},{"link_name":"hemotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemotoxin"},{"link_name":"hepatotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxin"},{"link_name":"neurotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin"},{"link_name":"phototoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototoxin"},{"link_name":"Bacterial 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acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Nitropropionic_acid"},{"link_name":"Citrinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrinin"},{"link_name":"Cytochalasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochalasin"},{"link_name":"Ergotamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine"},{"link_name":"Fumonisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumonisin"},{"link_name":"Fumonisin B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumonisin_B1"},{"link_name":"Fumonisin B2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumonisin_B2"},{"link_name":"Fumonisin B4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumonisin_B4"},{"link_name":"Gliotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliotoxin"},{"link_name":"Ibotenic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibotenic_acid"},{"link_name":"Lolitrem B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolitrem_B"},{"link_name":"Muscimol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscimol"},{"link_name":"Orellanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orellanine"},{"link_name":"Ochratoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochratoxin"},{"link_name":"Patulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patulin"},{"link_name":"Phalloidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalloidin"},{"link_name":"Sterigmatocystin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterigmatocystin"},{"link_name":"Trichothecene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichothecene"},{"link_name":"Vomitoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitoxin"},{"link_name":"Zeranol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeranol"},{"link_name":"Zearalenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zearalenone"},{"link_name":"Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"Amygdalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdalin"},{"link_name":"Anisatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisatin"},{"link_name":"Antiarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiarin"},{"link_name":"Brucine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucine"},{"link_name":"Chaconine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaconine"},{"link_name":"Cicutoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicutoxin"},{"link_name":"Coniine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniine"},{"link_name":"Daphnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnin"},{"link_name":"Delphinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinine"},{"link_name":"Divicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divicine"},{"link_name":"Djenkolic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenkolic_acid"},{"link_name":"Falcarinol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcarinol"},{"link_name":"Gossypol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossypol"},{"link_name":"Helenalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenalin"},{"link_name":"Ledol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledol"},{"link_name":"Linamarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linamarin"},{"link_name":"Lotaustralin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaustralin"},{"link_name":"Mimosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosine"},{"link_name":"Oenanthotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenanthotoxin"},{"link_name":"Oleandrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandrin"},{"link_name":"Persin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persin"},{"link_name":"Protoanemonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoanemonin"},{"link_name":"Pseudaconitine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudaconitine"},{"link_name":"Retronecine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retronecine"},{"link_name":"Resiniferatoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resiniferatoxin"},{"link_name":"Scopolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide"},{"link_name":"Solamargine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solamargine"},{"link_name":"Solanidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanidine"},{"link_name":"Solanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanine"},{"link_name":"Solasodamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solasodamine"},{"link_name":"Solasodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solasodine"},{"link_name":"Solasonine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solasonine"},{"link_name":"Solauricidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solauricidine"},{"link_name":"Solauricine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solauricine"},{"link_name":"Strychnine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnine"},{"link_name":"Swainsonine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swainsonine"},{"link_name":"Tagetitoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagetitoxin"},{"link_name":"Tinyatoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinyatoxin"},{"link_name":"Tomatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatine"},{"link_name":"Toxalbumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxalbumin"},{"link_name":"Abrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrin"},{"link_name":"Ricin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin"},{"link_name":"Tutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutin_(toxin)"},{"link_name":"Invertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion"},{"link_name":"Androctonus australis hector insect toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androctonus_australis_hector_insect_toxin"},{"link_name":"Charybdotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charybdotoxin"},{"link_name":"Maurotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurotoxin"},{"link_name":"Agitoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agitoxin"},{"link_name":"Margatoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margatoxin"},{"link_name":"Slotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slotoxin"},{"link_name":"Scyllatoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scyllatoxin"},{"link_name":"Hefutoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefutoxin"},{"link_name":"HgeTx1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HgeTx1"},{"link_name":"HsTx1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HsTx1"},{"link_name":"Lq2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lq2"},{"link_name":"Birtoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birtoxin"},{"link_name":"Bestoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestoxin"},{"link_name":"BmKAEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BmKAEP"},{"link_name":"Phaiodotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaiodotoxin"},{"link_name":"Imperatoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatoxin"},{"link_name":"Pi3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandinus_imperator_(Pi3)_toxin"},{"link_name":"spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider"},{"link_name":"Latrotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrotoxin"},{"link_name":"Alpha-latrotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Latrotoxin"},{"link_name":"CSTX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSTX"},{"link_name":"Cupiennins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupiennin"},{"link_name":"PhTx3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneutria_nigriventer_toxin-3"},{"link_name":"Stromatoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatoxin"},{"link_name":"Vanillotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillotoxin"},{"link_name":"Huwentoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwentoxin"},{"link_name":"Mollusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca"},{"link_name":"Conotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conotoxin"},{"link_name":"Eledoisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eledoisin"},{"link_name":"Onchidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onchidal"},{"link_name":"Saxitoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxitoxin"},{"link_name":"Tetrodotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrodotoxin"},{"link_name":"Vertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Ciguatoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciguatoxin"},{"link_name":"Tetrodotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrodotoxin"},{"link_name":"Amphibian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopumiliotoxin_267A"},{"link_name":"Batrachotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachotoxin"},{"link_name":"Bufotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotoxin"},{"link_name":"Arenobufagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenobufagin"},{"link_name":"Bufotalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotalin"},{"link_name":"Bufotenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin"},{"link_name":"Cinobufagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinobufagin"},{"link_name":"Marinobufagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinobufagenin"},{"link_name":"Epibatidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epibatidine"},{"link_name":"Histrionicotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histrionicotoxin"},{"link_name":"Pumiliotoxin 251D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumiliotoxin_251D"},{"link_name":"Samandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samandarin"},{"link_name":"Samandaridine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samandaridine"},{"link_name":"Tarichatoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrodotoxin"},{"link_name":"Zetekitoxin AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetekitoxin_AB"},{"link_name":"Reptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"Snake venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_venom"},{"link_name":"Bungarotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungarotoxin"},{"link_name":"Alpha-Bungarotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Bungarotoxin"},{"link_name":"Beta-Bungarotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Bungarotoxin"},{"link_name":"Calciseptine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciseptine"},{"link_name":"Taicatoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taicatoxin"},{"link_name":"Calcicludine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcicludine"},{"link_name":"Cardiotoxin III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxin_III"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Toxicology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlphaHelixSection_(yellow).svg"},{"link_name":"biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetanolysin&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Biochem-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Biochem-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biochem-stub"}],"text":"Alouf, J. (1997) pp 7–10 in Guidebook to Protein Toxins and Their Use in Cell Biology, Ed. Rappuoli, R. and Montecucco, C. (Oxford University Press).\nAhnert-Hilger, G., Pahner, I., and Höltje, M. (1999) Pore-forming Toxins as Cell Biological and Pharmacological Tools. In press.\nConti, A., Brando, C., DeBell, K.E., Alava, M.A., Hoffman, T., Bonvini, E. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 783-791.\nRaya, S.A., Trembovler, V., Shohami, E. and Lazarovici, P. (1993) Nat. Toxins 1, 263-70.vte\nToxins\ncardiotoxin\ncytotoxin\nenterotoxin\nhemotoxin\nhepatotoxin\nneurotoxin\nphototoxin\nBacterial toxinsExotoxinGram positiveBacilliClostridium:\ntetani\nTetanospasmin\nTetanolysin\nperfringens\nAlpha toxin\nEnterotoxin\ndifficile\nA\nB\nbotulinum\nBotox\nother:\nAnthrax toxin\nListeriolysin O\nCocci\nStreptolysin\nLeukocidin\nPanton–Valentine leukocidin\nStaphylococcus\nStaphylococcus aureus alpha/beta/delta\nExfoliatin\nToxic shock syndrome toxin\nStaphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)\nActinomycetota\nCord factor\nDiphtheria toxin\nGram negative\nShiga toxin/Verotoxin\nE. coli heat-stable enterotoxin\nCholera toxin/Heat-labile enterotoxin\nPertussis toxin\nPseudomonas exotoxin\nExtracellular adenylate cyclase\nMechanisms\ntype I\nSuperantigen\ntype II\nPore-forming toxin\ntype III\nAB toxin/AB5\nEndotoxin\nLipopolysaccharide\nLipid A\nBacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxin\nCry1Ac\nCry3Bb1\nOther B. thuringiensis toxins\nCry6Aa\nCry34Ab1\nVirulence factor\nClumping factor A\nFibronectin binding protein A\nMycotoxins\nAflatoxin\nAmatoxin (alpha-amanitin, beta-amanitin, gamma-amanitin, epsilon-amanitin)\nbeta-Nitropropionic acid\nCitrinin\nCytochalasin\nErgotamine\nFumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4)\nGliotoxin\nIbotenic acid\nLolitrem B\nMuscimol\nOrellanine\nOchratoxin\nPatulin\nPhalloidin\nSterigmatocystin\nTrichothecene\nVomitoxin\nZeranol\nZearalenone\nPlant toxins\nAmygdalin\nAnisatin\nAntiarin\nBrucine\nChaconine\nCicutoxin\nConiine\nDaphnin\nDelphinine\nDivicine\nDjenkolic acid\nFalcarinol\nGossypol\nHelenalin\nLedol\nLinamarin\nLotaustralin\nMimosine\nOenanthotoxin\nOleandrin\nPersin\nProtoanemonin\nPseudaconitine\nRetronecine\nResiniferatoxin\nScopolamine\nSolamargine\nSolanidine\nSolanine\nSolasodamine\nSolasodine\nSolasonine\nSolauricidine\nSolauricine\nStrychnine\nSwainsonine\nTagetitoxin\nTinyatoxin\nTomatine\nToxalbumin\nAbrin\nRicin\nTutin\nInvertebrate toxinsScorpion:\nAndroctonus australis hector insect toxin\nCharybdotoxin\nMaurotoxin\nAgitoxin\nMargatoxin\nSlotoxin\nScyllatoxin\nHefutoxin\nHgeTx1\nHsTx1\nLq2\nBirtoxin\nBestoxin\nBmKAEP\nPhaiodotoxin\nImperatoxin\nPi3\nspider:\nLatrotoxin\nAlpha-latrotoxin\nCSTX\nCupiennins\nPhTx3\nStromatoxin\nVanillotoxin\nHuwentoxin\nMollusca:\nConotoxin\nEledoisin\nOnchidal\nSaxitoxin\nTetrodotoxin\nVertebrate toxinsFish:\nCiguatoxin\nTetrodotoxin\nAmphibian:\n(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A\nBatrachotoxin\nBufotoxins\nArenobufagin\nBufotalin\nBufotenin\nCinobufagin\nMarinobufagin\nEpibatidine\nHistrionicotoxin\nPumiliotoxin 251D\nSamandarin\nSamandaridine\nTarichatoxin\nZetekitoxin AB\nReptile/Snake venom:\nBungarotoxin\nAlpha-Bungarotoxin\nBeta-Bungarotoxin\nCalciseptine\nTaicatoxin\nCalcicludine\nCardiotoxin III\n\nnote: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species\n\n CategoryThis biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Billington, Stephen J.; Jost, B.Helen; Songer, J.Glenn (January 2000). \"Thiol-activated cytolysins: structure, function and role in pathogenesis\". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 182 (2): 195–205. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08895.x. PMID 10620666.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2000.tb08895.x","url_text":"\"Thiol-activated cytolysins: structure, function and role in pathogenesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2000.tb08895.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08895.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620666","url_text":"10620666"}]},{"reference":"Roper MH, Wassilak SG, Tiwari TS, Orenstein WA (2013). \"Tetanus toxoid\". Vaccines (6th ed.). pp. 746–772. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4557-0090-5.00039-2. ISBN 9781455700905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-1-4557-0090-5.00039-2","url_text":"10.1016/B978-1-4557-0090-5.00039-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781455700905","url_text":"9781455700905"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Clostridium+tetani&rn=1","external_links_name":"Clostridium tetani"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q893D9","external_links_name":"Q893D9"},{"Link":"https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q893D9","external_links_name":"Swiss-model"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/Q893D9","external_links_name":"InterPro"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2000.tb08895.x","external_links_name":"\"Thiol-activated cytolysins: structure, function and role in pathogenesis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2000.tb08895.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08895.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620666","external_links_name":"10620666"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-1-4557-0090-5.00039-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/B978-1-4557-0090-5.00039-2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060719121516/http://www.listlabs.com/Literature/199.htm","external_links_name":"Tetanolysin"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetanolysin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tabor
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Jim Tabor
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["1 Productive Major League hitter","2 Highlights","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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American baseball player (1916-1953)
Baseball player
Jim TaborTabor, circa 1938Third basemanBorn: (1916-11-05)November 5, 1916New Hope, Alabama, U.S.Died: August 22, 1953(1953-08-22) (aged 36)Sacramento, California, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 2, 1938, for the Boston Red SoxLast MLB appearanceSeptember 17, 1947, for the Philadelphia PhilliesMLB statisticsBatting average.270Home runs104Runs batted in598
Teams
Boston Red Sox (1938–1944)
Philadelphia Phillies (1946–1947)
James Reubin Tabor (November 5, 1916 – August 22, 1953), nicknamed "Rawhide," was an American Major League Baseball player, a third baseman for the Boston Red Sox (1938–44) and Philadelphia Phillies (1946–47). Born in New Hope, Alabama, he batted and threw right-handed, stood 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 175 pounds (79 kg).
Productive Major League hitter
Tabor attended the University of Alabama. He came to the Red Sox late in 1938 after two stellar minor league seasons and hit .316 (18-for-57) in 19 games. The next year he was the Bosox' regular third baseman. He appeared in 149 games and had a .280 batting average, highest of his MLB career, with 14 home runs and 95 runs batted in.
In 1940 Tabor collected a career-high 21 home runs with 81 RBI, with 16 homers and a career-high 101 RBI in 1941. He remained with Boston until the end of the 1944 campaign, when he was inducted into the United States Army. After missing the 1945 campaign, he was discharged from military service and then sold to the Phillies on January 22, 1946. After two years in Philadelphia, Tabor was sent to the minor leagues. His Major League career was marked by numerous suspensions for "breaking training rules," and one teammate, Doc Cramer, alleged that Tabor would come to the ballpark still "half drunk" from his nights on the town; the Red Sox even hired private detectives to unsuccessfully try to control Tabor's behavior.
Tabor was a career .270 hitter with 1,021 hits, 104 home runs and 598 RBI in 1,005 games. He led American League third basemen in assists (1939) and putouts (1942), and in errors for five consecutive seasons (1939–43).
His last active seasons were spent with Los Angeles, Sacramento and Portland in the Pacific Coast League until his retirement in 1952. Tabor died of a heart attack in Sacramento, California, at the age of 36.
Highlights
Hit four home runs in a double-header against the Philadelphia Athletics, collecting 19 bases and 11 RBI. Three of his homers came in the second game, including a record-tying two grand slams in consecutive innings (July 4, 1939). His 11 RBI is the AL single day record.
See also
List of Major League Baseball hitters with two grand slams in one game
References
^ "Baseball in Wartime - Those Who Served A to Z". BaseballinWartime.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
^ a b Bouchard, Maurice. "Jim Tabor". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
^ "Jim Tabor Dies Of Heart Attack In Sacramento". The Tuscaloosa News. Tuscaloosa, Alabama. August 23, 1953. p. 10. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
Jim Tabor Baseball Biography
Jim Tabor at Find a Grave
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_player"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"New Hope, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hope,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"right-handed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-handed"}],"text":"Baseball playerJames Reubin Tabor (November 5, 1916 – August 22, 1953), nicknamed \"Rawhide,\" was an American Major League Baseball player, a third baseman for the Boston Red Sox (1938–44) and Philadelphia Phillies (1946–47). Born in New Hope, Alabama, he batted and threw right-handed, stood 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 175 pounds (79 kg).","title":"Jim Tabor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"minor league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"minor leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zree-2"},{"link_name":"Doc Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Cramer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zree-2"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"assists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"putouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putouts"},{"link_name":"errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Tabor attended the University of Alabama. He came to the Red Sox late in 1938 after two stellar minor league seasons and hit .316 (18-for-57) in 19 games. The next year he was the Bosox' regular third baseman. He appeared in 149 games and had a .280 batting average, highest of his MLB career, with 14 home runs and 95 runs batted in.In 1940 Tabor collected a career-high 21 home runs with 81 RBI, with 16 homers and a career-high 101 RBI in 1941. He remained with Boston until the end of the 1944 campaign, when he was inducted into the United States Army.[1] After missing the 1945 campaign, he was discharged from military service and then sold to the Phillies on January 22, 1946. After two years in Philadelphia, Tabor was sent to the minor leagues. His Major League career was marked by numerous suspensions for \"breaking training rules,\"[2] and one teammate, Doc Cramer, alleged that Tabor would come to the ballpark still \"half drunk\" from his nights on the town; the Red Sox even hired private detectives to unsuccessfully try to control Tabor's behavior.[2]Tabor was a career .270 hitter with 1,021 hits, 104 home runs and 598 RBI in 1,005 games. He led American League third basemen in assists (1939) and putouts (1942), and in errors for five consecutive seasons (1939–43).His last active seasons were spent with Los Angeles, Sacramento and Portland in the Pacific Coast League until his retirement in 1952. Tabor died of a heart attack in Sacramento, California, at the age of 36.[3]","title":"Productive Major League hitter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics"},{"link_name":"grand slams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"}],"text":"Hit four home runs in a double-header against the Philadelphia Athletics, collecting 19 bases and 11 RBI. Three of his homers came in the second game, including a record-tying two grand slams in consecutive innings (July 4, 1939). His 11 RBI is the AL single day record.","title":"Highlights"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"List of Major League Baseball hitters with two grand slams in one game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_hitters_with_two_grand_slams_in_one_game"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Baseball in Wartime - Those Who Served A to Z\". BaseballinWartime.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://baseballinwartime.com/those_who_served/those_who_served_atoz.htm","url_text":"\"Baseball in Wartime - Those Who Served A to Z\""}]},{"reference":"Bouchard, Maurice. \"Jim Tabor\". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved August 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/jim-tabor/","url_text":"\"Jim Tabor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Research","url_text":"Society for American Baseball Research"}]},{"reference":"\"Jim Tabor Dies Of Heart Attack In Sacramento\". The Tuscaloosa News. Tuscaloosa, Alabama. August 23, 1953. p. 10. Retrieved August 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19530823&id=lA8dAAAAIBAJ&pg=2638,4769820&hl=en","url_text":"\"Jim Tabor Dies Of Heart Attack In Sacramento\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://baseballinwartime.com/those_who_served/those_who_served_atoz.htm","external_links_name":"\"Baseball in Wartime - Those Who Served A to Z\""},{"Link":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/jim-tabor/","external_links_name":"\"Jim Tabor\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19530823&id=lA8dAAAAIBAJ&pg=2638,4769820&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Jim Tabor Dies Of Heart Attack In Sacramento\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/123074","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/t/taborji01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=tabor-002jam","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/T/Ptaboj101.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"https://baseballbiography.com/jim-tabor","external_links_name":"Jim Tabor Baseball Biography"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13693038","external_links_name":"Jim Tabor"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_McErlaine
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Ally McErlaine
|
["1 Biography","2 Musical career","2.1 Texas","2.2 Red Sky July","3 Personal life","4 Discography","5 References"]
|
Scottish guitarist
Ally McErlaineMcErlaine performing live with Texas in 2011Background informationBirth nameAlistair Manson McErlaineBorn (1968-10-31) 31 October 1968 (age 55)Glasgow, ScotlandGenresAlternative rockcountry rockpoprockOccupation(s)GuitaristYears active1988−presentMember ofTexasRed Sky JulySpouse(s)
Shelly Poole (m. 2001)Musical artist
Alistair Manson McErlaine (born 31 October 1968), known as Ally McErlaine, is a Scottish guitarist, best known for his work with the band Texas, which he has been a member of since 1988. Ally is also a member of Red Sky July, who released their self-titled debut album on 17 October 2011.
Biography
McErlaine married Shelly Poole from Alisha's Attic in 2001. Other works aside from Texas, included a guest appearance on Rufus Wainwright's second album, Poses (2001), and Alain Bashung's 1994 album Chatterton. He was also the lead guitarist on the soundtrack album for the 2004 remake of the film, Alfie, along with Mick Jagger and David A. Stewart. He wrote and played guitar on two songs on Daisy Dares You's album, Rush on Jive Records.
McErlaine also wrote and played on the song "Hope", with Jack Savoretti and his wife Shelly Poole from her album, Hard Time for the Dreamer. It was released on Transistor Records in June 2005. It received airplay on BBC Radio 2 in November 2005. He played guitar on Gabrielle's fifth album, Always. In 2009, he started the alternative country band, Red Sky July, with his wife and American singer Charity Hair.
Musical career
Texas
Main article: Texas (band)
McErlaine, Sharleen Spiteri and Johnny McElhone are credited as the founding members of Texas.
Red Sky July
McErlaine is also a member of the band Red Sky July, who released their self-titled debut album on 17 October 2011.
Personal life
On 8 September 2009, McErlaine was admitted to hospital after he collapsed with a massive brain aneurysm at the age of 41. His chances of recovery were initially unclear. McErlaine was in a coma for nine weeks, and spent six and a half months in hospital, before being discharged to continue to recover at home. By July 2010, McErlaine had recovered enough to perform on stage in several shows with Red Sky July, and had a chance to join Texas for their tour in 2011.
Discography
Main article: Texas discography
Southside (1989)
Mothers Heaven (1991)
Ricks Road (1993)
White on Blonde (1997)
The Hush (1999)
Careful What You Wish For (2003)
Red Book (2005)
The Conversation (2013)
Jump on Board (2017)
Hi (2021)
References
^ "Ally McErlaine". discogs. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
^ Chatterton (album booklet). Alain Bashung. Barclay Records. 1994. 523 111-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Purden, Richard (21 May 2021). "Sharleen Spiteri talks sexism in the music industry, Texas and Henrik Larsson". The Irish Times. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
^ Jenkins, Jack (16 September 2016). "INTERVIEW: ALLY MCERLAINE FROM RED SKY JULY..." Live Nation TV. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
^ Reporter, News (12 September 2009). "Texas guitarist suffers brain haemorrhage". NME. Retrieved 24 March 2019. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
^ "Texas Guitarist 'Critical' After Brain Haemorrhage". Contactmusic.com. 12 September 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
^ Davidson, Lynn (13 June 2010). "Guitarist Ally McErlaine set to tour with Texas again after recovering from aneurysm". Dailyrecord.co.uk. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
vteTexas
Sharleen Spiteri
Ally McErlaine
Johnny McElhone
Eddie Campbell
Tony McGovern
Michael Bannister
Ross McFarlane
Stuart Kerr
Richard Hynd
Neil Payne
Studio albums
Southside
Mothers Heaven
Ricks Road
White on Blonde
The Hush
Careful What You Wish For
Red Book
The Conversation
Jump on Board
Hi
EPs
Everyday Now
Compilations
The Greatest Hits
I Don't Want a Lover: The Collection
The BBC Sessions
Texas 25
The Very Best of 1989–2023
Live albums
The BBC Sessions
Singles
"I Don't Want a Lover"
"Thrill Has Gone"
"Everyday Now"
"Prayer for You"
"Why Believe in You"
"In My Heart"
"Alone with You"
"Tired of Being Alone"
"So Called Friend"
"You Owe It All to Me"
"So in Love with You"
"Say What You Want"
"Halo"
"Black Eyed Boy"
"Put Your Arms Around Me"
"Insane"
"In Our Lifetime"
"Summer Son"
"When We Are Together"
"In Demand"
"Inner Smile"
"Guitar Song"
"Carnival Girl"
"I'll See It Through"
"Getaway"
"Can't Resist"
"Sleep"
"The Conversation"
"Start a Family"
"Let's Work It Out"
"Tell That Girl"
"Hi"
"Mr Haze"
Related articles
Discography
Sharleen Spiteri discography
Red Sky July
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Stewart"},{"link_name":"Daisy Dares You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Dares_You"},{"link_name":"Jive Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_Records"},{"link_name":"Jack Savoretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Savoretti"},{"link_name":"Hard Time for the Dreamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Time_for_the_Dreamer"},{"link_name":"airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Always","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_(Gabrielle_album)"},{"link_name":"alternative country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_country"},{"link_name":"Red Sky July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sky_July"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"McErlaine married Shelly Poole from Alisha's Attic in 2001. Other works aside from Texas, included a guest appearance on Rufus Wainwright's second album, Poses (2001), and Alain Bashung's 1994 album Chatterton.[2] He was also the lead guitarist on the soundtrack album for the 2004 remake of the film, Alfie, along with Mick Jagger and David A. Stewart. He wrote and played guitar on two songs on Daisy Dares You's album, Rush on Jive Records.McErlaine also wrote and played on the song \"Hope\", with Jack Savoretti and his wife Shelly Poole from her album, Hard Time for the Dreamer. It was released on Transistor Records in June 2005. It received airplay on BBC Radio 2 in November 2005. He played guitar on Gabrielle's fifth album, Always. In 2009, he started the alternative country band, Red Sky July, with his wife and American singer Charity Hair.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sharleen Spiteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharleen_Spiteri"},{"link_name":"Johnny McElhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_McElhone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Texas","text":"McErlaine, Sharleen Spiteri and Johnny McElhone are credited as the founding members of Texas.[3]","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Sky July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sky_July"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Red Sky July","text":"McErlaine is also a member of the band Red Sky July, who released their self-titled debut album on 17 October 2011.[4]","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brain aneurysm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_aneurysm"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On 8 September 2009, McErlaine was admitted to hospital after he collapsed with a massive brain aneurysm at the age of 41. His chances of recovery were initially unclear.[5][6] McErlaine was in a coma for nine weeks, and spent six and a half months in hospital, before being discharged to continue to recover at home. By July 2010, McErlaine had recovered enough to perform on stage in several shows with Red Sky July, and had a chance to join Texas for their tour in 2011.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southside_(Texas_album)"},{"link_name":"Mothers Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Ricks Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricks_Road"},{"link_name":"White on Blonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_on_Blonde"},{"link_name":"The Hush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hush"},{"link_name":"Careful What You Wish For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Careful_What_You_Wish_For_(Texas_album)"},{"link_name":"Red Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book_(Texas_album)"},{"link_name":"The Conversation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conversation_(Texas_album)"},{"link_name":"Jump on Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_on_Board"},{"link_name":"Hi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi_(Texas_album)"}],"text":"Southside (1989)\nMothers Heaven (1991)\nRicks Road (1993)\nWhite on Blonde (1997)\nThe Hush (1999)\nCareful What You Wish For (2003)\nRed Book (2005)\nThe Conversation (2013)\nJump on Board (2017)\nHi (2021)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Malaysian_films
|
Lists of Malaysian films
|
["1 Before 1960","2 1960s","3 1970s","4 1980s","5 1990s","6 2000s","7 2010s","8 2020s","9 See also","10 External links"]
|
Cinema of Malaysia
List of Malaysian filmsList of Malaysian cinemasList of Malaysian animated films
pre-1960
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020s
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
vte
This is an index for the list of films produced in Malaysia ordered by decade on separate pages. For an alphabetical listing of Malaysian films see Category:Malaysian films.
Before 1960
List of Malaysian films before 1960
1960s
List of Malaysian films of the 1960s
1970s
List of Malaysian films of the 1970s
1980s
List of Malaysian films of the 1980s
1990s
List of Malaysian films of the 1990s
2000s
List of Malaysian films of the 2000s
List of Malaysian films of 2000
List of Malaysian films of 2001
List of Malaysian films of 2002
List of Malaysian films of 2003
List of Malaysian films of 2004
List of Malaysian films of 2005
List of Malaysian films of 2006
List of Malaysian films of 2007
List of Malaysian films of 2008
List of Malaysian films of 2009
2010s
List of Malaysian films of the 2010s
List of Malaysian films of 2010
List of Malaysian films of 2011
List of Malaysian films of 2012
List of Malaysian films of 2013
List of Malaysian films of 2014
List of Malaysian films of 2015
List of Malaysian films of 2016
List of Malaysian films of 2017
List of Malaysian films of 2018
List of Malaysian films of 2019
2020s
List of Malaysian films of the 2020s
List of Malaysian films of 2020
List of Malaysian films of 2021
List of Malaysian films of 2022
List of Malaysian films of 2023
List of Malaysian films of 2024
List of Malaysian films of 2025
List of Malaysian films of 2026
List of Malaysian films of 2027
List of Malaysian films of 2028
List of Malaysian films of 2029
See also
Cinema of Malaysia
List of highest-grossing films in Malaysia
External links
Malaysian film at the Internet Movie Database
Malaysian Feature Films Finas
Cinema Online Malaysia
10 Great Malaysian Films You Should Watch at theculturetrip.com
Film in Malaysia
vte Cinema of Malaysia
Festivals
Production companies
Filmmakers
Actors
Cinematographers
Composers
Directors
Producers
Screenwriters
Films
(A–Z)
By decade
By year
By genre
By language
By topic
By studio
By gross takings
Related
Malaysian Tamil cinema
List of Malaysian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
vteLists of films by countryAfricaCentral
Angola
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo (Democratic Republic)
Zaire
Congo (Republic)
Gabon
Eastern
Burundi
Cameroon
Ethiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
Mauritius
Mozambique
Rwanda
Somalia
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Northern
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Sudan
Tunisia
Western Sahara
Southern
Botswana
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Western
Benin
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Guinea
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Mali
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AsiaCentral
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Southern
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Kannada
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This article includes a film-related list of lists.
|
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For an alphabetical listing of Malaysian films see Category:Malaysian films.","title":"Lists of Malaysian films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films before 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_before_1960"}],"text":"List of Malaysian films before 1960","title":"Before 1960"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of the 1960s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_the_1960s"}],"text":"List of Malaysian films of the 1960s","title":"1960s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of the 1970s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_the_1970s"}],"text":"List of Malaysian films of the 1970s","title":"1970s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of the 1980s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_the_1980s"}],"text":"List of Malaysian films of the 1980s","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of the 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_the_1990s"}],"text":"List of Malaysian films of the 1990s","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of the 2000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_the_2000s"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2000"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2001"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2002"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2003"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2004"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2005"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2006"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2007"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2008"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2009"}],"text":"List of Malaysian films of the 2000s\nList of Malaysian films of 2000\nList of Malaysian films of 2001\nList of Malaysian films of 2002\nList of Malaysian films of 2003\nList of Malaysian films of 2004\nList of Malaysian films of 2005\nList of Malaysian films of 2006\nList of Malaysian films of 2007\nList of Malaysian films of 2008\nList of Malaysian films of 2009","title":"2000s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of the 2010s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_the_2010s"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2010"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2011"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2012"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2013"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2014"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2015"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2016"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2017"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2018"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2019"}],"text":"List of Malaysian films of the 2010s\nList of Malaysian films of 2010\nList of Malaysian films of 2011\nList of Malaysian films of 2012\nList of Malaysian films of 2013\nList of Malaysian films of 2014\nList of Malaysian films of 2015\nList of Malaysian films of 2016\nList of Malaysian films of 2017\nList of Malaysian films of 2018\nList of Malaysian films of 2019","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of the 2020s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_the_2020s"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2020"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2021&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2022"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2023"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2024"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2025&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2026&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2027&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2028&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of Malaysian films of 2029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malaysian_films_of_2029&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"List of Malaysian films of the 2020s\nList of Malaysian films of 2020\nList of Malaysian films of 2021\nList of Malaysian films of 2022\nList of Malaysian films of 2023\nList of Malaysian films of 2024\nList of Malaysian films of 2025\nList of Malaysian films of 2026\nList of Malaysian films of 2027\nList of Malaysian films of 2028\nList of Malaysian films of 2029","title":"2020s"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Cinema of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia"},{"title":"List of highest-grossing films in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Malaysia"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/search/title?countries=my&title_type=feature&explore=year","external_links_name":"Malaysian film"},{"Link":"http://www.finas.gov.my/malaysian-box-office/","external_links_name":"Malaysian Feature Films Finas"},{"Link":"http://www.cinema.com.my/","external_links_name":"Cinema Online Malaysia"},{"Link":"http://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/10-great-malaysian-films-you-should-watch-/","external_links_name":"10 Great Malaysian Films You Should Watch at theculturetrip.com"},{"Link":"http://www.filminmalaysia.com/","external_links_name":"Film in Malaysia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_pars_intermedia_dysfunction
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Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
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["1 Pathophysiology","1.1 Dopaminergic control of the pars intermedia","1.2 POMC","2 Age and breed prevalence","3 Clinical signs","3.1 Laboratory findings","3.2 Differentiating from equine metabolic syndrome","4 Diagnosis","4.1 Plasma ACTH concentration","4.2 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test","4.3 Dexamethasone suppression test","4.4 Urinary corticoid-to-creatinine ratio","4.5 Plasma cortisol concentration","4.6 Current recommendations for testing","5 Insulin dysregulation","5.1 Testing for insulin dysregulation","5.2 Management of insulin resistance","6 Treatment","7 See also","8 References"]
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Endocrine disease of horses
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), or equine Cushing's disease, is an endocrine disease affecting the pituitary gland of horses. It is most commonly seen in older animals, and is classically associated with the formation of a long, wavy coat (hirsutism) and chronic laminitis.
Cushing's disease commonly causes hirsutism, muscle wasting along the top line, and abnormal fat distribution.
Pathophysiology
Unlike the human and canine forms of Cushing's disease, which most commonly affect the pars distalis region of the pituitary gland, equine Cushing's disease is a result of hyperplasia or adenoma formation in the pars intermedia. This adenoma then secretes excessive amounts of normal products, leading to clinical signs.
Dopaminergic control of the pars intermedia
The pituitary gland consists of three parts: the pars nervosa, the pars intermedia, and the pars distalis. The most critical structure to PPID, the pars intermedia, is regulated by the hypothalamus. The neurons of the hypothalamus innervate cells known as melanotropes within the pars intermedia, releasing dopamine which then binds to dopamine receptors on the melanotropes. The activation of these dopamine receptors leads to the inhibition of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) production in these cells.
In PPID-affected horses, dopamine is not produced from these neurons, leading to dopamine levels about 10% of the level normally found in the pars intermedia. This is thought to be due to neurodegeneration of the neurons, secondary to free radical formation and oxidative stress. Without regulation from dopamine, the pars intermedia develops hyperplasia and adenoma formation, leading to gross enlargement and excessive production of POMC. These adenomas also have the potential to compress the hypothalamus and optic chiasm.
POMC
POMC produced from the melanotropes of the pars intermedia is cleaved into adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and β-lipotropin (β-LPH). The majority of ACTH is then cleaved into α-MSH and corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP). CLIP is thought to have an influence on subsequent insulin resistance that can be seen in PPID horses.
ACTH is also produced by corticotropes in the pars distalis of the equine pituitary. In a normal horse, this accounts for the majority of ACTH production. ACTH produced by the pars distalis is subject to negative feedback in a normal horse, so high cortisol levels reduce ACTH production by the pituitary, subsequently reducing cortisol levels. In a horse with PPID, ACTH levels are high as a result of pars intermedia production, but it is not subject to negative feedback regulation. Despite the high levels of ACTH, cortisol levels vary, and are sometimes lower than normal. Additionally, hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex is infrequent. The role of ACTH is, therefore, still poorly understood.
Age and breed prevalence
PPID has been diagnosed in horses as young as 7 years old, although most horses are first diagnosed at ages 19 to 20. An estimated 21% of horses older than 15 years have PPID. All breeds may develop PPID, but pony breeds and Morgans seem to be more commonly affected.
Clinical signs
Many signs are associated with PPID, but only a subset of these is displayed in any single horse. Some horses may present with chronic laminitis without other overt signs of the disease.
Hypertrichosis (hirsutism) produces a long, thick, wavy coat that often has delayed shedding or fails to shed completely, and may lighten in color. Hirsutism has been suggested to be pathognomonic for PPID, with up to 95% of horses having PPID.
Laminitis
Increased drinking and increased urination
Pot-bellied appearance
Weight loss
Redistribution of fat, leading to bulging supraorbital fat pad, a "cresty" neck, and fat over the tail head or in the sheath of males
Lethargy
Behavioral changes, often an increased docility
Muscle wasting, especially along the top line
Increased sweating, or less commonly, decreased sweating
Increased appetite
Decreased sensitivity to pain
Recurrent infections due to immune impairment
Rarely neurologic signs such as narcolepsy, blindness, or seizures
Suspensary ligament degeneration
Laboratory findings
Complete blood counts and serum chemistry profiles may be normal in affected horses. Persistent hyperglycemia and glucosuria are very commonly seen. Hyperlipidemia may be present, especially in ponies. Other abnormalities associated with the disease include mild anemia, neurophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, and increased liver enzymes.
Differentiating from equine metabolic syndrome
PPID shares similarities to equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), which also causes regional adiposity, laminitis, and insulin resistance. Treatment and management may differ between the two endocrinopathies, making differentiation important. Importantly, though, horses with EMS may develop PPID, so both diseases may occur simultaneously.
EMS vs PPID
EMS
PPID
Age of Onset
5-15 years
15+ years
Clinical signs
Resistance to weight loss
Hirsutism, increased drinking and urination, muscle atrophy
Serum ACTH levels
Normal
Elevated
Diagnosis
Plasma ACTH concentration
This test may also be referred to as a ‘’resting ACTH’’, ’’endogenous ACTH’’, or ‘’basal ACTH’’. The majority of ACTH produced in normal horses comes from corticotrope cells in the pars distalis, with only 2% thought to come from melanotropes in the pars intermedia. In horses with PPID, melanotropes produce abnormally high concentrations of ACTH. Basal plasma ACTH concentrations, which measure the blood levels of circulating ACTH, can therefore be useful in diagnosing the disease.
ACTH levels naturally fluctuate in healthy horses, with a significant rise occurring the in autumn (August through October) in North American horses. Horses with PPID have a similar, but much more significant, rise in the autumn. Therefore, a seasonally adjusted reference range must be used that correlates with the time of year the sample is taken. Failure to use a seasonally adjusted reference range may lead to false-positive results in normal horses if they are sampled in the fall. Autumnal testing was thought to be more sensitive and specific than testing at other times of the year; however, this concept has been recently challenged. Basal plasma ACTH levels may increase if the horse is severely ill or under great stress or pain, such as if it has laminitis. However, such events must be fairly significant to confound the results. Additionally, ACTH levels may not be significantly increased early on in the disease, leading to false negatives.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors are present in both the melanotropes of the pars intermedia and the corticotropes in the pars distalis. The administration of exogenous TRH causes an increase in ACTH and α-MSH in plasma of both normal horses and those with PPID. In both cases, plasma ACTH peaks 2–10 minutes after administration, before slowly dropping to normal levels over the course of an hour. PPID horses, however, show a much greater peak than normal horses, especially in the autumn. The test is relatively simple, involving one blood sample taken before TRH administration, and one 10 minutes or 30 minutes following TRH.
TRH is currently not licensed for use in horses, and can cause various side effects, including yawning, flehmen, muscle trembling, and coughing. This test is thought to have greater sensitivity than other tests, but has drawbacks including cost, TRH availability, limited repeatability and lack of defined seasonal reference intervals. Due to a lack of seasonal references, it is only recommended for use from December until June.
Dexamethasone suppression test
The dexamethasone suppression test involves administering dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, to the horse, and measuring its serum cortisol levels before and 19–24 hours after injection. In a normal horse, dexamethasone administration results in negative feedback to the pituitary, resulting in decreased ACTH production from the pars distalis and, therefore, decreased synthesis of cortisol at the level of the adrenal gland. A horse with PPID, which has an overactive pars intermedia not regulated by glucocorticoid levels, does not suppress ACTH production and, therefore, cortisol levels remain high. False negatives can occur in early disease. Additionally, dexamethasone administration may increase the risk of laminitis in horses already prone to the disease. For these reasons, the dexamethasone suppression test is currently not recommended for PPID testing.
Urinary corticoid-to-creatinine ratio
Although corticoid-to-creatinine ratios are generally higher in horses with PPID, numerous false positives and false negatives occur with this test, so it is not recommended.
Plasma cortisol concentration
Resting plasma cortisol may be slightly elevated in affected horses, but is commonly within normal limits or below normal. Additionally, elevations may occur secondary to stress, concurrent disease, and due to individual variation. Therefore, resting cortisol levels alone are not adequate to diagnose or rule out the presence of PPID.
Current recommendations for testing
As of 2013, horses suspected of having PPID should undergo testing both for the disease and for insulin dysfunction (see below). Horses showing obvious signs of PPID will likely have a positive endogenous ACTH test. Horses with early disease may produce a false-negative result. In these horses, the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test should either be used as an initial screening test, or to confirm a false resting ACTH.
Insulin dysregulation
Insulin dysregulation is commonly seen in horses with PPID or equine metabolic syndrome. It is of interest primarily because of its link to laminitis. Horses with ID will have an increased insulin response after they are given oral sugars, which will cause a subsequent rise in blood insulin levels, or hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia results in decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, or insulin resistance especially by the skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue. Tissue insulin resistance causes increased insulin secretion, which perpetuates the cycle.
The trigger to insulin resistance is not fully understood. Genetics is likely to have some impact on the risk of postprandial hyperinsulinemia. Obesity, pregnancy, PPID, and inflammatory states may contribute to tissue insulin resistance. PPID is thought to result in increased insulin secretion due to higher levels of CLIP produced by melanotrophs, and to cause insulin resistance secondary to hyperadrenocorticism.
Testing for insulin dysregulation
Due to the strong link between PPID and insulin resistance, testing is recommended for all horses suspected or confirmed to be suffering from PPID. There are two tests commonly used for insulin resistance: the oral sugar test and fasting insulin blood concentration.
The fasting insulin concentration involves giving a horse a single flake of hay at 10 pm the night before testing, with blood being drawn the following morning. Both insulin and glucose blood levels are measured. Hyperinsulinemia suggests insulin resistance, but normal or low fasting insulin does not rule out PPID. This test is easy to perform, but is less sensitive than the oral sugar test. It is best used in cases where risks of laminitis make the oral sugar test potentially unsafe.
The oral sugar test also requires giving the horse only a single flake of hay at 10pm the night before the test. The following morning, karo corn syrup is given orally, and glucose and insulin levels are measured at 60 and 90 minutes after administration. Normal or excessively high insulin levels are diagnostic. However, equivocal test results require retesting at a later date, or performing a different test. A similar test is available outside the US, in areas where corn-syrup products are less readily available, where horses are given a morning meal of chaff with dextrose powder, and blood insulin levels are measured 2 hours later.
Management of insulin resistance
The main methods of management involve exercise and diet change, in addition to treatment of PPID. The primary goal is reduction of weight in an obese animal. Diet changes include limiting pasture access and reducing or eliminating grain. Obese animals are often best maintained on a diet consisting of ration balancer and hay, fed at 1.5% body weight and decreased if needed. Feed should be selected based on low nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) levels. Hay NSC levels may be reduced by soaking it in cold water for 30 minutes.
Exercise is increased in nonlaminitic horses. Animals resistant to weight loss, despite diet and exercise changes, can be placed on levothyroxine to increase metabolism. Metformin can also be used to reduce glucose absorption through the intestinal tract.
Treatment
The primary treatment of PPID is pergolide, a dopamine agonist that provides suppression to the pars intermedia in place of the dysfunctional hypothalamus. Horses should be reassessed in 30 days following the start of treatment, through evaluation of clinical signs and by baseline diagnostic testing, to ensure the appropriate dose is being prescribed. Results from that test dictate changes in dose. Horses that are responding to treatment should be retested every 6 months, including a test in the autumn when a seasonal increase in ACTH occurs, to ensure their ACTH levels are appropriately suppressed during this time. Drug side effects include a transient decrease in appetite, which can be reduced by slowly increasing the dose to therapeutic levels, and by breaking up the daily dose into twice-daily administrations.
Attitude, activity levels, hyperglycemia, and increased drinking and urination are usually improved within 30 days of initiating treatment. Other clinical signs, such as hirsutism, potbellied appearance, muscle wasting, laminitic episodes, and increased predisposition to infection, usually take between 30 days and a year to improve.
Cyproheptadine may be added to the treatment regimen in horses that are inadequately responding to pergolide, but is usually only used in horses with advanced PPID on high doses of pergolide.
See also
Henneke horse body condition scoring system
Horse body mass
Geriatric horses
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC (2010). Equine Internal Medicine (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-1416056706.
^ a b c d e f g h i Robinson E (2003). Current Therapy in Equine Medicine (5th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 807–811. ISBN 978-0-7216-9540-2.
^ McFarlane D, Dybdal N, Donaldson MT, Miller L, Cribb AE (February 2005). "Nitration and increased alpha-synuclein expression associated with dopaminergic neurodegeneration in equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 17 (2): 73–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01277.x. PMID 15796757. S2CID 39443723.
^ a b c Frank N, Tadros EM (January 2014). "Insulin dysregulation". Equine Veterinary Journal. 46 (1): 103–112. doi:10.1111/evj.12169. PMID 24033478.
^ a b c d McGowan TW, Pinchbeck GP, McGowan CM (January 2013). "Evaluation of basal plasma α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentrations for the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction from a population of aged horses". Equine Veterinary Journal. 45 (1): 66–73. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00575.x. PMID 22563728.
^ a b c d e f g McGowan TW, Pinchbeck GP, McGowan CM (January 2013). "Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses". Equine Veterinary Journal. 45 (1): 74–9. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00578.x. PMID 22594955.
^ Miller MA, Moore GE, Bertin FR, Kritchevsky JE (March 2016). "What's New in Old Horses? Postmortem Diagnoses in Mature and Aged Equids". Veterinary Pathology. 53 (2): 390–398. doi:10.1177/0300985815608674. PMID 26459516. S2CID 1596503.
^ a b c d e f g Durham AE, McGowan CM, Fey K, Tamzali Y, Van der Kolk JH (April 2014). "Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: diagnosis and treatment". Equine Veterinary Education. 26 (4): 216–223. doi:10.1111/eve.12160.
^ a b c d Horn R, Bamford NJ, Afonso T, Sutherland M, Buckerfield J, Tan RH, et al. (July 2019). "Factors associated with survival, laminitis and insulin dysregulation in horses diagnosed with equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction". Equine Veterinary Journal. 51 (4): 440–445. doi:10.1111/evj.13041. hdl:11343/284846. PMID 30417404. S2CID 53282993.
^ a b McFarlane D (April 2011). "Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice. 27 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2010.12.007. PMID 21392656.
^ Hofberger S, Gauff F, Licka T (March 2015). "Suspensory ligament degeneration associated with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses". Veterinary Journal. 203 (3): 348–350. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.037. PMID 25641552.
^ Frank N, Geor RJ, Bailey SR, Durham AE, Johnson PJ (May 2010). "Equine metabolic syndrome". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 24 (3): 467–475. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0503.x. PMID 20384947.
^ a b c d e Horn R, Stewart AJ, Jackson KV, Dryburgh EL, Medina-Torres CE, Bertin FR (January 2021). "Clinical implications of using adrenocorticotropic hormone diagnostic cutoffs or reference intervals to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 35 (1): 560–570. doi:10.1111/jvim.16017. PMC 7848300. PMID 33368633.
^ a b c d e f g h i Frank N, Andrews F, Durham A, Kritchevsky J, McFarlane D, Schott H, et al. (PPID Working Group) (2015). Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) (PDF). Equine Endocrinology Group. pp. 4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2020.
^ Beech J, Boston R, Lindborg S, Russell GE (August 2007). "Adrenocorticotropin concentration following administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and pituitary gland hyperplasia". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 231 (3): 417–26. doi:10.2460/javma.231.3.417. PMID 17669045.
^ Kam YN, McKenzie K, Coyle M, Bertin FR (October 2021). "Repeatability of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 35 (6): 2885–2890. doi:10.1111/jvim.16281. PMC 8692209. PMID 34642962. S2CID 238747245.
^ Bertin FR, de Laat MA (September 2017). "The diagnosis of equine insulin dysregulation" (PDF). Equine Veterinary Journal. 49 (5): 570–576. doi:10.1111/evj.12703. PMID 28543410. S2CID 39553871.
^ a b c d e f Frank N, Geor R (January 2014). "Current best practice in clinical management of equine endocrine patients". Equine Veterinary Education. 26 (1): 6–9. doi:10.1111/eve.12130.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pituitary gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"hirsutism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirsutism"},{"link_name":"laminitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminitis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vieux_Cheval-Ile_de_Batz.JPG"}],"text":"Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), or equine Cushing's disease, is an endocrine disease affecting the pituitary gland of horses. It is most commonly seen in older animals,[1] and is classically associated with the formation of a long, wavy coat (hirsutism) and chronic laminitis.Cushing's disease commonly causes hirsutism, muscle wasting along the top line, and abnormal fat distribution.","title":"Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"canine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidae"},{"link_name":"Cushing's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"adenoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTEM-2"}],"text":"Unlike the human and canine forms of Cushing's disease, which most commonly affect the pars distalis region of the pituitary gland, equine Cushing's disease is a result of hyperplasia or adenoma formation in the pars intermedia.[2] This adenoma then secretes excessive amounts of normal products, leading to clinical signs.","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypothalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"proopiomelanocortin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTEM-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_2005-3"},{"link_name":"hyperplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplasia"},{"link_name":"adenoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoma"},{"link_name":"optic chiasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_chiasm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTEM-2"}],"sub_title":"Dopaminergic control of the pars intermedia","text":"The pituitary gland consists of three parts: the pars nervosa, the pars intermedia, and the pars distalis. The most critical structure to PPID, the pars intermedia, is regulated by the hypothalamus. The neurons of the hypothalamus innervate cells known as melanotropes within the pars intermedia, releasing dopamine which then binds to dopamine receptors on the melanotropes. The activation of these dopamine receptors leads to the inhibition of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) production in these cells.[1]In PPID-affected horses, dopamine is not produced from these neurons, leading to dopamine levels about 10% of the level normally found in the pars intermedia.[2] This is thought to be due to neurodegeneration of the neurons, secondary to free radical formation and oxidative stress.[3] Without regulation from dopamine, the pars intermedia develops hyperplasia and adenoma formation, leading to gross enlargement and excessive production of POMC. These adenomas also have the potential to compress the hypothalamus and optic chiasm.[1][2]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adrenocorticotropic hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"corticotropin-like intermediate peptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticotropin-like_intermediate_peptide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-4"},{"link_name":"cortisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol"},{"link_name":"adrenal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"}],"sub_title":"POMC","text":"POMC produced from the melanotropes of the pars intermedia is cleaved into adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and β-lipotropin (β-LPH). The majority of ACTH[1] is then cleaved into α-MSH and corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP). CLIP is thought to have an influence on subsequent insulin resistance that can be seen in PPID horses.[4]ACTH is also produced by corticotropes in the pars distalis of the equine pituitary. In a normal horse, this accounts for the majority of ACTH production. ACTH produced by the pars distalis is subject to negative feedback in a normal horse, so high cortisol levels reduce ACTH production by the pituitary, subsequently reducing cortisol levels. In a horse with PPID, ACTH levels are high as a result of pars intermedia production, but it is not subject to negative feedback regulation. Despite the high levels of ACTH, cortisol levels vary, and are sometimes lower than normal. Additionally, hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex is infrequent.[1] The role of ACTH is, therefore, still poorly understood.","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGowan_2013-5"},{"link_name":"Morgans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_horse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGowan_2013b-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"PPID has been diagnosed in horses as young as 7 years old,[1] although most horses are first diagnosed at ages 19 to 20.[1] An estimated 21% of horses older than 15 years have PPID.[5] All breeds may develop PPID, but pony breeds and Morgans seem to be more commonly affected.[1][6][7]","title":"Age and breed prevalence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"Hypertrichosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrichosis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durham-8"},{"link_name":"pathognomonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathognomonic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGowan_2013-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horn_2019-9"},{"link_name":"Laminitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminitis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGowan_2013-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGowan_2013b-6"},{"link_name":"Increased drinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydipsia"},{"link_name":"increased urination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyuria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGowan_2013b-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGowan_2013b-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTEM-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horn_2019-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGowan_2013b-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTEM-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTEM-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGowan_2013b-6"},{"link_name":"Increased sweating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperhidrosis"},{"link_name":"decreased sweating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydrosis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_2011-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horn_2019-9"},{"link_name":"Increased appetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphagia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGowan_2013b-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_2011-10"},{"link_name":"narcolepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcolepsy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTEM-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Many signs are associated with PPID, but only a subset of these is displayed in any single horse. Some horses may present with chronic laminitis without other overt signs of the disease.[1]Hypertrichosis (hirsutism) produces a long, thick, wavy coat that often has delayed shedding or fails to shed completely, and may lighten in color.[8] Hirsutism has been suggested to be pathognomonic for PPID, with up to 95% of horses having PPID.[5][9]\nLaminitis[5][6]\nIncreased drinking and increased urination[6]\nPot-bellied appearance[6]\nWeight loss[2][9]\nRedistribution of fat, leading to bulging supraorbital fat pad, a \"cresty\" neck, and fat over the tail head[6] or in the sheath of males[2]\nLethargy[1][2]\nBehavioral changes, often an increased docility[1]\nMuscle wasting, especially along the top line[1][6]\nIncreased sweating, or less commonly, decreased sweating[10][9]\nIncreased appetite[1]\nDecreased sensitivity to pain[1]\nRecurrent infections due to immune impairment[6][10]\nRarely neurologic signs such as narcolepsy, blindness, or seizures[1][2]\nSuspensary ligament degeneration[11]","title":"Clinical signs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horn_2019-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTEM-2"}],"sub_title":"Laboratory findings","text":"Complete blood counts and serum chemistry profiles may be normal in affected horses.[9] Persistent hyperglycemia and glucosuria are very commonly seen.[1] Hyperlipidemia may be present, especially in ponies.[1] Other abnormalities associated with the disease include mild anemia, neurophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, and increased liver enzymes.[2]","title":"Clinical signs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equine metabolic syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_metabolic_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frank2010-12"}],"sub_title":"Differentiating from equine metabolic syndrome","text":"PPID shares similarities to equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), which also causes regional adiposity, laminitis, and insulin resistance. Treatment and management may differ between the two endocrinopathies, making differentiation important. Importantly, though, horses with EMS may develop PPID, so both diseases may occur simultaneously.[12]","title":"Clinical signs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durham-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durham-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGowan_2013-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durham-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEGrec-14"}],"sub_title":"Plasma ACTH concentration","text":"This test may also be referred to as a ‘’resting ACTH’’, ’’endogenous ACTH’’, or ‘’basal ACTH’’. The majority of ACTH produced in normal horses comes from corticotrope cells in the pars distalis, with only 2% thought to come from melanotropes in the pars intermedia. In horses with PPID, melanotropes produce abnormally high concentrations of ACTH.[8] Basal plasma ACTH concentrations, which measure the blood levels of circulating ACTH, can therefore be useful in diagnosing the disease.[13]ACTH levels naturally fluctuate in healthy horses, with a significant rise occurring the in autumn (August through October) in North American horses. Horses with PPID have a similar, but much more significant, rise in the autumn. Therefore, a seasonally adjusted reference range must be used that correlates with the time of year the sample is taken.[8] Failure to use a seasonally adjusted reference range may lead to false-positive results in normal horses if they are sampled in the fall.[13] Autumnal testing was thought to be more sensitive and specific than testing at other times of the year; however, this concept has been recently challenged.[5][13] Basal plasma ACTH levels may increase if the horse is severely ill or under great stress or pain, such as if it has laminitis. However, such events must be fairly significant to confound the results.[8] Additionally, ACTH levels may not be significantly increased early on in the disease, leading to false negatives.[14]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrotropin_releasing_hormone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durham-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEGrec-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17669045-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durham-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEGrec-14"}],"sub_title":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test","text":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors are present in both the melanotropes of the pars intermedia and the corticotropes in the pars distalis. The administration of exogenous TRH causes an increase in ACTH and α-MSH in plasma of both normal horses and those with PPID. In both cases, plasma ACTH peaks 2–10 minutes after administration, before slowly dropping to normal levels over the course of an hour. PPID horses, however, show a much greater peak than normal horses, especially in the autumn.[8] The test is relatively simple, involving one blood sample taken before TRH administration, and one 10 minutes or 30 minutes following TRH.[14][13]TRH is currently not licensed for use in horses, and can cause various side effects, including yawning, flehmen, muscle trembling, and coughing.[15] This test is thought to have greater sensitivity than other tests, but has drawbacks including cost, TRH availability, limited repeatability and lack of defined seasonal reference intervals.[8][13][16] Due to a lack of seasonal references, it is only recommended for use from December until June.[14]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dexamethasone suppression test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone_suppression_test"},{"link_name":"dexamethasone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durham-8"}],"sub_title":"Dexamethasone suppression test","text":"The dexamethasone suppression test involves administering dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, to the horse, and measuring its serum cortisol levels before and 19–24 hours after injection. In a normal horse, dexamethasone administration results in negative feedback to the pituitary, resulting in decreased ACTH production from the pars distalis and, therefore, decreased synthesis of cortisol at the level of the adrenal gland. A horse with PPID, which has an overactive pars intermedia not regulated by glucocorticoid levels, does not suppress ACTH production and, therefore, cortisol levels remain high. False negatives can occur in early disease.[1] Additionally, dexamethasone administration may increase the risk of laminitis in horses already prone to the disease.[8] For these reasons, the dexamethasone suppression test is currently not recommended for PPID testing.","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIM-1"}],"sub_title":"Urinary corticoid-to-creatinine ratio","text":"Although corticoid-to-creatinine ratios are generally higher in horses with PPID, numerous false positives and false negatives occur with this test, so it is not recommended.[1]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTEM-2"}],"sub_title":"Plasma cortisol concentration","text":"Resting plasma cortisol may be slightly elevated in affected horses, but is commonly within normal limits or below normal. Additionally, elevations may occur secondary to stress, concurrent disease, and due to individual variation. Therefore, resting cortisol levels alone are not adequate to diagnose or rule out the presence of PPID.[2]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEGrec-14"}],"sub_title":"Current recommendations for testing","text":"As of 2013, horses suspected of having PPID should undergo testing both for the disease and for insulin dysfunction (see below). Horses showing obvious signs of PPID will likely have a positive endogenous ACTH test. Horses with early disease may produce a false-negative result. In these horses, the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test should either be used as an initial screening test, or to confirm a false resting ACTH.[14]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equine metabolic syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_metabolic_syndrome"},{"link_name":"hyperinsulinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinsulinemia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-4"},{"link_name":"postprandial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postprandial"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-4"}],"text":"Insulin dysregulation is commonly seen in horses with PPID or equine metabolic syndrome. It is of interest primarily because of its link to laminitis. Horses with ID will have an increased insulin response after they are given oral sugars, which will cause a subsequent rise in blood insulin levels, or hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia results in decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, or insulin resistance especially by the skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue. Tissue insulin resistance causes increased insulin secretion, which perpetuates the cycle.[4]The trigger to insulin resistance is not fully understood. Genetics is likely to have some impact on the risk of postprandial hyperinsulinemia. Obesity, pregnancy, PPID, and inflammatory states may contribute to tissue insulin resistance. PPID is thought to result in increased insulin secretion due to higher levels of CLIP produced by melanotrophs, and to cause insulin resistance secondary to hyperadrenocorticism.[4]","title":"Insulin dysregulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEGrec-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Management-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEGrec-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Management-18"}],"sub_title":"Testing for insulin dysregulation","text":"Due to the strong link between PPID and insulin resistance, testing is recommended for all horses suspected or confirmed to be suffering from PPID. There are two tests commonly used for insulin resistance: the oral sugar test and fasting insulin blood concentration.[17]The fasting insulin concentration involves giving a horse a single flake of hay at 10 pm the night before testing, with blood being drawn the following morning. Both insulin and glucose blood levels are measured. Hyperinsulinemia suggests insulin resistance, but normal or low fasting insulin does not rule out PPID. This test is easy to perform, but is less sensitive than the oral sugar test.[14] It is best used in cases where risks of laminitis make the oral sugar test potentially unsafe.[18]The oral sugar test also requires giving the horse only a single flake of hay at 10pm the night before the test. The following morning, karo corn syrup is given orally, and glucose and insulin levels are measured at 60 and 90 minutes after administration. Normal or excessively high insulin levels are diagnostic. However, equivocal test results require retesting at a later date, or performing a different test.[14] A similar test is available outside the US, in areas where corn-syrup products are less readily available, where horses are given a morning meal of chaff with dextrose powder, and blood insulin levels are measured 2 hours later.[18]","title":"Insulin dysregulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Management-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Management-18"},{"link_name":"levothyroxine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levothyroxine"},{"link_name":"Metformin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Management-18"}],"sub_title":"Management of insulin resistance","text":"The main methods of management involve exercise and diet change, in addition to treatment of PPID. The primary goal is reduction of weight in an obese animal. Diet changes include limiting pasture access and reducing or eliminating grain. Obese animals are often best maintained on a diet consisting of ration balancer and hay, fed at 1.5% body weight and decreased if needed.[18] Feed should be selected based on low nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) levels. Hay NSC levels may be reduced by soaking it in cold water for 30 minutes.[18]Exercise is increased in nonlaminitic horses. Animals resistant to weight loss, despite diet and exercise changes, can be placed on levothyroxine to increase metabolism. Metformin can also be used to reduce glucose absorption through the intestinal tract.[18]","title":"Insulin dysregulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pergolide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEGrec-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEGrec-14"},{"link_name":"Cyproheptadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproheptadine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEGrec-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Management-18"}],"text":"The primary treatment of PPID is pergolide, a dopamine agonist that provides suppression to the pars intermedia in place of the dysfunctional hypothalamus. Horses should be reassessed in 30 days following the start of treatment, through evaluation of clinical signs and by baseline diagnostic testing, to ensure the appropriate dose is being prescribed. Results from that test dictate changes in dose. Horses that are responding to treatment should be retested every 6 months, including a test in the autumn when a seasonal increase in ACTH occurs, to ensure their ACTH levels are appropriately suppressed during this time. Drug side effects include a transient decrease in appetite, which can be reduced by slowly increasing the dose to therapeutic levels, and by breaking up the daily dose into twice-daily administrations.[14]Attitude, activity levels, hyperglycemia, and increased drinking and urination are usually improved within 30 days of initiating treatment. Other clinical signs, such as hirsutism, potbellied appearance, muscle wasting, laminitic episodes, and increased predisposition to infection, usually take between 30 days and a year to improve.[14]Cyproheptadine may be added to the treatment regimen in horses that are inadequately responding to pergolide,[14] but is usually only used in horses with advanced PPID on high doses of pergolide.[18]","title":"Treatment"}]
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[{"image_text":"Cushing's disease commonly causes hirsutism, muscle wasting along the top line, and abnormal fat distribution.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vieux_Cheval-Ile_de_Batz.JPG/300px-Vieux_Cheval-Ile_de_Batz.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Henneke horse body condition scoring system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henneke_horse_body_condition_scoring_system"},{"title":"Horse body mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_body_mass"},{"title":"Geriatric horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatric_horses"}]
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[{"reference":"Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC (2010). Equine Internal Medicine (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-1416056706.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416056706","url_text":"978-1416056706"}]},{"reference":"Robinson E (2003). Current Therapy in Equine Medicine (5th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 807–811. ISBN 978-0-7216-9540-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-9540-2","url_text":"978-0-7216-9540-2"}]},{"reference":"McFarlane D, Dybdal N, Donaldson MT, Miller L, Cribb AE (February 2005). \"Nitration and increased alpha-synuclein expression associated with dopaminergic neurodegeneration in equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction\". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 17 (2): 73–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01277.x. PMID 15796757. S2CID 39443723.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2826.2005.01277.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01277.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15796757","url_text":"15796757"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39443723","url_text":"39443723"}]},{"reference":"Frank N, Tadros EM (January 2014). \"Insulin dysregulation\". Equine Veterinary Journal. 46 (1): 103–112. doi:10.1111/evj.12169. PMID 24033478.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevj.12169","url_text":"\"Insulin dysregulation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevj.12169","url_text":"10.1111/evj.12169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24033478","url_text":"24033478"}]},{"reference":"McGowan TW, Pinchbeck GP, McGowan CM (January 2013). \"Evaluation of basal plasma α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentrations for the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction from a population of aged horses\". Equine Veterinary Journal. 45 (1): 66–73. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00575.x. 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(July 2019). \"Factors associated with survival, laminitis and insulin dysregulation in horses diagnosed with equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction\". Equine Veterinary Journal. 51 (4): 440–445. doi:10.1111/evj.13041. hdl:11343/284846. PMID 30417404. S2CID 53282993.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevj.13041","url_text":"10.1111/evj.13041"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F284846","url_text":"11343/284846"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30417404","url_text":"30417404"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53282993","url_text":"53282993"}]},{"reference":"McFarlane D (April 2011). \"Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction\". 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PMID 25641552.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tvjl.2014.12.037","url_text":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.037"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25641552","url_text":"25641552"}]},{"reference":"Frank N, Geor RJ, Bailey SR, Durham AE, Johnson PJ (May 2010). \"Equine metabolic syndrome\". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 24 (3): 467–475. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0503.x. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200522025004/http://sites.tufts.edu/equineendogroup/files/2015/12/2015-10-16_EEG-2015-recommendations.pdf","url_text":"Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)"},{"url":"http://sites.tufts.edu/equineendogroup/files/2015/12/2015-10-16_EEG-2015-recommendations.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beech J, Boston R, Lindborg S, Russell GE (August 2007). \"Adrenocorticotropin concentration following administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and pituitary gland hyperplasia\". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 231 (3): 417–26. doi:10.2460/javma.231.3.417. PMID 17669045.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.231.3.417","url_text":"10.2460/javma.231.3.417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17669045","url_text":"17669045"}]},{"reference":"Kam YN, McKenzie K, Coyle M, Bertin FR (October 2021). \"Repeatability of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses\". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 35 (6): 2885–2890. doi:10.1111/jvim.16281. PMC 8692209. PMID 34642962. S2CID 238747245.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8692209","url_text":"\"Repeatability of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjvim.16281","url_text":"10.1111/jvim.16281"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8692209","url_text":"8692209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34642962","url_text":"34642962"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238747245","url_text":"238747245"}]},{"reference":"Bertin FR, de Laat MA (September 2017). \"The diagnosis of equine insulin dysregulation\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_the_Day_I_Die
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Till the Day I Die
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["1 Description","2 Productions","3 Terminology","4 Broadway cast","5 References","6 External links"]
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For the rock song, see Until the Day I Die.
Till the Day I DieWritten byClifford OdetsDate premiered1935Original languageEnglishGenreDramaSettingan underground room,office in the Columbia Brown house,Barracks room,Brown house
Till the Day I Die is a play by Clifford Odets performed on Broadway in 1935.
Description
The play is a seven-scene drama written by Clifford Odets. It was originally written as a piece to accompany Waiting for Lefty.
Productions
It was produced by the Group Theatre and staged by Cheryl Crawford, and ran for 136 performances from March 26, 1935, to July 1935 at the Longacre Theatre.
When the New Theatre in Sydney, tried to stage it in 1936, following its production of Waiting for Lefty earlier that year, the German Consul General in Australia complained to the Commonwealth Government and the play was banned. However the theatre defied the ban and staged the play in private premises, and (after a similar controversy), it was staged to large audiences in Melbourne's New Theatre.
Terminology
The play contains the first documented use of the phrase "male chauvinism".
Broadway cast
Margaret Barker as Tillie
Abner Biberman as fourth Orderly
Roman Bohnen as Major Duhring
Lee J. Cobb as Detective Popper
William Challee as Edsel Peltz
Russell Collins as Schlupp
Walter Coy as Karl Taussig
George Heller as Secretary
Elia Kazan as Baum and as other prisoner
Alexander Kirkland as Ernst Taussig
David Kortchmar as Zeltner and as second detective
Gerrit Kraber as third orderly and as first detective
Lewis Leverett as Captain Schlegel
Bob Lewis as Martin and as an orderly
Lee Martin as Stieglitz
Paula Miller as woman
Paul Morrison as other prisoner
Ruth Nelson as woman
Dorothy Patten as Frau Duhring
Wendell K. Phillips as boy
Herbert Ratner as Adolph
Samuel Roland as first orderly and as Arno
Eunice Stoddard as Zelda
Harry Stone as another orderly and as second orderly
Bernard Zanville as Julius
References
^ "New Theatre proves that art IS a weapon". Tribune. No. 746. New South Wales, Australia. June 25, 1952. p. 5. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "New Theatre: Company history". Arts Centre Melbourne. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
^ Mansbridge, Jane; Flaster, Katherine (Fall 2005). "Male chauvinist, feminist, sexist, and sexual harassment: different trajectories in feminist linguistic innovation". American Speech. 80 (3): 261. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.103.8136. doi:10.1215/00031283-80-3-256. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022.
External links
Till the Day I Die at the Internet Broadway Database
vteWorks by Clifford OdetsPlays
Waiting for Lefty (1935)
Awake and Sing! (1935)
Till the Day I Die (1935)
Paradise Lost (1935)
Golden Boy (1937)
Rocket to the Moon (1938)
Night Music (1940)
Clash by Night (1941)
The Russian People (1942)
The Big Knife (1949)
The Country Girl (1950)
The Flowering Peach (1954)
Films
The General Died at Dawn (1936)
Golden Boy (1939)
None but the Lonely Heart (1944)
Humoresque (1946)
Notorious (1946)
Deadline at Dawn (1946)
Clash by Night (1952)
The Big Knife (1954)
The Country Girl (1954)
Sweet Smell of Success (1957)
The Story on Page One (1959)
Wild in the Country (1961)
Television
The Richard Boone Show (1963-64)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Until the Day I Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Until_the_Day_I_Die"},{"link_name":"Clifford Odets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"}],"text":"For the rock song, see Until the Day I Die.Till the Day I Die is a play by Clifford Odets performed on Broadway in 1935.","title":"Till the Day I Die"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clifford Odets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets"},{"link_name":"Waiting for Lefty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Lefty"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The play is a seven-scene drama written by Clifford Odets. It was originally written as a piece to accompany Waiting for Lefty.[citation needed]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Group Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_Theatre_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Longacre Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longacre_Theatre"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"New Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Theatre,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Consul General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_General"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Government"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20th-1"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"New Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Theatre,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-2"}],"text":"It was produced by the Group Theatre and staged by Cheryl Crawford, and ran for 136 performances from March 26, 1935, to July 1935 at the Longacre Theatre.[citation needed]When the New Theatre in Sydney, tried to stage it in 1936, following its production of Waiting for Lefty earlier that year, the German Consul General in Australia complained to the Commonwealth Government and the play was banned. However the theatre defied the ban and staged the play in private premises,[1] and (after a similar controversy), it was staged to large audiences in Melbourne's New Theatre.[2]","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"male chauvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_chauvinism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The play contains the first documented use of the phrase \"male chauvinism\".[3]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abner Biberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Biberman"},{"link_name":"Roman Bohnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Bohnen"},{"link_name":"Lee J. Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_J._Cobb"},{"link_name":"William Challee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Challee"},{"link_name":"Russell Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Collins"},{"link_name":"Elia Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elia_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kirkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kirkland"},{"link_name":"Lewis Leverett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Leverett&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bob Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lewis_(director)"},{"link_name":"Ruth Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Nelson_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Zanville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Clark"}],"text":"Margaret Barker as Tillie\nAbner Biberman as fourth Orderly\nRoman Bohnen as Major Duhring\nLee J. Cobb as Detective Popper\nWilliam Challee as Edsel Peltz\nRussell Collins as Schlupp\nWalter Coy as\tKarl Taussig\nGeorge Heller as Secretary\nElia Kazan as Baum and as other prisoner\nAlexander Kirkland as Ernst Taussig\nDavid Kortchmar as Zeltner and as second detective\nGerrit Kraber as third orderly and as first detective\nLewis Leverett as Captain Schlegel\nBob Lewis as Martin and as an orderly\nLee Martin as\tStieglitz\nPaula Miller as woman\nPaul Morrison as other prisoner\nRuth Nelson as woman\nDorothy Patten as Frau Duhring\nWendell K. Phillips as boy\nHerbert Ratner as Adolph\nSamuel Roland as first orderly and as Arno\nEunice Stoddard as Zelda\nHarry Stone as another orderly and as second orderly\nBernard Zanville as Julius","title":"Broadway cast"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"New Theatre proves that art IS a weapon\". Tribune. No. 746. New South Wales, Australia. June 25, 1952. p. 5. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206678291","url_text":"\"New Theatre proves that art IS a weapon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_(Australian_newspaper)","url_text":"Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"New Theatre: Company history\". Arts Centre Melbourne. Retrieved November 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.artscentremelbourne.com.au/#details=enarratives.1983","url_text":"\"New Theatre: Company history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Centre_Melbourne","url_text":"Arts Centre Melbourne"}]},{"reference":"Mansbridge, Jane; Flaster, Katherine (Fall 2005). \"Male chauvinist, feminist, sexist, and sexual harassment: different trajectories in feminist linguistic innovation\". American Speech. 80 (3): 261. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.103.8136. doi:10.1215/00031283-80-3-256. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220926152430/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.103.8136&rep=rep1&type=pdf","url_text":"\"Male chauvinist, feminist, sexist, and sexual harassment: different trajectories in feminist linguistic innovation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.103.8136","url_text":"10.1.1.103.8136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00031283-80-3-256","url_text":"10.1215/00031283-80-3-256"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.103.8136&rep=rep1&type=pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lassells
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Mary Lassells
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["1 Life","2 Appearances","3 Footnotes","4 References"]
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For the British literary scholar, see Mary Lascelles.
Mary Hall (née Lassells or Lascelles) was an English gentlewoman whose report of the 'light' behaviour in her youth of Henry VIII's fifth Queen, Catherine Howard, initiated the process which ended with Queen Catherine's execution.
Life
Mary Lassells was the daughter of Richard, or George, Lassells of Gateford, Nottinghamshire (d. 1520), gentleman. She was in the household of the Dowager Duchess of Norfolk at Lambeth while Catherine Howard, later the fifth wife of King Henry VIII, was a young girl there under the lax guardianship of the Duchess, her step-grandmother.
After Catherine became Queen, Mary's brother, the religious reformer John Lassells, suggested that his sister seek a place in her household. Mary refused, giving as a reason Catherine's former 'light' behaviour. John Lassells informed Archbishop Thomas Cranmer of Mary's comment while King Henry and Queen Catherine were on progress in the fall of 1541. Cranmer questioned Mary, who provided details of the Queen's earlier sexual indiscretions with her music master, Henry Manox, and a Howard kinsman, Francis Dereham, in the Dowager Duchess's household. On 1 November 1541 Cranmer revealed these indiscretions in a letter to the King, who immediately ordered that Queen Catherine be confined to her apartments, and never saw her again. The Dowager Duchess, hearing reports of what had happened while Catherine had been in her charge, reasoned that 'If there be none offence sithence the marriage, she cannot die for that was done before'. Unfortunately for the Queen and the Dowager Duchess, further investigations by Cranmer and the Council revealed that with the connivance of one of her attendants, Lady Rochford, Catherine had allegedly had an affair with Thomas Culpeper, one of the King's favourite gentlemen of the privy chamber, after her marriage to the King.
Dereham, Manox and other members of the Dowager Duchess's household were arrested and interrogated by the council. On 22 December 1541 the Dowager Duchess's eldest son, William Howard, his wife, and a number of servants who had been witnesses to the Queen's misconduct were arraigned for misprision of treason 'for concealing the evil demeanour of the Queen, to the slander of the King and his succession'. All were sentenced to life imprisonment and loss of goods, although most were pardoned after Queen Catherine's execution. The Dowager Duchess, although included in the indictment, was not brought to trial as she was 'old and testy', and 'may die out of perversity to defraud the King's Highness of the confiscation of her goods', but like the others she was sentenced to imprisonment and forfeiture of lands and goods. On 6 February 1542 a bill of attainder against Queen Catherine and Lady Rochford received final reading, and on 13 February 1542 the Queen and Lady Rochford were beheaded on Tower Green. The King was of the view that there was as much reason to convict the Dowager Duchess of treason as there had been to convict Dereham. However the Council urged leniency, and she was eventually released from the Tower on 5 May 1542.
Mary Lassells married a Mr Hall of Lambeth.
Appearances
In Literature
"The Rose Without a Thorn" by Jean Plaidy
"Murder Most Royal" by Jean Plaidy
In Film
Henry VIII (TV serial); portrayed by Catrin Rhys
Footnotes
^ Ryrie 2008.
^ Weir 1991, p. 468.
^ Weir 1991, pp. 444–448.
^ Weir 1991, p. 449.
^ Weir 1991, pp. 450–455, 460–465.
^ Weir 1991, pp. 452, 459–465.
^ Weir 1991, p. 475.
^ Weir 1991, pp. 478–482.
^ Lindsey 1995, p. 174.
References
Lindsey, Karen (1995). Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII. Reading, Maine: Perseus Books. pp. 158–180. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
Ryrie, Alec (2008). Lassells , John (d. 1546), courtier and religious activist. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Weir, Alison (1991). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Lascelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lascelles"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Catherine Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard"}],"text":"For the British literary scholar, see Mary Lascelles.Mary Hall (née Lassells or Lascelles) was an English gentlewoman whose report of the 'light' behaviour in her youth of Henry VIII's fifth Queen, Catherine Howard, initiated the process which ended with Queen Catherine's execution.","title":"Mary Lassells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gateford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateford"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Dowager Duchess of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Howard,_Duchess_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Lambeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth"},{"link_name":"Catherine Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard"},{"link_name":"King Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"John Lassells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lascelles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cranmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer"},{"link_name":"Henry Manox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Manox"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Francis Dereham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dereham"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lady Rochford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Boleyn,_Viscountess_Rochford"},{"link_name":"Thomas Culpeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Culpeper"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"William Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard,_1st_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham"},{"link_name":"misprision of treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misprision_of_treason"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"bill of attainder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_attainder"},{"link_name":"Lady Rochford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Boleyn,_Viscountess_Rochford"},{"link_name":"Tower Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Green"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Mary Lassells was the daughter of Richard, or George, Lassells of Gateford, Nottinghamshire (d. 1520), gentleman. She was in the household of the Dowager Duchess of Norfolk at Lambeth while Catherine Howard, later the fifth wife of King Henry VIII, was a young girl there under the lax guardianship of the Duchess, her step-grandmother.After Catherine became Queen, Mary's brother, the religious reformer John Lassells,[1] suggested that his sister seek a place in her household. Mary refused, giving as a reason Catherine's former 'light' behaviour. John Lassells informed Archbishop Thomas Cranmer of Mary's comment while King Henry and Queen Catherine were on progress in the fall of 1541. Cranmer questioned Mary, who provided details of the Queen's earlier sexual indiscretions with her music master, Henry Manox, and a Howard kinsman,[2] Francis Dereham, in the Dowager Duchess's household. On 1 November 1541 Cranmer revealed these indiscretions in a letter to the King, who immediately ordered that Queen Catherine be confined to her apartments, and never saw her again.[3] The Dowager Duchess, hearing reports of what had happened while Catherine had been in her charge, reasoned that 'If there be none offence sithence the marriage, she cannot die for that was done before'.[4] Unfortunately for the Queen and the Dowager Duchess, further investigations by Cranmer and the Council revealed that with the connivance of one of her attendants, Lady Rochford, Catherine had allegedly had an affair with Thomas Culpeper, one of the King's favourite gentlemen of the privy chamber, after her marriage to the King.[5]Dereham, Manox and other members of the Dowager Duchess's household were arrested and interrogated by the council.[6] On 22 December 1541 the Dowager Duchess's eldest son, William Howard, his wife, and a number of servants who had been witnesses to the Queen's misconduct were arraigned for misprision of treason 'for concealing the evil demeanour of the Queen, to the slander of the King and his succession'. All were sentenced to life imprisonment and loss of goods, although most were pardoned after Queen Catherine's execution. The Dowager Duchess, although included in the indictment, was not brought to trial as she was 'old and testy', and 'may die out of perversity to defraud the King's Highness of the confiscation of her goods', but like the others she was sentenced to imprisonment and forfeiture of lands and goods.[7] On 6 February 1542 a bill of attainder against Queen Catherine and Lady Rochford received final reading, and on 13 February 1542 the Queen and Lady Rochford were beheaded on Tower Green. The King was of the view that there was as much reason to convict the Dowager Duchess of treason as there had been to convict Dereham. However the Council urged leniency, and she was eventually released from the Tower on 5 May 1542.[8]Mary Lassells married a Mr Hall of Lambeth.[9]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Plaidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Plaidy"},{"link_name":"Murder Most Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Most_Royal"},{"link_name":"Jean Plaidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Plaidy"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII (TV serial)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_(TV_serial)"}],"text":"In Literature\"The Rose Without a Thorn\" by Jean Plaidy\n\"Murder Most Royal\" by Jean PlaidyIn FilmHenry VIII (TV serial); portrayed by Catrin Rhys","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Ryrie 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRyrie2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Weir 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeir1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Weir 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeir1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Weir 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeir1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Weir 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeir1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Weir 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeir1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Weir 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeir1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Weir 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeir1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Lindsey 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLindsey1995"}],"text":"^ Ryrie 2008.\n\n^ Weir 1991, p. 468.\n\n^ Weir 1991, pp. 444–448.\n\n^ Weir 1991, p. 449.\n\n^ Weir 1991, pp. 450–455, 460–465.\n\n^ Weir 1991, pp. 452, 459–465.\n\n^ Weir 1991, p. 475.\n\n^ Weir 1991, pp. 478–482.\n\n^ Lindsey 1995, p. 174.","title":"Footnotes"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lindsey, Karen (1995). Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII. Reading, Maine: Perseus Books. pp. 158–180. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628224757/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6981860","url_text":"Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII"},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6981860","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ryrie, Alec (2008). Lassells [Lascelles], John (d. 1546), courtier and religious activist. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Weir, Alison (1991). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628224757/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6981860","external_links_name":"Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII"},{"Link":"https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6981860","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musso_%26_Frank_Grill
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Musso & Frank Grill
|
["1 History","2 Menu","3 Cultural role in the life of Los Angeles","3.1 Literature, theatre and politics","3.2 The film industry","4 In popular culture","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 34°06′06″N 118°20′07″W / 34.10171°N 118.33540°W / 34.10171; -118.33540Hollywood restaurant open since 1919
Musso & Frank GrillRestaurant informationEstablished1919Food typeSteakhouse, AmericanStreet address6667-9 Hollywood BoulevardCityLos AngelesCountyLos AngelesStateCaliforniaCountryUnited StatesReservationsYesOther locationsNoWebsitemussoandfrank.com
Musso & Frank Grill
Musso & Frank Grill is a restaurant located at 6667-9 Hollywood Boulevard in the Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles. The restaurant opened in 1919 and is named for original owners Joseph Musso and Frank Toulet. It is the oldest restaurant in Hollywood and has been called "the genesis of Hollywood".
History
The restaurant was founded by French immigrant Firmin "Frank" Toulet as Frank's François Café at 6669 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1923, the name was changed to Musso & Frank to reflect Toulet's new partnership with Joseph Musso.
In 1927, the restaurant was sold to Joseph Carissimi and John Mosso (no relation to Musso). In 1936, Mosso expanded the restaurant to include 6667 Hollywood Blvd. The big room on the east side of the restaurant, opened in 1955, is still called "the new room". The Carissimi family eventually sold their interest in the restaurant to the Mosso family and the restaurant is still owned by the descendants of John Mosso and is managed by his great-grandson Mark Echeverria. The restaurant has kept its original character, which includes high ceilings, dark wood paneling, and red booths. Its waiters and bartenders dress in the same red coats that they have worn for decades. Musso & Frank is now considered a classic "New York-style bar and restaurant".
In 2019, Musso & Frank celebrated its 100th anniversary and in 2021, it expanded its seating capacity for the first time in 66 years with the addition of two private dining rooms.
Menu
Musso & Frank has maintained its classic decor and its classic steakhouse-style menu, which includes such dishes as Welsh rarebit, lobster Thermidor, and chicken pot pie, available only on Thursdays.
Cultural role in the life of Los Angeles
When Musso and Frank opened in 1919, the political and financial life of Los Angeles was centered in Downtown Los Angeles, which was a difficult journey at that time. This made it possible for the restaurant to attract the more bohemian and intellectual clientele who were starting to spend time in Hollywood.
Literature, theatre and politics
By the 1930s, Musso and Frank was firmly established at the center of Hollywood's cultural life. The Screen Writers Guild was located across the street, and Stanley Rose's essential bookstore was right next door to the restaurant. Many writers of the hard-boiled fiction that Rose preferred, who hung out in the back room of the bookstore, spent endless hours in the bar of Musso and Frank, including James M. Cain, John Fante (who frequented the restaurant with famed journalist and historian Carey McWilliams), Raymond Chandler, and Nathanael West. Other literary regulars include Ernest Hemingway, William Saroyan, Dashiell Hammett, Erskine Caldwell, Dorothy Parker, William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Elliot Paul, Gore Vidal, and Donald Ogden Stewart. The restaurant appears in Paul Cain's 1933 hardboiled novel Fast One, as well as Nathanael West's 1939 novel The Day of the Locust. By the 1940s the restaurant was so firmly identified with the Los Angeles literary scene that aspiring writers, e.g. Charles Bukowski, would drink there in a conscious effort to imitate their role models. Eminent California historian Kevin Starr has said that a list of writers who frequented Musso and Frank resembles "the list of required reading for a sophomore survey of the mid-twentieth-century American novel".
Important Los Angeles progressives and communists were identified with Musso and Frank (and Rose's bookstore as well). Future California congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas, famous for being defeated by Richard Nixon in a notably dirty 1950 Senate election, ate dinner at Musso and Frank on her first night after moving to Los Angeles with her husband, actor Melvyn Douglas. Noted actor and CPUSA member Will Geer met regularly at Musso and Frank in the late 1930s and 1940s with a group of young radical writers and actors.
The film industry
From its founding, Musso and Frank has been part of the social life of the Los Angeles film industry. The restaurant kept a separate back room for its film industry clientele, which included not only screenwriters, many of whom are listed above, but actors, producers and directors as well, including Tom Mix, Charlie Chaplin, Harry Warner and his brother Jack, Greta Garbo, Humphrey Bogart, Frank Sinatra, Marlon Brando, Marilyn Monroe, William Frawley, Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Orson Welles, Rudolph Valentino, and Budd Schulberg. The restaurant's popularity with industry clientele continues to the present, with modern stars, e.g. Johnny Depp, George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Keith Richards, and Harrison Ford patronizing the restaurant.
In popular culture
Because of its status as an iconic Los Angeles restaurant, Musso and Frank has been featured in multiple films and television series including Ed Wood (1994), Ocean's Eleven (2001), Greenberg (2010), the Coen brothers' The Man Who Wasn't There (2001), Mad Men (2007-2015), The Kominsky Method (2018–2021), Quentin Tarantino's Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019), the Amazon Prime Series Bosch (2020), Blonde (2022), and the FX series Better Things.
The restaurant is also mentioned in the novels The Day of the Locust (1939), Paul Cain's Fast One (1933), What Makes Sammy Run? (1941), The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo (2017), and The Law of Innocence by Michael Connelly.
The restaurant is featured in Visiting... with Huell Howser Episode 307.
In 2019, Musso & Frank became the first restaurant to be given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Musso & Frank is listed as one of the "1,000 Places to See Before You Die" in the travel book of the same name by Patricia Schultz.
References
^ a b Jayne Clark (July 1, 2010). "For tourists, Hollywood glitters anew". USA TODAY.
^ "What Keeps Hollywood’s Oldest Restaurant Running" by Todd S Purdum. The Atlantic May 23, 2019 The Atlantic
^ a b Paul Zollo (16 April 2011). Hollywood Remembered: An Oral History of Its Golden Age. Taylor Trade Publications. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-58979-614-0.
^ a b Balla, Lesley (February 22, 2019). "Musso & Frank Turns 100 as David Lynch, John Travolta and More Dish on Hollywood's Oldest Restaurant: "There Must Be a Trillion Stories"". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
^ a b Larry Wilson (January 24, 2012). "Eateries old, eateries new". Pasadena Star-News.
^ a b c "Drink, dine and be swept away to Old Hollywood at Musso & Frank Grill". Los Angeles Examiner. March 15, 2013.
^ Larry Wilson (January 27, 2012). "In LAVA's flow at Musso & Frank". Pasadena Star-News.
^ a b Kevin Starr (1 September 2002). The Dream Endures: California Enters the 1940s. Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-19-515797-0.
^ "Musso & Frank Grill, 100 years later". Los Angeles Times. 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
^ Breijo, Stephanie (2021-11-02). "Musso & Frank adds new dining rooms for the first time in 66 years". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
^ "La Bohème: A delicious taste of elegance". Los Angeles Examiner. June 5, 2011.
^ a b Kate Lucas (November 16, 2012). "These L.A. restaurants stand the test of time". Orange County Register.
^ a b c d Jr. Professor of History University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill William E. Leuchtenburg William R. Kenan (9 November 2000). American Places : Encounters with History: Encounters with History. Oxford University Press. pp. 286–7. ISBN 978-0-19-802989-2.
^ a b Kevin Starr (October 1991). Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s. Oxford University Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-19-507260-0.
^ David M. Fine (2004). Imagining Los Angeles: A City in Fiction. University of Nevada Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-87417-603-2.
^ a b Barry Miles (6 October 2009). Charles Bukowski. Ebury Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7535-2159-5.
^ "An ironclad agreement". Observer-Reporter. May 11, 2013. p. 1B.
^ John Schultheiss (Autumn 1971). "The 'Eastern' Writer in Hollywood". Cinema Journal. 11 (1): 13–47. doi:10.2307/1225347. JSTOR 1225347.
^ Purdum, Todd S. (2019-05-23). "What Keeps Hollywood's Oldest Restaurant Running". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
^ Neal Gabler (17 November 2010). An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-307-77371-5.
^ a b Nolan, Tom (2000-02-06). "Martinis & Mythology". Los Angeles Times (Proquest Historical Newspapers). Los Angeles.
^ Michael Wilson (1978). Salt of the Earth: Screenplay. Feminist Press at CUNY. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-912670-45-4.
^ Sally Denton (17 November 2009). The Pink Lady: The Many Lives of Helen Gahagan Douglas. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-60819-172-7.
^ a b Cecil Smith (December 17, 1972). "Will Geer: Waltons good sweet American corn". Los Angeles Times. p. O2. 'Bless me,' said Will Geer and he took off his floppy bushman's hat and looked around the dark paneled room of Musso-Frank's Grill. 'Forty years ago and more I used to come here, a group of us, young writers and actors eager to change the world, young intellectuals. Well, Charlie Chaplin always had his lunch here and he'd greet us with: "Here come the young revolutionaries. I was a revolutionary before any of you were born..."' Will's booming laugh rattled the crockery in the famous old restaurant on Hollywood Blvd.
^ Stefanie Powers (2 November 2010). One from the Hart. Pocket Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4391-7212-4.
^ Sam McManis (June 17, 2012). "L.A. noir: It's still there". Philadelphia Inquirer.
^ Philip K. Scheuer (August 13, 1933). "A Town Called Hollywood". Los Angeles Times. I have seen three times since: Once at the old Montmartre Cafe, thinly disguised by dark glasses, striding from her luncheon table; once at Musso-Frank's, informal in slacks, gulping near-beer and attacking spaghetti; and last week, wan and fidgety as she sat in an old hump-backed limousine on the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer lot.
^ James Mathers (April 7, 2009). "Drunk or sober, Musso & Frank was Orson Welles' first stop in Hollywood". Los Angeles Examiner.
^ Anthony Slide (Summer 1999). "The Silent Closet". Film Quarterly. 52 (4): 24–32. doi:10.2307/1213772. JSTOR 1213772.
^ Michelle Sathe (December 11, 2011). "Aguirre: Bartender to the stars". The Signal.
^ "Classic Locations: Musso & Frank". Los Angeles Times. April 11, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
^ Levy, Shawn (January 31, 2002). "Swingers". The Guardian. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
^ McCarthy, Todd (February 14, 2010). "Review: 'Greenberg'". Variety. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
^ "Coen Brothers' 'Man' is darkly moody, handsomely shot — Film Noir Blonde". www.filmnoirblonde.com. Retrieved 2019-08-17.
^ solutions, Prodev-internet-. "Mad Men at Musso & Frank - filming location". www.sceen-it.com. Retrieved 2019-08-17.
^ "Review: 'The Kominsky Method' follows its own winning methodology with the help of Alan Arkin and Michael Douglas". Los Angeles Times. 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2019-08-17.
^ Nickolai, Nate; Saperstein, Pat (July 30, 2019). "'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood': A Guide to the Los Angeles Area Landmarks". Variety. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
^ "Everything You Need to Know About 'Blonde'". Netflix Tudum. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
^ Nathanael West (2009). Miss Lonelyhearts & The Day of the Locust. New Directions Publishing Company. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8112-1822-1.
^ Budd Schulberg (25 May 2011). What Makes Sammy Run?. Random House. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-679-73422-2.
^ Reid, Taylor Jenkins (2017-06-13). The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-3924-6.
^ Connelly, Michael (2021):The Law of Innocence, Mickey Haller Series Book 6, Orion. ISBN 1409186121
^ "Musso Frank – Visiting (307) – Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University".
^ "Musso & Frank Grill First Restaurant to Get Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame Friday, Sept. 27th". 25 September 2019.
^ "Celebrities Need Comfort Food Too: A Hollywood Hangout Turns 100". NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
External links
Official website
Musso and Frank fansite
34°06′06″N 118°20′07″W / 34.10171°N 118.33540°W / 34.10171; -118.33540
vteRestaurants of Los Angeles County, CaliforniaMultiple locations
Barney's Beanery
California Pizza Kitchen
Café Gratitude
Carney's
The Cheesecake Factory
The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf
Dave's Hot Chicken
Del Taco
Din Tai Fung
Eggslut
Fatburger
In-N-Out Burger
Jack in the Box
Johnny Rockets
Kogi Korean BBQ
La Salsa
Manila Sunset
Nobu
Original Tommy's
Panda Express
Pinkberry
Pink Taco
Roscoe's House of Chicken and Waffles
Sprinkles Cupcakes
Wanderlust Creamery
Water Grill
Winchell's Donuts
Zankou Chicken
Downtown Los Angeles
Bavel
Bottega Louie
Camphor
Cole's Pacific Electric Buffet
Grand Central Market
Hayato
Kato
Original Pantry Cafe
Orsa & Winston
Philippe's
Q Sushi
Shibumi
Central Los Angeles
Black Cat Tavern
Cafe Brass Monkey
Canter's Deli
Catalina Bar & Grill
The Cat & Fiddle
Crumbs and Whiskers
Du-par's
El Cholo Spanish Cafe
Formosa Cafe
Guelaguetza
Gwen
House of Pies
The Ivy
Joan's on Third
Kali
Langer's Deli
Mel's Drive-in
Musso & Frank Grill
Osteria Mozza
The Park's Finest
Pink's Hot Dogs
Providence
Spoon & Pork
Sunset Grill
Sushi Ginza Onodera
Tail o' the Pup
Taix
Northeast Los Angeles
Morihiro
Tam O'Shanter Inn
Yuca's
Westside
The Apple Pan
Citrin
Crossroads Kitchen
Eataly
Father's Office
Gladstones Malibu
Gucci Osteria da Massimo Bottura
Herb Alpert's Vibrato Grill & Jazz
Il Fornaio
Il Pastaio
Jeff's Gourmet Sausage Factory
Lawry's The Prime Rib
Maude
Mélisse
Michael's
Mr Chow
Nate 'n Al of Beverly Hills
Neptune's Net
n/naka
Nozawa Bar
Pasjoli
Polo Lounge
The Rock Store
Rustic Canyon
Shunji
Spago
The Stinking Rose
Versailles
South Bay
Lighthouse Café
Pann's
Randy's Donuts
Gateway Cities
Fatima's Grill
Heritage
Johnie's Broiler
Oldest McDonald's restaurant
San Fernando Valley
Anajak Thai
Asanebo
Bob's Big Boy
Brent's Deli
Casa Vega
Corky's
Shin Sushi
San Gabriel Valley
Bistro Na's
Mama Lu's Dumpling House
Panda Inn
Sam Woo Restaurant
Defunct restaurants
Bastide
Ben Frank's
Brown Derby
Campanile
Chasen's
Clifton's Cafeteria
Hamburger Hamlet
Jerry's Famous Deli
La Botte
Little Joe's
Little Pine
Ma Maison
Manzke
Ortolan
Pacific Dining Car
Perino's
Phenakite
Pig 'n Whistle
Pup 'N' Taco
Trois Mec
Urasawa
Valentino
Category
Commons
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MussoFrankLogo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genesis-1"}],"text":"Hollywood restaurant open since 1919Musso & Frank GrillMusso & Frank Grill is a restaurant located at 6667-9 Hollywood Boulevard in the Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles. The restaurant opened in 1919 and is named for original owners Joseph Musso and Frank Toulet. It is the oldest restaurant in Hollywood and has been called \"the genesis of Hollywood\".[1]","title":"Musso & Frank Grill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zollo2011-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balla-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balla-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zollo2011-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eateries-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eateries-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swept-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flow-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starr2002-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The restaurant was founded by French immigrant Firmin \"Frank\" Toulet as Frank's François Café at 6669 Hollywood Boulevard.[2][3] In 1923, the name was changed to Musso & Frank to reflect Toulet's new partnership with Joseph Musso.[4]In 1927, the restaurant was sold to Joseph Carissimi and John Mosso (no relation to Musso).[4] In 1936, Mosso expanded the restaurant to include 6667 Hollywood Blvd.[3] The big room on the east side of the restaurant, opened in 1955, is still called \"the new room\".[5] The Carissimi family eventually sold their interest in the restaurant to the Mosso family and the restaurant is still owned by the descendants of John Mosso and is managed by his great-grandson Mark Echeverria.[5] The restaurant has kept its original character, which includes high ceilings, dark wood paneling, and red booths.[6] Its waiters and bartenders dress in the same red coats that they have worn for decades.[7] Musso & Frank is now considered a classic \"New York-style bar and restaurant\".[8]In 2019, Musso & Frank celebrated its 100th anniversary[9] and in 2021, it expanded its seating capacity for the first time in 66 years with the addition of two private dining rooms.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Welsh rarebit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_rarebit"},{"link_name":"lobster Thermidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster_Thermidor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swept-6"},{"link_name":"pot pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_pie"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-12"}],"text":"Musso & Frank has maintained its classic decor and its classic steakhouse-style menu,[11] which includes such dishes as Welsh rarebit, lobster Thermidor,[6] and chicken pot pie, available only on Thursdays.[12]","title":"Menu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenan2000-13"}],"text":"When Musso and Frank opened in 1919, the political and financial life of Los Angeles was centered in Downtown Los Angeles, which was a difficult journey at that time. This made it possible for the restaurant to attract the more bohemian and intellectual clientele who were starting to spend time in Hollywood.[13]","title":"Cultural role in the life of Los Angeles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Screen Writers Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Writers_Guild"},{"link_name":"Stanley Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Rose"},{"link_name":"hard-boiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-boiled"},{"link_name":"James M. Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Cain"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starr1991-14"},{"link_name":"John Fante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fante"},{"link_name":"Carey McWilliams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carey_McWilliams_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine2004-15"},{"link_name":"Raymond Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Nathanael West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanael_West"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starr1991-14"},{"link_name":"Ernest Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"William Saroyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saroyan"},{"link_name":"Dashiell Hammett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett"},{"link_name":"Erskine Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erskine_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles2009-16"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Parker"},{"link_name":"William Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenan2000-13"},{"link_name":"F. Scott Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Elliot Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Paul"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Gore Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Vidal"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Donald Ogden Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Ogden_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gabler2010-20"},{"link_name":"Paul Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cain_(pen_name)"},{"link_name":"Nathanael West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanael_West"},{"link_name":"The Day of the Locust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Locust"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT2000-21"},{"link_name":"Charles Bukowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bukowski"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles2009-16"},{"link_name":"Kevin Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Starr"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starr2002-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson1978-22"},{"link_name":"congresswoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Helen Gahagan Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gahagan_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"1950 Senate election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_California,_1950"},{"link_name":"Melvyn Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denton2009-23"},{"link_name":"CPUSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUSA"},{"link_name":"Will Geer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Geer"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geer-24"}],"sub_title":"Literature, theatre and politics","text":"By the 1930s, Musso and Frank was firmly established at the center of Hollywood's cultural life. The Screen Writers Guild was located across the street, and Stanley Rose's essential bookstore was right next door to the restaurant. Many writers of the hard-boiled fiction that Rose preferred, who hung out in the back room of the bookstore, spent endless hours in the bar of Musso and Frank, including James M. Cain,[14] John Fante (who frequented the restaurant with famed journalist and historian Carey McWilliams),[15] Raymond Chandler, and Nathanael West.[14] Other literary regulars include Ernest Hemingway, William Saroyan, Dashiell Hammett, Erskine Caldwell,[16] Dorothy Parker, William Faulkner,[13] F. Scott Fitzgerald,[17] Elliot Paul,[18] Gore Vidal,[19] and Donald Ogden Stewart.[20] The restaurant appears in Paul Cain's 1933 hardboiled novel Fast One, as well as Nathanael West's 1939 novel The Day of the Locust.[21] By the 1940s the restaurant was so firmly identified with the Los Angeles literary scene that aspiring writers, e.g. Charles Bukowski, would drink there in a conscious effort to imitate their role models.[16] Eminent California historian Kevin Starr has said that a list of writers who frequented Musso and Frank resembles \"the list of required reading for a sophomore survey of the mid-twentieth-century American novel\".[8]Important Los Angeles progressives and communists were identified with Musso and Frank (and Rose's bookstore as well).[22] Future California congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas, famous for being defeated by Richard Nixon in a notably dirty 1950 Senate election, ate dinner at Musso and Frank on her first night after moving to Los Angeles with her husband, actor Melvyn Douglas.[23] Noted actor and CPUSA member Will Geer met regularly at Musso and Frank in the late 1930s and 1940s with a group of young radical writers and actors.[24]","title":"Cultural role in the life of Los Angeles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States#Rise_of_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powers2010-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Tom Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mix"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geer-24"},{"link_name":"Harry Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Warner"},{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_L._Warner"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenan2000-13"},{"link_name":"Greta Garbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Garbo"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Bogart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Marlon Brando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe"},{"link_name":"William Frawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Frawley"},{"link_name":"Douglas Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swept-6"},{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Budd Schulberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Schulberg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenan2000-13"},{"link_name":"Johnny Depp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-12"},{"link_name":"George Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney"},{"link_name":"Brad Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Pitt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genesis-1"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"Harrison Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Ford"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aguirre-30"}],"sub_title":"The film industry","text":"From its founding, Musso and Frank has been part of the social life of the Los Angeles film industry.[25] The restaurant kept a separate back room for its film industry clientele,[26] which included not only screenwriters, many of whom are listed above, but actors, producers and directors as well, including Tom Mix, Charlie Chaplin,[24] Harry Warner and his brother Jack,[13] Greta Garbo,[27] Humphrey Bogart, Frank Sinatra, Marlon Brando, Marilyn Monroe, William Frawley, Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford,[6] Orson Welles,[28] Rudolph Valentino,[29] and Budd Schulberg.[13] The restaurant's popularity with industry clientele continues to the present, with modern stars, e.g. Johnny Depp,[12] George Clooney, Brad Pitt,[1] Keith Richards, and Harrison Ford[30] patronizing the restaurant.","title":"Cultural role in the life of Los Angeles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ed Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wood_(film)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Ocean's Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%27s_Eleven"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Greenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenberg_(film)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Coen brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coen_brothers"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Wasn't There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Wasn%27t_There_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mad Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Men"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The Kominsky Method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kominsky_Method"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time in Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tarantino-37"},{"link_name":"Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Blonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde_(2022_film)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Better Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Things_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Day of the Locust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Locust"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Paul Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cain_(pen_name)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT2000-21"},{"link_name":"What Makes Sammy Run?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Makes_Sammy_Run%3F"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Husbands_of_Evelyn_Hugo"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Michael Connelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Connelly"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Huell Howser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huell_Howser"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"1,000 Places to See Before You Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,000_Places_to_See_Before_You_Die"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Because of its status as an iconic Los Angeles restaurant, Musso and Frank has been featured in multiple films and television series including Ed Wood (1994),[31] Ocean's Eleven (2001),[32] Greenberg (2010),[33] the Coen brothers' The Man Who Wasn't There (2001),[34] Mad Men (2007-2015),[35] The Kominsky Method (2018–2021),[36] Quentin Tarantino's Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019),[37] the Amazon Prime Series Bosch (2020), Blonde (2022),[38] and the FX series Better Things.The restaurant is also mentioned in the novels The Day of the Locust (1939),[39] Paul Cain's Fast One (1933),[21] What Makes Sammy Run? (1941),[40] The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo (2017),[41] and The Law of Innocence by Michael Connelly.[42]The restaurant is featured in Visiting... with Huell Howser Episode 307.[43]In 2019, Musso & Frank became the first restaurant to be given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[44]Musso & Frank is listed as one of the \"1,000 Places to See Before You Die\" in the travel book of the same name by Patricia Schultz.[45]","title":"In popular culture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Musso & Frank Grill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/MussoFrankLogo.jpg/250px-MussoFrankLogo.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Jayne Clark (July 1, 2010). \"For tourists, Hollywood glitters anew\". USA TODAY.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paul Zollo (16 April 2011). Hollywood Remembered: An Oral History of Its Golden Age. Taylor Trade Publications. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-58979-614-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AtEYBrGpGZwC&pg=PT60","url_text":"Hollywood Remembered: An Oral History of Its Golden Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58979-614-0","url_text":"978-1-58979-614-0"}]},{"reference":"Balla, Lesley (February 22, 2019). \"Musso & Frank Turns 100 as David Lynch, John Travolta and More Dish on Hollywood's Oldest Restaurant: \"There Must Be a Trillion Stories\"\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/musso-frank-turns-100-john-travolta-more-tell-all-oral-history-1186746","url_text":"\"Musso & Frank Turns 100 as David Lynch, John Travolta and More Dish on Hollywood's Oldest Restaurant: \"There Must Be a Trillion Stories\"\""}]},{"reference":"Larry Wilson (January 24, 2012). \"Eateries old, eateries new\". Pasadena Star-News.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Drink, dine and be swept away to Old Hollywood at Musso & Frank Grill\". Los Angeles Examiner. March 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Examiner","url_text":"Los Angeles Examiner"}]},{"reference":"Larry Wilson (January 27, 2012). \"In LAVA's flow at Musso & Frank\". Pasadena Star-News.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kevin Starr (1 September 2002). The Dream Endures: California Enters the 1940s. Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-19-515797-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Starr","url_text":"Kevin Starr"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9HnIh_auw9MC&pg=PA300","url_text":"The Dream Endures: California Enters the 1940s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515797-0","url_text":"978-0-19-515797-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Musso & Frank Grill, 100 years later\". Los Angeles Times. 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2022-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/food/story/2019-09-24/musso-and-frank-after-100-years","url_text":"\"Musso & Frank Grill, 100 years later\""}]},{"reference":"Breijo, Stephanie (2021-11-02). \"Musso & Frank adds new dining rooms for the first time in 66 years\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/food/story/2021-11-02/the-musso-frank-grill-expands-adds-new-dining-rooms-for-the-first-time-in-66-years","url_text":"\"Musso & Frank adds new dining rooms for the first time in 66 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Bohème: A delicious taste of elegance\". Los Angeles Examiner. June 5, 2011.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kate Lucas (November 16, 2012). \"These L.A. restaurants stand the test of time\". Orange County Register.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jr. Professor of History University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill William E. Leuchtenburg William R. Kenan (9 November 2000). American Places : Encounters with History: Encounters with History. Oxford University Press. pp. 286–7. ISBN 978-0-19-802989-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kyq6JlqU58kC&pg=PA286","url_text":"American Places : Encounters with History: Encounters with History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802989-2","url_text":"978-0-19-802989-2"}]},{"reference":"Kevin Starr (October 1991). Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s. Oxford University Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-19-507260-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Starr","url_text":"Kevin Starr"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h-xCsPyii2gC&pg=PA348","url_text":"Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507260-0","url_text":"978-0-19-507260-0"}]},{"reference":"David M. Fine (2004). Imagining Los Angeles: A City in Fiction. University of Nevada Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-87417-603-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yO5FqjE_tGoC&pg=PA190","url_text":"Imagining Los Angeles: A City in Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-603-2","url_text":"978-0-87417-603-2"}]},{"reference":"Barry Miles (6 October 2009). Charles Bukowski. Ebury Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7535-2159-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcw1bRzDd8wC&pg=PT81","url_text":"Charles Bukowski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-2159-5","url_text":"978-0-7535-2159-5"}]},{"reference":"\"An ironclad agreement\". Observer-Reporter. May 11, 2013. p. 1B.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer-Reporter","url_text":"Observer-Reporter"}]},{"reference":"John Schultheiss (Autumn 1971). \"The 'Eastern' Writer in Hollywood\". Cinema Journal. 11 (1): 13–47. doi:10.2307/1225347. JSTOR 1225347.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1225347","url_text":"10.2307/1225347"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1225347","url_text":"1225347"}]},{"reference":"Purdum, Todd S. (2019-05-23). \"What Keeps Hollywood's Oldest Restaurant Running\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2022-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/05/musso-and-frank-100-years-later/589264/","url_text":"\"What Keeps Hollywood's Oldest Restaurant Running\""}]},{"reference":"Neal Gabler (17 November 2010). An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-307-77371-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S8MMhPYLG2sC&pg=PA325","url_text":"An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77371-5","url_text":"978-0-307-77371-5"}]},{"reference":"Nolan, Tom (2000-02-06). \"Martinis & Mythology\". Los Angeles Times (Proquest Historical Newspapers). Los Angeles.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Michael Wilson (1978). Salt of the Earth: Screenplay. Feminist Press at CUNY. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-912670-45-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/saltofearthscree00wils","url_text":"Salt of the Earth: Screenplay"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/saltofearthscree00wils/page/101","url_text":"101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912670-45-4","url_text":"978-0-912670-45-4"}]},{"reference":"Sally Denton (17 November 2009). The Pink Lady: The Many Lives of Helen Gahagan Douglas. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-60819-172-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SKPgoWzw00EC&pg=PA43","url_text":"The Pink Lady: The Many Lives of Helen Gahagan Douglas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-172-7","url_text":"978-1-60819-172-7"}]},{"reference":"Cecil Smith (December 17, 1972). \"Will Geer: Waltons good sweet American corn\". Los Angeles Times. p. O2. 'Bless me,' said Will Geer and he took off his floppy bushman's hat and looked around the dark paneled room of Musso-Frank's Grill. 'Forty years ago and more I used to come here, a group of us, young writers and actors eager to change the world, young intellectuals. Well, Charlie Chaplin always had his lunch here and he'd greet us with: \"Here come the young revolutionaries. I was a revolutionary before any of you were born...\"' Will's booming laugh rattled the crockery in the famous old restaurant on Hollywood Blvd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stefanie Powers (2 November 2010). One from the Hart. Pocket Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4391-7212-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=61rslRcPoZ0C&pg=PA7","url_text":"One from the Hart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-7212-4","url_text":"978-1-4391-7212-4"}]},{"reference":"Sam McManis (June 17, 2012). \"L.A. noir: It's still there\". Philadelphia Inquirer.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"Philadelphia Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"Philip K. Scheuer (August 13, 1933). \"A Town Called Hollywood\". Los Angeles Times. I have seen [Garbo] three times since: Once at the old Montmartre Cafe, thinly disguised by dark glasses, striding from her luncheon table; once at Musso-Frank's, informal in slacks, gulping near-beer and attacking spaghetti; and last week, wan and fidgety as she sat in an old hump-backed limousine on the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer lot.","urls":[]},{"reference":"James Mathers (April 7, 2009). \"Drunk or sober, Musso & Frank was Orson Welles' first stop in Hollywood\". Los Angeles Examiner.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Anthony Slide (Summer 1999). \"The Silent Closet\". Film Quarterly. 52 (4): 24–32. doi:10.2307/1213772. JSTOR 1213772.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1213772","url_text":"10.2307/1213772"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1213772","url_text":"1213772"}]},{"reference":"Michelle Sathe (December 11, 2011). \"Aguirre: Bartender to the stars\". The Signal.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Classic Locations: Musso & Frank\". Los Angeles Times. April 11, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/11/entertainment/la-et-sider-20110411","url_text":"\"Classic Locations: Musso & Frank\""}]},{"reference":"Levy, Shawn (January 31, 2002). \"Swingers\". The Guardian. Retrieved January 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/feb/01/artsfeatures","url_text":"\"Swingers\""}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Todd (February 14, 2010). \"Review: 'Greenberg'\". Variety. Retrieved January 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/greenberg-1117942176/","url_text":"\"Review: 'Greenberg'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coen Brothers' 'Man' is darkly moody, handsomely shot — Film Noir Blonde\". www.filmnoirblonde.com. Retrieved 2019-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmnoirblonde.com/%E2%80%98the-man-who-wasn%E2%80%99t-there%E2%80%99-is-darkly-moody-handsomely-shot/","url_text":"\"Coen Brothers' 'Man' is darkly moody, handsomely shot — Film Noir Blonde\""}]},{"reference":"solutions, Prodev-internet-. \"Mad Men at Musso & Frank - filming location\". www.sceen-it.com. Retrieved 2019-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sceen-it.com/sceen/523/Mad-Men/Musso-Frank","url_text":"\"Mad Men at Musso & Frank - filming location\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: 'The Kominsky Method' follows its own winning methodology with the help of Alan Arkin and Michael Douglas\". Los Angeles Times. 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2019-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-review-kominsky-method-alan-arkin-michael-douglas-lorre-netflix-20181115-story.html","url_text":"\"Review: 'The Kominsky Method' follows its own winning methodology with the help of Alan Arkin and Michael Douglas\""}]},{"reference":"Nickolai, Nate; Saperstein, Pat (July 30, 2019). \"'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood': A Guide to the Los Angeles Area Landmarks\". Variety. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/film/news/once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-locations-guide-musso-and-frank-1203284555/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood': A Guide to the Los Angeles Area Landmarks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything You Need to Know About 'Blonde'\". Netflix Tudum. Retrieved 2022-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/blonde-release-date-cast-news","url_text":"\"Everything You Need to Know About 'Blonde'\""}]},{"reference":"Nathanael West (2009). Miss Lonelyhearts & The Day of the Locust. New Directions Publishing Company. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8112-1822-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=coM3vzpyV54C&q=the+day+of+the+locust+musso&pg=PA174","url_text":"Miss Lonelyhearts & The Day of the Locust"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8112-1822-1","url_text":"978-0-8112-1822-1"}]},{"reference":"Budd Schulberg (25 May 2011). What Makes Sammy Run?. Random House. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-679-73422-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eSbBDWgqcgYC&q=Musso0&pg=PA130","url_text":"What Makes Sammy Run?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-73422-2","url_text":"978-0-679-73422-2"}]},{"reference":"Reid, Taylor Jenkins (2017-06-13). The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-3924-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=njVpDQAAQBAJ&dq=the+seven+husbands+of+evelyn+hugo+%22musso%22+frank&pg=PT104","url_text":"The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-3924-6","url_text":"978-1-5011-3924-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Musso Frank – Visiting (307) – Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University\".","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.chapman.edu/huell-howser-archives/2017/02/24/musso-frank-visiting-307/","url_text":"\"Musso Frank – Visiting (307) – Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Musso & Frank Grill First Restaurant to Get Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame Friday, Sept. 27th\". 25 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laweekly.com/musso-frank-grill-first-restaurant-to-get-star-on-hollywood-walk-of-fame-friday-sept-27th/","url_text":"\"Musso & Frank Grill First Restaurant to Get Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame Friday, Sept. 27th\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrities Need Comfort Food Too: A Hollywood Hangout Turns 100\". NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2019/05/01/716343844/celebrities-need-comfort-food-too-a-hollywood-hangout-turns-100","url_text":"\"Celebrities Need Comfort Food Too: A Hollywood Hangout Turns 100\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_Pap_Kiadeh
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Pain Pap Kiadeh
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["1 Demographics","1.1 Population","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 37°14′47″N 50°11′23″E / 37.24639°N 50.18972°E / 37.24639; 50.18972Former village in Gilan province, Iran
Former Village in Gilan, IranPain Pap Kiadeh
Persian: پايين پاپ كيادهFormer VillagePain Pap KiadehCoordinates: 37°14′47″N 50°11′23″E / 37.24639°N 50.18972°E / 37.24639; 50.18972CountryIranProvinceGilanCountyLangarudDistrictCentralRural DistrictChafPopulation (2006) • Total562Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Pain Pap Kiadeh (Persian: پايين پاپكياده) was a village in Chaf Rural District of the Central District of Langarud County, Gilan province, Iran.
Demographics
Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 562 in 186 households.
After the census, the villages of Chaf-e Bala, Chaf-e Pain, Chamkhaleh, Galesh Kolam, Hoseynabad-e Chaf, Kamal ol Din Poshteh, Mian Mahalleh-ye Pap Kiadeh, Pain Pap Kiadeh, Palat Kaleh, Pir Poshteh, Radar Kumeh, Soltan Moradi, Tappeh, and Tazehabad-e Chaf merged to form the new city of Chaf and Chamkhaleh.
See also
Iran portal
Notes
^ Also romanized as Pā’īn Pāp Kīādeh; also known as Pāeenmaḩalleh-ye Pāpīyādeh
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (5 October 2023). "Pain Pap Kiadeh, Langarud County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2023.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ Iranian National Committee for Standardization of Geographical Names website (in Persian)
^ Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (18 May 1388). "Divisional changes and reforms in Gilan province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
vte Gilan ProvinceCapital
Rasht
Counties and citiesAmlash County
Amlash
Rankuh
Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh County
Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh
Kiashahr
Astara County
Astara
Lavandevil
Bandar-e Anzali County
Bandar-e Anzali
Fuman County
Fuman
Masuleh , Maklavan
Lahijan County
Lahijan
Roudboneh
Langarud County
Langarud
Chaf and Chamkhaleh
Kumeleh
Otaqvar
Shalman
Masal County
Masal
Bazar Jomeh
Rasht County
Rasht
Khomam
Khoshk-e Bijar
Kuchesfahan
Lasht-e Nesha
Sangar
Rezvanshahr County
Rezvanshahr
Pareh Sar
Rudbar County
Rudbar
Barehsar
Jirandeh
Lowshan
Manjil
Rostamabad
Tutkabon
Roudsar County
Roudsar
Chaboksar
Kelachay
Rahimabad
Vajargah
Shaft County
Shaft
Ahmadsargurab
Siahkal County
Siahkal
Deilaman
Sowme'eh Sara County
Sowme'eh Sara
Gurab Zarmikh
Marjaghal
Talesh County
Hashtpar
Asalem
Chubar
Haviq
Lisar
Sights
Alshaytan Mountain
Anzali Lagoon
Astarachay
Anzali Maritime Museum
Laton Waterfall
Astara Cactus museum
Emarat-i Kulah Farangi Rasht
Estil Lagoon
Ghaziayan bridge
Heyran road
Heyran Gondola lift
Rasht Municipality (city hall)
Roudkhan Castle
Sajiran waterfall
Lunak waterfall
Marlik royal cemetery
Masouleh
Moin Mausoleum
Muhtasham garden
Kull ancient castle
Rasht museum
Sheitankoh
Tea Museum of Lahijan
Zahed Gilani's Shrine
Tea museum
Populated places
List of cities, towns and villages in Gilan Province
vte Langarud CountyCapital
Langarud
DistrictsCentralCities
Chaf and Chamkhaleh
Langarud
Rural Districts and villagesChaf
Bala Pap Kiadeh
Hasanabad
Hoseynabad-e Chaf
Khal Kiasar
Mian Mahalleh-ye Pap Kiadeh
Pain Pap Kiadeh
Poshtaleh-ye Sar
Radar Kumeh
Sadat Mahalleh
Tazehabad
Tazehabad-e Chaf
Divshal
Abchalagi
Akhund Mahalleh
Bala Mahalleh-ye Nalkiashar
Bazar Deh-e Gol Bagh
Darvishan Bar
Divshal
Divshal Poshteh
Esmail Sara
Galesh Kalam-e Leyla Kuh
Hajj Ebrahim Deh
Jodanukar
Khalia Gol
Kharrat Mahalleh
Kushal Shad
Leyla Kuh
Lukolayeh
Mubandan
Pain Mahalleh-ye Nalkiashar
Sadat Mahalleh
Siah Kaldeh
Talesh Mahalleh
Gel-e Sefid
Darya Kenar
Fatideh
Galesh Khaleh
Galesh Kolam
Gel-e Sefid
Kamal ol Din Poshteh
Palat Kaleh
Pir Poshteh
Soltan Moradi
Tappeh
KumelehCities
Kumeleh
Shalman
Rural Districts and villagesDaryasar
Bala Salkuyeh
Daryasar
Golab Mahalleh
Kelidbar
Malat
Pain Qazi Mahalleh
Pain Salkuyeh
Shad Kalayeh
Sigarud
Moridan
Dadqansara
Hajji Sara
Kia Gahan
Lasheh
Liarjdemeh
Liseh Rud
Moridan
Paresh Kuh
Siah Kord Gavabar
Solush
OtaqvarCities
Otaqvar
Rural Districts and villagesLat Leyl
Abdangsar
Aghuzchal
Aliabad Sara
Arb Gardan
Atash Sara
Bolur Dokan
Chaharsu Poshteh
Chal Dasht
Chaliki
Changul
Fabili
Feblasheh
Fi Ab
Ganj Ali Sara
Garsak-e Pain
Hoseynabad
Kahlestan
Kal Chal
Kateh Khurteh-ye Pain
Khaleh Sar
Lat Leyl
Lateh
Liashur Sara-ye Olya
Liashur Saray-e Ostad Vali
Liashur Sara-ye Sofla
Lisha Kuh
Mian Gavaber
Pish Kuh-e Pain
Pol Darreh
Poshteh Sara
Sang Tash
Sarleyleh
Sheshtanrud-e Bala
Sheshtanrud-e Pain
Siah Manseh-ye Bala
Siah Manseh-ye Pain
Tash Kola
Tazehabad
Zargush
Otaqvar
Akbar Sara
Alam Sar
Alikhan Sara
Alman Lengeh
Anbolan Sara
Aqa Ali Sara
Arbu Langeh
Asd Sara
Ashiyan
Ashkal
Atarud
Baji Sara
Bala Shekar Kesh
Bandar Mahalleh
Bar Gali
Behesht Lat
Behpesa Bagh
Bijar Anjil-e Kachal Bon
Birum
Churi
Dasht-e Olam
Deh Jan
Febil Gav Sara
Garusi
Gav Koli
Gerd Gavabar
Golsu
Hoseyn Sara
Jan Aliabad
Javardeh
Kachal Bon
Kafsh Kal Mahalleh
Kahlebun
Kandsar
Kandsar-e Shekar Kesh
Kandsar-e Zeyn Pareh
Kareh Rud Khan
Khalifeh Gavabar
Khana Poshtan
Khanavar Sara
Khomeyr Mahalleh
Khorar
Khorma
Khortay
Kish Posht
Kord Sara Kuh-e Bala
Kord Sara Kuh-e Pain
Lak Posht
Larzian
Lemushposht
Liseh Rud-e Tazehabad
Lotf Ali Gavaber
Madian Gavaber
Marzalat
Melaz Gavaber
Mian Shekar Kesh
Mohammad Jafar Mahalleh
Narenjbon-e Bala
Narenjbon-e Pain
Navasar
Neshash
Noqareh Chi Mahalleh
Pain Kesh Sara
Pain Shekar Kesh
Pashtal Sara
Penu
Pileh Mahalleh
Porush-e Bala
Porush-e Pain
Sabz Ali Sara
Sadat Mahalleh
Salajan
Sang Sara
Sharif Ali Sara
Shesh Kalayeh
Sheshlu
Silab Kesh
Su Gavaber
Taleb Sara
Tazehabad-e Kord Sara Kuh
Tiksar
Vandarkesh
Zohrab Ali Sara
This Langarud County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chaf Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaf_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Langarud_County)"},{"link_name":"Langarud County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langarud_County"},{"link_name":"Gilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"}],"text":"Former village in Gilan province, IranFormer Village in Gilan, IranPain Pap Kiadeh (Persian: پايين پاپكياده)[a] was a village in Chaf Rural District of the Central District of Langarud County, Gilan province, Iran.","title":"Pain Pap Kiadeh"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-2"},{"link_name":"Chaf-e Bala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaf-e_Bala"},{"link_name":"Chaf-e Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaf-e_Pain"},{"link_name":"Chamkhaleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamkhaleh"},{"link_name":"Galesh Kolam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galesh_Kolam"},{"link_name":"Hoseynabad-e Chaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoseynabad-e_Chaf"},{"link_name":"Kamal ol Din Poshteh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_ol_Din_Poshteh"},{"link_name":"Mian Mahalleh-ye Pap Kiadeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_Mahalleh-ye_Pap_Kiadeh"},{"link_name":"Palat Kaleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palat_Kaleh,_Gilan"},{"link_name":"Pir Poshteh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Poshteh"},{"link_name":"Radar Kumeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_Kumeh"},{"link_name":"Soltan Moradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soltan_Moradi"},{"link_name":"Tappeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tappeh,_Gilan"},{"link_name":"Tazehabad-e Chaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazehabad-e_Chaf"},{"link_name":"Chaf and Chamkhaleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaf_and_Chamkhaleh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaf_and_Chamkhaleh_City-5"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 562 in 186 households.[2]After the census, the villages of Chaf-e Bala, Chaf-e Pain, Chamkhaleh, Galesh Kolam, Hoseynabad-e Chaf, Kamal ol Din Poshteh, Mian Mahalleh-ye Pap Kiadeh, Pain Pap Kiadeh, Palat Kaleh, Pir Poshteh, Radar Kumeh, Soltan Moradi, Tappeh, and Tazehabad-e Chaf merged to form the new city of Chaf and Chamkhaleh.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Also romanized as Pā’īn Pāp Kīādeh; also known as Pāeenmaḩalleh-ye Pāpīyādeh[3]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}]
|
[{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (5 October 2023). \"Pain Pap Kiadeh, Langarud County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=37.246389&mlon=50.189722&zoom=15#map=15/37.2464/50.1897","url_text":"\"Pain Pap Kiadeh, Langarud County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083905/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (18 May 1388). \"Divisional changes and reforms in Gilan province\". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231005144059/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/123804","url_text":"\"Divisional changes and reforms in Gilan province\""},{"url":"https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/123804","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pain_Pap_Kiadeh¶ms=37_14_47_N_50_11_23_E_dim:1km_type:city(562)_region:IR-01","external_links_name":"37°14′47″N 50°11′23″E / 37.24639°N 50.18972°E / 37.24639; 50.18972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pain_Pap_Kiadeh¶ms=37_14_47_N_50_11_23_E_dim:1km_type:city(562)_region:IR-01","external_links_name":"37°14′47″N 50°11′23″E / 37.24639°N 50.18972°E / 37.24639; 50.18972"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=37.246389&mlon=50.189722&zoom=15#map=15/37.2464/50.1897","external_links_name":"\"Pain Pap Kiadeh, Langarud County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083905/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geonames.ncc.org.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4572&Site=geonames.ncc.org&Lang=fa-IR","external_links_name":"Iranian National Committee for Standardization of Geographical Names website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231005144059/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/123804","external_links_name":"\"Divisional changes and reforms in Gilan province\""},{"Link":"https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/123804","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pain_Pap_Kiadeh&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1yer_G.K.
|
Sarıyer S.K.
|
["1 League attendances","2 Honours","3 European participations","4 Current squad","4.1 Other players under contract","5 References","6 External links"]
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Football clubSarıyerFull nameSarıyer Spor KulübüNickname(s)Beyaz Martı(White Seagulls)Founded1940; 84 years ago (1940)GroundYusuf Ziya Öniş Stadium, IstanbulCapacity4,100ChairmanSaffet AkkoyunManagerAhmet YıldırımLeagueTFF Second League2022–23TFF Second League, Red, 15th of 20WebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Third colours
Sarıyer Spor Kulübü or Sarıyer S.K. is a Turkish sports club located in Sarıyer, Istanbul. The football team plays in the TFF Second League. Sarıyer won the Balkans Cup in 1991–92 season against Romanian club Oțelul Galați with results: 0–0 away and 1–0 after extra time at home.
League attendances
Turkish Super League: 1982–94, 1996–97
TFF First League: 1963–69, 1971–82, 1994–96, 1997–01, 2004–05
TFF Second League: 1969–71, 2001–04, 2005–
Honours
Balkans Cup
Winners (1): 1991–92
European participations
As of 14 April 1992
Statistics:
Competition
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Balkans Cup
6
3
2
1
9
4
+5
Total
6
3
2
1
9
4
+5
Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; GD = Goal Difference.
Balkans Cup:
Season
Round
Club
Home
Away
Aggregate
Ref
1991-92
Quarter-finals
Hebar Pazardzhik
2–0
1–1
3–1
Semi-finals
Ethnikos Piraeus
0–3
5–0
5–3
Finals
Oțelul Galați
1–0
0–0
1–0
Current squad
As of 4 January 2023
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
TUR
Ömer Alıcı
3
DF
TUR
Hüsnü Başkurt
4
DF
TUR
Bora Çuha
5
MF
TUR
Sezer Yıldırım
7
MF
TUR
Savaş Yılmaz
8
MF
TUR
Altuğ Taş
9
FW
TUR
Taha Dönmez
10
MF
TUR
Berkay Görmez (on loan from İstanbulspor)
11
FW
TUR
Barış Memiş
14
FW
TUR
Emir Can Sayar
20
MF
TUR
Atalay Babacan (on loan from Galatasaray)
22
DF
TUR
Nuri Terliksiz
24
DF
TUR
Işık Kaan Arslan (on loan from Galatasaray)
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
25
DF
TUR
Ensar Sarı
26
DF
TUR
Erkan Bükülmez
29
FW
TUR
Eren Aydın (on loan from Galatasaray)
32
GK
TUR
Ramazan Özkanlı (on loan from Kasımpaşa)
39
DF
TUR
Gökhan Yılmaz
50
MF
TUR
Efe Geçim
55
DF
TUR
Bahri Can Avcı
57
FW
BEL
Ramazan Çevik
61
MF
TUR
Abdulkadir Özdemir
75
GK
TUR
Ümitcan Yıldız
77
DF
TUR
Serhat Ahmetoğlu
78
MF
TUR
Bertul Kocabaş
—
MF
TUR
Eralp Akkuş
Other players under contract
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
FW
TUR
Yaşar Acer
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
FW
TUR
Melihcan Demirci
References
^ "Balkans Cup 1991–92 season". RSSSF. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
^ "Sarıyer S.K. squad". Soccerway. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
External links
Official website
Sarıyer on TFF.org
vteTFF Second League2023–24 teamsWhite Group
1461 Trabzon
Adıyaman
Afyonspor (2013)
Altınordu
Ankaraspor
Ankara Demirspor
Beyoğlu Yeni Çarşı
Bucaspor 1928
Bursaspor
Diyarbekirspor
Esenler Erokspor
Karacabey Belediyespor
Kırklarelispor
Kırşehir FK
Nazilli Belediyespor
Serik Belediyespor
Vanspor FK
Yeni Mersin İdman Yurdu
Zonguldak Kömürspor
Red Group
24 Erzincanspor
68 Aksaray Belediyespor
Amed
Arnavutköy Belediyespor
Belediye Derincespor
Denizlispor
Düzcespor
Etimesgut Belediyespor
Fethiyespor
Iğdır
Isparta 32 Spor
İnegölspor
İskenderunspor
Kastamonuspor 1966
Karaman
Menemen
Sarıyer
Somaspor
Uşakspor
vteSüper Lig
TFF
Union of Clubs
Millî Lig
1959
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1. Lig
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
Süper Lig
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Champions
Galatasaray (24)
Fenerbahçe (19)
Beşiktaş (16)
Trabzonspor (7)
Başakşehir (1)
Bursaspor (1)
Current teams
Adana Demirspor
Alanyaspor
Antalyaspor
Başakşehir
Beşiktaş
Bodrum
Eyüpspor
Fenerbahçe
Galatasaray
Gaziantep
Göztepe
Hatayspor
Kasımpaşa
Kayserispor
Konyaspor
Rizespor
Samsunspor
Sivasspor
Trabzonspor
Former clubs
Adanaspor
Adalet
Akçaabat Sebatspor
Akhisarspor
Altay
Altınordu
Ankara Demirspor
Ankaragücü
Ankaraspor
Aydınspor
Bakırköyspor
Balıkesirspor
Beykozspor
Beyoğlu
Boluspor
Bucaspor
Bursaspor
Çanakkale Dardanelspor
Denizlispor
Diyarbakırspor
Elazığspor
Erzurumspor
Erzurumspor
Eskişehirspor
Fatih Karagümrük
Feriköy
Gaziantepspor
Gençlerbirliği
Giresunspor
Hacettepe
İstanbulspor
İzmirspor
Kahramanmaraşspor
Karabükspor
Karşıyaka
Kayseri Erciyesspor
Keçiörengücü
MKE Kırıkkalespor
Kocaelispor
Malatyaspor
Manisaspor
Mersin İdman Yurdu
Orduspor
Pendikspor
Petrolofisi
PTT
Sakaryaspor
Sarıyer
Siirtspor
Şekerspor
Ümraniyespor
Vanspor
Vefa
Yeni Malatyaspor
Yeşildirek
Yozgatspor
Zeytinburnuspor
Zonguldakspor
This article about a Turkish football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sports club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"Sarıyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1yer"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"TFF Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_Second_League"},{"link_name":"Balkans Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans_Cup"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans_Cup_1991%E2%80%9392"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Oțelul Galați","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C8%9Belul_Gala%C8%9Bi"}],"text":"Football clubSarıyer Spor Kulübü or Sarıyer S.K. is a Turkish sports club located in Sarıyer, Istanbul. The football team plays in the TFF Second League. Sarıyer won the Balkans Cup in 1991–92 season against Romanian club Oțelul Galați with results: 0–0 away and 1–0 after extra time at home.","title":"Sarıyer S.K."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Super_League"},{"link_name":"TFF First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_First_League"},{"link_name":"TFF Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_Second_League"}],"text":"Turkish Super League: 1982–94, 1996–97\nTFF First League: 1963–69, 1971–82, 1994–96, 1997–01, 2004–05\nTFF Second League: 1969–71, 2001–04, 2005–","title":"League attendances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balkans Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans_Cup"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Balkans_Cup"}],"text":"Balkans Cup\nWinners (1): 1991–92","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balkans Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans_Cup"}],"text":"As of 14 April 1992Statistics:Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; GD = Goal Difference.Balkans Cup:","title":"European participations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 4 January 2023[2]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Other players under contract","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Obby_%27Oss_festival
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'Obby 'Oss festival
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["1 Description","2 History","2.1 Origins","2.2 Modern developments","3 Celebration practice","3.1 Night Song","3.2 Day Song","4 Similar hobby horses elsewhere","5 References","5.1 Footnotes","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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May Day celebration in Cornwall, England
The Old 'Oss capturing a young woman during the May Day festival
The 'Obby 'Oss festival (/ˈɒbi ˈɒs/) is a folk custom that takes place each 1st of May in Padstow, a coastal town in North Cornwall. It involves two separate processions making their way around the town, each containing an eponymous hobby horse known as the 'Obby 'Oss.
The festival starts at midnight on the 30th of April when townspeople gather outside the Golden Lion Inn to sing the "Night Song". By morning, the town has been dressed with greenery and flowers placed around the maypole. The excitement begins with the appearance of one of the 'Obby 'Osses. Male dancers cavort through the town dressed as one of two 'Obby 'Osses, the "Old" and the "Blue Ribbon" or "Methodist" 'Obby 'Osses; as the name suggests, they are stylised depictions of horses. Prodded on by assistants known as "Teasers", each wears a mask and black frame-hung cape under which they try to catch young maidens as they pass through the town. Throughout the day, the two parades, led by the "MC" in his top hat and decorated stick, followed by a band of accordions and drums, then the 'Oss and the Teaser, with a host of people, the "Mayers" – all singing the "Morning Song" – pass along the streets of the town. Finally, late in the evening, the two 'osses meet, at the maypole, before returning to their respective stables where the crowd sings of the 'Obby 'Oss death, until its resurrection the following May Eve.
The Old 'Oss party attending the 'Obby 'Oss with dozens of accordions, melodeons and drums
During the twentieth century the existence of the festival was described by a number of folklorists who brought greater attention to it. This helped to make the event a popular tourist attraction and establish it as one of the most famous folk customs in Britain.
Description
The festival takes place on May Day every year. It entails two separate processions that make their way around Padstow on circuits that take twelve hours to traverse. Each procession represents a different half of the town's community.
Only those whose families have lived in Lowenac Padstow for at least two generations are permitted to take part in the processions.
Each procession contains by an 'Obby 'Oss, a hobby horse consisting of an oval frame covered in black oilskin, which has a small horse's head in the front with a snapping jaw. This is led by an individual known as the Teaser, who is dressed in white and carries a painted club. The procession also contains a retinue of white-clad individuals, some playing accordions, melodeons and drums.
This retinue sings a local version of a Mayers' song. At times this tune becomes a dirge, at which the 'Obby 'Oss sinks to the ground and lies flat. When the chorus becomes triumphant again the 'Oss rises and continues along the procession.
History
Origins
The origins of the celebrations in Padstow are unknown. There is extensive documentary evidence of British community May Day celebrations in the 16th century and earlier, although the earliest mention of the 'Obby 'Oss at Padstow dates from 1803. An earlier hobby horse is mentioned in the Cornish language drama Beunans Meriasek, a life of the Camborne saint, where it is associated with a troupe, or "companions." There is no evidence to suggest that the 'Obby 'Oss festival is older than the eighteenth century.
It has been speculated that such festivals have pre-Christian origins, such as in the Celtic festival of Beltane in the Celtic nations, and the Germanic celebrations during the Þrimilci-mōnaþ (literally Three-Milking Month or Month of Three Milkings) in England.
The custom attracted little attention outside of the town until 1907, when the folklorist Francis Etherington drew attention to it. In 1913 the folklorist Thurstan Peter wrote about it; influenced by the ideas of the anthropologist James Frazer, Peter argued that the 'Obby 'Oss custom might have once been a pre-Christian religious ritual designed to secure fertility. The idea that the custom had pre-Christian roots helped to convert it into a tourist attraction. This idea of the custom as a pre-Christian one percolated into the Padstow community, for when the historian Ronald Hutton visited the town in 1985 he found locals describing it to him as an ancient pagan fertility rite. In the 1950s Alan Lomax, then in London and working for the BBC, and his collaborator Peter Kennedy of the English Folk Dance and Song Society, decided to document the unique May Eve and May Day Festivals at Padstow, they selected George Pickow to be their cameraman. The result was the 16-minute colour film Oss Oss Wee Oss (1953).
Crowds of tourists observing the Padstow 'Obby 'Oss custom in 2006
Modern developments
By the 1990s, the 'Obby 'Oss festival was a major attraction that drew large numbers of visitors to Lowennac/Padstow. By that point, Hutton referred to it as "one of the most famous and most dramatic folk customs of modern Britain", adding that it constituted "a tremendous reaffirmation of communal pride and solidarity in this small and normally quiet settlement". The folklorist Doc Rowe, who has attended and documented the custom every year since 1963, goes further – describing 'Obby 'Oss Day as "a united proclamation – almost a 'clenched fist' in the face of time and outside influences... can be seen as a communal pace-maker and, on Mayday, it recharges the community and the good fellowship of the people of Padstow."
The festival was not held in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2022, a coroner's inquiry in Truro considered the death of Laura Smallwood at the 2019 event, when she was struck by a wooden 'Oss and fell unconscious. The coroner concluded that "I find as fact that the 'Oss struck Laura and it is far more likely than not that this caused the injuries identified at post-mortem that led directly to her death." He added that it was "frankly surprising" that the event had "no single event organiser" dealing with safety issues, and said that he would send a report to the government expressing concerns about such events needing to have a named organiser, as well as the need for more police powers to control them.
Celebration practice
The blue ribbon 'Oss in 2009
The celebration itself starts at midnight on 30 April with unaccompanied singing around the town starting at the Golden Lion Inn. By the morning of 1 May, the town is dressed with greenery, flowers and flags, with the focus being the maypole.
The climax arrives when two groups of dancers progress through the town, one of each team wearing a stylised recreation of a 'horse.' The two 'osses are known as the "Old" and the "Blue Ribbon" 'osses. During the day a number of "Junior" or "colt" 'osses appear, operated by children. Accompanied by drums and accordions and led by acolytes known as "Teasers", each 'oss is adorned by a gruesome mask and black, oilskin cape on a circular frame under which they try to catch young maidens as they pass through the town. The Blue ribbon 'oss is apparently of more recent origin. In the late 19th century, Blue 'Oss was supported by members of the Temperance movement who were trying to discourage the consumption of alcohol associated with the "old" 'oss followers. After the first world war the imperative of temperance was lost, and the 'oss became known as the Peace 'Oss. Each 'oss has a "stable" (in the case of the Old 'Oss, the Golden Lion Inn and the Blue Ribbon 'Oss, the institute, from which they emerge at the start of the day's proceedings and retire at the end. Sometimes in the late afternoon, the 'osses may meet at the maypole and dance together.
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Night Song
May Pole in Padstow, 2006
Unite and unite and let us all unite,
For summer is acome unto day,
And whither we are going we will all unite,
In the merry morning of May.
I warn you young men everyone,
For summer is acome unto day,
To go to the green-wood and fetch your May home,
In the merry morning of May.
Arise up Mr. ..... and joy you betide,
For summer is acome unto day,
And bright is your bride that lies by your side,
In the merry morning of May.
Arise up Mrs. ..... and gold be your ring,
For summer is acome unto day,
And give to us a cup of ale the merrier we shall sing,
In the merry morning of May.
Arise up Miss ..... all in your gown of green,
For summer is acome unto day,
You are as fine a lady as wait upon the Queen,
In the merry morning of May.
Now fare you well, and we bid you all good cheer,
For summer is acome unto day,
We call once more unto your house before another year,
In the merry morning of May.
Day Song
Unite and unite and let us all unite,
For summer is acome unto day,
And whither we are going we will all unite,
In the merry morning of May.
Arise up Mr. ..... I know you well afine,
For summer is acome unto day,
You have a shilling in your purse and I wish it were in mine,
In the merry morning of May.
All out of your beds,
For summer is acome unto day,
Your chamber shall be strewed with the white rose and the red
In the merry morning of May.
Where are the young men that here now should dance,
For summer is acome unto day,
Some they are in England some they are in France,
In the merry morning of May.
Where are the maidens that here now should sing,
For summer is acome unto day,
They are in the meadows the flowers gathering,
In the merry morning of May.
Arise up Mr. ..... with your sword by your side,
For summer is acome unto day,
Your steed is in the stable awaiting for to ride,
In the merry morning of May.
Arise up Miss ..... and strew all your flowers,
For summer is acome unto day,
It is but a while ago since we have strewn ours,
In the merry morning of May.
O! where is St. George,
O!, where is he O,
He is out in his long boat on the salt sea O.
Up flies the kite and down tails the lark O.
Aunt Ursula Birdhood she had an old ewe
And she died in her own Park O.
With the merry ring, adieu the merry spring,
For summer is acome unto day,
How happy is the little bird that merrily doth sing,
In the merry morning of May.
The young men of Padstow they might if they would,
For summer is acome unto day,
They might have built a ship and gilded her with gold,
In the merry morning of May.
The young women of Padstow might if they would,
For summer is acome unto day,
They might have made a garland with the white rose and the red,
In the merry morning of May.
Arise up Mr. ..... and reach me your hand,
For summer is acome unto day,
And you shall have a lively lass with a thousand pounds in hand.
In the merry morning of May.
Arise up Miss ..... all in your cloak of silk,
For summer is acome unto day,
And all your body under as white as any milk,
In the merry morning of May.
O! where is St. George,
O!, where is he O,
He is out in his long boat on the salt sea O.
Up flies the kite and down tails the lark O.
Aunt Ursula Birdhood she had an old ewe
And she died in her own Park O.
Now fare you well and bid you all good cheer,
For summer is acome unto day,
We call no more unto your house before another year,
In the merry morning of May.
Similar hobby horses elsewhere
The Minehead Hobby Horse in 2008
See also: Hobby horse
'Obby 'Oss traditions also exist in nearby Barnstaple and Combe Martin.
Minehead in Somerset also has two large hobby horses, the Sailors' Horse and the Town Horse. Although more pointed or boat-shaped than the Padstow 'Osses, they are similar in that the dancer within the costume wears a tall, conical hat with a grotesque mask over their face; the horse framework is suspended from the dancer's shoulders and a long skirt hangs down to partly hide their body; the animal's heads are small and wooden with snapping jaws. They also capture bystanders.
There is documentary evidence of an 'Oss at Penzance in the late 19th century, made with a caped stick and skull, which has formed the basis of the Penglaz 'Obby 'Oss that appears during the Golowan festival and the Montol Festival, both modern revivals; the skull 'oss is strikingly similar to the Mari Lwyd in Wales associated with the pre-Christian deity Rhiannon, known as Epona the horse goddess in continental Celtic cultures, passing into festive folklore as 'the Old Grey Mare' in neighbouring parts of Britain e.g. Dartmoor (Widecombe Fair), Dorset (The Grey Mare and her Colts), as well as the Soultide mummers' horses of Cheshire.
Similar Corpus Christi (May–June) folk tradition exists in Galicia in Spain and Portugal where St George fights a dragon in the manner of the Cornish Mummers Plays. Tinsel-cloaked street entertainers dress similarly to the Welsh Mari Llywd but the snapping animal skull might be a goat or fox rather than horse and depicts the Coco or the Peluda.
The Tarasque from Southern France
The Tarasque procession from southern France has direct pre-Roman Celtic antecedents and a terrifying ancient Celtic sculpture at the Musée lapidaire d'Avignon depicts the monster hoarding severed human heads.
There are some similarities between this festival and the Lajkonik hobby-horse festival in Kraków, Poland. In particular the idea that young women may be captured or struck with a stick to bring them "luck" or fertility suggests a pagan, or at least medieval origin. Lajkonik is 700 years old.
Rather more recent is the Banbury Hobby-Horse festival, which started in 2000, and features ritual animals from all parts of the British Isles, some old, some more modern.
References
Footnotes
^ "Oss Oss Wee Oss! (1953)". YouTube. Alan Lomax Archive. May 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ "Family Rankin – Padstow (The May Morning Song) lyrics". Lyricsty.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hutton 1996, p. 81.
^ "Riding a cock horse". Fortean Times. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
^ Stokes, Whitley, ed. and tr; Hadton, Dominus (1830-1909), Beunans Meriasek. The life of Saint Meriasek, bishop and confessor. A Cornish drama. https://archive.org/details/beunansmeriasek01hadtgoog/page/n84
^ a b c d Hutton 1996, p. 82.
^ Caput XV: De mensibus Anglorum from De mensibus Anglorum. Available online: Archived 7 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "English Folk Customs". Anglo-Saxon Heathenism. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Obby Oss Day". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007.
^ Rowe, Doc (2006). May Day: The Coming of Spring. United Kingdom: English Heritage. pp. 38–40. ISBN 1-85074-983-3.
^ Matthews, Chris (19 March 2020). "Obby Oss celebrations have been cancelled". CornwallLive.
^ "Padstow Obby Oss festival: Laura Smallwood dies in hospital", BBC News, 4 May 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2022
^ "Nurse was killed by wooden horse at festival in Padstow", BBC News, 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022
^ "Master Mummers - Antrobus Soulcakers 2008". www.mastermummers.org.
^ "Banbury Hobby Horse Festival". Hobby Horse Festival. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
Bibliography
Banks, M. M. (1938). "Padstow May Festival". Folklore. 49 (4): 391–394. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1938.9718782.
Cawte, E. C. (1978). Ritual Animal Disguise: A Historical and Geographical Study of Animal Disguise in the British Isles. Cambridge and Totowa: D.S. Brewer Ltd. and Rowman and Littlefield for the Folklore Society. ISBN 978-0-85991-028-6.
Cornish, Helen (2015). "Not All Singing and Dancing: Padstow, Folk Festivals and Belonging". Ethnos: 1–17.
Gilligan, J. Herman, in (1987). Bouquet, Mary; Winter, Michael (eds.). "Visitors, Tourists and Outsiders in a Cornish Town". Who from Their Labours Rest?: Conflict and Practice in Rural Tourism. Aldershot: Avebury. ISBN 978-0566053306.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Gilligan, J. Herman, in (1990). Harris, C.C. (ed.). "Padstow: Economic and Social Change in a Cornish Town". Family, Economy and Community. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Hole, Christina (1995) . A Dictionary of British Folk Customs. Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-85986-129-5.
Hutton, Ronald (1996). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820570-8.
Rawe, Donald R. (1972). Padstow's Obby Oss and May Day Festivities: A Study in Tradition and Folklore. Wadebridge: Lodenek Press. ISBN 978-0902899162.
Semmens, Jason (2005). "Guising, Ritual and Revival: The Hobby Horse in Cornwall". Old Cornwall. 13 (6): 39–46.
External links
Cornwall portal
Video of the "Old Oss" emerging from its stable
Padstow Obby Oss with references to music notation and links
Oss Oss Wee Oss; (1953) Alan Lomax Archive
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It involves two separate processions making their way around the town, each containing an eponymous hobby horse known as the 'Obby 'Oss.The festival starts at midnight on the 30th of April when townspeople gather outside the Golden Lion Inn to sing the \"Night Song\". By morning, the town has been dressed with greenery and flowers placed around the maypole. The excitement begins with the appearance of one of the 'Obby 'Osses. Male dancers cavort through the town dressed as one of two 'Obby 'Osses, the \"Old\" and the \"Blue Ribbon\" or \"Methodist\" 'Obby 'Osses; as the name suggests, they are stylised depictions of horses. Prodded on by assistants known as \"Teasers\", each wears a mask and black frame-hung cape under which they try to catch young maidens as they pass through the town. Throughout the day, the two parades, led by the \"MC\"[clarification needed] in his top hat and decorated stick, followed by a band of accordions and drums, then the 'Oss and the Teaser, with a host of people, the \"Mayers\" – all singing the \"Morning Song\"[2] – pass along the streets of the town. Finally, late in the evening, the two 'osses meet, at the maypole, before returning to their respective stables where the crowd sings of the 'Obby 'Oss death, until its resurrection the following May Eve.The Old 'Oss party attending the 'Obby 'Oss with dozens of accordions, melodeons and drumsDuring the twentieth century the existence of the festival was described by a number of folklorists who brought greater attention to it. This helped to make the event a popular tourist attraction and establish it as one of the most famous folk customs in Britain.","title":"'Obby 'Oss festival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"May Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"},{"link_name":"hobby horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby_horse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"},{"link_name":"dirge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"}],"text":"The festival takes place on May Day every year.[3] It entails two separate processions that make their way around Padstow on circuits that take twelve hours to traverse.[3] Each procession represents a different half of the town's community.[3]\nOnly those whose families have lived in Lowenac[clarification needed] Padstow for at least two generations are permitted to take part in the processions.[3]\nEach procession contains by an 'Obby 'Oss, a hobby horse consisting of an oval frame covered in black oilskin, which has a small horse's head in the front with a snapping jaw.[3] This is led by an individual known as the Teaser, who is dressed in white and carries a painted club.[3] The procession also contains a retinue of white-clad individuals, some playing accordions, melodeons and drums.[3]This retinue sings a local version of a Mayers' song.[3] At times this tune becomes a dirge, at which the 'Obby 'Oss sinks to the ground and lies flat. When the chorus becomes triumphant again the 'Oss rises and continues along the procession.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Beunans Meriasek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beunans_Meriasek"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199682-6"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt"},{"link_name":"Beltane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane"},{"link_name":"Celtic nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_nations"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Þrimilci-mōnaþ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_calendar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPUTXV-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Francis Etherington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Etherington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199682-6"},{"link_name":"Thurstan Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thurstan_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Frazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frazer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199682-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199682-6"},{"link_name":"Ronald Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"},{"link_name":"Alan Lomax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Lomax"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Peter Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Douglas_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"English Folk Dance and Song Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Folk_Dance_and_Song_Society"},{"link_name":"George Pickow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pickow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:May_Day_in_Padstow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738587.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The origins of the celebrations in Padstow are unknown. There is extensive documentary evidence of British community May Day celebrations in the 16th century and earlier,[4] although the earliest mention of the 'Obby 'Oss at Padstow dates from 1803. An earlier hobby horse is mentioned in the Cornish language drama Beunans Meriasek, a life of the Camborne saint, where it is associated with a troupe, or \"companions.\"[5] There is no evidence to suggest that the 'Obby 'Oss festival is older than the eighteenth century.[6]It has been speculated that such festivals have pre-Christian origins, such as in the Celtic festival of Beltane in the Celtic nations, and the Germanic celebrations during the Þrimilci-mōnaþ (literally Three-Milking Month or Month of Three Milkings)[7] in England.[8][9]The custom attracted little attention outside of the town until 1907, when the folklorist Francis Etherington drew attention to it.[6] In 1913 the folklorist Thurstan Peter wrote about it; influenced by the ideas of the anthropologist James Frazer, Peter argued that the 'Obby 'Oss custom might have once been a pre-Christian religious ritual designed to secure fertility.[6] The idea that the custom had pre-Christian roots helped to convert it into a tourist attraction.[6] This idea of the custom as a pre-Christian one percolated into the Padstow community, for when the historian Ronald Hutton visited the town in 1985 he found locals describing it to him as an ancient pagan fertility rite.[3] In the 1950s Alan Lomax, then in London and working for the BBC, and his collaborator Peter Kennedy of the English Folk Dance and Song Society, decided to document the unique May Eve and May Day Festivals at Padstow, they selected George Pickow to be their cameraman. The result was the 16-minute colour film Oss Oss Wee Oss (1953).Crowds of tourists observing the Padstow 'Obby 'Oss custom in 2006","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton199681-3"},{"link_name":"Doc Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Rowe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Truro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Modern developments","text":"By the 1990s, the 'Obby 'Oss festival was a major attraction that drew large numbers of visitors to Lowennac/Padstow.[3] By that point, Hutton referred to it as \"one of the most famous and most dramatic folk customs of modern Britain\",[3] adding that it constituted \"a tremendous reaffirmation of communal pride and solidarity in this small and normally quiet settlement\".[3] The folklorist Doc Rowe, who has attended and documented the custom every year since 1963, goes further – describing 'Obby 'Oss Day as \"a united proclamation – almost a 'clenched fist' in the face of time and outside influences... [it] can be seen as a communal pace-maker and, on Mayday, it recharges the community and the good fellowship of the people of Padstow.\"[10]The festival was not held in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[11]In 2022, a coroner's inquiry in Truro considered the death of Laura Smallwood at the 2019 event, when she was struck by a wooden 'Oss and fell unconscious.[12] The coroner concluded that \"I find as fact that the 'Oss struck Laura and it is far more likely than not that this caused the injuries identified at post-mortem that led directly to her death.\" He added that it was \"frankly surprising\" that the event had \"no single event organiser\" dealing with safety issues, and said that he would send a report to the government expressing concerns about such events needing to have a named organiser, as well as the need for more police powers to control them.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Padstow,_Mayday_2009_(2)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1287325.jpg"},{"link_name":"maypole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maypole"},{"link_name":"Temperance movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement"}],"text":"The blue ribbon 'Oss in 2009The celebration itself starts at midnight on 30 April with unaccompanied singing around the town starting at the Golden Lion Inn. By the morning of 1 May, the town is dressed with greenery, flowers and flags, with the focus being the maypole.\nThe climax arrives when two groups of dancers progress through the town, one of each team wearing a stylised recreation of a 'horse.' The two 'osses are known as the \"Old\" and the \"Blue Ribbon\" 'osses. During the day a number of \"Junior\" or \"colt\" 'osses appear, operated by children. Accompanied by drums and accordions and led by acolytes known as \"Teasers\", each 'oss is adorned by a gruesome mask and black, oilskin cape on a circular frame under which they try to catch young maidens as they pass through the town. The Blue ribbon 'oss is apparently of more recent origin. In the late 19th century, Blue 'Oss was supported by members of the Temperance movement who were trying to discourage the consumption of alcohol associated with the \"old\" 'oss followers. After the first world war the imperative of temperance was lost, and the 'oss became known as the Peace 'Oss. Each 'oss has a \"stable\" (in the case of the Old 'Oss, the Golden Lion Inn and the Blue Ribbon 'Oss, the institute, from which they emerge at the start of the day's proceedings and retire at the end. Sometimes in the late afternoon, the 'osses may meet at the maypole and dance together.","title":"Celebration practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maypole_on_May_Day_in_Padstow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738591.jpg"},{"link_name":"summer is acome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer_is_icumen_in"}],"sub_title":"Night Song","text":"May Pole in Padstow, 2006Unite and unite and let us all unite,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nAnd whither we are going we will all unite,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nI warn you young men everyone,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nTo go to the green-wood and fetch your May home,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Mr. ..... and joy you betide,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nAnd bright is your bride that lies by your side,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Mrs. ..... and gold be your ring,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nAnd give to us a cup of ale the merrier we shall sing,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Miss ..... all in your gown of green,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nYou are as fine a lady as wait upon the Queen,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nNow fare you well, and we bid you all good cheer,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nWe call once more unto your house before another year,\nIn the merry morning of May.","title":"Celebration practice"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Day Song","text":"Unite and unite and let us all unite,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nAnd whither we are going we will all unite,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Mr. ..... I know you well afine,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nYou have a shilling in your purse and I wish it were in mine,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nAll out of your beds,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nYour chamber shall be strewed with the white rose and the red\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nWhere are the young men that here now should dance,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nSome they are in England some they are in France,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nWhere are the maidens that here now should sing,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nThey are in the meadows the flowers gathering,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Mr. ..... with your sword by your side,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nYour steed is in the stable awaiting for to ride,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Miss ..... and strew all your flowers,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nIt is but a while ago since we have strewn ours,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nO! where is St. George,\nO!, where is he O,\nHe is out in his long boat on the salt sea O.\nUp flies the kite and down tails the lark O.\nAunt Ursula Birdhood she had an old ewe\nAnd she died in her own Park O.\n\nWith the merry ring, adieu the merry spring,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nHow happy is the little bird that merrily doth sing,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nThe young men of Padstow they might if they would,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nThey might have built a ship and gilded her with gold,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nThe young women of Padstow might if they would,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nThey might have made a garland with the white rose and the red,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Mr. ..... and reach me your hand,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nAnd you shall have a lively lass with a thousand pounds in hand.\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Miss ..... all in your cloak of silk,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nAnd all your body under as white as any milk,\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nO! where is St. George,\nO!, where is he O,\nHe is out in his long boat on the salt sea O.\nUp flies the kite and down tails the lark O.\nAunt Ursula Birdhood she had an old ewe\nAnd she died in her own Park O.\n\nNow fare you well and bid you all good cheer,\nFor summer is acome unto day,\nWe call no more unto your house before another year,\nIn the merry morning of May.","title":"Celebration practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mineheadhobbyhorse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hobby horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby_horse"},{"link_name":"Barnstaple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstaple"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Combe Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe_Martin"},{"link_name":"Minehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minehead"},{"link_name":"Golowan festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golowan_festival"},{"link_name":"Montol Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montol_Festival"},{"link_name":"Mari Lwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Lwyd"},{"link_name":"Rhiannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhiannon"},{"link_name":"Epona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epona"},{"link_name":"Widecombe Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widecombe_Fair_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Grey Mare and her Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grey_Mare_and_her_Colts"},{"link_name":"Soultide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George"},{"link_name":"Mummers Plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummers_Play"},{"link_name":"Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_(folklore)"},{"link_name":"Peluda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peluda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_postcard_of_Saint_Martha_celebration_in_Tarascon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tarasque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarasque"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"Celtic sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtic_sculpture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Lajkonik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajkonik"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Banbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Minehead Hobby Horse in 2008See also: Hobby horse'Obby 'Oss traditions also exist in nearby Barnstaple[citation needed] and Combe Martin.Minehead in Somerset also has two large hobby horses, the Sailors' Horse and the Town Horse. Although more pointed or boat-shaped than the Padstow 'Osses, they are similar in that the dancer within the costume wears a tall, conical hat with a grotesque mask over their face; the horse framework is suspended from the dancer's shoulders and a long skirt hangs down to partly hide their body; the animal's heads are small and wooden with snapping jaws. They also capture bystanders.There is documentary evidence of an 'Oss at Penzance in the late 19th century, made with a caped stick and skull, which has formed the basis of the Penglaz 'Obby 'Oss that appears during the Golowan festival and the Montol Festival, both modern revivals; the skull 'oss is strikingly similar to the Mari Lwyd in Wales associated with the pre-Christian deity Rhiannon, known as Epona the horse goddess in continental Celtic cultures, passing into festive folklore as 'the Old Grey Mare' in neighbouring parts of Britain e.g. Dartmoor (Widecombe Fair), Dorset (The Grey Mare and her Colts), as well as the Soultide mummers' horses of Cheshire.[14]Similar Corpus Christi (May–June) folk tradition exists in Galicia in Spain and Portugal where St George fights a dragon in the manner of the Cornish Mummers Plays. Tinsel-cloaked street entertainers dress similarly to the Welsh Mari Llywd but the snapping animal skull might be a goat or fox rather than horse and depicts the Coco or the Peluda.The Tarasque from Southern FranceThe Tarasque procession from southern France has direct pre-Roman Celtic antecedents and a terrifying ancient Celtic sculpture at the Musée lapidaire d'Avignon depicts the monster hoarding severed human heads.There are some similarities between this festival and the Lajkonik hobby-horse festival in Kraków, Poland. In particular the idea that young women may be captured or struck with a stick to bring them \"luck\" or fertility suggests a pagan, or at least medieval origin. Lajkonik is 700 years old.Rather more recent is the Banbury Hobby-Horse festival, which started in 2000, and features ritual animals from all parts of the British Isles, some old, some more modern.[15]","title":"Similar hobby horses elsewhere"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Old 'Oss capturing a young woman during the May Day festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg/350px-Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Old 'Oss party attending the 'Obby 'Oss with dozens of accordions, melodeons and drums","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Red_obby_oss_party_20050502.jpg/466px-Red_obby_oss_party_20050502.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crowds of tourists observing the Padstow 'Obby 'Oss custom in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/May_Day_in_Padstow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738587.jpg/367px-May_Day_in_Padstow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738587.jpg"},{"image_text":"The blue ribbon 'Oss in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Padstow%2C_Mayday_2009_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1287325.jpg/289px-Padstow%2C_Mayday_2009_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1287325.jpg"},{"image_text":"May Pole in Padstow, 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Maypole_on_May_Day_in_Padstow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738591.jpg/349px-Maypole_on_May_Day_in_Padstow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738591.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Minehead Hobby Horse in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mineheadhobbyhorse.jpg/300px-Mineheadhobbyhorse.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Tarasque from Southern France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Old_postcard_of_Saint_Martha_celebration_in_Tarascon.jpg/290px-Old_postcard_of_Saint_Martha_celebration_in_Tarascon.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Oss Oss Wee Oss! (1953)\". YouTube. Alan Lomax Archive. May 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISO1QmG_VE4","url_text":"\"Oss Oss Wee Oss! (1953)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family Rankin – Padstow (The May Morning Song) lyrics\". Lyricsty.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084829/http://www.lyricsty.com/rankin-family-padstow-the-may-morning-song-lyrics.html","url_text":"\"Family Rankin – Padstow (The May Morning Song) lyrics\""},{"url":"http://www.lyricsty.com/rankin-family-padstow-the-may-morning-song-lyrics.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riding a cock horse\". Fortean Times. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080323232459/http://www.forteantimes.com/features/commentary/email/600/riding_a_cock_horse.html","url_text":"\"Riding a cock horse\""},{"url":"http://www.forteantimes.com/features/commentary/email/600/riding_a_cock_horse.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"English Folk Customs\". Anglo-Saxon Heathenism. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090819134825/http://englishheathenism.homestead.com/folkcustoms.html","url_text":"\"English Folk Customs\""},{"url":"http://englishheathenism.homestead.com/folkcustoms.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Obby Oss Day\". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070903194323/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/content/articles/2007/04/11/padstow_obbyoss_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"Obby Oss Day\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/content/articles/2007/04/11/padstow_obbyoss_feature.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rowe, Doc (2006). May Day: The Coming of Spring. United Kingdom: English Heritage. pp. 38–40. ISBN 1-85074-983-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85074-983-3","url_text":"1-85074-983-3"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Chris (19 March 2020). \"Obby Oss celebrations have been cancelled\". CornwallLive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/padstow-obby-oss-celebrations-cancelled-3963623","url_text":"\"Obby Oss celebrations have been cancelled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Master Mummers - Antrobus Soulcakers 2008\". www.mastermummers.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mastermummers.org/photos/Antrobus2008.htm","url_text":"\"Master Mummers - Antrobus Soulcakers 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banbury Hobby Horse Festival\". Hobby Horse Festival. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310073513/http://www.hobbyhorsefestival.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Banbury Hobby Horse Festival\""},{"url":"http://www.hobbyhorsefestival.co.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Banks, M. M. (1938). \"Padstow May Festival\". Folklore. 49 (4): 391–394. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1938.9718782.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1938.9718782","url_text":"10.1080/0015587X.1938.9718782"}]},{"reference":"Cawte, E. C. (1978). Ritual Animal Disguise: A Historical and Geographical Study of Animal Disguise in the British Isles. Cambridge and Totowa: D.S. Brewer Ltd. and Rowman and Littlefield for the Folklore Society. ISBN 978-0-85991-028-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-028-6","url_text":"978-0-85991-028-6"}]},{"reference":"Cornish, Helen (2015). \"Not All Singing and Dancing: Padstow, Folk Festivals and Belonging\". Ethnos: 1–17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gilligan, J. Herman, in (1987). Bouquet, Mary; Winter, Michael (eds.). \"Visitors, Tourists and Outsiders in a Cornish Town\". Who from Their Labours Rest?: Conflict and Practice in Rural Tourism. Aldershot: Avebury. ISBN 978-0566053306.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0566053306","url_text":"978-0566053306"}]},{"reference":"Gilligan, J. Herman, in (1990). Harris, C.C. (ed.). \"Padstow: Economic and Social Change in a Cornish Town\". Family, Economy and Community. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hole, Christina (1995) [1976]. A Dictionary of British Folk Customs. Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-85986-129-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85986-129-5","url_text":"978-1-85986-129-5"}]},{"reference":"Hutton, Ronald (1996). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820570-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stationsofsunhis0000hutt","url_text":"The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820570-8","url_text":"978-0-19-820570-8"}]},{"reference":"Rawe, Donald R. (1972). Padstow's Obby Oss and May Day Festivities: A Study in Tradition and Folklore. Wadebridge: Lodenek Press. ISBN 978-0902899162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0902899162","url_text":"978-0902899162"}]},{"reference":"Semmens, Jason (2005). \"Guising, Ritual and Revival: The Hobby Horse in Cornwall\". Old Cornwall. 13 (6): 39–46.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISO1QmG_VE4","external_links_name":"\"Oss Oss Wee Oss! (1953)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084829/http://www.lyricsty.com/rankin-family-padstow-the-may-morning-song-lyrics.html","external_links_name":"\"Family Rankin – Padstow (The May Morning Song) lyrics\""},{"Link":"http://www.lyricsty.com/rankin-family-padstow-the-may-morning-song-lyrics.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080323232459/http://www.forteantimes.com/features/commentary/email/600/riding_a_cock_horse.html","external_links_name":"\"Riding a cock horse\""},{"Link":"http://www.forteantimes.com/features/commentary/email/600/riding_a_cock_horse.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/beunansmeriasek01hadtgoog/page/n84","external_links_name":"https://archive.org/details/beunansmeriasek01hadtgoog/page/n84"},{"Link":"http://www.nabkal.de/beda/beda_15.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070707233854/http://www.nabkal.de/beda/beda_15.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090819134825/http://englishheathenism.homestead.com/folkcustoms.html","external_links_name":"\"English Folk Customs\""},{"Link":"http://englishheathenism.homestead.com/folkcustoms.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070903194323/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/content/articles/2007/04/11/padstow_obbyoss_feature.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Obby Oss Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/content/articles/2007/04/11/padstow_obbyoss_feature.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/padstow-obby-oss-celebrations-cancelled-3963623","external_links_name":"\"Obby Oss celebrations have been cancelled\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-48162818","external_links_name":"\"Padstow Obby Oss festival: Laura Smallwood dies in hospital\", BBC News, 4 May 2019"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-61025772","external_links_name":"\"Nurse was killed by wooden horse at festival in Padstow\", BBC News, 7 April 2022"},{"Link":"http://www.mastermummers.org/photos/Antrobus2008.htm","external_links_name":"\"Master Mummers - Antrobus Soulcakers 2008\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310073513/http://www.hobbyhorsefestival.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Banbury Hobby Horse Festival\""},{"Link":"http://www.hobbyhorsefestival.co.uk/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1938.9718782","external_links_name":"10.1080/0015587X.1938.9718782"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/stationsofsunhis0000hutt","external_links_name":"The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugXt5vMEv5k","external_links_name":"Video of the \"Old Oss\" emerging from its stable"},{"Link":"http://piereligion.org/mayday2.html#furry","external_links_name":"Padstow Obby Oss with references to music notation and links"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISO1QmG_VE4","external_links_name":"Oss Oss Wee Oss"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_neocaledonica
|
Citrus neocaledonica
|
["1 Taxonomy","2 References"]
|
Species of flowering plant
Citrus neocaledonica
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Rutaceae
Genus:
Citrus
Species:
C. neocaledonica
Binomial name
Citrus neocaledonicaGuillaumin
Synonyms
Oxanthera neocaledonica (Guillaumin) Tanaka
Citrus neocaledonica, synonym Oxanthera neocaledonica, the large leaf oxanthera, is a species of plant in the family Rutaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia.
Taxonomy
Citrus neocaledonica was originally named as a member of the genus Citrus by André Guillaumin in 1911, but the false oranges were moved to a novel genus Oxanthera in the Swingle and Tanaka systems of citrus taxonomy. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Oxanthera species clustered within Citrus, which makes this species a member of that genus.
References
^ a b c "Citrus neocaledonica Guillaumin". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
^ Benjamin C. Stone (1985). "New and noteworthy palotropical species of Rutaceae", Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 137, pp. 213-228
^ Bayer, R.J.; et al. (2009). "A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences". American Journal of Botany. 96 (3): 668–685. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800341. PMID 21628223.
Jaffré, T. et al. (1998). "Oxanthera neocaledonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T35305A9924113. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35305A9924113.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
Taxon identifiersCitrus neocaledonica
Wikidata: Q18075792
Wikispecies: Citrus neocaledonica
CoL: VMLD
GBIF: 3831153
GRIN: 415467
iNaturalist: 765475
NCBI: 1210921
Open Tree of Life: 979813
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:771995-1
WFO: wfo-0000608180
Oxanthera neocaledonica
Wikidata: Q5474931
CoL: 4BBRV
GBIF: 3835880
GRIN: 415466
iNaturalist: 185165
IPNI: 774494-1
IUCN: 35305
Plant List: kew-2396338
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:774494-1
WFO: wfo-0000388183
This Rutaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Citrus neocaledonica Guillaumin\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:771995-1","url_text":"\"Citrus neocaledonica Guillaumin\""}]},{"reference":"Bayer, R.J.; et al. (2009). \"A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences\". American Journal of Botany. 96 (3): 668–685. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800341. PMID 21628223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.0800341","url_text":"10.3732/ajb.0800341"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21628223","url_text":"21628223"}]},{"reference":"Jaffré, T. et al. (1998). \"Oxanthera neocaledonica\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T35305A9924113. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35305A9924113.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/35305/9924113","url_text":"\"Oxanthera neocaledonica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35305A9924113.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35305A9924113.en"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:771995-1","external_links_name":"\"Citrus neocaledonica Guillaumin\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.0800341","external_links_name":"10.3732/ajb.0800341"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21628223","external_links_name":"21628223"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/35305/9924113","external_links_name":"\"Oxanthera neocaledonica\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35305A9924113.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35305A9924113.en"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/VMLD","external_links_name":"VMLD"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3831153","external_links_name":"3831153"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=415467","external_links_name":"415467"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/765475","external_links_name":"765475"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1210921","external_links_name":"1210921"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=979813","external_links_name":"979813"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A771995-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:771995-1"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000608180","external_links_name":"wfo-0000608180"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4BBRV","external_links_name":"4BBRV"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3835880","external_links_name":"3835880"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=415466","external_links_name":"415466"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/185165","external_links_name":"185165"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/774494-1","external_links_name":"774494-1"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/35305","external_links_name":"35305"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2396338","external_links_name":"kew-2396338"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A774494-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:774494-1"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000388183","external_links_name":"wfo-0000388183"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citrus_neocaledonica&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Borlase_(died_1629)
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William Borlase (died 1629)
|
["1 References"]
|
English politician
Sir William Borlase (ca. 1564 – 4 September 1629) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1604 and 1614.
Borlase was the son of John Borlase of Buckinghamshire. He matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford, on 17 November 1581, aged 17. He was a student of Gray's Inn in 1584, described as being of Little Marlow (in Buckinghamshire). In 1601 he was High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire and was knighted at Beddington, Surrey on 28 June 1603.
In 1604 he was elected Member of Parliament for Aylesbury and for Buckinghamshire in 1614. In 1624 he founded Sir William Borlase's Grammar School on its present site in memory of his son Henry Borlase, MP for Marlow, who died in that year.
Borlase died at the age about 65 and was buried at Marlow on 10 September 1629. He was the father of Henry Borlase and William Borlase.
References
^ a b 'Alumni Oxonienses, 1500-1714: Bludworth-Brakell', Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714: Abannan-Kyte (1891), pp. 142-170. Date accessed: 25 October 2011
^ "Marlow Town Highlights". Marlow Society. Archived from the original on 12 January 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2006.
^ Wheals, Brian Brenchley (1984). Theirs Were But Human Hearts. Self published. ISBN 9780950905303.
Parliament of England
Preceded byJohn LylyRichard More
Member of Parliament for Aylesbury 1604 With: Sir William Smith
Succeeded bySir John DormerSamuel Backhouse
Preceded byWilliam FleetwoodAnthony Tyringham
Member of Parliament for Buckinghamshire 1614 With: Sir Francis Goodwin
Succeeded bySir Francis GoodwinSir William Fleetwood
Political offices
Preceded byThomas Denton
High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire 1601–1602
Succeeded byAnthony Chester
This article about a 17th-century Member of the Parliament of England (up to 1707) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Gray's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"Little Marlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Marlow"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Aylesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alumni-1"},{"link_name":"Sir William Borlase's Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Borlase%27s_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Henry Borlase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Borlase"},{"link_name":"Marlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Henry Borlase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Borlase"},{"link_name":"William Borlase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Borlase_(died_1630)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alumni-1"}],"text":"Sir William Borlase (ca. 1564 – 4 September 1629) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1604 and 1614.Borlase was the son of John Borlase of Buckinghamshire. He matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford, on 17 November 1581, aged 17. He was a student of Gray's Inn in 1584, described as being of Little Marlow (in Buckinghamshire). In 1601 he was High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire and was knighted at Beddington, Surrey on 28 June 1603.In 1604 he was elected Member of Parliament for Aylesbury and for Buckinghamshire in 1614.[1] In 1624 he founded Sir William Borlase's Grammar School on its present site[2] in memory of his son Henry Borlase, MP for Marlow, who died in that year.[3]Borlase died at the age about 65 and was buried at Marlow on 10 September 1629. He was the father of Henry Borlase and William Borlase.[1]","title":"William Borlase (died 1629)"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Marlow Town Highlights\". Marlow Society. Archived from the original on 12 January 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060112070519/http://www.marlowsociety.org.uk/towntour.htm","url_text":"\"Marlow Town Highlights\""},{"url":"http://www.marlowsociety.org.uk/towntour.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wheals, Brian Brenchley (1984). Theirs Were But Human Hearts. Self published. ISBN 9780950905303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780950905303","url_text":"9780950905303"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=117047","external_links_name":"'Alumni Oxonienses, 1500-1714: Bludworth-Brakell', Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714: Abannan-Kyte (1891), pp. 142-170. Date accessed: 25 October 2011"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060112070519/http://www.marlowsociety.org.uk/towntour.htm","external_links_name":"\"Marlow Town Highlights\""},{"Link":"http://www.marlowsociety.org.uk/towntour.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Borlase_(died_1629)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Taiwanese_Congress
|
World Taiwanese Congress
|
["1 History","2 Taiwanese domestic members","3 Overseas member organizations","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Flag of Taiwan made by the World Taiwanese Congress(WTC); it is also very commonly used by Taiwan independence supporters.
The World Taiwanese Congress (Chinese: 世界台灣人大會) is an annual meeting for organizations promoting formal Taiwanese independence. The organization was formed in the United States in December 2000. It holds its annual meeting in Taiwan.
History
In September 2000, the "National Taiwanese Stand Up Movement" (Say Yes to Taiwan) was established in Taiwan. In December 2000, the Global Taiwanese Association jointly established the World Taiwanese Congress in Washington, D.C., the purpose of which is:
Carry forward the spirit of Taiwan and unite the strength of Taiwanese around the world
Safeguard Taiwan's sovereignty, independence and national security
Promote people-to-people diplomacy to enhance Taiwan's international status
Promote Taiwan's accession to the United Nations and other international organizations.
From March 17 to 18, 2001, the first meeting of the World Taiwanese Congress was held in Taipei. President Chen Shui-bian delivered a speech in person. On March 18, 2001, the World Taiwanese Congress and the National Taiwanese Stand Up Movement jointly held a "Love Taiwan, Love Unity" parade.
Taiwanese domestic members
Friends of Lee Teng-hui Association (台灣李登輝之友會總會)
Hand-in-Hand To Safeguard TAIWAN Alliance (手護台灣大聯盟)
World United Formosans for Independence (WUFI) (台灣獨立建國聯盟)
The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan
Taiwan Association of University Professors (台灣教授協會)
Union of Taiwanese Teachers (台灣教師聯盟)
n/a (台北水噹噹姊妹聯盟)
n/a (台灣21世紀婦女會)
The Taiwan United Nations Alliance (台灣聯合國協進會)
National Alpine Association of Taiwan (台灣國家山岳協會)
n/a (玉蘭花聯誼會)
Goa-Seng-Lang Association For Taiwan Independence (「外省人」台灣獨立促進會)
n/a (台灣228關懷總會)
n/a (台灣獨立安全基督徒促進會)
Foundation of Medical Professionals Alliance in Taiwan (台灣醫界聯盟基金會)
Northern Taiwan Society (台灣北社)
Central Taiwan Society (台灣中社)
Eastern Taiwan Society (台灣東社)
Southern Taiwan Society (台灣南社)
n/a (台灣228和平促進會)
n/a (台灣建築行業職業工會全國聯合總工會)
n/a (台灣的店有限公司)
Taiwan New Culture Mountain Association (台灣新文化登山會)
n/a (台北市扁擔會)
n/a (台灣愛台愛鄉總會)
Research Association of National Peace-Security in Taiwan (台灣國家和平安全研究協會)
n/a (台灣人捍衛隊)
n/a (台灣安全促進會)
n/a (高雄打狗協會)
Taiwan New Century Foundation (台灣新世紀文教基金會)
n/a (鄭順娘文教公益基金會)
Original Culture Society (原貌文化協會)
Overseas member organizations
World Taiwanese Congress (世界台灣人大會)
World Federation of Taiwanese Associations (世界台灣同鄉會聯合會)
Formosan Association for Public Affairs (FAPA) (台灣人公共事務協會)
Taiwanese Association of America 全美台灣同鄉會)
n/a (南美台灣人協會)
Formosan Association for Human Rights (FAHR) (全美台灣人權協會)
North America Taiwanese Women's Association (北美洲台灣婦女會)
Professor Chen Wen-chen's Memorial Foundation (陳文成教授紀念基金會)
Dr. Wang Kang-Lu Memorial Foundation (王康陸博士紀念基金會)
References
^ Admin1 (2017-03-09). "78. World Taiwanese Congress 世界台灣人大會". History of Taiwanese American (T.A. Archives) 台美史料中心. Retrieved 2022-08-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "三一八疼台灣愛團結". 2020-08-13. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13.
^ "首屆世界台灣人大會 - 華視新聞網". 2001-03-17. Archived from the original on 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
External links
Official site
This ROC (Taiwanese) politics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a political organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Taiwanese organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"text":"The World Taiwanese Congress (Chinese: 世界台灣人大會) is an annual meeting for organizations promoting formal Taiwanese independence. The organization was formed in the United States in December 2000. It holds its annual meeting in Taiwan.","title":"World Taiwanese Congress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Chen Shui-bian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In September 2000, the \"National Taiwanese Stand Up Movement\" (Say Yes to Taiwan) was established in Taiwan. In December 2000, the Global Taiwanese Association jointly established the World Taiwanese Congress in Washington, D.C.,[1] the purpose of which is:Carry forward the spirit of Taiwan and unite the strength of Taiwanese around the world\nSafeguard Taiwan's sovereignty, independence and national security\nPromote people-to-people diplomacy to enhance Taiwan's international status\nPromote Taiwan's accession to the United Nations and other international organizations.[2]From March 17 to 18, 2001, the first meeting of the World Taiwanese Congress was held in Taipei. President Chen Shui-bian delivered a speech in person.[3] On March 18, 2001, the World Taiwanese Congress and the National Taiwanese Stand Up Movement jointly held a \"Love Taiwan, Love Unity\" parade.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Teng-hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui"},{"link_name":"台灣李登輝之友會總會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lee-tenghui.org"},{"link_name":"手護台灣大聯盟","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hand-in-hand.org.tw"},{"link_name":"World United Formosans for Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_United_Formosans_for_Independence"},{"link_name":"台灣獨立建國聯盟","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wufi.org.tw"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"台灣教授協會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.taup.org.tw"},{"link_name":"台灣教師聯盟","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.taiwanteacher.tw"},{"link_name":"台北水噹噹姊妹聯盟","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sweeties-taiwan.org.tw"},{"link_name":"台灣聯合國協進會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.taiwan-un-alliance.org.tw"},{"link_name":"台灣國家山岳協會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.taiwanalpine.org.tw"},{"link_name":"玉蘭花聯誼會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//myhome.apbb.com.tw/changchingen/"},{"link_name":"「外省人」台灣獨立促進會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gati.org.tw"},{"link_name":"Foundation of Medical Professionals Alliance in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_of_Medical_Professionals_Alliance_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"台灣醫界聯盟基金會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mpat.org.tw"},{"link_name":"台灣北社","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.twnorth.org.tw"},{"link_name":"台灣中社","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.twsociety.org.tw"},{"link_name":"台灣南社","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ilovetaiwan.org/south/"},{"link_name":"台灣新文化登山會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ugear.com.tw/newculture/"},{"link_name":"台灣國家和平安全研究協會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ugear.com.tw/newculture/"},{"link_name":"台灣新世紀文教基金會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.taiwanncf.org.tw"},{"link_name":"原貌文化協會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//original.org.tw"}],"text":"Friends of Lee Teng-hui Association (台灣李登輝之友會總會)\nHand-in-Hand To Safeguard TAIWAN Alliance (手護台灣大聯盟)\nWorld United Formosans for Independence (WUFI) (台灣獨立建國聯盟)\nThe Presbyterian Church in Taiwan\nTaiwan Association of University Professors (台灣教授協會)\nUnion of Taiwanese Teachers (台灣教師聯盟)\nn/a (台北水噹噹姊妹聯盟)\nn/a (台灣21世紀婦女會)\nThe Taiwan United Nations Alliance (台灣聯合國協進會)\nNational Alpine Association of Taiwan (台灣國家山岳協會)\nn/a (玉蘭花聯誼會)\nGoa-Seng-Lang Association For Taiwan Independence (「外省人」台灣獨立促進會)\nn/a (台灣228關懷總會)\nn/a (台灣獨立安全基督徒促進會)\nFoundation of Medical Professionals Alliance in Taiwan (台灣醫界聯盟基金會)\nNorthern Taiwan Society (台灣北社)\nCentral Taiwan Society (台灣中社)\nEastern Taiwan Society (台灣東社)\nSouthern Taiwan Society (台灣南社)\nn/a (台灣228和平促進會)\nn/a (台灣建築行業職業工會全國聯合總工會)\nn/a (台灣的店有限公司)\nTaiwan New Culture Mountain Association (台灣新文化登山會)\nn/a (台北市扁擔會)\nn/a (台灣愛台愛鄉總會)\nResearch Association of National Peace-Security in Taiwan (台灣國家和平安全研究協會)\nn/a (台灣人捍衛隊)\nn/a (台灣安全促進會)\nn/a (高雄打狗協會)\nTaiwan New Century Foundation (台灣新世紀文教基金會)\nn/a (鄭順娘文教公益基金會)\nOriginal Culture Society (原貌文化協會)","title":"Taiwanese domestic members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"世界台灣人大會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldtaiwanesecongress.org"},{"link_name":"World Federation of Taiwanese Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Taiwanese_Associations"},{"link_name":"Formosan Association for Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosan_Association_for_Public_Affairs"},{"link_name":"全美台灣同鄉會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.taa-usa.org"},{"link_name":"全美台灣人權協會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fahr.org"},{"link_name":"北美洲台灣婦女會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.natwa.com"},{"link_name":"Chen Wen-chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Wen-chen"},{"link_name":"陳文成教授紀念基金會","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cwcmf.org/"}],"text":"World Taiwanese Congress (世界台灣人大會)\nWorld Federation of Taiwanese Associations (世界台灣同鄉會聯合會) \nFormosan Association for Public Affairs (FAPA) (台灣人公共事務協會)\nTaiwanese Association of America 全美台灣同鄉會)\nn/a (南美台灣人協會)\nFormosan Association for Human Rights (FAHR) (全美台灣人權協會)\nNorth America Taiwanese Women's Association (北美洲台灣婦女會)\nProfessor Chen Wen-chen's Memorial Foundation (陳文成教授紀念基金會)\nDr. Wang Kang-Lu Memorial Foundation (王康陸博士紀念基金會)","title":"Overseas member organizations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Flag of Taiwan made by the World Taiwanese Congress(WTC); it is also very commonly used by Taiwan independence supporters.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_World_Taiwanese_Congress.svg/250px-Flag_of_World_Taiwanese_Congress.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Admin1 (2017-03-09). \"78. World Taiwanese Congress 世界台灣人大會\". History of Taiwanese American (T.A. Archives) 台美史料中心. Retrieved 2022-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://taiwaneseamericanhistory.org/blog/world-taiwanese-congress/","url_text":"\"78. World Taiwanese Congress 世界台灣人大會\""}]},{"reference":"\"三一八疼台灣愛團結\". 2020-08-13. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200813145227/http://old.ltn.com.tw/2001/new/mar/20/today-o1.htm","url_text":"\"三一八疼台灣愛團結\""},{"url":"http://old.ltn.com.tw/2001/new/mar/20/today-o1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"首屆世界台灣人大會 - 華視新聞網\". 2001-03-17. Archived from the original on 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2022-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201003201452/https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/general/200103/200103170058276.html","url_text":"\"首屆世界台灣人大會 - 華視新聞網\""},{"url":"https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/general/200103/200103170058276.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.lee-tenghui.org/","external_links_name":"台灣李登輝之友會總會"},{"Link":"http://www.hand-in-hand.org.tw/","external_links_name":"手護台灣大聯盟"},{"Link":"http://www.wufi.org.tw/","external_links_name":"台灣獨立建國聯盟"},{"Link":"http://www.taup.org.tw/","external_links_name":"台灣教授協會"},{"Link":"http://www.taiwanteacher.tw/","external_links_name":"台灣教師聯盟"},{"Link":"http://www.sweeties-taiwan.org.tw/","external_links_name":"台北水噹噹姊妹聯盟"},{"Link":"http://www.taiwan-un-alliance.org.tw/","external_links_name":"台灣聯合國協進會"},{"Link":"http://www.taiwanalpine.org.tw/","external_links_name":"台灣國家山岳協會"},{"Link":"http://myhome.apbb.com.tw/changchingen/","external_links_name":"玉蘭花聯誼會"},{"Link":"http://www.gati.org.tw/","external_links_name":"「外省人」台灣獨立促進會"},{"Link":"http://www.mpat.org.tw/","external_links_name":"台灣醫界聯盟基金會"},{"Link":"http://www.twnorth.org.tw/","external_links_name":"台灣北社"},{"Link":"http://www.twsociety.org.tw/","external_links_name":"台灣中社"},{"Link":"http://www.ilovetaiwan.org/south/","external_links_name":"台灣南社"},{"Link":"http://www.ugear.com.tw/newculture/","external_links_name":"台灣新文化登山會"},{"Link":"http://www.ugear.com.tw/newculture/","external_links_name":"台灣國家和平安全研究協會"},{"Link":"http://www.taiwanncf.org.tw/","external_links_name":"台灣新世紀文教基金會"},{"Link":"http://original.org.tw/","external_links_name":"原貌文化協會"},{"Link":"http://www.worldtaiwanesecongress.org/","external_links_name":"世界台灣人大會"},{"Link":"http://www.taa-usa.org/","external_links_name":"全美台灣同鄉會"},{"Link":"http://www.fahr.org/","external_links_name":"全美台灣人權協會"},{"Link":"http://www.natwa.com/","external_links_name":"北美洲台灣婦女會"},{"Link":"http://www.cwcmf.org/","external_links_name":"陳文成教授紀念基金會"},{"Link":"https://taiwaneseamericanhistory.org/blog/world-taiwanese-congress/","external_links_name":"\"78. World Taiwanese Congress 世界台灣人大會\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200813145227/http://old.ltn.com.tw/2001/new/mar/20/today-o1.htm","external_links_name":"\"三一八疼台灣愛團結\""},{"Link":"http://old.ltn.com.tw/2001/new/mar/20/today-o1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201003201452/https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/general/200103/200103170058276.html","external_links_name":"\"首屆世界台灣人大會 - 華視新聞網\""},{"Link":"https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/general/200103/200103170058276.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.worldtaiwanesecongress.org/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Taiwanese_Congress&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Taiwanese_Congress&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Taiwanese_Congress&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Ashworth_(artist)
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Chris Ashworth (artist)
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["1 Published works","2 References"]
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English graphic designer
Chris Ashworth is an English graphic designer known for being the executive global creative director for Getty Images and the art director of the magazine Ray Gun in 1997. In addition to his work on Ray Gun, Ashworth also created the brochure and promotional materials for the first MTV Europe Music Awards in collaboration with John Warwicker and Simon Taylor. His work on the brochures earned him more work with MTV, as well as work with Warner Music Group and Image Bank.
Ashworth graduated from the York College of Arts & Technology in 1990 with a degree in graphic design. In collaboration with some friends, he opened a design studio called Orange, which created black and white, easily photocopiable flyers for local nightclubs.
Ashworth is inspired by Swiss design aesthetics, and refers to his own style as "Swiss grit". This style is characterized by hyper detail, barcodes, horizontal lines, and the use of multiple transparent layers.
Published works
Eyes Only with John Holden: ISBN 0952364050, published by Umran Projects, January 1, 1999
Soon: Brands of Tomorrow with Lewis Blackwell: ISBN 0970877919, published by fivedegreesbelowzero press, February 2002
References
^ "Chris Ashworth". Retrieved July 11, 2013.
^ a b c Laurel Harper (1 October 1999). Radical Graphics/Graphic Radicals. Chronicle Books. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-0-8118-1680-9. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
^ a b "Go-faster graphics". Eye. Spring 1995. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
^ "Eyes Only ". Amazon. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
^ "Soon: Brands of Tomorrow ". Retrieved July 11, 2013.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"graphic designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_designer"},{"link_name":"Getty Images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Ray Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Gun_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"John Warwicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Warwicker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simon Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Taylor_(artist)"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Warner Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Image Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harper1999-2"},{"link_name":"York College of Arts & Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York_College_of_Arts_%26_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree"},{"link_name":"photocopiable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocopy"},{"link_name":"nightclubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harper1999-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eye-3"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"aesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harper1999-2"},{"link_name":"hyper detail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyper_detail&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eye-3"}],"text":"Chris Ashworth is an English graphic designer known for being the executive global creative director for Getty Images[1][better source needed] and the art director of the magazine Ray Gun in 1997. In addition to his work on Ray Gun, Ashworth also created the brochure and promotional materials for the first MTV Europe Music Awards in collaboration with John Warwicker and Simon Taylor. His work on the brochures earned him more work with MTV, as well as work with Warner Music Group and Image Bank.[2]Ashworth graduated from the York College of Arts & Technology in 1990 with a degree in graphic design. In collaboration with some friends, he opened a design studio called Orange, which created black and white, easily photocopiable flyers for local nightclubs.[2][3]Ashworth is inspired by Swiss design aesthetics, and refers to his own style as \"Swiss grit\".[2] This style is characterized by hyper detail, barcodes, horizontal lines, and the use of multiple transparent layers.[3]","title":"Chris Ashworth (artist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0952364050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0952364050"},{"link_name":"Umran Projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umran_Projects&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lewis Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Blackwell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0970877919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0970877919"},{"link_name":"fivedegreesbelowzero press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fivedegreesbelowzero_press&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Eyes Only with John Holden: ISBN 0952364050, published by Umran Projects, January 1, 1999[4]\nSoon: Brands of Tomorrow with Lewis Blackwell: ISBN 0970877919, published by fivedegreesbelowzero press, February 2002[5]","title":"Published works"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Chris Ashworth\". Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chris-ashworth.com/","url_text":"\"Chris Ashworth\""}]},{"reference":"Laurel Harper (1 October 1999). Radical Graphics/Graphic Radicals. Chronicle Books. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-0-8118-1680-9. Retrieved 11 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LSSoB8zpKdcC&pg=PA152","url_text":"Radical Graphics/Graphic Radicals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-1680-9","url_text":"978-0-8118-1680-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Go-faster graphics\". Eye. Spring 1995. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/go-faster-graphics","url_text":"\"Go-faster graphics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eyes Only [Hardcover]\". Amazon. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Eyes-Only-John-Holden/dp/0952364050/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1373576409&sr=1-2","url_text":"\"Eyes Only [Hardcover]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soon: Brands of Tomorrow [Hardcover]\". Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Soon-Brands-Tomorrow-Lewis-Blackwell/dp/0970877919/ref=sr_1_5?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1373576409&sr=1-5","url_text":"\"Soon: Brands of Tomorrow [Hardcover]\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.chris-ashworth.com/","external_links_name":"\"Chris Ashworth\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LSSoB8zpKdcC&pg=PA152","external_links_name":"Radical Graphics/Graphic Radicals"},{"Link":"http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/go-faster-graphics","external_links_name":"\"Go-faster graphics\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Eyes-Only-John-Holden/dp/0952364050/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1373576409&sr=1-2","external_links_name":"\"Eyes Only [Hardcover]\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Soon-Brands-Tomorrow-Lewis-Blackwell/dp/0970877919/ref=sr_1_5?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1373576409&sr=1-5","external_links_name":"\"Soon: Brands of Tomorrow [Hardcover]\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park_Conservatory
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Lincoln Park Conservatory
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["1 History","2 Architects","3 Halls","4 Surrounding gardens","4.1 Conifer Garden","5 Alterations","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°55′26″N 87°38′07″W / 41.9240°N 87.6353°W / 41.9240; -87.6353Conservatory and botanical garden in Lincoln Park in Chicago, Illinois
Lincoln Park ConservatoryEstablished1877; in present location since 1893Location2391 North Stockton Drive, Chicago, Illinois, USA 60614Coordinates41°55′26″N 87°38′07″W / 41.9240°N 87.6353°W / 41.9240; -87.6353DirectorMary EysenbachPublic transit access CTAWebsiteLincoln Park Conservatory
The Lincoln Park Conservatory (1.2 ha / 3 acres) is a conservatory and botanical garden in Lincoln Park in Chicago, Illinois. The conservatory is located at 2391 North Stockton Drive just south of Fullerton Avenue, west of Lake Shore Drive, and part of the Lincoln Park, Chicago community area. The Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool and the North Pond Nature Sanctuary are further to the north along Stockton Drive. Along with the Garfield Park Conservatory on Chicago's west side, the Lincoln Park Conservatory provides significant horticultural collections, educational programs and community outreach efforts.
Lincoln Park Conservatory is a Victorian Era glass house, built in late nineteenth century. It contains four rooms displaying exotic plants from around the world. Rare orchids, like the Moth orchid, can be found in the Orchid room.
A formal garden is situated in front of the Conservatory; one of the oldest public gardens in Chicago, designed and planted in the late 1870s. Since its foundation, the Formal Garden has been the home of several sculptures and works of art. The most famous are the Bates fountains, the Schiller monument, along with Sir George Solti's bust, which was relocated to Grant Park in 2006. The well-known Shakespeare monument is located across the street in the Grandmother's Garden, which was formerly known as Old English Garden. The Formal Garden is planted between May and June. Though the peak viewing time is between July and August, the display lasts till mid-October.
History
Stereoscope image of the conservatory circa 1900
Conservatories were originally benevolent establishments attached to hospitals or other charitable or religious institutions. They provided plants and organisms for medicinal use and research.
'New Conservatory at Lincoln Park, Chicago' - Image from page 147 of "American gardening" (1892)
In the early nineteenth century, the development of iron and glass building technology led to the constructions of conservatories in major cities in the United States as well as other countries in the world. Chicago had become overcrowded as its population had increased rapidly. With a growing concern about the ill effect of industrialization, interest in collecting and classifying plant life became very popular. The city leaders decided to build a new and more substantial conservatory to replace a small greenhouse built in the 1870s. Architects Joseph Lyman Silsbee and M.E. Bell designed and built an exotic-style glass conservatory which was described as "a paradise under glass". Originally, the aquatic plants were placed in a heated pond outside. They were later moved into tanks inside the conservatory. The Conservatory's exotic plans were so popular that in 1897, the Egyptian government asked the Conservatory for seeds of water lilies flowers.
Architects
Lincoln Park Conservatory and the Great Garden
The Fernery
Palm House and architectural detail
The Lincoln Park Conservatory was built between 1890 and 1895 by Lincoln Park's Commission. The Lincoln Park Commission established a greenhouse at the Lincoln Park site in 1877 and planted an adjacent formal garden in 1880. Due to the fascination of horticulture among the city dwellers, Lincoln Park's small greenhouse was no longer sufficient for all the plants. Large conservatories with different plants and exhibit rooms were gaining popularity. Nationally renowned architect Joseph Lyman Silsbee designed the Victorian conservatory in collaboration with another Chicago architect, Mifflin E. Bell. Between 1890 and 1895 they created a glass building that would support "a luxuriant tropical growth, blending the whole into a natural grouping of Nature's loveliest forms". Silsbee gave the conservatory an exotic form by creating a series of trusses in the shape of ogee arches.
A female sago palm in the fern room
Halls
The conservatory consists of a vestibule, four display halls and fifteen propagating and growing houses. The vestibule and Palm House were built and opened to the public in 1892 and contain giant palms and rubber trees, including a 15 m (50 ft) fiddle-leaf rubber tree planted in 1891. The Palm House, has a display of more than twelve different types of palms. The most unusual palms include Dwarf Sugar, Bottle, Fiji Fan, and Everglade palms. Some of the most recognized palms include the pygmy date plan and the coconut palm due to its fruit. Furthermore, this large house also includes plants that produce food: banana plants, a grapefruit tree, orange trees, papaya plants, a coffee tree, and a cacao tree, among others. The Palm House contains Garden Figure, a sculpture by Frederick Hibbard. The Fern Room or Fernery, approximately five and a half feet below grade, was opened in 1895. It contains plants of the forest floor, primarily a vast collection of ferns and one of the most historical plants, the cycads. Fossils of these plants date back at least 250 million years. These plants are similar to conifers and the ginkgo tree rather than palm trees. The Tropical Room was originally called the stove house. Opened in 1895, it contained an assortment of tropical plants suspended from bark-covered walls. It is now called the Orchid Room and has a collection of approximately 25,000 natural species. This room contains hundreds of orchids, bromeliads and a few tropical carnivorous plants. Orchids, just like bromeliads, get their water from the humidity in the room. The Display House or The Show House is used for seasonal flower exhibits. The "Spring Flower Show" starts on January 21 and ends on May 13. Following that show is the "Tropical Summer Show" that starts on June 2 and runs through September 23rd. Finally, the year ends with the "Winter Flow and Train Show" that runs starts on November 24 and ends on January 6.
Surrounding gardens
Throughout the long history of the conservatory, there has been an important relationship between the structure and its surrounding landscape. Twelve beds of colorful summer annuals and tropical plants surround Storks at Play, also known as the Eli Bates Fountain, by sculptors Augustus St. Gaudens and Frederick MacMonnies. This large formal garden is located just south of the Lincoln Park Conservatory. Called the Great Garden, it is one of the oldest public gardens in Chicago and pre-dates the present conservatory by 20 years. The Lincoln Park Commission installed the fountain in 1886–87. Its design was chosen by Chicago's Lincoln Memorial Fund over those of four others submitted during an 1883 competition. The Schiller Monument, at the south end of the garden, is a copy of an original monument to German poet Friedrich Schiller. It was cast in Stuttgart, Germany, and erected in 1886 by a group known as Chicago Citizens of German Descent. The original work is regarded as the masterpiece of its sculptor, Ernst Bildhauer Rau. To the west, the William Shakespeare Monument by William Ordway Partridge sits in an old English garden. Installed in 1894, it was purchased through a bequest from Samuel Johnston, a Chicago real estate and railway tycoon.
Conifer Garden
Various conifers are planted outside, along the west side and front of the Conservatory. "Conifers are trees and shrubs with needle-like leaves that bear cones." Most of these conifers are evergreen plants.
Alterations
The Lincoln Park Conservatory underwent major alterations in 1925. The original terrace and the front vestibule were removed and the entryway's original gabled roof was replaced with the bell-shaped roof that exists today. A new and expanded lobby space was constructed. The front of the conservatory was altered and expanded again in 1954 to provide public washrooms and create a solid entryway vestibule.
See also
Garfield Park Conservatory
List of botanical gardens in the United States
List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago
References
^ Chicago, City of. "Explore Chicago-Lincoln Park Conservatory". Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 19 Feb 2013.
^ City of Chicago, Explore Chicago "Lincoln Park Conservatory" (retrieved 2/19/11) Archived 2012-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Paradise Under Glass: Chicago's Historic Conservatories," Annual Conference of the Alliance for Historic Landscape Preservation, 1999
^ "About Lincoln Park Conservatory & Gardens". Lincolnparkconservancy.org. Retrieved September 30th, 2015. "Lincoln Park Conservancy | Serving Lincoln Park Since 1984". Archived from the original on 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2015-10-06.
^ "Lincoln Park Conservatory." Chicagoparkdistrict.com. Retrieved September 30th, 2015. http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks/lincoln-park-conservatory/
^ "Lincoln Park Conservatory." Chicago Park District, n.d. Web. 07 Oct.2015.<http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks/lincoln-park-conservatory/>.
^ Lincoln Park Commission Annual Report. 1892.
^ a b c d e Lincoln Park Conservatory and Gardens." Lincoln Park Conservatory. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. <"Lincoln Park Conservancy | Serving Lincoln Park Since 1984". Archived from the original on 2015-10-07. Retrieved 2015-10-07.>.
^ A Guide to Chicago's Public Sculpture, Bach, Ira J. and Mary Lackritz Gray, Univ. of Chicago Press. 1983
^ Chicago, City of. "Explore Chicago "Great Gardens"". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 6 Feb 2011.
^ a b Thayer Tolles (2009). Augustus Saint-Gaudens in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-300-15188-6. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
^ Chicago Park District, "William Shakespeare Monument" (retrieved 2/18/11) Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Literary figures in Lincoln Park". Chicagohistoryfair.org. Retrieved September 30th, 2015. http://www.chicagohistoryfair.org/images/stories/pdfs/literary%20figures%20in%20lincoln%20park.pdf
^ Woodhouse, David (2006). Lincoln Park Conservatory Master Plan. p. 24.
External links
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)"},{"link_name":"botanical garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Lake Shore Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Shore_Drive"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Park, Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"community area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_areas_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Caldwell_Lily_Pool"},{"link_name":"Garfield Park Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Park_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"the Moth orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalaenopsis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Conservatory and botanical garden in Lincoln Park in Chicago, IllinoisThe Lincoln Park Conservatory (1.2 ha / 3 acres) is a conservatory and botanical garden in Lincoln Park in Chicago, Illinois. The conservatory is located at 2391 North Stockton Drive just south of Fullerton Avenue, west of Lake Shore Drive, and part of the Lincoln Park, Chicago community area.[1][2] The Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool and the North Pond Nature Sanctuary are further to the north along Stockton Drive. Along with the Garfield Park Conservatory on Chicago's west side, the Lincoln Park Conservatory provides significant horticultural collections, educational programs and community outreach efforts.[3]Lincoln Park Conservatory is a Victorian Era glass house, built in late nineteenth century. It contains four rooms displaying exotic plants from around the world. Rare orchids, like the Moth orchid, can be found in the Orchid room.A formal garden is situated in front of the Conservatory; one of the oldest public gardens in Chicago, designed and planted in the late 1870s. Since its foundation, the Formal Garden has been the home of several sculptures and works of art. The most famous are the Bates fountains, the Schiller monument, along with Sir George Solti's bust, which was relocated to Grant Park in 2006. The well-known Shakespeare monument is located across the street in the Grandmother's Garden, which was formerly known as Old English Garden. The Formal Garden is planted between May and June. Though the peak viewing time is between July and August, the display lasts till mid-October.[4]","title":"Lincoln Park Conservatory"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flower_beds_and_Greenhouse,_Lincoln_Park,_Chicago,_Ill._U.S.A,_by_Keystone_View_Company.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Conservatory_at_Lincoln_Park,_Chicago_Image_from_page_147_of_%22American_gardening%22_(1892).jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Stereoscope image of the conservatory circa 1900Conservatories were originally benevolent establishments attached to hospitals or other charitable or religious institutions. They provided plants and organisms for medicinal use and research.'New Conservatory at Lincoln Park, Chicago' - Image from page 147 of \"American gardening\" (1892)In the early nineteenth century, the development of iron and glass building technology led to the constructions of conservatories in major cities in the United States as well as other countries in the world. Chicago had become overcrowded as its population had increased rapidly. With a growing concern about the ill effect of industrialization, interest in collecting and classifying plant life became very popular. The city leaders decided to build a new and more substantial conservatory to replace a small greenhouse built in the 1870s. Architects Joseph Lyman Silsbee and M.E. Bell designed and built an exotic-style glass conservatory which was described as \"a paradise under glass\". Originally, the aquatic plants were placed in a heated pond outside. They were later moved into tanks inside the conservatory. The Conservatory's exotic plans were so popular that in 1897, the Egyptian government asked the Conservatory for seeds of water lilies flowers.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lincoln_Park_Conservatory.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conservatory_Fern_Hall.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LPConserv.JPG"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park"},{"link_name":"greenhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lyman Silsbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyman_Silsbee"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Mifflin E. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mifflin_E._Bell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATT_1445043174416_20150921_141604.jpg"}],"text":"Lincoln Park Conservatory and the Great GardenThe FerneryPalm House and architectural detailThe Lincoln Park Conservatory was built between 1890 and 1895 by Lincoln Park's Commission.[6] The Lincoln Park Commission established a greenhouse at the Lincoln Park site in 1877 and planted an adjacent formal garden in 1880. Due to the fascination of horticulture among the city dwellers, Lincoln Park's small greenhouse was no longer sufficient for all the plants. Large conservatories with different plants and exhibit rooms were gaining popularity. Nationally renowned architect Joseph Lyman Silsbee designed the Victorian conservatory in collaboration with another Chicago architect, Mifflin E. Bell. Between 1890 and 1895 they created a glass building that would support \"a luxuriant tropical growth, blending the whole into a natural grouping of Nature's loveliest forms\".[7] Silsbee gave the conservatory an exotic form by creating a series of trusses in the shape of ogee arches.A female sago palm in the fern room","title":"Architects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae"},{"link_name":"rubber trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_tree"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lincolnparkconservancy.org-8"},{"link_name":"Frederick Hibbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hibbard"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lincolnparkconservancy.org-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lincolnparkconservancy.org-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lincolnparkconservancy.org-8"}],"text":"The conservatory consists of a vestibule, four display halls and fifteen propagating and growing houses. The vestibule and Palm House were built and opened to the public in 1892 and contain giant palms and rubber trees, including a 15 m (50 ft) fiddle-leaf rubber tree planted in 1891. The Palm House, has a display of more than twelve different types of palms. The most unusual palms include Dwarf Sugar, Bottle, Fiji Fan, and Everglade palms. Some of the most recognized palms include the pygmy date plan and the coconut palm due to its fruit. Furthermore, this large house also includes plants that produce food: banana plants, a grapefruit tree, orange trees, papaya plants, a coffee tree, and a cacao tree, among others.[8] The Palm House contains Garden Figure, a sculpture by Frederick Hibbard.[9] The Fern Room or Fernery, approximately five and a half feet below grade, was opened in 1895. It contains plants of the forest floor, primarily a vast collection of ferns and one of the most historical plants, the cycads. Fossils of these plants date back at least 250 million years. These plants are similar to conifers and the ginkgo tree rather than palm trees.[8] The Tropical Room was originally called the stove house. Opened in 1895, it contained an assortment of tropical plants suspended from bark-covered walls. It is now called the Orchid Room and has a collection of approximately 25,000 natural species. This room contains hundreds of orchids, bromeliads and a few tropical carnivorous plants. Orchids, just like bromeliads, get their water from the humidity in the room.[8] The Display House or The Show House is used for seasonal flower exhibits. The \"Spring Flower Show\" starts on January 21 and ends on May 13. Following that show is the \"Tropical Summer Show\" that starts on June 2 and runs through September 23rd. Finally, the year ends with the \"Winter Flow and Train Show\" that runs starts on November 24 and ends on January 6.[8]","title":"Halls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eli Bates Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Bates_Fountain"},{"link_name":"Augustus St. Gaudens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_St._Gaudens"},{"link_name":"Frederick MacMonnies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_MacMonnies"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tolles2009-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tolles2009-11"},{"link_name":"Schiller Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Friedrich_Schiller_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Schiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller"},{"link_name":"Ernst Bildhauer Rau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Bildhauer_Rau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_William_Shakespeare_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"William Ordway Partridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ordway_Partridge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnston"},{"link_name":"tycoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycoon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Throughout the long history of the conservatory, there has been an important relationship between the structure and its surrounding landscape. Twelve beds of colorful summer annuals and tropical plants surround Storks at Play, also known as the Eli Bates Fountain, by sculptors Augustus St. Gaudens and Frederick MacMonnies. This large formal garden is located just south of the Lincoln Park Conservatory. Called the Great Garden, it is one of the oldest public gardens in Chicago and pre-dates the present conservatory by 20 years.[10] The Lincoln Park Commission installed the fountain in 1886–87.[11] Its design was chosen by Chicago's Lincoln Memorial Fund over those of four others submitted during an 1883 competition.[11] The Schiller Monument, at the south end of the garden, is a copy of an original monument to German poet Friedrich Schiller. It was cast in Stuttgart, Germany, and erected in 1886 by a group known as Chicago Citizens of German Descent. The original work is regarded as the masterpiece of its sculptor, Ernst Bildhauer Rau. To the west, the William Shakespeare Monument by William Ordway Partridge sits in an old English garden.[12] Installed in 1894, it was purchased through a bequest from Samuel Johnston, a Chicago real estate and railway tycoon.[13]","title":"Surrounding gardens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lincolnparkconservancy.org-8"}],"sub_title":"Conifer Garden","text":"Various conifers are planted outside, along the west side and front of the Conservatory. \"Conifers are trees and shrubs with needle-like leaves that bear cones.\" Most of these conifers are evergreen plants.[8]","title":"Surrounding gardens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vestibule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"gabled roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabled_roof"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Lincoln Park Conservatory underwent major alterations in 1925. The original terrace and the front vestibule were removed and the entryway's original gabled roof was replaced with the bell-shaped roof that exists today. A new and expanded lobby space was constructed. The front of the conservatory was altered and expanded again in 1954 to provide public washrooms and create a solid entryway vestibule.[14]","title":"Alterations"}]
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[{"image_text":"Stereoscope image of the conservatory circa 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flower_beds_and_Greenhouse%2C_Lincoln_Park%2C_Chicago%2C_Ill._U.S.A%2C_by_Keystone_View_Company.jpg/220px-Flower_beds_and_Greenhouse%2C_Lincoln_Park%2C_Chicago%2C_Ill._U.S.A%2C_by_Keystone_View_Company.jpg"},{"image_text":"'New Conservatory at Lincoln Park, Chicago' - Image from page 147 of \"American gardening\" (1892)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/New_Conservatory_at_Lincoln_Park%2C_Chicago_Image_from_page_147_of_%22American_gardening%22_%281892%29.jpg/220px-New_Conservatory_at_Lincoln_Park%2C_Chicago_Image_from_page_147_of_%22American_gardening%22_%281892%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lincoln Park Conservatory and the Great Garden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lincoln_Park_Conservatory.JPG/220px-Lincoln_Park_Conservatory.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Fernery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Conservatory_Fern_Hall.JPG/220px-Conservatory_Fern_Hall.JPG"},{"image_text":"Palm House and architectural detail","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/LPConserv.JPG/220px-LPConserv.JPG"},{"image_text":"A female sago palm in the fern room","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ATT_1445043174416_20150921_141604.jpg/220px-ATT_1445043174416_20150921_141604.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Garfield Park Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Park_Conservatory"},{"title":"List of botanical gardens in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_Chicago"}]
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[{"reference":"Chicago, City of. \"Explore Chicago-Lincoln Park Conservatory\". Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 19 Feb 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105042949/http://www.explorechicago.org/city/en/things_see_do/attractions/park_district/lincoln_park_conservatory.html","url_text":"\"Explore Chicago-Lincoln Park Conservatory\""},{"url":"http://www.explorechicago.org/city/en/things_see_do/attractions/park_district/lincoln_park_conservatory.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lincoln Park Conservancy | Serving Lincoln Park Since 1984\". Archived from the original on 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2015-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630043019/http://lincolnparkconservancy.org/about_the_conservatory.html","url_text":"\"Lincoln Park Conservancy | Serving Lincoln Park Since 1984\""},{"url":"http://www.lincolnparkconservancy.org/about_the_conservatory.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lincoln Park Commission Annual Report. 1892.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lincoln Park Conservancy | Serving Lincoln Park Since 1984\". Archived from the original on 2015-10-07. Retrieved 2015-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151007010202/http://www.lincolnparkconservancy.org/lincoln_park_conservatory_info.html","url_text":"\"Lincoln Park Conservancy | Serving Lincoln Park Since 1984\""},{"url":"http://www.lincolnparkconservancy.org/lincoln_park_conservatory_info.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chicago, City of. \"Explore Chicago \"Great Gardens\"\". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 6 Feb 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718153516/http://www.explorechicago.org/city/en/things_see_do/attractions/park_district/great_garden.html","url_text":"\"Explore Chicago \"Great Gardens\"\""},{"url":"http://www.explorechicago.org/city/en/things_see_do/attractions/park_district/great_garden.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thayer Tolles (2009). Augustus Saint-Gaudens in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-300-15188-6. Retrieved 12 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UKTC7moBr0cC&pg=PA21","url_text":"Augustus Saint-Gaudens in the Metropolitan Museum of Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15188-6","url_text":"978-0-300-15188-6"}]},{"reference":"Woodhouse, David (2006). Lincoln Park Conservatory Master Plan. p. 24.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_space_programme
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British space programme
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["1 Origins","2 History","2.1 British satellite programmes (1959–present)","2.1.1 Early satellite programmes","2.1.2 Military communications satellite programme","2.1.3 Intelligence satellite programmes","2.1.4 Independent satellite navigation system","2.1.5 OneWeb satellite constellation","2.2 British space vehicles (1950–1985)","2.3 National space programme (1985–2010)","2.4 United Kingdom Space Agency (2010 – present)","2.4.1 Reaction Engines Skylon","2.4.2 2011 budget boost and reforms","2.4.3 Commercial spaceports","2.4.4 Space Industry Act 2018","3 Commercial and private space activities","3.1 Project Juno","3.2 Surrey Satellite Technology","3.3 Virgin Galactic","3.4 Blue Origin","4 British contribution to other space programmes","5 British astronauts","5.1 Potential astronauts","6 In fiction","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
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Official efforts to develop space capabilities
British space programmeFirst flight27 June 1969 (Black Arrow)Successes2Failures2
The British space programme is the British government's work to develop British space capabilities. The objectives of the current civil programme are to "win sustainable economic growth, secure new scientific knowledge and provide benefits to all citizens."
The first official British space programme began in 1952. In 1959, the first satellite programme was started, with the Ariel series of British satellites, built in the United States and the UK and launched using American rockets. The first British satellite, Ariel 1, was launched in 1962.
The British space programme has always emphasized uncrewed space research and commercial initiatives. It has never been government policy to create a British astronaut corps. The British government did not provide funding for the International Space Station until 2011.
During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of efforts were made to develop a British satellite launch capability. A British rocket named Black Arrow did succeed in placing a single British satellite, Prospero, into orbit from a launch site in Australia in 1971. Prospero remains the only British satellite to be put into orbit using a British vehicle.
The British National Space Centre was established in 1985 to co-ordinate British government agencies and other interested bodies in the promotion of British participation in the international market for satellite launches, satellite construction and other space endeavours.
In 2010, many of the various separate sources of space-related funding were combined and allocated to the centre's replacement, the UK Space Agency. Among other projects, the agency is funding a single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane concept called Skylon.
Origins
Scientific interest in space travel existed in the United Kingdom prior to World War II, particularly amongst members of the British Interplanetary Society (founded in 1933) whose members included Sir Arthur C. Clarke, author and conceiver of the geostationary telecommunications satellite, who joined the BIS before World War II.
As with the other post-war space-faring nations, the British government's initial interest in space was primarily military. Early programmes reflected this interest. As with other nations, much of the rocketry knowledge was obtained from captured German scientists who were persuaded to work for the British. The British performed the earliest post-war tests of captured V-2 rockets in Operation Backfire, less than six months after the end of the war in Europe. In 1946 a proposal was made by Ralph A. Smith to fund a British crewed suborbital launch in a modified V-2 called Megaroc; this was, however, rejected by the government.
From 1957, British space astronomy used Skylark suborbital sounding rockets, launched from Woomera, Australia, which at first reached heights of 200 km (124 mi). Development of air-to-surface missiles such as Blue Steel contributed to progress towards launches of larger orbit-capable rockets.
History
British satellite programmes (1959–present)
Early satellite programmes
US Delta 9 rocket with Ariel 1, the first British satellite, 26 April 1962
The Ariel programme developed six satellites between 1962 and 1979, all of which were launched by NASA.
In 1971, the last Black Arrow (R3) launched Prospero X-3, the only British satellite to be launched using a British rocket, from Australia. Ground contact with Prospero ended in 1996.
Military communications satellite programme
Skynet is a purely military programme, operating a set of communications satellites on behalf of the Ministry of Defence (MoD), to provide communication services to the three branches of the British Armed Forces and to NATO and allied governments. The first satellite was launched in 1969, becoming the first military satellite in geostationary orbit, and the most recent in 2012. As of 2020, seven Skynet satellites are operating and providing coverage of almost the whole globe.
Skynet is the most expensive British space project, although as a military initiative it is not part of the civil space programme. The MoD is currently specifying the Skynet 6 architecture to replace the Skynet 5 model satellites, which is expected to cost about £6 billion.
Intelligence satellite programmes
Zircon was the codename for a British signals intelligence satellite, intended to be launched in 1988, but cancelled in 1987.
During the Cold War, the UK's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) relied heavily on America's National Security Agency (NSA) for communications interception from space. GCHQ therefore decided to produce a British-designed-and-built signals intelligence satellite, to be named Zircon, a code-name derived from zirconium silicate, a diamond substitute. Zircon's function was to intercept radio and other signals from the USSR, Europe and other areas. The satellite was to be built by Marconi Space and Defence Systems at Portsmouth Airport, where a high-security building had been built.
It was to be launched on a NASA Space Shuttle under the guise of Skynet IV. Launch on the Shuttle would have entitled a British National to fly as a payload specialist, and a group of military pilots were presented to the press as candidates for 'Britain's first man in space'. Zircon was cancelled by Chancellor Nigel Lawson on cost grounds in 1987. The subsequent scandal about the true nature of the project became known as the Zircon affair.
Independent satellite navigation system
On 30 November 2018, it was announced that the United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System (UKGNSS) would not be affiliated with the European Space Agency's Galileo satellite system after Britain completed its withdrawal from the European Union. Instead, it was initially planned that the UK Space Agency would operate an independent satellite system. However, on 25 September 2020, The Daily Telegraph reported that the United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System project had been scrapped. The project, deemed unnecessary and too expensive, would be replaced with a new project exploring alternative ways to provide satellite navigation services.
OneWeb satellite constellation
In July 2020, the United Kingdom government and India's Bharti Enterprises jointly purchased the bankrupt OneWeb satellite company, with the UK paying £400 million (US$500 million) for a 45% stake and a golden share to give it control over future ownership. The UK government was considering whether the low Earth orbit OneWeb satellite constellation could in future provide a form of UKGNSS service in addition to its primary purpose of fast satellite broadband, and if it could be incorporated into the military Skynet 6 communications architecture. OneWeb satellites are manufactured by a joint venture including Airbus Defence and Space, who operate Skynet.
OneWeb commenced launches of the OneWeb satellite constellation, a network of more than 650 low Earth orbit satellites, in February 2019, and by March 2020, had launched 74 of the planned 648 satellites in the initial constellation. OneWeb's goal has been to provide internet services to "everyone, everywhere", delivering internet connections to rural and remote places as well as to a range of markets. The post-bankruptcy company leadership launched an additional 36 OneWeb satellites on 18 December 2020. OneWeb satellites are listed in the UK Registry of Outer Space Objects.
British space vehicles (1950–1985)
A Black Knight rocket on display in Edinburgh
Main articles: Blue Streak (missile), Black Knight (rocket), Black Prince (rocket), and Black Arrow
Beginning in 1950, the UK developed and launched several space rockets, as well as developing space planes. These included the Black Knight and Blue Streak rockets. During this period, the launcher programmes were administered in succession by the Ministry of Supply, the Ministry of Aviation, the Ministry of Technology and the Department of Trade and Industry. Rockets were tested on the Isle of Wight, RAF Spadeadam, and Woomera in South Australia.
A major satellite launch vehicle was proposed in 1957 based on Blue Streak and Black Knight technology. This was named Black Prince, but the project was cancelled in 1960 due to lack of funding. Blue Streak rockets continued to be launched as the first stage of the European Europa carrier rocket until Europa's cancellation in 1972. The smaller Black Arrow launcher was developed from Black Knight and was first launched in 1969 from Woomera. The program was soon cancelled. In 1971, the last Black Arrow (R3) launched Prospero X-3, becoming the first (and last) satellite to be placed in orbit by a British launch vehicle.
By 1972, British government funding of both Blue Streak and Black Arrow had ceased, and no further government-backed British space rockets were developed. Other space agencies, notably NASA, were used for subsequent launches of British satellites. Communication with the Prospero X-3 was terminated in 1996.
Falstaff, a British hypersonic test rocket, was launched from Woomera between 1969 and 1979.
In 1960 the British Space Development Company, a consortium of thirteen large industrial companies, was set up by Robert Renwick, 1st Baron Renwick to plan the world's first commercial communication satellite company, Renwick becoming the executive director. With Blue Streak, Britain had the technology to make it possible, but the idea was rejected by the British government on the grounds that such a system could not be envisaged in the next 20 years (1961–1981). The United States would eventually set up COMSAT in 1963, resulting in Intelsat, a large fleet of commercial satellites. The first of Intelsat's fleet, Intelsat I, was launched in April 1965.
The official national space programme was revived in 1982 when the British government funded the HOTOL project, an ambitious attempt at a re-usable space plane using air-breathing rocket engines designed by Alan Bond. Work was begun by British Aerospace. However, having classified the engine design as 'top secret' the government then ended funding for the project, terminating it.
National space programme (1985–2010)
Main article: British National Space Centre
Beagle 2, a partially successful British Mars lander
ISS agreements on 29 January 1998
In 1985, the British National Space Centre (BNSC) was formed to coordinate British space activities. The BNSC was a significant contributor to the general budget of the European Space Agency, and in 2005 paid 17.7% of the costs of the mandatory programmes, making it the second largest contributor. Through BNSC, the UK also took part in ESA's optional programmes such as Aurora, the robotic exploration initiative.
The UK decided not to contribute funds for the International Space Station, on the basis that it did not represent value for money. The British government did not take part in any crewed space endeavours during this period.
The United Kingdom continued to contribute scientific elements to satellite launches and space projects. The British probe Beagle 2, sent as part of the ESA's 2003 Mars Express mission to study the planet Mars, was lost when it failed to respond. The probe was found in 2015 by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and it has been concluded while it did land successfully, one of the solar arrays failed to deploy, blocking the communication antenna.
United Kingdom Space Agency (2010 – present)
Main article: UK Space Agency
Logo of the UK Space Agency
On 1 April 2010, the government established the UK Space Agency, an agency responsible for the British space programme. It replaced the British National Space Centre and now has responsibility for government policy and key budgets for space, as well as representing the UK in all negotiations on space matters.
As of 2015, the UK Space Agency provides 9.9% of the European Space Agency budget.
Reaction Engines Skylon
The British government partnered with the ESA in 2010 to promote a single-stage to orbit spaceplane concept called Skylon. This design was developed by Reaction Engines Limited, a company founded by Alan Bond after HOTOL was cancelled. The Skylon spaceplane has been positively received by the British government, and the British Interplanetary Society. Successful tests of the engine precooler and "SABRE" engine design were carried out in 2012, although full funding for development of the spacecraft itself had not been confirmed.
2011 budget boost and reforms
The British government proposed reform to the Outer Space Act 1986 in several areas, including the liabilities that cover space operations, in order to enable British companies' space endeavours to better compete with international competitors. There was also a proposal of a £10 million boost in capital investment, to be matched by industry.
Commercial spaceports
In July 2014, the government announced that it would build a British commercial spaceport. It planned to select a site, build the facilities, and have the spaceport in operation by 2018. Six sites were shortlisted, but the competition was ended in May 2016 with no selection made. However, in July 2018 UKSA announced that the UK government would back the development of a spaceport at A' Mhòine, in Sutherland, Scotland. Launch operations at Sutherland spaceport would be developed by Lockheed Martin with financial support from the UK government and Highlands and Islands Enterprise, originally with the aim of commencing operations in 2020, later delayed to 2022.
As of 2020, UKSA is supporting the development of three space launch sites in the UK. The proposed sites for spaceports, and the companies associated with them, are as follows:
SaxaVord Spaceport – Unst, Shetland Islands
Lockheed Martin / ABL Space Systems
Rocket Factory Augsburg
Space Hub Sutherland – Sutherland, Scotland
Skyrora
Orbex
Spaceport Cornwall – Newquay Airport, Cornwall, England
Virgin Orbit, which ceased operations in 2023
Space Industry Act 2018
In June 2017, the government introduced a bill leading to the Space Industry Act 2018 which created a regulatory framework for the expansion of commercial space activities. This covered the development of British spaceports, for both orbital and sub-orbital activities, and launches and other activities overseas by UK entities.
Commercial and private space activities
The first Briton in space, cosmonaut-researcher Helen Sharman, was funded by a private consortium without British government assistance whilst the government of the Soviet Union made up for the shortfall in the private funding. Interest in space continues in the UK's private sector, including satellite design and manufacture, developing designs for space planes and catering to the new market in space tourism.
Project Juno
Mission patch for Project Juno, Soyuz TM-12
Project Juno was a privately funded campaign, which selected Helen Sharman to be the first Briton in space. A private consortium was formed to raise money to pay the USSR for a seat on a Soyuz mission to the Mir space station. The USSR had recently flown Toyohiro Akiyama, a Japanese journalist, by a similar arrangement.
A call for applicants was publicised in the UK resulting in the selection of four astronauts: Helen Sharman, Major Timothy Mace, Clive Smith and Surgeon Lieutenant Commander Gordon Brooks. Sharman was eventually chosen for the first of what was hoped to be a number of flights with Major Timothy Mace as her backup. The cost of the flight was to be funded by various innovative schemes, including sponsoring by private British companies and a lottery system. Corporate sponsors included British Aerospace, Memorex, and Interflora, and television rights were sold to ITV.
Ultimately the Juno consortium failed to raise the entire sum and the USSR considered canceling the mission. It is believed that Mikhail Gorbachev directed the mission to proceed at Soviet cost.
Sharman was launched aboard Soyuz TM-12 on 18 May 1991, and returned aboard Soyuz TM-11 on 26 May 1991.
Surrey Satellite Technology
Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) is a large spin-off company of the University of Surrey, now fully owned by Airbus Defence & Space, that builds and operates small satellites. SSTL works with the UK Space Agency and takes on a number of tasks for the UKSA that would be done in-house by a traditional large government space agency.
Virgin Galactic
Virgin Galactic, a US company within the British-based Virgin Group owned by Sir Richard Branson, is taking reservations for suborbital space flights from the general public. Its operations will use SpaceShipTwo space planes designed by Scaled Composites, which has previously developed the Ansari X-Prize winning SpaceShipOne.
Blue Origin
A private aerospace company owned by Jeff Bezos has multiple plans for space. On June 4, 2022, on its fifth flight, Blue Origin NS-21, Hamish Harding became the 8th British astronaut (reaching an apogee 107km) to reach space. On August 4, 2022, on its sixth flight, Blue Origin NS-22, Vanessa O'Brien became the 9th British astronaut and 2nd female British astronaut (reaching an apogee 107km) to reach space, while conducting an overview study on the human brain.
British contribution to other space programmes
Communication and tracking of rockets and satellites in orbit is achieved using stations such as Jodrell Bank. During the Space Race, Jodrell Bank and other stations were used to track several satellites and probes including Sputnik and Pioneer 5.
As well as providing tracking facilities for other nations, scientists from the United Kingdom have participated in other nation's space programmes, notably contributing to the development of NASA's early space programmes, and co-operation with Australian launches.
The Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough, invented carbon fibre composite material. The Saunders-Roe SR.53 Rocket/jet plane in 1957 used the newly invented silver peroxide catalyst rocket engine.
The concept of the communications satellite was by Arthur C. Clarke.
British astronauts
Because the British government has never developed a crewed spaceflight programme and initially did not contribute funding to the crewed space flight part of ESA's activities, the first six British astronauts launched with either the American or Soviet/Russian space programmes. Despite this, on 9 October 2008, British Science and Innovation Minister Lord Drayson spoke favourably of the idea of a British astronaut. Army Air Corps test pilot Tim Peake became a member of the European Astronaut Corps in 2009, and then in 2015 the first astronaut funded by the British government when he reached the International Space Station aboard a Soyuz rocket launched from Baikonur in Kazakhstan.
To date, seven UK-born British citizens and two non-UK-born British citizen have flown in space:
Name
Birthplace
Missions
First launch date
Nationality/ies
Helen Sharman
Grenoside, Sheffield, South Yorkshire
Soyuz TM-12/11
18 May 1991
First British astronaut (and in particular, the first British cosmonaut) as well as the first woman to visit the Mir space station. Funded partially by private British citizens as Project Juno and by the Soviet Union.
Michael Foale
Louth, Lincolnshire
STS-45 (Atlantis)STS-56 (Discovery)STS-63 (Discovery)STS-84/86 (Atlantis)STS-103 (Discovery)Soyuz TMA-3
24 March 1992
/
NASA astronaut. Born and grew up in the UK with dual UK/US citizenship, his mother being American. First British spacewalker. First Briton to both Mir and International Space Station.
Mark Shuttleworth
Welkom, Orange Free State, South Africa
Soyuz TM-34/33
27 April 2002
/
Self-funded space tourist to the International Space Station. Born a South African, he also holds British citizenship.
Piers Sellers
Crowborough, Sussex
STS-112 (Atlantis)STS-121 (Discovery)STS-132 (Atlantis)
7 October 2002
/
NASA astronaut. Born and grew up in the UK, US citizen after 1991.
Nicholas Patrick
Saltburn-by-the-Sea, North Yorkshire
STS-116 (Discovery)STS-130 (Endeavour)
9 December 2006
/
NASA astronaut. Born and grew up in the UK, US citizen since 1994.
Richard Garriott
Cambridge, Cambridgeshire
Soyuz TMA-13/12
12 October 2008
/
Self-funded space tourist to the International Space Station. Born in the UK to American parents (son of Skylab astronaut Owen Garriott).
Timothy Peake
Chichester, West Sussex
Soyuz TMA-19M
15 December 2015
ESA astronaut. First British government-funded Briton in space and aboard the International Space Station.
Hamish Harding
Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom
Blue Origin NS-21
4 June 2022
/
Self-funded, space flight participant. Flew on Blue Origin NS-21 on June 4, 2022.
Vanessa O'Brien
Michigan, USA
Blue Origin NS-22
4 August 2022
/
Flew on Blue Origin NS-22 on August 4, 2022. Funding offset to conduct overview effect research study on the human brain. Emigrated to United Kingdom in 1999.
Potential astronauts
US Air Force Colonel Gregory H. Johnson served as pilot on two Endeavour missions (STS-123 and STS-134). Although born in the UK while his father was stationed at a US Air Force base, he has never been a British citizen and is not otherwise associated with the UK. He is sometimes incorrectly listed as a British astronaut.
Anthony Llewellyn (born in Cardiff, Wales) was selected as a scientist-astronaut by NASA during August 1967 but resigned during September 1968, having never flown in space.
Army Lieutenants-Colonel Anthony Boyle (born in Kidderminster) and Richard Farrimond (born in Birkenhead, Cheshire), MoD employee Christopher Holmes (born in London), Royal Navy Commander Peter Longhurst (born in Staines, Middlesex) and RAF Squadron Leader Nigel Wood (born in York) were selected in February 1984 as payload specialists for the Skynet 4 programme, intended for launch using the Space Shuttle. Boyle resigned from the programme in July 1984 due to Army commitments. Prior to the cancellation of the missions after the Challenger disaster, Wood was due to fly aboard Shuttle mission STS-61-H in 1986 (with Farrimond serving as his back-up) and Longhurst was due to fly aboard Shuttle mission STS-71-C in 1987 (with Holmes serving as back-up). All resigned abruptly in 1986, citing fears and safety concerns post-Challenger.
Army Air Corps Major Timothy Mace (born in Catterick, Yorkshire) served as back-up to Helen Sharman for the Soyuz TM-12 / Project Juno mission in 1991. He resigned in 1991, having not flown. Clive Smith and Royal Navy Surgeon Lieutenant Commander Gordon Brooks also served for a year as back-up astronauts for the Juno flight, learning Russian and preparing the scientific programme. Sharman, Mace and Brooks were subsequently put forward by the BNSC for the European Space Corps.
Former RAF pilot David Mackay was appointed as Chief Pilot by Virgin Galactic in 2009, and is participating in the flight test programme of the suborbital spaceplane SpaceShipTwo.
Singer/songwriter and actress Sarah Brightman announced on 10 October 2012 her intention to purchase a Soyuz seat to the International Space Station as a self-funded space tourist in partnership with Space Adventures. She underwent cosmonaut training with the aim of flying on Soyuz TMA-18M, but stated on 13 May 2015 that she was withdrawing "for family reasons". It is not known whether she intends to fly at a later date.
On 1 July 2021 Virgin Galactic announced that Richard Branson (its founder) and Colin Bennet (the Lead Operations Engineer) would fly as part of the crew to space on VSS Unity. Subject to the definition of space (as VSS Unity reaches above 80 km, the US government definition of space, but does not typically reach the Karman line) this would make them the UK's 8th and 9th astronauts.
The 2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group includes three British citizens as candidates – Rosemary Coogan (career), Meganne Christian (reserve), and John McFall (parastronaut).
In fiction
Notable fictional depictions of British spacecraft or Britons in space include:
"The First Men in the Moon" by H.G.Wells (The Strand Magazine Originally Serialized December 1900 to August 1901 and published in hardcover in 1901).
"How We Went to Mars" by Sir Arthur C. Clarke (Amateur Science Fiction Stories March 1938).
Dan Dare, Pilot of the Future (comics, 1950–1967, 1980s).
Journey into Space (radio, 1953–1955).
The Quatermass Experiment (television, 1953).
Blast Off at Woomera by Hugh Walters (1957).
Doctor Who (television) – "The Ambassadors of Death" (1970), "The Christmas Invasion" (2005), "The Waters of Mars" (2009).
The Goodies - "Invasion of the Moon Creatures" (television, 1973).
Moonbase 3 (television, 1973).
Come Back Mrs. Noah (television, 1977).
Moonraker (1979).
Lifeforce (1985).
Star Cops (television, 1987).
Red Dwarf (television, 1988–1999, 2009).
A Grand Day Out with Wallace and Gromit (short stop-motion film, 1989)
Ministry of Space (comics, 2001–2004).
Space Cadets (TV series) (television, 2005).
Hyperdrive (TV series) (television, 2006–2007).
"Capsule" Sci Fi Movie (2015).
"Peppa Pig"— "Grampy Rabbit in Space" Cartoon (2012).
See also
Rocketry portalSpaceflight portalUnited Kingdom portal
John Hodge (engineer) – British-born aerospace engineer who worked for NASA
National Space Centre – visitor centre in Leicester
United Kingdom Space Command – military space command established in 2021
Notes
^ The BBC reference does not mention his father's US Air Force connection, and includes the astronaut under 'Britons' in space.
References
^ "What we do". BIS. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
^ "UK vision to stay at the forefront of space sector published". BNSC. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
^ Sample, Ian (14 February 2008). "UK carves out its place in space, but hopes for Britons on moon dashed". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
^ Lunan, Duncan (November 2001). "Promoting UK involvement in the ISS: a space station lifeboat?". Space Policy. 17 (4): 249–255. Bibcode:2001SpPol..17..249L. doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(01)00039-X.
^ "Megaroc". The British Interplanetary Society. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
^ Pounds, Ken (2010). "The Royral Society's Formative Role in UK Space Research". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 64: –65–S76. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2010.0039. ISSN 0035-9149. JSTOR 20753923. S2CID 144418241.
^ "Prospero May Be Last U.K. Satellite". Calgary Herald. Calgary, Alberta. The London Times. 3 November 1971. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Erwin, Sandra (6 November 2018). "UK MoD still undecided on how to procure satellite communications". SpaceNews. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ Chuter, Andrew (22 May 2020). "UK nears final stage of Skynet competition". c4isrnet.com. Sightline Media. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
^ "Minister quits over 'naive' Brexit deal". BBC News. 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ Diver, Tony (25 September 2020). "Britain scraps satellite programme designed to replace Galileo after Brexit". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ "U.K. takes £400m stake in satellite firm OneWeb". BBC News. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
^ Henry, Caleb (19 July 2020). "British military finalizes Skynet-6A contract with Airbus". SpaceNews. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
^ Hollinger, Peggy (2 July 2020). "UK gamble on OneWeb signals more interventionist space policy". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 November 2020. "The real end game here is SkyNet," said one industry executive, referring to the military grade constellation that for 17 years has been operated by Airbus, and whose contract is soon coming to an end.
^ Hanneke, Weitering (27 February 2019). "Soyuz Rocket Will Launch the 1st OneWeb Satellites Today". Space.com. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
^ "OneWeb emerges from Chapter 11 with new CEO". BBC News. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
^ UK Registry of Outer Space Objects (PDF) (Report). UK Space Agency. October 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
^ "Intelsat's Satellite Communication Highlights from the 60's | Intelsat S.A." 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
^ "BNSC:How we work". Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
^ "BNSC and ESA". Archived from the original on 20 April 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
^ "Space station 'not worth' joining". BBC News. BBC. 18 February 1999. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
^ Mike Wall (16 January 2015). "UK's Lost Beagle 2 Mars Lander, Missing Since 2003, Found in NASA Photos". Space.com.
^ "ESA budget 2015". ESA. 15 January 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
^ Messier, Doug (22 September 2010). "UKSA Reviews Skylon and SABRE". Parabolic Arc.
^ "Reaction Engines Limited FAQ". Archived from the original on 2 June 2015.
^ "Skylon System Requirements Review". Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
^ Robert Parkinson (22 February 2011). "SSTO spaceplane is coming to Great Britain". The Global Herald. Space:The Development of Single Stage Flight. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^
Amos, Jonathan (23 March 2011). "UK space given boost from Budget". BBC. Retrieved 24 March 2011. reforms are designed to lower the sector's insurance costs and to make it easier for future space tourism companies to operate out of the UK. The government says it has recognised the success the British space sector has achieved in recent years and wants to offer it further support to maintain and grow its global market position.
^
McKie, Robin (13 July 2014). "Britain plans to build commercial spaceport". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
^ McArdle, Helen (20 May 2016). "UK spaceport competition axed in favour of licensing model". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
^ "UK spaceport proposed for Sutherland site". BBC News. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
^ "Lift-off for Shetland spaceport". gov.uk. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
^ Foust, Jeff (7 February 2021). "Lockheed Martin selects ABL Space Systems for UK launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
^ Selding, Peter B. de (22 May 2023). "SaxaVord Spaceport secures $173 million in debt financing, says UK launch support should focus on commercial viability". Space Intel Report. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
^ Pultarova, Tereza (10 October 2019). "Space Hub Sutherland". Space.com.
^ Whitehouse, Richard; Matthews, Chris (18 September 2019). "Cornwall Spaceport latest – Council cabinet agrees £12million funding". Cornwall Live. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
^ Roulette, Joey (4 April 2023). "Branson's Virgin Orbit files for bankruptcy after launch failure squeezed finances". Reuters. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
^ Hutton, Georgina (2 February 2018). "The Space Industry Bill 2017-2019". House of Commons Library. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
^ Puschman, Nicholas; et al. (August 2020). "One giant (regulatory) leap for UK spaceflight: the launch of the UK Government's consultation on the supporting regulations to the Space Industry Act 2018". Bird & Bird. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
^ Nasir, Sarwat. "British explorer based in UAE to launch into space on Blue Origin flight". The National. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
^ Clash, Jim. "Private-Sector Space Experiments Could Add To Mankind's Knowledge Bank. Keep An Open Mind". Forbes. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
^ Grahn, Sven. "Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities - Part 1". The University of Manchester. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
^ Eugene Kranz, Failure is not an Option
^ "Black Arrow History". Wight Aviation Museum. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
^ "Minister wants astronaut 'icon'". 9 October 2008 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
^ "Europe unveils British astronaut". BBC News. 20 May 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^ "Tim Peake begins stay on international space station". BBC. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
^ "UK astronaut Tim Peake returns to Earth". BBC. 18 June 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
^ a b c Seedhouse, Erik (11 September 2017). TIM PEAKE and BRITAIN'S ROAD TO SPACE. Springer. pp. vi. ISBN 978-3-319-57907-8.
^ a b "Tim Peake launch: The seven Britons to go to space". BBC. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
^ Nasir, Sarwat. "British explorer based in UAE to launch into space on Blue Origin flight". The National. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
^ "For the next generation of astronauts to shoot for the moon, a STEM education is vital". City A.M. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
^ Burgess, Colin (2019). Shattered Dreams: The Lost and Canceled Space Missions. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-1-4962-1420-1.
^ Clash, Jim. "Private-Sector Space Experiments Could Add To Mankind's Knowledge Bank. Keep An Open Mind". Forbes. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
^ "Johnson, Gregory H". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
^ Burgess, Colin (1 May 2019). Shattered Dreams: The Lost and Canceled Space Missions. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-1-4962-1420-1.
^ "Virgin Galactic Announces First Fully Crewed Spaceflight". Virgin Galactic. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
External links
UK Space Agency
History of British rocketry
Rocketeers.co.uk – UK space news blog
Information on Blue Streak
History of HOTOL
Virgin Galactic
UK made 'fundamental space mistake'
BBC Report on SST
BBC, 24 March 2011, article on recent UK government announcement contrasted with recent French government funding increases.
Other resources
Hill, C.N., A Vertical Empire: The History of the UK Rocket and Space Programme, 1950–1971
Millard, Douglas, An Overview of United Kingdom Space Activity 1957–1987, ESA Publications.
Erik Seedhouse: Tim Peake and Britains's road to space. Springer, Cham 2017, ISBN 978-3-319-57906-1.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_government"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIS_what_we_do-1"},{"link_name":"Ariel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_space_programme"},{"link_name":"Ariel 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_1"},{"link_name":"space research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_research"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNSC-human-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Black Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Prospero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospero_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"British National Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"UK Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"single-stage-to-orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSTO"},{"link_name":"spaceplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceplane"},{"link_name":"Skylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)"}],"text":"The British space programme is the British government's work to develop British space capabilities. The objectives of the current civil programme are to \"win sustainable economic growth, secure new scientific knowledge and provide benefits to all citizens.\"[1]The first official British space programme began in 1952. In 1959, the first satellite programme was started, with the Ariel series of British satellites, built in the United States and the UK and launched using American rockets. The first British satellite, Ariel 1, was launched in 1962.\nThe British space programme has always emphasized uncrewed space research and commercial initiatives. It has never been government policy to create a British astronaut corps.[2][3] The British government did not provide funding for the International Space Station until 2011.[4]During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of efforts were made to develop a British satellite launch capability. A British rocket named Black Arrow did succeed in placing a single British satellite, Prospero, into orbit from a launch site in Australia in 1971. Prospero remains the only British satellite to be put into orbit using a British vehicle.The British National Space Centre was established in 1985 to co-ordinate British government agencies and other interested bodies in the promotion of British participation in the international market for satellite launches, satellite construction and other space endeavours.In 2010, many of the various separate sources of space-related funding were combined and allocated to the centre's replacement, the UK Space Agency. Among other projects, the agency is funding a single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane concept called Skylon.","title":"British space programme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"British Interplanetary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"},{"link_name":"geostationary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_satellite"},{"link_name":"V-2 rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket"},{"link_name":"Operation Backfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(WWII)"},{"link_name":"Megaroc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaroc"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Skylark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylark_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"sounding rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounding_rocket"},{"link_name":"Woomera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woomera_Rocket_Range"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Blue Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Steel_(missile)"}],"text":"Scientific interest in space travel existed in the United Kingdom prior to World War II, particularly amongst members of the British Interplanetary Society (founded in 1933) whose members included Sir Arthur C. Clarke, author and conceiver of the geostationary telecommunications satellite, who joined the BIS before World War II.As with the other post-war space-faring nations, the British government's initial interest in space was primarily military. Early programmes reflected this interest. As with other nations, much of the rocketry knowledge was obtained from captured German scientists who were persuaded to work for the British. The British performed the earliest post-war tests of captured V-2 rockets in Operation Backfire, less than six months after the end of the war in Europe. In 1946 a proposal was made by Ralph A. Smith to fund a British crewed suborbital launch in a modified V-2 called Megaroc; this was, however, rejected by the government.[5]From 1957, British space astronomy used Skylark suborbital sounding rockets, launched from Woomera, Australia,[6] which at first reached heights of 200 km (124 mi). Development of air-to-surface missiles such as Blue Steel contributed to progress towards launches of larger orbit-capable rockets.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"British satellite programmes (1959–present)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:19620426_Delta_9-Ariel_1_LC-17A.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ariel programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_space_programme"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Prospero X-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospero_X-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"British satellite programmes (1959–present) - Early satellite programmes","text":"US Delta 9 rocket with Ariel 1, the first British satellite, 26 April 1962The Ariel programme developed six satellites between 1962 and 1979, all of which were launched by NASA.In 1971, the last Black Arrow (R3) launched Prospero X-3, the only British satellite to be launched using a British rocket, from Australia. Ground contact with Prospero ended in 1996.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skynet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynet_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"communications satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"geostationary orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spacenews-20181106-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c4isrnet-20200522-9"}],"sub_title":"British satellite programmes (1959–present) - Military communications satellite programme","text":"Skynet is a purely military programme, operating a set of communications satellites on behalf of the Ministry of Defence (MoD), to provide communication services to the three branches of the British Armed Forces and to NATO and allied governments. 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The subsequent scandal about the true nature of the project became known as the Zircon affair.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System"},{"link_name":"Galileo satellite system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)"},{"link_name":"Britain completed its withdrawal from the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"UK Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indysatellite-10"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-20200925-11"}],"sub_title":"British satellite programmes (1959–present) - Independent satellite navigation system","text":"On 30 November 2018, it was announced that the United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System (UKGNSS) would not be affiliated with the European Space Agency's Galileo satellite system after Britain completed its withdrawal from the European Union. Instead, it was initially planned that the UK Space Agency would operate an independent satellite system.[10] However, on 25 September 2020, The Daily Telegraph reported that the United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System project had been scrapped. The project, deemed unnecessary and too expensive, would be replaced with a new project exploring alternative ways to provide satellite navigation services.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bharti Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"OneWeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneWeb"},{"link_name":"low Earth orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit"},{"link_name":"OneWeb satellite constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneWeb_satellite_constellation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Skynet 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynet_6"},{"link_name":"Airbus Defence and Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn-20200719-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-20200702-14"},{"link_name":"OneWeb satellite constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneWeb_satellite_constellation"},{"link_name":"low Earth orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit"},{"link_name":"satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_satellite"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"internet services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_internet_constellation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20201120-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uksaregister-202010-17"}],"sub_title":"British satellite programmes (1959–present) - OneWeb satellite constellation","text":"In July 2020, the United Kingdom government and India's Bharti Enterprises jointly purchased the bankrupt OneWeb satellite company, with the UK paying £400 million (US$500 million) for a 45% stake and a golden share to give it control over future ownership. The UK government was considering whether the low Earth orbit OneWeb satellite constellation could in future provide a form of UKGNSS service in addition to its primary purpose of fast satellite broadband,[12] and if it could be incorporated into the military Skynet 6 communications architecture. OneWeb satellites are manufactured by a joint venture including Airbus Defence and Space, who operate Skynet.[13][14]OneWeb commenced launches of the OneWeb satellite constellation, a network of more than 650 low Earth orbit satellites, in February 2019,[15] and by March 2020, had launched 74 of the planned 648 satellites in the initial constellation. OneWeb's goal has been to provide internet services to \"everyone, everywhere\", delivering internet connections to rural and remote places as well as to a range of markets. The post-bankruptcy company leadership launched an additional 36 OneWeb satellites on 18 December 2020.[16] OneWeb satellites are listed in the UK Registry of Outer Space Objects.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Knight_Rocket_Edinburgh.JPG"},{"link_name":"Black Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Knight_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"space rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_rockets"},{"link_name":"space planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_planes"},{"link_name":"Black Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Knight_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Blue Streak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Streak_missile"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Department of Trade and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"RAF Spadeadam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Spadeadam"},{"link_name":"Woomera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woomera,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"satellite launch vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_launch_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Black Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Prince_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Black Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Prospero X-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospero_X-3"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Falstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falstaff_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Robert Renwick, 1st Baron Renwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Renwick,_1st_Baron_Renwick"},{"link_name":"COMSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMSAT"},{"link_name":"Intelsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat"},{"link_name":"Intelsat I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat_I"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"HOTOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOTOL"},{"link_name":"Alan Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bond_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"British Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace"}],"sub_title":"British space vehicles (1950–1985)","text":"A Black Knight rocket on display in EdinburghBeginning in 1950, the UK developed and launched several space rockets, as well as developing space planes. These included the Black Knight and Blue Streak rockets. During this period, the launcher programmes were administered in succession by the Ministry of Supply, the Ministry of Aviation, the Ministry of Technology and the Department of Trade and Industry. Rockets were tested on the Isle of Wight, RAF Spadeadam, and Woomera in South Australia.A major satellite launch vehicle was proposed in 1957 based on Blue Streak and Black Knight technology. This was named Black Prince, but the project was cancelled in 1960 due to lack of funding. Blue Streak rockets continued to be launched as the first stage of the European Europa carrier rocket until Europa's cancellation in 1972. The smaller Black Arrow launcher was developed from Black Knight and was first launched in 1969 from Woomera. The program was soon cancelled. In 1971, the last Black Arrow (R3) launched Prospero X-3, becoming the first (and last) satellite to be placed in orbit by a British launch vehicle.By 1972, British government funding of both Blue Streak and Black Arrow had ceased, and no further government-backed British space rockets were developed. Other space agencies, notably NASA, were used for subsequent launches of British satellites. Communication with the Prospero X-3 was terminated in 1996.Falstaff, a British hypersonic test rocket, was launched from Woomera between 1969 and 1979.In 1960 the British Space Development Company, a consortium of thirteen large industrial companies, was set up by Robert Renwick, 1st Baron Renwick to plan the world's first commercial communication satellite company, Renwick becoming the executive director. With Blue Streak, Britain had the technology to make it possible, but the idea was rejected by the British government on the grounds that such a system could not be envisaged in the next 20 years (1961–1981). The United States would eventually set up COMSAT in 1963, resulting in Intelsat, a large fleet of commercial satellites. The first of Intelsat's fleet, Intelsat I, was launched in April 1965.[18]The official national space programme was revived in 1982 when the British government funded the HOTOL project, an ambitious attempt at a re-usable space plane using air-breathing rocket engines designed by Alan Bond. Work was begun by British Aerospace. However, having classified the engine design as 'top secret' the government then ended funding for the project, terminating it.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beagle_2_replica.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beagle 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beagle_2"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISS_Agreements.jpg"},{"link_name":"British National Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_programme"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_ISS_article-21"},{"link_name":"Beagle 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beagle_2"},{"link_name":"Mars Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"National space programme (1985–2010)","text":"Beagle 2, a partially successful British Mars landerISS agreements on 29 January 1998In 1985, the British National Space Centre (BNSC) was formed to coordinate British space activities.[19] The BNSC was a significant contributor to the general budget of the European Space Agency, and in 2005 paid 17.7% of the costs of the mandatory programmes, making it the second largest contributor.[20] Through BNSC, the UK also took part in ESA's optional programmes such as Aurora, the robotic exploration initiative.The UK decided not to contribute funds for the International Space Station, on the basis that it did not represent value for money.[21] The British government did not take part in any crewed space endeavours during this period.The United Kingdom continued to contribute scientific elements to satellite launches and space projects. The British probe Beagle 2, sent as part of the ESA's 2003 Mars Express mission to study the planet Mars, was lost when it failed to respond. The probe was found in 2015[22] by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and it has been concluded while it did land successfully, one of the solar arrays failed to deploy, blocking the communication antenna.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Space_Agency_text-only_logo.png"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UK Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"British National Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom Space Agency (2010 – present)","text":"Logo of the UK Space AgencyOn 1 April 2010, the government established the UK Space Agency, an agency responsible for the British space programme. It replaced the British National Space Centre and now has responsibility for government policy and key budgets for space, as well as representing the UK in all negotiations on space matters.As of 2015, the UK Space Agency provides 9.9% of the European Space Agency budget.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA"},{"link_name":"single-stage to orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-stage_to_orbit"},{"link_name":"spaceplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceplane"},{"link_name":"Skylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Reaction Engines Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Engines_Limited"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Alan Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bond_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"HOTOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOTOL"},{"link_name":"British Interplanetary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gh220211-27"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom Space Agency (2010 – present) - Reaction Engines Skylon","text":"The British government partnered with the ESA in 2010 to promote a single-stage to orbit spaceplane concept called Skylon.[24] This design was developed by Reaction Engines Limited,[25][26] a company founded by Alan Bond after HOTOL was cancelled. The Skylon spaceplane has been positively received by the British government, and the British Interplanetary Society.[27] Successful tests of the engine precooler and \"SABRE\" engine design were carried out in 2012, although full funding for development of the spacecraft itself had not been confirmed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Outer Space Act 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Act_1986"},{"link_name":"companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc20110323-28"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom Space Agency (2010 – present) - 2011 budget boost and reforms","text":"The British government proposed reform to the Outer Space Act 1986 in several areas, including the liabilities that cover space operations, in order to enable British companies' space endeavours to better compete with international competitors. There was also a proposal of a £10 million boost in capital investment, to be matched by industry.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British commercial spaceport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_commercial_spaceport"},{"link_name":"spaceport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceport"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian20140713-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"A' Mhòine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Mh%C3%B2ine"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sutherland spaceport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland_spaceport"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"Highlands and Islands Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"SaxaVord Spaceport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaxaVord_Spaceport"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-govuk-20201022-32"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"ABL Space Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABL_Space_Systems"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn-20210207-33"},{"link_name":"Rocket Factory Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Factory_Augsburg"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Space Hub Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland_spaceport"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Skyrora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrora"},{"link_name":"Orbex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbex"},{"link_name":"Spaceport Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceport_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Virgin Orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Orbit"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom Space Agency (2010 – present) - Commercial spaceports","text":"In July 2014, the government announced that it would build a British commercial spaceport. It planned to select a site, build the facilities, and have the spaceport in operation by 2018.[29] Six sites were shortlisted, but the competition was ended in May 2016 with no selection made.[30] However, in July 2018 UKSA announced that the UK government would back the development of a spaceport at A' Mhòine, in Sutherland, Scotland.[31] Launch operations at Sutherland spaceport would be developed by Lockheed Martin with financial support from the UK government and Highlands and Islands Enterprise, originally with the aim of commencing operations in 2020, later delayed to 2022.As of 2020, UKSA is supporting the development of three space launch sites in the UK. The proposed sites for spaceports, and the companies associated with them, are as follows:SaxaVord Spaceport – Unst, Shetland Islands[32]\nLockheed Martin / ABL Space Systems[33]\nRocket Factory Augsburg[34]\nSpace Hub Sutherland – Sutherland, Scotland[35]\nSkyrora\nOrbex\nSpaceport Cornwall – Newquay Airport, Cornwall, England[36]\nVirgin Orbit, which ceased operations in 2023[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space Industry Act 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Industry_Act_2018"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twobirds-202008-39"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom Space Agency (2010 – present) - Space Industry Act 2018","text":"In June 2017, the government introduced a bill leading to the Space Industry Act 2018 which created a regulatory framework for the expansion of commercial space activities. This covered the development of British spaceports, for both orbital and sub-orbital activities, and launches and other activities overseas by UK entities.[38][39]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helen Sharman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Sharman"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"space tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_tourism"}],"text":"The first Briton in space, cosmonaut-researcher Helen Sharman, was funded by a private consortium without British government assistance whilst the government of the Soviet Union made up for the shortfall in the private funding. Interest in space continues in the UK's private sector, including satellite design and manufacture, developing designs for space planes and catering to the new market in space tourism.","title":"Commercial and private space activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_TM-12_patch.png"},{"link_name":"Project Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Juno"},{"link_name":"Soyuz TM-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_TM-12"},{"link_name":"Project Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Juno"},{"link_name":"Helen Sharman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Sharman"},{"link_name":"Soyuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_programme"},{"link_name":"Mir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir"},{"link_name":"space station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station"},{"link_name":"Toyohiro Akiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyohiro_Akiyama"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"British Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"Memorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorex"},{"link_name":"Interflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interflora"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"Soyuz TM-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_TM-12"},{"link_name":"Soyuz TM-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_TM-11"}],"sub_title":"Project Juno","text":"Mission patch for Project Juno, Soyuz TM-12Project Juno was a privately funded campaign, which selected Helen Sharman to be the first Briton in space. A private consortium was formed to raise money to pay the USSR for a seat on a Soyuz mission to the Mir space station. The USSR had recently flown Toyohiro Akiyama, a Japanese journalist, by a similar arrangement.A call for applicants was publicised in the UK resulting in the selection of four astronauts: Helen Sharman, Major Timothy Mace, Clive Smith and Surgeon Lieutenant Commander Gordon Brooks. Sharman was eventually chosen for the first of what was hoped to be a number of flights with Major Timothy Mace as her backup. The cost of the flight was to be funded by various innovative schemes, including sponsoring by private British companies and a lottery system. Corporate sponsors included British Aerospace, Memorex, and Interflora, and television rights were sold to ITV.Ultimately the Juno consortium failed to raise the entire sum and the USSR considered canceling the mission. It is believed that Mikhail Gorbachev directed the mission to proceed at Soviet cost.Sharman was launched aboard Soyuz TM-12 on 18 May 1991, and returned aboard Soyuz TM-11 on 26 May 1991.","title":"Commercial and private space activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Satellite_Technology_Ltd"},{"link_name":"University of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Airbus Defence & Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Defence_%26_Space"},{"link_name":"small satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniaturized_satellites"}],"sub_title":"Surrey Satellite Technology","text":"Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) is a large spin-off company of the University of Surrey, now fully owned by Airbus Defence & Space, that builds and operates small satellites. SSTL works with the UK Space Agency and takes on a number of tasks for the UKSA that would be done in-house by a traditional large government space agency.","title":"Commercial and private space activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virgin Galactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Galactic"},{"link_name":"Virgin Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Group"},{"link_name":"Richard Branson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson"},{"link_name":"SpaceShipTwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceShipTwo"},{"link_name":"Scaled Composites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaled_Composites"},{"link_name":"SpaceShipOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceShipOne"}],"sub_title":"Virgin Galactic","text":"Virgin Galactic, a US company within the British-based Virgin Group owned by Sir Richard Branson, is taking reservations for suborbital space flights from the general public. Its operations will use SpaceShipTwo space planes designed by Scaled Composites, which has previously developed the Ansari X-Prize winning SpaceShipOne.","title":"Commercial and private space activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Bezos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos"},{"link_name":"Blue Origin NS-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-21"},{"link_name":"Hamish Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Harding"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Blue Origin NS-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-22"},{"link_name":"Vanessa O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Blue Origin","text":"A private aerospace company owned by Jeff Bezos has multiple plans for space. On June 4, 2022, on its fifth flight, Blue Origin NS-21, Hamish Harding became the 8th British astronaut (reaching an apogee 107km) to reach space.[40] On August 4, 2022, on its sixth flight, Blue Origin NS-22, Vanessa O'Brien became the 9th British astronaut and 2nd female British astronaut (reaching an apogee 107km) to reach space, while conducting an overview study on the human brain.[41]","title":"Commercial and private space activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jodrell Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodrell_Bank"},{"link_name":"Space Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race"},{"link_name":"Jodrell Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodrell_Bank"},{"link_name":"Sputnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik"},{"link_name":"Pioneer 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_5"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"},{"link_name":"carbon fibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibre"},{"link_name":"Saunders-Roe SR.53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders-Roe_SR.53"},{"link_name":"communications satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite#History"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"}],"text":"Communication and tracking of rockets and satellites in orbit is achieved using stations such as Jodrell Bank. During the Space Race, Jodrell Bank and other stations were used to track several satellites and probes including Sputnik and Pioneer 5.[42]As well as providing tracking facilities for other nations, scientists from the United Kingdom have participated in other nation's space programmes, notably contributing to the development of NASA's early space programmes,[43] and co-operation with Australian launches.[44]The Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough, invented carbon fibre composite material. The Saunders-Roe SR.53 Rocket/jet plane in 1957 used the newly invented silver peroxide catalyst rocket engine.The concept of the communications satellite was by Arthur C. Clarke.","title":"British contribution to other space programmes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"Lord Drayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Drayson,_Baron_Drayson"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Tim Peake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Peake"},{"link_name":"European Astronaut Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Astronaut_Corps"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc20160618-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC20151215-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-49"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Because the British government has never developed a crewed spaceflight programme and initially did not contribute funding to the crewed space flight part of ESA's activities, the first six British astronauts launched with either the American or Soviet/Russian space programmes. Despite this, on 9 October 2008, British Science and Innovation Minister Lord Drayson spoke favourably of the idea of a British astronaut.[45] Army Air Corps test pilot Tim Peake became a member of the European Astronaut Corps in 2009,[46] and then in 2015 the first astronaut funded by the British government when he reached the International Space Station aboard a Soyuz rocket launched from Baikonur in Kazakhstan.[47][48]To date, seven UK-born British citizens[49][50][51] and two non-UK-born British citizen have flown in space:[52][49][53][54]","title":"British astronauts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregory H. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_H._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Endeavour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour"},{"link_name":"STS-123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-123"},{"link_name":"STS-134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-134"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC20151215-50"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Anthony Llewellyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Llewellyn"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Lieutenants-Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel"},{"link_name":"Anthony Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Boyle_(army)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kidderminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidderminster"},{"link_name":"Richard Farrimond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Farrimond"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead"},{"link_name":"MoD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Peter Longhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Longhurst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staines"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Nigel Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigel_Wood&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"payload specialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload_specialist"},{"link_name":"Skynet 4 programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynet_(satellites)"},{"link_name":"Challenger disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_disaster"},{"link_name":"STS-61-H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-H"},{"link_name":"STS-71-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions#Canceled_due_to_the_Challenger_disaster"},{"link_name":"Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Timothy Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Mace"},{"link_name":"Catterick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catterick,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Soyuz TM-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_TM-12"},{"link_name":"Project Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Juno"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"David Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mackay_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"Virgin Galactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Galactic"},{"link_name":"SpaceShipTwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceShipTwo"},{"link_name":"Sarah Brightman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Brightman"},{"link_name":"space tourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_tourist"},{"link_name":"Space Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Soyuz TMA-18M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-18M"},{"link_name":"Virgin Galactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Galactic"},{"link_name":"VSS Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSS_Unity"},{"link_name":"Karman line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karman_line"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Space_Agency_Astronaut_Group"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Coogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Coogan"},{"link_name":"Meganne Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meganne_Christian"},{"link_name":"John McFall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McFall_(athlete)"}],"sub_title":"Potential astronauts","text":"US Air Force Colonel Gregory H. Johnson served as pilot on two Endeavour missions (STS-123 and STS-134). Although born in the UK while his father was stationed at a US Air Force base, he has never been a British citizen and is not otherwise associated with the UK. He is sometimes incorrectly listed as a British astronaut.[49][50][55][56][note 1]Anthony Llewellyn (born in Cardiff, Wales) was selected as a scientist-astronaut by NASA during August 1967 but resigned during September 1968, having never flown in space.Army Lieutenants-Colonel Anthony Boyle (born in Kidderminster) and Richard Farrimond (born in Birkenhead, Cheshire), MoD employee Christopher Holmes (born in London), Royal Navy Commander Peter Longhurst (born in Staines, Middlesex) and RAF Squadron Leader Nigel Wood (born in York) were selected in February 1984 as payload specialists for the Skynet 4 programme, intended for launch using the Space Shuttle. Boyle resigned from the programme in July 1984 due to Army commitments. Prior to the cancellation of the missions after the Challenger disaster, Wood was due to fly aboard Shuttle mission STS-61-H in 1986 (with Farrimond serving as his back-up) and Longhurst was due to fly aboard Shuttle mission STS-71-C in 1987 (with Holmes serving as back-up). All resigned abruptly in 1986, citing fears and safety concerns post-Challenger.Army Air Corps Major Timothy Mace (born in Catterick, Yorkshire) served as back-up to Helen Sharman for the Soyuz TM-12 / Project Juno mission in 1991. He resigned in 1991, having not flown. Clive Smith and Royal Navy Surgeon Lieutenant Commander Gordon Brooks also served for a year as back-up astronauts for the Juno flight, learning Russian and preparing the scientific programme. Sharman, Mace and Brooks were subsequently put forward by the BNSC for the European Space Corps.Former RAF pilot David Mackay was appointed as Chief Pilot by Virgin Galactic in 2009, and is participating in the flight test programme of the suborbital spaceplane SpaceShipTwo.Singer/songwriter and actress Sarah Brightman announced on 10 October 2012 her intention to purchase a Soyuz seat to the International Space Station as a self-funded space tourist in partnership with Space Adventures. She underwent cosmonaut training with the aim of flying on Soyuz TMA-18M, but stated on 13 May 2015 that she was withdrawing \"for family reasons\". It is not known whether she intends to fly at a later date.On 1 July 2021 Virgin Galactic announced that Richard Branson (its founder) and Colin Bennet (the Lead Operations Engineer) would fly as part of the crew to space on VSS Unity. Subject to the definition of space (as VSS Unity reaches above 80 km, the US government definition of space, but does not typically reach the Karman line) this would make them the UK's 8th and 9th astronauts.[57]The 2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group includes three British citizens as candidates – Rosemary Coogan (career), Meganne Christian (reserve), and John McFall (parastronaut).","title":"British astronauts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The First Men in the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Men_in_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"H.G.Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.G.Wells"},{"link_name":"The Strand Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine"},{"link_name":"How We Went to Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_We_Went_to_Mars"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"},{"link_name":"Amateur Science Fiction Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amateur_Science_Fiction_Stories&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dan Dare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dare"},{"link_name":"Journey into Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_into_Space"},{"link_name":"The Quatermass Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quatermass_Experiment"},{"link_name":"Blast Off at Woomera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_Off_at_Woomera"},{"link_name":"Hugh Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Walters_(author)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"The Ambassadors of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ambassadors_of_Death"},{"link_name":"The Christmas Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christmas_Invasion"},{"link_name":"The Waters of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waters_of_Mars"},{"link_name":"The Goodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goodies_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Invasion of the Moon Creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Moon_Creatures"},{"link_name":"Moonbase 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonbase_3"},{"link_name":"Come Back Mrs. Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Back_Mrs._Noah"},{"link_name":"Moonraker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonraker_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lifeforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeforce_(film)"},{"link_name":"Star Cops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Cops"},{"link_name":"Red Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dwarf"},{"link_name":"A Grand Day Out with Wallace and Gromit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Grand_Day_Out_with_Wallace_and_Gromit"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Space"},{"link_name":"Space Cadets (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Cadets_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hyperdrive (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperdrive_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Peppa Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppa_Pig"},{"link_name":"Grampy Rabbit in Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grampy_Rabbit_in_Space&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Notable fictional depictions of British spacecraft or Britons in space include:\"The First Men in the Moon\" by H.G.Wells (The Strand Magazine Originally Serialized December 1900 to August 1901 and published in hardcover in 1901).\n\"How We Went to Mars\" by Sir Arthur C. Clarke (Amateur Science Fiction Stories March 1938).\nDan Dare, Pilot of the Future (comics, 1950–1967, 1980s).\nJourney into Space (radio, 1953–1955).\nThe Quatermass Experiment (television, 1953).\nBlast Off at Woomera by Hugh Walters (1957).\nDoctor Who (television) – \"The Ambassadors of Death\" (1970), \"The Christmas Invasion\" (2005), \"The Waters of Mars\" (2009).\nThe Goodies - \"Invasion of the Moon Creatures\" (television, 1973).\nMoonbase 3 (television, 1973).\nCome Back Mrs. Noah (television, 1977).\nMoonraker (1979).\nLifeforce (1985).\nStar Cops (television, 1987).\nRed Dwarf (television, 1988–1999, 2009).\nA Grand Day Out with Wallace and Gromit (short stop-motion film, 1989)\nMinistry of Space (comics, 2001–2004).\nSpace Cadets (TV series) (television, 2005).\nHyperdrive (TV series) (television, 2006–2007).\n\"Capsule\" Sci Fi Movie (2015).\n\"Peppa Pig\"— \"Grampy Rabbit in Space\" Cartoon (2012).","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"}],"text":"^ The BBC reference does not mention his father's US Air Force connection, and includes the astronaut under 'Britons' in space.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"US Delta 9 rocket with Ariel 1, the first British satellite, 26 April 1962","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/19620426_Delta_9-Ariel_1_LC-17A.jpg/170px-19620426_Delta_9-Ariel_1_LC-17A.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Black Knight rocket on display in Edinburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Black_Knight_Rocket_Edinburgh.JPG/170px-Black_Knight_Rocket_Edinburgh.JPG"},{"image_text":"Beagle 2, a partially successful British Mars lander","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Beagle_2_replica.jpg/220px-Beagle_2_replica.jpg"},{"image_text":"ISS agreements on 29 January 1998","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ISS_Agreements.jpg/220px-ISS_Agreements.jpg"},{"image_text":"Logo of the UK Space Agency","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/UK_Space_Agency_text-only_logo.png/220px-UK_Space_Agency_text-only_logo.png"},{"image_text":"Mission patch for Project Juno, Soyuz TM-12","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Soyuz_TM-12_patch.png/220px-Soyuz_TM-12_patch.png"}]
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[{"title":"Rocketry portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Rocketry"},{"title":"Spaceflight portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight"},{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"title":"John Hodge (engineer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hodge_(engineer)"},{"title":"National Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Centre"},{"title":"United Kingdom Space Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Space_Command"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throb_(Janet_Jackson_song)
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Throb (song)
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["1 Composition","2 Critical reception","3 Chart performance","4 Live performances","5 Track listings","6 Credits and personnel","7 Charts","8 References"]
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1994 single by Janet Jackson
"Throb"Single by Janet Jacksonfrom the album Janet B-side"Any Time, Any Place" (R. Kelly Mix), "And On and On"ReleasedJune 18, 1994 (1994-06-18)Recorded1992StudioFlyte Tyme Studios (Edina, Minnesota)GenreHouseLength4:35LabelVirginSongwriter(s)
Janet Jackson
James Harris III
Terry Lewis
Producer(s)
Janet Jackson
Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Janet Jackson singles chronology
"Any Time, Any Place" / "And On and On"(1994)
"Throb" (1994)
"You Want This" (1994)
"Throb" is a song by American singer Janet Jackson from her fifth studio album, Janet (1993). It was written and produced by Jackson, James Harris III and Terry Lewis and is a house song with a nu jazz influence. It was released commercially in the Netherlands as the album's sixth single on June 18, 1994, while in the United States it was a radio-only release.
"Throb" was well received by critics who appreciated its production. In the Netherlands, the song peaked at 20 on the Tipparade—a chart of 30 positions below the Top 40. It peaked at number 2 on the US Hot Dance Club Play and UK Dance Charts respectively as well as peaking at number 66 on the US airplay chart. The song was performed on five of Jackson's tours.
Composition
"Throb" begins with Jackson saying "come for me", before promising to "boom, boom, boom until noon, noon, noon" . The song is accompanied by elements of house music, C&C Music Factory-esque beats and a saxophone loop. Chuck Arnold from Philadelphia Daily News noted the song's "surprisingly frank dirty talk" with the lyric "I can feel your body/Pressed against my body/When you start to poundin'/Love to feel you throbbin'". MuuMuse described the song writing that the track "swells and deflates in an aching, circular motion–not unlike a sensual rhythm".
An exclusive remix of "Throb", the Morales Badyard Mix, was included on Jackson's remix compilation album Janet Remixed in 1995. Peter Rauhofer remixed "Throb" in 2013 and released the remix on Valentine's Day.
Critical reception
"Throb" received positive reviews from music critics. Billboard, while reviewing the album on its twentieth anniversary, said, "If the production sounds a little dated now, the overtly sexual vibes on this track are pretty timeless – and still risqué for the early 90s.". MuuMuse gave a positive review for "Throb", defining it as "a '90's purist's house track, featuring classic dance rhythms and beat breaks". The reviewer continued saying the song is "a much grittier experience than the slinky seduction" of Madonna's "Erotica" single released the year before, and finished saying "Surprisingly however, the track has aged brilliantly, and listening to it now is still an overly enjoyable experience".
Sputnikmusic considered that "Throb" has a "sexy workout feel". Philadelphia Daily News's Chuck Arnold called the song a "deep house jam with a pumpin' bass line". A reviewer for Soulbounce commented that for the "pulsing" song, Jackson became a house music diva. Complex noted that "Throb" is "the hip-house tantric jam". Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine commented: "Even the nearly structure-less 'Throb', feels like a (perhaps unintentional) parody of Madonna's 'Erotica', right down to the hard, house beats. Alexis Petridis from The Guardian was more negative, stating that "Throb's awkward patchwork of moans the first sign that the more explicit Jackson’s work got, the less sexy it would be".
Chart performance
"Throb" was released as a commercial single in the Netherlands and charted at 20 on the Tipparade. In the United States, the song was not released commercially. However, it was sent to mainstream radio and charted on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay, peaking at number 66. The song's B-side, "And On and On", went on to chart as well at number 28. "And On and On" also peaked at number twelve on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart. However, according to Billboard's regulations, both songs were ineligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, due to their lack of a physical release in the US. However, "Throb" enjoyed success on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, eventually reaching number two. Additionally, "Throb" topped Hot Dance Singles Sales as a B-side to "Any Time, Any Place".
Live performances
Jackson performed "Throb" on Saturday Night Live along with "Any Time, Any Place". For the performance, she wore a cropped vest with frog closures on the front and decorative chains with metal studs, which was later auctioned for US$5,120 in 2021. Shahzaib Hussain from Clash magazine applauded the performance, saying that "backed by her band of loyal dancers, the switch-up from loose improv to patterned, synchronized routines reminded us no one could in music could move and groove like Janet".
"Throb" was later added to the Janet World Tour in 1993. During the performance, the screens swirled with techno-style patterns of fractal curves. According to Robert Hilburn from Los Angeles Times, it was performed with equal energy and style of the album's quality. The song was performed after a "frenzied" medley of "What Have You Done for Me Lately", "The Pleasure Principle" and "Nasty" on The Velvet Rope Tour in 1998. After the performance, a red crushed-velvet curtain closed the stage, and a hidden light-and-sound came. The medley at the October 11, 1998 show in New York City, at the Madison Square Garden, was broadcast during a special titled The Velvet Rope: Live in Madison Square Garden by HBO. It was also added to the setlist at its DVD release, The Velvet Rope Tour – Live in Concert in 1999.
The song was also used as an interlude on the Number Ones: Up Close and Personal tour in 2011. It was also included on the 2015–16 Unbreakable World Tour and the 2017–19 State of the World Tour. Jackson also performed the song at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards, along with "Nasty" and "If". On this occasion, she was the first black woman to receive the Billboard Icon Award. It was also included on her 2019 Las Vegas residency Janet Jackson: Metamorphosis, and her set on Glastonbury Festival, as well on her brief Janet Jackson: A Special 30th Anniversary Celebration of Rhythm Nation tour the same year. Jackson included the song in a mashup with "Free Xone" on her 2023 Together Again Tour.
Track listings
Dutch CD single
"Any Time, Any Place" (R. Kelly Mix) – 5:11
"Throb" – 4:34
Dutch CD maxi single
"Throb" – 4:34
"Throb" (David Morales Legendary Dub Mix) – 7:27
"And On and On" – 4:49
"Any Time, Any Place" (R. Kelly Mix) – 5:11
UK promotional 12-inch single
A1. "Throb" (David Morales Legendary Club Mix) – 9:05
B1. "Throb" (David Morales Legendary Dub Mix) – 7:27
B2. "Throb" – 4:34
Credits and personnel
Janet Jackson – lead vocals, background vocals, songwriter, producer
Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis – songwriters, producers, all instruments
Tina Landon – additional vocals
Josie Harris – additional vocals
Mixed by Dave Rideau at Steve Hodge at Flyte Tyme Studios, Edina, Minnesota.
Charts
Chart performance for "Throb"
Chart (1993)
Peakposition
Canada Dance Tracks (The Record)with "Any Time, Any Place"
7
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40 Tipparade)
20
Netherlands (Dutch Single Tip)
10
UK Dance (CIN)with "Any Time, Any Place"
2
UK Club (Music Week)David Morales remixes; with "Any Time, Any Place"CJ Mackintosh/R. Kelly/Jam & Lewis remixes
1
US Radio Songs (Billboard)
66
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
2
US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard) with "Any Time, Any Place"
1
References
^ Toure (June 24, 1993). "Janet Jackson: Janet". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ a b Cinquemani, Sal (February 27, 2008). "Janet Jackson: janet". Slant Magazine. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ Pareles, Jon (May 23, 1993). "RECORDINGS VIEW - A Sex Object By the Name Of Jackson". The New York Times. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ a b Hampp, Andrew (May 18, 2013). "Janet Jackson, 'janet.': Classic Track-By-Track Review". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ a b Arnold, Chuck (May 18, 1993). "New Janet Jackson Was Worth The Wait Latest Album Shows She's All Grown Up". Philadelphia Daily News. Philadelphia Media Network. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ a b "Janet Jackson: Throb". MuuMuse. 2009-01-31. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ "Janet Remixed - Janet Jackson". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ "DJ, Make Me Wet: Janet Jackson's "Throb" Gets Re-Rubbed for 2013". MuuMuse. 2013-02-19. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ Christgau, Robert (March 30, 2004). "But It's Really Good Sex". The Village Voice. Voice Media Group. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ "Janet Jackson - Janet". Sputnikmusic. July 4, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ D-Money (December 13, 2013). "SoulBounce's Class Of 1993: Janet Jackson 'janet.'". Soulbounce. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ Charity, Justin (July 10, 2014). "The 50 R&B Albums of the '90s". Complex. Iconix Brand Group. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ Petridis, Alexis (July 25, 2019). "Janet Jackson album reissues review – proof that more than one Jackson ruled". The Guardian. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^ a b "Tipparade-lijst van week 28, 1994". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
^ "Radio Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ "Radio Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ "janet. > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
^ "Heather Locklear / Janet Jackson". Saturday Night Live. Season 19. Episode 20. May 14, 1994. NBC.
^ "Janet Jackson Saturday Night Live Worn Vest". Julien's Auctions. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
^ "Janet Jackson's 20 Best Songs - The Definitive Verdict". Clash. May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
^ Pareles, Jon (December 20, 1993). "Review/Pop; Wrapped in Song and Spectacle, Janet Jackson Plays the Garden". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
^ Hilburn, Robert (April 9, 1994). "POP MUSIC REVIEW : Janet Jackson: See Her Roar : Forum Show Throbs in Pomp and Circumstance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ Daly, Sean (July 10, 1998). "Live Report: Janet Jackson kicks off 1998 Velvet Rope tour". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
^ The Velvet Rope Tour – Live in Concert (Laserdisc, VHS, DVD). Janet Jackson. Eagle Rock Entertainment. 1999.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Stern, Bradley (2011-03-18). "Janet Jackson: The Number Ones Up Close And Personal Tour Live At Mohegan Sun on March 16 (Concert Review)". MuuMuse. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ Johnson, Zach (September 1, 2015). "Janet Jackson Kicks Off Unbreakable World Tour in Vancouver, Performs Everything From "Nasty" to "No Sleeep"". E! Online. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^ Guerra, Joey (September 7, 2017). "Janet Jackson addresses State of the World in Houston". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^ Kim, Michelle (May 20, 2018). "Billboard Music Awards 2018: Watch Janet Jackson Perform "Nasty," "Throb," More". Pitchfork. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
^ Platon, Adelle (August 5, 2019). "Janet Jackson's 'Metamorphosis' Show Is A Nostalgic, Necessary Escapade". Vibe. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^ Cragg, Michael (June 29, 2019). "Janet Jackson at Glastonbury 2019 review – pop's elder stateswoman in full control". The Guardian. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
^ Bream, Jon (September 16, 2019). "In concert, Janet Jackson shows her love for Minneapolis". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^ a b Throb (Dutch CD single). Janet Jackson. Virgin Records. 1994. VSCDE1501.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Throb (Dutch CD maxi single). Janet Jackson. Virgin Records. 1994. 7243 8 92495 2 1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Throb (UK promotional 12-inch single). Janet Jackson. Virgin Records. 1994. VSTDJ 1501.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Lwin, Nanda (1995). The Record 1994 Chart Almanac. Music Data Canada. p. 124. ISBN 1-896594-00-X.
^ "JANET JACKSON - THROB" (in Dutch). dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
^ "Dance Singles" (PDF). Music Week. June 18, 1994. p. 26. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
^ "The RM Club Chart". Record Mirror Dance Update. Music Week. June 18, 1994. p. 4.
^ "Janet Jackson Chart History (Radio Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
^ "Janet Jackson Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
^ "Janet Jackson Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
vteJanet Jackson
Albums
Singles
Videography
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Janet Jackson
Dream Street
Control
Rhythm Nation 1814
Janet
The Velvet Rope
All for You
Damita Jo
20 Y.O.
Discipline
Unbreakable
Compilation albums
Design of a Decade: 1986–1996
Number Ones
Icon: Number Ones
Japanese Singles Collection
Remix albums
Control: The Remixes
Janet Remixed
Video releases
Rhythm Nation 1814
The Velvet Rope Tour: Live in Concert
Live in Hawaii
From Janet to Damita Jo
Tours
Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990
Janet World Tour
The Velvet Rope Tour
All for You Tour
Rock Witchu Tour
Number Ones, Up Close and Personal
Unbreakable World Tour
State of the World Tour
A Special 30th Anniversary Celebration of Rhythm Nation
Together Again
Residencies
Metamorphosis
Related articles
True You
Janet Jackson as a gay icon
Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show (controversy)
René Elizondo Jr.
Jackson family
Malfunction: The Dressing Down of Janet Jackson
Janet Jackson (documentary TV series)
Category
vteJanet Jackson singles
Albums discography
Singles discography
Videography
Awards and nominations
Janet Jackson
"Young Love"
"Come Give Your Love to Me"
"Say You Do"
Dream Street
"Don't Stand Another Chance"
"Two to the Power of Love"
"Fast Girls"
"Dream Street"
Control
"What Have You Done for Me Lately"
"Nasty"
"When I Think of You"
"Control"
"Let's Wait Awhile"
"The Pleasure Principle"
"Funny How Time Flies (When You're Having Fun)"
Rhythm Nation 1814
"Miss You Much"
"Rhythm Nation"
"Escapade"
"Alright"
"Come Back to Me"
"Black Cat"
"Love Will Never Do (Without You)"
"State of the World"
Janet
"That's the Way Love Goes"
"If"
"Again"
"Because of Love"
"Any Time, Any Place"
"Throb"
"You Want This"
"Whoops Now"/"What'll I Do"
The Velvet Rope
"Got 'til It's Gone"
"Together Again"
"I Get Lonely"
"Go Deep"
"You"
"Every Time"
All for You
"Doesn't Really Matter"
"All for You"
"Someone to Call My Lover"
"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)"
"Come On Get Up"
Damita Jo
"Just a Little While"
"I Want You"
"All Nite (Don't Stop)"
"R&B Junkie"
20 Y.O.
"Call on Me"
"So Excited"
"With U"
Discipline
"Feedback"
"Rock with U"
"Luv"
"Can't B Good"
Unbreakable
"No Sleeep"
"Burnitup!"
"Unbreakable"
"Dammn Baby"
Other songs
"And On and On"
"Scream"
"Runaway"
"Twenty Foreplay"
"Ask for More"
"Megamix 04"
"Make Me"
"Nothing"
"Made for Now"
As featured artist
"Diamonds"
"Making Love in the Rain"
"2300 Jackson Street"
"The Best Things in Life Are Free"
"Luv Me, Luv Me"
"What's It Gonna Be?!"
"Girlfriend/Boyfriend"
"Feel It Boy"
"Don't Worry"
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti"
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Janet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_(album)"},{"link_name":"James Harris III and Terry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Jam_and_Terry_Lewis"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"nu jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_jazz"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Play"},{"link_name":"UK Dance Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Charts"}],"text":"1994 single by Janet Jackson\"Throb\" is a song by American singer Janet Jackson from her fifth studio album, Janet (1993). It was written and produced by Jackson, James Harris III and Terry Lewis and is a house song with a nu jazz influence. It was released commercially in the Netherlands as the album's sixth single on June 18, 1994, while in the United States it was a radio-only release.\"Throb\" was well received by critics who appreciated its production. In the Netherlands, the song peaked at 20 on the Tipparade—a chart of 30 positions below the Top 40. It peaked at number 2 on the US Hot Dance Club Play and UK Dance Charts respectively as well as peaking at number 66 on the US airplay chart. The song was performed on five of Jackson's tours.","title":"Throb (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-2"},{"link_name":"house music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"C&C Music Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%26C_Music_Factory"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bill-4"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m2009-6"},{"link_name":"remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"Janet Remixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Remixed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Peter Rauhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rauhofer"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"\"Throb\" begins with Jackson saying \"come for me\",[1] before promising to \"boom, boom, boom until noon, noon, noon\" .[2] The song is accompanied by elements of house music, C&C Music Factory-esque beats and a saxophone loop.[3][4] Chuck Arnold from Philadelphia Daily News noted the song's \"surprisingly frank dirty talk\" with the lyric \"I can feel your body/Pressed against my body/When you start to poundin'/Love to feel you throbbin'\".[5] MuuMuse described the song writing that the track \"swells and deflates in an aching, circular motion–not unlike a sensual rhythm\".[6]An exclusive remix of \"Throb\", the Morales Badyard Mix, was included on Jackson's remix compilation album Janet Remixed in 1995.[7] Peter Rauhofer remixed \"Throb\" in 2013 and released the remix on Valentine's Day.[8]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bill-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Erotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotica_(song)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m2009-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-2"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"\"Throb\" received positive reviews from music critics. Billboard, while reviewing the album on its twentieth anniversary, said, \"If the production sounds a little dated now, the overtly sexual vibes on this track are pretty timeless – and still risqué for the early 90s.\".[4][9] MuuMuse gave a positive review for \"Throb\", defining it as \"a '90's purist's house track, featuring classic dance rhythms and beat breaks\". The reviewer continued saying the song is \"a much grittier experience than the slinky seduction\" of Madonna's \"Erotica\" single released the year before, and finished saying \"Surprisingly however, the track has aged brilliantly, and listening to it now is still an overly enjoyable experience\".[6]Sputnikmusic considered that \"Throb\" has a \"sexy workout feel\".[10] Philadelphia Daily News's Chuck Arnold called the song a \"deep house jam with a pumpin' bass line\".[5] A reviewer for Soulbounce commented that for the \"pulsing\" song, Jackson became a house music diva.[11] Complex noted that \"Throb\" is \"the hip-house tantric jam\".[12] Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine commented: \"Even the nearly structure-less 'Throb', [...] feels like a (perhaps unintentional) parody of Madonna's 'Erotica', right down to the hard, house beats.[2] Alexis Petridis from The Guardian was more negative, stating that \"Throb's awkward patchwork of moans [was] the first sign that the more explicit Jackson’s work got, the less sexy it would be\".[13]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top40.nl-14"},{"link_name":"mainstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Hot 100 Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100_Airplay_(Radio_Songs)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-throbair-15"},{"link_name":"And On and On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_On_and_On"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-andon-16"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rnb-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Any Time, Any Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_Time,_Any_Place"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dance-18"}],"text":"\"Throb\" was released as a commercial single in the Netherlands and charted at 20 on the Tipparade.[14] In the United States, the song was not released commercially. However, it was sent to mainstream radio and charted on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay, peaking at number 66.[15] The song's B-side, \"And On and On\", went on to chart as well at number 28.[16] \"And On and On\" also peaked at number twelve on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart.[17] However, according to Billboard's regulations, both songs were ineligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, due to their lack of a physical release in the US. However, \"Throb\" enjoyed success on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, eventually reaching number two. Additionally, \"Throb\" topped Hot Dance Singles Sales as a B-side to \"Any Time, Any Place\".[18]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Janet World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"What Have You Done for Me Lately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Have_You_Done_for_Me_Lately"},{"link_name":"The Pleasure Principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleasure_Principle_(song)"},{"link_name":"Nasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasty_(Janet_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Rope Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Rope_Tour"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Rope Tour – Live in Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Rope_Tour_%E2%80%93_Live_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Number Ones: Up Close and Personal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Ones:_Up_Close_and_Personal"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Unbreakable World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbreakable_World_Tour_(Janet_Jackson_tour)"},{"link_name":"State of the World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"2018 Billboard Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Nasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasty_(Janet_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"If","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_(Janet_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Icon Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Icon_Award"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson: Metamorphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson:_Metamorphosis"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson: A Special 30th Anniversary Celebration of Rhythm Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson:_A_Special_30th_Anniversary_Celebration_of_Rhythm_Nation"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Together Again Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson:_Together_Again"}],"text":"Jackson performed \"Throb\" on Saturday Night Live along with \"Any Time, Any Place\".[19] For the performance, she wore a cropped vest with frog closures on the front and decorative chains with metal studs, which was later auctioned for US$5,120 in 2021.[20] Shahzaib Hussain from Clash magazine applauded the performance, saying that \"backed by her band of loyal dancers, the switch-up from loose improv to patterned, synchronized routines reminded us no one could in music could move and groove like Janet\".[21]\"Throb\" was later added to the Janet World Tour in 1993. During the performance, the screens swirled with techno-style patterns of fractal curves.[22] According to Robert Hilburn from Los Angeles Times, it was performed with equal energy and style of the album's quality.[23] The song was performed after a \"frenzied\" medley of \"What Have You Done for Me Lately\", \"The Pleasure Principle\" and \"Nasty\" on The Velvet Rope Tour in 1998. After the performance, a red crushed-velvet curtain closed the stage, and a hidden light-and-sound came.[24] The medley at the October 11, 1998 show in New York City, at the Madison Square Garden, was broadcast during a special titled The Velvet Rope: Live in Madison Square Garden by HBO. It was also added to the setlist at its DVD release, The Velvet Rope Tour – Live in Concert in 1999.[25]The song was also used as an interlude on the Number Ones: Up Close and Personal tour in 2011.[26] It was also included on the 2015–16 Unbreakable World Tour and the 2017–19 State of the World Tour.[27][28] Jackson also performed the song at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards, along with \"Nasty\" and \"If\". On this occasion, she was the first black woman to receive the Billboard Icon Award.[29] It was also included on her 2019 Las Vegas residency Janet Jackson: Metamorphosis,[30] and her set on Glastonbury Festival,[31] as well on her brief Janet Jackson: A Special 30th Anniversary Celebration of Rhythm Nation tour the same year.[32] Jackson included the song in a mashup with \"Free Xone\" on her 2023 Together Again Tour.","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liner-33"},{"link_name":"Any Time, Any Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_Time,_Any_Place"},{"link_name":"R. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Kelly"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"David Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morales_(musician)"},{"link_name":"And On and On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_On_and_On"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Dutch CD single[33]\"Any Time, Any Place\" (R. Kelly Mix) – 5:11\n\"Throb\" – 4:34Dutch CD maxi single[34]\"Throb\" – 4:34\n\"Throb\" (David Morales Legendary Dub Mix) – 7:27\n\"And On and On\" – 4:49\n\"Any Time, Any Place\" (R. Kelly Mix) – 5:11UK promotional 12-inch single[35]A1. \"Throb\" (David Morales Legendary Club Mix) – 9:05\nB1. \"Throb\" (David Morales Legendary Dub Mix) – 7:27\nB2. \"Throb\" – 4:34","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Jam_and_Terry_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Tina Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Landon"},{"link_name":"Edina, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edina,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liner-33"}],"text":"Janet Jackson – lead vocals, background vocals, songwriter, producer\nJimmy Jam and Terry Lewis – songwriters, producers, all instruments\nTina Landon – additional vocals\nJosie Harris – additional vocals\nMixed by Dave Rideau at Steve Hodge at Flyte Tyme Studios, Edina, Minnesota.[33]","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Toure (June 24, 1993). \"Janet Jackson: Janet\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/janet-19930624","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson: Janet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Cinquemani, Sal (February 27, 2008). \"Janet Jackson: janet\". Slant Magazine. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/janet-jackson-janet","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson: janet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine","url_text":"Slant Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Pareles, Jon (May 23, 1993). \"RECORDINGS VIEW - A Sex Object By the Name Of Jackson\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pareles","url_text":"Pareles, Jon"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/23/arts/recordings-view-a-sex-object-by-the-name-of-jackson.html?scp=6&sq=janet+jackson&st=nyt","url_text":"\"RECORDINGS VIEW - A Sex Object By the Name Of Jackson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Hampp, Andrew (May 18, 2013). \"Janet Jackson, 'janet.': Classic Track-By-Track Review\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/1562833/janet-jackson-janet-classic-track-by-track-review","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson, 'janet.': Classic Track-By-Track Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Chuck (May 18, 1993). \"New Janet Jackson Was Worth The Wait Latest Album Shows She's All Grown Up\". Philadelphia Daily News. Philadelphia Media Network. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/1993-05-18/news/25963472_1_rhythm-nation-supremes-love-child-miss-jackson","url_text":"\"New Janet Jackson Was Worth The Wait Latest Album Shows She's All Grown Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Daily_News","url_text":"Philadelphia Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Media_Network","url_text":"Philadelphia Media Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Janet Jackson: Throb\". MuuMuse. 2009-01-31. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muumuse.com/2009/01/janet-jackson-throb.html/","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson: Throb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Janet Remixed - Janet Jackson\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/janet-remixed-mw0000532141","url_text":"\"Janet Remixed - Janet Jackson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"}]},{"reference":"\"DJ, Make Me Wet: Janet Jackson's \"Throb\" Gets Re-Rubbed for 2013\". MuuMuse. 2013-02-19. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muumuse.com/2013/02/dj-make-me-wet-janet-jacksons-throb-gets-re-rubbed-for-2013.html/","url_text":"\"DJ, Make Me Wet: Janet Jackson's \"Throb\" Gets Re-Rubbed for 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (March 30, 2004). \"But It's Really Good Sex\". The Village Voice. Voice Media Group. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.villagevoice.com/2004-03-30/music/but-it-s-really-good-sex/full/","url_text":"\"But It's Really Good Sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_Media_Group","url_text":"Voice Media Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Janet Jackson - Janet\". Sputnikmusic. July 4, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/50678/Janet-Jackson-Janet./","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson - Janet\""}]},{"reference":"D-Money (December 13, 2013). \"SoulBounce's Class Of 1993: Janet Jackson 'janet.'\". Soulbounce. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soulbounce.com/soul/2013/12/soulbounces_class_of_1993_janet_jackson_janet","url_text":"\"SoulBounce's Class Of 1993: Janet Jackson 'janet.'\""}]},{"reference":"Charity, Justin (July 10, 2014). \"The 50 R&B Albums of the '90s\". Complex. Iconix Brand Group. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.complex.com/music/2014/07/best-r-and-b-albums-of-the-90s/janet","url_text":"\"The 50 R&B Albums of the '90s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)","url_text":"Complex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconix_Brand_Group","url_text":"Iconix Brand Group"}]},{"reference":"Petridis, Alexis (July 25, 2019). \"Janet Jackson album reissues review – proof that more than one Jackson ruled\". The Guardian. Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jul/25/janet-jacksons-classic-albums-reissued-review","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson album reissues review – proof that more than one Jackson ruled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Tipparade-lijst van week 28, 1994\". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved December 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.top40.nl/tipparade/1994/week-28","url_text":"\"Tipparade-lijst van week 28, 1994\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40","url_text":"Dutch Top 40"}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Songs\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/304191/janet%20jackson/chart?page=1&f=350","url_text":"\"Radio Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Songs\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/304191/janet%20jackson/chart?f=350","url_text":"\"Radio Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/304191/janet%20jackson/chart?f=364","url_text":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay\""}]},{"reference":"\"janet. > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved October 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r170306","url_text":"\"janet. > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heather Locklear / Janet Jackson\". Saturday Night Live. Season 19. Episode 20. May 14, 1994. NBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live","url_text":"Saturday Night Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC","url_text":"NBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Janet Jackson Saturday Night Live Worn Vest\". Julien's Auctions. Retrieved June 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.julienslive.com/m/lot-details/index/catalog/378/lot/154867?url=%2Fm%2Fsearch%3Fpage%3D1undefinedort%253D10ir%253D0%26key%3D%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25A5%25E6%258D%25E9%25B1%25BC%25E9%258118%25E5%2583%25E4%25BD%25E9%25AA%258C%25E9%2591%2BQ82019309.com.com","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson Saturday Night Live Worn Vest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien%27s_Auctions","url_text":"Julien's Auctions"}]},{"reference":"\"Janet Jackson's 20 Best Songs - The Definitive Verdict\". Clash. May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/features/janet-jacksons-20-best-songs-the-definitive-verdict","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson's 20 Best Songs - The Definitive Verdict\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)","url_text":"Clash"}]},{"reference":"Pareles, Jon (December 20, 1993). \"Review/Pop; Wrapped in Song and Spectacle, Janet Jackson Plays the Garden\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/20/arts/review-pop-wrapped-in-song-and-spectacle-janet-jackson-plays-the-garden.html","url_text":"\"Review/Pop; Wrapped in Song and Spectacle, Janet Jackson Plays the Garden\""}]},{"reference":"Hilburn, Robert (April 9, 1994). \"POP MUSIC REVIEW : Janet Jackson: See Her Roar : Forum Show Throbs in Pomp and Circumstance\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1994-04-09/entertainment/ca-43823_1_janet-jackson","url_text":"\"POP MUSIC REVIEW : Janet Jackson: See Her Roar : Forum Show Throbs in Pomp and Circumstance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Daly, Sean (July 10, 1998). \"Live Report: Janet Jackson kicks off 1998 Velvet Rope tour\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/live-report-janet-jackson-19980710#ixzz36YW3u0JD","url_text":"\"Live Report: Janet Jackson kicks off 1998 Velvet Rope tour\""}]},{"reference":"The Velvet Rope Tour – Live in Concert (Laserdisc, VHS, DVD). Janet Jackson. Eagle Rock Entertainment. 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Rope_Tour_%E2%80%93_Live_in_Concert","url_text":"The Velvet Rope Tour – Live in Concert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson","url_text":"Janet Jackson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Rock_Entertainment","url_text":"Eagle Rock Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Stern, Bradley (2011-03-18). \"Janet Jackson: The Number Ones Up Close And Personal Tour Live At Mohegan Sun on March 16 (Concert Review)\". MuuMuse. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muumuse.com/2011/03/janet-jackson-the-number-ones-up-close-and-personal-tour-live-at-mohegan-sun-march-16.html/","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson: The Number Ones Up Close And Personal Tour Live At Mohegan Sun on March 16 (Concert Review)\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Zach (September 1, 2015). \"Janet Jackson Kicks Off Unbreakable World Tour in Vancouver, Performs Everything From \"Nasty\" to \"No Sleeep\"\". E! Online. Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eonline.com/news/691706/janet-jackson-kicks-off-unbreakable-world-tour-in-vancouver-performs-everything-from-nasty-to-no-sleeep","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson Kicks Off Unbreakable World Tour in Vancouver, Performs Everything From \"Nasty\" to \"No Sleeep\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E!_Online","url_text":"E! Online"}]},{"reference":"Guerra, Joey (September 7, 2017). \"Janet Jackson addresses State of the World in Houston\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chron.com/entertainment/music/article/Janet-Jackson-addresses-State-of-the-World-in-12185355.php","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson addresses State of the World in Houston\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Michelle (May 20, 2018). \"Billboard Music Awards 2018: Watch Janet Jackson Perform \"Nasty,\" \"Throb,\" More\". Pitchfork. Retrieved May 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/billboard-music-awards-2018-watch-janet-jackson-perform-nasty-throb-more/","url_text":"\"Billboard Music Awards 2018: Watch Janet Jackson Perform \"Nasty,\" \"Throb,\" More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Platon, Adelle (August 5, 2019). \"Janet Jackson's 'Metamorphosis' Show Is A Nostalgic, Necessary Escapade\". Vibe. Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/janet-jackson-metamorphosis-las-vegas-residency-review-659605/","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson's 'Metamorphosis' Show Is A Nostalgic, Necessary Escapade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)","url_text":"Vibe"}]},{"reference":"Cragg, Michael (June 29, 2019). \"Janet Jackson at Glastonbury 2019 review – pop's elder stateswoman in full control\". The Guardian. Retrieved June 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jun/29/janet-jackson-at-glastonbury-2019-review","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson at Glastonbury 2019 review – pop's elder stateswoman in full control\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Bream, Jon (September 16, 2019). \"In concert, Janet Jackson shows her love for Minneapolis\". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/in-concert-janet-jackson-shows-her-love-for-minneapolis/560413692/","url_text":"\"In concert, Janet Jackson shows her love for Minneapolis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Throb (Dutch CD single). Janet Jackson. Virgin Records. 1994. VSCDE1501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson","url_text":"Janet Jackson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records","url_text":"Virgin Records"}]},{"reference":"Throb (Dutch CD maxi single). Janet Jackson. Virgin Records. 1994. 7243 8 92495 2 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson","url_text":"Janet Jackson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records","url_text":"Virgin Records"}]},{"reference":"Throb (UK promotional 12-inch single). Janet Jackson. Virgin Records. 1994. VSTDJ 1501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson","url_text":"Janet Jackson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records","url_text":"Virgin Records"}]},{"reference":"Lwin, Nanda (1995). The Record 1994 Chart Almanac. Music Data Canada. p. 124. ISBN 1-896594-00-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Lwin","url_text":"Lwin, Nanda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896594-00-X","url_text":"1-896594-00-X"}]},{"reference":"\"JANET JACKSON - THROB\" (in Dutch). dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved July 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Janet+Jackson&titel=Throb&cat=s","url_text":"\"JANET JACKSON - THROB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. June 18, 1994. p. 26. Retrieved April 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1994/Music-Week-1994-06-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Dance Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"The RM Club Chart\". Record Mirror Dance Update. Music Week. June 18, 1994. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Lyons_(judge)
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Kevin Lyons (judge)
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["1 Early life","2 Lawyer","3 Judge","4 See also","5 References"]
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Australian judge
Kevin LyonsKCJudge of the Supreme Court of VictoriaIncumbentAssumed office 22 May 2018Preceded byPeter Vickery
Personal detailsBornTasmaniaRelationsKevin Lyons Sr. (father)Libby Lyons (sister)Brendan Lyons (uncle)Joseph Lyons (grandfather)Enid Lyons (grandmother)EducationXavier CollegeAlma materUniversity of Melbourne
Kevin Joseph Aloysius Lyons KC is an Australian judge and former barrister who has served on the Supreme Court of Victoria since May 2018, sitting in the Trial Division.
Early life
Lyons was born in Tasmania. He is the son of politician Kevin Lyons Sr., and the grandson of Prime Minister Joseph Lyons and his wife Enid. He moved to Melbourne at the age of five and completed his schooling at Xavier College. He subsequently studied arts and law at the University of Melbourne, majoring in classics.
Lawyer
Lyons served his articles of clerkship with Galbally & O'Brien. He worked as a solicitor at the firm for three years, then from 1993 as an associate to Justice David Harper. He was admitted to the bar in 1995, reading with Kim Hargrave. Lyons subsequently became a "leading commercial barrister". He served on the board of the Victoria Law Foundation and on the ethics committee of the Victorian Bar. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 2012.
Judge
Lyons was appointed to the Supreme Court of Victoria on 22 May 2018, replacing Peter Vickery.
See also
List of Judges of the Supreme Court of Victoria
References
^ a b "Welcome to the Honourable Justice Kevin Lyons as a Judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria" (PDF). Victorian Bar. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
^ "Commercial barrister Vic's latest Supreme Court judge". Lawyers Weekly. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
^ "New silks on the block". Lawyers Weekly. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
^ "Appointment - Kevin Lyons QC". Victorian Bar. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Berm%C3%BAdez
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Enrique Bermúdez
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["1 Early life","1.1 Nicaraguan National Guard","1.2 Contra war","2 Criticisms","2.1 Relations with U.S.","3 Autobiography: The Contras' Valley Forge","4 Assassinated in Managua","5 Personal","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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Nicaraguan Contra leader (1932–1991)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Bermúdez and the second or maternal family name is Varela.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Enrique BermúdezNickname(s)Comandante 3-80BornDecember 11, 1932León, NicaraguaDiedFebruary 16, 1991(1991-02-16) (aged 58)Managua, NicaraguaAllegiance NicaraguaService/branch National Guard ContrasYears of service1952–1979RankLieutenant ColonelCommands held15th of September Legion, Nicaraguan Democratic ForceBattles/warsContra InsurgencySpouse(s)Elsa Italia MejíaChildren4
Enrique Bermúdez Varela (December 11, 1932 – February 16, 1991), known as Comandante 380, was a Nicaraguan soldier and rebel who founded and commanded the Nicaraguan Contras. In this capacity, he became a central global figure in one of the most prominent conflicts of the Cold War.
Bermúdez founded the largest Contra army in the war against Nicaragua's Marxist Sandinista government, which was supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba. From 1979 until the end of the military conflict in 1990, Bermudez was the Contras' top military commander. In addition to being responsible for all of the Contras' military operations, Bermúdez ultimately helped manage the Contras' transition to an opposition political party in the early 1990s after the second election in post-Somoza Nicaragua ended in defeat for the Sandinistas. The first election, held in 1984 with severe irregularities, resulted in a victory for the Daniel Ortega and the Sandinistas; it was the rejection of this questionable outcome that led the Contras to continue their insurgency until Ortega and the Sandinistas were ultimately ejected from office.
On February 16, 1991, Bermudez was assassinated in Managua.
Early life
Bermúdez was born on December 11, 1932, in León, Nicaragua, the son of a mechanical engineer and a domestic servant.
Nicaraguan National Guard
After graduating from the military academy in 1952, he took a commission in the engineer corps of the Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel under former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle, and was serving as military attaché to the United States at the time of the 1979 Nicaraguan Revolution by the Sandinistas.
Contra war
Bermúdez moved almost immediately into armed opposition against the new government, ultimately becoming one of the most influential leaders in the armed opposition to the Sandinista government. Together with Ricardo Lau, he created the 15th of September Legion, the first armed opposition movement against the Sandinistas. In 1981, Bermúdez returned to Tegucigalpa, Honduras, from exile in Miami. He later became commander of the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN), the primary Contra movement.
During the Contra war, Bermúdez held the nom de guerre Comandante 380.
The Contras' guerrilla war against the Sandinista government became one of the most contentious and prominent Cold War conflicts, with the United States supporting the Contras through overt and covert military assistance, and the Soviet Union, Cuba, East Germany and other Eastern Bloc nations supporting the Sandinistas. Under the Reagan Doctrine, through which the U.S. believed it could drive the Soviet Union out of Central America and other regions around the world, the U.S. began supplying Bermúdez' Contras with arms and other support.
Criticisms
Assessments of Bermúdez's military and political leadership varied. His supporters believed that he provided stability among the fractious rebels, holding the FDN together while other Contra factions splintered. Critics, however, charged that he failed to provide strategic direction for the FDN's campaigns, and that he hampered the Contras' effectiveness by rewarding loyal cronies and ex-Guardsmen instead of the most able commanders. Discontent finally led to a council of field commanders ousting Bermúdez, as well as the purging of the Contras' predominantly Miami-based political leadership. Many of the members of the so-called Council were then suspects in his death, along with the Sandinista government.
Critics of the Contras also alleged that Bermúdez was one of several figures who had been engaged in cocaine and other drug-running as a Contra commander.
Relations with U.S.
Bermúdez, however, was the key military leader behind the Contras' war. He also was a key contact for the Reagan administration, who saw him, along with Adolfo Calero, as their primary contacts within the Contra leadership. Votes on U.S. aid to the Contras were some of the most contentious and close votes in the United States Congress during the 1980s, but the predominant sentiment in Congress was that continued aid to the Contras was critical both to establishing a non-communist government in Nicaragua and driving the Soviet Union from the American hemisphere during the height of the Cold War.
Autobiography: The Contras' Valley Forge
In the Summer 1988 issue of Policy Review magazine, Bermúdez told the most comprehensive account of his life, a lengthy autobiographical essay titled "The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaraguan Crisis", in which the Contra leader chronicled his life from his early career as a military attaché to Somoza through the height of the conflict between the Contras and Sandinista government.
In the article, Bermúdez staunchly criticized the Sandinistas for their alliances with the Soviet Union and Cuba and for betraying promises they made to establish a representative democracy. However, Bermúdez also issued some criticism at U.S. policy, writing that some Democrats, such as Jim Wright, then the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, were appeasing the Sandinista regime in ways that were inhibiting the Contras' in their effort to overthrow the Sandinista government. The article was authored by conservative author and writer (and then Policy Review editor) Michael Johns, who interviewed Bermúdez over a series of days in Tegucigalpa, Honduras in May and June 1988.
Assassinated in Managua
Following the Sandinista defeat in the 1990 elections, Bermúdez returned to Managua, only to be gunned down on February 16, 1991, after being lured to a meeting at Managua's InterContinental Hotel. He was shot in the hotel's parking lot as he departed the hotel after those with whom he was meeting failed to show. In 1994, Bermúdez' daughter, Claudia Bermúdez, told The Miami Herald: "There were a lot of people who would have benefited from having my dad put away--the Sandinistas, the Chamorro government, the United States. My dad died with a lot of information."
Personal
In the last years of the Contra War, Bermúdez had taken up reading the works of noted libertarian author Ayn Rand. While serving as commander of the semi-secret Contra headquarters on the Nicaragua-Honduras border code named "Aguacate" - Spanish for Avocado - he was known for taking solitary walks in the nearby jungle, taking photographs of intricate spiderwebs. Bermúdez is survived by family members, most of whom live in Miami. He was buried in Miami, following a funeral mass that was attended by many of his U.S. and Nicaraguan supporters.
In 2002 and 2004, his daughter, Claudia Bermúdez, now a resident of the San Francisco area, ran unsuccessfully against incumbent Democrat Barbara Lee for California's 9th congressional district seat. She remains heavily engaged in public policy-related initiatives in the district.
See also
List of unsolved murders
National Guard (Nicaragua)
Nicaraguan Revolution
Sandinista Popular Army
Notes
^ Digital, Edición (2017-02-16). "Así fue el asesinato del Comandante 380 en 1991". La Prensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-10-22.
^ Kinzer, Stephen (1984-11-05). "Sandinistas Hold Their First Elections". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
^ "The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaragua Crisis", by Enrique Bermudez (with Michael Johns), Policy Review magazine, Heritage Foundation, Summer 1988
^ "1984: Sandinistas claim election victory". 1984-11-05. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
^ "Shultz to Visit Central America on Faltering Talks", The New York Times, June 19, 1988
^ "For the Record" The Washington Post, August 4, 1988
^ The Fort Scott Tribune - Oct 17, 1986 Plane's Crash Revives Contra Support Debate
References
Enrique Bermúdez (with Michael Johns), "The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaraguan Crisis," Policy Review, Heritage Foundation, Summer 1988..
Shirley Christian, Nicaragua: Revolution in the Family, Vintage, 1986, ISBN 0-394-74457-8.
Glenn Garvin, Everybody Had His Own Gringo: The CIA and the Contras, Brassey's (US), 1992, ISBN 0-08-040562-2.
Roy Gutman, Banana Diplomacy: The Making of American Policy in Nicaragua, 1981–1987, Simon & Schuster, 1988, ISBN 0-671-60626-3.
"Shultz to Visit Central America on Faltering Talks" The New York Times, June 19, 1988 (covering Bermúdez' Summer 1988 autobiography in Policy Review).
United States Department of State, Special Report No. 174, Nicaraguan Biographies: A Resource Book, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1988.
External links
"Bermudez Elected a Contra Director", Associated Press, The New York Times, July 19, 1988
"Sandinista Says Colonel's Election Shows Contras' 'True Character'", The New York Times, July 22, 1988
"Quick Solution is Sought in Ex-Contra Chief's Death", Reuters, The New York Times, February 18, 1991
"Leader's Slaying Incites Ex-Contras," The New York Times, February 20, 1991.
"Nicaragua Holds Suspect in Killing of Contra Chief" The New York Times, March 6, 1991
"Nicaraguan Aide Says Killer of Ex-Contra Might Be Dead", Reuters, The New York Times, March 7, 1991].
"Assassins in Managua", The New York Times, April 16, 1991
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My dad died with a lot of information.\"[citation needed]","title":"Assassinated in Managua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayn Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Barbara Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Lee"},{"link_name":"California's 9th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_9th_congressional_district"}],"text":"In the last years of the Contra War, Bermúdez had taken up reading the works of noted libertarian author Ayn Rand. While serving as commander of the semi-secret Contra headquarters on the Nicaragua-Honduras border code named \"Aguacate\" - Spanish for Avocado - he was known for taking solitary walks in the nearby jungle, taking photographs of intricate spiderwebs.[7] Bermúdez is survived by family members, most of whom live in Miami. He was buried in Miami, following a funeral mass that was attended by many of his U.S. and Nicaraguan supporters.In 2002 and 2004, his daughter, Claudia Bermúdez, now a resident of the San Francisco area, ran unsuccessfully against incumbent Democrat Barbara Lee for California's 9th congressional district seat. She remains heavily engaged in public policy-related initiatives in the district.","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Así fue el asesinato del Comandante 380 en 1991\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.laprensa.com.ni/2017/02/16/nacionales/2182724-asesinato-comandante-380"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Sandinistas Hold Their First Elections\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1984/11/05/world/sandinistas-hold-their-first-elections.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0362-4331","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"1984: Sandinistas claim election victory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/5/newsid_2538000/2538379.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Shultz to Visit Central America on Faltering Talks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE1D61730F93AA25755C0A96E948260"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"For the Record\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110516230523/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1271550.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Plane's Crash Revives Contra Support Debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=8AAgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZQUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1167,2132529&dq=enrique-bermudez+aguacate&hl=en"}],"text":"^ Digital, Edición (2017-02-16). \"Así fue el asesinato del Comandante 380 en 1991\". La Prensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-10-22.\n\n^ Kinzer, Stephen (1984-11-05). \"Sandinistas Hold Their First Elections\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-22.\n\n^ \"The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaragua Crisis\", by Enrique Bermudez (with Michael Johns), Policy Review magazine, Heritage Foundation, Summer 1988\n\n^ \"1984: Sandinistas claim election victory\". 1984-11-05. Retrieved 2019-10-22.\n\n^ \"Shultz to Visit Central America on Faltering Talks\", The New York Times, June 19, 1988\n\n^ \"For the Record\" The Washington Post, August 4, 1988\n\n^ The Fort Scott Tribune - Oct 17, 1986 Plane's Crash Revives Contra Support Debate","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of unsolved murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_murders_(20th_century)"},{"title":"National Guard (Nicaragua)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)"},{"title":"Nicaraguan Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution"},{"title":"Sandinista Popular Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandinista_Popular_Army"}]
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[{"reference":"Digital, Edición (2017-02-16). \"Así fue el asesinato del Comandante 380 en 1991\". La Prensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laprensa.com.ni/2017/02/16/nacionales/2182724-asesinato-comandante-380","url_text":"\"Así fue el asesinato del Comandante 380 en 1991\""}]},{"reference":"Kinzer, Stephen (1984-11-05). \"Sandinistas Hold Their First Elections\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/05/world/sandinistas-hold-their-first-elections.html","url_text":"\"Sandinistas Hold Their First Elections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"1984: Sandinistas claim election victory\". 1984-11-05. Retrieved 2019-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/5/newsid_2538000/2538379.stm","url_text":"\"1984: Sandinistas claim election victory\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucis_hirsuta
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Rufous-breasted hermit
|
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Behavior and ecology","3.1 Food and feeding","3.2 Breeding","4 References","5 Sources","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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Species of hummingbird
Rufous-breasted hermit
G. h. insularum, Tobago
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Clade:
Strisores
Order:
Apodiformes
Family:
Trochilidae
Genus:
Glaucis
Species:
G. hirsutus
Binomial name
Glaucis hirsutus(Gmelin, JF, 1788)
Synonyms
Glaucis hirsuta (Gmelin, 1788: lapsus)
Glaucis hirsutus abrawayae Ruschi, 1973
Threnetes grzimeki Ruschi, 1973
The rufous-breasted hermit or hairy hermit (Glaucis hirsutus) is a hummingbird that breeds from Panama south to Bolivia, and on Trinidad, Tobago and Grenada. It is a widespread and generally common species, though local populations may change in numbers and disappear altogether in marginal habitat.
Taxonomy
The rufous-breasted hermit was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other hummingbirds in the genus Trochilus and coined the binomial name Trochilus hirsutus. Gmelin's description was based on that of the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae that had been published 140 years earlier in 1648. The rufous-breasted hermit is now placed with two other species in the genus Glaucis that was introduced in 1831 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie. The genus name is from the Ancient Greek glaukos meaning "blue-grey", "glaucous" or "pale green". The specific epithet hirsutus is Latin meaning "hairy" or "bristled". The type locality is northeast Brazil.
Two subspecies are recognised:
G. h. insularum Hellmayr & Seilern, 1913 – Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago
G. h. hirsutus (Gmelin, JF, 1788) – Panama and west Colombia through Venezuela and the Guianas to Brazil and north Bolivia
Description
The rufous-breasted hermit is 10.7 cm (4.2 in) long and weighs 7 g (0.25 oz) on average. The bill measures around 3.3 cm (1.3 in) and is strongly decurved, long and thin – though compared to the bills of other hummingbirds, it is rather robust. The rufous-breasted hermit has a brownish head, bronze-green upperparts and rufous underparts. The tail has green central feathers and rufous outer feathers, all tipped white. The bill has a yellow lower mandible and a black upper mandible. Sexes are similar, but the male has yellow streaking on the upper mandible, and the female may be slightly duller in plumage. The bill of females is also proportionally a bit shorter (though this is hardly recognizable) and more decurved (which is quite conspicuous in direct comparison).
Males are somewhat more distinct, resembling a barbthroat (Threnetes). They were once described as a distinct species, the "black barbthroat" ("T. grzimeki"). Similarly, the proposed subspecies abrawayae is apparently based on individual variation occurring in adults and not taxonomically distinct either.
The call of this species is a high-pitched sweet.
Behavior and ecology
This hermit inhabits forest undergrowth, often near running water. The rufous-breasted hermit's food is nectar, taken from a variety of understory flowers, and some small invertebrates.
Food and feeding
G. hirsuta has very discriminating feeding habits. It will only visit flowers whose corolla length and curvature precisely matches that of its bill, while most other hummingbirds are far more flexible. Thus, its foodplants are found across almost the entire diversity of angiosperms. Very popular with this bird are Zingiberales, such as Costus scaber (Costaceae), or Heliconia standleyi and Heliconia stricta (Heliconiaceae). Other well-liked foodplants of this hummingbird include Gentianales like Duroia hirsuta, Palicourea lasiantha, Psychotria bahiensis and Psychotria platypoda (Rubiaceae), Lamiales such as Sanchezia peruviana (Acanthaceae) or Drymonia semicordata (Gesneriaceae), and Myrtales like Cuphea melvilla (Lythraceae). Even congeneric plants with flowers of slightly different length and curvature are avoided on the other hand.
Given the difference in bill curvature between males and females, it seems likely that the sexes avoid competing for the same food resource by visiting different plants, but there has been little in-depth study. Whether there has been any coevolution between the hairy hermit and its foodplants is more difficult to determine, but if anything, it seems to be less widespread than it could be presumed. Most plants visited by this hummingbird are also pollinated by less discriminating species. But for some (such as Cuphea melvilla, Psychotria bahiensis and P. platypoda) the hairy hermit seems to be a pollinator of crucial importance, indicating that – though less often than the characteristic bill shape suggests – strong mutualisms between this bird and some of its foodplants do indeed exist.
Breeding
The female rufous-breasted hermit lays two eggs in a small cup nest with a tail, made of rootlets and attached to the underside of a palm, fern or Heliconia leaf one or two meters (3–6 ft) above ground or so. The nests are often near a stream, waterfall or roadside, and are surprisingly easy to find. Incubation is 17 days with 23 more to fledging, and this species may nest up to four times in a season. The male of this aggressive and inquisitive hummingbird helps to build and defend the nest, but does not incubate the eggs. At least regionally (e.g. in Colombia), the species breeds all year.
References
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Glaucis hirsutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22686911A93130811. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686911A93130811.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
^ Faria et al. (2006), BLI (2008)
^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 490.
^ Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus (in Latin). Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 197, 4th Guainumbi.
^ Boie, Friedrich (1831). "Bemerkungen über Species und einige ornithologische Familien und Sippen". Isis von Oken (in German). 1831. Cols 538–548 .
^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 174, 192. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 5.
^ a b c Rodríguez-Flores & Stiles (2005)
^ Mallet-Rodrigues (2006)
^ Greeney et al. (2004)
Sources
Faria, Christiana M.A.; Rodrigues, Marcos; do Amaral, Frederico Q.; Módena, Érica & Fernandes, Alexandre M. (2006): Aves de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no alto Rio Doce, Minas Gerais: colonização e extinção . Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23(4): 1217-1230 . doi:10.1590/S0101-81752006000400032 PDF fulltext
Greeney, Harold F.; Gelis, Rudolphe A. & White, Richard (2004): Notes on breeding birds from an Ecuadorian lowland forest. Bull. B.O.C. 124(1): 28–37. PDF fulltext
Mallet-Rodrigues, Francisco (2006): Táxons de aves de validade questionável com ocorrência no Brasil. III – Trochilidae (I) . Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14(4): 475-479 . PDF fulltext
Rodríguez-Flores, Claudia Isabel & Stiles, F. Gary (2005): Análisis ecomorfológico de una comunidad de colibríes ermitaños (Trochilidae, Phaetorninae) y sus flores en la Amazonia colombiana. . Ornitología Colombiana 3: 7-27 . PDF fulltext
Further reading
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
External links
"Hairy Hermit"-Glaucis hirsuta videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Stamps (for Grenada, Grenadines of Grenada, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago) with RangeMap
Rufous-breasted Hermit photo gallery VIREO Photo-High Res-(Close-up)(rufous breast and bill)
Photo-Medium Res; Article
Phaethornithinae (hermit hummingbirds)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Subfamily: Phaethornithinae
GenusSpeciesRamphodon
Saw-billed hermit (R. naevius)
Eutoxeres
White-tipped sicklebill (E. aquila)
Buff-tailed sicklebill (E. condamini)
Glaucis
Hook-billed hermit (G. dohrnii)
Rufous-breasted hermit (G. hirsuta)
Bronzy hermit (G. aenea)
Threnetes
Sooty barbthroat (T. niger)
Band-tailed barbthroat (T. ruckeri)
Anopetia
Broad-tipped hermit (A. gounellei)
Phaethornis
Dusky-throated hermit (P. squlidus)
Streak-throated hermit (P. rupurumii)
Tapajós hermit (P. aethopyga)
Little hermit (P. longuemareus)
Minute hermit (P. idaliae)
Cinnamon-throated hermit (P. nattereri)
Black-throated hermit (P. atrimentalis)
Stripe-throated hermit (P. striigularis)
Gray-chinned hermit (P. griseogularis)
Reddish hermit (P. ruber)
White-browed hermit (P. stuarti)
Buff-bellied hermit (P. subochraceus)
Sooty-capped hermit (P. augusti)
Planalto hermit (P. pretrei)
Scale-throated hermit (P. eurynome)
Pale-bellied hermit (P. anthophilus)
White-bearded hermit (P. hispidus)
White-whiskered hermit (P. yaruqui)
Green hermit (P. guy)
Tawny-bellied hermit (P. syrmatophorus)
Koepcke's hermit (P. koepckeae)
Needle-billed hermit (P. philippii)
Straight-billed hermit (P. bourcieri)
Long-billed hermit (P. longirostris)
Long-tailed hermit (P. superciliosus)
Great-billed hermit (P. malaris)
Taxon identifiersGlaucis hirsutus
Wikidata: Q1266303
Wikispecies: Glaucis hirsutus
ADW: Glaucis_hirsutus
Avibase: 2486FC7807369CB1
BirdLife: 22686911
BOLD: 98056
BOW: rubher
CoL: 3G665
eBird: rubher
GBIF: 2476892
iNaturalist: 6389
ITIS: 693136
IUCN: 22686911
NCBI: 190457
Neotropical: rubher
Open Tree of Life: 647414
Species+: 7279
Xeno-canto: Glaucis-hirsutus
Trochilus hirsutus
Wikidata: Q109563568
CoL: 8KDWW
GBIF: 9367610
ITIS: 1149600
|
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It is a widespread and generally common species, though local populations may change in numbers and disappear altogether in marginal habitat.[3]","title":"Rufous-breasted hermit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formally described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Gmelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Trochilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamertail"},{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Georg Marcgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Marcgrave"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Glaucis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucis"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Boie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Boie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-7"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-7"},{"link_name":"Hellmayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Eduard_Hellmayr"},{"link_name":"Seilern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Seilern"}],"text":"The rufous-breasted hermit was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other hummingbirds in the genus Trochilus and coined the binomial name Trochilus hirsutus.[4] Gmelin's description was based on that of the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae that had been published 140 years earlier in 1648.[5] The rufous-breasted hermit is now placed with two other species in the genus Glaucis that was introduced in 1831 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie.[6][7] The genus name is from the Ancient Greek glaukos meaning \"blue-grey\", \"glaucous\" or \"pale green\". The specific epithet hirsutus is Latin meaning \"hairy\" or \"bristled\".[8] The type locality is northeast Brazil.[9]Two subspecies are recognised:[7]G. h. insularum Hellmayr & Seilern, 1913 – Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago\nG. h. hirsutus (Gmelin, JF, 1788) – Panama and west Colombia through Venezuela and the Guianas to Brazil and north Bolivia","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfs2005-10"},{"link_name":"barbthroat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbthroat"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"taxonomically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomical"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The rufous-breasted hermit is 10.7 cm (4.2 in) long and weighs 7 g (0.25 oz) on average. The bill measures around 3.3 cm (1.3 in) and is strongly decurved, long and thin – though compared to the bills of other hummingbirds, it is rather robust. The rufous-breasted hermit has a brownish head, bronze-green upperparts and rufous underparts. The tail has green central feathers and rufous outer feathers, all tipped white. The bill has a yellow lower mandible and a black upper mandible. Sexes are similar, but the male has yellow streaking on the upper mandible, and the female may be slightly duller in plumage. The bill of females is also proportionally a bit shorter (though this is hardly recognizable) and more decurved (which is quite conspicuous in direct comparison).[10]Males are somewhat more distinct, resembling a barbthroat (Threnetes). They were once described as a distinct species, the \"black barbthroat\" (\"T. grzimeki\"). Similarly, the proposed subspecies abrawayae is apparently based on individual variation occurring in adults and not taxonomically distinct either.[11]The call of this species is a high-pitched sweet.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_(hummingbird)"},{"link_name":"understory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"}],"text":"This hermit inhabits forest undergrowth, often near running water. The rufous-breasted hermit's food is nectar, taken from a variety of understory flowers, and some small invertebrates.","title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corolla_(botany)"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm"},{"link_name":"Zingiberales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingiberales"},{"link_name":"Costus scaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costus_scaber&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Costaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costaceae"},{"link_name":"Heliconia standleyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliconia_standleyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heliconia stricta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconia_stricta"},{"link_name":"Heliconiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconiaceae"},{"link_name":"Gentianales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentianales"},{"link_name":"Duroia hirsuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duroia_hirsuta"},{"link_name":"Palicourea lasiantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palicourea_lasiantha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Psychotria bahiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychotria_bahiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Psychotria platypoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychotria_platypoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rubiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubiaceae"},{"link_name":"Lamiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiales"},{"link_name":"Sanchezia peruviana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanchezia_peruviana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acanthaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthaceae"},{"link_name":"Drymonia semicordata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drymonia_semicordata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gesneriaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesneriaceae"},{"link_name":"Myrtales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtales"},{"link_name":"Cuphea melvilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuphea_melvilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lythraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lythraceae"},{"link_name":"congeneric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspecificity"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfs2005-10"},{"link_name":"coevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution"},{"link_name":"mutualisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfs2005-10"}],"sub_title":"Food and feeding","text":"G. hirsuta has very discriminating feeding habits. It will only visit flowers whose corolla length and curvature precisely matches that of its bill, while most other hummingbirds are far more flexible. Thus, its foodplants are found across almost the entire diversity of angiosperms. Very popular with this bird are Zingiberales, such as Costus scaber (Costaceae), or Heliconia standleyi and Heliconia stricta (Heliconiaceae). Other well-liked foodplants of this hummingbird include Gentianales like Duroia hirsuta, Palicourea lasiantha, Psychotria bahiensis and Psychotria platypoda (Rubiaceae), Lamiales such as Sanchezia peruviana (Acanthaceae) or Drymonia semicordata (Gesneriaceae), and Myrtales like Cuphea melvilla (Lythraceae). Even congeneric plants with flowers of slightly different length and curvature are avoided on the other hand.[10]Given the difference in bill curvature between males and females, it seems likely that the sexes avoid competing for the same food resource by visiting different plants, but there has been little in-depth study. Whether there has been any coevolution between the hairy hermit and its foodplants is more difficult to determine, but if anything, it seems to be less widespread than it could be presumed. Most plants visited by this hummingbird are also pollinated by less discriminating species. But for some (such as Cuphea melvilla, Psychotria bahiensis and P. platypoda) the hairy hermit seems to be a pollinator of crucial importance, indicating that – though less often than the characteristic bill shape suggests – strong mutualisms between this bird and some of its foodplants do indeed exist.[10]","title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heliconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"The female rufous-breasted hermit lays two eggs in a small cup nest with a tail, made of rootlets and attached to the underside of a palm, fern or Heliconia leaf one or two meters (3–6 ft) above ground or so. The nests are often near a stream, waterfall or roadside, and are surprisingly easy to find. Incubation is 17 days with 23 more to fledging, and this species may nest up to four times in a season. The male of this aggressive and inquisitive hummingbird helps to build and defend the nest, but does not incubate the eggs. At least regionally (e.g. in Colombia), the species breeds all year.[12]","title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1590/S0101-81752006000400032","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1590%2FS0101-81752006000400032"},{"link_name":"PDF fulltext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v23n4/32.pdf"},{"link_name":"Bull. B.O.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_British_Ornithologists%27_Club"},{"link_name":"PDF fulltext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080725122009/http://depts.washington.edu/nhrg/Greeney,%20Gelis%20%26%20White%202004.pdf"},{"link_name":"PDF fulltext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070927121137/http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo/ararajuba/artigos/Volume144/ara144cbro6.pdf"},{"link_name":"PDF fulltext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ornitologiacolombiana.org/oc3/colibries_ermitanos7.pdf"}],"text":"Faria, Christiana M.A.; Rodrigues, Marcos; do Amaral, Frederico Q.; Módena, Érica & Fernandes, Alexandre M. (2006): Aves de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no alto Rio Doce, Minas Gerais: colonização e extinção [The birds of an Atlantic Forest fragment at upper Rio Doce valley, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil: colonization and extinction]. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23(4): 1217-1230 [Portuguese with English abstract]. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752006000400032 PDF fulltext\nGreeney, Harold F.; Gelis, Rudolphe A. & White, Richard (2004): Notes on breeding birds from an Ecuadorian lowland forest. Bull. B.O.C. 124(1): 28–37. PDF fulltext\nMallet-Rodrigues, Francisco (2006): Táxons de aves de validade questionável com ocorrência no Brasil. III – Trochilidae (I) [Questionable bird taxa with occurrence in Brazil. III – Trochilidae (I)]. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14(4): 475-479 [Portuguese with English abstract]. PDF fulltext\nRodríguez-Flores, Claudia Isabel & Stiles, F. Gary (2005): Análisis ecomorfológico de una comunidad de colibríes ermitaños (Trochilidae, Phaetorninae) y sus flores en la Amazonia colombiana. [Ecomorphological analysis of a community of hermit hummingbirds (Trochilidae, Phaethorninae) and their flowers in Colombian Amazonia]. Ornitología Colombiana 3: 7-27 [Spanish with English abstract]. PDF fulltext","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8014-9792-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9792-2"},{"link_name":"Christopher Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helm_Identification_Guides"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7136-6418-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-6418-5"}],"text":"ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2\nHilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Glaucis hirsutus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22686911A93130811. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686911A93130811.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22686911/93130811","url_text":"\"Glaucis hirsutus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686911A93130811.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686911A93130811.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices | CITES\". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"\"Appendices | CITES\""}]},{"reference":"Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 490.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin","url_text":"Gmelin, Johann Friedrich"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2897090","url_text":"Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis"}]},{"reference":"Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus (in Latin). Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 197, 4th Guainumbi.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Marcgrave","url_text":"Marcgrave, Georg"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/289290","url_text":"Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus"}]},{"reference":"Boie, Friedrich (1831). \"Bemerkungen über Species und einige ornithologische Familien und Sippen\". Isis von Oken (in German). 1831. Cols 538–548 [545].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Boie","url_text":"Boie, Friedrich"},{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27512960","url_text":"\"Bemerkungen über Species und einige ornithologische Familien und Sippen\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). \"Hummingbirds\". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, Pamela"},{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/hummingbirds/","url_text":"\"Hummingbirds\""}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 174, 192. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n174/mode/1up","url_text":"174"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n192/mode/1up","url_text":"192"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]},{"reference":"Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Peters","url_text":"Peters, James Lee"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480016","url_text":"Check-List of Birds of the World"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Clemencia_Rodr%C3%ADguez_M%C3%BAnera
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María Clemencia de Santos
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["1 Personal life","2 Honours","2.1 Foreign honours","2.2 Dynastic honours","3 See also","4 References"]
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This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Rodríguez, the second or maternal family name is Múnera, and, for married women, the optional marital name is de Santos.
María Clemencia de SantosRodríguez de Santos in January 2014First Lady of ColombiaIn role7 August 2010 (2010-08-07) – 7 August 2018 (2018-08-07)PresidentJuan Manuel SantosPreceded byLina Moreno de UribeSucceeded byMaría Juliana Ruiz
Personal detailsBornMaría Clemencia Rodríguez Múnera (1955-11-13) 13 November 1955 (age 68)Bucaramanga, ColombiaPolitical partyParty of the U (2005-present)Spouses
Christian Toro Ibler (1982-1985)
Juan Manuel Santos (m. 1987)
Children
Martín Santos Rodríguez
María Antonia Santos Rodríguez
Esteban Santos Rodríguez
Residence(s)Washington, D.C., U.S.ProfessionGraphic Designer
María Clemecia "Tutina" Rodríguez de Santos (née Rodríguez Múnera, 13 November 1955) is a Colombian socialité and graphic designer. As the wife of the 32nd President Juan Manuel Santos María Clemencia served from 2010 to 2018 as First Lady of Colombia, being the third wife of a president to serve for eight years and the second consecutively.
Rodriguez de Santos or also "Tutina" as she is affectionately known, was characterized by her glamour, sobriety and elegance during, being one of the most influential fashion icons in Colombia, during her eight years as first lady, she made numerous trips. humanitarian throughout Colombia.
Personal life
María Clemencia Rodríguez Munera was born on 13 November 1955 in Bucaramanga, Santander to Jorge Rodríguez Rodríguez and his wife Cecilia Múnera Cambas. She is the sixth of eight children.
On 11 December 1982 she married Christian Toro Ibler, a respected and well known Colombian publicist, in a Roman Catholic ceremony that took place at the Church of Our Lady of the Waters in Bogotá officiated by Fr Jesús Adán Londoño Rodas and attended by, among others, the then-President Belisario Betancur Cuartas and First Lady Rosa Helena Álvarez Yepes who were not only the guests of honour, but also the godparents of the couple for the ceremony. The marriage however, did not last long and the couple divorced shortly after.
In 1987 she married Juan Manuel Santos, then Deputy Director of El Tiempo, this time in a civil ceremony.
Honours
Foreign honours
Portugal:
Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (13 November 2017)
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (14 November 2012)
Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (27 February 2015)
Dynastic honours
Two Sicilian Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, Special Class (7 June 2013)
See also
Lorenza Villegas Restrepo
References
^ a b Arias, Andrés (7 February 2012). "María Clemencia Rodríguez de Santos: 'Quisiera tener una varita mágica para solucionar los problemas de la gente'" . Credencial (in Spanish) (311). Bogotá. ISSN 0121-7526. OCLC 39237275. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
^ "Usuarios califican a Tutina como icono de la moda que marcó la Casa de Nariño ". 8 August 2018.
^ Vengoechea, Alejandra de (4 July 2010). "Un Susurro Para Santos" . ABC (in Spanish). Bogotá. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
^ "Bogotá Social". El Tiempo (in Spanish): 103 (3D). 11 December 1982. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
^ "Bogotá Social". El Tiempo (in Spanish): 55 (4B). 14 December 1982. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
^ "Una vida en fotos" . Semana (in Spanish). 21 June 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
^ "Real Decreto 131/2015, de 27 de febrero, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a la señora María Clemencia Rodríguez de Santos" (PDF). boe.es (in Spanish). 28 February 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
^ "Colombia's President Santos honoured for peace building at London ceremony - Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George".
Honorary titles
Preceded byLina Moreno de Uribe
First Lady of Colombia 2010–2018
Succeeded byMaría Juliana Ruiz
vteFirst ladies of Colombia
Soledad Román de Núñez
Elvira Cárdenas
María Antonia Suárez
Cecilia Arboleda de Holguín
Carolina Vásquez Uribe
Leonor de Velasco Álvarez
María Teresa Londoño
María Michelsen de López
Lorenza Villegas Restrepo
María Michelsen de López
Bertha Hernández
María Hurtado de Gómez
Carolina Correa Londoño
Bertha Puga Martínez
Susana López de Valencia
Cecilia de la Fuente de Lleras
María Cristina Arango Vega
Cecilia Caballero Blanco
Nydia Quintero Turbay
Rosa Helena Álvarez Yepes
Carolina Isakson Proctor
Ana Milena Muñoz de Gaviria
Jacquin Strouss Lucena
Nohra Puyana de Pastrana
Lina Moreno de Uribe
María Clemencia de Santos
María Juliana Ruiz
Verónica Alcocer
First Lady of Colombia
families
firsts
honors
category
Casa de Nariño
This article about a Colombian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America#The_particle_%22de%22_(of)"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arias-1"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos"},{"link_name":"First Lady of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"fashion icons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_icons"},{"link_name":"humanitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Rodríguez, the second or maternal family name is Múnera, and, for married women, the optional marital name is de Santos.María Clemecia \"Tutina\" Rodríguez de Santos (née Rodríguez Múnera, 13 November 1955[1]) is a Colombian socialité and graphic designer. As the wife of the 32nd President Juan Manuel Santos María Clemencia served from 2010 to 2018 as First Lady of Colombia, being the third wife of a president to serve for eight years and the second consecutively.Rodriguez de Santos or also \"Tutina\" as she is affectionately known, was characterized by her glamour, sobriety and elegance during, being one of the most influential fashion icons in Colombia, during her eight years as first lady, she made numerous trips. humanitarian throughout Colombia.[2]","title":"María Clemencia de Santos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bucaramanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucaramanga"},{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Department"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arias-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_(title)"},{"link_name":"Belisario Betancur Cuartas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisario_Betancur_Cuartas"},{"link_name":"Rosa Helena Álvarez Yepes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Helena_%C3%81lvarez_Yepes"},{"link_name":"godparents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparents"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos"},{"link_name":"El Tiempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"civil ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_ceremony"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"María Clemencia Rodríguez Munera was born on 13 November 1955 in Bucaramanga, Santander[1] to Jorge Rodríguez Rodríguez and his wife Cecilia Múnera Cambas. She is the sixth of eight children.[3]On 11 December 1982 she married Christian Toro Ibler, a respected and well known Colombian publicist, in a Roman Catholic ceremony that took place at the Church of Our Lady of the Waters in Bogotá officiated by Fr Jesús Adán Londoño Rodas and attended by, among others, the then-President Belisario Betancur Cuartas and First Lady Rosa Helena Álvarez Yepes who were not only the guests of honour, but also the godparents of the couple for the ceremony.[4][5] The marriage however, did not last long and the couple divorced shortly after.In 1987 she married Juan Manuel Santos, then Deputy Director of El Tiempo, this time in a civil ceremony.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Order of Prince Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Order of Isabella the Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Foreign honours","text":"Portugal:\nGrand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (13 November 2017)\nGrand Cross of the Order of Merit (14 November 2012)Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (27 February 2015)[7]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Two Sicilian Royal Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, Special Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Military_Constantinian_Order_of_Saint_George"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Dynastic honours","text":"Two Sicilian Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, Special Class (7 June 2013)[8]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Lorenza Villegas Restrepo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenza_Villegas_Restrepo"}]
|
[{"reference":"Arias, Andrés (7 February 2012). \"María Clemencia Rodríguez de Santos: 'Quisiera tener una varita mágica para solucionar los problemas de la gente'\" [María Clemencia Rodríguez de Santos: 'I wish I had a magic wand to solve people's problems']. Credencial (in Spanish) (311). Bogotá. ISSN 0121-7526. OCLC 39237275. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120822032007/http://www.revistacredencial.com/credencial/content/mar-clemencia-rodr-guez-de-santos-quisiera-tener-una-varita-m-gica-para-solucionar-los-probl","url_text":"\"María Clemencia Rodríguez de Santos: 'Quisiera tener una varita mágica para solucionar los problemas de la gente'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0121-7526","url_text":"0121-7526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39237275","url_text":"39237275"},{"url":"http://www.revistacredencial.com/credencial/content/mar-clemencia-rodr-guez-de-santos-quisiera-tener-una-varita-m-gica-para-solucionar-los-probl","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Usuarios califican a Tutina como icono de la moda que marcó la Casa de Nariño [FOTOS]\". 8 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://diariodelcauca.com.co/noticias/vida-moderna/personajes/usuarios-califican-tutina-como-icono-de-la-moda-que-marco-446210","url_text":"\"Usuarios califican a Tutina como icono de la moda que marcó la Casa de Nariño [FOTOS]\""}]},{"reference":"Vengoechea, Alejandra de (4 July 2010). \"Un Susurro Para Santos\" [A Whisper For Santos]. ABC (in Spanish). Bogotá. Retrieved 7 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/2010/07/04/038.html","url_text":"\"Un Susurro Para Santos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"\"Bogotá Social\". El Tiempo (in Spanish): 103 (3D). 11 December 1982. Retrieved 7 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1706&dat=19821209&id=3y8bAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xk0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=887,3849422","url_text":"\"Bogotá Social\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)","url_text":"El Tiempo"}]},{"reference":"\"Bogotá Social\". El Tiempo (in Spanish): 55 (4B). 14 December 1982. Retrieved 7 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1706&dat=19821214&id=4C8bAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xk0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=903,4862595","url_text":"\"Bogotá Social\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)","url_text":"El Tiempo"}]},{"reference":"\"Una vida en fotos\" [A Life on Photos]. Semana (in Spanish). 21 June 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.semana.com/galeria-nacion/vida-fotos/604.aspx","url_text":"\"Una vida en fotos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana","url_text":"Semana"}]},{"reference":"\"Real Decreto 131/2015, de 27 de febrero, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a la señora María Clemencia Rodríguez de Santos\" (PDF). boe.es (in Spanish). 28 February 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/02/28/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-2135.pdf","url_text":"\"Real Decreto 131/2015, de 27 de febrero, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a la señora María Clemencia Rodríguez de Santos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colombia's President Santos honoured for peace building at London ceremony - Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.constantinian.org.uk/colombias-president-santos-honoured-for-peace-building/","url_text":"\"Colombia's President Santos honoured for peace building at London ceremony - Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Award_for_Best_Original_Score_in_a_Feature_Film
|
Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Feature Film
|
["1 History","2 Winners and nominees","2.1 2010s","2.2 2020s","3 References"]
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Hollywood Music in Media for Best Original Score in a Feature FilmCountryUnited StatesPresented byHollywood Music in Media Awards (HMMA)First awarded2014Currently held byRobbie Robertson Killers of the Flower Moon (2023)Websitewww.hmmawards.com
The Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Feature Film is one of the awards given annually to people working in the motion picture industry by the Hollywood Music in Media Awards (HMMA).
History
It is presented to the composers who have composed the best "original" score, written specifically for a motion picture. The award was first given in 2014, during the fifth annual awards.
Winners and nominees
2010s
Year
Film
Nominees
(2014)5th
Birdman
Antonio Sánchez
Fury
Steven Price
Gone Girl
Trent Reznor & Atticus Ross
The Imitation Game
Alexandre Desplat
Interstellar
Hans Zimmer
The Judge
Thomas Newman
The Theory of Everything
Jóhann Jóhannsson
(2015)6th
Beasts of No Nation
Dan Romer
Bridge of Spies
Thomas Newman
Carol
Carter Burwell
Sicario
Jóhann Jóhannsson
Steve Jobs
Daniel Pemberton
The Walk
Alan Silvestri
(2016)7th
Moonlight
Nicholas Britell
Birth of a Nation
Henry Jackman
Hacksaw Ridge
Rupert Gregson-Williams
Jackie
Mica Levi
La La Land
Justin Hurwitz
Lion
Dustin O'Halloran and Hauschka
(2017)8th
Good Time
Oneohtrix Point Never
Battle of the Sexes
Nicholas Britell
Darkest Hour
Dario Marianelli
The Man Who Invented Christmas
Mica Levi
Mudbound
Tamar-kali
Wonderstruck
Carter Burwell
Victoria and Abdul
Thomas Newman
(2018)9th
Mary Queen of Scots
Max Richter
The Ballad of Buster Scruggs
Carter Burwell
BlacKkKlansman
Terence Blanchard
Destroyer
Theodore Shapiro
First Man
Justin Hurwitz
Green Book
Kris Bowers
If Beale Street Could Talk
Nicholas Britell
The Sisters Brothers
Alexandre Desplat
Widows
Hans Zimmer
(2019)10th
Ford v Ferrari (tie)
Marco Beltrami & Buck Sanders
Joker (tie)
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Harriet
Terence Blanchard
Jojo Rabbit
Michael Giacchino
The King
Nicholas Britell
Little Women
Alexandre Desplat
Marriage Story
Randy Newman
Motherless Brooklyn
Daniel Pemberton
Pain & Glory
Alberto Iglesias
Parasite
Jung Jae-il
Uncut Gems
Oneohtrix Point Never
2020s
Year
Film
Nominees
(2020)11th
News of the World
James Newton Howard
Da 5 Bloods
Terence Blanchard
The Life Ahead
Gabriel Yared
Mank
Trent Reznor & Atticus Ross
Ma Rainey's Black Bottom
Branford Marsalis
The Midnight Sky
Alexandre Desplat
Pieces of a Woman
Howard Shore
The Trial of the Chicago 7
Daniel Pemberton
(2021)12th
Don't Look Up
Nicholas Britell
The French Dispatch
Alexandre Desplat
King Richard
Kris Bowers
The Last Duel
Harry Gregson-Williams
Nightmare Alley
Nathan Johnson
No Time to Die
Hans Zimmer
The Power of the Dog
Jonny Greenwood
Stillwater
Mychael Danna
The Tragedy of Macbeth
Carter Burwell
(2022) 13th
The Woman King
Terence Blanchard
Emancipation
Marcelo Zarvos
Empire of Light
Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross
She Said
Nicholas Britell
The Banshees of Inisherin
Carter Burwell
Till
Abel Korzeniowski
Where the Crawdads Sing
Mychael Danna
White Noise
Danny Elfman
Women Talking
Hildur Guðnadóttir
(2023) 14th
Killers of the Flower Moon
Robbie Robertson (posthumously)
American Fiction
Laura Karpman
Chevalier
Kris Bowers
Nyad
Alexandre Desplat
Oppenheimer
Ludwig Göransson
Rustin
Branford Marsalis
Saltburn
Anthony Willis
The Killer
Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross
References
^ Scott Feinberg (November 5, 2014). "Hollywood Music in Media Awards: Gregg Alexander Performs, Glen Campbell Feted". The Hollywood Reporter. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
^ HMMA (2015). "2015 MUSIC IN VISUAL MEDIA NOMINEES". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
^ HMMA (2016). "2016 MUSIC IN VISUAL MEDIA NOMINEES". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
^ HMMA (2017). "2017 HMMA Winners". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
^ Hollywood Music in Media Awards: Full Winners List|Hollywood Reporter
^ HMMA (2018). "2018 MUSIC VISUAL MEDIA NOMINEES". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
^ Latesha Harris (November 5, 2019). "'Joker,' 'Lion King,' 'Us' Lead 2019 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Nominees". Variety. Variety. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
^ HMMA (2020). "2020 MUSIC IN VISUAL MEDIA NOMINATIONS". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
^ Chris Willman (January 15, 2021). "Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces 2021 Nominees; Kenny Loggins Set for Lifetime Honor (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
^ HMMA (2021). "2021 MUSIC IN VISUAL MEDIA NOMINATIONS". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
^ Jazz Tangcay (November 4, 2021). "Beyonce, Van Morrison, Hans Zimmer Receive Hollywood Music in Media Awards Nominations". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
^ "2022 HMMA Nominations". Hollywood Music In Media Awards. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
^ "2023 HMMA WINNERS AND NOMINEES". Hollywood Music In Media Awards. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
vteHollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Feature Film
Antonio Sánchez (2014)
Dan Romer (2015)
Nicholas Britell (2016)
Oneohtrix Point Never (2017)
Max Richter (2018)
Marco Beltrami and Buck Sanders / Hildur Guðnadóttir (2019)
James Newton Howard (2020)
Nicholas Britell (2021)
Terence Blanchard (2022)
Robbie Robertson (2023)
vteHollywood Music in Media AwardsFilm
Score (Feature)
Score (Animated)
Score (Documentary)
Score (Independent)
Score (Sci-Fi/Fantasy)
Score (Horror)
Song (Feature Film)
Song (Animated)
Song (Documentary)
Song (Independent)
Song (Sci-Fi/Fantasy/Horror)
Music Supervision
Television
Score
Main Title Theme
Original Song
Music Supervision
Video games
Score
Song
Score/Song (Mobile)
Music Supervision
Ceremonies
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motion picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards"}],"text":"The Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Feature Film is one of the awards given annually to people working in the motion picture industry by the Hollywood Music in Media Awards (HMMA).","title":"Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Feature Film"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"It is presented to the composers who have composed the best \"original\" score, written specifically for a motion picture. The award was first given in 2014, during the fifth annual awards.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010s","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020s","title":"Winners and nominees"}]
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[]
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Retrieved December 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmmawards.com/2015-music-in-visual-media-nominees/","url_text":"\"2015 MUSIC IN VISUAL MEDIA NOMINEES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards","url_text":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards","url_text":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards"}]},{"reference":"HMMA (2016). \"2016 MUSIC IN VISUAL MEDIA NOMINEES\". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Retrieved December 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmmawards.com/2016-music-in-visual-media-nominees/","url_text":"\"2016 MUSIC IN VISUAL MEDIA NOMINEES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards","url_text":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards","url_text":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards"}]},{"reference":"HMMA (2017). \"2017 HMMA Winners\". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Retrieved December 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmmawards.com/2017-hmma-winners/","url_text":"\"2017 HMMA Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards","url_text":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards","url_text":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards"}]},{"reference":"HMMA (2018). \"2018 MUSIC VISUAL MEDIA NOMINEES\". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Retrieved December 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmmawards.com/2018-music-in-visual-media-nominations/2018-music-visual-media-nominees/","url_text":"\"2018 MUSIC VISUAL MEDIA NOMINEES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards","url_text":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards","url_text":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards"}]},{"reference":"Latesha Harris (November 5, 2019). \"'Joker,' 'Lion King,' 'Us' Lead 2019 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Nominees\". Variety. Variety. Retrieved November 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/music/news/hollywood-music-media-awards-nominations-1203393606/","url_text":"\"'Joker,' 'Lion King,' 'Us' Lead 2019 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"HMMA (2020). \"2020 MUSIC IN VISUAL MEDIA NOMINATIONS\". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Retrieved January 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmmawards.com/2020-music-in-visual-media-nominations/","url_text":"\"2020 MUSIC IN VISUAL MEDIA NOMINATIONS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards","url_text":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards","url_text":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards"}]},{"reference":"Chris Willman (January 15, 2021). \"Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces 2021 Nominees; Kenny Loggins Set for Lifetime Honor (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved January 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/music/news/hollywood-music-media-awards-nominations-songs-score-1234886663/","url_text":"\"Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces 2021 Nominees; Kenny Loggins Set for Lifetime Honor (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation","url_text":"Penske Media Corporation"}]},{"reference":"HMMA (2021). \"2021 MUSIC IN VISUAL MEDIA NOMINATIONS\". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Retrieved November 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmmawards.com/2021-music-in-visual-media-nominations/","url_text":"\"2021 MUSIC IN VISUAL MEDIA NOMINATIONS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards","url_text":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Awards","url_text":"Hollywood Music in Media Awards"}]},{"reference":"Jazz Tangcay (November 4, 2021). \"Beyonce, Van Morrison, Hans Zimmer Receive Hollywood Music in Media Awards Nominations\". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved November 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/music/awards/hollywood-music-media-awards-nominations-beyonce-hans-zimmer-1235104781/","url_text":"\"Beyonce, Van Morrison, Hans Zimmer Receive Hollywood Music in Media Awards Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation","url_text":"Penske Media Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"2022 HMMA Nominations\". Hollywood Music In Media Awards. Retrieved 2022-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmmawards.com/2022-hmma-nominations/","url_text":"\"2022 HMMA Nominations\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 HMMA WINNERS AND NOMINEES\". Hollywood Music In Media Awards. Retrieved 29 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmmawards.com/2023-hmma-winners-and-nominees/","url_text":"\"2023 HMMA WINNERS AND NOMINEES\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balipratipada
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Balipratipada
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["1 Nomenclature","2 Texts","3 Legend","4 Festivities","4.1 Himachal Pradesh","4.2 Jammu division","5 Related festivals","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"]
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Hindu festival commemorating the victory of Vishnu over Mahabali
Bali-pratipadaVamana (blue faced dwarf) in the court of King Bali (Raja Bali, right seated) seeking almsAlso calledBali Padwa (Maharashtra), Bali Padyami (Karnataka), Barlaj (Himachal Pradesh), Raja Bali (Jammu), Gujarati New Year (Bestu Varas), Marwari New YearObserved byHindusTypeHinduObservancesFestival of lights as celebration of return of Mahabali to earth for a dayDateKartika 1 (amanta tradition) Kartika 16 (purnimanta tradition)2023 date14 NovemberFrequencyAnnualRelated toDiwali
Explanatory noteHindu festival dates
The Hindu calendar is lunisolar but most festival dates are specified using the lunar portion of the calendar. A lunar day is uniquely identified by three calendar elements: māsa (lunar month), pakṣa (lunar fortnight) and tithi (lunar day).
Furthermore, when specifying the masa, one of two traditions are applicable, viz. amānta / pūrṇimānta. If a festival falls in the waning phase of the moon, these two traditions identify the same lunar day as falling in two different (but successive) masa.
A lunar year is shorter than a solar year by about eleven days. As a result, most Hindu festivals occur on different days in successive years on the Gregorian calendar.vteBalipratipada (Bali-pratipadā), also called as Bali-Padyami, Padva, Virapratipada or Dyutapratipada, is the fourth day of Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights. It is celebrated in honour of the notional return of the daitya-king Bali (Mahabali) to earth. Balipratipada falls in the Gregorian calendar months of October or November. It is the first (or 16th) day of the Hindu month of Kartika and is the first day of its bright lunar fortnight. In many parts of India such as Gujarat and Rajasthan, it is the regional traditional New Year Day in Vikram Samvat and also called the Bestu Varas or Varsha Pratipada. This is the half amongst the three and a half Muhūrtas in a year.
Balipratipada is an ancient festival. The earliest mention of Bali's story being acted out in dramas and poetry of ancient India is found in the c. 2nd-century BCE Mahābhāṣya of Patanjali on Panini's Astadhyayi 3.1.26. The festival has links to the Vedic era sura-asura Samudra Manthana that revealed goddess Lakshmi and where Bali was the king of the asuras. The festivities find mention in the Mahabharata, the Ramayana, and several major Puranas, such as the Brahma Purana, Kurma Purana, Matsya Purana and others.
Balipratipada commemorates the annual return of Bali to earth and the victory of Vamana, the dwarf avatar of the god Vishnu. It marks the victory of Vishnu over Bali and all asuras, through his metamorphosis into Vamana-Trivikrama. At the time of his defeat, Bali was already a Vishnu-devotee and a benevolent ruler over a peaceful, prosperous kingdom. Vishnu's victory over Bali using "three steps" ended the war. According to Hindu scriptures, Bali asked for and was granted the boon by Vishnu, whereby he returns to earth once a year when he will be remembered and worshipped, and reincarnate in a future birth as Indra.
Balipratipada or Padva is traditionally celebrated with decorating the floor with colorful images of Bali – sometimes with his wife Vindyavati, of nature's abundance, a shared feast, community events and sports, drama or poetry sessions. In some regions, rice and food offerings are made to recently dead ancestors (shraddha), or the horns of cows and bulls are decorated, people gamble, or icons of Vishnu avatars are created and garlanded in addition.
Nomenclature
Balipratipada (Sanskrit: बालि प्रतिपदा, Marathi: बळी-प्रतिपदा or Pāḍvā पाडवा, Kannada: ಬಲಿ ಪಾಡ್ಯಮಿ or Bali Pāḍyami) is a compound word consisting of "Bali" (a mythical daitya king, also known as Mahabali) and "pratipada" (also called padva, means occasion, commence, first day of a lunar fortnight). It is also called the Akashadipa (lights of the sky).
Texts
The Balipratipada and Bali-related scripture is ancient. The earliest mention of Bali's story is found in the c. 2nd-century BCE Mahābhāṣya of Patanjali on Panini's Astadhyayi 3.1.26. It states that "Balim bandhayati" refers to a person reciting the Bali legend or acting it out on a stage. This, states P.V. Kane – a Sanskrit literature scholar, attests that the "imprisonment of Bali" legend was well known by the 2nd-century BCE in forms of drama and poetry in ancient India. According to Tracy Pintchman – an Indologist, the festival has links to the Samudra Manthana legend found in Vedic texts. These describe a cosmic struggle between suras and asuras, with Mahabali as the king of the asuras. It is this legendary churning of cosmic ocean that created Lakshmi – the goddess worshipped on Diwali. The remembrance and festivities associated with Lakshmi and Mahabali during Diwali are linked.
The festivities related to Bali and Balipratipada find mention in the Vanaparva 28.2 of the Mahabharata, the Ramayana, and several major Puranas, such as the Brahma purana (chapter 73), Kurma purana (chapter 1), Matsya purana (chapters 245 and 246), and others.
The Hindu text Dharmasindhu in its discussions of Diwali states that day after the Diwali night, Balipratipada is one of three most auspicious dates in the year. It recommends an oil bath and a worship of Bali. His icon along with his wife's should be drawn on the floor with five colored powder and flowers. Fruits and food should be offered to Bali, according to Bhavisyottra, and drama or other community spectacles should be organized. The Hindu texts suggest that the devout should light lamps, wear new clothes, tie auspicious threads or wear garland, thank their tools of art, decorate and pray before the cows and bulls, organize delightful community sports (kaumudi-mahotsava) in temple or palace grounds such as pulling tug-of-war ropes.
Legend
7th-century Trivikrama-Vamana. The central figure is of Vamana as Trivikrama covering the worlds in his three steps. At his foot, Bali (right) can be seen promising Vamana with a parasol, promising the donation of three steps.
Bali was Prahlada's grandson. He came to power by defeating the gods (Devas), and taking over the three worlds. Bali, an Asura king was well known for his bravery, uprightness and dedication to god Vishnu. Bali had amassed vast territories and was invincible. He was benevolent and popular, but his close associates weren't like him. They were constantly attacking the suras (Devas) and plundering the gods who stood for righteousness and justice.
According to Vaishnava scriptures, Indra and the defeated suras approached Vishnu for help in their battle with Bali. Vishnu refused to join the gods in violence against Bali, because Bali was a good ruler and his own devotee. But, instead of promising to kill Bali, Vishnu promised to use a novel means to help the suras.
Bali announced that he will perform Yajna (homa sacrifices) and grant anyone any gift they want during the Yajna. Vishnu took the avatar of a dwarf Brahmin called Vamana and approached Bali. The king offered anything to the boy – gold, cows, elephants, villages, food, whatever he wished. The boy said that one must not seek more than one needs, and all he needs is the property right over a piece of land that measures "three paces". Bali agreed. The Vamana grew to enormous proportions, metamorphosing into the Trivikrama form, and covered everything Bali ruled over in just two paces. For the third pace, Bali offered his own head to Vishnu who pushed him into the realm of Patala (nether world).
Pleased with the dedication and integrity of Bali, Vishnu granted him a boon that he could return to earth for one day in a year to be with his people, be worshipped and be a future Indra. It is this day that is celebrated as the Bali Padyami, the annual return of Bali from the netherworld to earth.
Another version of the legend states that after Vamana pushed Bali below ground (patalaloka), at the request of Prahlada (described as a great devotee of Vishnu), the grandfather of Bali, Vishnu pardoned Bali and made him the king of the netherworld. Vishnu also granted the wish of Bali to return to earth for one day marked by festivities and his worship.
Festivities
Rangoli with lights in Hyderabad, Telangana
The rituals observed on the Bali Padyami day have variations from state to state. In general, on this festival day, Hindus exchange gifts, as it is considered a way to please Bali and the gods. After the ceremonial Oil Bath, people wear new clothes. The main hall of the house or the space before the door or gate is decorated with a Rangoli or Kolam drawn with powder of rice in different colours, thereafter Bali and his wife Vindhyavali are worshipped. Some build Bali icons out of clay or cow dung. In the evening, as night falls, door sills of every house and temple are lighted with lamps arranged in rows. Community sports and feasts are a part of the celebrations.
Some people gamble with a game called pachikalu (dice game), which is linked to a legend. It is believed that god Shiva and his consort Parvati played this game on this festival day when Parvati won. Following this, their son Kartikeya played with Parvati and defeated her. Thereafter, his brother, the elephant-headed god of wisdom Ganesha played with him and won the dice game. But now this gambling game is played only by family members, symbolically, with cards.Balipratipada is also called Padva, and community cultural events are a part of its celebrations in western states of India; above a musical concert.
The farming community celebrates this festival, particularly in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, by performing Kedaragauri vratam (worship of goddess KedaraGauri – a form of Parvati), Gopuja (worship of cow), and Gouramma puja (worship of Gauri – another form of Parvati). Before worship of cows, on this day, the goushala (cowshed) is also ceremoniously cleaned. On this day, a triangular shaped image of Bali, made out of cow-dung is placed over a wooden plank designed with colourful Kolam decorations and bedecked with marigold flowers and worshipped.
Himachal Pradesh
Bali Pratipada is also known as Barlaj in Himachal Pradesh. Barlaj is corruption of word Bali Raj. Vishnu and his devotee Bali is worshipped on this day. Bali, the grandson of Prahlada is believed to visit earth on this day. Folk songs of Vamana are also sung this day. Farmers do not use plough on this day and artisans worship their tools and implements on this day in honour of Vishvakarma. Ekaloo, a rice flour based dish is prepared on this day.
Jammu division
This day is simply known as Raja Bali in Jammu region. Women prepare murtis of Raja Bali using wheat dough and later on Bali Puja is performed. These murtis are then immersed in water after Puja.
Related festivals
Onam is a major festival of Kerala based on the same scriptures, but observed in August–September. In the contemporary era, it commemorates Mahabali. Celebrations include a vegetarian feast, gift giving, parades featuring Bali and Vishnu avataras, floor decorations and community sports. According to A.M. Kurup, the history of Onam festival as evidenced by literature and inscriptions found in Kerala suggest "Onam was a temple-based community festival celebrated over a period". The festivities of Onam are found in Maturaikkāñci – a Sangam era Tamil poem, which mentions the festival being celebrated in Madurai temples with games and duels in temple premises, oblations being sent to the temples, people wore new clothes and feasted. The 9th-century Pathikas and Pallads by Saint Sage Periyalawar, according to Kurup, describes Onam celebrations and offerings to Vishnu, mentions feasts and community events. Several inscriptions from 11th and 12th-century in Hindu temples such as the Thrikkakara Temple (Kochi, dedicated to Vamana) and the Sreevallabha Temple (Tiruvalla, dedicated to Vishnu) attest to offerings dedicated to Vamana on Onam. In contemporary Kerala, the festival is observed by both Hindus and non-Hindus, with the exception of Muslims among whom isolated celebration is observed.
See also
Mahabali
Onam
Pongal
References
^ BSE India, India Financial Market Holidays (2020)
^ a b Manu Belur Bhagavan; Eleanor Zelliot; Anne Feldhaus (2008). 'Speaking Truth to Power': Religion, Caste, and the Subaltern Question in India. Oxford University Press. pp. 94–103. ISBN 978-0-19-569305-8.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p PV Kane (1958). History of Dharmasastra, Volume 5 Part 1. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. pp. 201–206.
^ a b Ramakrishna, H. A.; H. L. Nage Gowda (1998). Essentials of Karnataka folklore: a compendium. Karnataka Janapada Parishat. p. 258. Retrieved 2009-10-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Devi, Konduri Sarojini (1990). Religion in Vijayanagara Empire. Sterling Publishers. p. 277. ISBN 9788120711679. Retrieved 2009-10-09. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ a b Hebbar, B. N. (2005). The Śrī-Kṛṣṇa Temple at Uḍupi: the historical and spiritual center of the ... Bharatiya Granth Niketan. p. 237. ISBN 978-81-89211-04-2. Retrieved 2009-10-09. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Bestu Varas: For Gujratis celebrations continue the day after Diwali too, The Times of India (October 25, 2011)
^ a b c K. Gnanambal (1969). Festivals of India. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 5–17.
^ a b Tracy Pintchman (2005). Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares. State University of New York Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-7914-6595-0.
^ a b c d Narayan, R.K (1977). The Ramayana: a shortened modern prose version of the Indian epic. Penguin Classics. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-0-14-018700-7. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Yves Bonnefoy (1993). Asian Mythologies. University of Chicago Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-226-06456-7.
^ a b Joanna Gottfried Williams (1981). Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India. BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 90-04-06498-2.
^ J. P. Vaswani (2017). Dasavatara. Jaico Publishing House. pp. 73–77. ISBN 978-93-86867-18-6.
^ a b Roshen Dalal (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin. pp. 214–215. ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6.
^ P. Prabhu (1885). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Government central Press. pp. 238–239.
^ Deborah A. Soifer (1991). The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective. State University of New York Press. pp. Appendix II (193–274). ISBN 978-0-7914-0799-8.
^ a b Raghavendra, T.N. (2002). Vishnu Sahasranama. SRG Publishers. pp. 233–235. ISBN 978-81-902827-2-7. Retrieved 2009-10-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Roshen Dalal (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin. pp. 214–215. ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6.
^ J. Gordon Melton (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 900. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
^ a b Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin. pp. 229–230. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
^ a b Arvind Sharma (1996). Hinduism for our times. Oxford University Press. pp. 54–56. ISBN 9780195637496.
^ a b J. Gordon Melton (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. pp. 659–670. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
^ Nanditha Kirshna (2009). Book of Vishnu. Penguin Books. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-81-8475-865-8.
^ Singhal, Jwala Prasad (1963). The Sphinx speaks. Sadgyan Sadan. p. 92. Retrieved 2009-10-09. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Registrar, India Office of the; General, India Office of the Registrar (1962). Census of India, 1961: Himachal Pradesh. Manager of Publications.
^ Singh, Kumar Suresh (1993). The Mahābhārata in the Tribal and Folk Traditions of India. Indian Institute of Advanced Study and Anthropological Survey of India, New Delhi. ISBN 978-81-85952-17-8.
^ Registrar, India Office of the; General, India Office of the Registrar (1962). Census of India, 1961: Himachal Pradesh. Manager of Publications.
^ Hamārā sāhitya (in Hindi). Lalitakalā, Saṃskṛti, va Sāhitya Akādamī, Jammū-Kaśmīra. 2008.
^ Fuller, Christopher John (2001). The everyday state and society in modern India. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 140–142. ISBN 978-1-85065-471-1. Retrieved 2009-10-08. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ a b c d A.M. Kurup (1977). "The Sociology of Onam". Indian Anthropologist. 7 (2): 95–110. JSTOR 41919319.
^ Osella, Filippo; Osella, Caroline (2001). Fuller, Christopher John; Bénéï, Véronique (eds.). The Everyday State and Society in Modern India. C. Hurst. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978-1850654711.
^ Osella, Caroline; Osella, Filippo (2008). "Food, Memory, Community: Kerala as both 'Indian Ocean' Zone and as Agricultural Homeland" (PDF). Journal of South Asian Studies. 31 (1): 170–198. doi:10.1080/00856400701877232. S2CID 145738369., Quote: "Onam is of course not celebrated by Muslims; for it commemorates the victory of the Hindu demon king Mahabali who, in Hindu lore, founded Kerala. Contemporary Islamic reformist ulema even advise Muslims to refuse invitations from Hindu neighbours who may wish to call them to eat on Thiruvonam. From the outset, then, this Muslim family’s plan to make an Onam feast had the air of a daring and naughty secret."
Further reading
Deborah A. Soifer (1991). The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0799-8.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BhagavanZelliot2008-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"daitya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daitya"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabali"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Hindu month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Calendar"},{"link_name":"Kartika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartika_(month)"},{"link_name":"bright lunar fortnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paksha#Shukla_Paksha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rama-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Devi-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hebbar-6"},{"link_name":"traditional New Year Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days"},{"link_name":"Vikram Samvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Samvat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gnanambal1969p5-8"},{"link_name":"ancient India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_India"},{"link_name":"Mahābhāṣya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya"},{"link_name":"Panini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"Samudra Manthana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Manthan"},{"link_name":"asuras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pintchman2005p63-9"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narayan-10"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"Brahma Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Purana"},{"link_name":"Kurma Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurma_Purana"},{"link_name":"Matsya Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya_Purana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"Vamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamana"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BhagavanZelliot2008-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rama-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narayan-10"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonnefoy1993p84-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gnanambal1969p5-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gnanambal1969p5-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaswani2017-13"}],"text":"Balipratipada (Bali-pratipadā), also called as Bali-Padyami, Padva, Virapratipada or Dyutapratipada, is the fourth day of Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights.[2][3] It is celebrated in honour of the notional return of the daitya-king Bali (Mahabali) to earth. Balipratipada falls in the Gregorian calendar months of October or November. It is the first (or 16th) day of the Hindu month of Kartika and is the first day of its bright lunar fortnight.[4][5][6] In many parts of India such as Gujarat and Rajasthan, it is the regional traditional New Year Day in Vikram Samvat and also called the Bestu Varas or Varsha Pratipada.[7][8] This is the half amongst the three and a half Muhūrtas in a year.Balipratipada is an ancient festival. The earliest mention of Bali's story being acted out in dramas and poetry of ancient India is found in the c. 2nd-century BCE Mahābhāṣya of Patanjali on Panini's Astadhyayi 3.1.26.[3] The festival has links to the Vedic era sura-asura Samudra Manthana that revealed goddess Lakshmi and where Bali was the king of the asuras.[9] The festivities find mention in the Mahabharata,[3] the Ramayana,[10] and several major Puranas, such as the Brahma Purana, Kurma Purana, Matsya Purana and others.[3]Balipratipada commemorates the annual return of Bali to earth and the victory of Vamana, the dwarf avatar of the god Vishnu. It marks the victory of Vishnu over Bali and all asuras, through his metamorphosis into Vamana-Trivikrama.[2] At the time of his defeat, Bali was already a Vishnu-devotee and a benevolent ruler over a peaceful, prosperous kingdom.[3] Vishnu's victory over Bali using \"three steps\" ended the war.[4][10] According to Hindu scriptures, Bali asked for and was granted the boon by Vishnu, whereby he returns to earth once a year when he will be remembered and worshipped, and reincarnate in a future birth as Indra.[3][11][12]Balipratipada or Padva is traditionally celebrated with decorating the floor with colorful images of Bali – sometimes with his wife Vindyavati,[8] of nature's abundance, a shared feast, community events and sports, drama or poetry sessions. In some regions, rice and food offerings are made to recently dead ancestors (shraddha), or the horns of cows and bulls are decorated, people gamble, or icons of Vishnu avatars are created and garlanded in addition.[3][12][8][13]","title":"Balipratipada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dalal2010p214-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Balipratipada (Sanskrit: बालि प्रतिपदा, Marathi: बळी-प्रतिपदा or Pāḍvā पाडवा, Kannada: ಬಲಿ ಪಾಡ್ಯಮಿ or Bali Pāḍyami) is a compound word consisting of \"Bali\" (a mythical daitya king, also known as Mahabali)[14] and \"pratipada\" (also called padva, means occasion, commence, first day of a lunar fortnight).[15] It is also called the Akashadipa (lights of the sky).[citation needed]","title":"Nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahābhāṣya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya"},{"link_name":"Panini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini"},{"link_name":"ancient India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"Samudra Manthana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Manthan"},{"link_name":"asuras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pintchman2005p63-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narayan-10"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soifer1991p193-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"tug-of-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_of_war"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"}],"text":"The Balipratipada and Bali-related scripture is ancient. The earliest mention of Bali's story is found in the c. 2nd-century BCE Mahābhāṣya of Patanjali on Panini's Astadhyayi 3.1.26. It states that \"Balim bandhayati\" refers to a person reciting the Bali legend or acting it out on a stage. This, states P.V. Kane – a Sanskrit literature scholar, attests that the \"imprisonment of Bali\" legend was well known by the 2nd-century BCE in forms of drama and poetry in ancient India.[3] According to Tracy Pintchman – an Indologist, the festival has links to the Samudra Manthana legend found in Vedic texts. These describe a cosmic struggle between suras and asuras, with Mahabali as the king of the asuras. It is this legendary churning of cosmic ocean that created Lakshmi – the goddess worshipped on Diwali. The remembrance and festivities associated with Lakshmi and Mahabali during Diwali are linked.[9]The festivities related to Bali and Balipratipada find mention in the Vanaparva 28.2 of the Mahabharata,[3] the Ramayana,[10] and several major Puranas, such as the Brahma purana (chapter 73), Kurma purana (chapter 1), Matsya purana (chapters 245 and 246), and others.[3][16]The Hindu text Dharmasindhu in its discussions of Diwali states that day after the Diwali night, Balipratipada is one of three most auspicious dates in the year.[3] It recommends an oil bath and a worship of Bali. His icon along with his wife's should be drawn on the floor with five colored powder and flowers.[3] Fruits and food should be offered to Bali, according to Bhavisyottra, and drama or other community spectacles should be organized.[3] The Hindu texts suggest that the devout should light lamps, wear new clothes, tie auspicious threads or wear garland, thank their tools of art, decorate and pray before the cows and bulls, organize delightful community sports (kaumudi-mahotsava) in temple or palace grounds such as pulling tug-of-war ropes.[3]","title":"Texts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badami_Cave_Temples_22.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabali"},{"link_name":"Devas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Asura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura"},{"link_name":"Devas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raghavendra-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Vaishnava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dalal2010p214-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dalal2010p229-20"},{"link_name":"Yajna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajna"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raghavendra-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharma1996p54-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melton2011p659-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Patala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patala"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narayan-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dalal2010p229-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singhal-24"},{"link_name":"Prahlada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahlada"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"7th-century Trivikrama-Vamana. The central figure is of Vamana as Trivikrama covering the worlds in his three steps. At his foot, Bali (right) can be seen promising Vamana with a parasol, promising the donation of three steps.Bali was Prahlada's grandson. He came to power by defeating the gods (Devas), and taking over the three worlds. Bali, an Asura king was well known for his bravery, uprightness and dedication to god Vishnu. Bali had amassed vast territories and was invincible. He was benevolent and popular, but his close associates weren't like him. They were constantly attacking the suras (Devas) and plundering the gods who stood for righteousness and justice.[17][18]According to Vaishnava scriptures, Indra and the defeated suras approached Vishnu for help in their battle with Bali.[19] Vishnu refused to join the gods in violence against Bali, because Bali was a good ruler and his own devotee. But, instead of promising to kill Bali, Vishnu promised to use a novel means to help the suras.[14][20]Bali announced that he will perform Yajna (homa sacrifices) and grant anyone any gift they want during the Yajna. Vishnu took the avatar of a dwarf Brahmin called Vamana and approached Bali.[17][21] The king offered anything to the boy – gold, cows, elephants, villages, food, whatever he wished. The boy said that one must not seek more than one needs, and all he needs is the property right over a piece of land that measures \"three paces\". Bali agreed.[22][23] The Vamana grew to enormous proportions, metamorphosing into the Trivikrama form, and covered everything Bali ruled over in just two paces. For the third pace, Bali offered his own head to Vishnu who pushed him into the realm of Patala (nether world).[10][20]Pleased with the dedication and integrity of Bali, Vishnu granted him a boon that he could return to earth for one day in a year to be with his people, be worshipped and be a future Indra.[3] It is this day that is celebrated as the Bali Padyami, the annual return of Bali from the netherworld to earth.[24]Another version of the legend states that after Vamana pushed Bali below ground (patalaloka), at the request of Prahlada (described as a great devotee of Vishnu), the grandfather of Bali, Vishnu pardoned Bali and made him the king of the netherworld. Vishnu also granted the wish of Bali to return to earth for one day marked by festivities and his worship.[citation needed]","title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rangoli_with_lights_in_Hyderabad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rangoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoli"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"Rangoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoli"},{"link_name":"Kolam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanev5-3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharma1996p54-21"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"Kartikeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lanterns_at_padva_musical_concert.jpg"},{"link_name":"marigold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagetes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hebbar-6"}],"text":"Rangoli with lights in Hyderabad, TelanganaThe rituals observed on the Bali Padyami day have variations from state to state. In general, on this festival day, Hindus exchange gifts, as it is considered a way to please Bali and the gods. After the ceremonial Oil Bath, people wear new clothes. The main hall of the house or the space before the door or gate is decorated with a Rangoli or Kolam drawn with powder of rice in different colours, thereafter Bali and his wife Vindhyavali are worshipped. Some build Bali icons out of clay or cow dung. In the evening, as night falls, door sills of every house and temple are lighted with lamps arranged in rows. Community sports and feasts are a part of the celebrations.[3][21]Some people gamble with a game called pachikalu (dice game), which is linked to a legend. It is believed that god Shiva and his consort Parvati played this game on this festival day when Parvati won. Following this, their son Kartikeya played with Parvati and defeated her. Thereafter, his brother, the elephant-headed god of wisdom Ganesha played with him and won the dice game. But now this gambling game is played only by family members, symbolically, with cards.[citation needed]Balipratipada is also called Padva, and community cultural events are a part of its celebrations in western states of India; above a musical concert.The farming community celebrates this festival, particularly in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, by performing Kedaragauri vratam (worship of goddess KedaraGauri – a form of Parvati), Gopuja (worship of cow), and Gouramma puja (worship of Gauri – another form of Parvati). Before worship of cows, on this day, the goushala (cowshed) is also ceremoniously cleaned. On this day, a triangular shaped image of Bali, made out of cow-dung is placed over a wooden plank designed with colourful Kolam decorations and bedecked with marigold flowers and worshipped.[6]","title":"Festivities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabali"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Prahlada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahlada"},{"link_name":"Vamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamana"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Vishvakarma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishvakarman"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Himachal Pradesh","text":"Bali Pratipada is also known as Barlaj in Himachal Pradesh. Barlaj is corruption of word Bali Raj. Vishnu and his devotee Bali is worshipped on this day.[25] Bali, the grandson of Prahlada is believed to visit earth on this day. Folk songs of Vamana are also sung this day.[26] Farmers do not use plough on this day and artisans worship their tools and implements on this day in honour of Vishvakarma. Ekaloo, a rice flour based dish is prepared on this day.[27]","title":"Festivities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jammu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_Division"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)"}],"sub_title":"Jammu division","text":"This day is simply known as Raja Bali in Jammu region. Women prepare murtis of Raja Bali using wheat dough and later on Bali Puja is performed.[28] These murtis are then immersed in water after Puja.","title":"Festivities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Onam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuller-29"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melton2011p659-22"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amkurup-30"},{"link_name":"Maturaikkāñci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amkurup-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amkurup-30"},{"link_name":"Thrikkakara Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrikkakara_Temple"},{"link_name":"Sreevallabha Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreevallabha_Temple"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amkurup-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osella-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OsellaOsella2008-32"}],"text":"Onam is a major festival of Kerala based on the same scriptures, but observed in August–September. In the contemporary era, it commemorates Mahabali. Celebrations include a vegetarian feast, gift giving, parades featuring Bali and Vishnu avataras, floor decorations and community sports.[29][22] According to A.M. Kurup, the history of Onam festival as evidenced by literature and inscriptions found in Kerala suggest \"Onam was a temple-based community festival celebrated over a period\".[30] The festivities of Onam are found in Maturaikkāñci – a Sangam era Tamil poem, which mentions the festival being celebrated in Madurai temples with games and duels in temple premises, oblations being sent to the temples, people wore new clothes and feasted.[30] The 9th-century Pathikas and Pallads by Saint Sage Periyalawar, according to Kurup, describes Onam celebrations and offerings to Vishnu, mentions feasts and community events.[30] Several inscriptions from 11th and 12th-century in Hindu temples such as the Thrikkakara Temple (Kochi, dedicated to Vamana) and the Sreevallabha Temple (Tiruvalla, dedicated to Vishnu) attest to offerings dedicated to Vamana on Onam.[30] In contemporary Kerala, the festival is observed by both Hindus and non-Hindus,[31] with the exception of Muslims among whom isolated celebration is observed.[32]","title":"Related festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OoFDK_sDGHwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7914-0799-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0799-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:New_Year_by_Calendar"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:New_Year_by_Calendar"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Year_by_Calendar"},{"link_name":"New 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leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_leaf"},{"link_name":"Biruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biruda"},{"link_name":"Coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"Dhunachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhunachi"},{"link_name":"Dhuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuni"},{"link_name":"Dhupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhupa"},{"link_name":"Diya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diya_(lamp)"},{"link_name":"Cāmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-whisk"},{"link_name":"Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland"},{"link_name":"Ghanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanta"},{"link_name":"Agarabattī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joss_stick"},{"link_name":"Kalasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalasha"},{"link_name":"Kamandalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamandalu"},{"link_name":"Khirapat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirapat"},{"link_name":"Kindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindi_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"Kolam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolam"},{"link_name":"Mulavar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moolavar"},{"link_name":"Paduka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paduka"},{"link_name":"Palki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Panchamrita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchamrita"},{"link_name":"Pandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandal"},{"link_name":"Pinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)"},{"link_name":"Prayer beads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japamala"},{"link_name":"Rangoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoli"},{"link_name":"Shankha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankha"},{"link_name":"Tilakamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilaka"},{"link_name":"Utsavar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsavar"},{"link_name":"Yajnopavitam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanayana"},{"link_name":"Agarwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarwood"},{"link_name":"Alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_(dye)"},{"link_name":"Camphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor"},{"link_name":"Charu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charu"},{"link_name":"Ghee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee"},{"link_name":"Incense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense_in_India"},{"link_name":"Kumkuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumkuma"},{"link_name":"Marigold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagetes"},{"link_name":"Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"Panakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panakam"},{"link_name":"Panchagavya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchagavya"},{"link_name":"Rudraksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudraksha"},{"link_name":"Candana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwood"},{"link_name":"Sindūra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindoor"},{"link_name":"Soma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma_(drink)"},{"link_name":"Tulasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum"},{"link_name":"Turmeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric"},{"link_name":"Vibhuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibhuti"},{"link_name":"Dholak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholak"},{"link_name":"Harmonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium"},{"link_name":"Karatalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taal_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Khol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khol"},{"link_name":"Manjira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjira"},{"link_name":"Mridangam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mridangam"},{"link_name":"Tabla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla"},{"link_name":"Veena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veena"},{"link_name":"Iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_iconography"},{"link_name":"Ashtadhatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtadhatu"},{"link_name":"Lingam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingam"},{"link_name":"Murti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murti"},{"link_name":"Om","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om"},{"link_name":"Panchaloha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchaloha"},{"link_name":"Pindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindi_(Hindu_iconography)"},{"link_name":"Pillaiyar Suḻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillaiyar_Su%E1%B8%BBi"},{"link_name":"Shaligram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaligram"},{"link_name":"Swastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika"},{"link_name":"Yoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni"},{"link_name":"more...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hindu_iconography"},{"link_name":"Ashram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashram"},{"link_name":"Dhvajastambham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhwaja_Stambha"},{"link_name":"Ghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghat"},{"link_name":"Temple tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_tank"},{"link_name":"Matha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matha"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple"},{"link_name":"Pilgrimage sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites"},{"link_name":"Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru"},{"link_name":"Pandit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit"},{"link_name":"Pujari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pujari"},{"link_name":"Purohita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purohita"},{"link_name":"Rishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi"},{"link_name":"Sadhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhu"},{"link_name":"Sannyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannyasa"},{"link_name":"Sant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Satguru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satguru"},{"link_name":"Swami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami"},{"link_name":"Yogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi"},{"link_name":"more...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Titles_and_occupations_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Sacred_status_of_cow"},{"link_name":"Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashva"},{"link_name":"Nāga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga"},{"link_name":"Akshayavata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshayavata"},{"link_name":"Ashoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraca_asoca"},{"link_name":"Banyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan"},{"link_name":"Kadamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolamarckia_cadamba"},{"link_name":"Kalpavriksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpavriksha"},{"link_name":"Parijata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis"},{"link_name":"Peepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_religiosa"},{"link_name":"Sacred groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India"},{"link_name":"Bael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegle_marmelos"},{"link_name":"Kusha grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmostachya_bipinnata"},{"link_name":"Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera"},{"link_name":"Tulasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Tulasi Vrindavana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulasi_Vrindavana"},{"link_name":"Firewalking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewalking"},{"link_name":"Samskara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)"},{"link_name":"Temple dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_dance"}],"text":"Deborah A. Soifer (1991). The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0799-8.vteNew Year by calendarAfrica\nEnkutatash (Ethiopian, Eritrean)\nFandroana (Malagasy)\nIslamic New Year\nNayrouz (Coptic)\nYennayer (Berber)\nAmericasNorth\nYancuic Xīhuitl (Aztec)\nQuviasukvik (Inuit)\nHobiyee (Nisg̱a'a)\nSouth\nInti Raymi (Incan)\nWillkakuti (Aymara)\nWe Tripantu (Mapuche)\nAsiaEast\nChinese New Year (Chinese)\nShōgatsu (Japanese)\nSeollal (Korean)\nSouth\nVaisakhi (North & Central India (Solar), Nepali)\nChaitra Navaratri (North & Central India (Lunar))\nNavreh (Kashmiri)\nCheti Chand (Sindhi)\nBalipratipada (Gujarati, Rajasthani)\nBohag Bihu (Assamese)\nPahela Baishakh (Bengali)\nPana Sankranti (Odia)\nJur Sital (Maithili)\nMha Puja (Newari)\nLosoong (Sikkimese)\nLosar (Ladakhi, Monpa)\nGyalpo Lhosar (Sherpa)\nTamu Lhosar (Gurung)\nSonam Lhosar (Tamang)\nMaghe Sankranti (Rai, Tharu, Magar)\nBwisagu (Bodo)\nSajibu Cheiraoba (Meitei)\nBuisu (Tripuri)\nSangken (Tai)\nBizhu (Chakma)\nGudi Padwa (Marathi, Konkani)\nUgadi (Telugu, Kannada)\nBisu Parba (Tulu)\nPuthandu (Tamil)\nVishu (Malayali)\nAluth Avurudda (Sinhala)\nSoutheast\nThingyan (Burmese)\nChoul Chnam Thmey (Cambodian)\nPi Mai (Lao)\nSongkran (Thai)\nWater-Splashing Festival (Dai)\nNyepi (Balinese)\nSatu Suro (Javanese)\nTết (Vietnamese)\nWestand Central\nIslamic New Year\nKha b-Nisan (Assyrian)\nNauruz (Afghan)\nNavruz (Uzbek)\nNaw-Rúz (Baháʼí)\nNewroz (Kurd)\nYazidi New Year\nNovruz (Azeri)\nNowruz (Iranian)\nNowruz (Mazandarani)\nRosh Hashanah (Hebrew)\nDehwa Rabba (Mandaean)\nNogbon (Ossetian)\nNorth\nYhyakh (Sakha)\nInner\nTsagaan Sar (Mongolian)\nLosar (Tibetan)\nEurope\nNew Year's Day (Gregorian, Julian)\nOld New Year (traditional Julian)\nLady Day (England, historical)\nOceania\nMakahiki (Hawaii)\nMatariki (Māori)\nSee Also\nLunar New Year\nSolar New Year\nSouth and Southeast Asian solar New Year\nMesha Sankranti\nSongkran\nIndian New Year's daysvte Festivals in the Hindu calendarMajor festivals\nAyudha Puja\nChhath\nDiwali\nDurga Puja\nGanesh Chaturthi\nHoli\nKrishna Janmashtami\nMaha Shivaratri\nNavaratri\nRama Navami\nThaipusam\nVijayadashami\nHarvest festivals\nBhogi\nBihu\nLohri\nMaghi\nMaghe Sankranti\nMakar Sankranti\nMakaravilakku\nOnam\nPongal\nPusnâ\nShakrain\nNew year's days\nBalipratipada\nBohag Bihu\nBisu Parba\nChaitra Navaratri\nCheti Chand\nGudi Padwa\nMesha Sankranti\nMha Puja\nJur Sital\nNavreh\nNyepi\nPana Sankranti\nPahela Baishakh\nPuthandu\nSajibu Nongma Panba\nSankranti\nUgadi\nVaisakhi\nVishu\nOther festivals\nAadi Perukku\nBhaubeej\nDatta Jayanti\nDhanteras\nGaura Parva\nGowri Habba\nHanuman Jayanti\nKali Puja\nKarthika Deepam\nKarva Chauth\nKashmiri Hindu festivals\nLakshmi Puja\nKumbh Mela\nMahalakshmi Vrata\nMahamaham\nPanguni Uthiram\nPargat Diwas\nRaksha Bandhan\nRatha-Yatra\nSavitri Vrata\nTeej\nTulasi Vivaha\nVaikasi Visakam\nHoly days\nAkshaya Tritiya\nAmalaka Ekadashi\nAmavasya\nAnanta Chaturdashi\nAshadhi Ekadashi\nGuru Purnima\nKamada Ekadashi\nKartik Purnima\nNaga Panchami\nNaraka Chaturdashi\nNarali Purnima\nNirjala Ekadashi\nPausha Putrada Ekadashi\nPrabodhini Ekadashi\nPradosha\nRishi Panchami\nSankashti Chaturthi\nSharad Purnima\nShayani Ekadashi\nShravana Putrada Ekadashi\nVaikuntha Ekadashi\nVaruthini Ekadashi\nVasant Panchami\nVat Purnima\nBalinese festivals\nGalungan\nNyepi\nHoly periods\nChaturmasya\nPitru Paksha\nUttarayana\nDakshinayana\n\n Hindu festivalsvteWorship in HinduismMain topics\nĀrati\nBhajan\nDarshan\nDeities\nFestivals\nHoma (Yajna)\nKirtan\nMantra\nMurti\nTilaka\nUtsava\nVrata\nYatra\nRitualsPuja\nAbhisheka\nBhog\nPanchamakara\nPanchamrita\nParikrama\nPranāma\nPrasada\nPushpanjali\nHoma\nYajna\nAgnicayana\nAgnihotra\nAgnikaryam\nAupasana\nDhuni\nKamyakarma\nPravargya\nPurushamedha\nPutrakameshti\nViraja Homa\nOther\nAchamana\nAshirvada\nAshvamedha\nKarmakāṇḍa\nKumbhabhishekham\nNityakarma\nNgejot\nPanchayatana puja\nPrana Pratishtha\nSandhyavandanam\nShuddhi\nŚrauta\nTarpana\nUpakarma\nPrayerMeditation\nAjapa japa\nBhajan\nBrahmamuhurta\nJagarana\nJai Shri Ram\nJapa\nKirtan\nOm\nSandhyavandanam\nŚaktipāta\nStotra\nThird eye\nYoga\nMantras\nGayatri Mantra\nHare Krishna\nOm\nOm Namah Shivaya\nOm Namo Narayanaya\nObjects\nPuja thali\nAltar\nBanalinga\nBanana leaf\nBiruda\nCoconut\nDhunachi\nDhuni\nDhupa\nDiya\nCāmara\nGarland\nGhanta\nAgarabattī\nKalasha\nKamandalu\nKhirapat\nKindi\nKolam\nMulavar\nPaduka\nPalki\nPanchamrita\nPandal\nPinda\nPrayer beads\nRangoli\nShankha\nTilakamu\nUtsavar\nYajnopavitam\nMaterials\nAgarwood\nAlta\nCamphor\nCharu\nGhee\nIncense\nKumkuma\nMarigold\nMilk\nPanakam\nPanchagavya\nRudraksha\nCandana\nSindūra\nSoma\nTulasi\nTurmeric\nVibhuti\nInstruments\nDholak\nHarmonium\nKaratalas\nKhol\nManjira\nMridangam\nTabla\nVeena\nIconography\nAshtadhatu\nLingam\nMurti\nOm\nPanchaloha\nPindi\nPillaiyar Suḻi\nShaligram\nSwastika\nYoni\nmore...\nPlaces\nAshram\nDhvajastambham\nGhat\nTemple tank\nMatha\nTemple\nPilgrimage sites\nRoles\nGuru\nPandit\nPujari\nPurohita\nRishi\nSadhu\nSannyasa\nSant\nSatguru\nSwami\nYogi\nmore...\nSacred animals\nCow\nHorse\nNāga\nSacred plantsTrees\nAkshayavata\nAshoka\nBanyan\nKadamba\nKalpavriksha\nParijata\nPeepal\nSacred groves\nFruits and other plants\nBael\nKusha grass\nLotus\nTulasi (Tulasi Vrindavana)\nSee also\nFirewalking\nSamskara\nTemple dance","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"7th-century Trivikrama-Vamana. The central figure is of Vamana as Trivikrama covering the worlds in his three steps. At his foot, Bali (right) can be seen promising Vamana with a parasol, promising the donation of three steps.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Badami_Cave_Temples_22.jpg/220px-Badami_Cave_Temples_22.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rangoli with lights in Hyderabad, Telangana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rangoli_with_lights_in_Hyderabad.jpg/220px-Rangoli_with_lights_in_Hyderabad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Balipratipada is also called Padva, and community cultural events are a part of its celebrations in western states of India; above a musical concert.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lanterns_at_padva_musical_concert.jpg/220px-Lanterns_at_padva_musical_concert.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Mahabali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabali"},{"title":"Onam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onam"},{"title":"Pongal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal_(festival)"}]
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[{"reference":"Manu Belur Bhagavan; Eleanor Zelliot; Anne Feldhaus (2008). 'Speaking Truth to Power': Religion, Caste, and the Subaltern Question in India. Oxford University Press. pp. 94–103. ISBN 978-0-19-569305-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j3zXAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"'Speaking Truth to Power': Religion, Caste, and the Subaltern Question in India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569305-8","url_text":"978-0-19-569305-8"}]},{"reference":"PV Kane (1958). History of Dharmasastra, Volume 5 Part 1. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. pp. 201–206.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/KhistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLaw","url_text":"History of Dharmasastra, Volume 5 Part 1"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/KhistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLaw/page/n214","url_text":"201"}]},{"reference":"Ramakrishna, H. A.; H. L. Nage Gowda (1998). Essentials of Karnataka folklore: a compendium. Karnataka Janapada Parishat. p. 258. Retrieved 2009-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GfqAAAAAMAAJ&q=Balipadyami","url_text":"Essentials of Karnataka folklore: a compendium"}]},{"reference":"Devi, Konduri Sarojini (1990). Religion in Vijayanagara Empire. Sterling Publishers. p. 277. ISBN 9788120711679. Retrieved 2009-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7qnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Bali+Padyami","url_text":"Religion in Vijayanagara Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120711679","url_text":"9788120711679"}]},{"reference":"Hebbar, B. N. (2005). The Śrī-Kṛṣṇa Temple at Uḍupi: the historical and spiritual center of the ... Bharatiya Granth Niketan. p. 237. ISBN 978-81-89211-04-2. Retrieved 2009-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-pLXAAAAMAAJ&q=Balipadyami","url_text":"The Śrī-Kṛṣṇa Temple at Uḍupi: the historical and spiritual center of the ..."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89211-04-2","url_text":"978-81-89211-04-2"}]},{"reference":"K. Gnanambal (1969). Festivals of India. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 5–17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UneCAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Festivals of India"}]},{"reference":"Tracy Pintchman (2005). Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares. State University of New York Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-7914-6595-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3KcEotmV2MAC&pg=PA62","url_text":"Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6595-0","url_text":"978-0-7914-6595-0"}]},{"reference":"Narayan, R.K (1977). The Ramayana: a shortened modern prose version of the Indian epic. Penguin Classics. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-0-14-018700-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv-BdsLrX0wC","url_text":"The Ramayana: a shortened modern prose version of the Indian epic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-018700-7","url_text":"978-0-14-018700-7"}]},{"reference":"Yves Bonnefoy (1993). Asian Mythologies. University of Chicago Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-226-06456-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC","url_text":"Asian Mythologies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06456-7","url_text":"978-0-226-06456-7"}]},{"reference":"Joanna Gottfried Williams (1981). Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India. BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 90-04-06498-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06498-2","url_text":"90-04-06498-2"}]},{"reference":"J. P. Vaswani (2017). Dasavatara. Jaico Publishing House. pp. 73–77. ISBN 978-93-86867-18-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eSNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74","url_text":"Dasavatara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86867-18-6","url_text":"978-93-86867-18-6"}]},{"reference":"Roshen Dalal (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin. pp. 214–215. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Chapitre
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Musée du Chapitre
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["1 Description","2 External links","3 References"]
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (June 2010) Click for important translation instructions.
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Musée du Chapitre is a museum in Épinal, Vosges, northeastern France. It is located within a medieval tower.
Description
On the ground floor, Mr. Gnaedinger's model reproduces the famous painting by Nicolas Bellot, who painted the Spinalian city in 1626, on the order of the city, which wanted to have a cadastral-type plan, or have it noted by the Dukes of Lorraine, then “suzerains” of the Spinaliens, the work to be undertaken to restore the Moselle, the river which crosses Épinal. The rest of the exhibition is devoted to the evolutions of the city, evolutions presented in images.
The first floor is devoted to archaeological objects, testifying to the life of the Spinalians in the Middle Ages and in modern times, which have been found during the various excavations organized in Épinal over the past thirty years: cannonballs, architectural elements, everyday objects, etc.
As for the second floor, it welcomes the canonesses of Epinal, these noble ladies who marked the religious life of Spinal, and whose houses can still be admired in the rue du Chapitre, very close to the museum.
External links
Information
References
^ Rédaction, La (2018-07-30). "Découvrez le musée du Chapitre d'Epinal !". Epinal infos (in French). Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
^ "Agenda Epinal - Musée du chapitre". www.sortirepinal.fr. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
^ Rédaction, La (2018-07-30). "Découvrez le musée du Chapitre d'Epinal !". Epinal infos (in French). Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
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This French museum-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Epinal_chapitre_2.JPG/180px-Epinal_chapitre_2.JPG"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W15EB-D
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List of stations owned by Innovate Corp.
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["1 Current stations","2 Former stations","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
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Parts of this article (those related to some stations' programming) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2023)
Main article: Innovate Corp.
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GPX (secondary coordinates)
An example of a standard Innovate Corp. station identification slide.
The following is a list of stations owned by Innovate Corp. either under the HC2 Broadcasting, HC2 Holdings or DTV America holding company names. Innovate owns and operates 251 television stations, 248 of which are low-power facilities (with 39 as Class A licenses) and three of which operate as full-service facilities. These stations span across 112 designated market areas in the United States ranging from as large as New York, New York, to as small as Quincy, Illinois, and Traverse City, Michigan.
These stations have no local operations and rely almost entirely upon outsourced programming from third parties or the 24-hour feeds of digital multicast television networks for content; station identification is crudely inserted in from Innovate's central hub without regard to each network's local insertion opportunity and during actual programming. There is no differentiations in that sequence, all made up of a ten-second PowerPoint slide with calls, channel number and city of license in italicized Calibri, which has an inexplicably-placed default clock wipe in the middle of the sequence using the same production music cut each time. Some station identifications at times can display incorrect or out-of-date cities of license, or even the wrong identification for another station on the other side of the United States.
Innovate's companies also operate on purchasing licenses for stations hundred of miles away, and "jumping" their city of license multiple times until they land in the right metropolitan area; in one case, a station licensed to Springfield, Illinois, instead serves St. Louis, and is low power, in no way even with rimshot coverage of a part of the Springfield market.
One of these networks, Azteca América, was also owned by Innovate Corp., until ending operations on December 31, 2022. Former affiliates of Azteca América, many of which have no announced replacement programming, are listed as <Was AA>.
Current stations
City of license
State
Station
VC
Affiliations
Facility ID
Transmitter coordinates
New York City
New York
WKOB-LD
42.142.242.3
Visión LatinaLiving Faith NetworkLaw & Crime
51441
40°42′46.8″N 74°0′47.3″W / 40.713000°N 74.013139°W / 40.713000; -74.013139 (WKOB-LD)
New York City
New York
W02CY-D
45.145.245.345.445.545.645.7
InfomercialsBeIN Sports xTRASonLifeMtrSpt1Shop LCBeIN Sports xTRA ñSalem News Channel
130477
40°45′8.1″N 73°58′2.1″W / 40.752250°N 73.967250°W / 40.752250; -73.967250 (W02CY-D)
Los Angeles
California
KHIZ-LD
39.139.239.339.439.539.639.7
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolCBN NewsNuestra VisiónShop LCInfomercialsNovelisima
67932
34°13′55″N 118°4′18″W / 34.23194°N 118.07167°W / 34.23194; -118.07167 (KHIZ-LD)
Los Angeles
California
KSKJ-CD
45.145.245.345.445.545.645.7
Daystar EspañolbeIN Xtra EspañolCBN NewsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
36717
34°12′46″N 118°3′44.2″W / 34.21278°N 118.062278°W / 34.21278; -118.062278 (KSKJ-CD)
Chicago
Illinois
WPVN-CD
24.124.224.324.424.524.624.724.8
Visión LatinabeIN XtraSwaag TVNovelisimaWIN TVMCTVInfomercialsInfomercials
168237
41°53′20.7″N 87°37′36″W / 41.889083°N 87.62667°W / 41.889083; -87.62667 (WPVN-CD)
Chicago
Illinois
W31EZ-D
25.125.225.325.425.5
AlmavisionbeIN XtraShop LCShopHQLATV
61692
41°53′6.1″N 87°37′17.7″W / 41.885028°N 87.621583°W / 41.885028; -87.621583 (W31EZ-D)
Hammonton
New Jersey
WPSJ-CD
8.18.28.38.48.58.68.7
Visión LatinaLATVInfomercialsbeIN XtraShopHQbeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
167543
39°43′40.6″N 74°50′39.4″W / 39.727944°N 74.844278°W / 39.727944; -74.844278 (WPSJ-CD)
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
WZPA-LD
33.133.233.333.433.533.633.7
HSN2NovelisimaSonLifeShop LCQVC2beIN XtrabeIN Xtra Español
72536
40°02′26.6″N 75°14′11.4″W / 40.040722°N 75.236500°W / 40.040722; -75.236500 (WZPA-LD)
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
W25FG-D
36.136.236.336.436.536.636.7
Azteca ClicbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercialsAzteca CorazónInfomercials
72535
40°2′30.1″N 75°14′10.1″W / 40.041694°N 75.236139°W / 40.041694; -75.236139 (W25FG-D)
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
WDUM-LD
41.141.241.341.441.541.641.7
InfomercialsHSN2InfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
19586
40°02′30″N 75°14′11″W / 40.04167°N 75.23639°W / 40.04167; -75.23639 (WDUM-LD)
Dallas–Fort Worth
Texas
KPFW-LD
18.118.218.318.418.518.618.7
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsShop LCQVC2
127891
32°44′20.1″N 97°5′29.8″W / 32.738917°N 97.091611°W / 32.738917; -97.091611 (KPFW-LD)
Dallas–Fort Worth
Texas
KNAV-LD
22.122.222.322.422.522.6
LATVVIETVVietSkyNovelisimabeIN XtrabeIN Xtra Español
47898
32°35′22″N 96°58′12.9″W / 32.58944°N 96.970250°W / 32.58944; -96.970250 (KNAV-LD)
Dallas–Fort Worth
Texas
KODF-LD
26.126.226.326.426.526.626.7
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolReligious "WPS TV"HSN2SonLifeInfomercialsInfomercials
52925
32°35′27″N 96°57′48.8″W / 32.59083°N 96.963556°W / 32.59083; -96.963556 (KODF-LD)
Dallas–Fort Worth
Texas
KHPK-LD
28.128.228.328.428.528.628.7
InfomercialsUANetworkInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials(Blank)
52926
32°35′22″N 96°58′12.9″W / 32.58944°N 96.970250°W / 32.58944; -96.970250 (KHPK-LD)
Dallas–Fort Worth
Texas
K07AAD-D
31.131.231.331.431.531.6
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
52923
32°44′20.1″N 97°5′29.8″W / 32.738917°N 97.091611°W / 32.738917; -97.091611 (K07AAD-D)
Dallas–Fort Worth
Texas
KJJM-LD
34.134.234.334.434.534.634.7
InfomercialsShop LCHSN2Jewelry TVInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
26957
32°44′22.70″N 97°6′43.50″W / 32.7396389°N 97.1120833°W / 32.7396389; -97.1120833 (KJJM-LD)
Houston
Texas
KUVM-LD
10.110.210.310.4
beIN XtraSonLifeHSN2beIN Xtra Español
167664
29°33′45.2″N 95°30′35.9″W / 29.562556°N 95.509972°W / 29.562556; -95.509972 (KUVM-LD)
Houston
Texas
KUGB-CD
28.128.228.328.428.528.628.7
NovelisimaInfomercialsShop LCInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
66790
29°34′16″N 95°30′38″W / 29.57111°N 95.51056°W / 29.57111; -95.51056 (KUGB-CD)
Houston
Texas
KEHO-LD
32.132.232.332.432.532.632.7
beIN Xtra(Blank)beIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsStadiumShop LCInfomercials
130156
29°48′6.2″N 95°14′3.8″W / 29.801722°N 95.234389°W / 29.801722; -95.234389 (KEHO-LD)
Missouri City
Texas
KUVM-CD
34.134.234.334.434.534.6
LATVbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
13200
29°33′45.2″N 95°30′35.9″W / 29.562556°N 95.509972°W / 29.562556; -95.509972 (KUVM-CD)
Houston
Texas
KBMN-LD
40.140.240.340.440.540.6
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
188068
29°48′6.2″N 95°14′3.8″W / 29.801722°N 95.234389°W / 29.801722; -95.234389 (KBMN-LD)
Atlanta
Georgia
WUVM-LD
4.14.24.34.44.54.6
Estrella TVbeIN Xtra EspañolbeIN XtraLX HomeShopHQ(Blank)
69785
33°48′26″N 84°20′22″W / 33.80722°N 84.33944°W / 33.80722; -84.33944 (WUVM-LD)
Atlanta
Georgia
WYGA-CD
16.116.216.316.416.516.616.716.8
beIN XtraSonLifeShop LCHSNReligiousInfomercialsLX(Blank)
168094
33°44′40.9″N 84°21′35.7″W / 33.744694°N 84.359917°W / 33.744694; -84.359917 (WYGA-CD)
Atlanta
Georgia
WDWW-LD
28.128.228.328.428.528.628.7
CBN NewsInfomercialsInfomercialsShop LCNovelisimaQVC2Infomercials
125861
33°48′27″N 84°20′21″W / 33.80750°N 84.33917°W / 33.80750; -84.33917 (WDWW-LD)
Atlanta
Georgia
WUEO-LD
49.149.249.349.449.549.649.7
Azteca ClicbeIN XtraAzteca CorazónbeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
182024
33°44′40.9″N 84°21′35.7″W / 33.744694°N 84.359917°W / 33.744694; -84.359917 (WUEO-LD)
Peabody
Massachusetts
WLEK-LD
22.122.222.322.422.522.6
Visión LatinaInfomercialsShop LCbeIN Xtra EspañolbeIN XtraNovelisima
182343
42°31′53.7″N 70°59′10.4″W / 42.531583°N 70.986222°W / 42.531583; -70.986222 (WLEK-LD)
Morgan Hill
California
KQRO-LD
45.145.245.345.445.5
CRTVMagnificent Movies NetworkMTRSPT1The365Outlaw
182144
37°7′7.8″N 121°50′0.8″W / 37.118833°N 121.833556°W / 37.118833; -121.833556 (KQRO-LD)
Fremont
California
KEMO-TV
50.150.250.350.450.5
ShopHQVisión LatinaOutlawGolden TVTimeless TV
34440
37°45′19″N 122°27′10″W / 37.75528°N 122.45278°W / 37.75528; -122.45278 (KEMO-TV)
Phoenix
Arizona
K12XP-D
22.122.222.322.4
InfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
7085
33°19′57.1″N 112°3′58.6″W / 33.332528°N 112.066278°W / 33.332528; -112.066278 (K12XP-D)
Phoenix
Arizona
KTVP-LD
23.123.223.323.423.523.6
beIN Xtra EspañolSonLifeShop LCNovelisimabeIN XtraInfomercials
60465
33°19′57″N 112°3′59″W / 33.33250°N 112.06639°W / 33.33250; -112.06639 (KTVP-LD)
Phoenix
Arizona
KPDF-CD
41.141.241.341.441.741.841.9
Visión LatinaMisión TVESNE TVQVC Over the AirEEE NetworkInfomercialsInfomercials
73764
33°20′04.2″N 112°3′43.5″W / 33.334500°N 112.062083°W / 33.334500; -112.062083 (KPDF-CD)
Tampa
Florida
W31EG-D
15.115.215.315.415.5
HSNSonLifebeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
6029
27°49′10.8″N 82°15′38″W / 27.819667°N 82.26056°W / 27.819667; -82.26056 (W31EG-D)
Clearwater
Florida
WXAX-CD
26.126.226.326.426.526.6
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolShop LCInfomercialsInfomercials
57538
27°49′10.8″N 82°15′38″W / 27.819667°N 82.26056°W / 27.819667; -82.26056 (WXAX-CD)
Tampa
Florida
WTAM-LD
30.130.230.330.430.5
Estrella TVNovelisimaInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
168552
27°49′10.8″N 82°15′38″W / 27.819667°N 82.26056°W / 27.819667; -82.26056 (WTAM-LD)
Tampa
Florida
W16DQ-D
43.143.243.343.443.5
HSNbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercials
4330
27°49′10.8″N 82°15′38″W / 27.819667°N 82.26056°W / 27.819667; -82.26056 (W16DQ-D)
Seattle
Washington
KUSE-LD
46.146.246.346.446.546.646.7
Visión LatinaInfomercialsSonLifeShop LCOxygenLXNovelisima
168057
47°30′16.3″N 121°58′10″W / 47.504528°N 121.96944°W / 47.504528; -121.96944 (KUSE-CD)
Detroit
Michigan
WDWO-CD
18.118.218.318.418.518.6
Rewind TVLXShopHQ(Blank)NTD AmericabeIN Xtra Español
68444
42°29′1″N 83°18′44″W / 42.48361°N 83.31222°W / 42.48361; -83.31222 (WDWO-CD)
Detroit
Michigan
WUDL-LD
19.119.219.319.419.519.619.7
InfomercialsSonLifeShop LCNovelisimaInfomercialsbeIN XtraCBN News
67923
42°26′52.5″N 83°10′23.1″W / 42.447917°N 83.173083°W / 42.447917; -83.173083 (WUDL-LD)
Minneapolis
Minnesota
KWJM-LD
15.115.215.315.4
InfomercialsNovelisimaInfomercialsJewelry TV
184632
44°58′34.0″N 93°16′21″W / 44.976111°N 93.27250°W / 44.976111; -93.27250 (KWJM-LD)
Minneapolis
Minnesota
KJNK-LD
25.125.225.325.425.525.6
TelemundoSonLifeCozi TVLXbeIN Xtra EspañolgetTV
67955
44°58′34.0″N 93°16′21″W / 44.976111°N 93.27250°W / 44.976111; -93.27250 (KJNK-LD)
Minneapolis
Minnesota
K33LN-D
33.133.233.333.433.533.633.733.8
QVCHSN(Blank)Shop LCShopHQ3ABNNTD AmericaInfomercials
67002
44°58′33.85″N 93°16′20.79″W / 44.9760694°N 93.2724417°W / 44.9760694; -93.2724417 (K33LN-D)
St. Cloud
Minnesota
K28PQ-D
38.138.238.338.438.5
<Was AA>beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsAzteca Clic
184640
45°22′59.6″N 93°42′30.9″W / 45.383222°N 93.708583°W / 45.383222; -93.708583 (K28PQ-D)
Minneapolis
Minnesota
KMBD-LD
43.143.243.343.443.543.6
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
49177
44°58′34″N 93°16′21″W / 44.97611°N 93.27250°W / 44.97611; -93.27250 (KMBD-LD)
Minneapolis
Minnesota
KMQV-LD
49.149.249.349.4
beIN XtraInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
184636
44°58′34″N 93°16′21″W / 44.97611°N 93.27250°W / 44.97611; -93.27250 (KMQV-LD)
Orlando
Florida
WATV-LD
47.147.247.347.447.547.647.7
Azteca ClicbeIN XtraNovelisimabeIN Xtra EspañolAzteca CorazónInfomercialsInfomercials
67101
28°35′12.6″N 81°4′57.5″W / 28.586833°N 81.082639°W / 28.586833; -81.082639 (WATV-LD)
Orlando
Florida
WFEF-LD
50.150.250.350.450.550.650.7
InfomercialsTBDShop LCInfomercialsbeIN Xtra EspañolbeIN Xtra(Blank)
182336
28°34′28″N 81°27′45″W / 28.57444°N 81.46250°W / 28.57444; -81.46250 (WFEF-LD)
Cripple Creek, etc.
Colorado
KRDH-LD
5.15.25.35.45.55.65.7
ShopHQ<Was AA>beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolShop LCBuzzrNovelisima
167809
39°23′6″N 105°2′51″W / 39.38500°N 105.04750°W / 39.38500; -105.04750 (KRDH-LD)
Westgate
Florida
W16CC-D
16.116.216.316.416.516.616.716.8
InfomercialsSonLifeLATVDaystarbeIN XtraTropik NetworkBuzzrNovelisima
4331
25°59′35.3″N 80°10′26″W / 25.993139°N 80.17389°W / 25.993139; -80.17389 (W16CC-D)
Cleveland
Ohio
WQDI-LD
20.120.220.320.420.520.6
Visión LatinabeIN XtraInfomercialsQVC2Infomercials
184283
41°29′13.2″N 81°41′1.1″W / 41.487000°N 81.683639°W / 41.487000; -81.683639 (WQDI-LD)
Cleveland
Ohio
WUEK-LD
26.126.226.326.426.526.626.7
TBDNTD AmericaSonLifeShop LCQVCTeleXitosLX
184643
41°29′13.2″N 81°41′1.1″W / 41.487000°N 81.683639°W / 41.487000; -81.683639 (WEUK-LD)
Cleveland
Ohio
KONV-LD
28.128.228.328.428.528.6
Estrella TVAzteca ClicbeIN Xtra EspañolbeIN XtraQVC2Infomercials
184284
41°29′13.2″N 81°41′1.1″W / 41.487000°N 81.683639°W / 41.487000; -81.683639 (KONV-LD)
Cleveland
Ohio
WEKA-LD
41.141.241.341.441.541.641.7
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolSonLifeInfomercialsQVC2InfomercialsInfomercials
184644
41°29′13.2″N 81°41′1.1″W / 41.487000°N 81.683639°W / 41.487000; -81.683639 (WEKA-LD)
Sacramento
California
KBTV-CD
8.18.28.38.48.58.68.7
Buzzr"Crossings TV"SonLifeThe365Law & Crime(Blank)Outlaw
2424
38°33′58.9″N 121°28′50.4″W / 38.566361°N 121.480667°W / 38.566361; -121.480667 (KBTV-CD)
Modesto
California
KFKK-LD
32.132.232.332.4
Timeless TVThe365InfomercialsOutlaw
184264
37°38′59.4″N 121°1′27.3″W / 37.649833°N 121.024250°W / 37.649833; -121.024250 (KFKK-LD)
Esparto
California
K04QR-D
38.138.238.338.438.5
Timeless TVMTRSPRT1The365OutlawInfomercials
65789
38°38′53″N 121°5′54.3″W / 38.64806°N 121.098417°W / 38.64806; -121.098417 (K04QR-D)
Turlock
California
KBIS-LD
38.138.238.338.438.5
Timeless TVMagnificent Movies NetworkInfomercialsThe365Outlaw
182085
37°38′59.4″N 121°1′27.3″W / 37.649833°N 121.024250°W / 37.649833; -121.024250 (KBIS-LD)
Sacramento
California
KAHC-LD
43.143.243.343.443.543.643.7
LATVGoldenTVCozi TVShop LCThe365ShopHQOutlaw
67970
38°38′53″N 121°28′41.4″W / 38.64806°N 121.478167°W / 38.64806; -121.478167 (KAHC-LD)
Middletown
California
KFTY-LD
45.145.245.345.4
Timeless TVMagnificent Movies NetworkThe365Outlaw
182644
38°40′8.6″N 122°37′56.9″W / 38.669056°N 122.632472°W / 38.669056; -122.632472 (KFTY-LD)
Sacramento
California
KFMS-LD
47.147.247.347.447.547.647.7
InfomercialsOnTV4UTimeless TVThe365Magnificent Movies NetworkOutdoor AmericaOutlaw
182091
38°38′53″N 121°28′41.4″W / 38.64806°N 121.478167°W / 38.64806; -121.478167 (KFMS-LD)
Modesto
California
K12XJ-D
49.149.249.349.449.549.649.7
Shop LCTimeless TVMagnificent Movies NetworkThe365OutlawBinge TVInfomercials
68022
37°38′59.4″N 121°1′27.3″W / 37.649833°N 121.024250°W / 37.649833; -121.024250 (K12XJ-D)
Charlotte
North Carolina
W15EB-D
21.121.221.321.421.521.621.7
Visión LatinaULFNLXTeleXitosNTD AmericaLaw & CrimeSonLife
67022
35°11′56.3″N 80°52′35.7″W / 35.198972°N 80.876583°W / 35.198972; -80.876583 (W15EB-D)
Charlotte
North Carolina
WVEB-LD
40.140.240.340.440.540.640.7
InfomercialsMTRSPT1InfomercialsInfomercialsShop LCOutlawThe365
182013
35°11′56.3″N 80°52′35.7″W / 35.198972°N 80.876583°W / 35.198972; -80.876583 (WVEB-LD)
Charlotte
North Carolina
WHEH-LD
41.141.241.341.441.541.641.7
Azteca AmericaLXTeleXitosBuzzrInfomercialsThe365Outlaw
184549
35°15′5.5″N 80°41′11.2″W / 35.251528°N 80.686444°W / 35.251528; -80.686444 (WHEH-LD)
Fayetteville
North Carolina
WNCB-LD
16.116.216.316.416.516.616.7
<Was AA>BuzzrSonLifebeIN XtraTwistNovelisimaShop LC
183629
35°2′44.4″N 78°58′52.1″W / 35.045667°N 78.981139°W / 35.045667; -78.981139 (WNCB-LD)
Fayetteville
North Carolina
WIRP-LD
27.127.227.327.427.527.627.727.8
ShopHQ<Was AA>NTD AmericaHeroes & IconsbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra Español(Blank)Shop LC
183631
35°52′15.7″N 79°9′39″W / 35.871028°N 79.16083°W / 35.871028; -79.16083 (WIRP-LD)
Portland
Oregon
KOXI-CD
20.120.220.320.420.520.620.720.8
Rewind TVNTD AmericaBuzzrTelemundoShop LCLXMeTV(Blank)
71074
45°31′20.5″N 122°44′49.5″W / 45.522361°N 122.747083°W / 45.522361; -122.747083 (KOXI-CD)
St. Louis
Missouri
KPTN-LD
7.17.27.37.47.57.67.7
HSNSonLifeQVC2InfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsbeIN Xtra
35781
38°34′27.9″N 90°19′31.9″W / 38.574417°N 90.325528°W / 38.574417; -90.325528 (KPTN-LD)
Salem
Illinois
W29CI-D
29.129.229.329.429.5
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials3ABNInfomercials
66996
38°33′45.18″N 88°59′57.27″W / 38.5625500°N 88.9992417°W / 38.5625500; -88.9992417 (W29CI-D)
St. Louis
Missouri
K25NG-D
25.125.225.325.425.5
Estrella TV3ABNNTD AmericaTimeless TVLX
190156
38°37′55″N 90°13′59″W / 38.63194°N 90.23306°W / 38.63194; -90.23306 (K25NG-D)
St. Louis
Missouri
KBGU-LD
33.133.233.333.433.533.633.7
BuzzrShop LCbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsNovelisimaInfomercials
68055
38°34′27.9″N 90°19′31.9″W / 38.574417°N 90.325528°W / 38.574417; -90.325528 (KBGU-LD)
St. Louis
Missouri
WODK-LD
45.145.245.345.445.545.645.7
TelemundobeIN XtraInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsQVC2Infomercials
181990
38°34′27.9″N 90°19′31.9″W / 38.574417°N 90.325528°W / 38.574417; -90.325528 (WODK-LD)
New Athens
Illinois
W09DL-D
42.142.242.342.442.542.6
beIN Xtra EspañolbeIN XtraInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
188748
38°21′53.6″N 89°53′23.5″W / 38.364889°N 89.889861°W / 38.364889; -89.889861 (W09DL-D)
WLEH-LD
48.148.248.348.448.5
<Was AA>InfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
188749
38°21′53.6″N 89°53′23.5″W / 38.364889°N 89.889861°W / 38.364889; -89.889861 (WLEH-LD)
Indianapolis
Indiana
WUDZ-LD
28.128.228.328.428.528.628.7
BuzzrThe 365OutlawShop LCLXOxygenMovies!
184277
39°53′39.2″N 86°12′20.5″W / 39.894222°N 86.205694°W / 39.894222; -86.205694 (WUDZ-LD)
Indianapolis
Indiana
WSDI-LD
32.132.232.332.432.532.632.7
Vision LatinaLaw & CrimeNTD AmericaNovelisimaSonLifeJewelry Television
184100
39°53′39.2″N 86°12′20.5″W / 39.894222°N 86.205694°W / 39.894222; -86.205694 (WSDI-LD)
Indianapolis
Indiana
WQDE-LD
33.133.233.333.433.533.6
InfomercialsThe 365OutlawInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
184101
39°53′39.2″N 86°12′20.5″W / 39.894222°N 86.205694°W / 39.894222; -86.205694 (WQDE-LD)
Nashville
Tennessee
WCTZ-LD
35.135.235.335.435.535.635.7
BuzzrShop LCTwistInfomercialsbeIN Xtra EspañolCBN NewsLX
182481
36°16′4.9″N 86°47′44.7″W / 36.268028°N 86.795750°W / 36.268028; -86.795750 (WCTZ-LD)
WKUW-LD
40.140.240.340.440.5
Visión LatinabeIN XtraInfomercialsNovelisimaInfomercials
128934
36°16′4.9″N 86°47′44.7″W / 36.268028°N 86.795750°W / 36.268028; -86.795750 (WKUW-LD)
Salt Lake City
Utah
KBTU-LD
23.123.223.323.523.623.7
TBDSonLifeNTD AmericabeIN Xtra EspañolShop LCBuzzr
125589
40°40′55.7″N 112°12′11.5″W / 40.682139°N 112.203194°W / 40.682139; -112.203194 (KBTU-LD)
Washington
Pennsylvania
WWLM-CD
20.120.220.320.420.520.6
<Was AA>LXShopHQInfomercialsShop LCInfomercials
267
40°11′24″N 80°13′55″W / 40.19000°N 80.23194°W / 40.19000; -80.23194 (WWLM-CD)
Charleroi
Pennsylvania
WMVH-CD
26.126.226.326.426.526.6
<Was AA>LXShopHQInfomercialsShop LCInfomercials
68394
40°7′24″N 79°53′44″W / 40.12333°N 79.89556°W / 40.12333; -79.89556 (WMVH-CD)
Uniontown
Pennsylvania
WWKH-CD
35.135.235.335.435.535.6
<Was AA>InfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
68409
39°51′16.5″N 79°39′20.9″W / 39.854583°N 79.655806°W / 39.854583; -79.655806 (WWKH-CD)
Butler
Pennsylvania
WJMB-CD
60.160.260.360.460.5
InfomercialsInfomercialsNovelisimaInfomercialsInfomercials
68393
40°55′34″N 79°53′37″W / 40.92611°N 79.89361°W / 40.92611; -79.89361 (WJMB-CD)
Kittanning
Pennsylvania
WKHU-CD
60.160.260.360.4
InfomercialsbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra(Blank)
68401
40°47′18.5″N 79°32′4.5″W / 40.788472°N 79.534583°W / 40.788472; -79.534583 (WKHU-CD)
Lake Shore
Maryland
WQAW-LD
69.169.269.369.469.569.669.769.8
NovelisimagetTVCozi TVInfomercialsTwistLXTrueRealBuzzr
131071
39°0′36.7″N 76°36′31.8″W / 39.010194°N 76.608833°W / 39.010194; -76.608833 (WQAW-LD)
San Marcos
California
KSKT-CD
43.143.243.343.443.543.643.743.843.9
Ion TelevisiongetTVDablBuzzrInfomercialsDaystarTwistNovelisimaJewelry TV
58927
33°0′32″N 116°58′19″W / 33.00889°N 116.97194°W / 33.00889; -116.97194 (KSKT-CD)
San Antonio
Texas
KOBS-LD
19.119.219.319.419.519.619.7
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolShop LCInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
11701
29°46′4.7″N 98°14′36.1″W / 29.767972°N 98.243361°W / 29.767972; -98.243361 (KOBS-LD)
San Antonio
Texas
K25OB-D
27.127.227.327.427.527.6
NTD AmericabeIN Xtra3ABNNovelisimabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
24570
29°16′29.8″N 98°15′53″W / 29.274944°N 98.26472°W / 29.274944; -98.26472 (K25OB-D)
San Antonio
Texas
KSAA-LD
28.128.228.328.428.5
LATVbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercials
20566
29°26′29.9″N 98°30′22.8″W / 29.441639°N 98.506333°W / 29.441639; -98.506333 (KSAA-LD)
San Antonio
Texas
KVDF-CD
31.131.231.331.431.5
Visión LatinabeIN XtraShopHQbeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
60464
29°26′29.9″N 98°30′22.8″W / 29.441639°N 98.506333°W / 29.441639; -98.506333 (KVDF-CD)
San Antonio
Texas
KISA-LD
40.140.240.340.440.540.640.7
QVCLATVbeIN XtraSonLifeShop LCHSN2beIN Xtra Español
58786
29°26′29.9″N 98°30′22.8″W / 29.441639°N 98.506333°W / 29.441639; -98.506333 (KISA-CD)
San Antonio
Texas
KSSJ-LD
47.147.247.347.447.547.6
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
67304
29°26′29.9″N 98°30′22.8″W / 29.441639°N 98.506333°W / 29.441639; -98.506333 (KSSJ-LD)
San Antonio
Texas
K17MJ-D
51.151.251.351.451.551.651.751.8
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolAdvenimiento TVInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials(Blank)
2555
29°26′29.9″N 98°30′22.8″W / 29.441639°N 98.506333°W / 29.441639; -98.506333 (K17MJ-D)
Hartford
Connecticut
WRNT-LD
32.132.232.332.432.532.632.7
InfomercialsbeIN XtraDablDaystarMTRSPT1Shop LCBuzzrNovelisima
26336
41°47′48.4″N 72°47′48.5″W / 41.796778°N 72.796806°W / 41.796778; -72.796806 (WRNT-LD)
Hartford
Connecticut
WTXX-LD
34.134.234.334.434.5
(Timeless TV)beIN XtraQVC(Blank)(MTRSPT1)
31453
41°37′4.9″N 72°58′16.5″W / 41.618028°N 72.971250°W / 41.618028; -72.971250 (WTXX-LD)
Columbus
Ohio
WDEM-CD
17.117.217.317.417.517.617.7
Estrella TVbeIN XtraLXDefy TVTrueRealNovelisimaNTD America
54414
39°58′16.0″N 83°1′40.0″W / 39.971111°N 83.027778°W / 39.971111; -83.027778 (WDEM-CD)
Kansas City
Missouri
KAJF-LD
21.121.221.321.421.521.621.7
beIN XtraNovelisimaSonLifeShop LCLXQVCbeIN Xtra Español
184187
39°0′56.5″N 94°30′25″W / 39.015694°N 94.50694°W / 39.015694; -94.50694 (KAJF-LD)
Kansas City
Missouri
KCMN-LD
42.142.242.342.442.542.642.7
InfomercialsHeroes & IconsMovies!StadiumbeIN XtraInfomercialsInfomercials
184190
39°0′56.5″N 94°30′25″W / 39.015694°N 94.50694°W / 39.015694; -94.50694 (KCMN-LD)
Kansas City
Missouri
KQML-LD
46.146.246.346.446.546.6
<Was AA>TwistbeIN Xtra EspañolbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
184191
39°0′56.5″N 94°30′25″W / 39.015694°N 94.50694°W / 39.015694; -94.50694 (KQML-LD)
Austin
Texas
KVAT-LD
17.117.217.317.417.517.617.717.817.9
Visión LatinaLATVSonLifeNovelisimaIon Television(blank)Scripps NewsOxygenLX
52930
30°19′23.8″N 97°47′59.5″W / 30.323278°N 97.799861°W / 30.323278; -97.799861 (KVAT-LD)
Austin
Texas
KGBS-CD
19.119.219.319.419.519.619.7
StadiumCometCharge!TBDTheGrio.TVSonLifeAdvenimiento TV
38562
30°19′23.8″N 97°47′59.5″W / 30.323278°N 97.799861°W / 30.323278; -97.799861 (KGBS-LD)
Milwaukee
Wisconsin
WTSJ-LD
38.138.238.338.438.538.638.7
Visión LatinaBuzzrJewelry TelevisionShop LCLXShopHQbeIN Xtra Español
56213
43°05′46.2″N 87°54′15″W / 43.096167°N 87.90417°W / 43.096167; -87.90417 (WTSJ-LD)
Vero Beach
Florida
WWCI-CD
10.110.210.310.410.5
NTD AmericaShopHQbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
18894
27°44′51.7″N 80°34′40.7″W / 27.747694°N 80.577972°W / 27.747694; -80.577972 (WWCI-CD)
Fort Pierce
Florida
WDOX-LD
32.132.232.332.432.532.6
InfomercialsInfomercialsbeIN Xtra EspañolbeIN XtraShop LCNovelisima
182904
27°27′58.7″N 80°27′54.1″W / 27.466306°N 80.465028°W / 27.466306; -80.465028 (WDOX-LD)
WXOD-LD
33.133.233.333.433.533.633.7
BuzzrInfomercialsTwistCozi TVInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
183693
27°27′58.7″N 80°27′54.1″W / 27.466306°N 80.465028°W / 27.466306; -80.465028 (WXOD-LD)
Las Vegas
Nevada
KHDF-CD
19.119.219.319.419.519.6
Visión LatinaESNE TVbeIN Xtra(Blank)HeartlandShopHQ
66807
36°0′27.3″N 115°0′26.9″W / 36.007583°N 115.007472°W / 36.007583; -115.007472 (KHDF-CD)
Las Vegas
Nevada
KVPX-LD
28.128.228.328.4
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercials
8887
35°56′46.0″N 115°2′37.0″W / 35.946111°N 115.043611°W / 35.946111; -115.043611 (KVPX-LD)
Las Vegas
Nevada
KEGS-LD
30.130.230.330.430.530.6
InfomercialsAlmavisionSonLifeHSN2beIN XtrabeIN Xtra Español
168004
35°56′46″N 115°2′37″W / 35.94611°N 115.04361°W / 35.94611; -115.04361 (KEGS-LD)
Las Vegas
Nevada
KNBX-CD
31.131.231.331.431.531.6
EEE NetworkRenuevo TVNovelisimabeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
33819
35°56′46″N 115°2′37″W / 35.94611°N 115.04361°W / 35.94611; -115.04361 (KNBX-CD)
Las Vegas
Nevada
K36NE-D
43.143.243.343.443.543.643.7
3ABNInfomercialsInfomercialsShop LC(Blank)(Blank)(Blank)
14302
36°0′35.93″N 115°0′22.96″W / 36.0099806°N 115.0063778°W / 36.0099806; -115.0063778 (K36NE-D)
Fresno
California
K17JI-D
12.112.212.312.412.512.612.7
3ABNShopHQNovelisimaShop LCbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
57457
36°44′44.82″N 119°17′0.43″W / 36.7457833°N 119.2834528°W / 36.7457833; -119.2834528 (K17JI-D)
Fresno
California
KZMM-CD
22.122.222.322.422.522.622.7
InfomercialsInfomercialsSonLifeInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
18740
37°4′19.1″N 119°25′52.5″W / 37.071972°N 119.431250°W / 37.071972; -119.431250 (KZMM-CD)
Birmingham
Alabama
WUOA-LD
46.146.246.346.446.546.646.7
NTD AmericaBuzzrbeIN XtraGet TVNovelisimaShop LCClassic Reruns TV
990
33°29′4.8″N 86°48′25.2″W / 33.484667°N 86.807000°W / 33.484667; -86.807000 (WUOA-LD)
Elizabethtown
Kentucky
WKUT-LD
25.125.225.325.425.5
(Blank)NTD AmericaShop LCNovelisimaTimeless TV
168485
36°57′37″N 86°32′49″W / 36.96028°N 86.54694°W / 36.96028; -86.54694 (WKUT-LD)
Oklahoma City
Oklahoma
KTOU-LD
22.122.222.322.422.522.622.7
beIN XtraSonLifeHSN2LXOxygenNovelisimaInfomercials
28186
35°23′14″N 97°29′57″W / 35.38722°N 97.49917°W / 35.38722; -97.49917 (KTOU-LD)
Enid
Oklahoma
KBZC-LD
42.142.242.342.442.542.642.7
QuestbeIN XtraBuzzrInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsShop LC
188841
35°44′22.8″N 97°29′1.8″W / 35.739667°N 97.483833°W / 35.739667; -97.483833 (KBZC-LD)
Oklahoma City
Oklahoma
KOHC-CD
45.145.245.345.445.545.6
NovelisimaLATVShopHQ(Blank)NTD AmericabeIN Xtra Español
10265
35°21′46.00″N 97°26′57.00″W / 35.3627778°N 97.4491667°W / 35.3627778; -97.4491667 (KOHC-CD)
Memphis
Tennessee
WPED-LD
19.119.219.319.419.5
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
188067
34°59′22″N 89°51′45″W / 34.98944°N 89.86250°W / 34.98944; -89.86250 (WPED-LD)
Memphis
Tennessee
KPMF-LD
26.126.226.326.426.526.626.7
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolNovelisimaBuzzrSonLifebeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
188801
35°16′33″N 89°46′38″W / 35.27583°N 89.77722°W / 35.27583; -89.77722 (KPMF-LD)
Memphis
Tennessee
WQEK-LD
36.136.236.336.436.536.636.7
beIN XtraCatchy ComedyMovies!CometTrue Crime NetworkShop LCbeIN Xtra Español
188791
35°16′33″N 89°47′38″W / 35.27583°N 89.79389°W / 35.27583; -89.79389 (WQEK-LD)
Memphis
Tennessee
W15EA-D
42.142.242.342.442.542.642.7
3ABNNTD AmericaInfomercialsDablbeIN XtraInfomercialsInfomercials
168014
35°16′33″N 89°46′38″W / 35.27583°N 89.77722°W / 35.27583; -89.77722 (W15EA-D)
Memphis
Tennessee
WQEO-LD
49.149.249.349.449.5
<Was AA>beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercials
188824
35°16′33″N 89°46′38″W / 35.27583°N 89.77722°W / 35.27583; -89.77722 (WQEO-LD)
Jacksonville
Florida
WJXE-LD
10.110.210.310.410.5
<Was AA>beIN Xtra EspañolbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
182298
30°16′35.3″N 81°33′50.7″W / 30.276472°N 81.564083°W / 30.276472; -81.564083 (WJXE-LD)
Jacksonville
Florida
WKBJ-LD
20.120.220.320.420.520.620.7
Buzzr(Blank)InfomercialsbeIN XtraInfomercialsShop LCInfomercials
182931
30°16′34.4″N 81°33′51.3″W / 30.276222°N 81.564250°W / 30.276222; -81.564250 (WKBJ-LD)
Jacksonville
Florida
WODH-LD
31.131.231.331.431.531.6
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolNovelisimaInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
182282
30°16′35.3″N 81°33′50.7″W / 30.276472°N 81.564083°W / 30.276472; -81.564083 (WODH-LD)
Jacksonville
Florida
WRCZ-LD
35.135.235.335.435.535.635.7
beIN XtraShopHQbeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsJewelry Television
185536
30°16′34.4″N 81°33′51.3″W / 30.276222°N 81.564250°W / 30.276222; -81.564250 (WRCZ-LD)
Olean
New York
WVTT-CD
34.134.234.334.434.534.634.7
ShopHQNTD AmericaShop LCNovelisimabeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
10869
42°04′50.00″N 78°25′50.00″W / 42.0805556°N 78.4305556°W / 42.0805556; -78.4305556 (WVTT-CD)
WWHC-LD
20.120.220.320.420.5
(Blank)InfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
10868
42°04′50.00″N 78°25′50.00″W / 42.0805556°N 78.4305556°W / 42.0805556; -78.4305556 (WWHC-LD)
Fort Myers–Naples
Florida
WGPS-LD
22.122.222.322.422.522.622.722.822.9
Cozi TVgetTVSonLifeBuzzrLaffScripps NewsDaystarTrueRealDefy TV
55090
26°26′55.4″N 81°48′53.7″W / 26.448722°N 81.814917°W / 26.448722; -81.814917 (WGPS-LD)
Richmond
Virginia
WFWG-LD
30.130.230.330.430.530.6
Defy TVbeIN XtragetTVTrueRealbeIN Xtra(Blank)
182308
37°30′45.6″N 77°36′4.8″W / 37.512667°N 77.601333°W / 37.512667; -77.601333 (WFWG-LD)
WUDW-LD
15.115.215.315.415.515.615.7
BuzzrNTD AmericaNovelisimaShop LCbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
182288
37°30′45.6″N 77°36′4.8″W / 37.512667°N 77.601333°W / 37.512667; -77.601333 (WUDV-LD)
WWBK-LD
28.128.228.328.428.528.6
beIN Xtra EspañolbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
190695
37°30′45.6″N 77°36′4.8″W / 37.512667°N 77.601333°W / 37.512667; -77.601333 (WWBK-LD)
New Orleans
Louisiana
WTNO-CD
22.122.222.322.4
<Was AA>ShopHQNTD AmericabeIN Xtra
24981
29°58′28.6″N 90°8′36.5″W / 29.974611°N 90.143472°W / 29.974611; -90.143472 (WTNO-CD)
New Orleans
Louisiana
WQDT-LD
33.133.233.333.433.533.633.7
BuzzrbeIN XtraSonLifeStadiumShop LCbeIN Xtra EspañolNovelisima
187805
29°54′38.6″N 90°11′45.8″W / 29.910722°N 90.196056°W / 29.910722; -90.196056 (WQDT-LD)
Mobile
Alabama
WWBH-LD
28.128.228.328.428.528.6
<Was AA>NTD AmericaShop LCbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolNovelisima
10940
30°36′45.4″N 87°38′41.6″W / 30.612611°N 87.644889°W / 30.612611; -87.644889 (WWBH-LD)
Mobile
Alabama
WEDS-LD
29.129.229.329.429.5
<Was AA>beIN Xtra EspañolbeIN XtraInfomercialsInfomercials
182836
30°27′43.2″N 87°49′50.3″W / 30.462000°N 87.830639°W / 30.462000; -87.830639 (WEDS-LD)
Albuquerque
New Mexico
KQDF-LD
25.125.225.325.425.5
Visión Latina<Was AA>Majestad TVbeIN Xtra EspañolShop LC
32283
35°12′49.8″N 106°27′3.3″W / 35.213833°N 106.450917°W / 35.213833; -106.450917 (KQDF-LD)
Albuquerque
New Mexico
KWPL-LD
45.145.245.345.445.5
InfomercialsInfomercialsNovelisimabeIN XtraInfomercials
183558
35°4′3.9″N 106°46′48.5″W / 35.067750°N 106.780139°W / 35.067750; -106.780139 (KQDF-LD)
Tulsa
Oklahoma
KZLL-LD
39.139.239.339.439.539.639.7
NTD AmericaInfomercialsOutlawShop LCLXOxygenThe365
186286
36°7′52″N 96°4′14″W / 36.13111°N 96.07056°W / 36.13111; -96.07056 (KZLL-LD)
Enid
Oklahoma
KUOC-LD
48.148.248.348.448.548.648.7
NovelisimaSonLifeLaw & CrimeOutlawThe365beIN XtrabeIN Xtra Español
188842
35°59′48.1″N 97°54′29″W / 35.996694°N 97.90806°W / 35.996694; -97.90806 (KUOC-LD)
Hot Springs
Arkansas
K23OW-D
39.139.239.339.439.539.6
(Blank)beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials(Blank)Infomercials
188822
34°27′31.7″N 93°9′26.1″W / 34.458806°N 93.157250°W / 34.458806; -93.157250 (K23OW-D)
Little Rock
Arkansas
KENH-LD
41.141.241.341.441.541.641.7
Shop LCInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
188823
34°47′53″N 92°29′34″W / 34.79806°N 92.49278°W / 34.79806; -92.49278 (KENH-LD)
KWMO-LD
34.134.234.334.434.534.6
Spanish religiousNovelisimagetTVScripps NewsInfomercials(Blank)
188821
34°47′53″N 92°29′34″W / 34.79806°N 92.49278°W / 34.79806; -92.49278 (KWMO-LD)
Midland
Michigan
WFFC-LD
17.117.217.317.417.517.617.7
NovelisimabeIN Xtra EspañolBuzzrInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
184493
43°23′33″N 83°55′27.1″W / 43.39250°N 83.924194°W / 43.39250; -83.924194 (WFFC-LD)
Flint
Michigan
W35DQ-D
24.124.224.324.424.524.6
NTD AmericaTwistNovelisimagetTVbeIN Xtra EspañolbeIN Xtra
184496
43°11′26.8″N 83°46′14.6″W / 43.190778°N 83.770722°W / 43.190778; -83.770722 (W35DQ-D)
McAllen
Texas
KRZG-CD
35.135.235.335.435.535.635.735.835.9
DablSonLifeTwistMeTVVisión LatinaDaystar EspañolMajestad TVDaystarGetTV
32176
26°16′2.2″N 98°19′11.8″W / 26.267278°N 98.319944°W / 26.267278; -98.319944 (KRZG-CD)
McAllen
Texas
KAZH-LD
57.157.257.357.4
Defy TVTrueRealScripps NewsJewelry TV
68574
26°15′25.3″N 98°13′54.5″W / 26.257028°N 98.231806°W / 26.257028; -98.231806 (KAZH-LD)
Brownsville
Texas
KNWS-LD
64.164.264.364.464.564.664.7
NovelisimabeIN Xtra EspañolBuzzrInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
3265
26°9′1.5″N 97°30′58.7″W / 26.150417°N 97.516306°W / 26.150417; -97.516306 (KNWS-LD)
Huntsville
Alabama
W34EY-D
38.138.238.338.438.538.638.7
Scripps NewsDefy TVGetTVBuzzrTrueReal3ABNShop LC
67020
34°45′28″N 86°39′44″W / 34.75778°N 86.66222°W / 34.75778; -86.66222 (W34EY-D)
Baton Rouge
Louisiana
K27NB-D
43.143.243.343.443.543.6
Court TVDefy TVTrueRealNovelisimaScripps News(Blank)
183919
30°21′40.8″N 91°37′52.7″W / 30.361333°N 91.631306°W / 30.361333; -91.631306 (K27NB-D)
K29LR-D
47.147.247.347.447.547.6
(Blank)getTVNTD AmericaSonLifeShop LCTwist
184066
30°21′40.8″N 91°37′52.7″W / 30.361333°N 91.631306°W / 30.361333; -91.631306 (K29LR-D)
Madison
Wisconsin
WZCK-LD
8.18.28.38.48.58.68.7
Cozi TVgetTVSonLifeQuestShop LCTwistbeIN Xtra
26603
43°3′9″N 89°28′36″W / 43.05250°N 89.47667°W / 43.05250; -89.47667 (WZCK-LD)
Madison
Wisconsin
W23BW-D
23.123.223.323.423.523.623.7
<Was AA>BuzzrShopHQNTD America3ABNNovelisima(Blank)
67000
43°3′9.01″N 89°28′42.44″W / 43.0525028°N 89.4784556°W / 43.0525028; -89.4784556 (W23BW-D)
Des Moines
Iowa
KAJR-LD
36.136.236.336.436.536.636.7
(Blank)SonLifeInfomercials(Blank)BuzzrNTD AmericabeIN Xtra
188743
41°49′4.5″N 93°12′34.5″W / 41.817917°N 93.209583°W / 41.817917; -93.209583 (KAJR-LD)
KRPG-LD
43.143.243.343.443.5
<Was AA>beIN XtraNovelisimabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
189990
41°49′4.5″N 93°12′35.3″W / 41.817917°N 93.209806°W / 41.817917; -93.209806 (KRPG-LD)
KCYM-LD
44.144.244.344.444.544.644.7
beIN Xtra EspañolbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercialsQVC2ShopLC
188745
41°49′4.5″N 93°12′34.5″W / 41.817917°N 93.209583°W / 41.817917; -93.209583 (KCYM-LD)
Chattanooga
Tennessee
WYHB-CD
39.139.239.339.439.539.6
Defy TVbeIN Xtra EspañolGet TVInfomercials(Blank)Cozi TV
167588
35°12′36″N 85°16′42.3″W / 35.21000°N 85.278417°W / 35.21000; -85.278417 (WYHB-CD)
Omaha
Nebraska
KQMK-LD
25.125.225.325.425.525.625.7
Defy TVCatchy ComedyMovies!(Blank)(Blank)NovelisimaTwist
183619
40°59′48.9″N 96°24′24.5″W / 40.996917°N 96.406806°W / 40.996917; -96.406806 (KQMK-LD)
Lincoln
Nebraska
KAJS-LD
33.133.233.333.433.5
BuzzrBounce TVScripps NewsInfomercialsNTD America
183621
40°04′29.3″N 96°15′24″W / 40.074806°N 96.25667°W / 40.074806; -96.25667 (KAJS-LD)
Springfield
Missouri
KFKY-LD
20.120.220.320.420.520.6
Defy TVTrueRealScripps NewsTwistNovelisimaGetTV
186283
37°13′24.8″N 93°14′30.5″W / 37.223556°N 93.241806°W / 37.223556; -93.241806 (KFKY-LD)
Springfield
Missouri
KCNH-LD
47.147.247.347.447.547.647.7
NTD AmericaLXOxygenInfomercialsbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
186288
37°13′24.8″N 93°14′30.5″W / 37.223556°N 93.241806°W / 37.223556; -93.241806 (KCNH-LD)
Charleston
West Virginia
WOCW-LD
21.121.221.321.421.521.6
NovelisimaNTD AmericaGetTVTwistShop LCbeIN Xtra
25792
38°28′11.9″N 81°46′35.2″W / 38.469972°N 81.776444°W / 38.469972; -81.776444 (WOCW-LD)
Rochester
New York
WGCE-CD
6.16.26.36.46.56.66.7
Court TVGritGetTVCozi TVBuzzrLXInfomercials
58739
43°8′5.5″N 77°35′5.7″W / 43.134861°N 77.584917°W / 43.134861; -77.584917 (WGCE-LD)
Gary
Indiana
KPDS-LD
49.149.249.349.449.549.6
NovelisimaNTD AmericaDefy TVTrueReal(Blank)(Blank)
184103
41°17′23.7″N 87°17′59.7″W / 41.289917°N 87.299917°W / 41.289917; -87.299917 (KPDS-LD)
Tyler
Texas
KDKJ-LD
27.127.227.327.427.527.627.7
Estrella TVEstrella NewsgetTVNTD AmericaHeroes & IconsCatchy ComedyMovies!
182588
32°15′34″N 95°22′4″W / 32.25944°N 95.36778°W / 32.25944; -95.36778 (KDKJ-LD)
Tyler
Texas
KBJE-LD
29.129.229.329.429.529.6
Shop LCbeIN XtraNovelisimabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercials
182590
32°15′34″N 95°22′4″W / 32.25944°N 95.36778°W / 32.25944; -95.36778 (KBJE-LD)
Tyler
Texas
KKPD-LD
30.130.230.330.430.530.6
QVC2beIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsbeIN XtraInfomercialsInfomercials
182592
32°15′34″N 95°22′4″W / 32.25944°N 95.36778°W / 32.25944; -95.36778 (KKPD-LD)
Tyler
Texas
KPKN-LD
33.133.233.333.433.533.633.7
BuzzrTrueRealCourt TVScripps NewsCozi TVLXJewelry TV
182593
32°27′15.7″N 95°7′50.3″W / 32.454361°N 95.130639°W / 32.454361; -95.130639 (KPKN-LD)
Tyler
Texas
KCEB
54.1
Estrella TV
83913
32°27′15.7″N 95°7′50.3″W / 32.454361°N 95.130639°W / 32.454361; -95.130639 (KCEB)
Springfield
Illinois
WCQA-LD
16.116.216.316.416.516.6
Court TVgetTVDefy TVTrueRealScripps NewsTwist
181971
39°58′15.8″N 89°10′27.7″W / 39.971056°N 89.174361°W / 39.971056; -89.174361 (WCQA-LD)
Springfield
Illinois
WEAE-LD
21.121.221.321.4
Estrella TVInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
181983
39°46′51.2″N 89°36′18.2″W / 39.780889°N 89.605056°W / 39.780889; -89.605056 (WEAE-LD)
Springfield
Illinois
W23EW-D
41.141.241.341.441.5
<Was AA>NTD AmericaShop LCbeIN XtraNovelisima
181987
39°44′54.3″N 89°31′57.5″W / 39.748417°N 89.532639°W / 39.748417; -89.532639 (W23EW-D)
Texarkana
Arkansas
K36MU-D
36.136.236.336.4
Court TVDefy TVTrueRealScripps News
188811
33°37′25.4″N 93°44′13.6″W / 33.623722°N 93.737111°W / 33.623722; -93.737111 (K36MU-D)
Fayetteville
Arkansas
KAJL-LD
16.116.216.316.416.516.616.7
Shop LCSonLifeGetTVBuzzr(Blank)NovelisimaMovies!
184686
36°8′50″N 94°11′14″W / 36.14722°N 94.18722°W / 36.14722; -94.18722 (KAJL-LD)
Fort Smith
Arkansas
KFLU-LD
20.120.220.320.520.620.7
Ion TelevisionCourt TVCatchy ComedyScripps NewsHeroes & IconsTrueReal
188049
36°8′50″N 94°11′14″W / 36.14722°N 94.18722°W / 36.14722; -94.18722 (KFLU-LD)
Florence
South Carolina
W33DN-D
16.1
<Was AA>
182023
34°21′42.6″N 79°45′5.3″W / 34.361833°N 79.751472°W / 34.361833; -79.751472 (W33DN-D)
College Station
Texas
KZCZ-LD
34.134.234.334.434.534.634.7
DaystarNTD AmericaShop LCNovelisimaBuzzrSonLifebeIN Xtra
188770
31°18′45.3″N 97°15′26.8″W / 31.312583°N 97.257444°W / 31.312583; -97.257444 (KZCZ-LD)
Waco
Texas
KAXW-LD
35.135.235.335.435.535.6
<Was AA>Defy TV(Blank)ShopHQCBN NewsbeIN Xtra Español
52928
31°18′45.3″N 97°15′26.8″W / 31.312583°N 97.257444°W / 31.312583; -97.257444 (KAXW-LD)
Savannah
Georgia
WDID-LD
26.126.226.326.426.526.6
NovelisimabeIN XtraShop LCInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
191242
32°5′47.2″N 81°19′9.6″W / 32.096444°N 81.319333°W / 32.096444; -81.319333 (WDID-LD)
Savannah
Georgia
WUET-LD
43.143.243.343.443.5
IonbeIN Xtra EspañolAzteca Corazón(Blank)NTD America
181193
32°5′47.2″N 81°19′9.6″W / 32.096444°N 81.319333°W / 32.096444; -81.319333 (WUET-LD)
Cedar Falls
Iowa
K17MH-D
17.117.217.317.417.5
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercials(Blank)
188735
42°43′45″N 92°48′41″W / 42.72917°N 92.81139°W / 42.72917; -92.81139 (K17MH-D)
Cedar Falls
Iowa
KFKZ-LD
35.135.235.335.435.535.635.7
Cozi TVbeIN XtraBuzzrShop LC(Blank)NovelisimabeIN Xtra Español
188737
42°17′17.3″N 91°52′54.5″W / 42.288139°N 91.881806°W / 42.288139; -91.881806 (KFKZ-LD)
Greenville
North Carolina
W35DW-D
45.1
<Was AA>
184554
35°26′42.6″N 77°22′7.1″W / 35.445167°N 77.368639°W / 35.445167; -77.368639 (W35DW-D)
Valdosta
Georgia
W21EL-D
21.121.221.321.4
LaffDefy TVTrueRealInfomercials
182930
30°42′7.8″N 83°6′53.5″W / 30.702167°N 83.114861°W / 30.702167; -83.114861 (W21EL-D)
Wichita
Kansas
KFVT-LD
34.134.234.334.434.534.634.7
InfomercialsgetTVJewelry TVSonLifeTwistNTD AmericaTrueReal
38217
37°41′13″N 97°20′23″W / 37.68694°N 97.33972°W / 37.68694; -97.33972 (KFVT-LD)
Fort Wayne
Indiana
WCUH-LD
16.116.216.316.416.5
InfomercialsThe 365 (soon)BuzzrLXOxygen
183648
41°5′56.9″N 85°8′42″W / 41.099139°N 85.14500°W / 41.099139; -85.14500 (WCUH-LD)
Fort Wayne
Indiana
W30EH-D
40.1
Unknown
183651
41°5′56.9″N 85°8′42″W / 41.099139°N 85.14500°W / 41.099139; -85.14500 (W30EH-D)
Fort Wayne
Indiana
W25FH-D
43.143.243.343.443.543.6
InfomercialsInfomercialsBuzzrThe 365 (soon)Novelisima(Blank)
183652
41°5′56.9″N 85°8′42″W / 41.099139°N 85.14500°W / 41.099139; -85.14500 (W25FH-D)
Fort Wayne
Indiana
WFWC-CD
45.145.245.345.445.545.645.7
InfomercialsGetTVHSNSonLifeInfomercialsNTD AmericaShop LC
67485
41°5′56.9″N 85°8′42″W / 41.099139°N 85.14500°W / 41.099139; -85.14500 (WFWC-CD)
Fort Wayne
Indiana
WODP-LD
49.1
Infomercials
183653
41°5′56.9″N 85°8′42″W / 41.099139°N 85.14500°W / 41.099139; -85.14500 (WODP-CD)
Charleston
South Carolina
WBSE-LD
20.120.220.320.420.520.6
Visión LatinaTwistNovelisimaCozi TVbeIN XtraScripps News
67969
32°49′3.3″N 79°50′5.6″W / 32.817583°N 79.834889°W / 32.817583; -79.834889 (WBSE-LD)
Bakersfield
California
KTLD-CD
8.18.28.38.48.58.68.7
3ABNShop LCInfomercialsbeIN XtraNovelisimabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
57456
35°26′17.1″N 118°44′26.3″W / 35.438083°N 118.740639°W / 35.438083; -118.740639 (KTLD-CD)
Bakersfield
California
KXBF-LD
14.114.214.314.414.514.6
SonLifeLATVTrue Crime Network(Blank)Defy TVTrueReal
188776
35°21′3.3″N 118°53′45.9″W / 35.350917°N 118.896083°W / 35.350917; -118.896083 (KXBF-LD)
Evansville
Indiana
WDLH-LD
24.124.224.324.424.524.6
InfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsRV TVInfomercialsThe 365 (soon)
183861
37°59′11.3″N 87°16′12.3″W / 37.986472°N 87.270083°W / 37.986472; -87.270083 (WDLH-LD)
Evansville
Indiana
WELW-LD
30.130.230.330.4
Court TVDefy TVIONScripps News
181921
37°58′40.6″N 87°33′8.8″W / 37.977944°N 87.552444°W / 37.977944; -87.552444 (WELW-LD)
Evansville
Indiana
WEIN-LD
36.136.236.336.436.5
BUZZRLXOxygenInfomercialsThe 365 (soon)
187934
37°58′40.6″N 87°33′8.8″W / 37.977944°N 87.552444°W / 37.977944; -87.552444 (WEIN-LD)
Augusta
Georgia
WIEF-LD
47.147.247.347.447.547.647.7
Defy TVTrueRealScripps NewsGetTVBuzzrTwistNTD America
182466
33°25′17″N 81°50′18″W / 33.42139°N 81.83833°W / 33.42139; -81.83833 (WIEF-LD)
Lafayette
Louisiana
K21OM-D
20.120.220.320.420.520.6
Ion MysteryJewelry TVDefy TV(Blank)TrueRealScripps News
183746
30°10′59.9″N 92°21′49.9″W / 30.183306°N 92.363861°W / 30.183306; -92.363861 (K21OM-D)
Lompoc
California
KLDF-CD
17.117.217.317.417.5
Estrella TVShopHQInfomercialsInfomercialsAzteca Clic
41126
34°44′30″N 120°26′50″W / 34.74167°N 120.44722°W / 34.74167; -120.44722 (KLDF-CD)
Santa Maria
California
KQMM-CD
29.129.229.329.429.529.6
SonLifeInfomercialsShop LCNovelisimaInfomercialsInfomercials
167844
34°54′35.9″N 120°11′13.5″W / 34.909972°N 120.187083°W / 34.909972; -120.187083 (KQMM-CD)
Santa Maria
California
KDFS-CD
30.130.230.330.430.5
Estrella TVInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
31351
34°53′52.2″N 120°35′26.4″W / 34.897833°N 120.590667°W / 34.897833; -120.590667 (KDFS-CD)
San Luis Obispo
California
KSBO-CD
42.142.242.342.442.5
Estrella TVbeIN Xtra EspañolbeIN XtraTwistInfomercials
31354
35°21′39.4″N 120°39′25″W / 35.360944°N 120.65694°W / 35.360944; -120.65694 (KSBO-CD)
Santa Barbara
California
KZDF-LD
8.18.28.38.48.58.68.7
SonLifeDefy TVIon MysteryInfomercials(Blank)(Blank)(Blank)
41124
34°27′54.9″N 119°40′41.4″W / 34.465250°N 119.678167°W / 34.465250; -119.678167 (KZDF-LD)
Santa Barbara
California
KVMM-CD
41.141.241.341.441.5
Estrella TVInfomercialsCozi TVBuzzrInfomercials
18741
34°27′56.9″N 119°40′41.4″W / 34.465806°N 119.678167°W / 34.465806; -119.678167 (KVMM-CD)
Payette
Idaho
K17ED-D
17.117.217.317.417.517.6
Infomercials3ABNInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercials
17402
44°3′43.6″N 116°54′25.53″W / 44.062111°N 116.9070917°W / 44.062111; -116.9070917 (K17ED-D)
Boise
Idaho
KFLL-LD
25.125.225.325.425.5
InfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsNovelisimaInfomercials
183638
43°37′17.05″N 116°12′59.14″W / 43.6214028°N 116.2164278°W / 43.6214028; -116.2164278 (KFLL-LD)
Boise
Idaho
KBKI-LD
27.127.227.327.427.5
InfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsShop LCInfomercials
182620
43°48′56.7″N 116°46′13.8″W / 43.815750°N 116.770500°W / 43.815750; -116.770500 (KBKI-LD)
Boise
Idaho
K31FD-D
31.131.231.331.431.531.6
InfomercialsbeIN Xtra EspañolbeIN XtraShop LCInfomercialsInfomercials
11644
43°45′17.63″N 116°5′55.4″W / 43.7548972°N 116.098722°W / 43.7548972; -116.098722 (K31FD-D)
Tuscaloosa
Alabama
WUDX-LD
28.1
Infomercials
182919
33°25′43.2″N 88°12′8.3″W / 33.428667°N 88.202306°W / 33.428667; -88.202306 (WUDX-LD)
Macon
Georgia
W28EU-D
42.142.242.342.442.542.642.7
<Was AA>Cozi TVBuzzrDablShop LCGetTVNovelisima
182095
33°3′1.2″N 83°57′9.8″W / 33.050333°N 83.952722°W / 33.050333; -83.952722 (W28EU-D)
Macon
Georgia
WJDO-LD
44.144.244.344.4
beIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercialsInfomercials
182012
32°44′58.4″N 83°33′34.5″W / 32.749556°N 83.559583°W / 32.749556; -83.559583 (WJDO-LD)
Peoria
Illinois
W27EQ-D
27.127.227.327.427.5
Court TVGritDefy TVTrueRealScripps News
185325
40°37′19″N 89°28′36″W / 40.62194°N 89.47667°W / 40.62194; -89.47667 (W27EQ-D)
Eugene
Oregon
KORY-CD
15.115.215.315.415.515.6
Bounce TVCozi TVCourt TVGrit(Blank)(Blank)
71070
44°0′7″N 123°6′54″W / 44.00194°N 123.11500°W / 44.00194; -123.11500 (KORY-CD)
Eugene
Oregon
K06QR-D
41.141.241.341.441.5
Ion MysteryLaffDefy TVTrueRealScripps News
181635
44°0′7″N 123°6′54″W / 44.00194°N 123.11500°W / 44.00194; -123.11500 (K06QR-D)
Reno
Nevada
K07AAI-D
12.1
Infomercials
182112
39°12′49.8″N 119°46′13.6″W / 39.213833°N 119.770444°W / 39.213833; -119.770444 (K07AAI-D)
Eau Claire
Wisconsin
W23FC-D
53.153.253.353.4
Defy TVIonScripps NewsLaw & Crime
184443
44°52′58.5″N 91°35′13.5″W / 44.882917°N 91.587083°W / 44.882917; -91.587083 (W23FC-D)
Columbus
Georgia
W31EU-D
29.1
Infomercials
181861
32°35′55.4″N 85°12′19.7″W / 32.598722°N 85.205472°W / 32.598722; -85.205472 (W31EU-D)
Columbus
Georgia
W29FD-D
43.143.243.343.443.5
Defy TVCozi TVTrueRealgetTVScripps News
184013
32°19′16.4″N 84°47′28.2″W / 32.321222°N 84.791167°W / 32.321222; -84.791167 (W29FD-D)
Montgomery
Alabama
WDSF-LD
19.119.219.319.419.519.619.7
QuestBuzzrReligiousShop LCbeIN Xtra(Blank)Catchy Comedy
183641
32°25′17″N 86°25′47″W / 32.42139°N 86.42972°W / 32.42139; -86.42972 (WDSF-LD)
Montgomery
Alabama
WQAP-LD
36.136.236.336.436.536.6
Estrella TVbeIN XtraAzteca CorazónNTD AmericabeIN Xtra EspañolNovelisima
182913
32°25′17″N 86°25′47″W / 32.42139°N 86.42972°W / 32.42139; -86.42972 (WQAP-LD)
Columbia
Missouri
K35OY-D
35.135.235.335.4
InfomercialsLXOxygenInfomercials
188048
38°47′54.4″N 92°17′22.4″W / 38.798444°N 92.289556°W / 38.798444; -92.289556 (K35OY-D)
Corpus Christi
Texas
KCCX-LD
24.124.224.324.424.5
<Was AA>NovelisimaDaystarbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra Español
68454
27°47′27.5″N 97°27′2.5″W / 27.790972°N 97.450694°W / 27.790972; -97.450694 (KCCX-LD)
Corpus Christi
Texas
K32OC-D
29.129.229.329.429.529.629.7
Shop LCHSNDablSonLifeNTD AmericabeIN XtrabeIN Xtra Español
167450
27°47′27.5″N 97°27′2.5″W / 27.790972°N 97.450694°W / 27.790972; -97.450694 (K32OC-D)
Corpus Christi
Texas
KYDF-LD
34.134.234.334.434.534.6
<Was AA>Defy TVTrueReal(Blank)CBN NewsGetTV
131347
27°47′27.5″N 97°27′2.5″W / 27.790972°N 97.450694°W / 27.790972; -97.450694 (KYDF-LD)
Corpus Christi
Texas
K21OC-D
54.154.254.354.454.554.6
HSNEstrella TVBuzzrInfomercialsbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra Español
125079
27°47′27.5″N 97°27′2.5″W / 27.790972°N 97.450694°W / 27.790972; -97.450694 (K21OC-D)
Fargo
North Dakota
K15MR-D
15.1
Infomercials
188045
46°51′24.4″N 96°44′26.7″W / 46.856778°N 96.740750°W / 46.856778; -96.740750 (K15MR-D)
Palm Springs
California
K21DO-D
21.121.221.321.421.5
Ion TelevisionDefy TVTrueRealScripps News3ABN
67013
33°52′1.07″N 116°26′6.08″W / 33.8669639°N 116.4350222°W / 33.8669639; -116.4350222 (K21DO-D)
Topeka
Kansas
K35KX-D
35.135.235.335.435.5
<Was AA>NTD AmericaShop LCNovelisimaTwist
184192
38°48′19.8″N 95°43′3.5″W / 38.805500°N 95.717639°W / 38.805500; -95.717639 (K35KX-D)
Traverse City
Michigan
W36FH-D
36.136.236.336.4
InfomercialsLXOxygenInfomercials
185195
44°44′58.6″N 85°43′4.7″W / 44.749611°N 85.717972°W / 44.749611; -85.717972 (W36FH-D)
Pascagoula
Mississippi
W33EG-D
32.132.232.332.432.532.6
TrueRealNovelisimaScripps NewsGetTVBlankTwist
187804
30°32′59.5″N 88°33′23.8″W / 30.549861°N 88.556611°W / 30.549861; -88.556611 (W33EG-D)
Joplin
Missouri
KRLJ-LD
45.145.245.345.445.545.645.7
Shop LCInfomercialsInfomercialsInfomercialsOxygenLXNTD America
186287
37°11′30.1″N 94°41′19″W / 37.191694°N 94.68861°W / 37.191694; -94.68861 (KRLJ-LD)
Pittsburg
Kansas
KPJO-LD
49.149.249.349.449.549.649.7
Court TVgetTVSonLifeBuzzrDefy TVTrueRealScripps News
127415
37°11′30.1″N 94°41′19″W / 37.191694°N 94.68861°W / 37.191694; -94.68861 (KPJO-LD)
Wilmington
North Carolina
WQDH-LD
49.149.249.349.449.549.649.7
Estrella TVGetTVNTD AmericaShop LCJewelry TVTwistNovelisima
182080
34°10′52.2″N 77°55′48.9″W / 34.181167°N 77.930250°W / 34.181167; -77.930250 (WQDH-LD)
Amarillo
Texas
KAUO-LD
15.115.215.315.415.515.615.7
Defy TVgetTVCourt TVTrue Crime NetworkTrueRealNovelisimaQuest
181600
35°10′20.8″N 101°57′13.3″W / 35.172444°N 101.953694°W / 35.172444; -101.953694 (KAUO-LD)
Amarillo
Texas
KLKW-LD
22.122.222.322.422.522.622.7
Estrella TVShop LCSonLifeBuzzrLXTeleXitosInfomercials
188769
35°10′21″N 101°57′13″W / 35.17250°N 101.95361°W / 35.17250; -101.95361 (KLKW-LD)
Lubbock
Texas
K32OV-D
24.124.224.324.424.5
Scripps NewsDefy TVIon(Blank)Law & Crime
129704
33°30′57.8″N 101°50′55.9″W / 33.516056°N 101.848861°W / 33.516056; -101.848861 (K32OV-D)
Lubbock
Texas
KNKC-LD
29.129.229.329.429.529.629.7
Estrella TVSonLifegetTVOxygenTwistDaystar EspañolBuzzr
183611
33°32′30″N 101°49′18″W / 33.54167°N 101.82167°W / 33.54167; -101.82167 (KNKC-LD)
Pasco
Washington
K28QK-D
22.1
<Was AA>
188578
46°6′54.6″N 119°1′35.1″W / 46.115167°N 119.026417°W / 46.115167; -119.026417 (K28QK-D)
Walla Walla
Washington
K33EJ-D
33.133.233.333.433.5
Court TVBounce TVGrit(Blank)3ABN
17399
45°59′3.4″N 118°10′11.8″W / 45.984278°N 118.169944°W / 45.984278; -118.169944 (K33EJ-D)
Jackson
Tennessee
WYJJ-LD
27.127.227.327.427.627.7
Court TVBounce TVgetTVSonLifeCatchy ComedyCozi TV
188036
35°38′49.1″N 88°50′0.2″W / 35.646972°N 88.833389°W / 35.646972; -88.833389 (WJYY-LD)
Bangor
Maine
W20ER-D
20.120.220.320.4
Defy TVTrueRealScripps NewsLaff
187895
44°51′9.8″N 68°47′2.9″W / 44.852722°N 68.784139°W / 44.852722; -68.784139 (W20ER-D)
Bangor
Maine
W32FS-D
32.132.232.332.4
Defy TVTrueRealScripps NewsLaff
187898
44°51′9.8″N 68°47′2.9″W / 44.852722°N 68.784139°W / 44.852722; -68.784139 (W32FS-D)
Bowling Green
Kentucky
WCZU-LD
39.139.239.339.439.539.639.7
The365BuzzrBounce TVSonLifeGritIon MysteryCozi TV
182670
37°9′18.7″N 86°19′33.2″W / 37.155194°N 86.325889°W / 37.155194; -86.325889 (WCZU-LD)
Grand Island
Nebraska
KIUA-LD
15.115.215.315.415.5
Bounce TVCourt TVbeIN XtrabeIN Xtra EspañolInfomercials
183625
40°49′44.8″N 98°0′30.6″W / 40.829111°N 98.008500°W / 40.829111; -98.008500 (KIUA-LD)
Keokuk
Iowa
K14SU-D
14.114.214.314.4
Ion TelevisionDefy TVTrueRealScripps News
188731
39°58′19.3″N 91°19′40.4″W / 39.972028°N 91.327889°W / 39.972028; -91.327889 (K14SU-D)
Eolia
Missouri
WVDM-LD
40.140.240.340.440.5
Court TVBounce TVGritLaffIon Mystery
188767
39°15′53.9″N 91°1′58.4″W / 39.264972°N 91.032889°W / 39.264972; -91.032889 (WVDM-LD)
Mayagüez
Puerto Rico
WOST
14.114.214.314.414.514.6
ShopHQ<Was AA>Shop LC(Blank)beIN XtrabeIN Xtra Español
60357
18°18′51″N 67°11′24″W / 18.31417°N 67.19000°W / 18.31417; -67.19000 (WOST)
Quebradillas
Puerto Rico
WWKQ-LD
19.119.219.319.419.519.6
ShopHQ<Was AA>Shop LC(Blank)beIN XtrabeIN Xtra Español
60369
18°28′45.7″N 66°55′34.6″W / 18.479361°N 66.926278°W / 18.479361; -66.926278 (WWKQ-LD)
Mayagüez
Puerto Rico
W27DZ-D
51.151.251.351.451.551.6
ShopHQ<Was AA>Shop LC(Blank)beIN XtrabeIN Xtra Español
125245
18°13′39.1″N 67°6′35.2″W / 18.227528°N 67.109778°W / 18.227528; -67.109778 (W27DZ-D)
Ponce
Puerto Rico
WQQZ-CD
14.114.214.314.414.5
ShopHQInfomercials<Was AA>(Blank)Infomercials
32142
18°4′38.8″N 66°45′1.6″W / 18.077444°N 66.750444°W / 18.077444; -66.750444 (WQQZ-CD)
San Juan
Puerto Rico
W20EJ-D
26.126.226.326.426.526.6
ShopHQ<Was AA>Shop LC(Blank)NovelisimabeIN Xtra
125192
18°16′25″N 66°5′40″W / 18.27361°N 66.09444°W / 18.27361; -66.09444 (W20EJ-D)
Former stations
City of license
State
Station
Facility ID
Notes
Enterprise
Alabama
W46EJ-D
187829
Sold to Gray Television in 2016; licensed in 2009 but unbuilt.
Enterprise
Alabama
WGEI-LD
187828
Sold to Gray Television in 2016; licensed in 2010 but unbuilt.
Hot Springs
Arkansas
KQPS-LD
188820
License cancelled June 1, 2021.
Jonesboro
Arkansas
K30MF-D
187270
License cancelled August 24, 2020.
Gainesville
Florida
W24DM-D
182304
License cancelled October 2, 2020.
Ocala
Florida
WNDS-LD
187643
License cancelled November 16, 2017.
Panama City
Florida
W16DX-D
182839
Sold to Gray Television in 2016; licensed in 2009 but unbuilt.
Panama City
Florida
WIDM-LD
182841
Sold to Gray Television in 2016; licensed in 2009 but unbuilt.
Tallahassee
Florida
WDDM-LD
182471
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Augusta
Georgia
WCZC-LD
181845
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Augusta
Georgia
WDMN-LD
184020
Sold to Roseland Broadcasting in 2019; licensed in 2010 but unbuilt.
Augusta
Georgia
WQEP-LD
181849
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Augusta
Georgia
WDYH-LD
181850
License cancelled December 15, 2020.
Macon
Georgia
WDYI-LD
181998
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Champaign
Illinois
W34EH-D
184765
License cancelled August 24, 2020.
Champaign
Illinois
WFDE-LD
184763
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Jacksonville
Illinois
W24EV-D
188752
Sold to Roseland Broadcasting in 2021; licensed in 2010 but unbuilt.
Peoria
Illinois
WDLF-LD
183633
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Peoria
Illinois
WKMH-LD
183634
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Rockford
Illinois
W22EE-D
183744
Sold to Gray Television in 2016; licensed in 2011 but unbuilt.
Rockford
Illinois
WODF-LD
183592
License cancelled May 20, 2020.
Springfield
Illinois
WBDI-LD
181968
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Evansville
Indiana
W27DH-D
181945
License cancelled December 15, 2020.
Evansville
Indiana
WUCU-LD
181949
License cancelled December 15, 2020.
Lafayette
Indiana
WECY-LD
184197
Acquired by Woodland Communications in 2018; licensed in 2011 but unbuilt.
Marion
Indiana
WCZA-LD
184280
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Cedar Falls
Iowa
KBBA-LD
188733
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Cedar Falls
Iowa
KMIK-LD
188736
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Davenport
Iowa
WUEB-LD
183591
License cancelled May 20, 2020.
Iowa City
Iowa
KWKB
35096
Former WB, CW and MyNet affiliate prior to DTV ownership. Sold to TCT in 2021.
Ottumwa
Iowa
KGLU-LD
188726
License cancelled August 24, 2020.
Sioux City
Iowa
KEJK-LD
184681
License cancelled August 24, 2020.
Bowling Green
Kentucky
W14DG-D
182477
Sold to Gray Television in 2016; licensed in 2009 and signed on earlier that year.
Flint
Michigan
WFKB-LD
184495
License cancelled December 15, 2020.
Midland
Michigan
WIEK-LD
184509
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Rochester
Minnesota
KILW-LD
184634
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Lincoln
Nebraska
KJII-LD
183626
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Lincoln
Nebraska
KIJK-LD
183628
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Lincoln
Nebraska
KBLI-LD
183620
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Lincoln
Nebraska
KQLD-LD
183627
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Santa Fe
New Mexico
KAOE-LD
183550
Sold to Roseland Broadcasting in 2021; licensed in 2009 but unbuilt.
Watertown
New York
W45EI-D
188838
Sold to SagamoreHill Broadcasting in 2016; licensed in 2015 but unbuilt.
Wilmington
North Carolina
WADA-LD
182078
License cancelled December 1, 2020.
Bismarck
North Dakota
K15MQ-D
185742
Sold to Roseland Broadcasting in 2021; licensed in 2010 but unbuilt.
Enid
Oklahoma
KZMB-LD
188840
License cancelled August 24, 2020.
Charleston
South Carolina
WCYD-LD
182494
License cancelled May 20, 2020.
Florence
South Carolina
WLDW-LD
182006
License cancelled December 15, 2020.
College Station
Texas
K49LC-D
182059
Sold to Gray Television in 2016; licensed in 2010 but unbuilt.
Sherman
Texas
K31LQ-D
184857
Sold to Gray Television in 2016; licensed in 2010 but unbuilt.
Wausau
Wisconsin
WWEA-LD
187397
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Wausau
Wisconsin
WEHG-LD
184337
License cancelled September 21, 2020.
Notes
^ Nominally licensed to Van Nuys, California.
^ Nominally licensed to DeSoto, Texas.
^ Nominally licensed to Mesquite, Texas.
^ Nominally licensed to Macon, Georgia.
^ Nominally licensed to Concord, New Hampshire.
^ Nominally licensed to Rochester, Minnesota.
^ a b c d Nominally licensed to Canton, Ohio.
^ Nominally licensed to Stockton, California, but signal does not reach there.
^ Nominally licensed to Florence, South Carolina.
^ Nominally licensed to Lumberton, North Carolina.
^ The two New Athens LPTVs have different cities of license. W09DL-D is licensed to Mount Vernon, Illinois, which it does not cover. WLEH-LD is erroneously listed by the FCC as licensed to "St. Louis, Illinois"; the transmitters barely cover areas on the other side of the Mississippi River.
^ Nominally licensed to Bowling Green, Kentucky.
^ Nominally licensed to White House, Tennessee.
^ Nominally licensed to Springfield, Massachusetts.
^ Nominally licensed to Topeka, Kansas.
^ WDOX-LD and WXOD-LD are nominally licensed to Palm Beach, Florida.
^ Nominally licensed to Bowling Green, Kentucky.
^ Nominally licensed to Gainesville, Florida.
^ Nominally licensed to Ocala, Florida.
^ Nominally licensed to Santa Fe, New Mexico.
^ Nominally licensed to Santa Fe, New Mexico.
^ KENH-LD and KWMO-LD are nominally licensed to Hot Springs, Arkansas.
^ Nominally licensed to Midland, Michigan.
^ Between Lafayette and Baton Rouge, but reaching neither city.
^ The transmitter is equidistant between Lincoln and Omaha.
^ Nominally licensed to Wolcott, Indiana.
^ KCEB (licensed to Longview, Texas) is a full-service TV station hosted by the low-power KPKN-LD.
^ W30EH-D is operating in ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) format.
^ Nominally licensed to Crowley, Louisiana.
^ Nominally licensed to Lumberton, Mississippi.
^ Nominally licensed to Lincoln, Nebraska.
^ Nominally licensed to Quincy, Illinois.
^ a b c d Gray traded this station to Edge Spectrum in 2019 in exchange for WGCW-LD.
^ Converted into a replacement signal for CBS affiliate WIFR-TV after the FCC's Broadcast incentive auction.
^ Signed on by Woodland as ABC affiliate WPBY-LD.
^ A 2018 purchase attempt by Roseland Broadcasting (with Bahakel Communications operating via an SSA) failed to be consummated.
^ Converted by Gray into Telemundo affiliate WBGS-LD.
^ Signed on by SagamoreHill as NBC affiliate WVNC-LD.
^ Signed on as KNXG-LD, an ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) simulcast of KBTX.
^ Signed on as K28QF-D, a translator for Sherman, Texas, CBS affiliate KXII.
References
^ "Stations for Owner - HC2 Holdings". RabbitEars. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
^ "Subchannel Listing". HC2 Broadcasting. Innovate Corp. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h "Station Trading Roundup: 1 Deal, $720,000". TVNewsCheck. August 2, 2016. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2017."APPLICATION FOR TRANSFER OF CONTROL OF A CORPORATE LICENSEE OR PERMITTEE, OR FOR ASSIGNMENT OF LICENSE OR PERMIT OF TV OR FM TRANSLATOR STATION OR LOW POWER TELEVISION STATION". CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. July 28, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
^ "Low Power Digital TV Assignment of Authorization: BAPDTL-20181005AAN". Federal Communications Commission. October 5, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
^ a b Jacobson, Adam (June 17, 2019). "Licensee Problems Lead To SagamoreHill Deal Shift". Radio & Television Business Report. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
^ a b c Miller, Mark (May 19, 2021). "Station Trading Roundup: 3 Deals, $62,500". TV News Check. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
^ Ellis, Jon (August 23, 2021). "Update: Christian Network Completes Purchase of Iowa City TV Station". NorthPine: Upper Midwest Broadcasting. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
^ RabbitEars TV Query for KNXG-LD
External links
Innovate Corp. - official website
HC2 Broadcasting - official website
DTV America - official website
vteINNOVATE Corp.Group companies/Divisions
DTV America
Hot TV Network
SWAAG TV
DuPont
Tri-State Christian Television
TCT Kids
3ABN affiliates
K17ED-D
K17JI-D
K25OB-D
K31FD-D
K33LN-D
K36MU-D
K36NE-D
KTLD-CD
W23BW-D
W29CI-D
W34EY-D
WTVK
Vision Latina affiliates
K29LR-D
KASC-LP
KAZH-LD
KBTU-LD
KCEB
KDFS-CD
KEMO-TV
KHDF-CD
KLKW-LD
KNKC-LD
KNWS-LD
KOHC-CD
KOXI-CD
KPAO-LP
KQDF-LD
KQML-LD
KRLJ-LD
KRPG-LD
KUSE-LD
KVAT-LD
KVDF-CD
KXBF-LD
W23BW-D
W25FG-D
WBSE-LD
WCUH-LD
WDWO-CD
WFWG-LD
WHEH-LD
WIRP-LD
WKOB-LD
WKUT-LD
WLEK-LD
WPSJ-CD
WPVN-CD
WQDH-LD
WQDI-LD
WRNT-LD
WTAM-LD
WTNO-CD
WTSJ-LD
WRCX-LD
WSDI-LD
WUVM-LD
WXAX-CD
KPDF-CD
KWHE
WWHC-LD
WJGP-LD
WXIV-LD
WKUW-LD
WANA-LD
W15EB-D
W23DE-D
WUEB-LD
WMDE
KFWD
Spectrum News 1 affiliates
KHPK-LD
W25FG-D
WATV-LD
WUVM-LD
WFWC-CD
W31EZ-D
WEIN-LD
WXIV-LD
WKUW-LD
Story Television affiliates
KHPK-LD
KNWS-LD
W25FG-D
WATV-LD
WUVM-LD
beIN Sports Xtra affiliates
K21OM-D
KEMO-TV
KHDF-CD
KNAV-LD
KSKJ-CD
KSKT-CD
KVAT-LD
KVDF-CD
W16CC-D
WDEM-CD
WPVN-CD
WPSJ-CD
WTXX-LD
WYGA-CD
WRCX-LD
Bounce TV affiliates
K33LN-D
KBTU-LD
KOBS-LD
W29CI-D
WCZU-LD
WYJJ-LD
Buzzr affiliates
KBGU-LD
KBTU-LD
KNKC-LD
KNWS-LD
KOBS-LD
KOXI-CD
KSKT-CD
KVMM-CD
W23BW-D
W34EY-D
WCZU-LD
WFFC-LD
WOSC-CD
WCUH-LD
WRNT-LD
WTSJ-LD
CBN News affiliates
K33LN-D
KAXW-LD
KBGU-LD
KBTU-LD
WCUH-LD
KSKJ-CD
WSDI-LD
WUCU-LD
KWHE
WZCH-LD
WDWW-LD
W46AM-D
Timeless TV/Magnificent Movies Network affiliates
K17JI-D
K21OM-D
K31FD-D
K36NE-D
KNAV-LD
KPTN-LD
KSBO-CD
WZCH-LD
KTVP-LD
KUSE-LD
KXBF-LD
W15EB-D
W23BW-D
W25FG-D
W29CI-D
WBSE-LD
WDEM-CD
WFFC-LD
KAXW-LD
WFWG-LD
WQAW-LD
WFFC-LD
WQDH-LD
WQDI-LD
WRNT-LD
WTNO-CD
WVTT-CD
WWCI-CD
WXAX-CD
WTXX-LD
W16CC-D
WMDE
Court TV affiliates
K27NB-D
K36MU-D
W34EY-D
WCZU-LD
WYJJ-LD
WELW-LD
ULFN affiliates
WPVN-CD
WKOB-LD
WQDE-LD
KSKJ-CD
KHPK-LD
K21DO-D
KWHE
WYHB-CD
WWHC-LD
WJGP-LD
KUGB-CD
WXIV-LD
WANA-LD
W15EB-D
W23DE-D
WUEB-LD
WMDE
Law & Crime affiliates
KHDF-CD
KEMO-TV
WPVN-CD
WKOB-LD
WQDE-LD
KSKJ-CD
WZCK-LD
WXIV-LD
K35OY-D
WPSJ-CD
WVTT-CD
W46AM-D
WXAX-CD
KSBO-CD
Catchy Comedy affiliates
WOSC-CD
WVTT-CD
WQDE-LD
WUDL-LD
Great Entertainment Television (GET) affiliates
KAXW-LD
KBGU-LD
KJNK-LD
KRZG-CD
KSKT-CD
W34EY-D
WFWC-CD
WKUT-LD
WQAW-LD
WRNT-LD
WWAT-CD
WYJJ-LD
K29LR-D
KNKC-LD
Grit affiliates
K33LN-D
KBGU-LD
WCZU-LD
Heartland affiliates
KFTY-LD
KHDF-CD
KQRO-LD
WPTG-CD
WWAT-CD
WMDE
KFWD
Hot TV (History of Television) affiliates
K07AAD-D
KBTV-CD
KNBX-CD
KONV-LD
WUCU-LD
W23DE-D
HSN affiliates
KCCX-LD
KEGS-LD
KGBS-CD
KNAV-LD
KODF-LD
KPTN-LD
KTOU-LD
W16DQ-D
W36DO-D
WFWC-CD
WOSC-CD
HSN2 affiliates
K17MJ-D
KBTV-CD
KISA-LD
KJJM-LD
KTOU-LD
KUVM-CD
W31EZ-D
Ion Mystery affiliates
K33LN-D
KVMM-CD
W29CI-D
WOSC-CD
WYHB-CD
Jewelry Television affiliates
K17MJ-D
KISA-LD
KJJM-LD
KPTN-LD
WBYD-CD
WSDI-LD
WTSJ-LD
KFWD
Laff affiliates
K33LN-D
KBGU-LD
W29CI-D
WYHB-CD
LATV affiliates
K17MJ-D
KHPK-LD
KISA-LD
KODF-LD
KOHC-CD
KUVM-CD
KVAT-LD
KXBF-LD
W16CC-D
W31EZ-D
WPSJ-CD
WANA-LD
WUHQ-LD
LX Home/Xumo Family/Oxygen affiliates
KJNK-LD
KOXI-CD
KUSE-LD
WDEM-CD
WDWO-CD
WHEH-LD
WQAW-LD
WTSJ-LD
WUVM-LD
WCUH-LD
WYGA-CD
WUDZ-LD
K28QK-D
Movies! affiliates
WOSC-CD
WVTT-CD
W18EZ-D
K21DO-D
OnTV4U affiliates
K17MJ-D
KHDF-CD
KISA-LD
KPTN-LD
KVAT-LD
W20EJ-D
W27DZ-D
WMKE-CD
WOST
WQQZ-CD
WSDI-LD
WWKQ-LD
CMC affiliates
WUDT-LD
WTVK
WRCX-LD
KWHE
KONV-LD
WJGP-LD
WWHC-LD
WXIV-LD
K35OY-D
WPVS-LD
W46AM-D
WLXI
WSDI-LD
KFWD
QVC affiliates
K17MJ-D
KAXW-LD
KBTV-CD
KISA-LD
KOBS-LD
KPDF-CD
KPTN-LD
KZDF-LD
QVC2 affiliates
K17MJ-D
KISA-LD
KOBS-LD
KPTN-LD
W31EZ-D
KONV-LD
QVC3 affiliates
WXIV-LD
WPVS-LD
Revenue Frontier affiliates
KEMO-TV
KUVM-CD
KUVM-LD
ShopHQ affiliates
KHDF-CD
KJNK-LD
KSKJ-CD
W20EJ-D
W27DZ-D
WDWO-CD
WOST
WQAW-LD
WQQZ-CD
WWKQ-LD
WXAX-CD
Shop LC affiliates
K12XP-D
K17JI-D
K17MJ-D
K29LR-D
K33LN-D
K36NE-D
KAXW-LD
KBGU-LD
KBTU-LD
KISA-LD
KJJM-LD
KLKW-LD
KJNK-LD
KNKC-LD
KOBS-LD
KORY-CD
KOXI-CD
KQDF-LD
KRZG-CD
KSKT-CD
KTVP-LD
KUGB-CD
KUSE-LD
KVAT-LD
KXBF-LD
KZDF-LD
W20EJ-D
W27DZ-D
W31EZ-D
W34EY-D
WBYD-CD
WDEM-CD
WFFC-LD
WFWC-CD
WIRP-LD
WKUT-LD
WLEK-LD
WOST
WUCU-LD
WQDH-LD
WQQZ-CD
WRNT-LD
WTSJ-LD
WVTT-CD
WWKQ-LD
WXAX-CD
WYGA-CD
WTLJ
WMDE
MyNetworkTV affiliates
K12XP-D
K17MJ-D
KEGS-LD
KTOU-LD
KTVP-LD
KVAT-LD
KPJO-LD
WYJJ-LD
W16CC-D
WTVK
WQAW-LD
WCZU-LD
SonLife affiliates
K07AAD-D
K17MJ-D
K17JI-D
K29LR-D
KAXW-LD
KBTU-LD
KBTV-CD
KEGS-LD
KEMO-TV
KGBS-CD
KHPK-LD
KISA-LD
KJNK-LD
KNKC-LD
KODF-LD
KPTN-LD
KQMM-CD
KRZG-CD
KTOU-LD
KUSE-LD
KUVM-LD
KVAT-LD
KVPX-LD
KXBF-LD
KZDF-LD
KZMM-CD
W16CC-D
W16DQ-D
WCZU-LD
WFWC-CD
WOSC-CD
WPSJ-CD
WSDI-LD
WTVK
WTLJ
WXIV-LD
KFWD
TheGrio affiliates
KZDF-LD
WTVK
KWHE
America Teve affiliates
WSPF-CD
WQDE-LD
WUCU-LD
WUDT-LD
K21DO-D
WAUR-LD
KPDF-CD
WRCX-LD
KWHE
WUHQ-LD
WWHC-LD
WXIV-LD
K35OY-D
W46AM-D
W23DE-D
TCT O&Os
WDWO-CD
WSPF-CD
WPVS-LD
WTLJ
WSCG
WTCT
KDOC-TV
WACP
KAIL
WRLM
KTNC-TV
WINM
KPNZ
WFBD
KDMI
KTTW
WTWV
WAQP
WRAY-TV
WWJX
WNYB
WFXW
KWKB
WWTW
KBCB
KXTF
WBIH
KCWV
WIGL-LD
True Crime Network affiliates
WFFC-LD
WPTG-CD
WWAT-CD
Outlaw affiliates
K21OM-D
K29LR-D
K36NE-D
KLKW-LD
KNKC-LD
KQML-LD
KRLJ-LD
WPVN-CD
KRZG-CD
KSBO-CD
KXBF-LD
WBSE-LD
WCUH-LD
WQAW-LD
WQDH-LD
THE 365 affiliates
K21OM-D
Other affiliates
911 Network
WQHI-LD
Asiancrush
WQHI-LD
Fuse
K17ED-D
K17JI-D
KHPK-LD
WQDE-LD
W31EZ-D
WKUW-LD
Bloomberg Television
K17ED-D
K20JX-D
BBC Earth
K17ED-D
KODF-LD
WSDI-LD
BBC Food
WQHI-LD
Advenimiento TV
WFWC-CD
Almavision
KEGS-LD
W31EZ-D
WQDE-LD
WTLJ
WZCH-LD
WMDE
Arirang TV
WMDE
Outside TV
K20JX-D
UniMás
WQDE-LD
Antenna TV
KADF-LD
BatteryPOP
WPVS-LD
Binge TV
KNBX-CD
Novelisima
W02CY-D
WPVN-CD
KPDS-LD
WDWW-LD
W48CL-D
Biz TV
WSPF-CD
Toon Goggles
KFTY-LD
KQRO-LD
WQHI-LD
WUCU-LD
WJXE-LD
WUHQ-LD
The365
KADF-LD
WWKH-CD
WCUH-LD
WPVN-CD
France24
KPDF-CD
WUDZ-LD
CMT Music
KFTY-LD
KQRO-LD
Charge!
KGBS-CD
CTN
KPTN-LD
WQDE-LD
WUDT-LD
WJGP-LD
CTN Lifestyle
KAJR-LD
WUDT-LD
WJGP-LD
Comet TV
KGBS-CD
Cozi TV
WBSE-LD
WFWC-CD
WQAW-LD
NOST
KEMO-TV
KHPK-LD
K33LN-D
W02CY-D
KTLD-CD
WPTG-CD
WMDE
KFWD
Canal de la Fe
K04QR-D
Dabl
KRZG-CD
KSKT-CD
WRNT-LD
KWHE
Carz & Trax
WUEO-LD
KHPK-LD
WRCX-LD
KWHE
KPJO-LD
WWHC-LD
WJGP-LD
WUEB-LD
W35DW-D
Cocoro
WWLM-CD
Crossings TV
KBTV-CD
InWonder
KZDF-LD
WUEB-LD
WELW-LD
WUDZ-LD
Chive TV
WTLJ
WQHI-LD
CoinDesk.TV
WTLJ
WWLM-CD
VCR Action
K28QK-D
WQDE-LD
WWKH-CD
WCUH-LD
WPVN-CD
The Design Network
WTLJ
WWHC-LD
WQHI-LD
W46AM-D
Docurama
WAUR-LD
Dove Channel
WQHI-LD
DuPont
WDWW-LD
El Rey Network
WJGP-LD
WWHC-LD
ESNE TV
KHDF-CD
KPDF-CD
Estrella TV
K21OC-D
KEMO-TV
KNKC-LD
W31EZ-D
WUCU-LD
WDEM-CD
WQDE-LD
KVMM-CD
KONV-LD
KLDF-CD
WLXI
Estrella Games
W31EZ-D
WQDE-LD
WUCU-LD
K21DO-D
WLXI
Fave TV
KSSJ-LD
WCUH-LD
WZCH-LD
FidoTV
WZCH-LD
K35OY-D
GoodNews TV
K12XP-D
Estrella News
W31EZ-D
WQDE-LD
KWHE
WWHC-LD
KLDF-CD
W46AM-D
WLXI
H&I
KCMN-LD
Spike Outdoors
WCUH-LD
The Action Channel
W16CC-D
Hope Channel
K20JX-D
Ion Television
WRCX-LD
WELW-LD
KinoCult
KLDF-CD
Kiss FM Austin simulcast
KGBS-CD
Rainbow Squad
WCUH-LD
Diya TV
KVDF-CD
WLXI
W48CL-D
Nosey
WUDZ-LD
WQHI-LD
W48CL-D
Majestad TV
KRZG-CD
MBC-D
WPVN-CD
MeTV
KRZG-CD
MeTV+
K21DO-D
W48CL-D
MiCasa
KORY-CD
KUVM-LD
MotorTrend FAST TV
WPVS-LD
W48CL-D
Scripps News
WELW-LD
SWAAG TV
WPVN-CD
NTD America
K29LR-D
KEMO-TV
WPTG-CD
WTNO-CD
WWAT-CD
NewsNet
WPTG-CD
WWAT-CD
Peace TV
KUVM-LD
WZPA-LD
WJGP-LD
WWLM-CD
VCR Haha
KLDF-CD
WUEB-LD
WELW-LD
WCUH-LD
Pattrn
WQHI-LD
Retro TV
WPTG-CD
WWAT-CD
KBTV-CD
WMDE
KFWD
Pluto TV Drama
WPVS-LD
Pluto TV Cars
WWLM-CD
Revry
WQHI-LD
Rewind TV
WJXE-LD
Saigon TV
K28QK-D
The Nest
KGBS-CD
WQDT-LD
Trace Latina
KLDF-CD
KFWD
TBD
KGBS-CD
KLDF-CD
WSDI-LD
Team Spirit
WPVS-LD
W23DE-D
The CW
KOBS-LD
The Film Detective
KLDF-CD
Telemundo
KJNK-LD
WUEK-LD
W15EB-D
KAXW-LD
This TV
WPTG-CD
Tropik Network
W16CC-D
UANetwork
KHPK-LD
KODF-LD
Univision
WUDT-LD
WEIN-LD
WeatherNation
WUDZ-LD
K21DO-D
WRCX-LD
WXIV-LD
WWLM-CD
WJXE-LD
World Harvest Television
KWHE
Journy
KUVM-LD
WQHI-LD
WWLM-CD
Xplore
WQHI-LD
Xumo Documentaries
WPVS-LD
Yonhap News TV
KFWD
YTA TV
WAUR-LD
Defunct or Sold HC2 Holdings stations
KASC-LP
KDFQ-LP
KPAO-LP
W27DH-D
WADA-LD
WDRF-LD
WUOF-LD
WJFB
KYAZ
WTOO-CD
WBEH-CD
Azteca America
DTV America stationsvteDTV AmericaVision Latina affiliates
K35OY-D
KAXW-LD
KBTU-LD
KDKJ-LD
KFLL-LD
KLKW-LD
KNKC-LD
KQML-LD
KRLJ-LD
KXBF-LD
W33DN-D
WBSE-LD
WCUH-LD
WFFC-LD
WFWG-LD
WHEH-LD
WIRP-LD
WJXE-LD
WKUT-LD
WQDI-LD
WTSJ-LD
WUVM-LD
W16CC-D
WWHB-CD
ULFN affiliates
KAXW-LD
KFLL-LD
KFMS-LD
WUEO-LD
WUVM-LD
WVTT-CD
Spectrum News 1 affiliates
KAXW-LD
KFLL-LD
KFMS-LD
WUEO-LD
WVTT-CD
Bounce TV affiliates
KAJS-LD
KBTU-LD
KMBD-LD
KOBS-LD
WCZU-LD
WGPS-LD
WOCW-LD
WVDM-LD
WYJJ-LD
Buzzr affiliates
KAJL-LD
KAJR-LD
KAJS-LD
KBGU-LD
KBTU-LD
KBZC-LD
KLKW-LD
KOBS-LD
KPJO-LD
KPKN-LD
KPMF-LD
KUOC-LD
KZCZ-LD
WCUH-LD
WCZU-LD
WDSF-LD
WEKA-LD
WFFC-LD
WGPS-LD
WKBJ-LD
WNCB-LD
WUEK-LD
WTSJ-LD
WUDZ-LD
WUOA-LD
WXOD-LD
CBN News affiliates
KAJF-LD
KBTU-LD
KFVT-LD
WDWW-LD
WTSJ-LD
WUDL-LD
Cheddar affiliates
KAJR-LD (soon)
KBMN-LD
KKPD-LD (soon)
KMBD-LD (soon)
KXBF-LD
WBSE-LD
WDRF-LD (soon)
WFFC-LD
WFWG-LD
WKBJ-LD
WQDI-LD
WUDL-LD
WUDZ-LD
WUOA-LD (soon)
Court TV affiliates
K36MU-D
KAJS-LD
KAUO-LD
KEHO-LD
KFLU-LD
KPJO-LD
KPKN-LD
W27EQ-D
WCQA-LD
WCZU-LD
WGPS-LD
WOCW-LD
WVDM-LD
WYJJ-LD
Ion Mystery affiliates
KQKT-LD
KMBD-LD
WCZU-LD
WEIN-LD
WRCZ-LD
WVDM-LD
COZI TV affiliates
KAHC-LD
KMBD-LD
KQMK-LD
WBSE-LD
WCZU-LD
WEIN-LD
WFWG-LD
WGPS-LD
WODR-LD
WRCZ-LD
WVEB-LD
WXOD-LD
WYJJ-LD
WZCK-LD
Catchy Comedy affiliates
KAJR-LD
KCMN-LD
KDKJ-LD
KFLU-LD
KQMK-LD
KUOC-LD
WDSF-LD
WKUW-LD
WVTT-CD
WYJJ-LD
Estrella TV affiliates
KDKJ-LD
KLKW-LD
KNKC-LD
WIRP-LD
WNCB-LD
Get TV affiliates
KAJF-LD
KAJL-LD
KAJR-LD
KAJS-LD
KAUO-LD
KBGU-LD
KBZC-LD
KDKJ-LD
KFVT-LD
KJNK-LD
KNKC-LD
KPJO-LD
KPMF-LD
KZCZ-LD
WFWG-LD
WGPS-LD
WKUT-LD
WUOA-LD
WXOD-LD
WYJJ-LD
WZCK-LD
Grit affiliates
KAJS-LD
KEHO-LD
KMBD-LD
W27EQ-D
WCZU-LD
WRCZ-LD
WVDM-LD
H&I affiliates
KCMN-LD
KDKJ-LD
KFLU-LD
WIRP-LD
WKUW-LD
WUDZ-LD
Jewelry TV affiliates
KAJR-LD
KLKW-LD
KPKN-LD
WEKA-LD
WRCZ-LD
WTSJ-LD
WUEK-LD
Laff affiliates
KMBD-LD
KQKT-LD
W21EL-D
WKBJ-LD
WVDM-LD
Xumo Family affiliates
KAJF-LD
KJNK-LD
WHEH-LD
WTSJ-LD
WUDZ-LD
WUEK-LD
Movies! affiliates
KAJL-LD
KAJR-LD
KCMN-LD
KDKJ-LD
KFVT-LD
KQMK-LD
KUOC-LD
WIRP-LD
WKUW-LD
WUDZ-LD
WVTT-CD
OnTV4U affiliates
WZCK-LD
Quest affiliates
KAJL-LD
KAUO-LD
KBZC-LD
KCMN-LD
KPMF-LD
KRLJ-LD
KUOC-LD
WDSF-LD
WFFC-LD
WZCK-LD
QVC affiliates
KAHC-LD
KAJF-LD
KAJR-LD
KFVT-LD
KMBD-LD
KOBS-LD
KPKN-LD
KPMF-LD
KZCZ-LD
KZLL-LD
WDWW-LD
WIRP-LD
WNCB-LD
WUEK-LD
WUDL-LD
WUOA-LD
QVC2 affiliates
KAHC-LD
KCMN-LD
KCYM-LD
KEHO-LD
KFVT-LD
KKPD-LD
KMBD-LD
KOBS-LD
KPFW-LD
KPKN-LD
KZLL-LD
WDSF-LD
WDSF-LD
WKBJ-LD
WNCB-LD
WODK-LD
WQDI-LD
WVEB-LD
ShopHQ affiliates
KAHC-LD
KAJF-LD
KJNK-LD
WDWW-LD
WKBJ-LD
WODK-LD
WVEB-LD
WXOD-LD
Shop LC affiliates
KAHC-LD
KAJF-LD
KBGU-LD
KBKI-LD
KBTU-LD
KBZC-LD
KCYM-LD
KEHO-LD
KFLU-LD
KJNK-LD
KLKW-LD
KNKC-LD
KOBS-LD
KQMK-LD
KPFW-LD
KPJO-LD
KPKN-LD
KXBF-LD
KZCZ-LD
KZLL-LD
WDSF-LD
WDWW-LD
WIRP-LD
WKBJ-LD
WKUT-LD
WNCB-LD
WOCW-LD
WUEK-LD
WUDL-LD
WUDZ-LD
WUOA-LD
WVEB-LD
WXOD-LD
WZCK-LD
SonLife affiliates
KAJF-LD
KAJL-LD
KAJR-LD
KBTU-LD
KFVT-LD
KFVT-LD
KJNK-LD
KLKW-LD
KNKC-LD
KPJO-LD
KPMF-LD
KUOC-LD
KXBF-LD
KZCZ-LD
WCZU-LD
WEKA-LD
WGPS-LD
WLEK-LD
WNCB-LD
WUEK-LD
WUDL-LD
WUDZ-LD
WYJJ-LD
WZCK-LD
Stadium affiliates
KCMN-LD
KEHO-LD
WVEB-LD
TBD affiliates
WDWW-LD (soon)
WEKA-LD (soon)
WUEK-LD (soon)
True Crime affiliates
KAUO-LD
KFLU-LD
KRLJ-LD
KZLL-LD
WFFC-LD
The365/Outlaw/VCR Action/VCR Haha affiliates
KFVT-LD (soon)
KLKW-LD (soon)
KNKC-LD (soon)
KQMK-LD (soon)
KQML-LD (soon)
KRLJ-LD (soon)
KXBF-LD (soon)
KZLL-LD (soon)
WBSE-LD
WCUH-LD
WNCB-LD (soon)
WOCW-LD (soon)
WXOD-LD (soon)
WZCK-LD (soon)
Other affiliates
Comet
KZCZ-LD
Dabl
KRZG-CD
Defy TV
K36MU-D
W21EL-D
W23FC-D
W27EQ-D
Carz & Trax
KNKC-LD
W31EU-D
WUDX-LD
MeTV
WKUW-LD
LATV
KXBF-LD
beIN Sports Xtra
KPMF-LD
Scripps News
K36MU-D
W27EQ-D
Start TV
WKUW-LD
Telemundo
KJNK-LD
HOT
K36MU-D
W21EL-D
W27EQ-D
Silent/future stations
K07AAI-D
K15MR-D
K28QK-D
KBJE-LD
KIUA-LD
WDLH-LD
WEAE-LD
WJDO-LD
WWHC-LD
Defunct
KDKW-LD
KVTU-LD
WDRF-LD
1 Licensed to King Foward, Inc.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=List_of_stations_owned_by_Innovate_Corp."},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=List_of_stations_owned_by_Innovate_Corp."},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=List_of_stations_owned_by_Innovate_Corp."},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=List_of_stations_owned_by_Innovate_Corp."},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=List_of_stations_owned_by_Innovate_Corp."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Innovate_Station_ID.png"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"low-power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting#Television"},{"link_name":"Class A licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_television_service"},{"link_name":"designated market areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_market"},{"link_name":"New York, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Quincy, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Traverse City, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtv-stations-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"digital multicast television networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_multicast_television_network"},{"link_name":"station identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_identification"},{"link_name":"central hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralcasting"},{"link_name":"local insertion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_insertion"},{"link_name":"PowerPoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPoint"},{"link_name":"city of license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"},{"link_name":"Calibri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibri"},{"link_name":"clock wipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipe_(transition)"},{"link_name":"production music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_music"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Azteca América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azteca_Am%C3%A9rica"}],"text":"Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)An example of a standard Innovate Corp. station identification slide.The following is a list of stations owned by Innovate Corp. either under the HC2 Broadcasting, HC2 Holdings or DTV America holding company names. Innovate owns and operates 251 television stations, 248 of which are low-power facilities (with 39 as Class A licenses) and three of which operate as full-service facilities. These stations span across 112 designated market areas in the United States ranging from as large as New York, New York, to as small as Quincy, Illinois, and Traverse City, Michigan.[1][2]These stations have no local operations and rely almost entirely upon outsourced programming from third parties or the 24-hour feeds of digital multicast television networks for content; station identification is crudely inserted in from Innovate's central hub without regard to each network's local insertion opportunity and during actual programming. There is no differentiations in that sequence, all made up of a ten-second PowerPoint slide with calls, channel number and city of license in italicized Calibri, which has an inexplicably-placed default clock wipe in the middle of the sequence using the same production music cut each time. Some station identifications at times can display incorrect or out-of-date cities of license, or even the wrong identification for another station on the other side of the United States.[citation needed]Innovate's companies also operate on purchasing licenses for stations hundred of miles away, and \"jumping\" their city of license multiple times until they land in the right metropolitan area; in one case, a station licensed to Springfield, Illinois, instead serves St. Louis, and is low power, in no way even with rimshot coverage of a part of the Springfield market.One of these networks, Azteca América, was also owned by Innovate Corp., until ending operations on December 31, 2022. Former affiliates of Azteca América, many of which have no announced replacement programming, are listed as <Was AA>.","title":"List of stations owned by Innovate Corp."},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current stations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys,_California"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"DeSoto, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto,_Texas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Mesquite, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesquite,_Texas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Macon, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Concord, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Rochester, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WQDI_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WQDI_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WQDI_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WQDI_9-3"},{"link_name":"Canton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Stockton, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton,_California"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Florence, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Lumberton, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumberton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"White House, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Topeka, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Palm Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Gainesville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Ocala, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala,_Florida"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Midland, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Wolcott, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolcott,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Longview, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"ATSC 3.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_3.0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Crowley, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Lumberton, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumberton,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Quincy, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrayEdge_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrayEdge_37-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrayEdge_37-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrayEdge_37-3"},{"link_name":"Edge Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"WGCW-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGCW-LD"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"WIFR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIFR-LD"},{"link_name":"Broadcast incentive auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_reallocation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"WPBY-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPBY-LD"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Bahakel Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahakel_Communications"},{"link_name":"SSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KGLUsale-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"Telemundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemundo"},{"link_name":"WBGS-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBGS-LD"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"WVNC-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVNC-LD"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"KBTX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBTX"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"KXII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXII"}],"text":"^ Nominally licensed to Van Nuys, California.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to DeSoto, Texas.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Mesquite, Texas.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Macon, Georgia.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Concord, New Hampshire.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Rochester, Minnesota.\n\n^ a b c d Nominally licensed to Canton, Ohio.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Stockton, California, but signal does not reach there.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Florence, South Carolina.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Lumberton, North Carolina.\n\n^ The two New Athens LPTVs have different cities of license. W09DL-D is licensed to Mount Vernon, Illinois, which it does not cover. WLEH-LD is erroneously listed by the FCC as licensed to \"St. Louis, Illinois\"; the transmitters barely cover areas on the other side of the Mississippi River.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Bowling Green, Kentucky.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to White House, Tennessee.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Springfield, Massachusetts.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Topeka, Kansas.\n\n^ WDOX-LD and WXOD-LD are nominally licensed to Palm Beach, Florida.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Bowling Green, Kentucky.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Gainesville, Florida.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Ocala, Florida.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Santa Fe, New Mexico.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Santa Fe, New Mexico.\n\n^ KENH-LD and KWMO-LD are nominally licensed to Hot Springs, Arkansas.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Midland, Michigan.\n\n^ Between Lafayette and Baton Rouge, but reaching neither city.\n\n^ The transmitter is equidistant between Lincoln and Omaha.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Wolcott, Indiana.\n\n^ KCEB (licensed to Longview, Texas) is a full-service TV station hosted by the low-power KPKN-LD.\n\n^ W30EH-D is operating in ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) format.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Crowley, Louisiana.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Lumberton, Mississippi.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Lincoln, Nebraska.\n\n^ Nominally licensed to Quincy, Illinois.\n\n^ a b c d Gray traded this station to Edge Spectrum in 2019 in exchange for WGCW-LD.[4]\n\n^ Converted into a replacement signal for CBS affiliate WIFR-TV after the FCC's Broadcast incentive auction.\n\n^ Signed on by Woodland as ABC affiliate WPBY-LD.\n\n^ A 2018 purchase attempt by Roseland Broadcasting (with Bahakel Communications operating via an SSA) failed to be consummated.[5]\n\n^ Converted by Gray into Telemundo affiliate WBGS-LD.\n\n^ Signed on by SagamoreHill as NBC affiliate WVNC-LD.\n\n^ Signed on as KNXG-LD, an ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) simulcast of KBTX.[8]\n\n^ Signed on as K28QF-D, a translator for Sherman, Texas, CBS affiliate KXII.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"An example of a standard Innovate Corp. station identification slide.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Innovate_Station_ID.png/220px-Innovate_Station_ID.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Stations for Owner - HC2 Holdings\". RabbitEars. Retrieved October 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rabbitears.info/search.php?request=owner_search&owner=HC2+Holdings","url_text":"\"Stations for Owner - HC2 Holdings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RabbitEars","url_text":"RabbitEars"}]},{"reference":"\"Subchannel Listing\". HC2 Broadcasting. Innovate Corp. Retrieved January 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hc2broadcasting.com/subchannel-listing/","url_text":"\"Subchannel Listing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station Trading Roundup: 1 Deal, $720,000\". TVNewsCheck. August 2, 2016. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/96676/station-trading-roundup-1-deal-720000","url_text":"\"Station Trading Roundup: 1 Deal, $720,000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190220235807/https://tvnewscheck.com/article/96676/station-trading-roundup-1-deal-720000/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"APPLICATION FOR TRANSFER OF CONTROL OF A CORPORATE LICENSEE OR PERMITTEE, OR FOR ASSIGNMENT OF LICENSE OR PERMIT OF TV OR FM TRANSLATOR STATION OR LOW POWER TELEVISION STATION\". CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. July 28, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/prefill_and_display.pl?Application_id=1734928&Service=LD&Form_id=345&Facility_id=182477","url_text":"\"APPLICATION FOR TRANSFER OF CONTROL OF A CORPORATE LICENSEE OR PERMITTEE, OR FOR ASSIGNMENT OF LICENSE OR PERMIT OF TV OR FM TRANSLATOR STATION OR LOW POWER TELEVISION STATION\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Low Power Digital TV Assignment of Authorization: BAPDTL-20181005AAN\". Federal Communications Commission. October 5, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/views/public/assignmentDraftCopy?displayType=html&appKey=5c7d624dd2d2423f99d0c1b6063ebeb7&id=5c7d624dd2d2423f99d0c1b6063ebeb7&goBack=N","url_text":"\"Low Power Digital TV Assignment of Authorization: BAPDTL-20181005AAN\""}]},{"reference":"Jacobson, Adam (June 17, 2019). \"Licensee Problems Lead To SagamoreHill Deal Shift\". Radio & Television Business Report. Retrieved January 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rbr.com/licensee-problems-lead-to-sagamorehill-deal-shift/","url_text":"\"Licensee Problems Lead To SagamoreHill Deal Shift\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Mark (May 19, 2021). \"Station Trading Roundup: 3 Deals, $62,500\". TV News Check. Retrieved January 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvnewscheck.com/business/article/station-trading-roundup-3-deals-62500/","url_text":"\"Station Trading Roundup: 3 Deals, $62,500\""}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Jon (August 23, 2021). \"Update: Christian Network Completes Purchase of Iowa City TV Station\". NorthPine: Upper Midwest Broadcasting. Retrieved January 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northpine.com/blog/2021/08/23/christian-network-buys-iowa-city-tv-station/","url_text":"\"Update: Christian Network Completes Purchase of Iowa City TV Station\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_IV
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Rome process
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["1 History","2 Process","3 The Rome Foundation","4 Definition of functional gastrointestinal disorders/disorders of gut-brain interaction","5 Evolution of Rome criteria","5.1 Rome I","5.2 Rome II","5.3 Rome III","5.4 Rome IV","6 Rome IV criteria/classification","7 Notable People","8 See also","9 References and sources","10 External links"]
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Diagnostic criteria for gastrointestinal disorders
The Rome process and Rome criteria are an international effort to create scientific data to help in the diagnosis and treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia and rumination syndrome. The Rome diagnostic criteria are set forth by Rome Foundation, a not for profit 501(c)(3) organization based in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States.
History
Several systematic approaches attempted to classify functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). As a result, there were several key events which ultimately led to the current Rome Classification. In 1962, Chaudhary and Truelove published their study of IBS patients in Oxford, England. This was the first attempt to classify the new field of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Much of what they reported has persisted to the present day.
Subsequently, in 1978 came the "Manning Criteria" developed by Kenneth Heaton and colleagues in Bristol. This characterized IBS-D (IBS with predominant diarrhea), but importantly, a cluster of symptoms which were characteristic for this disorder. This ultimately became the basis for Rome's symptom-based criteria for IBS.
From 1980 to 1994, there were several epidemiological and clinical studies evaluating symptom prevalence and frequency in healthy subjects and IBS patients. Thompson, Drossman, Talley, Whitehead, and Kruis.
In 1989, the first consensus-based diagnostic criteria for IBS were established. The following year, a classification system for FGIDs was established.
From 1991 to 1993, several working teams (esophagus, gastroduodenal, bowel, biliary, anorectal) published symptom-based criteria and clinical features of the functional GI disorders within these anatomic domains in Gastroenterology International.
In 1993, a validated questionnaire of all the diagnostic criteria was created and was then applied in a national survey, the US Householder Survey: the first national epidemiological database on the prevalence, demographic factors, and health care seeking features of people with FGIDs.
In 1994, FGIDs were categorized into anatomical domains and resulted in a book now recognized as Rome I – The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology and Treatment – A Multinational Consensus.
The Rome criteria have been evolving from the first set of criteria issued in 1989 (The Rome Guidelines for IBS) through the Rome Classification System for functional gastrointestinal disorders (1990), or Rome-1, the Rome I Criteria for IBS (1992) and the functional gastrointestinal disorders (1994), the Rome II Criteria for IBS (1999) and the functional gastrointestinal disorders (1999) to the Rome III Criteria (2006). "Rome II" and "Rome III" incorporated pediatric criteria to the consensus.
The Rome IV update was published 10 years later in May 2016. This covers epidemiology, pathophysiology, psychosocial and clinical features, and diagnostic evaluation and treatment recommendations for 33 adult and 17 pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Process
The Rome criteria are achieved and finally issued through a consensual process, using the Delphi method (or Delphi technique). The Rome Foundation process is an international effort to create scientific data to help in the diagnosis and treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders, also known as disorders of gut-brain interaction. The Rome Diagnostic criteria are set forth by the Rome Foundation, an independent, not for profit 501(c)(3) organization.
The Rome Foundation
The Rome Foundation, incorporated in 1996 and based in Raleigh, North Carolina, is an independent not for profit 501(c) 3 organization. The foundation provides support for activities which foster clinical research, data and educational information which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Over the last 25 years, the Rome organization has sought to legitimize and update the knowledge of functional GI disorders. This has been accomplished by bringing together scientists and clinicians from around the world to classify and critically appraise the science of gastrointestinal function and dysfunction. This knowledge permits clinical scientists to make recommendations for diagnosis and treatment that can be applied in research and clinical practice. The mission is to improve the lives of people with these disorders.
The goals of the Rome Foundation are to promote global recognition and legitimization of FGIDs, advance the scientific understanding of their pathophysiology, optimize clinical management for these patients and develop and provide educational resources to accomplish these goals.
Definition of functional gastrointestinal disorders/disorders of gut-brain interaction
See also: Functional gastrointestinal disorder
Using the Delphi method, the Rome Foundation and its board of directors, chairs and co-chairs of the ROME IV committees developed the current definition for disorders of gut-brain interaction.
A group of disorders classified by GI symptoms related to any combination of:
Motility disturbance
Visceral hypersensitivity
Altered mucosal and immune function
Altered gut microbiota
Altered central nervous system (CNS) processing
Evolution of Rome criteria
Rome I
In 1994, Rome I was published as The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders:Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment—A Multinational Consensus.
Rome II
By the mid-1990s, the concept of FGID classification and the use of diagnostic criteria was promoted due to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended the use of the IBS criteria for selection into pharmaceutical studies, and the pharmaceutical companies took interest in supporting the efforts of the Rome Foundation to improve the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of FGIDs and to also apply the use of these criteria in their pharmaceutical studies. In Rome II, the pediatric population of FGIDs was added.
Rome III
After publication of Rome II, the number of studies published using the Rome criteria in clinical trials grew tremendously over the next 15 years. Rome III differed from Rome I and II by the use of more evidence-based rather than consensus-based data.
Rome IV
After publication of Rome III in 2006, the Rome Foundation was well recognized as the authoritative body developing diagnostic criteria for research and also for providing education about the FGIDs. Rome IV tried to address the limitations of a symptom-based criteria in several ways:
Some criteria have been simplified and cases not meeting criteria for research can still be identified and treated.
Global education on FGIDs help to understand and characterize the cross-cultural differences in symptom reporting.
Provide translations into other languages
Creation of diagnostic algorithms for a functional GI disorder diagnosis or other diagnosis
To address the severity and variability of clinical presentation, a Multidimensional Clinical Profile (MDCP) system has been created that incorporates the diagnostic criteria with additional clinical, quality of life, psychosocial, and physiological (including biomarker) parameters to more precisely create an individualized treatment plan for the patient.
To help clinicians be better trained in the diagnostic algorithms and the MDCP, the Rome Foundation is developing an interactive, intelligent software platform that will help clinicians make real-time treatment decisions using the diagnostic algorithms and MDCP knowledge base.
In Rome IV, the classification moved from a physiologically based classification to a symptom-based classification. The classifications were based upon organ regions (i.e. esophageal, gastroduodenal, bowel, biliary, anorectal).
Rome IV criteria/classification
The original Rome classification was first published in 1990 and has since been modified with each iteration to develop the subsequent classifications with Rome II, III and IV. Beginning with the original publication in 1990 and leading to Rome I, the classification moved from a physiologically based classification to a symptom-based classification with additional classifications based upon organ regions (i.e. esophageal, gastroduodenal, bowel, biliary, anorectal). The current Rome IV classification is the culmination of the evolution of a series of iterations (Rome I, Rome II, and Rome III) with its inception as Rome I.
The Rome criteria are a set of criteria used by clinicians to classify a diagnosis of a patient with an FGID (disorder of gut-brain interaction). These Rome criteria are updated every 6–10 years.
The current Rome IV classification, published in 2016, is as follows:
A. Esophageal Disorders
A1. Functional chest pain
A2. Functional heartburn
A3. Reflux hypersensitivity
A4. Globus
A5. Functional dysphagia
B. Gastroduodenal Disorders
B1. Functional dyspepsia
B1a. Postprandial distress syndrome (PDS)
B1b. Epigastric pain syndrome (EPS)
B2. Belching disorders
B2a. Excessive supragastric belching
B2b. Excessive gastric belching
B3. Nausea and vomiting disorders
B3a. Chronic nausea vomiting syndrome (CNVS)
B3b. Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)
B3c. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS)
B4. Rumination syndrome
C. Bowel Disorders
C1. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
IBS with predominant constipation (IBS-C)
IBS with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D)
IBS with mixed bowel habits (IBS-M)
IBS unclassified (IBS-U)
C2. Functional constipation
C3. Functional diarrhea
C4. Functional abdominal bloating/distension
C5. Unspecified functional bowel disorder
C6. Opioid-induced constipation
D. Centrally Mediated Disorders of Gastrointestinal Pain
D1. Centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome (CAPS)
D2. Narcotic bowel syndrome (NBS)/ Opioid-induced GI hyperalgesia
E. Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi disorders
E1. Biliary pain
E1a. Functional gallbladder disorder
E1b. Functional biliary sphincter of Oddi disorder
E2. Functional pancreatic sphincter of Oddi disorder
F. Anorectal Disorders
F1. Fecal incontinence
F2. Functional anorectal pain
F2a. Levator ani syndrome
F2b. Unspecified functional anorectal pain
F2c. Proctalgia fugax
F3. Functional defecation disorders
F3a. Inadequate defecatory propulsion
F3b. Dyssynergic defecation
G. Childhood Functional GI Disorders: Neonate/Toddler
G1. Infant regurgitation
G2. Rumination syndrome
G3. Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)
G4. Infant colic
G5. Functional diarrhea
G6. Infant dyschezia
G7. Functional constipation
H. Childhood Functional GI Disorders: Child/Adolescent
H1. Functional nausea and vomiting disorders
H1a. Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)
H1b. Functional nausea and functional vomiting
H1b1. Functional nausea
H1b2. Functional vomiting
H1c. Rumination syndrome
H1d. Aerophagia
H2. Functional abdominal pain disorders
H2a. Functional dyspepsia
H2a1. Postprandial distress syndrome
H2a2. Epigastric pain syndrome
H2b. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
H2c. Abdominal migraine
H2d. Functional abdominal pain ‒ NOS
H3. Functional defecation disorders
H3a. Functional constipation
H3b. Nonretentive fecal incontinence
Notable People
Douglas Drossman
Brian Lacy
Robin Spiller
Nicholas Talley
See also
Functional gastrointestinal disorders
References and sources
^ Chaudhary NA, Truelove SC. The irritable colon syndrome. A study of the clinical features, predisposing causes, and prognosis in 130 cases. Q J Med 1962;31:307–322.
^ Manning AP, Thompson WG, Heaton KW et al. Towards positive diagnosis of the irritable bowel. Br Med J 1978;2:653–654.
^ a b c d e f g Torsoli A, Corazziari E. The WTR's, the Delphic Oracle and the Roman Conclaves Gastroenterol Int 1991;4:44–45.
^ Thompson WG, Heaton KW. Functional bowel disorders in apparently healthy people. Gastroenterology 1980;79:283–288.
^ Drossman DA, Sandler RS, McKee DC, et al. Bowel patterns among subjects not seeking health care. Use of a questionnaire to identify a population with bowel dysfunction. Gastroenterology 1982;83:529–534.
^ Sandler RS, Drossman DA, Nathan HP, et al. Symptom complaints and health care seeking behavior in subjects with bowel dysfunction. Gastroenterology 1984;87:314–318.
^ Talley NJ, Phillips SF, Melton LJ, et al. A patient questionnaire to identify bowel disease. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:671–674
^ Kruis W, Thieme CH, Weinzierl M, et al. A diagnostic score for the irritable bowel syndrome. Its value in the exclusion of organic disease. Gastroenterology 1984;87:1–7.
^ Drossman DA. Diagnosis of the irritable bowel syndrome: A simple solution? Gastroenterology 1984;87:224–225
^ Thompson WG, Dotevall G, Drossman DA, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: Guidelines for the diagnosis. Gastroenterol Int 1989;2:92–95.
^ Drossman DA, Thompson WG, Talley NJ, et al. Identification of subgroups of functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterol Int 1990;3:159–172.
^ Richter JE, Baldi F, Clouse RE, et al. Functional oesophageal disorders. Gastroenterol Int 1992;5:3–17
^ Talley NJ, Colin-Jones D, Koch KL, et al. Functional dyspepsia: a classification with guidelines for diagnosis and management. Gastroenterol Int 1991;4:145–160
^ Thompson WG, Creed F, Drossman DA, et al. Functional bowel disorders and chronic functional abdominal pain. Gastroenterol Int 1992;5:75–91
^ Corazziari E, Funch-Jensen P, Hogan WJ, et al. Working team report: functional disorders of the biliary tract. Gastroenterol Int 1993;6:129–144.
^ Whitehead WE, Devroede G, Habib FI, et al. Functional disorders of the anorectum. Gastroenterol Int 1992;5:92–108.
^ Talley NJ, Nyren O, Drossman DA, et al. The irritable bowel syndrome: toward optimal design of controlled treatment trials. Gastroenterol Int 1993;4:189–211
^ Drossman DA, Li Z, Andruzzi E, et al. U.S. householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders: prevalence, sociodemography and health impact. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1569–1580.
^ a b c d Drossman DA, Richter JE, Talley NJ, et al. The functional gastrointestinal disorders: diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment. McLean (VA): Degnon Associates, 1994.
^ Drossman DA, Hasler WL (2016). "Rome IV-Functional GI Disorders: Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction". Gastroenterology. 150 (6): 1257–61. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.03.035. PMID 27147121.
^ a b Drossman DA (2016). "Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Rome IV". Gastroenterology. 150 (6): 1262–1279. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.032. PMID 27144617.
^ a b c d e f g Drossman DA. The Rome IV Committees, editor. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and the Rome IV process. In: Drossman DA, Chang L, Chey WD, Kellow J, Tack J, Whitehead WE, editors. Rome IV functional gastrointestinal disorders: disorders of gut-brain interaction. I. Raleigh, NC: The Rome Foundation; 2016. pp. 1–32.
^ a b c "Home". theromefoundation.org.
^ a b "Meet the Rome Foundation," 2017. Retrieved from https://theromefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Meet-The-Rome-Foundation-2017-web.pdf
^ "Presentations & Videos".
^ Drossman DA. The Rome IV Committees, editor. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and the Rome IV process. In: Drossman DA, Chang L, Chey WD, Kellow J, Tack J, Whitehead WE, editors. Rome IV functional gastrointestinal disorders: disorders of gut-brain interaction.I. Raleigh, NC: The Rome Foundation; 2016. pp 1–32.
^ Drossman DA, Corazziari E, Talley NJ, et al., eds. Rome II: the functional gastrointestinal disorders. 2nd ed. McLean (VA): Degnon Associates, 2000.
^ Drossman DA, Corazziari E, Delvaux M, et al., eds. Rome III: the functional gastrointestinal disorders. 3rd ed. McLean (VA): Degnon Associates, 2006.
Thompson WG (2006). "The Road to Rome". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1552–1556. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.03.011. PMID 16678568.
External links
The Rome Foundation
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The Rome diagnostic criteria are set forth by Rome Foundation, a not for profit 501(c)(3) organization based in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States.","title":"Rome process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"functional gastrointestinal disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Heaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Heaton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome5-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome10-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome11-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome12-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome13-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome5-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome14-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome5-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome15-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome5-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome16-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome17-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome18-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome19-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome20-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome21-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome5-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome22-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome5-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome23-19"},{"link_name":"pediatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27147121-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27144617-21"}],"text":"Several systematic approaches attempted to classify functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). As a result, there were several key events which ultimately led to the current Rome Classification. In 1962, Chaudhary and Truelove published their study of IBS patients in Oxford, England. This was the first attempt to classify the new field of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Much of what they reported has persisted to the present day.[1]Subsequently, in 1978 came the \"Manning Criteria\" developed by Kenneth Heaton and colleagues in Bristol. This characterized IBS-D (IBS with predominant diarrhea), but importantly, a cluster of symptoms which were characteristic for this disorder. This ultimately became the basis for Rome's symptom-based criteria for IBS.[2]From 1980 to 1994, there were several epidemiological and clinical studies evaluating symptom prevalence and frequency in healthy subjects and IBS patients. Thompson, Drossman, Talley, Whitehead, and Kruis.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]\nIn 1989, the first consensus-based diagnostic criteria for IBS were established.[3][10] The following year, a classification system for FGIDs was established.[3][11]From 1991 to 1993, several working teams (esophagus, gastroduodenal, bowel, biliary, anorectal) published symptom-based criteria and clinical features of the functional GI disorders within these anatomic domains in Gastroenterology International.[3][12][13][14][15][16][17]In 1993, a validated questionnaire of all the diagnostic criteria was created and was then applied in a national survey, the US Householder Survey: the first national epidemiological database on the prevalence, demographic factors, and health care seeking features of people with FGIDs.[3][18]In 1994, FGIDs were categorized into anatomical domains and resulted in a book now recognized as Rome I – The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology and Treatment – A Multinational Consensus.[3][19]The Rome criteria have been evolving from the first set of criteria issued in 1989 (The Rome Guidelines for IBS) through the Rome Classification System for functional gastrointestinal disorders (1990), or Rome-1, the Rome I Criteria for IBS (1992) and the functional gastrointestinal disorders (1994), the Rome II Criteria for IBS (1999) and the functional gastrointestinal disorders (1999) to the Rome III Criteria (2006). \"Rome II\" and \"Rome III\" incorporated pediatric criteria to the consensus.\nThe Rome IV update was published 10 years later in May 2016.[20] This covers epidemiology, pathophysiology, psychosocial and clinical features, and diagnostic evaluation and treatment recommendations for 33 adult and 17 pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consensual process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_decision-making"},{"link_name":"Delphi method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_method"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome1-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome1-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome2-23"}],"text":"The Rome criteria are achieved and finally issued through a consensual process, using the Delphi method (or Delphi technique). The Rome Foundation process is an international effort to create scientific data to help in the diagnosis and treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders, also known as disorders of gut-brain interaction.[22] The Rome Diagnostic criteria are set forth by the Rome Foundation, an independent, not for profit 501(c)(3) organization.[22][23]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome1-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome2-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome3-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome4-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome2-23"}],"text":"The Rome Foundation, incorporated in 1996 and based in Raleigh, North Carolina, is an independent not for profit 501(c) 3 organization. The foundation provides support for activities which foster clinical research, data and educational information which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders.[22][23][24][25]Over the last 25 years, the Rome organization has sought to legitimize and update the knowledge of functional GI disorders. This has been accomplished by bringing together scientists and clinicians from around the world to classify and critically appraise the science of gastrointestinal function and dysfunction. This knowledge permits clinical scientists to make recommendations for diagnosis and treatment that can be applied in research and clinical practice. The mission is to improve the lives of people with these disorders.[citation needed]The goals of the Rome Foundation are to promote global recognition and legitimization of FGIDs, advance the scientific understanding of their pathophysiology, optimize clinical management for these patients and develop and provide educational resources to accomplish these goals.[23]","title":"The Rome Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Functional gastrointestinal disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome1-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome1-22"},{"link_name":"Visceral hypersensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visceral_hypersensitivity"},{"link_name":"gut microbiota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_microbiota"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"}],"text":"See also: Functional gastrointestinal disorderUsing the Delphi method, the Rome Foundation and its board of directors, chairs and co-chairs of the ROME IV committees developed the current definition for disorders of gut-brain interaction.[22]A group of disorders classified by GI symptoms related to any combination of:[22]Motility disturbance\nVisceral hypersensitivity\nAltered mucosal and immune function\nAltered gut microbiota\nAltered central nervous system (CNS) processing","title":"Definition of functional gastrointestinal disorders/disorders of gut-brain interaction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Evolution of Rome criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome23-19"}],"sub_title":"Rome I","text":"In 1994, Rome I was published as The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders:Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment—A Multinational Consensus.[19]","title":"Evolution of Rome criteria"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rome II","text":"By the mid-1990s, the concept of FGID classification and the use of diagnostic criteria was promoted due to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended the use of the IBS criteria for selection into pharmaceutical studies, and the pharmaceutical companies took interest in supporting the efforts of the Rome Foundation to improve the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of FGIDs and to also apply the use of these criteria in their pharmaceutical studies. In Rome II, the pediatric population of FGIDs was added.","title":"Evolution of Rome criteria"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rome III","text":"After publication of Rome II, the number of studies published using the Rome criteria in clinical trials grew tremendously over the next 15 years. Rome III differed from Rome I and II by the use of more evidence-based rather than consensus-based data.","title":"Evolution of Rome criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome_1-26"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome5-3"}],"sub_title":"Rome IV","text":"After publication of Rome III in 2006, the Rome Foundation was well recognized as the authoritative body developing diagnostic criteria for research and also for providing education about the FGIDs. Rome IV tried to address the limitations of a symptom-based criteria in several ways:Some criteria have been simplified and cases not meeting criteria for research can still be identified and treated.\nGlobal education on FGIDs help to understand and characterize the cross-cultural differences in symptom reporting.\nProvide translations into other languages\nCreation of diagnostic algorithms for a functional GI disorder diagnosis or other diagnosisTo address the severity and variability of clinical presentation, a Multidimensional Clinical Profile (MDCP) system has been created that incorporates the diagnostic criteria with additional clinical, quality of life, psychosocial, and physiological (including biomarker) parameters to more precisely create an individualized treatment plan for the patient.To help clinicians be better trained in the diagnostic algorithms and the MDCP, the Rome Foundation is developing an interactive, intelligent software platform that will help clinicians make real-time treatment decisions using the diagnostic algorithms and MDCP knowledge base.[26][3]In Rome IV, the classification moved from a physiologically based classification to a symptom-based classification. The classifications were based upon organ regions (i.e. esophageal, gastroduodenal, bowel, biliary, anorectal).","title":"Evolution of Rome criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome1-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome1-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome23-19"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome8-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome9-28"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome23-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome3-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27144617-21"},{"link_name":"chest pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_pain"},{"link_name":"Functional heartburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_heartburn"},{"link_name":"Reflux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflux"},{"link_name":"Globus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_pharyngis"},{"link_name":"dysphagia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia"},{"link_name":"Functional dyspepsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia"},{"link_name":"Belching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belching"},{"link_name":"Nausea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea"},{"link_name":"vomiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting"},{"link_name":"Cyclic vomiting syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_vomiting_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Rumination syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumination_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Irritable bowel syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome"},{"link_name":"constipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipation"},{"link_name":"diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"},{"link_name":"bloating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloating"},{"link_name":"Opioid-induced constipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid-induced_constipation"},{"link_name":"abdominal pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_pain"},{"link_name":"gallbladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladder"},{"link_name":"sphincter of Oddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi"},{"link_name":"pancreatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas"},{"link_name":"Fecal incontinence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_incontinence"},{"link_name":"Levator ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_ani"},{"link_name":"Proctalgia fugax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax"},{"link_name":"Dyssynergic defecation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyssynergic_defecation"},{"link_name":"Infant colic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_colic"},{"link_name":"dyschezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyschezia"},{"link_name":"Aerophagia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerophagia"},{"link_name":"Functional abdominal pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_functional_abdominal_pain"},{"link_name":"Functional dyspepsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia"},{"link_name":"Abdominal migraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_migraine"}],"text":"The original Rome classification was first published in 1990 and has since been modified with each iteration to develop the subsequent classifications with Rome II, III and IV. Beginning with the original publication in 1990 and leading to Rome I, the classification moved from a physiologically based classification to a symptom-based classification with additional classifications based upon organ regions (i.e. esophageal, gastroduodenal, bowel, biliary, anorectal).[22] The current Rome IV classification[22] is the culmination of the evolution of a series of iterations (Rome I,[19] Rome II,[27] and Rome III[28]) with its inception as Rome I.[19]The Rome criteria are a set of criteria used by clinicians to classify a diagnosis of a patient with an FGID (disorder of gut-brain interaction). These Rome criteria are updated every 6–10 years.[24]The current Rome IV classification, published in 2016, is as follows:[21]A. Esophageal DisordersA1. Functional chest pain\nA2. Functional heartburn\nA3. Reflux hypersensitivity\nA4. Globus\nA5. Functional dysphagiaB. Gastroduodenal DisordersB1. Functional dyspepsia\nB1a. Postprandial distress syndrome (PDS)\nB1b. Epigastric pain syndrome (EPS)\nB2. Belching disorders\nB2a. Excessive supragastric belching\nB2b. Excessive gastric belching\nB3. Nausea and vomiting disorders\nB3a. Chronic nausea vomiting syndrome (CNVS)\nB3b. Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)\nB3c. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS)\nB4. Rumination syndromeC. Bowel DisordersC1. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)\nIBS with predominant constipation (IBS-C)\nIBS with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D)\nIBS with mixed bowel habits (IBS-M)\nIBS unclassified (IBS-U)\nC2. Functional constipation\nC3. Functional diarrhea\nC4. Functional abdominal bloating/distension\nC5. Unspecified functional bowel disorder\nC6. Opioid-induced constipationD. Centrally Mediated Disorders of Gastrointestinal PainD1. Centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome (CAPS)\nD2. Narcotic bowel syndrome (NBS)/ Opioid-induced GI hyperalgesiaE. Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi disordersE1. Biliary pain\nE1a. Functional gallbladder disorder\nE1b. Functional biliary sphincter of Oddi disorder\nE2. Functional pancreatic sphincter of Oddi disorderF. Anorectal DisordersF1. Fecal incontinence\nF2. Functional anorectal pain\nF2a. Levator ani syndrome\nF2b. Unspecified functional anorectal pain\nF2c. Proctalgia fugax\nF3. Functional defecation disorders\nF3a. Inadequate defecatory propulsion\nF3b. Dyssynergic defecationG. Childhood Functional GI Disorders: Neonate/ToddlerG1. Infant regurgitation\nG2. Rumination syndrome\nG3. Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)\nG4. Infant colic\nG5. Functional diarrhea\nG6. Infant dyschezia\nG7. Functional constipationH. Childhood Functional GI Disorders: Child/AdolescentH1. Functional nausea and vomiting disorders\nH1a. Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)\nH1b. Functional nausea and functional vomiting\nH1b1. Functional nausea\nH1b2. Functional vomiting\nH1c. Rumination syndrome\nH1d. Aerophagia\nH2. Functional abdominal pain disorders\nH2a. Functional dyspepsia\nH2a1. Postprandial distress syndrome\nH2a2. Epigastric pain syndrome\nH2b. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)\nH2c. Abdominal migraine\nH2d. Functional abdominal pain ‒ NOS\nH3. Functional defecation disorders\nH3a. Functional constipation\nH3b. Nonretentive fecal incontinence","title":"Rome IV criteria/classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas Talley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Talley"}],"text":"Douglas Drossman\nBrian Lacy\nRobin Spiller\nNicholas Talley","title":"Notable 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& Videos\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//theromefoundation.org/presentations-videos/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rome_1_26-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rome8_27-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rome9_28-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Road to Rome\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(06)00546-4/fulltext"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1053/j.gastro.2006.03.011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2006.03.011"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16678568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16678568"}],"text":"^ Chaudhary NA, Truelove SC. The irritable colon syndrome. A study of the clinical features, predisposing causes, and prognosis in 130 cases. Q J Med 1962;31:307–322.\n\n^ Manning AP, Thompson WG, Heaton KW et al. Towards positive diagnosis of the irritable bowel. Br Med J 1978;2:653–654.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Torsoli A, Corazziari E. The WTR's, the Delphic Oracle and the Roman Conclaves Gastroenterol Int 1991;4:44–45.\n\n^ Thompson WG, Heaton KW. Functional bowel disorders in apparently healthy people. Gastroenterology 1980;79:283–288.\n\n^ Drossman DA, Sandler RS, McKee DC, et al. Bowel patterns among subjects not seeking health care. Use of a questionnaire to identify a population with bowel dysfunction. Gastroenterology 1982;83:529–534.\n\n^ Sandler RS, Drossman DA, Nathan HP, et al. Symptom complaints and health care seeking behavior in subjects with bowel dysfunction. Gastroenterology 1984;87:314–318.\n\n^ Talley NJ, Phillips SF, Melton LJ, et al. A patient questionnaire to identify bowel disease. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:671–674\n\n^ Kruis W, Thieme CH, Weinzierl M, et al. A diagnostic score for the irritable bowel syndrome. Its value in the exclusion of organic disease. Gastroenterology 1984;87:1–7.\n\n^ Drossman DA. Diagnosis of the irritable bowel syndrome: A simple solution? Gastroenterology 1984;87:224–225\n\n^ Thompson WG, Dotevall G, Drossman DA, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: Guidelines for the diagnosis. Gastroenterol Int 1989;2:92–95.\n\n^ Drossman DA, Thompson WG, Talley NJ, et al. Identification of subgroups of functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterol Int 1990;3:159–172.\n\n^ Richter JE, Baldi F, Clouse RE, et al. Functional oesophageal disorders. Gastroenterol Int 1992;5:3–17\n\n^ Talley NJ, Colin-Jones D, Koch KL, et al. Functional dyspepsia: a classification with guidelines for diagnosis and management. Gastroenterol Int 1991;4:145–160\n\n^ Thompson WG, Creed F, Drossman DA, et al. Functional bowel disorders and chronic functional abdominal pain. Gastroenterol Int 1992;5:75–91\n\n^ Corazziari E, Funch-Jensen P, Hogan WJ, et al. Working team report: functional disorders of the biliary tract. Gastroenterol Int 1993;6:129–144.\n\n^ Whitehead WE, Devroede G, Habib FI, et al. Functional disorders of the anorectum. Gastroenterol Int 1992;5:92–108.\n\n^ Talley NJ, Nyren O, Drossman DA, et al. The irritable bowel syndrome: toward optimal design of controlled treatment trials. Gastroenterol Int 1993;4:189–211\n\n^ Drossman DA, Li Z, Andruzzi E, et al. U.S. householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders: prevalence, sociodemography and health impact. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1569–1580.\n\n^ a b c d Drossman DA, Richter JE, Talley NJ, et al. The functional gastrointestinal disorders: diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment. McLean (VA): Degnon Associates, 1994.\n\n^ Drossman DA, Hasler WL (2016). \"Rome IV-Functional GI Disorders: Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction\". Gastroenterology. 150 (6): 1257–61. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.03.035. PMID 27147121.\n\n^ a b Drossman DA (2016). \"Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Rome IV\". Gastroenterology. 150 (6): 1262–1279. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.032. PMID 27144617.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Drossman DA. The Rome IV Committees, editor. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and the Rome IV process. In: Drossman DA, Chang L, Chey WD, Kellow J, Tack J, Whitehead WE, editors. Rome IV functional gastrointestinal disorders: disorders of gut-brain interaction. I. Raleigh, NC: The Rome Foundation; 2016. pp. 1–32.\n\n^ a b c \"Home\". theromefoundation.org.\n\n^ a b \"Meet the Rome Foundation,\" 2017. Retrieved from https://theromefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Meet-The-Rome-Foundation-2017-web.pdf\n\n^ \"Presentations & Videos\".\n\n^ Drossman DA. The Rome IV Committees, editor. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and the Rome IV process. In: Drossman DA, Chang L, Chey WD, Kellow J, Tack J, Whitehead WE, editors. Rome IV functional gastrointestinal disorders: disorders of gut-brain interaction.I. Raleigh, NC: The Rome Foundation; 2016. pp 1–32.\n\n^ Drossman DA, Corazziari E, Talley NJ, et al., eds. Rome II: the functional gastrointestinal disorders. 2nd ed. McLean (VA): Degnon Associates, 2000.\n\n^ Drossman DA, Corazziari E, Delvaux M, et al., eds. Rome III: the functional gastrointestinal disorders. 3rd ed. McLean (VA): Degnon Associates, 2006.Thompson WG (2006). \"The Road to Rome\". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1552–1556. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.03.011. PMID 16678568.","title":"References and sources"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Functional gastrointestinal disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_High_School_(Modesto)
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Grace M. Davis High School
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["1 History","2 Campus","3 Curriculum","4 Extracurricular activities","4.1 Athletics","5 Notable alumni","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°40′52.74″N 0121°0′36.77″W / 37.6813167°N 121.0102139°W / 37.6813167; -121.0102139School in Modesto, California, United StatesGrace M. Davis High SchoolAddress1200 W. Rumble RoadModesto, California 95350United StatesInformationEstablished1961School districtModesto City SchoolsPrincipalMichael ShroyerTeaching staff84.41 (FTE)Grades9-12Enrollment1,901 (2018–19)Student to teacher ratio22.52Color(s)Green and Gold AthleticsCIF Sac-Joaquin SectionAthletics conferenceWestern Athletic ConferenceMascotSpartanNewspaperCorinthianYearbookOlympianWebsitedavis.mcs4kids.com
37°40′52.74″N 0121°0′36.77″W / 37.6813167°N 121.0102139°W / 37.6813167; -121.0102139
Grace M. Davis High School, commonly referred to as Davis High School, is a public high school located in Modesto, California, United States. Established in 1961, the school serves students in grades 9-12. Davis High was recognized as a California Distinguished School in 2005.
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2009)
Davis High School was established in what was then a rural setting, and was meant to serve approximately 1800 students from predominantly agricultural based families of north Modesto and Salida. As Modesto and Salida have grown, so has Davis High School. Davis later served more than 2800 students.
However, after the opening of Joseph Gregori High School in Modesto, CA, Davis High School's student population again dropped below 2000 as a large portion of the student body enrolled at Gregori for the start of the 2010-2011 school year.
Campus
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2009)
The campus consists of three locker rows, an activity court or quad area used mainly for lunch consumption and student body activities, and approximately 100 classrooms. The campus is bordered, on the North Side, by Rumble Road, and on the West side by Tully Road. The South side of the campus is bordered by the Davis football field, tracks, and soccer fields. To the East, adjacent to the campus, is Davis Park, a recreational area. There is also a picnic area that used to have awnings covering the benches. After Davis became a closed campus, students continued to frequent the park during school hours, subjecting them to consequences for being out of bounds per board policy.
Curriculum
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2009)
The school participates in the California Partnership Academies program, which provides school-within-a-school opportunities for students interested in pursuing careers in health sciences and public safety:
The Health Careers Academy, exclusive to the Grace Davis campus, is a four-year "school-within-a-school" program filled with college preparatory classes.
Avid it stands for Advancement Via Individual Determination this program helps students get into a four-year college after they graduate high school.
The Davis High School Public Safety Academy is a three-year "school within a school" program, with a recommended freshman pre-academy year, which offers a college preparatory academic curriculum as well as vocational experiences for students interested in careers in criminal justice and public safety.
This program provides a thematic approach for core courses in the field of public safety and career exploration. The sophomore year introduces the academy concepts in the English, science, world history, and Public Safety Tech I classes. In the junior and senior years, students will continue to explore careers in public safety through their government, English, advanced math, and science classes, in addition to taking a CERT/First Responder course. Upon completion of the CERT/First Responder course, students are eligible to be members of the on-campus emergency preparedness and response team.
Additionally, Davis offers a four-year Middle College program. The program is designed to allow students to take college classes in their regular school day. Students complete online classes in the regular school day and have the opportunity to earn college credits.
Extracurricular activities
Student groups and activities include A.C.T.S., Academic Decathlon, anime club, band, Black Student Union, California Scholarship Federation, chess club, conflict mediation, gamers' club, gay-straight alliance, dance, drama, French club, FBLA, FFA, Future Fashion Designers, FHA, international club, Latino Student Union/Hispanic Youth Leadership Council, mock trial, music, Reach and Teach Tutoring, racing club, recycling, Science Bowl, Science Olympiad, and VICA/Skills USA.
Student publications include a newspaper, Corinthian; yearbook; and Corinthian TV, which airs on SchoolTube.com.
Athletics
Grace M. Davis High School belongs to the western athletic Conference in the Sac-Joaquin Section of the California Interscholastic Federation. Prior to the conference's creation in 2004, the school belonged to the Central California Conference. The teams, known as the Spartans, compete in baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track, volleyball, water polo, and wrestling.
The Spartans have generally dominated the Modesto high school sports scene especially in football, winning the Modesto city title several times with 2007 being the latest since 2002. The Spartans are the only Modesto high school football team to play for a Sac-Joaquin Section title, losing to Elk Grove High School of Sacramento 22-3 at Modesto Junior College Stadium in 1984.
The Spartans athletic teams have won nine Sac-Joaquin Section titles in:
65-66 Individual Wrestling
66-67 Boys Golf
69-70 Boys Golf
74-75 D1 Boys Golf
81-82 D1 Girls Tennis
85-86 D1 Boys Tennis
93-94 D1 Softball
01-02 D1 Boys Track
02-03 D1 Boys Cross Country
Notable alumni
Al Autry - pitched one game for the Atlanta Braves
Lincoln Brewster (1989) - Christian recording artist
Meghan Camarena (2005) – YouTube personality, The Amazing Race contestant, and television host
Ray Lankford - Major League Baseball player, primarily for the St. Louis Cardinals
Chandra Levy (1995) - an intern in Washington, D.C., who disappeared in the spring of 2001 and is presumed murdered
James Marsters (1980) - film and television actor
Michael McDonald (2009) - professional Mixed Martial Artist formerly with the UFC, current Bellator MMA Bantamweight
Tisha Venturini - soccer player on the US women's team in the 1996 Olympics
Ashley Walker - was the star player on the UC Berkeley women's basketball team 2005-2009. Now plays for WNBA team Seattle Storm.
Kerry McCoy - guitarist for blackgaze band, Deafheaven
George Clarke - singer for blackgaze band, Deafheaven
References
^ a b c "Grace M. Davis High". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
^ "SchoolTube - School Landing Page - Grace Davis High School".
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2009-07-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Nowicki, Sue (2007-08-18). "One-time Modestan recounts 'slow-burn' rise to nationally known Christian musician". Modesto Bee.
^ "Davis High grad returns for another crack at $1 million on 'The Amazing Race'". modbee.com. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
^ Fagan, Kevin; Jim Herron Zamora (2001-07-01). "Family and friends call Chandra Levy the girl least likely to vanish without a trace". San Francisco Chronicle.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Michael McDonald Davis High Alum". Archived from the original on 2013-02-17. Retrieved 2014-01-01.
^ "Michael McDonald UFC Profile". Retrieved 2014-01-01.
External links
Grace M. Davis High website
Corinthian Online (Davis's official newspaper website)
Grace M. Davis Band & Colorguard Boosters
Authority control databases: Geographic
NCES
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Davis High was recognized as a California Distinguished School in 2005.","title":"Grace M. Davis High School"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Davis High School was established in what was then a rural setting, and was meant to serve approximately 1800 students from predominantly agricultural based families of north Modesto and Salida. As Modesto and Salida have grown, so has Davis High School. Davis later served more than 2800 students.However, after the opening of Joseph Gregori High School in Modesto, CA, Davis High School's student population again dropped below 2000 as a large portion of the student body enrolled at Gregori for the start of the 2010-2011 school year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The campus consists of three locker rows, an activity court or quad area used mainly for lunch consumption and student body activities, and approximately 100 classrooms. The campus is bordered, on the North Side, by Rumble Road, and on the West side by Tully Road. The South side of the campus is bordered by the Davis football field, tracks, and soccer fields. To the East, adjacent to the campus, is Davis Park, a recreational area. There is also a picnic area that used to have awnings covering the benches. 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The sophomore year introduces the academy concepts in the English, science, world history, and Public Safety Tech I classes. In the junior and senior years, students will continue to explore careers in public safety through their government, English, advanced math, and science classes, in addition to taking a CERT/First Responder course. Upon completion of the CERT/First Responder course, students are eligible to be members of the on-campus emergency preparedness and response team.Additionally, Davis offers a four-year Middle College program. The program is designed to allow students to take college classes in their regular school day. 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Davis High School belongs to the western athletic Conference in the Sac-Joaquin Section of the California Interscholastic Federation. Prior to the conference's creation in 2004, the school belonged to the Central California Conference. The teams, known as the Spartans, compete in baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track, volleyball, water polo, and wrestling.The Spartans have generally dominated the Modesto high school sports scene especially in football[citation needed], winning the Modesto city title several times with 2007 being the latest since 2002. The Spartans are the only Modesto high school football team to play for a Sac-Joaquin Section title, losing to Elk Grove High School of Sacramento 22-3 at Modesto Junior College Stadium in 1984.[3]The Spartans athletic teams have won nine Sac-Joaquin Section titles in:65-66 Individual Wrestling\n66-67 Boys Golf\n69-70 Boys Golf\n74-75 D1 Boys Golf\n81-82 D1 Girls Tennis\n\n\n85-86 D1 Boys Tennis\n93-94 D1 Softball\n01-02 D1 Boys Track\n02-03 D1 Boys Cross Country","title":"Extracurricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Autry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Autry"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Brewster"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Meghan Camarena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghan_Camarena"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ray Lankford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lankford"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Chandra Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Levy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"James Marsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marsters"},{"link_name":"Michael McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McDonald_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mixed Martial Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Artist"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Bellator MMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_MMA"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tisha Venturini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha_Venturini"},{"link_name":"Ashley Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Walker_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kerry McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_McCoy_(musician)"},{"link_name":"George Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clarke_(singer)"}],"text":"Al Autry - pitched one game for the Atlanta Braves\nLincoln Brewster (1989)[4] - Christian recording artist\nMeghan Camarena (2005) – YouTube personality, The Amazing Race contestant, and television host[5]\nRay Lankford - Major League Baseball player, primarily for the St. Louis Cardinals\nChandra Levy (1995)[6] - an intern in Washington, D.C., who disappeared in the spring of 2001 and is presumed murdered\nJames Marsters (1980) - film and television actor\nMichael McDonald (2009)[7] - professional Mixed Martial Artist formerly with the UFC, current Bellator MMA Bantamweight[8]\nTisha Venturini - soccer player on the US women's team in the 1996 Olympics\nAshley Walker - was the star player on the UC Berkeley women's basketball team 2005-2009. Now plays for WNBA team Seattle Storm.\nKerry McCoy - guitarist for blackgaze band, Deafheaven\nGeorge Clarke - singer for blackgaze band, Deafheaven","title":"Notable alumni"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lal_Sukla
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Shrilal Shukla
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["1 Awards","2 Personal account","3 Literary works","4 Literary travels","5 Family","6 See also","7 References"]
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Hindi writer
Shrilal ShuklaShrilal Shukla on a 2017 stamp of IndiaBorn(1925-12-31)31 December 1925Died28 October 2011(2011-10-28) (aged 85)Lucknow, Uttar PradeshOccupationWriterNotable worksRaag Darbari, Makaan, Sooni Ghaati Ka Sooraj, Pehla PadaavSignature
Shrilal Shukla (31 December 1925 – 28 October 2011) was a Hindi writer, notable for his satire. He worked as a PCS officer for the state government of Uttar Pradesh, later inducted into the IAS. He has written over 25 books, including Raag Darbari, Makaan, Sooni Ghaati Ka Sooraj, Pehla Padaav and Bisrampur Ka Sant.
Shukla has highlighted the falling moral values in the Indian society in the post independence era through his novels. His writings expose the negative aspects of life in rural and urban India in a satirical manner. His best known work Raag Darbari has been translated into English and 15 Indian languages. A television serial based on this continued for several months on the national network in the 1980s. It is a little-known fact that he also wrote a detective novel entitled Aadmi Ka Zahar which was serialised in the weekly magazine 'Hindustan'.
Awards
Shukla received the Jnanpith Award, the highest Indian literary award, in 2011. His first major award was the Sahitya Akademi Award for his novel Raag Darbari in 1969. He received the Vyas Samman award in 1999 for the novel Bisrampur ka Sant. In 2008, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the President of India for his contribution to Indian literature and culture. On his 80th birthday in December 2005, his friends, peers, family and fans organised a literary and cultural event in New Delhi. To mark the occasion, a volume titled Shrilal Shukla – Jeevan Hi Jeevan was issued about him which contains the writings of eminent literary personalities such as Dr. Naamvar Singh, Rajendra Yadav, Ashok Bajpai, Doodhnath Singh, Nirmala Jain, Leeladhar Jagudi, Gillian Wright, Kunwar Narayan and Raghuvir Sahay among others. His friends, family and fans also contributed to the book.
Personal account
1925 – Born in village Atrauli in Mohanlalganj , Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh
1947 – Graduated from Allahabad University
1949 – Entry into the Civil Service
1957 – First novel Sooni Ghaati Ka Sooraj published
1958 – First collection of satire Angad Ka Paanv published
1970 – Awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for Raag Darbari (for 1969)
1978 – Awarded the Madhya Pradesh Hindi Sahitya Parishad Award for Makaan
1979–80 – Served as Director of the Bhartendu Natya Academy, Uttar Pradesh
1981 – Represented India at the International Writers' Meet in Belgrade
1982–86 – Member of the Advisory Board of the Sahitya Akademi
1983 – Retirement from the Indian Administrative Service
1987–90 – Awarded the Emeritus Fellowship by the ICCR, Government of India
1988 – Given the Sahitya Bhushan Award by Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthaan
1991 – Awarded the Goyal Sahitya Puraskaar by Kurukshetra University
1994 – Awarded the Lohia Sammaan by Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthaan
1996 – Awarded the Sharad Joshi Sammaan by the Madhya Pradesh Government
1997 – Awarded the Maithili Sharan Gupta Sammaan by the Madhya Pradesh Government
1999 – Awarded the Vyas Sammaan by the Birla Foundation
2005 – Awarded the Yash Bharati Samman by the Uttar Pradesh Government
2008 – Awarded the Padma Bhushan by the President of India
2011 – Awarded the Jnanpith Award for year 2009.
Literary works
Novels
Sooni Ghaati Ka Sooraj – 1957
Agyaatvaas – 1962
Raag Darbari (novel) – 1968 – original is in Hindi; an English translation was published under the same title in 1993 by Penguin Books; also translated and published by National Book Trust, India in 15 Indian languages.
Aadmi Ka Zahar – 1972
Seemayein Tootati Hain – 1973
Makaan – 1976 – original is in Hindi; a Bengali translation was published in the late 1970s.
Pehla Padaav – 1987 – original is in Hindi; an English translation was published as Opening Moves by Penguin International in 1993.
Bisrampur Ka Sant – 1998
Babbar Singh Aur Uske Saathi – 1999 – original is in Hindi; an English translation was published as Babbar Singh And his Friends in 2000 by Scholastic Inc. New York.
Raag Viraag – 2001
Satires
Angad Ka Paanv – 1958
Yahaan Se Vahaan – 1970
Meri Shreshtha Vyangya Rachnayein – 1979
Umraaonagar Mein Kuchh Din – 1986
Kuchh Zameen Mein Kuchh Hava Mein – 1990
Aao Baith Lein Kuchh Der – 1995
Agli Shataabdi Ka Sheher – 1996
Jahaalat Ke Pachaas Saal – 2003
Khabron Ki Jugaali – 2005
Short Story Collections
Yeh Ghar Mera Nahin – 1979
Suraksha Tatha Anya Kahaaniyan – 1991
Iss Umra Mein – 2003
Dus Pratinidhi Kahaaniyan – 2003
Memoirs
Mere Saakshaatkaar – 2002
Kuchh Saahitya Charcha Bhi – 2008
Literary Critique
Bhagwati Charan Varma – 1989
Amritlal Naagar – 1994
Agyeya: Kuchh Rang Kuchh Raag – 1999
Edited Works
Hindi Haasya Vyangya Sankalan – 2000
Literary travels
He has visited Yugoslavia, Germany, UK, Poland, Surinam for various literary seminars, conferences and to receive awards. He has also headed a delegation of writers sent by the Government of India to China.
Family
Shukla died in Lucknow on 28 October 2011 at around 11.45 am after a prolonged illness, fourteen years after the death of his wife Girija, who had been his true companion who passionately shared his love of classical music and literature. Shri Lal Shukla has four children – daughters Rekha Awasthi and Madhulika Mehta who are musically talented homemakers;son Ashutosh Shukla who works in a corporate cooperative concern and lastly youngest daughter Dr. Vinita Mathur who is a professor in Geography in the University of Delhi. He has eight grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.
See also
List of Indian writers
References
^ "Noted Hindi Novelist and Satirist Shrilal Shukla Passed Away". Jagranjosh.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
^ a b Vyas Samman 1999 Archived 10 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Vyas Samman for Shreelal Shukla". The Tribune. India. 15 December 1999. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
^ Padma Bhushan Official listings Govt. of India website.
vteJnanpith Award recipients1965–1985
G. Sankara Kurup (1965)
Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay (1966)
Kuvempu and Umashankar Joshi (1967)
Sumitranandan Pant (1968)
Firaq Gorakhpuri (1969)
Viswanatha Satyanarayana (1970)
Bishnu Dey (1971)
Ramdhari Singh Dinkar (1972)
D. R. Bendre and Gopinath Mohanty (1973)
Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar (1974)
Akilan (1975)
Ashapurna Devi (1976)
Shivaram Karanth (1977)
Sachchidananda Vatsyayan (1978)
Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya (1979)
S. K. Pottekkatt (1980)
Amrita Pritam (1981)
Mahadevi Varma (1982)
Masti Venkatesha Iyengar (1983)
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai (1984)
Pannalal Patel (1985)
1986–2000
Sachidananda Routray (1986)
Kusumagraj (1987)
C. Narayana Reddy (1988)
Qurratulain Hyder (1989)
Vinayaka Krishna Gokak (1990)
Subhas Mukhopadhyay (1991)
Naresh Mehta (1992)
Sitakant Mahapatra (1993)
U. R. Ananthamurthy (1994)
M. T. Vasudevan Nair (1995)
Mahasweta Devi (1996)
Ali Sardar Jafri (1997)
Girish Karnad (1998)
Gurdial Singh and Nirmal Verma (1999)
Mamoni Raisom Goswami (2000)
2001–present
Rajendra Shah (2001)
Jayakanthan (2002)
Vinda Karandikar (2003)
Rehman Rahi (2004)
Kunwar Narayan (2005)
Ravindra Kelekar and Satya Vrat Shastri (2006)
O. N. V. Kurup (2007)
Akhlaq Mohammed Khan (2008)
Amarkant and Shrilal Shukla (2009)
Chandrashekhara Kambara (2010)
Pratibha Ray (2011)
Ravuri Bharadhwaja (2012)
Kedarnath Singh (2013)
Bhalchandra Nemade (2014)
Raghuveer Chaudhari (2015)
Shankha Ghosh (2016)
Krishna Sobti (2017)
Amitav Ghosh (2018)
Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri (2019)
Nilmani Phookan (2021)
Damodar Mauzo (2022)
Rambhadracharya and Gulzar (2023)
vteSahitya Akademi Award for Hindi1955–1959
Makhanlal Chaturvedi (1955)
Vasudeva Saran Agrawal (1956)
Acharya Narendra Dev (1957)
Rahul Sankrityayan (1958)
Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' (1959)
1960–1979
Sumitranandan Pant (1960)
Bhagwati Charan Verma (1961)
Not awarded (1962)
Amrit Rai (1963)
S. H. V. Agyeya (1964)
Nagendra (1965)
Jainendra Kumar (1966)
Amritlal Nagar (1967)
Harivansh Rai Bachchan (1968)
Shrilal Shukla (1969)
Ram Vilas Sharma (1970)
Namvar Singh (1971)
Bhawani Prasad Mishra (1972)
Hazari Prasad Dwivedi (1973)
Shivmangal Singh Suman (1974)
Bhisham Sahni (1975)
Yashpal (1976)
Shamsher Bahadur Singh (1977)
Bharat Bhushan Agarwal (1978)
Sudama Panday 'Dhoomil' (1979)
1980–1999
Krishna Sobti (1980)
Trilochan (1981)
Harishankar Parsai (1982)
Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena (1983)
Raghuvir Sahay (1984)
Nirmal Verma (1985)
Kedarnath Agarwal (1986)
Shrikant Verma (1987)
Naresh Mehta (1988)
Kedarnath Singh (1989)
Shiv Prasad Singh (1990)
Girija Kumar Mathur (1991)
Giriraj Kishore (1992)
Vishnu Prabhakar (1993)
Ashok Vajpeyi (1994)
Kunwar Narayan (1995)
Surendra Verma (1996)
Leeladhar Jagudi (1997)
Arun Kamal (1998)
Vinod Kumar Shukla (1999)
2000–2019present
Manglesh Dabral (2000)
Alka Saraogi (2001)
Rajesh Joshi (2002)
Kamleshwar (2003)
Viren Dangwal (2004)
Manohar Shyam Joshi (2005)
Gyanendrapati (2006)
Amarkant (2007)
Govind Mishra (2008)
Kailash Vajpeyi (2009)
Uday Prakash (2010)
Kashinath Singh (2011)
Chandrakant Devtale (2012)
Mridula Garg (2013)
Ramesh Chandra Shah (2014)
Ramdarash Mishra (2015)
Nasira Sharma (2016)
Ramesh Kuntal Megh (2017)
Chitra Mudgal (2018)
Nand Kishore Acharya (2019)
2020–present
Anamika (2020)
Daya Prakash Sinha (2021)
Badri Narayan (2022)
vtePadma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)2000
V. K. Aatre
Anil Agarwal
Ram Narain Agarwal
Sharan Rani Backliwal
Swami Kalyandev
Veerendra Heggade
Pavaguda V. Indiresan
Wahiduddin Khan
B. B. Lal
Raghunath Anant Mashelkar
H. Y. Sharada Prasad
Rajinikanth
Begum Aizaz Rasul
Radha Reddy
Raja Reddy
Pakkiriswamy Chandra Sekharan
Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya
S. Srinivasan
Ratan Tata
Harbans Singh Wasir
2001
Dev Anand
Viswanathan Anand
Amitabh Bachchan
Rahul Bajaj
B. R. Barwale
Balasaheb Bharde
Boyi Bhimanna
Swadesh Chatterjee
B. R. Chopra
Ashok Desai
K. M. George
Bhupen Hazarika
Lalgudi Jayaraman
Yamini Krishnamurthy
Shiv K. Kumar
Raghunath Mohapatra
Arun Netravali
Mohan Singh Oberoi
Rajendra K. Pachauri
Abdul Karim Parekh
Amrita Patel
Pran
Aroon Purie
B. V. Raju
P. Bhanumathi
Sundaram Ramakrishnan
Chitranjan Singh Ranawat
Palle Rama Rao
Raj Reddy
Uma Sharma
L. Subramaniam
Naresh Trehan
2002
Gary Ackerman
H. P. S. Ahluwalia
Prabha Atre
Sushantha Kumar Bhattacharyya
Chandu Borde
Eugene Chelyshev
Pravinchandra Varjivan Gandhi
Shobha Gurtu
Henning Holck-Larsen
Zakir Hussain
B. K. S. Iyengar
F. C. Kohli
V. C. Kulandaiswamy
Gury Marchuk
Jagat Singh Mehta
Ismail Merchant
Mario Miranda
Frank Pallone
Ramanujam Varatharaja Perumal
Natesan Rangabashyam
Maharaja Krishna Rasgotra
Habib Tanvir
K. K. Venugopal
Nirmal Verma
K. J. Yesudas
2003
Teejan Bai
Ammannur Madhava Chakyar
Prabhu Chawla
Herbert Fischer
Jamshyd Godrej
Coluthur Gopalan
K. Parasaran
B. Rajam Iyer
Shri Krishna Joshi
Madurai Narayanan Krishnan
Rajinder Kumar
Ramesh Kumar
Purshotam Lal
Sitakant Mahapatra
Bagicha Singh Minhas
Subhash Mukhopadhyay
P. S. Narayanaswamy
Arcot Ramachandran
Trichur V. Ramachandran
Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti
T. V. Sankaranarayanan
Naseeruddin Shah
T. V. R. Shenoy
Jagjit Singh
Ram Badan Singh
Hari Shankar Singhania
Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman
Narayanan Srinivasan
Padma Subrahmanyam
Swapna Sundari
O. V. Vijayan
Herbert Alexandrovich Yefremov
2004
Thoppil Varghese Antony
Soumitra Chatterjee
Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari
Gulzar
Sardara Singh Johl
M. V. Kamath
Komal Kothari
Yoshirō Mori
Gopi Chand Narang
Govindarajan Padmanaban
Poornima Arvind Pakvasa
Vishnu Prabhakar
N. Rajam
C. H. Hanumantha Rao
Thiruvengadam Lakshman Sankar
T. N. Seshagopalan
Bijoy Nandan Shahi
Krishna Srinivas
Alarmel Valli
2005
Sardar Anjum
André Beteille
Chandi Prasad Bhatt
Tumkur Ramaiya Satishchandran
Mrinal Datta Chaudhuri
Yash Chopra
Manna Dey
Irfan Habib
Yusuf Hamied
Qurratulain Hyder
Tarlochan Singh Kler
Anil Kohli
Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw
Mrinal Miri
Hari Mohan
Brijmohan Lall Munjal
M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Azim Premji
Balraj Puri
Syed Mir Qasim
A. Ramachandran
G. V. Iyer Ramakrishna
V. S. Ramamurthy
K. I. Varaprasad Reddy
K. Srinath Reddy
Girish Chandra Saxena
Narasimaiah Seshagiri
Mark Tully
2006
Jaiveer Agarwal
P. S. Appu
Shashi Bhushan
Ganga Prasad Birla
Grigory Bongard-Levin
Lokesh Chandra
Chiranjeevi
Dinesh Nandini Dalmia
Tarun Das
Madhav Gadgil
A. K. Hangal
Devaki Jain
Kamleshwar
Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan
Sabri Khan
Ghulam Mustafa Khan
Shanno Khurana
Gunter Kruger
P. Leela
K. P. P. Nambiar
Nandan Nilekani
Sai Paranjpye
Deepak Parekh
M. V. Pylee
Subramaniam Ramadorai
N. S. Ramaswamy
Pavani Parameswara Rao
Ramakanta Rath
V. Shanta
Hira Lall Sibal
Billy Arjan Singh
Jasjit Singh
Vijaypat Singhania
K. G. Subramanyan
K. K. Talwar
Vijay Shankar Vyas
Dušan Zbavitel
2007
Javed Akhtar
Gabriel Chiramel
Ela Gandhi
Saroj Ghose
V. Mohini Giri
Somnath Hore
Jamshed Jiji Irani
Gurcharan Singh Kalkat
N. Mahalingam
Prithipal Singh Maini
Tyeb Mehta
Rajan and Sajan Mishra
Rajan and Sajan Mishra
Sunil Mittal
Ramankutty Nair
Gopaldas Neeraj
Indra Nooyi
Kavalam Narayana Panicker
Bhikhu Parekh
Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri
V. S. Ramachandran
Tapan Raychaudhuri
S. H. Raza
Jeffrey Sachs
Chandra Prasad Saikia
L. Z. Sailo
Shiv Kumar Sarin
Shriram Sharma
Manju Sharma
T. N. Srinivasan
Osamu Suzuki
K. T. Thomas
2008
Mian Bashir Ahmed
Kaushik Basu
Shayama Chona
Jagjit Singh Chopra
Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar
Chandrashekhar Dasgupta
Asis Datta
Meghnad Desai
Padma Desai
Sukh Dev
Nirmal Kumar Ganguly
B. N. Goswamy
Vasant Gowarikar
Baba Kalyani
K. V. Kamath
Inderjit Kaur Barthakur
Ravindra Kelekar
Asad Ali Khan
Dominique Lapierre
D. R. Mehta
Shiv Nadar
Suresh Kumar Neotia
T. K. Oommen
K. Padmanabhaiah
Vikram Pandit
V. Ramachandran
Sushil Kumar Saxena
Amarnath Sehgal
Jasdev Singh
Shrilal Shukla
P. Susheela
S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
Yuli Vorontsov
Sunita Williams
Ji Xianlin
2009
Isher Judge Ahluwalia
Inderjit Kaur Barthakur
Shamshad Begum
Abhinav Bindra
Shanta Dhananjayan
V. P. Dhananjayan
Ramachandra Guha
Shekhar Gupta
Khalid Hameed
Minoru Hara
Jayakanthan
Thomas Kailath
Sarvagya Singh Katiyar
G. Krishna
R. C. Mehta
A. Sreedhara Menon
S. K. Misra
A. M. Naik
Satish Nambiar
Kunwar Narayan
Nagnath Naikwadi
Kirit Parikh
Sam Pitroda
C. K. Prahalad
Gurdip Singh Randhawa
Brijendra Kumar Rao
Bhakta B. Rath
C. S. Seshadri
V. Ganapati Sthapati
Devendra Triguna
Sarojini Varadappan
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Portals: Biography India Literature
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"PCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Civil_Service_(Uttar_Pradesh)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICS-2"},{"link_name":"Raag Darbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raag_Darbari_(novel)"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement"},{"link_name":"Raag Darbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raag_Darbari_(novel)"}],"text":"Shrilal Shukla (31 December 1925 – 28 October 2011[1]) was a Hindi writer, notable for his satire. He worked as a PCS officer for the state government of Uttar Pradesh, later inducted into the IAS. He has written over 25 books,[2] including Raag Darbari, Makaan, Sooni Ghaati Ka Sooraj, Pehla Padaav and Bisrampur Ka Sant.Shukla has highlighted the falling moral values in the Indian society in the post independence era through his novels. His writings expose the negative aspects of life in rural and urban India in a satirical manner. His best known work Raag Darbari has been translated into English and 15 Indian languages. A television serial based on this continued for several months on the national network in the 1980s. It is a little-known fact that he also wrote a detective novel entitled Aadmi Ka Zahar which was serialised in the weekly magazine 'Hindustan'.","title":"Shrilal Shukla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jnanpith Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnanpith_Award"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi"},{"link_name":"Raag Darbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raag_Darbari_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Vyas Samman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyas_Samman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"President of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India"},{"link_name":"Rajendra Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Yadav"},{"link_name":"Ashok Bajpai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Bajpai"},{"link_name":"Leeladhar Jagudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeladhar_Jagudi"}],"text":"Shukla received the Jnanpith Award, the highest Indian literary award, in 2011. His first major award was the Sahitya Akademi Award for his novel Raag Darbari in 1969. He received the Vyas Samman award in 1999 for the novel Bisrampur ka Sant.[2][3] In 2008, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan[4] by the President of India for his contribution to Indian literature and culture. On his 80th birthday in December 2005, his friends, peers, family and fans organised a literary and cultural event in New Delhi. To mark the occasion, a volume titled Shrilal Shukla – Jeevan Hi Jeevan was issued about him which contains the writings of eminent literary personalities such as Dr. Naamvar Singh, Rajendra Yadav, Ashok Bajpai, Doodhnath Singh, Nirmala Jain, Leeladhar Jagudi, Gillian Wright, Kunwar Narayan and Raghuvir Sahay among others. His friends, family and fans also contributed to the book.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atrauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrauli"},{"link_name":"Allahabad University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad_University"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award"},{"link_name":"ICCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICCR"},{"link_name":"Kurukshetra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetra_University"},{"link_name":"Yash Bharati Samman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yash_Bharati_Samman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"Jnanpith Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnanpith_Award"}],"text":"1925 – Born in village Atrauli in Mohanlalganj , Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh\n1947 – Graduated from Allahabad University\n1949 – Entry into the Civil Service\n1957 – First novel Sooni Ghaati Ka Sooraj published\n1958 – First collection of satire Angad Ka Paanv published\n1970 – Awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for Raag Darbari (for 1969)\n1978 – Awarded the Madhya Pradesh Hindi Sahitya Parishad Award for Makaan\n1979–80 – Served as Director of the Bhartendu Natya Academy, Uttar Pradesh\n1981 – Represented India at the International Writers' Meet in Belgrade\n1982–86 – Member of the Advisory Board of the Sahitya Akademi\n1983 – Retirement from the Indian Administrative Service\n1987–90 – Awarded the Emeritus Fellowship by the ICCR, Government of India\n1988 – Given the Sahitya Bhushan Award by Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthaan\n1991 – Awarded the Goyal Sahitya Puraskaar by Kurukshetra University\n1994 – Awarded the Lohia Sammaan by Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthaan\n1996 – Awarded the Sharad Joshi Sammaan by the Madhya Pradesh Government\n1997 – Awarded the Maithili Sharan Gupta Sammaan by the Madhya Pradesh Government\n1999 – Awarded the Vyas Sammaan by the Birla Foundation\n2005 – Awarded the Yash Bharati Samman by the Uttar Pradesh Government\n2008 – Awarded the Padma Bhushan by the President of India\n2011 – Awarded the Jnanpith Award for year 2009.","title":"Personal account"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raag Darbari (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raag_Darbari_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"}],"text":"NovelsSooni Ghaati Ka Sooraj – 1957\nAgyaatvaas – 1962\nRaag Darbari (novel) – 1968 – original is in Hindi; an English translation was published under the same title in 1993 by Penguin Books; also translated and published by National Book Trust, India in 15 Indian languages.\nAadmi Ka Zahar – 1972\nSeemayein Tootati Hain – 1973\nMakaan – 1976 – original is in Hindi; a Bengali translation was published in the late 1970s.\nPehla Padaav – 1987 – original is in Hindi; an English translation was published as Opening Moves by Penguin International in 1993.\nBisrampur Ka Sant – 1998\nBabbar Singh Aur Uske Saathi – 1999 – original is in Hindi; an English translation was published as Babbar Singh And his Friends in 2000 by Scholastic Inc. New York.\nRaag Viraag – 2001SatiresAngad Ka Paanv – 1958\nYahaan Se Vahaan – 1970\nMeri Shreshtha Vyangya Rachnayein – 1979\nUmraaonagar Mein Kuchh Din – 1986\nKuchh Zameen Mein Kuchh Hava Mein – 1990\nAao Baith Lein Kuchh Der – 1995\nAgli Shataabdi Ka Sheher – 1996\nJahaalat Ke Pachaas Saal – 2003\nKhabron Ki Jugaali – 2005Short Story CollectionsYeh Ghar Mera Nahin – 1979\nSuraksha Tatha Anya Kahaaniyan – 1991\nIss Umra Mein – 2003\nDus Pratinidhi Kahaaniyan – 2003MemoirsMere Saakshaatkaar – 2002\nKuchh Saahitya Charcha Bhi – 2008Literary CritiqueBhagwati Charan Varma – 1989\nAmritlal Naagar – 1994\nAgyeya: Kuchh Rang Kuchh Raag – 1999Edited WorksHindi Haasya Vyangya Sankalan – 2000","title":"Literary works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He has visited Yugoslavia, Germany, UK, Poland, Surinam for various literary seminars, conferences and to receive awards. He has also headed a delegation of writers sent by the Government of India to China.","title":"Literary travels"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Shukla died in Lucknow on 28 October 2011 at around 11.45 am after a prolonged illness, fourteen years after the death of his wife Girija, who had been his true companion who passionately shared his love of classical music and literature. Shri Lal Shukla has four children – daughters Rekha Awasthi and Madhulika Mehta who are musically talented homemakers;son Ashutosh Shukla who works in a corporate cooperative concern and lastly youngest daughter Dr. Vinita Mathur who is a professor in Geography in the University of Delhi. He has eight grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.","title":"Family"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Indian writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_writers"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Noted Hindi Novelist and Satirist Shrilal Shukla Passed Away\". Jagranjosh.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/Noted-Hindi-Novelist-and-Satirist-Shrilal-Shukla-Passed-Away-1319886840-1","url_text":"\"Noted Hindi Novelist and Satirist Shrilal Shukla Passed Away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vyas Samman for Shreelal Shukla\". The Tribune. India. 15 December 1999. Retrieved 19 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99dec15/nation.htm#brief","url_text":"\"Vyas Samman for Shreelal Shukla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)","url_text":"The Tribune"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobitz_II
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Second-degree atrioventricular block
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["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Types","2.1 Type 1 (Mobitz I/Wenckebach)","2.2 Type 2 (Mobitz II/Hay)","2.3 P:QRS ratios","2.4 2:1 AV block","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Medical conditionSecond-degree atrioventricular blockOther namesSecond-degree heart blockECGs demonstrating forms of second-degree AV blockSpecialtyCardiologySymptomsDizziness, Fainting, Shortness of breathTypesType 1 (Wenckebach), Type 2CausesFibrosis in AV node, medication, vagal tone, electrolyte disturbancesDiagnostic methodElectrocardiogramTreatmentAvoidance of AV-nodal-blocking medication, pacemaker
Second-degree atrioventricular block (AV block) is a disease of the electrical conduction system of the heart. It is a conduction block between the atria and ventricles. The presence of second-degree AV block is diagnosed when one or more (but not all) of the atrial impulses fail to conduct to the ventricles due to impaired conduction. It is classified as a block of the AV node, falling between first-degree (slowed conduction) and third degree blocks (complete block).
Signs and symptoms
Most people with Wenckebach (Type I Mobitz) do not show symptoms. However, those that do usually display one or more of the following:
Light-headedness
Dizziness
Syncope (fainting)
Types
There are two non-distinct types of second-degree AV block, called Type 1 and Type 2. In both types, a P wave is blocked from initiating a QRS complex; but, in Type 1, there are increasing delays in each cycle before the omission, whereas, in Type 2, there is no such pattern.
Type 1 second-degree heart block is considered more benign than type 2 second-degree heart block. The type 1 does not have structural changes found on histology.
Both types are named after Woldemar Mobitz. Type I is also named after Karel Frederik Wenckebach, and type II is also named after John Hay.
Type 1 (Mobitz I/Wenckebach)
Type 1 Second-degree AV block, also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach periodicity, is almost always a disease of the AV node. Wenckebach published a paper in 1906 on progressively lengthening PR intervals that was later classified as Type I in Mobitz's 1924 paper. Thus, both "Mobitz type I" and "Wenckebach block" refer to the same pattern and pathophysiology.
In Wenckebach's 1906 paper, his original observations were of increasing delay in contraction of the atria and ventricles that shortened after a brief pause. He later observed this in the electrocardiogram (ECG) after Einthoven's 1901 invention. In modern practice, Mobitz I heart block is characterized by progressive prolongation of the PR interval on consecutive beats followed by a blocked P wave (i.e., a dropped QRS complex). After the dropped QRS complex, the PR interval resets and the cycle repeats. This grouped beating was described as "Luciani periods" after Luigi Luciani's work in 1873. The result is a lengthening of the R-R intervals as each subsequent P-wave reaches an increasingly refractory AV node until the impulse fails to conduct, which ultimately results in a blocked QRS complex. A blocked P-wave may not be present under some circumstances, such as coexisting sinoatrial block.
One of the baseline assumptions when determining if an individual has Mobitz I heart block is that the atrial rhythm has to be regular. If the atrial rhythm is not regular, there could be alternative explanations as to why certain P waves do not conduct to the ventricles.
Mobitz I heart block is almost always a benign condition for which no specific treatment is needed for the rhythm itself. It can be seen in myocardial ischemia, propranolol use, digitalis use, rheumatic fever, and chronically in ischemic heart disease and other structural diseases (amyloidosis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic valve disease, and atrial septal defect). In symptomatic cases, intravenous atropine or isoproterenol may transiently improve conduction.
Sinus rhythm with acute inferior infarction complicated by Type I A-V block manifest in the form of 5:4 Wenckebach periods; R-P/P-R reciprocity.
Sinus rhythm (rate = 100/min) with 3:2 and 2:1 Type II A-V block; RBBB
Type 2 (Mobitz II/Hay)
Type 2 Second-degree AV block, also known as Mobitz II, is almost always a disease of the distal conduction system (His-Purkinje System).
Mobitz II heart block is characterized on a surface ECG by intermittently non-conducted P waves not preceded by PR prolongation and not followed by PR shortening. There is usually a fixed number of non-conducted P waves for every successfully conducted QRS complex, and this ratio is often specified in describing Mobitz II blocks. For example, Mobitz II block in which there are two P waves for every one QRS complex may be referred to as 2:1 Mobitz II block.:181
The medical significance of this type of AV block is that it may progress rapidly to complete heart block, in which no escape rhythm may emerge. In this case, the person may experience a Stokes-Adams attack, cardiac arrest, or sudden cardiac death. The definitive treatment for this form of AV Block is an implanted pacemaker.
The impairment is usually below the AV node. Although the terms infranodal block or infrahisian block are often applied to this disorder, they refer to the anatomic location of the block, whereas Mobitz II refers to an electrocardiographic pattern.
P:QRS ratios
Because type I Mobitz block occurs in regular cycles, there is always a fixed ratio between the number of P waves and the number of QRS complexes per cycle. This ratio is often specified when describing the block. For example, a Mobitz type I block which has 4 P waves and 3 QRS complexes per cycle may be referred to as 4:3 Mobitz Type I block.:179
Type II Mobitz block also usually occurs with a fixed P:QRS ratio, with a set number of P waves for every successfully elicited QRS.:179 This ratio is also frequently specified in referring to 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, or higher Mobitz type II block. Higher numbers of P waves for every QRS indicate more severe block:181 and ratios of 3:1 and above are also referred to as "High Grade" AV Blocke60. Of course, because type II Mobitz block is unstable by nature, it is common for the P:QRS ratio in Mobitz type II block to change over time.
The P:QRS ratio is always of the form X:(X − 1) in type I Mobitz block.
2:1 AV block
In the case of 2:1 block (2 P waves for every QRS complex) it is impossible to differentiate type I from type II Mobitz block-based solely on the P:QRS ratio or on a pattern of lengthening PR intervals.:182 In this case, a lengthened PR interval with a normal QRS width is most likely indicative of a type I-like pathology, and a normal PR interval with a widened QRS is most likely indicative of a type II-like pathology.:182
See also
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
SA node
AV node
Atrioventricular block
First-degree AV block
Third-degree AV block
References
^ Mangi MA, Jones WM, Mansour MK, Napier L (2022). "Atrioventricular Block Second-Degree". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. PMID 29493981. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ "Atrioventricular Block". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ "Lesson VI - ECG Conduction Abnormalities". Retrieved 2009-01-07.
^ http://health.medicscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/SeconddegreeAVblock2_thumb.jpg
^ synd/2824 at Who Named It?
^ Mobitz W (1924). "Über die unvollständige Störung der Erregungsüberleitung zwischen Vorhof und Kammer des menschlichen Herzens". Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Experimentelle Medizin. 41. Berlin: 180–237. doi:10.1007/BF02758773. S2CID 87410648.
^ Wenckebach KF (1898). "De Analyse van den onregelmatigen Pols. III. Over eenige Vormen van Allorythmie en Bradykardie". Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. 2. Amsterdam: 1132.
^ Silverman ME, Upshaw CB, Lange HW (August 2004). "Woldemar Mobitz and His 1924 classification of second-degree atrioventricular block". Circulation. 110 (9): 1162–1167. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000140669.35049.34. PMID 15339865.
^ Hay J (1906). "Bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmia produced by depression of certain of the functions of the heart". The Lancet. 1906 (1): 139–143. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)44443-6.
^ Wenckebach KF (1906). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der menschlichen Herztätigkeit ". Arch Anat Physiol: 297–354.
^ Mobitz W (1924). "Über die unvollständige Störung der Erregungsüberleitung zwischen Vorhof und Kammer des menschlichen Herzens ". Z Gesamte Exp Med. 41: 180–237. doi:10.1007/bf02758773. S2CID 87410648.
^ Silverman ME, Upshaw CB, Lange HW (August 2004). "Woldemar Mobitz and His 1924 classification of second-degree atrioventricular block". Circulation. 110 (9): 1162–1167. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000140669.35049.34. PMID 15339865.
^ "ECG Learning Center - An introduction to clinical electrocardiography". ecg.utah.edu. University of Utah. Archived from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
^ Diagnosis, Wenckebach Squared?
^ Lilly LS (2007). Pathophysiology of heart disease : a collaborative project of medical students and faculty (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6321-9. OCLC 938327813.
^ a b c d e f Dubin D (2000). Rapid interpretation of EKG's : ... an interactive course (6th ed.). Tampa, Fla.: Cover Publ. ISBN 978-0912912066.
^ Wogan JM, Lowenstein SR, Gordon GS (1993). "Second-degree atrioventricular block: Mobitz type II". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 11 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1016/0736-4679(93)90009-V. PMID 8445186.
^ Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, Edgerton JR, Ellenbogen KA, Gold MR, et al. (August 2019). "2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 74 (7): e51–e156. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.044. PMID 30412709.
External links
ClassificationDICD-10: I44.1ICD-9-CM: 426.12, 426.13DiseasesDB: 10477External resourceseMedicine: emerg/234
vteCardiovascular disease (heart)IschemiaCoronary disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Coronary artery aneurysm
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
Coronary thrombosis
Coronary vasospasm
Myocardial bridge
Active ischemia
Angina pectoris
Prinzmetal's angina
Stable angina
Acute coronary syndrome
Myocardial infarction
Unstable angina
Sequelae
hours
Hibernating myocardium
Myocardial stunning
days
Myocardial rupture
weeks
Ventricular aneurysm
Dressler syndrome
LayersPericardium
Pericarditis
Acute
Chronic / Constrictive
Pericardial effusion
Cardiac tamponade
Hemopericardium
Myocardium
Myocarditis
Chagas disease
Cardiomyopathy
Dilated
Alcoholic
Hypertrophic
Tachycardia-induced
Restrictive
Loeffler endocarditis
Cardiac amyloidosis
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Viral
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Endocardium / valvesEndocarditis
infective endocarditis
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
non-infective endocarditis
Libman–Sacks endocarditis
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
Valves
mitral
prolapse
stenosis
regurgitation
aortic
stenosis
regurgitation
tricuspid
stenosis
regurgitation
pulmonary
stenosis
regurgitation
Conduction / arrhythmiaBradycardia
Sinus bradycardia
Sick sinus syndrome
Heart block: Sinoatrial
AV
1°
2°
3°
Intraventricular
Bundle branch block
Right
Left
Left anterior fascicle
Left posterior fascicle
Bifascicular
Trifascicular
Adams–Stokes syndrome
Tachycardia (paroxysmal and sinus)Supraventricular
Atrial
Multifocal
Junctional
AV nodal reentrant
Junctional ectopic
Ventricular
Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
Catecholaminergic polymorphic
Torsades de pointes
Premature contraction
Atrial
Junctional
Ventricular
Pre-excitation syndrome
Lown–Ganong–Levine
Wolff–Parkinson–White
Flutter / fibrillation
Atrial flutter
Ventricular flutter
Atrial fibrillation
Familial
Ventricular fibrillation
Pacemaker
Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat
Multifocal atrial tachycardia
Pacemaker syndrome
Parasystole
Wandering atrial pacemaker
Long QT syndrome
Andersen–Tawil
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
Romano–Ward
Cardiac arrest
Sudden cardiac death
Asystole
Pulseless electrical activity
Sinoatrial arrest
Other / ungrouped
hexaxial reference system
Right axis deviation
Left axis deviation
QT
Short QT syndrome
T
T wave alternans
ST
J wave
ST elevation
ST depression
Strain pattern
Cardiomegaly
Ventricular hypertrophy
Left
Right
Pulmonary
Atrial enlargement
Left
Right
Athletic heart syndrome
Other
Cardiac fibrosis
Heart failure
Diastolic heart failure
Cardiac asthma
Rheumatic fever
Obstructive shock
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The presence of second-degree AV block is diagnosed when one or more (but not all) of the atrial impulses fail to conduct to the ventricles due to impaired conduction. It is classified as a block of the AV node, falling between first-degree (slowed conduction) and third degree blocks (complete block).[1]","title":"Second-degree atrioventricular block"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Syncope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)"}],"text":"Most people with Wenckebach (Type I Mobitz) do not show symptoms. However, those that do usually display one or more of the following:[2]Light-headedness\nDizziness\nSyncope (fainting)","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QRS complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QRS_complex"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlLesson_VI_-_ECG_Conduction_Abnormalities-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Woldemar Mobitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woldemar_Mobitz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Karel Frederik Wenckebach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Frederik_Wenckebach"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"John Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hay_(cardiologist)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15339865-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"There are two non-distinct types of second-degree AV block, called Type 1 and Type 2. In both types, a P wave is blocked from initiating a QRS complex; but, in Type 1, there are increasing delays in each cycle before the omission, whereas, in Type 2, there is no such pattern.[3]Type 1 second-degree heart block is considered more benign than type 2 second-degree heart block.[4] The type 1 does not have structural changes found on histology.Both types are named after Woldemar Mobitz.[5][6] Type I is also named after Karel Frederik Wenckebach,[7] and type II is also named after John Hay.[8][9]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wenckebach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Frederik_Wenckebach"},{"link_name":"AV node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV_node"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"electrocardiogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiogram"},{"link_name":"Luigi Luciani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Luciani"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"sinoatrial block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoatrial_block"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"atropine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine"},{"link_name":"isoproterenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoproterenol"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type_I_A-V_block_5-to-4_Wenckebach_periods.png"},{"link_name":"Sinus rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_rhythm"},{"link_name":"infarction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infarction"},{"link_name":"A-V block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrioventricular_block,_second_degree"},{"link_name":"Wenckebach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenckebach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinus_rhythm_with_3-to-2_and_2-to-1_Type_II_A-V_block.png"},{"link_name":"Sinus rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//medicscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/SeconddegreeAVblock2.jpg"},{"link_name":"A-V block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrioventricular_block,_second_degree"},{"link_name":"RBBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBBB"}],"sub_title":"Type 1 (Mobitz I/Wenckebach)","text":"Type 1 Second-degree AV block, also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach periodicity, is almost always a disease of the AV node. Wenckebach published a paper in 1906 on progressively lengthening PR intervals[10] that was later classified as Type I in Mobitz's 1924 paper.[11] Thus, both \"Mobitz type I\" and \"Wenckebach block\" refer to the same pattern and pathophysiology.In Wenckebach's 1906 paper, his original observations were of increasing delay in contraction of the atria and ventricles that shortened after a brief pause. He later observed this in the electrocardiogram (ECG) after Einthoven's 1901 invention. In modern practice, Mobitz I heart block is characterized by progressive prolongation of the PR interval on consecutive beats followed by a blocked P wave (i.e., a dropped QRS complex). After the dropped QRS complex, the PR interval resets and the cycle repeats. This grouped beating was described as \"Luciani periods\" after Luigi Luciani's work in 1873.[12] The result is a lengthening of the R-R intervals as each subsequent P-wave reaches an increasingly refractory AV node until the impulse fails to conduct, which ultimately results in a blocked QRS complex.[13] A blocked P-wave may not be present under some circumstances, such as coexisting sinoatrial block.[14]One of the baseline assumptions when determining if an individual has Mobitz I heart block is that the atrial rhythm has to be regular. If the atrial rhythm is not regular, there could be alternative explanations as to why certain P waves do not conduct to the ventricles.[citation needed]Mobitz I heart block is almost always a benign condition for which no specific treatment is needed for the rhythm itself. It can be seen in myocardial ischemia, propranolol use, digitalis use, rheumatic fever, and chronically in ischemic heart disease and other structural diseases (amyloidosis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic valve disease, and atrial septal defect). In symptomatic cases, intravenous atropine or isoproterenol may transiently improve conduction.[15]Sinus rhythm with acute inferior infarction complicated by Type I A-V block manifest in the form of 5:4 Wenckebach periods; R-P/P-R reciprocity.Sinus rhythm (rate = 100/min) with 3:2 and 2:1 Type II A-V block; RBBB","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"His-Purkinje System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart"},{"link_name":"ECG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECG"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubin6-16"},{"link_name":"complete heart block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_heart_block"},{"link_name":"escape rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_rhythm"},{"link_name":"Stokes-Adams attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes-Adams_attack"},{"link_name":"cardiac arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest"},{"link_name":"sudden cardiac death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_Cardiac_Death"},{"link_name":"implanted pacemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implanted_pacemaker"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8445186-17"}],"sub_title":"Type 2 (Mobitz II/Hay)","text":"Type 2 Second-degree AV block, also known as Mobitz II, is almost always a disease of the distal conduction system (His-Purkinje System).Mobitz II heart block is characterized on a surface ECG by intermittently non-conducted P waves not preceded by PR prolongation and not followed by PR shortening. There is usually a fixed number of non-conducted P waves for every successfully conducted QRS complex, and this ratio is often specified in describing Mobitz II blocks. For example, Mobitz II block in which there are two P waves for every one QRS complex may be referred to as 2:1 Mobitz II block.[16]:181The medical significance of this type of AV block is that it may progress rapidly to complete heart block, in which no escape rhythm may emerge. In this case, the person may experience a Stokes-Adams attack, cardiac arrest, or sudden cardiac death. The definitive treatment for this form of AV Block is an implanted pacemaker.The impairment is usually below the AV node.[17] Although the terms infranodal block or infrahisian block are often applied to this disorder, they refer to the anatomic location of the block, whereas Mobitz II refers to an electrocardiographic pattern.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubin6-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubin6-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubin6-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACCGuidelines-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"P:QRS ratios","text":"Because type I Mobitz block occurs in regular cycles, there is always a fixed ratio between the number of P waves and the number of QRS complexes per cycle. This ratio is often specified when describing the block. For example, a Mobitz type I block which has 4 P waves and 3 QRS complexes per cycle may be referred to as 4:3 Mobitz Type I block.[16]:179Type II Mobitz block also usually occurs with a fixed P:QRS ratio, with a set number of P waves for every successfully elicited QRS.[16]:179 This ratio is also frequently specified in referring to 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, or higher Mobitz type II block. Higher numbers of P waves for every QRS indicate more severe block[16]:181 and ratios of 3:1 and above are also referred to as \"High Grade\" AV Block[18]e60. Of course, because type II Mobitz block is unstable by nature, it is common for the P:QRS ratio in Mobitz type II block to change over time.[citation needed]The P:QRS ratio is always of the form X:(X − 1) in type I Mobitz block.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubin6-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubin6-16"}],"sub_title":"2:1 AV block","text":"In the case of 2:1 block (2 P waves for every QRS complex) it is impossible to differentiate type I from type II Mobitz block-based solely on the P:QRS ratio or on a pattern of lengthening PR intervals.[16]:182 In this case, a lengthened PR interval with a normal QRS width is most likely indicative of a type I-like pathology, and a normal PR interval with a widened QRS is most likely indicative of a type II-like pathology.[16]:182","title":"Types"}]
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[{"image_text":"Sinus rhythm with acute inferior infarction complicated by Type I A-V block manifest in the form of 5:4 Wenckebach periods; R-P/P-R reciprocity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Type_I_A-V_block_5-to-4_Wenckebach_periods.png/300px-Type_I_A-V_block_5-to-4_Wenckebach_periods.png"},{"image_text":"Sinus rhythm (rate = 100/min) with 3:2 and 2:1 Type II A-V block; RBBB","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sinus_rhythm_with_3-to-2_and_2-to-1_Type_II_A-V_block.png/300px-Sinus_rhythm_with_3-to-2_and_2-to-1_Type_II_A-V_block.png"}]
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[{"title":"Electrocardiogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiogram"},{"title":"SA node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoatrial_node"},{"title":"AV node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrioventricular_node"},{"title":"Atrioventricular block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrioventricular_block"},{"title":"First-degree AV block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-degree_atrioventricular_block"},{"title":"Third-degree AV block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-degree_atrioventricular_block"}]
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[{"reference":"Mangi MA, Jones WM, Mansour MK, Napier L (2022). \"Atrioventricular Block Second-Degree\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. PMID 29493981. Retrieved 3 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482359/","url_text":"\"Atrioventricular Block Second-Degree\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29493981","url_text":"29493981"}]},{"reference":"\"Atrioventricular Block\". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 3 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/atrioventricular-block/","url_text":"\"Atrioventricular Block\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lesson VI - ECG Conduction Abnormalities\". Retrieved 2009-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson6/index.html#Wenckebach","url_text":"\"Lesson VI - ECG Conduction Abnormalities\""}]},{"reference":"Mobitz W (1924). \"Über die unvollständige Störung der Erregungsüberleitung zwischen Vorhof und Kammer des menschlichen Herzens\". Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Experimentelle Medizin. 41. Berlin: 180–237. doi:10.1007/BF02758773. S2CID 87410648.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02758773","url_text":"10.1007/BF02758773"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87410648","url_text":"87410648"}]},{"reference":"Wenckebach KF (1898). \"De Analyse van den onregelmatigen Pols. III. Over eenige Vormen van Allorythmie en Bradykardie\". Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. 2. Amsterdam: 1132.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Silverman ME, Upshaw CB, Lange HW (August 2004). \"Woldemar Mobitz and His 1924 classification of second-degree atrioventricular block\". Circulation. 110 (9): 1162–1167. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000140669.35049.34. PMID 15339865.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000140669.35049.34","url_text":"\"Woldemar Mobitz and His 1924 classification of second-degree atrioventricular block\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000140669.35049.34","url_text":"10.1161/01.CIR.0000140669.35049.34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15339865","url_text":"15339865"}]},{"reference":"Hay J (1906). \"Bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmia produced by depression of certain of the functions of the heart\". The Lancet. 1906 (1): 139–143. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)44443-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1945247","url_text":"\"Bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmia produced by depression of certain of the functions of the heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2801%2944443-6","url_text":"10.1016/s0140-6736(01)44443-6"}]},{"reference":"Wenckebach KF (1906). \"Beiträge zur Kenntnis der menschlichen Herztätigkeit [Contributions to the knowledge of human cardiac activity]\". Arch Anat Physiol: 297–354.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mobitz W (1924). \"Über die unvollständige Störung der Erregungsüberleitung zwischen Vorhof und Kammer des menschlichen Herzens [On the partial block of impulse conduction between atrium and ventricle of human hearts]\". Z Gesamte Exp Med. 41: 180–237. doi:10.1007/bf02758773. S2CID 87410648.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02758773","url_text":"10.1007/bf02758773"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87410648","url_text":"87410648"}]},{"reference":"Silverman ME, Upshaw CB, Lange HW (August 2004). \"Woldemar Mobitz and His 1924 classification of second-degree atrioventricular block\". Circulation. 110 (9): 1162–1167. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000140669.35049.34. PMID 15339865.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000140669.35049.34","url_text":"\"Woldemar Mobitz and His 1924 classification of second-degree atrioventricular block\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000140669.35049.34","url_text":"10.1161/01.CIR.0000140669.35049.34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15339865","url_text":"15339865"}]},{"reference":"\"ECG Learning Center - An introduction to clinical electrocardiography\". ecg.utah.edu. University of Utah. Archived from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2022-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://ecg.utah.edu/lesson/6","url_text":"\"ECG Learning Center - An introduction to clinical electrocardiography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah","url_text":"University of Utah"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220814034316/https://ecg.utah.edu/lesson/6","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lilly LS (2007). Pathophysiology of heart disease : a collaborative project of medical students and faculty (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6321-9. OCLC 938327813.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6321-9","url_text":"978-0-7817-6321-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/938327813","url_text":"938327813"}]},{"reference":"Dubin D (2000). Rapid interpretation of EKG's : ... an interactive course (6th ed.). Tampa, Fla.: Cover Publ. ISBN 978-0912912066.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0912912066","url_text":"978-0912912066"}]},{"reference":"Wogan JM, Lowenstein SR, Gordon GS (1993). \"Second-degree atrioventricular block: Mobitz type II\". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 11 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1016/0736-4679(93)90009-V. PMID 8445186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0736-4679%2893%2990009-V","url_text":"10.1016/0736-4679(93)90009-V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8445186","url_text":"8445186"}]},{"reference":"Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, Edgerton JR, Ellenbogen KA, Gold MR, et al. (August 2019). \"2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society\". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 74 (7): e51–e156. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.044. PMID 30412709.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2018.10.044","url_text":"\"2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2018.10.044","url_text":"10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.044"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30412709","url_text":"30412709"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_for_Commerce_and_Economic_Development
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Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development
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["1 List of office holders","1.1 Secretaries for Trade and Industry, 1982–1997","1.2 Secretaries for Trade and Industry, 1997–2000","1.3 Secretaries for Commerce and Industry, 2000–2002","1.4 Secretaries for Commerce, Industry and Technology, 2002–2007","1.5 Secretaries for Commerce and Economic Development, 2007–present","2 References","3 External links"]
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Hong KongSpecial Administrative RegionSecretary for the Commerce and Economic Development 商務及經濟發展局局長Emblem of Hong KongIncumbentAlgernon Yausince 1 July 2022Commerce and Economic Development BureauStyleThe HonourableAppointerCentral People's Governmentnomination by Chief ExecutiveInaugural holderStephen Ip Secretary for Economic ServicesFrederick MaSecretary for Commerce & Economic DevelopmentFormation1 July 19971 July 2007SalaryHK$4,021,200 per annumWebsiteCEDB
Secretary for Commerce and Economic DevelopmentTraditional Chinese商務及經濟發展局局長Simplified Chinese商务及经济发展局局长TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinShāngwù jí Jīngjìfāzhǎn Jú KúzhǎngYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationSēung mouh kahp gīng jai faat jín guhk guhk jéungJyutpingSoeng1 mou6 kap6 ging1 zai3 faat3 zin2 guk6 guk6 zoeng2
The Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development heads the Commerce and Economic Development Bureau of the Hong Kong Government. The Secretary is responsible for promoting commerce and the economic development of Hong Kong. The position was created in 2007 by merging the previous portfolios of the Secretary for Commerce, Industry and Technology and the Secretary for Economic Development and Labour.
The predecessor, Secretary for Trade and Industry (Chinese: 工商局局長), was the head of the Trade and Industry Branch, and later the Trade and Industry Bureau, responsible for securing Hong Kong's access to the world market, helping Hong Kong manufacturers remain competitive in international markets, enhancing the protection of intellectual property rights, and promoting Hong Kong customers' interests. It was renamed and re-organised as the Secretary for Commerce and Industry in 2000, and replaced by the Secretary for Commerce, Industry and Technology (Chinese: 工商及科技局局長) in 2002, with new responsibilities of technology sectors after merging with Secretary for Information Technology and Broadcasting.
List of office holders
Secretaries for Trade and Industry, 1982–1997
No.
Portrait
Name
Term of office
Governor
Ref
1
William Dorward杜華
August 1982
February 1983
Sir Edward Youde(1982–1986)
2
Eric Peter Ho何鴻鑾
February 1983
1987
Sir David Wilson(1987–1992)
3
Hamish Macleod麥高樂
1987
1989
4
John Chan陳祖澤
1989
1991
5
Brian Chau周德熙
20 May 1991
November 1995
Chris Patten(1992–1997)
6
Denise Yue俞宗怡
November 1995
30 June 1997
Secretaries for Trade and Industry, 1997–2000
No.
Portrait
Name
Term of office
Duration
Chief Executive
Term
Ref
1
Denise Yue Chung-yee俞宗怡
1 July 1997
30 March 1998
272 days
Tung Chee-hwa(1997–2005)
1
2
Brian Chau Tak-hay周德熙
31 March 1998
30 June 2000
2 years, 121 days
Secretaries for Commerce and Industry, 2000–2002
No.
Portrait
Name
Term of office
Duration
Chief Executive
Term
Ref
1
Brian Chau Tak-hay周德熙
1 July 2000
30 June 2002
1 year, 364 days
Tung Chee-hwa(1997–2005)
1
Secretaries for Commerce, Industry and Technology, 2002–2007
No.
Portrait
Name
Term of office
Duration
Chief Executive
Term
Ref
1
Henry Tang Ying-yen唐英年
1 July 2002
3 August 2003
1 year, 364 days
Tung Chee-hwa(1997–2005)
2
John Tsang Chun-wah曾俊華
4 August 2003
24 January 2006
2 years, 173 days
Donald Tsang(2005–2012)
2
Joseph Wong Wing-ping王永平
24 January 2006
30 June 2007
1 year, 157 days
Secretaries for Commerce and Economic Development, 2007–present
Political party: Nonpartisan Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB)
No.
Portrait
Name
Term of office
Duration
Chief Executive
Term
Ref
1
Frederick Ma Si-hang馬時亨
1 July 2007
11 July 2008
1 year, 10 days
Donald Tsang(2005–2012)
3
2
Rita Lau Ng Wai-lan劉吳惠蘭
12 July 2008
13 April 2011
2 years, 275 days
3
Gregory So Kam-leung蘇錦樑
28 June 2011
30 June 2017
6 years, 2 days
Leung Chun-ying(2012–2017)
4
4
Edward Yau Tang-wah邱騰華
1 July 2017
30 June 2022
5 years, 0 days
Carrie Lam(2017–2022)
5
5
Algernon Yau Ying-wah丘應樺
1 July 2022
Incumbent
1 year, 354 days
John Lee(2022–present)
6
References
^ "Remuneration package for Politically Appointed Officials serving in fifth-term HKSAR Government". Government of Hong Kong. 12 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
^ "1997 Policy Address - Trade and Industry Bureau". Hong Kong: HKSAR Government. 1997. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
^ "Reorganisation of Trade and Industry Bureau and Its Supporting Departments" (PDF). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Legislative Council. 2000–2001. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
^ "Declaration of Change of Titles (Trade and Industry Bureau, Secretary for Trade and Industry, Trade Department, Director-General of Trade, Deputy Director-General of Trade and Assistant Director-General of Trade) Notice 2000". Hong Kong eLegislation.
External links
Organisation chart of Hong Kong Government
vte Principal officials of Hong KongSecretaries of Departments
Chief Secretary for Administration
Financial Secretary
Secretary for Justice
Deputy Secretaries of Departments
Deputy Chief Secretary for Administration
Deputy Financial Secretary
Deputy Secretary for Justice
Directors of Bureaux
Civil Service
Commerce and Economic Development
Constitutional and Mainland Affairs
Culture, Sports and Tourism
Development
Education
Environment and Ecology
Financial Services and the Treasury
Health
Home and Youth Affairs
Housing
Innovation, Technology and Industry
Labour and Welfare
Security
Transport and Logistics
Others
Audit
Police
ICAC
Customs and Excise
Immigration
vteCommerce and Economic Development Bureau (Hong Kong)Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development: Algernon Yau Ying-wahSubordinate departments
Intellectual Property Department
Invest Hong Kong
Office of the Communications Authority
Post Office
Radio Television Hong Kong
Trade and Industry Department
Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices (Overseas)
Predecessors
Trade and Industry Branch
Economic Services Branch
Recreation and Culture Branch
Broadcasting, Culture and Sport Branch
Trade and Industry Bureau
Economic Services Bureau
Commerce and Industry Bureau
Information Technology and Broadcasting Bureau
Commerce, Industry and Technology Bureau
Economic Development and Labour Bureau
Related organisations and statutory bodies
Office of the Communications Authority
Office for Film, Newspaper and Article Administration
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Willis
|
Eddie Willis
|
["1 Career","2 Death","3 References","4 External links"]
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American musical artist (1936–2018)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Eddie Willis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Eddie WillisWillis at a ceremony in March 2013 to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for the Funk BrothersBackground informationAlso known asChank WillisBorn(1936-06-03)June 3, 1936Grenada, Mississippi, USDiedAugust 20, 2018(2018-08-20) (aged 82)Gore Springs, Mississippi, U.S.GenresSoul, R&BOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)Electric guitar, electric sitarLabelsMotownMusical artist
Eddie "Chank" Willis (June 3, 1936 – August 20, 2018) was an American soul musician. Willis played electric guitar and occasional electric sitar for Motown's in-house studio band, The Funk Brothers, during the 1960s and early 1970s.
Career
Born in Grenada, Mississippi, Willis was known for his signature style of muted guitar riffs which added a distinctive tone or "color" to the beat, often timed with the snare, of the hundreds of hit songs recorded at Hitsville U.S.A. for Motown artists. Among the recordings Willis performed on are "Please Mr. Postman" by The Marvelettes, "The Way You Do the Things You Do" by The Temptations, "You Keep Me Hanging On" by The Supremes, and "I Was Made to Love Her" by Stevie Wonder.
Influences for Willis included Chet Atkins, Wes Montgomery, and Albert King. He played a Gibson Firebird guitar on most of his early 1960s work, later moving on to use a Gibson ES-335. On recordings such as The Supremes' "No Matter What Sign You Are", Willis performed on a Coral sitar.
He accepted an offer from Phil Collins to perform on his album of Motown and 1960s soul classics, Going Back.
Death
Willis died on August 20, 2018, in Gore Springs, Mississippi from complications of polio at the age of 82.
References
^ "Motown's Eddie Willis, one of last Funk Brothers, dead". EU.Freep. August 20, 2018.
External links
Justman, Paul (2002). Standing in the Shadows of Motown (Motion picture). New York: Artisan Entertainment.
vteThe Funk Brothers
Richard "Pistol" Allen
Jack Ashford
Bob Babbitt
Benny Benjamin
Eddie "Bongo" Brown
Johnny Griffith
Joe Hunter
James Jamerson
Uriel Jones
Joe Messina
Earl Van Dyke
Robert White
Eddie Willis
#1 hit singles
1961
"Please Mr. Postman"
1963
"Fingertips"
1964
"My Guy"
"Where Did Our Love Go"
"Baby Love"
"Come See About Me"
1965
"My Girl"
"Stop! In the Name of Love"
"Back in My Arms Again"
"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)"
"I Hear a Symphony"
1966
"You Can't Hurry Love"
"Reach Out I'll Be There"
"You Keep Me Hangin' On"
1967
"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone"
"The Happening"
1968
"Love Child"
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine"
1969
"I Can't Get Next to You"
"Someday We'll Be Together"
1970
"War"
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
"The Tears of a Clown"
1971
"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)"
1972
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
1973
"Let's Get It On"
Category
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
This biographical article related to R&B/Soul music is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy_Museum
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National Museum of the United States Navy
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["1 Mission","2 History","3 Visiting the National Museum of the U.S. Navy","4 Willard Park","5 Permanent exhibits","5.1 Dive! Dive! U.S. Navy Submarines","5.2 The American Revolution and the French Alliance","5.3 The Forgotten Wars of the Nineteenth Century","5.4 Civil War","5.5 Spanish–American War","5.6 Polar Exploration","5.7 Navigation","5.8 U.S. Navy in World War I","5.9 In Harm's Way, The Navy in World War II","5.10 Korea 1950–1953: The Navy in the Forgotten War","6 Other exhibits","7 In popular culture","8 Future plans","9 Other Navy museums","10 Navy memorials","11 See also","11.1 In general","11.2 Aircraft carrier museums","11.3 Battleship museums","11.4 Other museums","12 Footnotes","13 External links"]
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Coordinates: 38°52′24″N 76°59′43″W / 38.8733°N 76.9953°W / 38.8733; -76.9953Flagship museum of the United States Navy
U.S. Navy MuseumU.S. Navy Museum logoLocation within Washington, D.C.Established1961; 63 years ago (1961)Location736 Sicard St SE, Washington, DC 20374Coordinates38°52′24″N 76°59′43″W / 38.8733°N 76.9953°W / 38.8733; -76.9953Type United States NavyPublic transit access Navy Yard – BallparkWebsiteU.S. Navy Museum
The National Museum of the United States Navy, or U.S. Navy Museum for short, is the flagship museum of the United States Navy and is located in the former Breech Mechanism Shop of the old Naval Gun Factory on the grounds of the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., United States.
The U.S. Navy Museum is one of ten official Navy museums, and is part of the Naval History & Heritage Command, the official history program of the United States Navy.
Mission
The U.S. Navy Museum collects, preserves, displays, and interprets historic naval artifacts and artwork to inform, educate, and inspire naval personnel and the general public.
History
Bridge of the USS Fletcher at the museum
The U.S. Navy Museum was established in 1961 and opened to the public in 1963. As one of 15 Navy museums throughout the country, it is the only one that presents an overview of U. S. naval history. Permanent and temporary exhibitions commemorate the Navy's wartime heroes and battles as well as its peacetime contributions in exploration, diplomacy, space flight, navigation and humanitarian service.
Known for 40 years as the U.S. Navy flagship museum, The U.S. Navy Museum celebrates a legacy of educating the public. In the tradition of its predecessors on the Washington Navy Yard beginning in 1865, the current museum features a collection that dates from 1800. The museum's collection moved twice before Admiral Arleigh Burke established the current museum, Building 76, in 1963 to create an American naval history museum comparable to those in Europe. The U.S. Navy Museum continues to embody Burke's vision of sharing the Navy's history and traditions with the world.
The tradition of collecting naval artifacts in the United States began in the early 19th century under the command of Thomas Tingey, the first commandant of the Washington Navy Yard. The first artifact collected was a French gun, cast in 1793 at Lyons, captured during the Quasi-War with France, 1798–1801. From this modest beginning, the collection grew as the U.S. Navy fought in more battles and explored the high seas during the early years of the American republic.
As the Navy's collection of artifacts grew, so did the need for a space to display them. In 1865, the former Paint Shop opened as the Museum of Naval Relics and Weapons, where the Dispensary is today. This museum was amongst America's earliest federal museums. Listed as one of Washington's most popular tourist attractions in Morrison's Strangers Guide to Washington, the collection impressed visitors with such artifacts as a gun from Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortés (used during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire), and the sloop Kearsarge's original sternpost containing a shell she received during her fight with the Confederate raider Alabama off the French coast.
In 1913 the museum's artifacts were moved to Building 120. The museum shared space with the Seaman Gunner's Quarters and the Recruiting Office. This site is now a parking lot west of the Washington Navy Yard. The building was demolished in 1927, which left the Navy's collection of artifacts in storage for eight years. In April 1935, the third museum opened in building 40, at the north end of the Breech Mechanism Shop constructed between 1887 and 1899. When World War II ended, the yard officially changed its name to the Naval Gun Factory. Hence, the museum became the Naval Gun Factory Museum. After gun production ceased, Admiral Burke obtained the entire building in 1961 to house a new and more complete collection of artifacts.
Today, the U.S. Navy Museum is the only naval museum to chronicle the U.S. Navy's history from its creation to the present. Artifacts like USS Constitution's fighting top, the world's deepest diving submersible, Trieste, and the khaki uniform of former Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz make The Navy Museum's collection second to none.
Close to 94,000 individuals visit The U.S. Navy Museum annually. Admission to the museum and its programs is free. The museum is architecturally accessible.
Visiting the National Museum of the U.S. Navy
A view of the U.S. Navy Museum as seen from Willard Park. Periscopes from the submarine exhibit are visible to the left.
The National Museum of the United States Navy and the associated Cold War Gallery are open to the public. Both facilities closed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on March 14, 2020, and reopened on June 1, 2021. Because the museum is on the grounds of an active military installation, visitors must either present valid government/military credentials, be accompanied by someone who has such credentials, or apply for a day pass at the on-site visitors' center. Upon entering the museum, visitors can see the fighting top from USS Constitution, as well as a statue of Boatswain's Mate Charles W. Riggin, made from melted dimes.
Willard Park
Located between the U.S. Navy Museum and the waterfront, Willard Park is named for Admiral Arthur L. Willard, Commandant of the Navy Yard from 1927 to 1930. Alongside the many iron guns on display are a screw from the battleship USS South Dakota (BB-57), a 6-inch gun salvaged from the battleship USS Maine, a titanium pressure sphere from the Alvin undersea exploration vehicle, the Swift Boat PCF-1, and a 14-inch naval railway gun from the First World War.
Permanent exhibits
Dive! Dive! U.S. Navy Submarines
This large room is dedicated entirely to the history of American submarines. The room features a pair of working periscopes, targeting computers, and battle flags.
The American Revolution and the French Alliance
The U.S. Navy's violent beginning is documented near the museum's entrance with a video kiosk, weapons, and depictions of early American Navy heroes.
The Forgotten Wars of the Nineteenth Century
This exhibit features artifacts from the Quasi-War with France, the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War, the War of 1812, and the Mexican–American War. The centerpiece of this exhibit is a replica of USS Constitution gun deck.
Civil War
The Civil War exhibit shows the sorts of warships and equipment used by sailors of the Union and Confederate fleets. Models of the legendary ironclads USS Monitor and CSS Virginia, the commerce raider CSS Alabama, and the USS Kearsarge (1861) are on display.
Spanish–American War
This exhibit tells the story of the loss of the battleship USS Maine (ACR-1), public outrage and the beginning of the United States as a global power. On display are several weapons, items from the home front, a model and diagram of the strange USS Vesuvius (1888), and the uniform of Admiral George Dewey.
Polar Exploration
The story of Admiral Richard Byrd's 1928 voyage to the South Pole is told through photographs and equipment from his and other subsequent voyages.
Navigation
Vitally crucial throughout history, navigational techniques and various pieces of equipment are explained in a small exhibit on the history of navigation at sea. The room is filled with charts, chronometers, and meteorological equipment.
U.S. Navy in World War I
This exhibit detailing the U.S. Navy's brief involvement in the First World War explains the dangerous task of submarine-hunting and showcases models of warships of the period, a captured German flag, and footage of a U.S. Navy railway gun in action.
In Harm's Way, The Navy in World War II
The most extensive section of the museum, In Harm's Way, is divided into three sections.
The Atlantic Theater. This exhibit details convoy protection, the capture of U-505, the breaking of the German Enigma code, and the role of the Merchant Marine, as well as weapons and equipment used by both sides of the war for Europe. A wide variety of cannon, rifles and sidearms are on display along with a high-altitude flying suit, the diving log of U-505 and the XAF Radar Receiver from the battleship USS New York (BB-34).
The Home Front. Featuring a replica storefront and a small theater showing a film from the World War II period, the home front exhibit is decorated with patriotic posters, aircraft identification models, and personal items. The role of WAVES is detailed in the exhibit.
The Pacific Theater. The area dedicated to the war in the Pacific dominates the World War II section of the museum, featuring a full-size replica of the bridge of the destroyer USS Fletcher, four gun batteries, an FG-1D Corsair, a Japanese MXY7 Ohka kamikaze aircraft, two atomic bomb casings, and models of the carrier USS Leyte (CV-32) and battleship USS Missouri (BB-63), each around twenty feet in length.
Korea 1950–1953: The Navy in the Forgotten War
Uniforms and equipment, along with videos and other artifacts, bring the often-ignored Korean War into focus. Captured Soviet weapons, models of aircraft and warships, and a piece of the Inchon seawall are on display.
Other exhibits
The display of Trieste seen at the museum's Undersea Exploration exhibit.
The deep submergence vehicle Trieste is the highlight of the Undersea Exploration exhibit. A small exhibit on the Steel Navy (1883–1909) is in the north end, as well as on the Battle of Trafalgar, which features a short film on naval artillery based on the 2003 film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World.
In popular culture
The Navy Museum was featured in Ephemera, the Season 17 Episode 16 episode of the CBS TV series NCIS.
Future plans
On October 13, 2020, then-United States Secretary of the Navy Kenneth Braithwaite announced that a new National Museum of the United States Navy would be designed and built, with construction and installation tentatively slated for 2025. He stated that the facility will be located near the Washington Navy Yard, but outside its security perimeter so that visitors can enter without the need for credentials or a day pass.
Other Navy museums
See also: Naval History and Heritage Command § U.S. Navy museums
There are nine other official Navy museums:
Hampton Roads Naval Museum – Norfolk, VA
National Museum of the American Sailor (formerly Great Lakes Naval Museum) – Naval Station Great Lakes, IL
National Naval Aviation Museum – Pensacola, FL
Naval Undersea Museum – Keyport, WA
Naval War College Museum – Newport, RI
Puget Sound Navy Museum – Bremerton, WA
Submarine Force Museum and Historic Ship Nautilus – Groton, CT
U.S. Naval Academy Museum – Annapolis, MD
U.S. Navy Seabee Museum – Port Hueneme, CA
The following museums are not listed on the list of "Official U.S. Naval Museums" in the footnote at the top of this section:
National Museum of the Surface Navy on Battleship USS Iowa - Los Angeles, CA
U.S. Navy Memorial Museum – Washington, DC
USS Constitution ("Old Ironsides") – Boston, MA
Navy Art Collection – Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC
USS Cavalla Submarine & USS Stewart Destroyer Escort - Seawolf Park Galveston Naval Museum, Galveston, TX
Navy memorials
See also: United States Navy Memorial and United States Navy Memorial § Other Navy memorials
See also
In general
Category: United States Navy museums
History of the United States Navy
Category: Naval ships of the United States
Category: Marine Corps museums in the United States
National Museum of the Marine Corps
National Museum of the United States Air Force
National Museum of the United States Army
Aircraft carrier museums
USS Hornet Museum; Alameda, California – USS Hornet (CV-12)
Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum; New York City – USS Intrepid (CV-11)
USS Lexington Museum on the Bay; Corpus Christi, Texas – USS Lexington (CV-16)
USS Midway Museum; San Diego, California – USS Midway (CV-41)
Patriots Point; Charleston, South Carolina – USS Yorktown (CV-10)
Battleship museums
Battleship Memorial Park; Mobile, Alabama – USS Alabama (BB-60)
Battleship USS Iowa Museum; San Pedro, California - USS Iowa (BB-61)
Battleship Cove; Fall River, Massachusetts – USS Massachusetts (BB-59)
Battleship Missouri Memorial; Pearl Harbor, Hawaii – USS Missouri (BB-63)
Battleship New Jersey Museum and Memorial; Camden, New Jersey – USS New Jersey (BB-62)
USS North Carolina Battleship Memorial; Wilmington, North Carolina – USS North Carolina (BB-55)
San Jacinto State Park; LaPorte, Texas – USS Texas (BB-35)
Nauticus Maritime Center; Norfolk, Virginia – USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
See also: USS Arizona Memorial, USS Maine (1889)#Memorials, USS South Dakota (BB-57)#Post-war
Other museums
Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park – USS Little Rock, USS The Sullivans, USS Croaker
National Civil War Naval Museum at Port Columbus
National Museum of the Pacific War (Admiral Nimitz State Historic Site)
Pearl Harbor National Memorial
Soldiers and Sailors National Military Museum and Memorial
United States Naval Shipbuilding Museum – USS Salem (CA-139) (heavy cruiser)
USS Kidd Veterans Museum, Baton Rouge, Louisiana – USS Kidd (DD-661) (destroyer)
USS Becuna (SS-319) (submarine)
USS Cod (SS-224) (submarine)
USS Edson (DD-946) (destroyer)
USS Nautilus (SSN-571) (submarine) – see Submarine Force Museum
USS Olympia (C-6) (cruiser)
USS Orleck (DD-886) (destroyer) - Jacksonville, Florida
USS Requin (SS-481) (submarine)
USS Turner Joy (DD-951) (destroyer)
USS Slater (DE-766) (Destroyer escort)
War in the Pacific National Historical Park
Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum
Wisconsin Maritime Museum – USS Cobia (SS-245) (submarine)
Category:Naval museums in the United States
List of museum ships (sortable by nationality or country of location)
Footnotes
^ a b "Visit Our Museums". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 2017-04-13.. The U. S. Navy Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., is not on this list of U.S. Navy museums.
^ Lockwood, Eric (August 8, 2016). "Remember the Maine! Historic Ship's Gun on Road to Conservation". Navy News Service. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
^ ""NCIS" Ephemera (TV Episode 2020)". IMDb.
^ "NCIS Season 17 Episode 16 Review: Ephemera". 18 February 2020.
^ "New National Museum of the U.S. Navy".
^ USS South Dakota is memorialized at Sioux Falls, S. Dak., where memorabilia and parts of the ship are displayed within an outline of the main deck. A screw from South Dakota is on display outside the U. S. Navy Museum.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Navy Museum.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Museums of the United States Navy.
U.S. Navy museums
National Museum of the U.S. Navy website
US Navy Museum (photos of exhibits at US Navy Museum, Washington, DC)
Naval History & Heritage Command (NHHC)
Naval Historical Foundation
Hampton Roads Naval Museum Archived 2015-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
Great Lakes Naval Museum webpage. NHHC official website.
The Museum webpage. Great Lakes Naval Museum Foundation website
National Naval Aviation Museum
U.S. Naval Museum of Armament and Technology
Naval Undersea Museum
Naval War College Museum
Puget Sound Navy Museum
Patuxent River Naval Air Museum
U.S. Navy Seabee Museum Archived 2015-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
Submarine Force Museum
U.S. Naval Academy Museum
Navy Art Collection
USS Constitution "Old Ironsides"
U.S. Navy Supply Corps Museum
Other
Submarine Museums in the United States
Naval and Maritime Museums List: United States of America
Naval and Maritime Museums List: International (except USA)
Historic Naval Ships Visitors' Guide
Pritzker Military Museum & Library
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vteUnited States Navy museumsCurrent
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|
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S. naval history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"wartime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle"},{"link_name":"peacetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace"},{"link_name":"diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"space flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_flight"},{"link_name":"navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation"},{"link_name":"humanitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian"},{"link_name":"naval history museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_museum"},{"link_name":"federal museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_museum#United_States"},{"link_name":"sternpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternpost"},{"link_name":"Washington Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"USS Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste"},{"link_name":"Chester W. 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The museum's collection moved twice before Admiral Arleigh Burke established the current museum, Building 76, in 1963 to create an American naval history museum comparable to those in Europe. The U.S. Navy Museum continues to embody Burke's vision of sharing the Navy's history and traditions with the world.The tradition of collecting naval artifacts in the United States began in the early 19th century under the command of Thomas Tingey, the first commandant of the Washington Navy Yard. The first artifact collected was a French gun, cast in 1793 at Lyons, captured during the Quasi-War with France, 1798–1801. From this modest beginning, the collection grew as the U.S. Navy fought in more battles and explored the high seas during the early years of the American republic.As the Navy's collection of artifacts grew, so did the need for a space to display them. In 1865, the former Paint Shop opened as the Museum of Naval Relics and Weapons, where the Dispensary is today. This museum was amongst America's earliest federal museums. Listed as one of Washington's most popular tourist attractions in Morrison's Strangers Guide to Washington, the collection impressed visitors with such artifacts as a gun from Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortés (used during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire), and the sloop Kearsarge's original sternpost containing a shell she received during her fight with the Confederate raider Alabama off the French coast.In 1913 the museum's artifacts were moved to Building 120. The museum shared space with the Seaman Gunner's Quarters and the Recruiting Office. This site is now a parking lot west of the Washington Navy Yard. The building was demolished in 1927, which left the Navy's collection of artifacts in storage for eight years. In April 1935, the third museum opened in building 40, at the north end of the Breech Mechanism Shop constructed between 1887 and 1899. When World War II ended, the yard officially changed its name to the Naval Gun Factory. Hence, the museum became the Naval Gun Factory Museum. After gun production ceased, Admiral Burke obtained the entire building in 1961 to house a new and more complete collection of artifacts.Today, the U.S. Navy Museum is the only naval museum to chronicle the U.S. Navy's history from its creation to the present. Artifacts like USS Constitution's fighting top, the world's deepest diving submersible, Trieste, and the khaki uniform of former Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz make The Navy Museum's collection second to none.Close to 94,000 individuals visit The U.S. Navy Museum annually. Admission to the museum and its programs is free. 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Models of the legendary ironclads USS Monitor and CSS Virginia, the commerce raider CSS Alabama, and the USS Kearsarge (1861) are on display.","title":"Permanent exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Maine (ACR-1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)"},{"link_name":"USS Vesuvius (1888)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vesuvius_(1888)"},{"link_name":"George Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dewey"}],"sub_title":"Spanish–American War","text":"This exhibit tells the story of the loss of the battleship USS Maine (ACR-1), public outrage and the beginning of the United States as a global power. On display are several weapons, items from the home front, a model and diagram of the strange USS Vesuvius (1888), and the uniform of Admiral George Dewey.","title":"Permanent exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd"}],"sub_title":"Polar Exploration","text":"The story of Admiral Richard Byrd's 1928 voyage to the South Pole is told through photographs and equipment from his and other subsequent voyages.","title":"Permanent exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Navigation","text":"Vitally crucial throughout history, navigational techniques and various pieces of equipment are explained in a small exhibit on the history of navigation at sea. The room is filled with charts, chronometers, and meteorological equipment.","title":"Permanent exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"U.S. Navy in World War I","text":"This exhibit detailing the U.S. Navy's brief involvement in the First World War explains the dangerous task of submarine-hunting and showcases models of warships of the period, a captured German flag, and footage of a U.S. Navy railway gun in action.","title":"Permanent exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U-505","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-505"},{"link_name":"German Enigma code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"link_name":"Merchant Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine"},{"link_name":"XAF Radar Receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAF_Radar"},{"link_name":"USS New York (BB-34)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_York_(BB-34)"},{"link_name":"WAVES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAVES"},{"link_name":"USS Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Fletcher_(DD-445)"},{"link_name":"FG-1D Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"MXY7 Ohka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohka"},{"link_name":"USS Leyte (CV-32)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Leyte_(CV-32)"},{"link_name":"USS Missouri (BB-63)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)"}],"sub_title":"In Harm's Way, The Navy in World War II","text":"The most extensive section of the museum, In Harm's Way, is divided into three sections.The Atlantic Theater. This exhibit details convoy protection, the capture of U-505, the breaking of the German Enigma code, and the role of the Merchant Marine, as well as weapons and equipment used by both sides of the war for Europe. A wide variety of cannon, rifles and sidearms are on display along with a high-altitude flying suit, the diving log of U-505 and the XAF Radar Receiver from the battleship USS New York (BB-34).\nThe Home Front. Featuring a replica storefront and a small theater showing a film from the World War II period, the home front exhibit is decorated with patriotic posters, aircraft identification models, and personal items. The role of WAVES is detailed in the exhibit.\nThe Pacific Theater. The area dedicated to the war in the Pacific dominates the World War II section of the museum, featuring a full-size replica of the bridge of the destroyer USS Fletcher, four gun batteries, an FG-1D Corsair, a Japanese MXY7 Ohka kamikaze aircraft, two atomic bomb casings, and models of the carrier USS Leyte (CV-32) and battleship USS Missouri (BB-63), each around twenty feet in length.","title":"Permanent exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"}],"sub_title":"Korea 1950–1953: The Navy in the Forgotten War","text":"Uniforms and equipment, along with videos and other artifacts, bring the often-ignored Korean War into focus. Captured Soviet weapons, models of aircraft and warships, and a piece of the Inchon seawall are on display.","title":"Permanent exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trieste_Display.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste_(bathyscaphe)"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_and_Commander:_The_Far_Side_of_the_World"}],"text":"The display of Trieste seen at the museum's Undersea Exploration exhibit.The deep submergence vehicle Trieste is the highlight of the Undersea Exploration exhibit. A small exhibit on the Steel Navy (1883–1909) is in the north end, as well as on the Battle of Trafalgar, which features a short film on naval artillery based on the 2003 film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World.","title":"Other exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Navy Museum was featured in Ephemera, the Season 17 Episode 16 episode of the CBS TV series NCIS.[3][4]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Braithwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Braithwaite"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On October 13, 2020, then-United States Secretary of the Navy Kenneth Braithwaite announced that a new National Museum of the United States Navy would be designed and built, with construction and installation tentatively slated for 2025. He stated that the facility will be located near the Washington Navy Yard, but outside its security perimeter so that visitors can enter without the need for credentials or a day pass.[5]","title":"Future plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naval History and Heritage Command § U.S. Navy museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command#U.S._Navy_museums"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialNavyMuseums-1"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads Naval Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Naval_Museum"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the American Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Sailor"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Great_Lakes#Museum"},{"link_name":"National Naval Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Naval_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Naval Undersea Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Undersea_Museum"},{"link_name":"Naval War College Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_War_College_Museum"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound Navy Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_Navy_Museum"},{"link_name":"Submarine Force Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_Force_Library_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"U.S. Naval Academy Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Academy_Museum"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Seabee Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Seabee_Museum"},{"link_name":"Battleship USS Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial"},{"link_name":"USS Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Washington Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard#Cultural_and_scientific"}],"text":"See also: Naval History and Heritage Command § U.S. Navy museumsThere are nine other official Navy museums:[1]Hampton Roads Naval Museum – Norfolk, VA\nNational Museum of the American Sailor (formerly Great Lakes Naval Museum) – Naval Station Great Lakes, IL\nNational Naval Aviation Museum – Pensacola, FL\nNaval Undersea Museum – Keyport, WA\nNaval War College Museum – Newport, RI\nPuget Sound Navy Museum – Bremerton, WA\nSubmarine Force Museum and Historic Ship Nautilus – Groton, CT\nU.S. Naval Academy Museum – Annapolis, MD\nU.S. Navy Seabee Museum – Port Hueneme, CAThe following museums are not listed on the list of \"Official U.S. Naval Museums\" in the footnote at the top of this section:National Museum of the Surface Navy on Battleship USS Iowa - Los Angeles, CA\nU.S. Navy Memorial Museum – Washington, DC\nUSS Constitution (\"Old Ironsides\") – Boston, MA\nNavy Art Collection – Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC\nUSS Cavalla Submarine & USS Stewart Destroyer Escort - Seawolf Park Galveston Naval Museum, Galveston, TX","title":"Other Navy museums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial"},{"link_name":"United States Navy Memorial § Other Navy memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial#Other_Navy_memorials"}],"text":"See also: United States Navy Memorial and United States Navy Memorial § Other Navy memorials","title":"Navy memorials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OfficialNavyMuseums_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OfficialNavyMuseums_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Visit Our Museums\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.navy.mil/visit-our-museums.html"},{"link_name":"U. S. Navy Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Remember the Maine! Historic Ship's Gun on Road to Conservation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=96094"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"\"NCIS\" Ephemera (TV Episode 2020)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt11685704/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"NCIS Season 17 Episode 16 Review: Ephemera\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tvfanatic.com/2020/02/ncis-season-17-episode-16-review-ephemera/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"New National Museum of the U.S. Navy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/new-nmusn.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"U. S. Navy Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Willard_Park"}],"text":"^ a b \"Visit Our Museums\". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 2017-04-13.. The U. S. Navy Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., is not on this list of U.S. Navy museums.\n\n^ Lockwood, Eric (August 8, 2016). \"Remember the Maine! Historic Ship's Gun on Road to Conservation\". Navy News Service. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved February 8, 2019.\n\n^ \"\"NCIS\" Ephemera (TV Episode 2020)\". IMDb.\n\n^ \"NCIS Season 17 Episode 16 Review: Ephemera\". 18 February 2020.\n\n^ \"New National Museum of the U.S. Navy\".\n\n^ USS South Dakota is memorialized at Sioux Falls, S. Dak., where memorabilia and parts of the ship are displayed within an outline of the main deck. A screw from South Dakota is on display outside the U. S. Navy Museum.","title":"Footnotes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Bridge of the USS Fletcher at the museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bridge_of_USS_Fletcher_%28DD-445%29_at_the_U.S._Navy_Museum%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._%28USA%29%2C_on_26_February_1972.jpg/250px-Bridge_of_USS_Fletcher_%28DD-445%29_at_the_U.S._Navy_Museum%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._%28USA%29%2C_on_26_February_1972.jpg"},{"image_text":"A view of the U.S. Navy Museum as seen from Willard Park. Periscopes from the submarine exhibit are visible to the left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/US_Navy_030421-N-0000X-001_The_Navy_Museum_is_celebrating_its_40th_anniversary_and_the_legacy_of_past_naval_museums_with_a_new_exhibit.jpg/300px-US_Navy_030421-N-0000X-001_The_Navy_Museum_is_celebrating_its_40th_anniversary_and_the_legacy_of_past_naval_museums_with_a_new_exhibit.jpg"},{"image_text":"The display of Trieste seen at the museum's Undersea Exploration exhibit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Trieste_Display.jpg/220px-Trieste_Display.jpg"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Visit Our Museums\". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 2017-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/visit-our-museums.html","url_text":"\"Visit Our Museums\""}]},{"reference":"Lockwood, Eric (August 8, 2016). \"Remember the Maine! Historic Ship's Gun on Road to Conservation\". Navy News Service. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved February 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=96094","url_text":"\"Remember the Maine! Historic Ship's Gun on Road to Conservation\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"NCIS\" Ephemera (TV Episode 2020)\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11685704/","url_text":"\"\"NCIS\" Ephemera (TV Episode 2020)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"NCIS Season 17 Episode 16 Review: Ephemera\". 18 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvfanatic.com/2020/02/ncis-season-17-episode-16-review-ephemera/","url_text":"\"NCIS Season 17 Episode 16 Review: Ephemera\""}]},{"reference":"\"New National Museum of the U.S. Navy\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/new-nmusn.html","url_text":"\"New National Museum of the U.S. Navy\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Muhammad_Sagir
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Shah Muhammad Saghir
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["1 Life","2 His works","3 References"]
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Shah Muhammad Sagirশাহ মুহম্মদ সগীরOccupationPoet
Shah Muhammad Sagir (Bengali: শাহ মুহম্মদ সগীর) was one of the earliest Bengali Muslim poets, if not the first.
Life
Shah Muhammad Sagir was a poet of the 14/15th century, during the reign of the Sultan of Bengal Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah. He was born to a Fakir family in Chittagong, the then cultural capital of Arakan.
His best known work is Yusuf-Zulekha, which has commendatory verses for Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah. He was the court poet of Azam Shah and wrote the volume at his request. Although it has praise for the parents and teachers of the poet, it does not mention their names or residence. Shah Muhammad Sagir is considered to be the first writer to introduce Perso-Arabic vocabulary into Bengali poetry.
Yusuf-Zulekha excerpt
ওস্তাদে প্রণাম কঁরো পিতা হন্তে বাড়
Ostade prônam kôro pita hônte baṛ
দোসর জনম দিলা তিহঁ সে আহ্মার
Dosôr jônôm dila tĩho she ahmar
(I respect my teacher more than my father;/ He has given me the second birth of knowledge)
His works
Yusuf-Zulekha
References
^ a b Ahmed, Wakil (2012). "Shah Muhammad Sagir". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
^ Muhammad Mojlum Khan (21 October 2013). "Shah Jalal". The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. Kube Publishing. p. 17.
This article about a Bangladeshi poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Muslim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wakil-1"}],"text":"Shah Muhammad Sagir (Bengali: শাহ মুহম্মদ সগীর) was one of the earliest Bengali Muslim poets, if not the first.[1]","title":"Shah Muhammad Saghir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultan of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah"},{"link_name":"Fakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakir"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Arakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan"},{"link_name":"Yusuf-Zulekha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf-Zulekha"},{"link_name":"Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah"},{"link_name":"Azam Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojlum-2"},{"link_name":"Perso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsi"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Bengali poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_poetry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wakil-1"}],"text":"Shah Muhammad Sagir was a poet of the 14/15th century, during the reign of the Sultan of Bengal Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah. He was born to a Fakir family in Chittagong, the then cultural capital of Arakan.His best known work is Yusuf-Zulekha, which has commendatory verses for Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah. He was the court poet of Azam Shah and wrote the volume at his request.[2] Although it has praise for the parents and teachers of the poet, it does not mention their names or residence. Shah Muhammad Sagir is considered to be the first writer to introduce Perso-Arabic vocabulary into Bengali poetry.[1]Yusuf-Zulekha excerpt\n\n\nওস্তাদে প্রণাম কঁরো পিতা হন্তে বাড়\nOstade prônam kôro pita hônte baṛ\nদোসর জনম দিলা তিহঁ সে আহ্মার\nDosôr jônôm dila tĩho she ahmar\n(I respect my teacher more than my father;/ He has given me the second birth of knowledge)","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yusuf-Zulekha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf-Zulekha"}],"text":"Yusuf-Zulekha","title":"His works"}]
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[{"reference":"Ahmed, Wakil (2012). \"Shah Muhammad Sagir\". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shah_Muhammad_Sagir","url_text":"\"Shah Muhammad Sagir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]},{"reference":"Muhammad Mojlum Khan (21 October 2013). \"Shah Jalal\". The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. Kube Publishing. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mojlum_Khan","url_text":"Muhammad Mojlum Khan"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shah_Muhammad_Sagir","external_links_name":"\"Shah Muhammad Sagir\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Muhammad_Saghir&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Ball
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Marcia Ball
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["1 Career","2 Discography","2.1 Solo or principal artist","2.2 Other contributions","3 Filmography","4 Festival appearances","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Marcia BallMarcia Ball in concert (2011)Background informationBorn (1949-03-20) March 20, 1949 (age 75)Orange, Texas, U.S.OriginVinton, Louisiana, U.S.Genres
New Orleans blues
New Orleans R&B
swamp blues
Louisiana blues
Texas blues
boogie-woogie
swamp rock
Instrument(s)PianovocalsYears active1970–presentWebsitewww.marciaball.comMusical artist
Marcia Ball (born March 20, 1949) is an American blues singer and pianist raised in Vinton, Louisiana.
Ball was described in USA Today as "a sensation, saucy singer and superb pianist... where Texas stomp-rock and Louisiana blues-swamp meet." The Boston Globe described her music as "an irresistible celebratory blend of rollicking, two-fisted New Orleans piano, Louisiana swamp rock and smoldering Texas blues from a contemporary storyteller."
Career
Ball was born in Orange, Texas, into a musical family. Her grandmother and aunt both played piano music of their time and Ball started piano lessons when she started school, and showed an early interest in New Orleans style piano playing, as exemplified by Fats Domino, Professor Longhair, and James Booker. She has named Irma Thomas, the New Orleans vocalist, as her chief vocal inspiration. Ball studied English at Louisiana State University in the 1960s while playing in a band called Gum. In 1970, at age 21, she started a progressive country band called Freda and the Firedogs in Austin, Texas, and began her solo career in 1974.
Ball's piano style includes elements of zydeco, swamp blues, Louisiana blues, and boogie woogie. She began her recording career as a solo artist with Rounder Records in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 2001, she joined the Chicago-based Alligator Records. Her Rounder album, Sing It!, which featured vocalists Irma Thomas and Tracy Nelson, released in January 1998 was nominated for a Grammy Award and a Blues Music Award for "Best Contemporary Blues Album." Ball received the 1998 Blues Music Award for "Contemporary Female Vocalist of the Year" and "Best Blues Instrumentalist-Keyboards."
She was awarded "Contemporary Blues Album of the Year" for her albums Presumed Innocent (2002) and So Many Rivers (2004). The same year she also won "Contemporary Blues Artist of the Year-Female." She won the "Best Blues Instrumentalist-Keyboards" again in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2009. The BMA for Keyboards has since been renamed the Pinetop Perkins Piano Player Award and Ball has won it in 2012 and 2015. Her 2003 Alligator release, So Many Rivers, was nominated for a Grammy as were Live! Down The Road (2005) and Peace, Love & BBQ (2008). She was inducted into the Austin Music Hall of Fame in 2018.
Ball has continued to work with Irma Thomas. In 2006, the two contributed a duet ("Look Up") on the New Orleans Social Club release, Sing Me Back Home (Burgundy Records/Honey Darling Records). In 2007, the two contributed another duet ("I Can't Get New Orleans Off My Mind") to Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino (Vanguard Records). She continues to play at nightclubs, particularly in Austin and New Orleans, and performs at music festivals in North America and overseas.
In May 2015, Ball won the 'Pinetop Perkins Piano Player' award at the Blues Music Awards ceremony. She won the same award in 2019.
On October 25, 2018, Ball was inducted into the Austin City Limits Hall of Fame, where she first appeared during their inaugural season in 1976.
Discography
Solo or principal artist
1972: Freda and the Firedogs
1978: Circuit Queen (Capitol)
1984: Soulful Dress (Rounder)
1985: Hot Tamale Baby (Rounder)
1989: Gatorhythms (Rounder)
1990: Dreams Come True (Antone's) (with Lou Ann Barton and Angela Strehli)
1994: Blue House (Rounder)
1997: Let Me Play With Your Poodle (Rounder)
1998: Sing It! (Rounder) (with Tracy Nelson and Irma Thomas)
2001: Presumed Innocent (Alligator Records)
2003: So Many Rivers (Alligator)
2004: Live at Waterloo Records (Alligator)
2005: Live! Down The Road (Alligator)
2007: JazzFest Live (MunckMusic\Munck)
2008: Peace, Love & BBQ (Alligator)
2011: Roadside Attractions (Alligator)
2014: The Tattooed Lady & The Alligator Man (Alligator)
2018: Shine Bright (Alligator)
Other contributions
2000 Don Wise: In the verge of survival, with Delbert McClinton
2003: Patchwork: A Tribute to James Booker (STR Digital Records)
2006: Sing Me Back Home New Orleans Social Club (Burgundy Records/Honey Darling Records) Duet with Irma Thomas, "Look Up".
2007: Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino (Vanguard Records) Duet with Irma Thomas, "I Can't Get New Orleans Off My Mind".
2009: Dave Alvin and the Guilty Women (Yep Roc Records) With Dave Alvin. Member of "The Guilty Women" band.
Filmography
2003: The Blues, episode Piano Blues directed by Clint Eastwood
2006: New Orleans Music in Exile
Festival appearances
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Marcia Ball" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
San Francisco Blues Festival – 1984
Austin Aqua Fest – 1986
Long Beach Blues Festival – 1996
Rhythm And Roots Festival (Charlestown, Rhode Island) – 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017
Thursday at the Square – 2002
Monterey Jazz Festival – 2002
Austin City Limits Music Festival – 2004
National Folk Festival (USA) – 2005
Waterfront Blues Festival (Portland, Oregon) – 2007
New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival – 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2018
Arkansas Blues and Heritage Festival (Helena, Arkansas) – 2010
Crescent City Blues and BBQ Festival (New Orleans, Louisiana) – 2011
Chicago Blues Festival – 2013
Edmonton Blues Festival - 2018
See also
List of blues musicians
List of boogie woogie musicians
List of Louisiana blues musicians
List of Swamp blues musicians
List of people from Texas
List of Austinites
Music of Austin
References
^ a b c d "Marcia Ball - Biography & History - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
^ Gundersen, Edna. USA Today, February 5, 2006.
^ Gilbert, Andrew (February 19, 2006), "A Gulf Coast treasure breaks out", Boston Globe, retrieved October 26, 2009
^ from and interview with Marcia Ball on episode 208 of the Americana Music Show, published September 11, 2014
^ a b Russell, Tony (1997). The Blues – From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books Ltd. p. 90. ISBN 1-85868-255-X.
^ Biography Archived May 22, 2007, at archive.today, Blues.about.com; accessed March 19, 2015.
^ Biodata Archived February 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, rosebudus.com; accessed March 19, 2015.
^ "Meet your ACL Hall of Fame inductees for 2018: Ray Charles, Los Lobos, Marcia Ball". Music.blog.austin360.com. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
^ "2015 Blues Music Awards Winners". Americanbluesscene.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
^ "2019 Blues Music Awards Winners Announced". Antimusic.com. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
^ "Austin City Limits Hall of Fame". Acltv.com. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marcia Ball.
Official Marcia Ball website
Marcia Ball at IMDb
Marcia Ball at Facebook
Fan site
Le Show interview: Shearer, Harry (May 8, 2005). "le Show". HarryShearer.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
vteMarcia BallAlbums
Soulful Dress (1984)
Hot Tamale Baby (1985)
Gatorhythms (1989)
Blue House (1994)
Let Me Play with Your Poodle (1997)
Presumed Innocent (2001)
So Many Rivers (2003)
Peace, Love & BBQ (2008)
Related articles
New Orleans Music in Exile
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Her grandmother and aunt both played piano music of their time and Ball started piano lessons when she started school,[4] and showed an early interest in New Orleans style piano playing, as exemplified by Fats Domino, Professor Longhair, and James Booker. She has named Irma Thomas, the New Orleans vocalist, as her chief vocal inspiration. Ball studied English at Louisiana State University in the 1960s while playing in a band called Gum.[1] In 1970, at age 21, she started a progressive country band called Freda and the Firedogs in Austin, Texas, and began her solo career in 1974.[5]Ball's piano style includes elements of zydeco, swamp blues, Louisiana blues, and boogie woogie.[6] She began her recording career as a solo artist with Rounder Records in the 1980s and early 1990s.[5] In 2001, she joined the Chicago-based Alligator Records. Her Rounder album, Sing It!, which featured vocalists Irma Thomas and Tracy Nelson, released in January 1998 was nominated for a Grammy Award and a Blues Music Award for \"Best Contemporary Blues Album.\" Ball received the 1998 Blues Music Award for \"Contemporary Female Vocalist of the Year\" and \"Best Blues Instrumentalist-Keyboards.\"[7]She was awarded \"Contemporary Blues Album of the Year\" for her albums Presumed Innocent (2002) and So Many Rivers (2004). The same year she also won \"Contemporary Blues Artist of the Year-Female.\" She won the \"Best Blues Instrumentalist-Keyboards\" again in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2009. The BMA for Keyboards has since been renamed the Pinetop Perkins Piano Player Award and Ball has won it in 2012 and 2015. Her 2003 Alligator release, So Many Rivers, was nominated for a Grammy as were Live! Down The Road (2005) and Peace, Love & BBQ (2008). She was inducted into the Austin Music Hall of Fame in 2018.[8]Ball has continued to work with Irma Thomas. In 2006, the two contributed a duet (\"Look Up\") on the New Orleans Social Club release, Sing Me Back Home (Burgundy Records/Honey Darling Records). In 2007, the two contributed another duet (\"I Can't Get New Orleans Off My Mind\") to Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino (Vanguard Records). She continues to play at nightclubs, particularly in Austin and New Orleans, and performs at music festivals in North America and overseas.[1]In May 2015, Ball won the 'Pinetop Perkins Piano Player' award at the Blues Music Awards ceremony.[9] She won the same award in 2019.[10]On October 25, 2018, Ball was inducted into the Austin City Limits Hall of Fame, where she first appeared during their inaugural season in 1976.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"Soulful Dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulful_Dress"},{"link_name":"Hot Tamale Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Tamale_Baby"},{"link_name":"Gatorhythms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatorhythms"},{"link_name":"Antone's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antone%27s_Record_Label"},{"link_name":"Lou Ann Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Ann_Barton"},{"link_name":"Angela Strehli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Strehli"},{"link_name":"Blue House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_House_(album)"},{"link_name":"Let Me Play With Your Poodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Me_Play_With_Your_Poodle_(album)"},{"link_name":"Tracy Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Nelson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Irma Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Presumed Innocent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumed_Innocent_(Marcia_Ball_album)"},{"link_name":"Alligator Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_Records"},{"link_name":"So Many Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Many_Rivers_(Marcia_Ball_album)"},{"link_name":"Peace, Love & BBQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace,_Love_%26_BBQ"}],"sub_title":"Solo or principal artist","text":"1972: Freda and the Firedogs\n1978: Circuit Queen (Capitol)\n1984: Soulful Dress (Rounder)\n1985: Hot Tamale Baby (Rounder)\n1989: Gatorhythms (Rounder)\n1990: Dreams Come True (Antone's) (with Lou Ann Barton and Angela Strehli)\n1994: Blue House (Rounder)\n1997: Let Me Play With Your Poodle (Rounder)\n1998: Sing It! 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Member of \"The Guilty Women\" band.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blues_(film)"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Music in Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Music_in_Exile"}],"text":"2003: The Blues, episode Piano Blues directed by Clint Eastwood\n2006: New Orleans Music in Exile","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Blues Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Blues_Festival"},{"link_name":"Austin Aqua Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Aqua_Fest"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Blues Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Blues_Festival"},{"link_name":"Charlestown, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Thursday at the Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thursday_at_the_Square"},{"link_name":"Monterey Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Austin City Limits Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_City_Limits_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"National Folk Festival (USA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Folk_Festival_(USA)"},{"link_name":"Waterfront Blues Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront_Blues_Festival"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_and_Heritage_Festival"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Blues and Heritage Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Blues_and_Heritage_Festival"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blues Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blues_Festival"}],"text":"San Francisco Blues Festival – 1984\nAustin Aqua Fest – 1986\nLong Beach Blues Festival – 1996\nRhythm And Roots Festival (Charlestown, Rhode Island) – 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017\nThursday at the Square – 2002\nMonterey Jazz Festival – 2002\nAustin City Limits Music Festival – 2004\nNational Folk Festival (USA) – 2005\nWaterfront Blues Festival (Portland, Oregon) – 2007\nNew Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival – 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2018\nArkansas Blues and Heritage Festival (Helena, Arkansas) – 2010\nCrescent City Blues and BBQ Festival (New Orleans, Louisiana) – 2011\nChicago Blues Festival – 2013\nEdmonton Blues Festival - 2018","title":"Festival appearances"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Marcia Ball - Biography & History - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/marcia-ball-mn0000676415/biography","url_text":"\"Marcia Ball - Biography & History - AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Andrew (February 19, 2006), \"A Gulf Coast treasure breaks out\", Boston Globe, retrieved October 26, 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2006/02/19/a_gulf_coast_treasure_breaks_out","url_text":"\"A Gulf Coast treasure breaks out\""}]},{"reference":"Russell, Tony (1997). The Blues – From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books Ltd. p. 90. ISBN 1-85868-255-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85868-255-X","url_text":"1-85868-255-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet your ACL Hall of Fame inductees for 2018: Ray Charles, Los Lobos, Marcia Ball\". Music.blog.austin360.com. Retrieved September 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://music.blog.austin360.com/2018/05/14/meet-your-acl-hall-of-fame-inductees-for-2018-ray-charles-los-lobos-marcia-ball/","url_text":"\"Meet your ACL Hall of Fame inductees for 2018: Ray Charles, Los Lobos, Marcia Ball\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Blues Music Awards Winners\". Americanbluesscene.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170704081925/https://www.americanbluesscene.com/2015/05/2015-blues-music-awards-winners/","url_text":"\"2015 Blues Music Awards Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.americanbluesscene.com/2015/05/2015-blues-music-awards-winners/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Blues Music Awards Winners Announced\". Antimusic.com. Retrieved May 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antimusic.com/news/19/May/102019_Blues_Music_Awards_Winners_Announced.shtml","url_text":"\"2019 Blues Music Awards Winners Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austin City Limits Hall of Fame\". Acltv.com. Retrieved December 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://acltv.com/hall-of-fame/previous-ceremonies","url_text":"\"Austin City Limits Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"Shearer, Harry (May 8, 2005). \"le Show\". HarryShearer.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Shearer","url_text":"Shearer, Harry"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080530060819/http://media.harryshearer.com/?ProgramID=473","url_text":"\"le Show\""},{"url":"http://media.harryshearer.com/?ProgramID=473","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel-Charles_Le_C%C3%A8ne
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Michel-Charles Le Cène
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[]
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French printer
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (May 2012) Click for important translation instructions.
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Michel-Charles Le Cène (ca. 1684 Honfleur, France ‐ 29 April 1743 in Amsterdam) was a French printer. His house printed the first editions of works by Vivaldi, Geminiani, Handel, Quantz, Tartini, Telemann and Locatelli, among others. The workshop was in Amsterdam.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Other
SNAC
IdRef
This French biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merluccidae
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Merlucciidae
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Family of fishes
Merlucciidae
Silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Gadiformes
Family:
MerlucciidaeT. N. Gill, 1884
Genera
Lyconodes
Lyconus
Macruronus
Merluccius
Steindachneria
The Merlucciidae, commonly called merluccid hakes /mərˈluːtʃɪd/, are a family of cod-like fish, including most hakes.
They are native to cold water in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and typically are found at depths greater than 50 m (160 ft) in subtropical, temperate, sub-Arctic or sub-Antarctic regions.
The best known species are in the genera Macruronus and Merluccius. These predatory fish are up to 1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) in length, though most only reach about half that length, inhabiting the waters of the continental shelf and upper continental slope, where they feed on small fish such as lanternfishes. Several species are important commercial fish, for example the blue grenadier (Macruronus novaezelandiae) that is fished in the southwest Pacific and the North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) that is fished off western North America.
The taxonomy of the Merluccidae is not settled, with some authorities raising two or three subfamilies, the Merluccinae, Macruroninae, and Steindachneriinae, while other authorities raise the latter two into their own families, the Macruronidae and the monotypic Steindachneriidae.
This would mean the genera would be arranged as:
Steindachneriidae
Steindachneria
Macruronidae
Lyconodes
Lyconus
Macruronus
Merlucciidae ss
Merluccius
References
^ Richards, William J. (August 8, 2005). Early Stages of Atlantic Fishes: An Identification Guide for the Western Central North Atlantic, Two Volume Set. CRC Press. ISBN 9780203500217 – via Google Books.
^ Arancibia, Hugo (September 28, 2015). Hakes: Biology and Exploitation. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118568415 – via Google Books.
^ Lloris, Domingo (2005). Hakes of the world (family Merlucciidae) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of hake species known to date. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-104984-X.
^ Alfredo Carvalho-Filho; Guy Marcovaldi; Claudio L.S. Sampaio; M. Isabel G. Paiva (2011). "First report of Macruronus novaezelandiae (Gadiformes, Merluccidae, Macruroninae) from Atlantic tropical waters" (PDF). Marine Biodiversity Records. 4: e49. doi:10.1017/S1755267211000431.
^ a b Hiromitsu Endo (2002). "Phylogeny of the Order Gadiformes (Teleostei, Paracanthopterygii)" (PDF). Memoirs of the Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences Hokkaido University. 49 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). "Merlucciidae" in FishBase. June 2012 version.
External links
Terra Curanda Fishery Statistics
Taxon identifiersMerlucciidae
Wikidata: Q609228
Wikispecies: Merlucciidae
ADW: Merlucciidae
AFD: Merlucciidae
BOLD: 24199
CoL: CLV
EoL: 5500
GBIF: 3703
iNaturalist: 82352
IRMNG: 115968
ITIS: 164789
NBN: NHMSYS0021053334
NCBI: 8061
NZOR: a4f26f51-3927-475f-80d2-029fc9b0ca59
Open Tree of Life: 62655
Paleobiology Database: 133671
WoRMS: 125473
Authority control databases: National
Israel
This Gadiformes-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hake"},{"link_name":"/mərˈluːtʃɪd/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cod-like fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadiformes"},{"link_name":"hakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hakes-3"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"},{"link_name":"continental shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf"},{"link_name":"continental slope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_slope"},{"link_name":"lanternfishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanternfish"},{"link_name":"blue grenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_grenadier"},{"link_name":"North Pacific hake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_hake"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filho-4"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endo-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endo-5"},{"link_name":"ss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensu_stricto"}],"text":"The Merlucciidae, commonly called merluccid hakes /mərˈluːtʃɪd/,[1][2] are a family of cod-like fish, including most hakes.[3]\nThey are native to cold water in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and typically are found at depths greater than 50 m (160 ft) in subtropical, temperate, sub-Arctic or sub-Antarctic regions.The best known species are in the genera Macruronus and Merluccius. These predatory fish are up to 1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) in length, though most only reach about half that length, inhabiting the waters of the continental shelf and upper continental slope, where they feed on small fish such as lanternfishes. Several species are important commercial fish, for example the blue grenadier (Macruronus novaezelandiae) that is fished in the southwest Pacific and the North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) that is fished off western North America.The taxonomy of the Merluccidae is not settled, with some authorities raising two or three subfamilies, the Merluccinae, Macruroninae,[4] and Steindachneriinae, while other authorities raise the latter two into their own families, the Macruronidae and the monotypic Steindachneriidae.[5]This would mean the genera would be arranged as:[5]Steindachneriidae\nSteindachneria\nMacruronidae\nLyconodes\nLyconus\nMacruronus\nMerlucciidae ss\nMerluccius","title":"Merlucciidae"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Richards, William J. (August 8, 2005). Early Stages of Atlantic Fishes: An Identification Guide for the Western Central North Atlantic, Two Volume Set. CRC Press. ISBN 9780203500217 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3MBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22merluccid+hakes%22&pg=PA633","url_text":"Early Stages of Atlantic Fishes: An Identification Guide for the Western Central North Atlantic, Two Volume Set"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203500217","url_text":"9780203500217"}]},{"reference":"Arancibia, Hugo (September 28, 2015). Hakes: Biology and Exploitation. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118568415 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dfXzBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22merluccid+hakes%22&pg=PA324","url_text":"Hakes: Biology and Exploitation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118568415","url_text":"9781118568415"}]},{"reference":"Lloris, Domingo (2005). Hakes of the world (family Merlucciidae) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of hake species known to date. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-104984-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fao.org/4/y4876e/y4876e00.htm","url_text":"Hakes of the world (family Merlucciidae) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of hake species known to date"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-104984-X","url_text":"92-5-104984-X"}]},{"reference":"Alfredo Carvalho-Filho; Guy Marcovaldi; Claudio L.S. Sampaio; M. Isabel G. Paiva (2011). \"First report of Macruronus novaezelandiae (Gadiformes, Merluccidae, Macruroninae) from Atlantic tropical waters\" (PDF). Marine Biodiversity Records. 4: e49. doi:10.1017/S1755267211000431.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tamar.org.br/publicacoes_html/pdf/2011/2011_First_report_of_Macruronus_novaezelandiae.pdf","url_text":"\"First report of Macruronus novaezelandiae (Gadiformes, Merluccidae, Macruroninae) from Atlantic tropical waters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1755267211000431","url_text":"10.1017/S1755267211000431"}]},{"reference":"Hiromitsu Endo (2002). \"Phylogeny of the Order Gadiformes (Teleostei, Paracanthopterygii)\" (PDF). Memoirs of the Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences Hokkaido University. 49 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2018-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170830001519/https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/22016/1/49(2)_P75-149.pdf","url_text":"\"Phylogeny of the Order Gadiformes (Teleostei, Paracanthopterygii)\""},{"url":"https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/22016/1/49%282%29_P75-149.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3MBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22merluccid+hakes%22&pg=PA633","external_links_name":"Early Stages of Atlantic Fishes: An Identification Guide for the Western Central North Atlantic, Two Volume Set"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dfXzBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22merluccid+hakes%22&pg=PA324","external_links_name":"Hakes: Biology and Exploitation"},{"Link":"https://www.fao.org/4/y4876e/y4876e00.htm","external_links_name":"Hakes of the world (family Merlucciidae) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of hake species known to date"},{"Link":"https://www.tamar.org.br/publicacoes_html/pdf/2011/2011_First_report_of_Macruronus_novaezelandiae.pdf","external_links_name":"\"First report of Macruronus novaezelandiae (Gadiformes, Merluccidae, Macruroninae) from Atlantic tropical waters\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1755267211000431","external_links_name":"10.1017/S1755267211000431"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170830001519/https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/22016/1/49(2)_P75-149.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Phylogeny of the Order Gadiformes (Teleostei, Paracanthopterygii)\""},{"Link":"https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/22016/1/49%282%29_P75-149.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.php?Family=Merlucciidae","external_links_name":"\"Merlucciidae\""},{"Link":"http://www.terracuranda.org/fisheries/statistics/index.html","external_links_name":"Terra Curanda Fishery Statistics"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Merlucciidae/","external_links_name":"Merlucciidae"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Merlucciidae","external_links_name":"Merlucciidae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=24199","external_links_name":"24199"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/CLV","external_links_name":"CLV"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5500","external_links_name":"5500"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3703","external_links_name":"3703"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/82352","external_links_name":"82352"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115968","external_links_name":"115968"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164789","external_links_name":"164789"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021053334","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0021053334"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8061","external_links_name":"8061"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/a4f26f51-3927-475f-80d2-029fc9b0ca59","external_links_name":"a4f26f51-3927-475f-80d2-029fc9b0ca59"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=62655","external_links_name":"62655"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=133671","external_links_name":"133671"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125473","external_links_name":"125473"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554265905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merlucciidae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_Poland
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2006 in Poland
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["1 Incumbents","2 Events","2.1 January","2.2 July","2.3 September","2.4 November","3 Sport","4 Deaths","5 See also","6 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2006 in Poland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
List of events
←
2005
2004
2003
2006 in Poland
→
2007
2008
2009
Decades:
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
See also:
Other events of 2006
Timeline of Polish history
This is a list of events during the year 2006 in Poland.
Incumbents
Lech Kaczyński
Incumbents
Position
Person
Party
Notes
President
Lech Kaczyński
Independent (Supported by the Law and Justice)
Prime Minister
Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz
Law and Justice
Until 16 July 2006
Jarosław Kaczyński
Law and Justice
From 16 July 2006
Marshal of the Sejm
Marek Jurek
Law and Justice/Right of the Republic
Marshal of the Senate
Bogdan Borusewicz
Independent (Supported by Law and Justice)
Events
January
28 January – Katowice Trade Hall roof collapse. 65 fatalities, over 170 wounded.
July
24 July – The CBA begins its operations.
28 July – President Lech Kaczyński calls for EU member states to reintroduce the death penalty. This angers the EU.
September
3 September – The political party Left and Democrats is founded
November
12 November – 2006 Polish local elections, first round
21 November – 23 miners died in a blast in Halemba Coal Mine.
26 November – Polish local elections, 2006, second round
Sport
2005–06 Ekstraklasa
2006 Mieczysław Połukard Criterium of Polish Speedway Leagues Aces
2006 Polish Pairs Speedway Championship
2005–06 Polish Basketball League
2005–06 Polska Liga Hokejowa season
2006 PLFA season
2006 Polish Figure Skating Championships
2006 Tour de Pologne
Poland at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Poland at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
Deaths
18 January: Jan Twardowski
14 July: Aleksander Wojtkiewicz, chess grandmaster (b. 1963)
See also
2006 in Polish television
References
^ "Polish leader backs death penalty". 28 July 2006.
^ "Polish leader angers EU with call to restore death penalty". 3 August 2006.
^ "Anger over new death penalty call". 5 August 2006.
vte Years in Poland (1989–present)
Pre-1989
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
vte2006 in EuropeSovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
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Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
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Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
States with limitedrecognition
Abkhazia
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies, coloniesand other territories
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
|
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|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/90px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Lech Kaczyński","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski.jpg/150px-Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"2006 in Polish television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_Polish_television"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denman_Maroney
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Denman Maroney
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
American jazz musician
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Denman Maroney" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Denman Maroney (born 1949) is a jazz musician who plays what he calls "hyperpiano". Hyperpiano "involves stopping, sliding, bowing, plucking, striking and strumming the strings with copper bars, aluminum bowls, rubber blocks, plastic boxes and other household objects." This is sometimes done with one hand while the other hand is used to play the keys.
He received a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts for his work and worked on a new soundtrack to go with The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.
References
^ "Philadelphia FRINGE Festival 2000 - Hyperpiano". Archived from the original on 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2006-09-25.
External links
Indie jazz
Denman Maroney's website
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
SNAC
This article on an American jazz pianist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Philadelphia FRINGE Festival 2000 - Hyperpiano\". Archived from the original on 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2006-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071231171028/http://www.pafringe.com/F2000/reform/hyperpiano.htm","url_text":"\"Philadelphia FRINGE Festival 2000 - Hyperpiano\""},{"url":"http://www.pafringe.com/F2000/reform/hyperpiano.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mons-Hainaut
|
University of Mons-Hainaut
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["1 History","2 Notable alumni","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources"]
|
Coordinates: 50°27′33″N 3°57′1″E / 50.45917°N 3.95028°E / 50.45917; 3.95028The University of Mons-Hainaut (French: Université de Mons-Hainaut) (UMH), in Mons, Wallonia, Belgium, was a university in the French Community of Belgium. Its official language was French.
University of Mons.
From January 1, 2009, the University of Mons-Hainaut and the Engineering Faculty of Mons Faculté polytechnique de Mons fused in a new university simply called the University of Mons.
History
The University of Mons-Hainaut was established in 1965 from the Institut commercial des industriels du Hainaut, which had been founded in 1899 by Raoul Warocqué. In the university library, which was established in 1797, there were more than 715,000 items, including 450 manuscripts, one of which was from the 10th century, and 140 incunables, of which one was a Gutenberg Bible.
Notable alumni
Elio Di Rupo, chemist, politician, and former prime minister of Belgium.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of Mons-Hainaut.
Science and technology in Wallonia
Initialis Science Park
References
^ Marie-Thérèse Isaac (éd.),La Bibliothèque de l'Université de Mons-Hainaut 1797-1997, University of Mons-Hainaut, Mons, 1997 (catalogue d'exposition) ISBN 2-87325-007-0.
Sources
Université de Mons-Hainaut
vteUniversities in BelgiumDutch-speaking
Ghent University (UGent)
Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven)
University of Antwerp (UA)
University of Hasselt (UHasselt)
Free University of Brussels (VUB)
French-speaking
Saint-Louis University, Brussels
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
University of Liège (ULiège)
Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain)
University of Mons (UMons)
University of Namur (UNamur)
Others
Faculty for Protestant Theology
Transnational University Limburg (tUL)
Evangelical Theological Faculty
Postgraduate
Institute of Tropical Medicine
College of Europe
Military
Royal Military Academy
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
50°27′33″N 3°57′1″E / 50.45917°N 3.95028°E / 50.45917; 3.95028
This Belgian university, college or other education institution article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Its official language was French.University of Mons.From January 1, 2009, the University of Mons-Hainaut and the Engineering Faculty of Mons Faculté polytechnique de Mons fused in a new university simply called the University of Mons.","title":"University of Mons-Hainaut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raoul Warocqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Warocqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"incunables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incunable"},{"link_name":"Gutenberg Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The University of Mons-Hainaut was established in 1965 from the Institut commercial des industriels du Hainaut, which had been founded in 1899 by Raoul Warocqué. In the university library, which was established in 1797, there were more than 715,000 items, including 450 manuscripts, one of which was from the 10th century, and 140 incunables, of which one was a Gutenberg Bible.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elio Di Rupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Di_Rupo"},{"link_name":"chemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"}],"text":"Elio Di Rupo, chemist, politician, and former prime minister of Belgium.","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Université de Mons-Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.umh.ac.be/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Universities_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universities_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Universities in Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Ghent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent_University"},{"link_name":"Catholic University of Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KU_Leuven"},{"link_name":"University of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"University of Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Free University of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel"},{"link_name":"Saint-Louis University, Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Louis_University,_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Université libre de Bruxelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles"},{"link_name":"University of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Catholic University of Louvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain"},{"link_name":"University of Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Mons"},{"link_name":"University of Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Namur"},{"link_name":"Faculty for Protestant Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Faculty_for_Protestant_Theology"},{"link_name":"Transnational University Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational_University_Limburg"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Theological Faculty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Theological_Faculty"},{"link_name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Tropical_Medicine_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"College of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2230156#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/000000012184581X"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/150726927"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007438994005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no98076049"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/026431440"},{"link_name":"50°27′33″N 3°57′1″E / 50.45917°N 3.95028°E / 50.45917; 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3.95028This Belgian university, college or other education institution article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"title":"University of Mons-Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Universit%C3%A9_de_Mons-Hainaut"},{"title":"Science and technology in Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Wallonia"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Rogers_(writer)
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Ian Rogers (writer)
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["1 Bibliography","1.1 Collections","1.2 Novellas","1.3 Chapbooks","1.4 Short stories","1.5 Anthology reprints","2 Awards","2.1 Won","2.2 Nominated","3 References","4 External links"]
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Canadian writer
Ian RogersBornOctober 17, 1976Toronto, Ontario, CanadaOccupationsupernatural and horror writerNationalityCanadianPeriod2010s-presentNotable worksEvery House Is HauntedWebsitewww.ian-rogers.com
Ian Rogers (born October 17, 1976) is a Canadian writer of supernatural and horror fiction. His debut collection, Every House Is Haunted, was the winner of the 2013 ReLit Award in the short fiction category. A story from the collection, "The House on Ashley Avenue," was a nominee for the 2012 Shirley Jackson Award in the novelette category and is currently in development as a Netflix film produced by Sam Raimi.
Rogers is related to the late folk musician Stan Rogers and his brother Garnet Rogers.
Rogers is based in Peterborough, Ontario, and has worked as a webmaster and communications assistant for the city of Kawartha Lakes.
Bibliography
Collections
Every House Is Haunted (2012, ChiZine, ISBN 978-1927469163)
SuperNOIRtural Tales (2012, Burning Effigy Press, ISBN 978-1926611167)
Novellas
Deadstock (2011, Stonebunny Press, ISBN 978-0986854712)
Chapbooks
Temporary Monsters (2009, Burning Effigy Press, 40 pages, ISBN 978-1-926611-07-5)
The Ash Angels (2010, Burning Effigy Press, 40 pages ISBN 978-1-926611-09-9)
Black-Eyed Kids (2011, Burning Effigy Press, 60 pages ISBN 978-1-926611-13-6)
Short stories
Dates by original magazine or anthology publication.
"The Tattletail" (2006), Dark Wisdom, Issue #9
"The Black Tree" (2007), 55 Words
"Everything Gets Bigger After Nuclear War" (2007), Fall and Rise, edited by Ahmed A. Khan
"Charlotte's Frequency" (2007), Horror Library, Volume 2, edited by R.J. Cavender and Vincent VanAllen
"Winter Hammock" (2007), Revelation, Issue #4:1
"Twillingate" (2007), Salt, edited by Donna Burgess
"Wood" (2007), Black Ink Horror, Issue #2
"Autumn Burns" (2007), Writers Post Journal, September Issue
"The Man from the Currents" (2007), Touched by Wonder, edited by Jackie Gamber
"Relaxed Best" (2007), Not One of Us, Issue #38
"Intervention" (2007), Shred of Evidence, ezine
"Inheritor" (2008), Cemetery Dance, Issue #58
"The Dark and the Young" (2008), Bound for Evil, edited by Tom English
"The Nanny" (2008), Nossa Morte, Issue #3
"The Kid Pool" (2008), The Written Word, Issue #13
"Camp Zombie" (2008), Broken Pencil, Issue #40
"Buffalo Money" (2008), Rope and Wire, ezine
"Leaves Brown" (2008), Shades of Darkness, edited by Barbara Roden and Christopher Roden
"Psong" (2009), Murky Depths, Issue #7
"Vogo" (2009), Northern Haunts, edited by Tim Deal
"The Luminous Veil" (2009), Bare Bone, Issue #11
"Cabin D" (2010), Supernatural Tales, Issue #17
"The Bottle" (2010), On Spec, Issue #82
"The Candle" (2011), Shadows & Tall Trees, Issue #2
"My Body" (2011), Chilling Tales, edited by Michael Kelly
"Aces" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection
"A Night in the Library with the Gods" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection
"The Rifts Between Us" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection
"The Cat" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection
"Deleted Scenes" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection
"Hunger" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection
"The Secret Door" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection (only available in the limited edition hardcover)
"The Brick" (2012), SuperNOIRtural Tales, original to collection
"Midnight Blonde" (2012), Supernatural Tales, Issue #22
"Out of the Blue" (2012), Fungi, edited by Silvia Moreno-Garcia and Orrin Grey
"I Hate Needles" (2012), Strange World, edited by Andrew Burns, David Ward, and JP Fallavollita
"False North" (2013), Shadows Edge, edited by Simon Strantzas
"The Tour" (2013), free story posted online at everyhouseishaunted.com
"Day Pass" (2013), Chilling Tales 2, edited by Michael Kelly
Anthology reprints
Below is a list of Rogers' short fiction which has been reprinted.
"Camp Zombie" (2009), Can'tLit: Fearless Fiction from Broken Pencil Magazine, edited by Richard Rosenbaum
"The Candle" (2012), Imaginarium 2012: The Best Canadian Speculative Writing, edited by Sandra Kasturi and Halli Villegas
"Aces" (2013), Imaginarium 2013: The Best Canadian Speculative Writing, edited by Sandra Kasturi and Samantha Beiko
"The House on Ashley Avenue" (2013), The Best Horror of the Year, Volume 5, edited by Ellen Datlow
"Everything Gets Bigger After Nuclear War" (2013), Best Tales of the Apocalypse, edited by D.L. Snell
Awards
Won
ReLit Award for Short Fiction (2013): Every House Is Haunted
Nominated
Shirley Jackson Award for Best Novelette (2012): "The House on Ashley Avenue"
References
^ "And the winners of the 2013 ReLit Awards are....". The Province, December 20, 2013.
^ "Announcing the 2012 Shirley Jackson Award Winners". Tor.com, July 4, 2013.
^ "Netflix Lands ‘Every House Is Haunted’; Corin Hardy To Direct Script By Jason Pagan & Andrew Deutschman"
^ Windham Hill is Home: A Rogers Genealogy, Alice Rogers Nieman, Halcraft Printers, Inc., page 93-95.
^ a b "Every House is Haunted" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Peterborough Examiner, January 6, 2012.
External links
Official website
Ian Rogers on X
Ian Rogers at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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His debut collection, Every House Is Haunted, was the winner of the 2013 ReLit Award in the short fiction category.[1] A story from the collection, \"The House on Ashley Avenue,\" was a nominee for the 2012 Shirley Jackson Award in the novelette category[2] and is currently in development as a Netflix film produced by Sam Raimi.[3]Rogers is related to the late folk musician Stan Rogers and his brother Garnet Rogers.[4]Rogers is based in Peterborough, Ontario,[5] and has worked as a webmaster and communications assistant for the city of Kawartha Lakes.[5]","title":"Ian Rogers (writer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1927469163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1927469163"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1926611167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1926611167"}],"sub_title":"Collections","text":"Every House Is Haunted (2012, ChiZine, ISBN 978-1927469163)\nSuperNOIRtural Tales (2012, Burning Effigy Press, ISBN 978-1926611167)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0986854712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0986854712"}],"sub_title":"Novellas","text":"Deadstock (2011, Stonebunny Press, ISBN 978-0986854712)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-926611-07-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926611-07-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-926611-09-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926611-09-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-926611-13-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926611-13-6"}],"sub_title":"Chapbooks","text":"Temporary Monsters (2009, Burning Effigy Press, 40 pages, ISBN 978-1-926611-07-5)\nThe Ash Angels (2010, Burning Effigy Press, 40 pages ISBN 978-1-926611-09-9)\nBlack-Eyed Kids (2011, Burning Effigy Press, 60 pages ISBN 978-1-926611-13-6)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Strantzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Strantzas"}],"sub_title":"Short stories","text":"Dates by original magazine or anthology publication.\"The Tattletail\" (2006), Dark Wisdom, Issue #9\n\"The Black Tree\" (2007), 55 Words\n\"Everything Gets Bigger After Nuclear War\" (2007), Fall and Rise, edited by Ahmed A. Khan\n\"Charlotte's Frequency\" (2007), Horror Library, Volume 2, edited by R.J. Cavender and Vincent VanAllen\n\"Winter Hammock\" (2007), Revelation, Issue #4:1\n\"Twillingate\" (2007), Salt, edited by Donna Burgess\n\"Wood\" (2007), Black Ink Horror, Issue #2\n\"Autumn Burns\" (2007), Writers Post Journal, September Issue\n\"The Man from the Currents\" (2007), Touched by Wonder, edited by Jackie Gamber\n\"Relaxed Best\" (2007), Not One of Us, Issue #38\n\"Intervention\" (2007), Shred of Evidence, ezine\n\"Inheritor\" (2008), Cemetery Dance, Issue #58\n\"The Dark and the Young\" (2008), Bound for Evil, edited by Tom English\n\"The Nanny\" (2008), Nossa Morte, Issue #3\n\"The Kid Pool\" (2008), The Written Word, Issue #13\n\"Camp Zombie\" (2008), Broken Pencil, Issue #40\n\"Buffalo Money\" (2008), Rope and Wire, ezine\n\"Leaves Brown\" (2008), Shades of Darkness, edited by Barbara Roden and Christopher Roden\n\"Psong\" (2009), Murky Depths, Issue #7\n\"Vogo\" (2009), Northern Haunts, edited by Tim Deal\n\"The Luminous Veil\" (2009), Bare Bone, Issue #11\n\"Cabin D\" (2010), Supernatural Tales, Issue #17\n\"The Bottle\" (2010), On Spec, Issue #82\n\"The Candle\" (2011), Shadows & Tall Trees, Issue #2\n\"My Body\" (2011), Chilling Tales, edited by Michael Kelly\n\"Aces\" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection\n\"A Night in the Library with the Gods\" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection\n\"The Rifts Between Us\" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection\n\"The Cat\" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection\n\"Deleted Scenes\" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection\n\"Hunger\" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection\n\"The Secret Door\" (2012), Every House Is Haunted, original to collection (only available in the limited edition hardcover)\n\"The Brick\" (2012), SuperNOIRtural Tales, original to collection\n\"Midnight Blonde\" (2012), Supernatural Tales, Issue #22\n\"Out of the Blue\" (2012), Fungi, edited by Silvia Moreno-Garcia and Orrin Grey\n\"I Hate Needles\" (2012), Strange World, edited by Andrew Burns, David Ward, and JP Fallavollita\n\"False North\" (2013), Shadows Edge, edited by Simon Strantzas\n\"The Tour\" (2013), free story posted online at everyhouseishaunted.com\n\"Day Pass\" (2013), Chilling Tales 2, edited by Michael Kelly","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandra Kasturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Kasturi"}],"sub_title":"Anthology reprints","text":"Below is a list of Rogers' short fiction which has been reprinted.\"Camp Zombie\" (2009), Can'tLit: Fearless Fiction from Broken Pencil Magazine, edited by Richard Rosenbaum\n\"The Candle\" (2012), Imaginarium 2012: The Best Canadian Speculative Writing, edited by Sandra Kasturi and Halli Villegas\n\"Aces\" (2013), Imaginarium 2013: The Best Canadian Speculative Writing, edited by Sandra Kasturi and Samantha Beiko\n\"The House on Ashley Avenue\" (2013), The Best Horror of the Year, Volume 5, edited by Ellen Datlow\n\"Everything Gets Bigger After Nuclear War\" (2013), Best Tales of the Apocalypse, edited by D.L. Snell","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ReLit Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReLit_Award"}],"sub_title":"Won","text":"ReLit Award for Short Fiction (2013): Every House Is Haunted","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shirley Jackson Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Jackson_Award"}],"sub_title":"Nominated","text":"Shirley Jackson Award for Best Novelette (2012): \"The House on Ashley Avenue\"","title":"Awards"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_influence
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Interpersonal influence
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["1 References"]
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This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Interpersonal influence is a type of social influence which results from group members encouraging, or forcing, conformity while discouraging, and possibly punishing, nonconformity. It is one of three types of social influences that lead people to conform to the majority, or the group's norms. The other two types are influence are informational influence and normative influence.
The effects of interpersonal influence were well documented through Schachter's 1951, experiments involving three confederates in an all-male discussion group. One confederate was the deviant, who was assigned to always disagree with the majority; the next was the slider, who disagreed initially but was told to eventually conform; and the last was the mode, whose task was to consistently agree with the majority. Schachter was interested specifically in how the group would pressure the deviant to conform. He found that communication with the deviant increased steadily over the course of the discussion, but in more cohesive groups, the deviant became rejected.
There is also a difference between inclusive and exclusive reactions toward the dissenter and therefore different consequence. In an inclusive reaction, the majority and minority argue their opinions, but the minority is still considered to be part of the group. In contrast, in an exclusive reaction, communication diminishes, hostility increases, and the minority becomes rejected entirely. Studies have shown that the affective distress cause by such ostracism and rejection linger long after the event has occurred, and even if the rejected individual is later accepted back into the group.
Interpersonal rejection is a consequence of interpersonal influence. For example, the deviant in this study was rated the lowest by fellow group members on likability and was assigned more menial tasks. Additionally, the slider was less well liked than the mode, despite listening to reason and shifting opinions. This shows that any amount of disagreement with a majority can lower one's chances of acceptance. Those with low self-esteem have been found to respond worse to rejection, likely due to self-blame attributions.
Black-sheep effect is another consequence of interpersonal influence, and occurs when group members who perform an offensive behavior are judged more harshly by their ingroup than an outgroup member who does the same.
References
^ Forsyth, D.R. (2010). Group dynamics (5th edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
^ Schachter, S. (1951). Deviation, Rejection, and Communication. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46 (2): 190–207. doi:10.1037/h0062326.
^ Zwolinski, J. (2014). Does inclusion after ostracism influence the persistence of affective distress?. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, And Practice, 18(4), 282-301. doi:10.1037/gdn0000012
^ Ford, M. B., & Collins, N. L. (2010). Self-esteem moderates neuroendocrine and psychological responses to interpersonal rejection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 405-419. doi:10.1037/a0017345
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"social influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence"},{"link_name":"social influences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence"},{"link_name":"informational influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informational_influence"},{"link_name":"normative influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative_influence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ostracism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Interpersonal influence[1] is a type of social influence which results from group members encouraging, or forcing, conformity while discouraging, and possibly punishing, nonconformity. It is one of three types of social influences that lead people to conform to the majority, or the group's norms. The other two types are influence are informational influence and normative influence.The effects of interpersonal influence were well documented through Schachter's 1951,[2] experiments involving three confederates in an all-male discussion group. One confederate was the deviant, who was assigned to always disagree with the majority; the next was the slider, who disagreed initially but was told to eventually conform; and the last was the mode, whose task was to consistently agree with the majority. Schachter was interested specifically in how the group would pressure the deviant to conform. He found that communication with the deviant increased steadily over the course of the discussion, but in more cohesive groups, the deviant became rejected.There is also a difference between inclusive and exclusive reactions toward the dissenter and therefore different consequence. In an inclusive reaction, the majority and minority argue their opinions, but the minority is still considered to be part of the group. In contrast, in an exclusive reaction, communication diminishes, hostility increases, and the minority becomes rejected entirely. Studies have shown that the affective distress cause by such ostracism and rejection linger long after the event has occurred, and even if the rejected individual is later accepted back into the group.[3]Interpersonal rejection is a consequence of interpersonal influence. For example, the deviant in this study was rated the lowest by fellow group members on likability and was assigned more menial tasks. Additionally, the slider was less well liked than the mode, despite listening to reason and shifting opinions. This shows that any amount of disagreement with a majority can lower one's chances of acceptance. Those with low self-esteem have been found to respond worse to rejection, likely due to self-blame attributions.[4]Black-sheep effect is another consequence of interpersonal influence, and occurs when group members who perform an offensive behavior are judged more harshly by their ingroup than an outgroup member who does the same.","title":"Interpersonal influence"}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interpersonal_influence&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_(album)
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Randy (album)
|
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
|
1964 studio album by Randy WestonRandyStudio album by Randy WestonReleased1964RecordedOctober 1964StudioNola Penthouse Studios, New York CityGenreJazzLength35:21LabelBakton BR 1001Atlantic SD 1609ProducerDonald Elfman, Naomi YodhiiRandy Weston chronology
Highlife(1963)
Randy(1964)
Berkshire Blues(1965)
African Cookbook Cover
Randy (subtitled Băp!! Beep Boo-Bee Băp Beep-M-Boo Bee Băp!) is an album by American jazz pianist Randy Weston recorded in 1964 and originally released on Bakton, Weston's own label. The album was later reissued in 1972 on the Atlantic label under the title African Cookbook.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars, stating: "When this set was recorded in 1964, pianist Randy Weston had no luck interesting any label to release the music, so he came out with it independently on his tiny Bakton company... It is surprising that no company in the mid-1960s signed Weston up because "Willie's Tune" from the set had the potential to catch on, "Berkshire Blues" is somewhat known and the mixture of accessible bop with African rhythms overall is appealing... An excellent outing."
Track listing
All compositions by Randy Weston except as indicated
"Berkshire Blues" – 4:55
"Portrait of Vivian" – 3:43
"Willie's Tune" – 4:06
"Niger Mambo" (Bobby Benson) – 5:21
"African Cookbook" – 12:14
"Congolese Children" – 2:07
"Blues for Five Reasons" – 3:07
Personnel
Randy Weston – piano, celeste
Ray Copeland – trumpet, flugelhorn, arranger (tracks 1–6)
Booker Ervin – tenor saxophone (tracks 1–6)
Vishnu Bill Wood – bass
Lennie McBrowne – drums
Big Black – percussion, vocals (tracks 4–6)
Harold Murray – percussion (tracks 4–6)
References
^ Randy Weston catalog accessed August 16, 2012.
^ Randy/African Cookbook album entry, Randy Weston discography accessed August 16, 2012.
^ a b Yanow, Scott. Allmusic Review, accessed August 16, 2012
vteRandy WestonYears given are for the recording(s), not first release. Some titles have been shortened.Asleaderorco-leader
Cole Porter in a Modern Mood (1954)
The Randy Weston Trio (1955)
Get Happy (1955)
With These Hands... (1956)
Trio and Solo (1955–56)
Jazz à la Bohemia (1956)
The Modern Art of Jazz (1956)
Piano á la Mode (1957)
New Faces at Newport (split with Lem Winchester, 1958)
Little Niles (1958)
Destry Rides Again (1959)
Live at the Five Spot (1959)
Uhuru Afrika (1960)
Highlife (1963)
Randy (1964; aka, African Cookbook, Atlantic)
Berkshire Blues (1965)
Monterey '66 (1966)
African Cookbook (Polydor, 1969)
Niles Littlebig (1969)
Blue Moses (1972)
Tanjah (1973)
Carnival (1974)
Blues to Africa (1974)
The Healers (with David Murray, 1987)
The Spirits of Our Ancestors (1991)
Khepera (1998)
Withothers
Duet in Detroit (Roy Brooks, 1984)
Charles Mingus and Friends in Concert (1972)
vteBooker ErvinYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, except when this was delayedAs leader
The Book Cooks (1960)
Cookin' (1960)
That's It! (1961)
Exultation! (1963)
Gumbo! (with Pony Poindexter, 1963)
The Freedom Book (1963)
The Song Book (1964)
The Blues Book (1964)
The Space Book (1964)
Groovin' High (1963–64)
The Trance (1965)
Setting the Pace (with Dexter Gordon, 1965)
Heavy!!! (1966)
Structurally Sound (1966)
Booker 'n' Brass (1967)
The In Between (1968)
Tex Book Tenor (1968)
Back from the Gig (with Horace Parlan, 2LP, 1963/68)
With Charles Mingus
Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland (1959)
Mingus Ah Um (1959)
Mingus Dynasty (1959)
Blues & Roots (1959)
Mingus (1960)
Mingus at Antibes (1960 )
Reincarnation of a Lovebird (1960)
Oh Yeah (1961)
Tonight at Noon (1961 )
Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus (1963)
With others
Hot Line (Bill Barron, 1962)
Out Front! (Jaki Byard, 1964)
Urge (Ted Curson, 1965)
Cracklin' (Roy Haynes, 1963)
In the Land of the Giants (Eric Kloss, 1969)
Havin' a Ball at the Village Gate (Lambert, Hendricks & Bavan, 1963)
Up & Down (Horace Parlan, 1961)
Happy Frame of Mind (Horace Parlan, 1963)
The Exciting New Organ of Don Patterson (Don Patterson)
Hip Cake Walk (Don Patterson, 1964)
Patterson's People (Don Patterson, 1964)
Tune Up! (Don Patterson, 1964 )
Soul People (Sonny Stitt, 1964)
The Quest (Mal Waldron, 1961)
Highlife (Randy Weston, 1963)
Randy/African Cookbook (Randy Weston, 1964)
Monterey '66 (Randy Weston, 1966 )
|
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.jazzdisco.org/randy-weston/catalog/#bakton-br-1001","external_links_name":"Randy Weston catalog"},{"Link":"http://www.randyweston.info/randy-weston-discography-pages/1964randy.html","external_links_name":"Randy/African Cookbook album entry"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/african-cookbook-mw0000048977","external_links_name":"Allmusic Review"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehan_language
|
Nehan language
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Austronesian language spoken in Papua New Guinea
NehanNissanNative toPapua New GuineaRegionNissan IslandNative speakers6,500 (2003)Language familyAustronesian
Malayo-PolynesianOceanicWesternMeso-MelanesianNorthwest SolomonicNehan–BougainvilleNehanLanguage codesISO 639-3nsnGlottologneha1247
Nehan, also known as Nissan, is an Austronesian language of Nissan Island, north of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea.
References
^ Nehan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
External links
Syntactic Ergativity in Nehan (PDF)
vteMeso–MelanesianWillaumez
Bola
Bulu
Meramera
Nakanai
Bali-Vitu
Bali
Vitu
New Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik
Kara
Laxudumau
Nalik
Tiang
Tigak
Tungag
Tabar
Lihir
Madara
Notsi
Madak
Barok
Lavatbura–Lamusong
Madak
St. George
Bilur
Fanamaket
Kandas
Konomala
Label
Lungalunga
Niwer Mil
Patpatar
Ramoaaina
Siar
Sursurunga
Tolai
Warwar Feni
NorthwestSolomonic
Hahon
Hakö
Halia
Nehan
Papapana
Petats
Saposa
Solos
Teop
Tinputz
Bannoni
Piva
Mono-Alu
Torau
Uruava
Babatana
Ririo
Varisi
Vaghua
Ghanongga
Hoava
Kusaghe
Lungga
Marovo
Nduke
Roviana
Simbo
Ughele
Vangunu
Blablanga
Cheke Holo
Gao
Kokota
Laghu
Zabana
Zazao
Tomoip
* indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status
vteAustronesian languagesFormosan languagesRukaic
Rukai
Tsouic
Tsou
Kanakanavu
Saaroa
NorthernAtayalic
Atayal
Seediq
NorthwestFormosan
Saisiyat
Pazeh †
Kulon †
Thao
Babuza
Favorlang †
Papora-Hoanya †
EastKavalanic
Basay †
Kavalan
Luilang †
Ami
Amis
Sakizaya
Siraiyac
Siraya †
Taivoan †
Southern ?
Puyuma
Paiwan
Bunun
Malayo–PolynesianWestern branches of Malayo–PolynesianPhilippine(linkage) ?Batanic (Bashiic)
Itbayat
Ivatan
Yami
Northern Luzon
Arta
Dicamay Agta †
Ilocano
Cagayan Valley
Atta
Cagayan Agta
Ga'dang
Gaddang
Ibanag
Isnag
Itawis
Yogad
Meso-Cordilleran
Northern Alta
Southern Alta
Central Cordilleran
Balangao
Bontoc
Ifugao
Isinai
Itneg
Kalinga
Kankanaey
Tuwali
Southern Cordilleran
Bugkalot
Ibaloi
Iwaak
Kalanguya
Karao
Pangasinan
Central Luzon
Kapampangan
Hatang Kayi (Remontado)
Sambalic
Abellen
Ambala
Mag-antsi
Bolinao
Botolan
Mag-indi
Mariveleño
Sambal
Northern Mindoro
Alangan
Iraya
Tadyawan
Greater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro
Buhid
Hanunoo
Tawbuid
Central PhilippineTagalogic
Filipino
Kasiguranin
Tagalog
Old Tagalog †
Batangueño
Bikol
Albay Bikol
Central Bikol
Isarog Agta
Mount Iraya Agta
Mount Iriga Agta
Pandan Bikol
Rinconada
Bisayan
Akeanon
Asi
Bantayanon
Baybay
Butuanon
Caluyanon
Capiznon
Cebuano
Boholano
Old Cebuano †
Cuyonon
Hiligaynon
Kabalian
Karay-a
Karolanos
Magahat
Masbateño
Northern Sorsogon
Onhan
Porohanon
Ratagnon
Romblomanon
Southern Sorsogon
Sulod
Surigaonon
Tausug
Waray
Mansakan
Davawenyo
Kalagan
Kamayo
Mamanwa
Mandaya
Mansaka
(unclassified)
Ata †
Palawanic
Aborlan Tagbanwa
Batak
Central Tagbanwa
Palawano
Taaw't Bato
Subanen
Western Subanon
Danao
Iranun
Maguindanao
Maranao
Manobo
Agusan
Ata Manobo
Binukid
Cotabato Manobo
Higaonon
Ilianen
Kagayanen
Kamigin
Matigsalug
Obo
Sarangani
Tagabawa
Western Bukidnon
Gorontalo–Mongondow
Bintauna
Bolango
Buol
Gorontalo
Kaidipang
Lolak
Mongondow
Ponosakan
Suwawa
Kalamian
Agutaynen
Calamian Tagbanwa
Bilic
Blaan
Tboli
Teduray
Sangiric
Bantik
Ratahan
Sangirese
Talaud
Minahasan
Tombulu
Tondano
Tonsawang
Tonsea
Tontemboan
Other branches
Ati
Klata
Umiray Dumaget
Manide–Alabat
Inagta Alabat
Manide
Greater Barito *Barito
Malagasy
Bushi
Deyah
Malang
Witu
Balangan
Ma'anyan
Paku
Lawangan
Kohin
Dohoi
Siang
Bakumpai
Ngaju
Ampanang
Tunjung
Sama–Bajaw
Abaknon
Bajaw
Mapun
Pangutaran Sama
Sama
West Coast Bajaw
Yakan
Basap *GreaterNorth Borneo *North Borneo *Northeast Sabah *
Ida'an
Bonggi
Molbog ?
Southwest Sabah *GreaterDusunic *Bisaya–Lotud
Brunei Bisaya
Lotud
Dusunic
Kadazandusun
Central Dusun
Coastal Kadazan
Kuijau
Eastern Kadazan
Kota Marudu Talantang
Rungus / Momogun
Klias River Kadazan
Paitanic
Tombonuwo
Kinabatangan
Abai Sungai
Serudung
GreaterMurutic *
Tatana ?
Papar
Murutic
Tagol
Timugon
Keningau
Selungai
Sembakung
Baukan
Okolod
Paluan
Ganaʼ
Kalabakan
Nonukan Tidong
Sesayap Tidong
North Sarawak *
Kenyah / Bakung
Sebob
Tutoh
Umaʼ Lasan
Wahau Kenyah
Penan ?
Kelabit
Lengilu
Lundayeh
Sa'ban
Tring
Berawan
Belait
Kiput
Narom
Tutong
Bintulu
Central Sarawak
Kajaman
Lahanan
Sekapan
Daro-Matu
Kanowit–Tanjong
Melanau
Bukitan
Punan Batu
Sian
Ukit
Burusu
Bah-Biau Punan
Sajau
Punan Merap
Bukat
Seru †
Lelak †
Kayanic
Kayan
Bahau
Modang
Segai
Hovongan
Aoheng
Aput
Punan
Krio Dayak
Murik
Land Dayak
Bakatiʼ
Sara
Laraʼ
Bukar–Sadong
Biatah
Tringgus
Jagoi
Jangkang
Kembayan
Semandang
Ribun
Benyaduʼ
Sanggau
Malayo–Chamic *Aceh–Chamic
Acehnese
Cham dialects
Chru
Haroi
Jarai
Rade
Roglai
Tsat
Iban–MalayanIbanic
Iban
Keninjal ?
Mualang
Remun
Seberuang
Malay
Malaysian
Indonesian
Minangkabau
Brunei/Kedayan Malay
Bamayo
Banjar
Berau Malay
Bangka Malay
Bengkulu
Col
Duanoʼ
Haji
Jambi Malay
Jakun
Kedah Malay
Kendayan / Selako ?
Kutai Malay
Kaur
Kerinci
Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Kubu
Orang Laut
Lubu
Musi
Negeri Sembilan Malay
Orang Kanaq
Orang Seletar
Pahang Malay
Pekal
Perak Malay
Pontianak Malay
Reman Malay
Sarawak Malay
Temuan
Terengganu Malay
Urak Lawoi'
Sundanese
Sundanese
Old Sundanese †
Baduy
Bantenese
Cirebonese
Rejang ?
Rejang
Moklenic ?
Moken
Moklen
Sumatran *Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
Enggano ?
Gayo
Mentawai
Nias
Sikule
Simeulue
Batak
Alas
Angkola
Dairi
Karo
Simalungun
Toba
Mandailing
Nasal ?
Lampungic
Lampung
Lampung Nyo
Lampung Api
Komering
Javanese
Javanese
Kawi / Old Javanese †
Banyumasan
Osing
Tenggerese
Madurese
Madurese
Kangean
Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
Balinese
Sasak
Sumbawa
CelebicBungku–Tolaki
Bahonsuai
Bungku
Kodeoha
Kulisusu
Moronene
Mori Bawah
Mori Atas
Padoe
Rahambuu
Tolaki
Tomadino
Waru
Wawonii
Muna–Buton
Bonerate
Busoa
Cia-Cia
Kaimbulawa
Kumbewaha
Lasalimu
Liabuku
Muna
Pancana
Tukang Besi
Saluan–Banggai
Andio
Balantak
Banggai
Batui
Bobongko
Saluan
Tomini–Tolitoli *
Balaesang
Boano ?
Dampelas
Dondo
Lauje
Pendau
Taje
Tajio
Tomini
Totoli ?
Kaili–Wolio *Kaili–Pamona
Kaili
Mbelala
Moma
Pamona
Rampi
Sarudu
Sedoa
Topoiyo
Uma
Wotu–Wolio
Kalao
Kamaru
Laiyolo
Ledo Kaili *
Wolio
Wotu
South SulawesiBugis
Buginese
Campalagian
Embaloh
Taman
Makassar
Makassarese
Bentong
Coastal Konjo
Highland Konjo
Selayar
Seko–Badaic *Seko
Budong-Budong
Panasuan
Seko Padang
Seko Tengah
Badaic
Bada
Behoa
Napu
Northern
Mamuju
Mandar
Massenrempulu
Duri
Enrekang
Maiwa
Malimpung
Pitu Ulunna Salu
Aralle-Tabulahan
Bambam
Dakka
Pannei
Ulumandaʼ
Toraja
Kalumpang
Mamasa
Pattae'
Lawa
Talondoʼ ?
Toraja-Saʼdan
Lemolang
Isolates
Chamorro
Palauan
Central Malayo-Polynesian languagesBima
Bima
Sumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu
Hawu
Dhao
Sumba
Kambera
Mamboru
Anakalangu
Wanukaka
Pondok
Baliledo
Wejewa
Lamboya
Kodi
Gaura
Western Flores
Komodo
Manggarai
Riung
Rembong
Rajong
Kepoʼ
Wae Rana
Palu'e
Ende
Lio
Nagé-Kéo
Ngadha
Rongga
Soʼa
Flores–Lembata
Sika
Kedang
Lamaholot
Lamaholot
Alorese
Lamatuka
Lewo Eleng
Levuka
South Lembata
Lamalera
Lewotobi
Adonara
Ile Ape
Mingar
Selaru
Selaru
Seluwasan
Kei–Tanimbar ?
Kei
Fordata
Yamdena
Onin
Sekar
Uruangnirin
Aru
Barakai
Batuley
Dobel
Karey
Koba
Kola
Lola
Lorang
Manombai
Mariri
Tarangan
Ujir
Timoric *
Helong
Tetum
Idalaka
Central Timor *
Kemak
Tukudede
Mambai
Bekais
Wetar–Galoli ?
Wetar
Galoli
Atauran
Kawaimina
Kairui
Waimoa
Midiki
Naueti ?
Habun ?
Luangic–Kisaric ?
Romang
Kisar
Leti
Luang
Makuva
Rote–Meto
Bilba
Dengka
Lole
Ringgou
Dela-Oenale
Termanu
Tii
Uab Meto
Amarasi
Babar
West Damar
Dawera-Daweloor
North Babar
Dai
Masela
Serili
Southeast Babar
Emplawas
Imroing
Telaʼa
Southwest Maluku
East Damar
Teun
Nila
Serua
Kowiai ?
Kowiai
Central Maluku *
Teor-Kur
West
Ambelau
Buru
Lisela
Hukumina †
Moksela †
Sula
Mangole
Taliabo
East
Banda
Bati
Geser
Watubela
Bobot
Masiwang
Hoti †
Benggoi
Salas
Liana
Nunusaku
Kayeli †
Nuaulu
Huaulu
Manusela
Wemale
Yalahatan
Piru Bay ?
Asilulu
Luhu
Manipa
Wakasihu
Boano
Sepa-Teluti
Paulohi
Kaibobo
Hitu
Tulehu
Laha
Seit-Kaitetu
Kamarian †
Haruku
Amahai
Nusa Laut
Saparua
Latu
Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languagesSHWNG
Tandia †
Mor
Waropen
Warembori ?
Yoke ?
Halmahera SeaAmbel–Biga
Ambel
Biga
Maya–Matbat
Ma'ya
Matbat
Maden
Maden
Fiawat
As
As
South Halmahera
Gane
Taba
Buli
Maba
Patani
Sawai
Gebe
CenderawasihBiakic
Biak
Dusner †
Meoswar
Roon
Yapen
Ambai
Ansus
Marau
Wamesa
Wooi
Munggui
Papuma
Pom
Serui-Laut
Kurudu
Wabo
Southwest
Yaur
Yerisiam
Umar
OceanicAdmiralty
Yapese ?
Eastern
Manus
Baluan-Pam
Lenkau
Lou
Nauna
Penchal
Western
Northern Kaniet †
Southern Kaniet †
Seimat
Wuvulu
Aua
Saint Matthias
Mussau-Emira
Tenis
TemotuUtupua
Amba
Asumboa
Tanimbili
Vanikoro
Teanu
Lovono
Tanema
Reefs–Santa Cruz
Äiwoo
Engdewu / Nanggu
Natügu / Santa Cruz
Nalögo
Noipx
SoutheastSolomonicGela–Guadalcanal
Bugotu
Gela
Lengo
Birao
Ghari
Malango
Talise
Malaita–San Cristobal
Longgu
Sa'a
Arosi
Fagani
Bauro
Kahua
Owa
Marau Wawa ? †
Toʼabaita
Baelelea
Baeggu
Fataleka
Lau
Kwara'ae
Wala
Gula'alaa
Kwaio
Dori'o
ꞋAreꞌare
Oroha
WesternOceanicMeso–MelanesianWillaumez
Bola
Bulu
Meramera
Nakanai
Bali-Vitu
Bali
Vitu
New Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik
Kara
Laxudumau
Nalik
Tiang
Tigak
Tungag
Tabar
Lihir
Madara
Notsi
Madak
Barok
Lavatbura–Lamusong
Madak
St. George
Bilur
Fanamaket
Guramalum †
Kandas
Konomala
Label
Lungalunga
Niwer Mil
Patpatar
Ramoaaina
Siar
Sursurunga
Tangga
Tolai
NorthwestSolomonic
Babatana
Bannoni
Blablanga
Cheke Holo
Gao
Ghanongga
Hahon
Hakö
Halia
Hoava
Kazukuru †
Kokota
Kusaghe
Laghu †
Lungga
Marovo
Mono-Alu
Nduke
Nehan
Papapana
Petats
Piva
Ririo
Roviana
Saposa
Simbo
Solos
Teop
Tinputz
Torau
Ughele
Uruava †
Vaghua
Vangunu
Varisi
Zabana
Zazao
Tomoip
NorthNew GuineaSarmi–Jayapura ?
Anus
Bonggo
Kayupulau
Liki
Masimasi
Ormu
Podena
Kaptiau
Sobei
Tarpia
Tobati
Wakde
Yamna
Schouten
Arop-Sissano
Sera
Sissano
Ulau-Suain
Tumleo
Yakamul
Kaiep
Kairiru
Terebu
Biem
Kis
Manam
Medebur
Sepa
Wogeo
Huon Gulf
Bukawa
Kela
Yabem
Aribwatsa †
Aribwaung
Adzera
Dangal
Duwet
Labu
Maralango
Mari
Musom
Nafi
Silisili
Wampar
Wampur
Hote
Iwal
Kapin
Kumalu
Mangga Buang
Mapos Buang
Mumeng
Piu
Vehes
Yamap
Numbami
Ngero–Vitiaz
Bariai
Gitua
Kove
Lusi
Malalamai
Mutu
Awad Bing
Bilibil
Gedaged
Marik
Matukar
Mindiri
Takia
Wab
Lamogai
Mouk-Aria
Aigon
Karore
Kaulong †
Miu
Sengseng
Aiklep
Akolet
Apalik
Avau
Bebeli
Gimi
Lesing-Gelimi
Mangseng
Solong
Lote
Mamusi
Mengen
Arop-Lukep
Karnai
Malasanga
Mur Pano
Mato
Ronji
Amara
Maleu
Mbula
Sio
Tami
Papuan TipNuclear
ʼAuhelawa
Buhutu
Bwanabwana
Oya'oya
Saliba
Suau
Unubahe
Wagawaga
Bwaidoka
Diodio
Iamalele
Iduna
Koluwawa
Maiadomu
Bunama
Boselewa
Dobu
Duau
Galeya
Molima
Mwatebu
Sewa Bay
Dawawa
Kakabai
Are
Arifama-Miniafia
Doga
Gapapaiwa
Ghayavi
Kaninuwa
Ubir
Gweda
Haigwai
Maiwala
Minaveha
Taupota
Tawala
Yakaikeke
Anuki
Gumawana
Kilivila–Misima
Budibud
Kilivila
Misima
Muyuw
Nimoa–Sudest
Nimoa
Sudest
SouthernOceanicNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks
Dorig
Hiw
Koro
Lakon
Lehali
Lemerig
Lo-Toga
Löyöp
Mota
Mwerlap
Mwesen
Mwotlap
Nume
Olrat
Vera’a
Volow
Vurës
Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost
Baetora
Duidui
Northeast Ambae
Raga
Sun̄wadaga
Sun̄wadia
South Pentecost
Apma
Sa
Ske
Sowa †
Espiritu Santo
Akei
Aore †
Araki
Cape Cumberland
Nokuku
Kiai
M̈av̈ea
Merei-Tiale
Mores
Sakao
Shark Bay
Tamambo
Tangoa
Tasiriki
Tolomako
Tutuba
Wusi
NuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu
North Efate
Nafsan
Efatese
Eton
Lelepa
Makura
Daakaka
Dalkalaen
Lonwolwol
Paamese
Port Vato
Southeast Ambrym
Epi
Baki
Bierebo
Bieria
Lamen
Lewo
Maii
Malakula
Aulua
Avava
Aveteian
Axamb
Big Nambas
Botovro
Burmbar
Bwenelang
Larëvat
Lendamboi
Litzlitz
Malfaxal
Malua Bay
Maskelynes
Nahavaq
Nasarian
Nasvang
Nāti
Navwien
Nese
Neve'ei
Neverver
Ninde
Nisvai
Nitita
Port Sandwich
Rerep
Sörsörian
Tape
Tirax
Unua
Northeast Malakula
Vao
Vivti
Rutan
Alovas
Najit
Njav
South VanuatuErromango
Erromanga / Sie
Sorung †
Ura
Utaha / Ifo †
Tanna
Kwamera / South Tanna
Lenakel / West Tanna
North Tanna
Southwest Tanna
Whitesands / East Tanna
Aneityum
Loyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands
Drehu
Iaai
Nengone
New CaledonianSouthern
Ajië
Arhâ
Arhö
Ndrumbea
Neku
Numèè
Orowe
Tîrî
Xârâcùù
Xârâgurè
Zire †
Northern
Bwatoo
Caac
Cèmuhî
Fwâi
Haeke
Haveke
Hmwaveke
Jawe
Kumak
Nemi
Nyâlayu
Paicî
Pije
Pwaamei
Pwapwâ
Vamale
Waamwang †
Yuanga
Micronesian
Nauruan
NuclearMicronesian
Gilbertese
Kosraean
Marshallese
Chuukic–PohnpeicChuukic
Carolinian
Chuukese
Mapia †
Mortlockese
Namonuito
Pááfang
Puluwatese
Satawalese
Sonsorol
Tanapag
Tobian
Ulithian
Woleaian
Pohnpeic
Mokilese
Ngatikese
Pingelapese
Pohnpeian
CentralPacificWest
Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua
Rotuman
Western Fijian
East
Fijian
Gone Dau
Lauan
Lomaiviti
PolynesianNuclearPolynesian
Kapingamarangi
Nuguria
Nukumanu
Nukuoro
Ontong Java
Sikaiana
Takuu
Tuvaluan
Samoic
Niuatoputapu †
Samoan
Tokelauan
Eastern
Austral
Cook Islands Māori
Hawaiian
Mangareva
Māori
Moriori †
Marquesan
Penrhyn
Rakahanga-Manihiki
Rapa
Rapa Nui
Tahitian
Tuamotuan
Futunic
Anuta
Emae
Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan
Futunan / East Futunan
Mele-Fila
Pukapukan
Rennellese
Tikopia
Wallisian / East Uvean
West Uvean
Tongic
Niuafoʻou ?
Niuean
Tongan
* indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status
vteLanguages of Papua New GuineaOfficial languages
English
Hiri Motu
Tok Pisin
Papua New Guinean Sign Language
Major Indigenouslanguages
Adzera
Amanab
Awad Bing
Barok
Bimin
Bola
Bugawac
Dedua
Dobu
Iatmul
Kâte
Kobon
Kovai
Kuanua
Kuman
Kuot
Kurti
Lihir
Mandara
Mangseng
Mbula
Mende
Mussau-Emira
Mutu
Nekgini
Ngaing
Niwer Mil
Nobonob
Numanggang
Nyindrou
Pele-Ata
Petats
Ramoaaina
Seimat
Solong
Somba-Siawari
Suau
Sulka
Tangga
Tobo
Uneapa
Ura
Vitu
Waris
Other PapuanlanguagesAngan
Akoye
Angaataha
Ankave
Hamtai
Kamasa
Kawacha
Menya
Safeyoka
Simbari
Susuami
Tainae
Yagwoia
Yipma
Awin–Pa
Awin
Pa
Binanderean
Baruga
Binandere
Ewage
Korafe
Orokaiva
Suena
Yekora
Zia
Bosavi
Aimele
Beami
Edolo
Kaluli
Kasua
Onobasulu
Sonia
Chimbu–Wahgi
Chuave
Dom
Golin
Kandawo
Kaugel
Kuman
Maring
Melpa
Narak
Nii
Nomane
Salt-Yui
Sinasina
Tembagla
Wahgi
New Ireland
Bilur
Fanamaket
Kandas
Konomala
Kuanua
Label
Niwer Mil
Patpatar
Ramoaaina
Siar
Sursurunga
Warwar Feni
Duna–Pogaya
Duna
Pogaya
East Kutubuan
Fasu
Fiwaga
Foi
East Strickland
Fembe
Gobasi
Konai
Kubo
Odoodee
Samo
Engan
Angal
Bisorio
Enga
Huli
Ipili
Kewa
Kyaka
Lembena
Samberigi
Eleman
Kaki Ae
Keoru
Opao
Orokolo
Toaripi
Tairuma
Ok–Oksapmin
Bimin
Faiwol
Mian
Ngalum
Ninggerum
Oksapmin
Setaman
Suganga
Telefol
Tifal
Urap
Yonggom
Teberan
Dadibi
Folopa
Tirio
Abom
Baramu
Bitur
Tirio
Were
Turama–Kikorian
Ikobi
Omati
Rumu
Larger families
Finisterre–Huon
Kainantu–Goroka
Madang
Ramu–Lower Sepik
Sepik
Southeast Papuan
Torricelli
Sign languages
Enga
Kailge
Mehek
Mount Avejaha
Rossel Island
Sinasina
Wanib
This article about Meso-Melanesian languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austronesian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_language"},{"link_name":"Nissan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Island"},{"link_name":"Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Island"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"}],"text":"Nehan, also known as Nissan, is an Austronesian language of Nissan Island, north of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea.","title":"Nehan language"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/neha1247","external_links_name":"neha1247"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nsn/","external_links_name":"Nehan"},{"Link":"http://www.gial.edu/documents/Theses/John_Glennon-thesis.pdf","external_links_name":"Syntactic Ergativity in Nehan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nehan_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Holloway
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Red Holloway
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["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 As leader/co-leader","2.2 Compilations","2.3 As sideman","3 References","4 External links"]
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American jazz saxophonist (1927–2012)
Red HollowayHolloway performing in 2008Background informationBirth nameJames Wesley HollowayBorn(1927-05-31)May 31, 1927Helena, Arkansas, U.S.DiedFebruary 25, 2012(2012-02-25) (aged 84)Morro Bay, California, U.S.GenresJazz, bebop, hard bopOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)Tenor saxophone, alto saxophoneMusical artist
James Wesley "Red" Holloway (May 31, 1927 – February 25, 2012) was an American jazz saxophonist.
Biography
Born in Helena, Arkansas, Holloway started playing banjo and harmonica, switching to tenor saxophone when he was 12 years old. He graduated from DuSable High School in Chicago, where he had played in the school big band with Johnny Griffin and Eugene Wright, and went on to attend the city's Conservatory of Music. He joined the Army when he was 19 and became bandmaster for the U.S. Fifth Army Band, and after completing his military service returned to Chicago and played with Yusef Lateef and Dexter Gordon, among others. In 1948, he joined blues vocalist Roosevelt Sykes, and later played with other rhythm & blues musicians such as Willie Dixon, Junior Parker, and Lloyd Price.
In the 1950s, he played in the Chicago area with Billie Holiday, Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Ben Webster, Jimmy Rushing, Arthur Prysock, Dakota Staton, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Wardell Gray, Sonny Rollins, Red Rodney, Lester Young, Joe Williams, Redd Foxx, The Moonglows, B.B. King, Bobby Bland, and Aretha Franklin. During this period, he also toured with Sonny Stitt, Memphis Slim and Lionel Hampton. He became a member of the house band for Chance Records in 1952. He subsequently appeared on many recording sessions for the Chicago-based independents Parrot, United and States, and Vee-Jay.
From 1963 to 1966, he was in organist "Brother" Jack McDuff's band, which also featured guitarist George Benson, who was then at the start of his career. In 1974, Holloway recorded The Latest Edition with John Mayall and toured Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. From 1977 to 1982, Holloway worked with Sonny Stitt, recording two albums together, and following Stitt's death, Holloway played and recorded with Clark Terry.
Red Holloway died in Morro Bay, California, aged 84 of a stroke and kidney failure on February 25, 2012, one month after Etta James, with whom he had worked extensively. He was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles.
Discography
As leader/co-leader
The Burner (Prestige, 1963) with Big John Patton, Eric Gale
Cookin' Together (Prestige, 1964) with Jack McDuff, George Benson; reissued on CD as Brother Red in 1995.
Sax, Strings & Soul (Prestige, 1964)
Red Soul (Prestige, 1965) with Dr. Lonnie Smith, George Benson
Forecast: Sonny & Red (Catalyst, 1976) with Sonny Stitt
Partners (Catalyst, 1978) with Sonny Stitt
Hittin' the Road Again (JAM , 1983) with Shuggie Otis
Nica's Dream (Steeplechase, 1984) with Horace Parlan
Red Holloway & Company (Concord, 1987) with Cedar Walton
Locksmith Blues (Concord, 1989) with Clark Terry
Live at the 1995 Floating Jazz Festival (Chiaroscuro, 1995 ) with Harry "Sweets" Edison
Grooveyard (JHM Records, 1996) with Matthias Bätzel Trio
Day Dream (Tonewheel, 1997) with T.C. Pfeiler
In the Red (HighNote, 1997) with Norman Simmons
A Night of Blues & Ballads (JHM Records, 1998) with Matthias Bätzel Trio
Standing Room Only (Chiaroscuro, 1998 ) with Junior Mance, Phil Upchurch, O.C. Smith
Keep That Groove Going! (Milestone, 2001) with Plas Johnson
Coast to Coast (Milestone, 2003) with Dr. Lonnie Smith, Melvin Sparks
Something Old, Something New (R/H Recording Company, 2007) with Sacha Boutros
Go Red Go! (Delmark, 2008) with George Freeman, Henry Johnson, Chris Foreman, Greg Rockingham
September Songs (Organic Music, 2009) with Bernhard Pichi Trio
Compilations
The Best of Red Holloway & The Soul Organ Giants with Brother Jack McDuff & Lonnie Smith (Prestige, 1970) also with Big John Patton; contains two tracks from each album: The Burner (with Patton), Cookin' Together (with McDuff), Red Soul (with Smith).
Legends of Acid Jazz: Red Holloway (Prestige, 1998) (compilation of The Burner + Red Soul)
As sideman
With Gene Ammons
Soul Summit Vol. 2 (Prestige, 1961-62 ) with Etta Jones
Late Hour Special (Prestige, 1961-62 )
Velvet Soul (Prestige, 1961-62 )
Free Again (Prestige, 1972)
With George Benson
The New Boss Guitar of George Benson (Prestige, 1964) with Jack McDuff, Joe Dukes
With Freddy Cole
Live at Birdland West (LaserLight, 1992) with Jerry Byrd
With Joe Dukes
The Soulful Drums of Joe Dukes (Prestige, 1964) with Jack McDuff, George Benson
With Atle Hammer
Arizona Blues (Gemini Records, 1989)
With Etta James
12 Songs of Christmas (Private Music, 1998)
Heart of a Woman (Private Music, 1999)
Blue Gardenia (Private Music, 2001)
With Etta James and Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Blues in the Night Volume One: The Early Show (Fantasy, 1986) with Jack McDuff, Shuggie Otis
The Late Show: Blues In The Night Volume 2 (Fantasy, 1987) with Jack McDuff, Shuggie Otis
With Junior Mance
The Floating Jazz Festival Trio (Chiaroscuro, 1997, ) with Henry Johnson
With Wade Marcus
Metamorphosis (Impulse!, 1976)
With John Mayall
Ten Years Are Gone (Polydor, 1973)
The Latest Edition (Polydor, 1974)
With Jack McDuff
Brother Jack McDuff Live! (Prestige, 1963)
Brother Jack at the Jazz Workshop Live! (Prestige, 1963)
Prelude (Prestige, 1963)
The Dynamic Jack McDuff (Prestige, 1964)
The Concert McDuff (Prestige, 1964)
Silk and Soul (Prestige, 1965)
Hot Barbeque (Prestige, 1965)
Walk On By (Prestige, 1966)
Hallelujah Time! (Prestige, 1963-66 )
The Midnight Sun (Prestige, 1963-66 )
Soul Circle (Prestige, 1964-66 )
I Got a Woman (Prestige, 1964-66 )
Steppin' Out (Prestige, 1961-66 )
Tobacco Road (Atlantic, 1966)
Check This Out (Cadet, 1972)
With Jimmy McGriff
The Dream Team (Milestone, 1997)
With Carmen McRae
Fine and Mellow: Live at Birdland West (Concord, 1987) with Jack McDuff, Phil Upchurch
With Knut Riisnæs
Confessin' the Blues (Gemini Records, 1989 )
The Gemini Twins (Gemini Records, 1992)
With Horace Silver
It's Got to Be Funky (Columbia, 1993)
Pencil Packin' Papa (Columbia, 1994)
With Clark Terry
Squeeze Me! (Chiaroscuro, 1989 )
Top and Bottom: Live at the 1995 Floating Jazz Festival (Chiaroscuro, 1997)
With Joe Williams
Nothin' but the Blues (Delos, 1983) -with Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Jack McDuff, Phil Upchurch
References
^ Peter Vacher, "Red Holloway obituary", The Guardian, February 29, 2012.
^ a b Daniel E. Slotnik, "Red Holloway, Swinger of the Sax, Dies at 84", The New York Times, February 28, 2012.
^ "Red Holloway" (obituary), The Daily Telegraph, February 28, 2012.
^ a b c d e f Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 612. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.
^ The Al Smith Discography Part I. Accessed August 24, 2009
^ Heckman, Don (February 27, 2012). "Highly regarded L.A. tenor, alto saxophonist played with A-list stars". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
^ Scott Yanow, Artist Biography, Allmusic.
^ Jeff Tamarkin, "Saxophonist Red Holloway Dead at 84" Archived March 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Jazz Times, February 25, 2012.
External links
Red Holloway Interview - NAMM Oral History Library (2006)
vteRed HollowayStudio albums
The Burner (1963)
Cookin' Together (1964)
Sax, Strings & Soul (1964)
Red Soul (1965)
Forecast: Sonny & Red (1976)
Keep That Groove Going! (with Plas Johnson, 2001)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
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Spain
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IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"}],"text":"Musical artistJames Wesley \"Red\" Holloway (May 31, 1927 – February 25, 2012)[1] was an American jazz saxophonist.","title":"Red Holloway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helena, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"},{"link_name":"harmonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonica"},{"link_name":"DuSable High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuSable_High_School"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Johnny Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Eugene Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wright"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-4"},{"link_name":"Yusef Lateef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusef_Lateef"},{"link_name":"Dexter Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Gordon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-4"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Sykes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-4"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Junior Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Parker"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Price"},{"link_name":"Billie Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Holiday"},{"link_name":"Muddy Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_Waters"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"Ben Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Webster"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Rushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Rushing"},{"link_name":"Arthur Prysock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Prysock"},{"link_name":"Dakota Staton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Staton"},{"link_name":"Eddie \"Cleanhead\" Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_%22Cleanhead%22_Vinson"},{"link_name":"Wardell Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardell_Gray"},{"link_name":"Sonny Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Rollins"},{"link_name":"Red Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Lester Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Young"},{"link_name":"Joe Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Williams_(jazz_singer)"},{"link_name":"Redd Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redd_Foxx"},{"link_name":"The Moonglows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moonglows"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Bobby Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Bland"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-4"},{"link_name":"Sonny Stitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Stitt"},{"link_name":"Memphis Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Slim"},{"link_name":"Lionel Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Hampton"},{"link_name":"Chance Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Records"},{"link_name":"Parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot_Records_(blues_label)"},{"link_name":"United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Records"},{"link_name":"States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Records"},{"link_name":"Vee-Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vee-Jay_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alsmith-5"},{"link_name":"\"Brother\" Jack McDuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_McDuff"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-4"},{"link_name":"George Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Benson"},{"link_name":"John Mayall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayall"},{"link_name":"Sonny Stitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Stitt"},{"link_name":"Clark Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Terry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-4"},{"link_name":"Morro Bay, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morro_Bay,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Etta James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_James"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Forest Lawn Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Hollywood_Hills)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Hills"}],"text":"Born in Helena, Arkansas,[2] Holloway started playing banjo and harmonica, switching to tenor saxophone when he was 12 years old. He graduated from DuSable High School in Chicago,[3] where he had played in the school big band with Johnny Griffin and Eugene Wright, and went on to attend the city's Conservatory of Music.[4] He joined the Army when he was 19 and became bandmaster for the U.S. Fifth Army Band, and after completing his military service returned to Chicago and played with Yusef Lateef and Dexter Gordon, among others.[4] In 1948, he joined blues vocalist Roosevelt Sykes,[4] and later played with other rhythm & blues musicians such as Willie Dixon, Junior Parker, and Lloyd Price.In the 1950s, he played in the Chicago area with Billie Holiday, Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Ben Webster, Jimmy Rushing, Arthur Prysock, Dakota Staton, Eddie \"Cleanhead\" Vinson, Wardell Gray, Sonny Rollins, Red Rodney, Lester Young, Joe Williams, Redd Foxx, The Moonglows, B.B. King, Bobby Bland, and Aretha Franklin.[4] During this period, he also toured with Sonny Stitt, Memphis Slim and Lionel Hampton. He became a member of the house band for Chance Records in 1952. He subsequently appeared on many recording sessions for the Chicago-based independents Parrot, United and States, and Vee-Jay.[5]From 1963 to 1966, he was in organist \"Brother\" Jack McDuff's band,[4] which also featured guitarist George Benson, who was then at the start of his career. In 1974, Holloway recorded The Latest Edition with John Mayall and toured Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. From 1977 to 1982, Holloway worked with Sonny Stitt, recording two albums together, and following Stitt's death, Holloway played and recorded with Clark Terry.[4]Red Holloway died in Morro Bay, California,[2][6] aged 84 of a stroke and kidney failure[7] on February 25, 2012, one month after Etta James, with whom he had worked extensively.[8] He was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Burner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burner"},{"link_name":"Prestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_Records"},{"link_name":"Big John Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_John_Patton"},{"link_name":"Eric Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Gale"},{"link_name":"Cookin' Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookin%27_Together"},{"link_name":"Jack McDuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_McDuff"},{"link_name":"George Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Benson"},{"link_name":"Sax, Strings & Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sax,_Strings_%26_Soul"},{"link_name":"Red Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Soul"},{"link_name":"Dr. Lonnie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Lonnie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Forecast: Sonny & Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecast:_Sonny_%26_Red"},{"link_name":"Sonny Stitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Stitt"},{"link_name":"Shuggie Otis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuggie_Otis"},{"link_name":"Steeplechase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeplechase_Records"},{"link_name":"Horace Parlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Parlan"},{"link_name":"Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Records"},{"link_name":"Cedar Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Walton"},{"link_name":"Clark Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Terry"},{"link_name":"Chiaroscuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaroscuro_Records"},{"link_name":"Harry \"Sweets\" Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_%22Sweets%22_Edison"},{"link_name":"HighNote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighNote_Records"},{"link_name":"Norman Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Junior Mance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Mance"},{"link_name":"Phil Upchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Upchurch"},{"link_name":"O.C. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.C._Smith"},{"link_name":"Keep That Groove Going!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_That_Groove_Going!"},{"link_name":"Milestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestone_Records"},{"link_name":"Plas Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plas_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Melvin Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Sparks"},{"link_name":"Delmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmark_Records"},{"link_name":"George Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Freeman_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Chris Foreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Foreman_(organist)"}],"sub_title":"As leader/co-leader","text":"The Burner (Prestige, 1963) with Big John Patton, Eric Gale\nCookin' Together (Prestige, 1964) with Jack McDuff, George Benson; reissued on CD as Brother Red in 1995.\nSax, Strings & Soul (Prestige, 1964)\nRed Soul (Prestige, 1965) with Dr. Lonnie Smith, George Benson\nForecast: Sonny & Red (Catalyst, 1976) with Sonny Stitt\nPartners (Catalyst, 1978) with Sonny Stitt\nHittin' the Road Again (JAM [Jazz America Marketing], 1983) with Shuggie Otis\nNica's Dream (Steeplechase, 1984) with Horace Parlan\nRed Holloway & Company (Concord, 1987) with Cedar Walton\nLocksmith Blues (Concord, 1989) with Clark Terry\nLive at the 1995 Floating Jazz Festival (Chiaroscuro, 1995 [rel. 1997]) with Harry \"Sweets\" Edison\nGrooveyard (JHM [JazzHausMusik, Germany] Records, 1996) with Matthias Bätzel Trio\nDay Dream (Tonewheel, 1997) with T.C. Pfeiler\nIn the Red (HighNote, 1997) with Norman Simmons\nA Night of Blues & Ballads (JHM [JazzHausMusik, Germany] Records, 1998) with Matthias Bätzel Trio\nStanding Room Only (Chiaroscuro, 1998 [rel. 2000]) with Junior Mance, Phil Upchurch, O.C. Smith\nKeep That Groove Going! (Milestone, 2001) with Plas Johnson\nCoast to Coast (Milestone, 2003) with Dr. Lonnie Smith, Melvin Sparks\nSomething Old, Something New (R/H [Red Holloway] Recording Company, 2007) with Sacha Boutros\nGo Red Go! (Delmark, 2008) with George Freeman, Henry Johnson, Chris Foreman, Greg Rockingham\nSeptember Songs (Organic Music, 2009) with Bernhard Pichi Trio","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilations","text":"The Best of Red Holloway & The Soul Organ Giants with Brother Jack McDuff & Lonnie Smith (Prestige, 1970) also with Big John Patton; contains two tracks from each album: The Burner (with Patton), Cookin' Together (with McDuff), Red Soul (with Smith).\nLegends of Acid Jazz: Red Holloway (Prestige, 1998) (compilation of The Burner + Red Soul)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gene Ammons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Ammons"},{"link_name":"Soul Summit Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Summit_Vol._2"},{"link_name":"Etta Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Jones"},{"link_name":"Late Hour Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Hour_Special"},{"link_name":"Velvet Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Soul"},{"link_name":"Free Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Again_(Gene_Ammons_album)"},{"link_name":"George Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Benson"},{"link_name":"The New Boss Guitar of George Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Boss_Guitar_of_George_Benson"},{"link_name":"Freddy Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Cole"},{"link_name":"Atle Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atle_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Etta James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_James"},{"link_name":"12 Songs of Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Songs_of_Christmas_(Etta_James_album)"},{"link_name":"Private Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Music"},{"link_name":"Heart of a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_a_Woman_(Etta_James_album)"},{"link_name":"Blue Gardenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Gardenia_(album)"},{"link_name":"Etta James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_James"},{"link_name":"Eddie \"Cleanhead\" Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_%22Cleanhead%22_Vinson"},{"link_name":"Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Records"},{"link_name":"Shuggie Otis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuggie_Otis"},{"link_name":"Junior Mance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Mance"},{"link_name":"Wade Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Marcus"},{"link_name":"Metamorphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis_(Wade_Marcus_album)"},{"link_name":"Impulse!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse!"},{"link_name":"John Mayall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayall"},{"link_name":"Ten Years Are Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Years_Are_Gone"},{"link_name":"Polydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"Jack McDuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_McDuff"},{"link_name":"Brother Jack McDuff Live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Jack_McDuff_Live!"},{"link_name":"Brother Jack at the Jazz Workshop Live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Jack_at_the_Jazz_Workshop_Live!"},{"link_name":"Prelude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_(Jack_McDuff_album)"},{"link_name":"The Dynamic Jack McDuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dynamic_Jack_McDuff"},{"link_name":"The Concert McDuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concert_McDuff"},{"link_name":"Silk and Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_and_Soul"},{"link_name":"Hot Barbeque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Barbeque"},{"link_name":"Walk On By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_On_By_(album)"},{"link_name":"Hallelujah Time!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallelujah_Time!"},{"link_name":"The Midnight Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Midnight_Sun_(Jack_McDuff_album)"},{"link_name":"Soul Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Circle"},{"link_name":"I Got a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Got_a_Woman_(album)"},{"link_name":"Steppin' Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppin%27_Out_(Jack_McDuff_album)"},{"link_name":"Tobacco Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_Road_(Jack_McDuff_album)"},{"link_name":"Check This Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_This_Out"},{"link_name":"Jimmy McGriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McGriff"},{"link_name":"The Dream Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_Team_(Jimmy_McGriff_album)"},{"link_name":"Carmen McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_McRae"},{"link_name":"Fine and Mellow: Live at Birdland West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_and_Mellow:_Live_at_Birdland_West"},{"link_name":"Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Records"},{"link_name":"Knut Riisnæs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Riisn%C3%A6s"},{"link_name":"Horace Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Silver"},{"link_name":"It's Got to Be Funky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Got_to_Be_Funky"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Pencil Packin' Papa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil_Packin%27_Papa"},{"link_name":"Clark Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Terry"},{"link_name":"Squeeze Me!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeeze_Me!_(album)"},{"link_name":"Chiaroscuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaroscuro_Records"},{"link_name":"Joe Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Williams_(jazz_singer)"}],"sub_title":"As sideman","text":"With Gene AmmonsSoul Summit Vol. 2 (Prestige, 1961-62 [rel. 1963]) with Etta Jones\nLate Hour Special (Prestige, 1961-62 [rel. 1964])\nVelvet Soul (Prestige, 1961-62 [rel. 1964])\nFree Again (Prestige, 1972)With George BensonThe New Boss Guitar of George Benson (Prestige, 1964) with Jack McDuff, Joe DukesWith Freddy ColeLive at Birdland West (LaserLight, 1992) with Jerry ByrdWith Joe DukesThe Soulful Drums of Joe Dukes (Prestige, 1964) with Jack McDuff, George BensonWith Atle HammerArizona Blues (Gemini Records, 1989)With Etta James12 Songs of Christmas (Private Music, 1998)\nHeart of a Woman (Private Music, 1999)\nBlue Gardenia (Private Music, 2001)With Etta James and Eddie \"Cleanhead\" VinsonBlues in the Night Volume One: The Early Show (Fantasy, 1986) with Jack McDuff, Shuggie Otis\nThe Late Show: Blues In The Night Volume 2 (Fantasy, 1987) with Jack McDuff, Shuggie OtisWith Junior ManceThe Floating Jazz Festival Trio [live] (Chiaroscuro, 1997, [rel. 1999]) with Henry JohnsonWith Wade MarcusMetamorphosis (Impulse!, 1976)With John MayallTen Years Are Gone (Polydor, 1973)\nThe Latest Edition (Polydor, 1974)With Jack McDuffBrother Jack McDuff Live! (Prestige, 1963)\nBrother Jack at the Jazz Workshop Live! (Prestige, 1963)\nPrelude (Prestige, 1963)\nThe Dynamic Jack McDuff (Prestige, 1964)\nThe Concert McDuff (Prestige, 1964)\nSilk and Soul (Prestige, 1965)\nHot Barbeque (Prestige, 1965)\nWalk On By (Prestige, 1966)\nHallelujah Time! (Prestige, 1963-66 [rel. 1967])\nThe Midnight Sun (Prestige, 1963-66 [rel. 1967])\nSoul Circle (Prestige, 1964-66 [rel. 1968])\nI Got a Woman (Prestige, 1964-66 [rel. 1969])\nSteppin' Out (Prestige, 1961-66 [rel. 1969])\nTobacco Road (Atlantic, 1966)\nCheck This Out [live] (Cadet, 1972)With Jimmy McGriffThe Dream Team (Milestone, 1997)With Carmen McRaeFine and Mellow: Live at Birdland West (Concord, 1987) with Jack McDuff, Phil UpchurchWith Knut RiisnæsConfessin' the Blues (Gemini Records, 1989 [rel. 1991])\nThe Gemini Twins (Gemini Records, 1992)With Horace SilverIt's Got to Be Funky (Columbia, 1993)\nPencil Packin' Papa (Columbia, 1994)With Clark TerrySqueeze Me! (Chiaroscuro, 1989 [rel. 1991])\nTop and Bottom: Live at the 1995 Floating Jazz Festival (Chiaroscuro, 1997)With Joe WilliamsNothin' but the Blues (Delos, 1983) -with Eddie \"Cleanhead\" Vinson, Jack McDuff, Phil Upchurch","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 612. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-745-9","url_text":"1-85227-745-9"}]},{"reference":"Heckman, Don (February 27, 2012). \"Highly regarded L.A. tenor, alto saxophonist played with A-list stars\". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved June 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/27/local/la-me-0227-red-holloway-20120227","url_text":"\"Highly regarded L.A. tenor, alto saxophonist played with A-list stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","url_text":"0458-3035"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/feb/29/red-holloway","external_links_name":"\"Red Holloway obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/29/arts/music/red-holloway-swinger-of-the-sax-dies-at-84.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Red Holloway, Swinger of the Sax, Dies at 84\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/9111741/Red-Holloway.html","external_links_name":"\"Red Holloway\" (obituary)"},{"Link":"http://campber.people.clemson.edu/alsmith1.html","external_links_name":"The Al Smith Discography Part I"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/27/local/la-me-0227-red-holloway-20120227","external_links_name":"\"Highly regarded L.A. tenor, alto saxophonist played with A-list stars\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","external_links_name":"0458-3035"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/red-holloway-mn0000449169/biography","external_links_name":"Artist Biography"},{"Link":"http://jazztimes.com/sections/news/articles/29538-saxophonist-red-holloway-dead-at-84","external_links_name":"\"Saxophonist Red Holloway Dead at 84\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130327170846/http://jazztimes.com/sections/news/articles/29538-saxophonist-red-holloway-dead-at-84","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/james-%E2%80%9Cred%E2%80%9D-holloway","external_links_name":"Red Holloway Interview - NAMM Oral History Library (2006)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1471349/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000063108132","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/64191985","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdMhrCWtFfFHF9f8CvGpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1567129","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13895290c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13895290c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134409698","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007344400405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85174267","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p097955272","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1224ac14-49f6-4e67-920c-787f5fb28591","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/080784763","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Blossac
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Bernard Blossac
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["1 Bibliography","2 Couturier","3 Exhibitions","4 Publications","5 References"]
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French fashion illustrator
Bernard Blossac
Bernard de La Bourdonnaye-Blossac, also called Blossac (April 29, 1917 – December 1, 2002) was a French fashion illustrator.
Signature of Bernard Blossac
Bibliography
Bernard de La Bourdonnaye-Blossac was born April 29, 1917, in Neuilly-sur-Seine.
He has a sister, Genevieve, born in 1919.
He spent his childhood in his family in Yonne and then in Paris. Outside school periods, the family went on trips. This was an opportunity for him to discover other horizons: Ireland, the Normandy coast, Switzerland, Belgium and the Côte d'Azur. A large property in Sologne "The Clarinerie" allowed his parents to satisfy their passion for hunting. Bernard did not like this sport and preferred to deal in drawing or painting landscapes or still lifes.
Very early he was interested in the aesthetics of things: furniture, paintings and clothing. He was passionate about all creations "art nouveau" of that time.
He stopped traditional education and entered a drawing workshop in the Montparnasse district of Paris: with André Marchand, then with Maurice Testard at the Grande Chaumière and finally with Paul Colin. For many years he worked to perfect his technique, using different tools: pencil, charcoal, pencil, chalk, etc. He also worked on special topics such as sets and costumes. During those years, he did particularly comprehensive studies on the costumes worn in the 19th century with many annotated drawings.
This period lasted until 1941, during which he met Robert Piguet, the great couturier, who would later introduce him with Paul Caldaquès, President of the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture. The latter presented him to the leaders of magazines such as Vogue, Femina or L'Officiel de la couture et de la mode de Paris. Immediately, they bought from him drawings as leaders for Adam magazine, l'art et la mode de Paris, les cahiers de l'Artisane COUTURE also for instance.
From the years immediately after the war, he drew for foreign journals: English, American, Dutch and Swiss. He traveled to London and New York to diversify his business. His business continued uninterrupted for thirty years.
He mixes his passion for fashion with his mastery of drawings of landscapes and interiors. Sometimes he inserted some drawings of models with previously worked interior designs.
His drawings were published in magazines, newspapers, sometimes more rarely displays (e.g. for Franck & Fils store).
He ended his professional activity in 1973. Very quickly afterward, several institutions asked to benefit from his drawings for cultural initiatives.
The Palais Galliera, Fashion Museum of the City of Paris own several of his drawings.
Foreign collectors also bought some of his drawings.
Although having no more strictly professional activities, he continued to draw for his personal fun especially during his vacation he takes every summer in Divonne near the Swiss border. Many notebooks pencil drawings date from this period.
He died on December 1, 2002, in his birth town. From his death, the influence of his work is provided by the son of his sister, he had adopted, Alain Matrand de La bourdonnaye-Blossac.
Couturier
He worked with top Couturier and fashion houses such as:
Christian Dior,
Jacques Fath,
Robert Piguet,
Jean Dessès,
Balenciaga,
Worth,
Carven.
Givenchy
Exhibitions
At Granville in 1996 in the family house of Christian Dior transformed in a museum was held the exhibition " Images de mode 1940-1960 hommage à Bernard Blossac " for which of course many drawings were presented.
Several other museums organized exhibitions for which drawings were loaned :
In 1980, display of several drawings at the Galliera Museum in Paris.
In 1985, display of several drawings at the Musée Historique des Tissus in Lyon for a Balenciaga exhibition.
In 1992, display of several drawings at a Balenciaga exhibition in Melbourne.
In 1995, display of several drawings at the Palais Galliera in Paris.
In 2007, display at the Kunstbibliothek Staatliche Museum in Berlin during the exhibition "Christian Dior und Deutschland 1947 bis 1957" and the Museum fur Angewandte Cologne Kunst.
In 2010, several drawings exhibition at the Design Museum in London.
Publications
Several publications highlight his drawings:
In 2006, publication of several drawings in the book 100 Years of Fashion Illustration Cally Blackman published in London
In 2010, publication of several drawings in the book "Masters of Fashion Illustration" David Downton published in London.
In 2014, publication of several drawings in the book "Bilder der mode" of Joëlle Chariau published in Munich.
References
^ For example drawings of Benard Blossac are published in the special edition of Summer 1946 of Vogue magazine, page 113, representing several models by Jacques Fath and page 120 representing hats
^ For example drawings of Benard Blossac are published in the special edition Christmas 1945 of femina, page 72 ""Le monsieur qui a sa voiture ... Ou l'embarras du choix ", page 90 representing models by Paquin, Jacques Fath, Jeanne Lanvin and Lucien Lelong
^ For example drawings of Benard Blossac are published in L'OFFICIEL de la Couture et de la Mode de Paris, N° 527-528 - March 1966, page 62 representing Pierre Cardin and Hiroko, a young Japanese fashion model
^ For example drawings of Benard Blossac are published in the special issue of April 1943 of ADAM magazine page 14 and 15 representing coats, sport suits and afternoon suits
^ For example, drawings of Benard Blossac are published in the first special issue of the 1954 autumn winter collections of l'art et de la mode de Paris, pages 94 and 95 representing wool jersey models of Jeanne Lanvin and Jacques Fath, pages 117 and 118 representing black dresses by Balenciaga, Christian Dior, Jean Patou, Jacques Griffe and Jean Dessès
^ For example drawings of Benard Blossac are published in les cahiers de l'Artisane COUTURE, No.1 of May 1945, page 47 and 48 representing models by Maggy Rouf, Worth, Bruyère and Marcel Rochas
^ Cally Blackman, 100 years of fashion illustration, Paris, Eyrolles, August 2007, 384 p. (978-2-212-12185-8 ISBN, online presentation )
^ David Downton (trad. Brigitte Quentin, pref. Stéphane Rolland), Masters of Fashion Illustration , Paris, Eyrolles, September 2011 (1st ed. 2010), 226 p. (978-2-212-12705-8 Available online overview )
^ Joëlle Chariau, Bilder der mode, Munchen, Prestel, 2014, 252 p. (978-3-7913-5163-6 ISBN)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernard_blossac.jpg"},{"link_name":"fashion illustrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_illustrator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Signature_Bernard_Blossac_illustrateur_de_mode.jpg"}],"text":"Bernard BlossacBernard de La Bourdonnaye-Blossac, also called Blossac (April 29, 1917 – December 1, 2002) was a French fashion illustrator.Signature of Bernard Blossac","title":"Bernard Blossac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neuilly-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Azur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur"},{"link_name":"Sologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sologne"},{"link_name":"hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"art nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_nouveau"},{"link_name":"Robert Piguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Piguet"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bernard de La Bourdonnaye-Blossac was born April 29, 1917, in Neuilly-sur-Seine.He has a sister, Genevieve, born in 1919.He spent his childhood in his family in Yonne and then in Paris. Outside school periods, the family went on trips. This was an opportunity for him to discover other horizons: Ireland, the Normandy coast, Switzerland, Belgium and the Côte d'Azur. A large property in Sologne \"The Clarinerie\" allowed his parents to satisfy their passion for hunting. Bernard did not like this sport and preferred to deal in drawing or painting landscapes or still lifes.Very early he was interested in the aesthetics of things: furniture, paintings and clothing. He was passionate about all creations \"art nouveau\" of that time.He stopped traditional education and entered a drawing workshop in the Montparnasse district of Paris: with André Marchand, then with Maurice Testard at the Grande Chaumière and finally with Paul Colin. For many years he worked to perfect his technique, using different tools: pencil, charcoal, pencil, chalk, etc. He also worked on special topics such as sets and costumes. During those years, he did particularly comprehensive studies on the costumes worn in the 19th century with many annotated drawings.This period lasted until 1941, during which he met Robert Piguet, the great couturier, who would later introduce him with Paul Caldaquès, President of the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture. The latter presented him to the leaders of magazines such as Vogue,[1] Femina[2] or L'Officiel de la couture et de la mode de Paris.[3] Immediately, they bought from him drawings as leaders for Adam [4] magazine, l'art et la mode de Paris,[5] les cahiers de l'Artisane COUTURE [6] also for instance.From the years immediately after the war, he drew for foreign journals: English, American, Dutch and Swiss. He traveled to London and New York to diversify his business. His business continued uninterrupted for thirty years.He mixes his passion for fashion with his mastery of drawings of landscapes and interiors. Sometimes he inserted some drawings of models with previously worked interior designs.His drawings were published in magazines, newspapers, sometimes more rarely displays (e.g. for Franck & Fils store).He ended his professional activity in 1973. Very quickly afterward, several institutions asked to benefit from his drawings for cultural initiatives.The Palais Galliera, Fashion Museum of the City of Paris own several of his drawings.\nForeign collectors also bought some of his drawings.Although having no more strictly professional activities, he continued to draw for his personal fun especially during his vacation he takes every summer in Divonne near the Swiss border. Many notebooks pencil drawings date from this period.He died on December 1, 2002, in his birth town. From his death, the influence of his work is provided by the son of his sister, he had adopted, Alain Matrand de La bourdonnaye-Blossac.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Dior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Dior"},{"link_name":"Jacques Fath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Fath"},{"link_name":"Robert Piguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Piguet"},{"link_name":"Jean Dessès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dess%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Balenciaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balenciaga"},{"link_name":"Givenchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givenchy"}],"text":"He worked with top Couturier and fashion houses such as:Christian Dior,\nJacques Fath,\nRobert Piguet,\nJean Dessès,\nBalenciaga,\nWorth,\nCarven.\nGivenchy","title":"Couturier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Dior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Dior"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Balenciaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balenciaga"},{"link_name":"Balenciaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balenciaga"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Christian Dior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Dior"},{"link_name":"Design Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_Museum"}],"text":"At Granville in 1996 in the family house of Christian Dior transformed in a museum was held the exhibition \" Images de mode 1940-1960 hommage à Bernard Blossac \" for which of course many drawings were presented.Several other museums organized exhibitions for which drawings were loaned :In 1980, display of several drawings at the Galliera Museum in Paris.\nIn 1985, display of several drawings at the Musée Historique des Tissus in Lyon for a Balenciaga exhibition.\nIn 1992, display of several drawings at a Balenciaga exhibition in Melbourne.\nIn 1995, display of several drawings at the Palais Galliera in Paris.\nIn 2007, display at the Kunstbibliothek Staatliche Museum in Berlin during the exhibition \"Christian Dior und Deutschland 1947 bis 1957\" and the Museum fur Angewandte Cologne Kunst.\nIn 2010, several drawings exhibition at the Design Museum in London.","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Several publications highlight his drawings:In 2006, publication of several drawings in the book 100 Years of Fashion Illustration Cally Blackman published in London [7]\nIn 2010, publication of several drawings in the book \"Masters of Fashion Illustration\" David Downton published in London.[8]\nIn 2014, publication of several drawings in the book \"Bilder der mode\" of Joëlle Chariau published in Munich.[9]","title":"Publications"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Bernard Blossac","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bernard_blossac.jpg/220px-Bernard_blossac.jpg"},{"image_text":"Signature of Bernard Blossac","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Signature_Bernard_Blossac_illustrateur_de_mode.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/309762478","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1056488581","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Shaper
|
Hal Shaper
|
["1 Biography","2 Songs","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Hal ShaperBirth nameHarold David ShaperBorn(1931-07-18)July 18, 1931Muizenberg, Cape Town, South AfricaDiedJanuary 8, 2004(2004-01-08) (aged 72)Cape Town, South AfricaGenres
Pop
film music
Occupation(s)LyricistYears active1951–2004LabelsSparta MusicMusical artist
Hal Shaper (Born Harold David Shaper), 18 July 1931 - 8 January 2004) was a South African songwriter. After qualifying as a lawyer in 1955, he travelled to London to begin his five-decade-long musical career during which he worked with and wrote for well-known artists including Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley, Barbra Streisand and David Bowie. After establishing financial stability following the release of his first hit Softly, As I Leave You, he began his own music publishing company, Sparta Florida Inc.. Aside from song titles and lyrics, Shaper also wrote for films as well as musicals.
Biography
Shaper was born on 18 July 1931 in Muizenberg near Cape Town as the third and youngest child of Jewish parents. His father was from Manchester and his mother from the ghetto of Lodz in Poland. He was inspired to become a songwriter after seeing the Mickey Rooney film Words and Music (1948), saying: he was "enchanted by the quality of the songs and the freshness of them" In 1949 Hal met young pianist and budding songwriter, Charles Segal who was holidaying in Muizenberg. Charles encouraged Hal to write his first lyrics for one of Charles's songs - "I Never Loved Before", beginning a musical collaboration and friendship that spanned many decades. Young Charles introduced young Hal to one of Charles's well-established lyricists, Anton De Waal. Encouraged by his friend, Charles Segal, Hal gained confidence and other songs soon followed (I Got Troubles of My Own", "I'll Never Dream Again", "Tanganyika" and many others). Hal's initial attempts at musical theatre were performed in local theatres; his professional songwriting career did not begin until later. In 1955, Shaper was certified as a lawyer in Cape Town. However, he did not pursue a career in law but rather left immediately for London in seek of a songwriting career.
In London, he first earned a living washing dishes with the Troubadour restaurant in Earls Court. In the summer of 1955, he was employed as a song plugger by pop music publisher Dave Toff of Southern Music, who, Shaper said, discouraged him from writing lyrics, stating "there was no future in the business for writers". Shaper was then persuaded to move to Robbins Music by Alan Holmes, leaving his job as a plugger in August 1958. In Robbins Music, a higher quality acclaimed label, he began writing songs under the mentorship of Alan Holmes and Joy Connock, marking the beginning of his writing career.
Shaper's English title and lyrics to the Italian melody "Softly, As I Leave You" (1962) was his first hit. It was initially released by Matt Monro and was soon recorded later in the US by Shirley Bassey. The song was repeatedly released in subsequent years, earning him enough money to start and reluctantly run his own music publishing company in 1964, Sparta Music.
Throughout his career, Shaper's work was released by well-known artists including Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Elvis Presley, Barbra Streisand (for whom he wrote "Martina"), Petula Clark ("My Friend the Sea"), Jack Jones ("The Years of My Youth"), Val Doonican ("The Mysterious People"), Lena Horne, Bobby Darin and Richard Anthony. In addition, various other writers in the company brought about international successes, getting released by artists such as Moody Blues, Desmond Dekker, David Bowie and Blondie.
Shaper further created and published approximately 60 movie soundtracks for films such as The Go-Between (1971), Papillon (1973), The Boys from Brazil (1978), and First Blood (1982). For these, he won the Ivor Novello award multiple times.
He also wrote various musicals for the theatre. Along with composer Cyril Ornadel, he wrote two award-winning shows: Treasure Island, which ran for two seasons at the Mermaid Theatre; and Great Expectations, starring John Mills, Moira Lister and Lesley-Ann Down. After returning to South Africa, he wrote La Bohème Noire, a stage musical adaptation of La Bohème' set in contemporary Soweto.
Shaper married twice, first to Susan from 1972 to 1989 with whom he had a daughter, Hollie; and later to Pippa in 1990 with whom he had four children: Jack, Pia, Harry and Lucy. Hal Shaper died in Cape Town on 8 January 2004 at the age of 72.
Songs
I Still See You (from the film "The Go-Between", music by Michel Legrand.)
My Friend, My Friend ("Stasera", music by Domenico Modugno)
Softly As I Leave You (as John Harris) ("Piano", music by Antonio De Vita.)
The Mysterious People ("Det Gatfulla Folket", music by Beppe Wolgers and Olle Adolphson)
Time Is Like a Dream (from the film "Interlude", music by Georges Delerue)
It's a Long Road (end credits theme from "First Blood", music by Jerry Goldsmith, sung by Dan Hill)
Martina ("Les Enfants Qui Pleurent", music by Michel Legrand)
Sea and Sky (from the film "A Time for Loving", music by Michel Legrand)
My Friend the Sea ("Au Bord De L'eau", music by George Petilas)
References
^ "Hal Shaper | Biography & History | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
^ a b c d e f Freedland, Michael (2004-03-01). "Hal Shaper". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
^ a b c Association, International Songwriters. "International Songwriters Association (ISA) Songs And Songwriting • Hal Shaper". www.songwriter.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
^ a b "Hal Shaper | Obituaries | The Stage". The Stage. 2004-02-16. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
External links
Hal Shaper at IMDb
The life and legacy of Harold David (Hal) Shaper (1931-2004) by Diane Breetzke Mertens, M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Music, University of Cape Town
Interview with Hal Shaper in International Songwriters Association's "Songwriter Magazine"
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"}],"text":"Musical artistHal Shaper (Born Harold David Shaper), 18 July 1931 - 8 January 2004) was a South African songwriter. After qualifying as a lawyer in 1955, he travelled to London to begin his five-decade-long musical career during which he worked with and wrote for well-known artists including Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley, Barbra Streisand and David Bowie. After establishing financial stability following the release of his first hit Softly, As I Leave You, he began his own music publishing company, Sparta Florida Inc.. Aside from song titles and lyrics, Shaper also wrote for films as well as musicals.","title":"Hal Shaper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muizenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muizenberg"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"ghetto of Lodz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mickey Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Rooney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Charles Segal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Segal_(pianist)"},{"link_name":"Anton De Waal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_De_Waal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Earls Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_Court"},{"link_name":"song plugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_plugger"},{"link_name":"Southern Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peermusic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Robbins Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins_Music"},{"link_name":"Alan Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Softly, As I Leave You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softly,_as_I_Leave_You_(song)"},{"link_name":"Matt Monro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Monro"},{"link_name":"Shirley Bassey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Bassey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"Petula Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petula_Clark"},{"link_name":"Jack Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Val Doonican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Doonican"},{"link_name":"Lena Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Horne"},{"link_name":"Bobby Darin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Darin"},{"link_name":"Richard Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Anthony_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Moody Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_Blues"},{"link_name":"Desmond Dekker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Dekker"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Blondie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Go-Between","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go-Between_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"Papillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillon_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"The Boys from Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boys_from_Brazil_(film)"},{"link_name":"First Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Blood"},{"link_name":"Ivor Novello award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Novello_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Cyril Ornadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ornadel"},{"link_name":"Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island#Theatre_and_radio"},{"link_name":"Mermaid Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Great Expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Expectations_(musical)"},{"link_name":"John Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mills"},{"link_name":"Moira Lister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moira_Lister"},{"link_name":"Lesley-Ann Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley-Anne_Down"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"La Bohème'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Soweto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soweto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"}],"text":"Shaper was born on 18 July 1931 in Muizenberg near Cape Town as the third and youngest child of Jewish parents. His father was from Manchester and his mother from the ghetto of Lodz in Poland.[1] He was inspired to become a songwriter after seeing the Mickey Rooney film Words and Music (1948),[2] saying: he was \"enchanted by the quality of the songs and the freshness of them\"[3] In 1949 Hal met young pianist and budding songwriter, Charles Segal who was holidaying in Muizenberg. Charles encouraged Hal to write his first lyrics for one of Charles's songs - \"I Never Loved Before\", beginning a musical collaboration and friendship that spanned many decades. Young Charles introduced young Hal to one of Charles's well-established lyricists, Anton De Waal. Encouraged by his friend, Charles Segal, Hal gained confidence and other songs soon followed (I Got Troubles of My Own\", \"I'll Never Dream Again\", \"Tanganyika\" and many others). Hal's initial attempts at musical theatre were performed in local theatres; his professional songwriting career did not begin until later. In 1955, Shaper was certified as a lawyer in Cape Town. However, he did not pursue a career in law but rather left immediately for London in seek of a songwriting career.[2]In London, he first earned a living washing dishes with the Troubadour restaurant in Earls Court. In the summer of 1955, he was employed as a song plugger by pop music publisher Dave Toff of Southern Music, who, Shaper said, discouraged him from writing lyrics, stating \"there was no future in the business for writers\".[3] Shaper was then persuaded to move to Robbins Music by Alan Holmes, leaving his job as a plugger in August 1958. In Robbins Music, a higher quality acclaimed label, he began writing songs under the mentorship of Alan Holmes and Joy Connock, marking the beginning of his writing career.[2]Shaper's English title and lyrics to the Italian melody \"Softly, As I Leave You\" (1962) was his first hit. It was initially released by Matt Monro and was soon recorded later in the US by Shirley Bassey.[2] The song was repeatedly released in subsequent years, earning him enough money to start and reluctantly run his own music publishing company in 1964, Sparta Music.[3]Throughout his career, Shaper's work was released by well-known artists including Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Elvis Presley, Barbra Streisand (for whom he wrote \"Martina\"), Petula Clark (\"My Friend the Sea\"), Jack Jones (\"The Years of My Youth\"),[2] Val Doonican (\"The Mysterious People\"), Lena Horne, Bobby Darin and Richard Anthony. In addition, various other writers in the company brought about international successes, getting released by artists such as Moody Blues, Desmond Dekker, David Bowie and Blondie.Shaper further created and published approximately 60 movie soundtracks for films such as The Go-Between (1971), Papillon (1973), The Boys from Brazil (1978), and First Blood (1982). For these, he won the Ivor Novello award multiple times.[2]He also wrote various musicals for the theatre. Along with composer Cyril Ornadel, he wrote two award-winning shows: Treasure Island, which ran for two seasons at the Mermaid Theatre; and Great Expectations, starring John Mills, Moira Lister and Lesley-Ann Down.[4] After returning to South Africa, he wrote La Bohème Noire, a stage musical adaptation of La Bohème' set in contemporary Soweto.[4]Shaper married twice, first to Susan from 1972 to 1989 with whom he had a daughter, Hollie; and later to Pippa in 1990 with whom he had four children: Jack, Pia, Harry and Lucy. Hal Shaper died in Cape Town on 8 January 2004 at the age of 72.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"I Still See You (from the film \"The Go-Between\", music by Michel Legrand.)\nMy Friend, My Friend (\"Stasera\", music by Domenico Modugno)\nSoftly As I Leave You (as John Harris) (\"Piano\", music by Antonio De Vita.)\nThe Mysterious People (\"Det Gatfulla Folket\", music by Beppe Wolgers and Olle Adolphson)\nTime Is Like a Dream (from the film \"Interlude\", music by Georges Delerue)\nIt's a Long Road (end credits theme from \"First Blood\", music by Jerry Goldsmith, sung by Dan Hill)\nMartina (\"Les Enfants Qui Pleurent\", music by Michel Legrand)\nSea and Sky (from the film \"A Time for Loving\", music by Michel Legrand)\nMy Friend the Sea (\"Au Bord De L'eau\", music by George Petilas)","title":"Songs"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Hal Shaper | Biography & History | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/hal-shaper-mn0001308646","url_text":"\"Hal Shaper | Biography & History | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"Freedland, Michael (2004-03-01). \"Hal Shaper\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/02/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries","url_text":"\"Hal Shaper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Association, International Songwriters. \"International Songwriters Association (ISA) Songs And Songwriting • Hal Shaper\". www.songwriter.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songwriter.co.uk/page68.html","url_text":"\"International Songwriters Association (ISA) Songs And Songwriting • Hal Shaper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hal Shaper | Obituaries | The Stage\". The Stage. 2004-02-16. Retrieved 2017-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestage.co.uk/features/obituaries/2004/hal-shaper/","url_text":"\"Hal Shaper | Obituaries | The Stage\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/hal-shaper-mn0001308646","external_links_name":"\"Hal Shaper | Biography & History | AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/02/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries","external_links_name":"\"Hal Shaper\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"http://www.songwriter.co.uk/page68.html","external_links_name":"\"International Songwriters Association (ISA) Songs And Songwriting • Hal Shaper\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestage.co.uk/features/obituaries/2004/hal-shaper/","external_links_name":"\"Hal Shaper | Obituaries | The Stage\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0788428/","external_links_name":"Hal Shaper"},{"Link":"https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/11117","external_links_name":"The life and legacy of Harold David (Hal) Shaper (1931-2004)"},{"Link":"http://www.songwriter.co.uk/page68.html","external_links_name":"Interview with Hal Shaper in International Songwriters Association's \"Songwriter Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083943856","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/74119166","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4d488fgx4JJjkKkPG73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1120489","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148386020","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148386020","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/141967110","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008009835","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072697512","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b0712f0b-0df1-420c-bba9-166cecfd3fa6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia
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Economy of Mongolia
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["1 Economic history","1.1 Socialist era","1.2 Transition to a market economy","1.3 Economic development present day","2 The Wolf Economy","3 Banks","3.1 Commercial banks","3.2 Investment banks","4 Environment","5 Other statistics","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Economy of MongoliaCurrencyMongolian tögrög (MNT, ₮)Fiscal yearCalendar yearTrade organizationsWTO, IMF, World Bank, ADB, SCO (Observer)Country group
Developing/Emerging
Lower-middle income economy
StatisticsPopulation 3.46 million (2023 est.)GDP
$19.552 billion (nominal, 2024 est.)
$56.628 billion (PPP, 2024)
GDP rank
129nd (nominal, 2023)
123nd (PPP, 2023)
GDP growth
6.9% (2018) 4.8% (2019e)
−0.5% (2020f) 4.9% (2021f)
GDP per capita
$5,323 (nominal, 2023 est.)
$15,020 (PPP, 2022 est.)
GDP per capita rank
106th (nominal, 2022)
100th (PPP, 2022)
GDP by sector
agriculture: 12.1%
industry: 38.2%
services: 49.7%
(2017 est.)
Inflation (CPI)10% (202e est.)Population below poverty line
28.4% (2018)
5.6% on less than $3.20 (2018)
Gini coefficient32.7 medium (2018)Human Development Index
0.737 high (2023) (96nd)
0.635 medium IHDI (2018)
Labor force by occupation
agriculture: 31.1%
industry: 18.5%
services: 50.5%
(2016)
Unemployment
6.3% (2020 est.)
9.9% (Q3, 2019)
16.8% youth unemployment (2018)
Main industriesconstruction and construction materials, mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, and gold), oil, food and beverages, processing of animal products, cashmere wool and natural fiber manufacturingExternalExports $12.65 billion (2023 est.)Export goodscopper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oilMain export partners
China(-) 36.39%
Switzerland(+) 9.41%
Russia(+) 28.56%
Japan(+) 6.62%
South Korea(+) 4.51%
Germany (+) 3.25%
(2023)
Imports $4.345 billion (2017 est.)Import goodsmachinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergentMain import partners
China(+) 82.6%
Russia(+) 26.42%
Japan(+) 7.68%
United States(+) 4.64%
South Korea(+) 4.45%
(2023)
FDI stock
$18.02 billion (2017 est.)
Abroad: $495 million (31 December 2017 est.)
Current account −$1.155 billion (2017 est.)Gross external debt $33.8% billion (2023 est.)Public financesGovernment debt 180.3% of GDP (2023 est.)Budget balance−6.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)Revenues2.967 billion (2017 est.)Expenses3.681 billion (2017 est.)Economic aid$185.94 million (2008)Credit ratingStandard & Poor's:BB- (Domestic)BB- (Foreign)BB (T&C Assessment)Outlook: StableMoody's:B1Outlook: StableFitch:B+Outlook: StableForeign reserves $3.016 billion (31 December 2017 est.) All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
The economy of Mongolia has traditionally been based on agriculture and livestock. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits: copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of Gross domestic product (GDP), disappeared almost overnight in 1990–91, in the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Mongolia was driven into deep recession.
Economic growth picked up in 1997–99 after stalling in 1996 due to a series of natural disasters and increases in world prices of copper and cashmere. Public revenues and exports collapsed in 1998 and 1999 due to the repercussions of the Asian financial crisis. In August and September 1999, the economy suffered from a temporary Russian ban on exports of oil and oil products. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1997. The international donor community pledged over $300 million per year in the last Consultative Group Meeting, held in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999. Recently, the Mongolian economy has grown at a fast pace due to an increase in mining and Mongolia attained a GDP growth rate of 11.7% in 2013. However, because much of this growth is export-based, Mongolia is suffering from the global slowdown in mining caused by decreased growth in China.
Economic history
Historical development of real GDP per capita in Mongolia
Socialist era
Main article: Economy of the People's Republic of Mongolia
The rapid political changes of 1990–91 marked the beginning of Mongolia's efforts to develop a market economy, but these efforts have been complicated and disrupted by the dissolution and continuing deterioration of the economy of the former Soviet Union. Prior to 1991, 80% of Mongolia's trade was with the former Soviet Union, and 15% was with other Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries. Mongolia was heavily dependent upon the former Soviet Union for fuel, medicine, and spare parts for its factories and power plants.
The former Soviet Union served as the primary market for Mongolian industry. In the 1980s, Mongolia's industrial sector became increasingly important. By 1989, it accounted for an estimated 34% of material products, compared to 18% from agriculture. However, minerals, animals, and animal-derived products still constitute a large proportion of the country's exports. Principal imports included machinery, petroleum, cloth, and building materials.
In the late 1980s, the government began to improve links with non-communist Asia and the West, and tourism in Mongolia developed. As of 1 January 1991, Mongolia and the former Soviet Union agreed to conduct bilateral trade in hard currency at world prices.
Despite its external trade difficulties, Mongolia has continued to press ahead with reform. Privatization of small shops and enterprises has largely been completed in the 1990s, and most prices have been freed. Privatization of large state enterprises has begun. Tax reforms also have begun, and the barter and official exchange rates were unified in late 1991.
Transition to a market economy
Between 1990 and 1993, Mongolia suffered triple-digit inflation, rising unemployment, shortages of basic goods, and food rationing. During that period, economic output contracted by one-third. As market reforms and private enterprise took hold, economic growth began again in 1994–95. Unfortunately, since this growth was fueled in part by over-allocation of bank credit, especially to the remaining state-owned enterprises, economic growth was accompanied by a severe weakening of the banking sector. GDP grew by about 6% in 1995, thanks to largely to a boom in copper prices. Average real economic growth leveled off to about 3.5% in 1996–99 due to the Asian financial crisis, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and worsening commodity prices, especially copper and gold.
Mongolia's gross domestic product (GDP) growth fell from 3.2% in 1999 to 1.3% in 2000. The decline can be attributed to the loss of 2.4 million livestock in bad weather and natural disasters in 2000. Prospects for development outside the traditional reliance on nomadic, livestock-based agriculture are constrained by Mongolia's landlocked location and lack of basic infrastructure. Since 1990, more than 1,500 foreign companies from 61 countries have invested a total of $338.3 million in Mongolia. By 2003 private companies made up 70% of Mongolian GDP and 80% of exports.
Until recently, there have been a very few restrictions on foreign investments during most of Mongolia's post-socialist period. Consequently, mining industry's contribution to FDI increased to almost 25% in 1999 from zero in 1990.
Economic development present day
Mongolian factory worker with cashmere
Market in Mongolia
Mongolia's reliance on trade with China meant that the worldwide financial crisis hit hard, severely stunting the growth of its economy. With the sharp decrease in metal prices, especially copper (down 65% from July 2008-February 2009), exports of its raw materials withered and by 2009 the stock market MSE Top-20 registered an all-time low since its dramatic spike in mid-2007. Just as the economy started to recover, Mongolia was hit by a Zud over the winter period of 2009–2010, causing many livestock to perish and thus severely affecting cashmere production which accounts for a further 7% of the country's export revenues.
According to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund estimates, real GDP growth reduced from 8% to 2.7% in 2009, and exports shrunk 26% from $2.5Bn to $1.9Bn before a promisingly steady increase up until 2008. Because of this, it was projected that between 20,000 and 40,000 fewer Mongolians (0.7% and 1.4% of the population respectively) will be lifted out of poverty, than would have been the case without the global financial crisis.
In late 2009 and the beginning of 2010, however, the market has begun to recover once again. Having identified and learnt from its previous economic instabilities, legislative reform and a tightened fiscal policy promises to guide the country onwards and upwards. In February 2010, foreign assets were recorded at USD1,569,449 million. New trade agreements are being formed and foreign investors are keeping a close eye on the "Asian Wolf".
Mining is the principal industrial activity in Mongolia, making up 30% of all Mongolian industry. Another important industry is the production of cashmere. Mongolia is the world's second largest producer of cashmere, with the main company, Gobi Cashmere, accounting for 21% of world cashmere production as of 2006.
Total export in 2019 was US$7.6 billion.
The 2022 economic growth is expected to be one percent and international institutions anticipate the economy to speed up by at least six percent in 2023 from expanded commodity exports. A significant commodity export boom is expected starting from 2023 with new coal rail networks Archived 11 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine to China coming online and increased copper production from Rio Tinto’s underground mine Oyu Tolgoi in southern Mongolia.
The Wolf Economy
The term was coined by Ganhuyag Chuluun Hutagt and subsequently popularized by Renaissance Capital in their report "Mongolia: "Blue-sky opportunity". They state that Mongolia is set to become the new Asian tiger, or "Mongolian wolf" as they prefer to call it, and predict "unstoppable" economic growth. With the recent developments in the mining industry and foreign interest increasing at an astonishing rate, it is claimed that the 'Wolf Economy' looks ready to pounce. The term's aggressive title mirrors the country's attitude in the capital markets, and with newfound mineral prospects it has the chance to retain its title as one of the world's fastest growing economies.
Banks
The banking sector is highly concentrated, with five banks controlling about 80% of financial assets as of 2015: Shares of Mongolia's five largest domestic banks are to be offered to the public for the first time on the soon-to-be partially privatized Mongolian Stock Exchange.
Commercial banks
KhasBank - KhasBank is a community development bank and microfinance institution headquartered in Ulaanbaatar, with a nationwide network of 100 offices and 1309 staff as of June 2012.
Khan Bank - Khan Bank has its central office in Ulaanbaatar, where 5 branches are located. It has 24 regional branch offices throughout the country, each of which supervises an additional 15 to 25 smaller branches in its area, totaling 512.
Golomt Bank - Golomt Bank started in 1995 and now manages around 23% of the assets in the domestic banking system. Recently begun its stock sales.
Trade and Development Bank - TDB was formed in 1990 and is thus the oldest bank in Mongolia. It has a network of 28 branches and settlement centers, 60 ATMs, 1300 POS terminals, and Internet/SMS banking throughout the country. Foreign banks like ING are breaking into the market.
Other lesser banks are: M-Bank, State bank, Capitron Bank, Arig Bank, Bogd Bank, and Chinggis Bank.
In terms of access to credit, Mongolia ranked 61st out of 189 economies in accordance with 2015 Ease of Doing Business survey. However, Mongolia had one of the highest banking branch penetration rates in the world at 1 bank branch per 15,257 residents as of May 2015.
Investment banks
With a strengthening capital market environment, many foreign and local investment institutions have begun to establish themselves in Mongolia. The most prominent local agencies include: TDB Capital Archived 31 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Eurasia Capital, Monet Investment Bank, BDSec, MICC Archived 18 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, and Frontier Securities.
Environment
Main article: Environmental issues in Mongolia
As a result of rapid urbanization and industrial growth policies under the communist regime, Mongolia's deteriorating environment has become a major concern. The burning of soft coal coupled with thousands of factories in Ulaanbaatar and a sharp increase in individual motorization has resulted in severe air pollution. Deforestation, overgrazed pastures, and, less recently, efforts to increase grain and hay production by plowing up more virgin land have increased soil erosion from wind and rain.
Other statistics
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 2007–2022.
Year
GDP
(in bil. US$ PPP)
GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP)
GDP
(in bil. US$ nominal)
GDP growth in percentage(real)
Inflation in percentage(in Percent)
2007
17.5
6,841
4.2
8.8
17.8
2008
19.3
7,250
5.6
7.8
22.1
2009
19.0
6,969
4.6
-2.1
4.2
2010
20.6
7,357
7.2
7.3
12.9
2011
24.7
8,474
10.4
17.3
8.9
2012
28.9
9,332
12.3
12.3
14.1
2013
30.4
10,197
12.6
11.6
12.5
2014
32.5
10,760
12.2
7.9
10.4
2015
31.9
10,796
11.6
2.4
1.0
2016
32.8
10,739
11.2
1.5
1.3
2017
35.4
11,137
11.5
5.6
6.3
2018
39.0
11,775
13.2
7.7
8.2
2019
42.0
12,215
14.2
5.6
5.2
2020
40.5
11,447
13.3
-4.6
2.3
2021
42.9
11,456
15.3
1.6
13.5
2022
47.1
11,567
17.1
2.5
14.2
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 35% (2005)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
40 (2000)
Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops, sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses
Industries:
construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, and gold); food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere wool and natural fiber manufacturing
Industrial production growth rate:
6% (2010 est.)
Electricity:
production: 3.43 TWh (2006 est.)
consumption: 2.94 TWh (2006 est.)
exports: 15.95 GWh (2006 est.)
imports: 125 GWh (2006 est.)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 80%
hydro: 0%
other: 20% (2011)
nuclear: 0%
Oil:
production: 822 barrels per day (130.7 m3/d) (2006 est.)
consumption: 11,220 barrels per day (1,784 m3/d) (2006 est.)
exports: 822 barrels per day (130.7 m3/d) (2006 est.)
imports: 12,280 barrels per day (1,952 m3/d) (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:
copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals
Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
Exchange rates:
tögrögs/tugriks per US dollar: 1890 (2014), 1396 (2012), 1,420 (2009), 1,179.6 (2006), 1,205 (2005), 1,187.17 (2004), 1,171 (2003), 1,110.31 (2002), 1,097.7 (2001), 1,076.67 (2000)
See also
Mongolia and the International Monetary Fund
Agriculture in Mongolia
Mining in Mongolia
References
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External links
(in English and Mongolian) Official site of the Ministry of Finance
(in English and Mongolian) Official government site of the Bank of Mongolia - the central bank Archived 28 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Mongolia Archived 15 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine CIA World Factbook
vteMongolia articlesHistory
Timeline
Prehistoric Mongolia
Proto-Mongols
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Xianbei
Rouran Khaganate
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Liao dynasty
Medieval tribes
Mongol Empire
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Four Oirat
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of Mongolia.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"molybdenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum"},{"link_name":"tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"},{"link_name":"tungsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Gross domestic product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"collapse of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession"},{"link_name":"Economic growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth"},{"link_name":"natural disasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"Asian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ulaanbaatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatar"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The economy of Mongolia has traditionally been based on agriculture and livestock. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits: copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of Gross domestic product (GDP), disappeared almost overnight in 1990–91, in the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Mongolia was driven into deep recession.Economic growth picked up in 1997–99 after stalling in 1996 due to a series of natural disasters and increases in world prices of copper and cashmere. Public revenues and exports collapsed in 1998 and 1999 due to the repercussions of the Asian financial crisis. In August and September 1999, the economy suffered from a temporary Russian ban on exports of oil and oil products. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1997.[19] The international donor community pledged over $300 million per year in the last Consultative Group Meeting, held in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999. Recently, the Mongolian economy has grown at a fast pace due to an increase in mining and Mongolia attained a GDP growth rate of 11.7% in 2013.[20] However, because much of this growth is export-based, Mongolia is suffering from the global slowdown in mining caused by decreased growth in China.[21]","title":"Economy of Mongolia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mongolia.svg"}],"text":"Historical development of real GDP per capita in Mongolia","title":"Economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"market economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"former Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Council for Mutual Economic Assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Mutual_Economic_Assistance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"tourism in Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"hard currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_currency"},{"link_name":"Privatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"Tax reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_reform"}],"sub_title":"Socialist era","text":"The rapid political changes of 1990–91 marked the beginning of Mongolia's efforts to develop a market economy, but these efforts have been complicated and disrupted by the dissolution and continuing deterioration of the economy of the former Soviet Union. Prior to 1991, 80% of Mongolia's trade was with the former Soviet Union, and 15% was with other Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries. Mongolia was heavily dependent upon the former Soviet Union for fuel, medicine, and spare parts for its factories and power plants.[citation needed]The former Soviet Union served as the primary market for Mongolian industry. In the 1980s, Mongolia's industrial sector became increasingly important. By 1989, it accounted for an estimated 34% of material products, compared to 18% from agriculture. However, minerals, animals, and animal-derived products still constitute a large proportion of the country's exports. Principal imports included machinery, petroleum, cloth, and building materials.In the late 1980s, the government began to improve links with non-communist Asia and the West, and tourism in Mongolia developed. As of 1 January 1991, Mongolia and the former Soviet Union agreed to conduct bilateral trade in hard currency at world prices.Despite its external trade difficulties, Mongolia has continued to press ahead with reform. Privatization of small shops and enterprises has largely been completed in the 1990s, and most prices have been freed. Privatization of large state enterprises has begun. Tax reforms also have begun, and the barter and official exchange rates were unified in late 1991.","title":"Economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment"},{"link_name":"Asian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"1998 Russian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"gross domestic product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Transition to a market economy","text":"Between 1990 and 1993, Mongolia suffered triple-digit inflation, rising unemployment, shortages of basic goods, and food rationing. During that period, economic output contracted by one-third. As market reforms and private enterprise took hold, economic growth began again in 1994–95. Unfortunately, since this growth was fueled in part by over-allocation of bank credit, especially to the remaining state-owned enterprises, economic growth was accompanied by a severe weakening of the banking sector. GDP grew by about 6% in 1995, thanks to largely to a boom in copper prices. Average real economic growth leveled off to about 3.5% in 1996–99 due to the Asian financial crisis, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and worsening commodity prices, especially copper and gold.Mongolia's gross domestic product (GDP) growth fell from 3.2% in 1999 to 1.3% in 2000. The decline can be attributed to the loss of 2.4 million livestock in bad weather and natural disasters in 2000. Prospects for development outside the traditional reliance on nomadic, livestock-based agriculture are constrained by Mongolia's landlocked location and lack of basic infrastructure. Since 1990, more than 1,500 foreign companies from 61 countries have invested[when?] a total of $338.3 million in Mongolia. By 2003 private companies made up 70% of Mongolian GDP and 80% of exports.[22]Until recently, there have been a very few restrictions on foreign investments during most of Mongolia's post-socialist period. Consequently, mining industry's contribution to FDI increased to almost 25% in 1999 from zero in 1990.[23]","title":"Economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mongolian_factory_worker_with_cashmere.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_in_Ulan_Bator_(Mongolia).jpg"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-February_2009_Quarterly_review-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-February_2009_Quarterly_review-24"},{"link_name":"stock market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mongolian_Stock_Exchange-25"},{"link_name":"Zud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zud"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-February_2009_Quarterly_review-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-February_2009_Quarterly_review-24"},{"link_name":"poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bank_of_Mongolia_2010_February-26"},{"link_name":"Asian Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Economy"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"new coal rail networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/new-coal-rail-network-comes-online-connecting-mongolia-with-china"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220911183801/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/new-coal-rail-network-comes-online-connecting-mongolia-with-china"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Rio Tinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)"},{"link_name":"Oyu Tolgoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyu_Tolgoi_mine"}],"sub_title":"Economic development present day","text":"Mongolian factory worker with cashmereMarket in MongoliaMongolia's reliance on trade with China meant that the worldwide financial crisis hit hard,[24] severely stunting the growth of its economy. With the sharp decrease in metal prices, especially copper (down 65% from July 2008-February 2009),[24] exports of its raw materials withered and by 2009 the stock market MSE Top-20 registered an all-time low since its dramatic spike in mid-2007.[25] Just as the economy started to recover, Mongolia was hit by a Zud over the winter period of 2009–2010, causing many livestock to perish and thus severely affecting cashmere production which accounts for a further 7% of the country's export revenues.[24]According to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund estimates, real GDP growth reduced from 8% to 2.7% in 2009, and exports shrunk 26% from $2.5Bn to $1.9Bn before a promisingly steady increase up until 2008.[24] Because of this, it was projected that between 20,000 and 40,000 fewer Mongolians (0.7% and 1.4% of the population respectively) will be lifted out of poverty, than would have been the case without the global financial crisis.In late 2009 and the beginning of 2010, however, the market has begun to recover once again. Having identified and learnt from its previous economic instabilities, legislative reform and a tightened fiscal policy promises to guide the country onwards and upwards. In February 2010, foreign assets were recorded at USD1,569,449 million.[26] New trade agreements are being formed and foreign investors are keeping a close eye on the \"Asian Wolf\".Mining is the principal industrial activity in Mongolia, making up 30% of all Mongolian industry.[27] Another important industry is the production of cashmere. Mongolia is the world's second largest producer of cashmere, with the main company, Gobi Cashmere, accounting for 21% of world cashmere production as of 2006.[28]Total export in 2019 was US$7.6 billion.[29]The 2022 economic growth is expected to be one percent and international institutions anticipate the economy to speed up by at least six percent in 2023 from expanded commodity exports.[30] A significant commodity export boom is expected starting from 2023 with new coal rail networks Archived 11 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine to China coming online and increased copper production from Rio Tinto’s underground mine Oyu Tolgoi in southern Mongolia.","title":"Economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ganhuyag Chuluun Hutagt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganhuyag_Chuluun_Hutagt"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Capital_(Russian_company)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Asian tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_tiger"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"The term was coined by Ganhuyag Chuluun Hutagt and subsequently popularized by Renaissance Capital in their report \"Mongolia: \"Blue-sky opportunity\".[31] They state that Mongolia is set to become the new Asian tiger, or \"Mongolian wolf\" as they prefer to call it, and predict \"unstoppable\" economic growth.[32] With the recent developments in the mining industry and foreign interest increasing at an astonishing rate, it is claimed that the 'Wolf Economy' looks ready to pounce. The term's aggressive title mirrors the country's attitude in the capital markets, and with newfound mineral prospects it has the chance to retain its title as one of the world's fastest growing economies.[33]","title":"The Wolf Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aaron_Batten_2015-34"},{"link_name":"Mongolian Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The banking sector is highly concentrated, with five banks controlling about 80% of financial assets as of 2015:[34] Shares of Mongolia's five largest domestic banks are to be offered to the public for the first time on the soon-to-be partially privatized Mongolian Stock Exchange.[35]","title":"Banks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KhasBank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KhasBank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khan Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khan_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Golomt Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golomt_Bank"},{"link_name":"Trade and Development Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_and_Development_Bank_of_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"SMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introduction_TDB-37"},{"link_name":"ING","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ING"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aaron_Batten_2015-34"}],"sub_title":"Commercial banks","text":"KhasBank - KhasBank is a community development bank and microfinance institution headquartered in Ulaanbaatar, with a nationwide network of 100 offices and 1309 staff as of June 2012.\nKhan Bank - Khan Bank has its central office in Ulaanbaatar, where 5 branches are located. It has 24 regional branch offices throughout the country, each of which supervises an additional 15 to 25 smaller branches in its area, totaling 512.[36]\nGolomt Bank - Golomt Bank started in 1995 and now manages around 23% of the assets in the domestic banking system. Recently begun its stock sales.\nTrade and Development Bank - TDB was formed in 1990 and is thus the oldest bank in Mongolia. It has a network of 28 branches and settlement centers, 60 ATMs, 1300 POS terminals, and Internet/SMS banking throughout the country.[37] Foreign banks like ING are breaking into the market.\nOther lesser banks are: M-Bank, State bank, Capitron Bank, Arig Bank, Bogd Bank, and Chinggis Bank.In terms of access to credit, Mongolia ranked 61st out of 189 economies in accordance with 2015 Ease of Doing Business survey.[38] However, Mongolia had one of the highest banking branch penetration rates in the world at 1 bank branch per 15,257 residents as of May 2015.[34]","title":"Banks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TDB Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tdbcapital.mn/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191231212618/https://www.tdbcapital.mn/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Eurasia Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181204084815/https://www.eurasiac.com/"},{"link_name":"Monet Investment Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monet_Investment_Bank"},{"link_name":"BDSec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSec"},{"link_name":"MICC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.micc.mn"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200818133042/http://micc.mn/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Frontier Securities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190905180118/http://www.frontier.mn/"}],"sub_title":"Investment banks","text":"With a strengthening capital market environment, many foreign and local investment institutions have begun to establish themselves in Mongolia. The most prominent local agencies include: TDB Capital Archived 31 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Eurasia Capital, Monet Investment Bank, BDSec, MICC Archived 18 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, and Frontier Securities.","title":"Banks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urbanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"individual motorization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Individual_motorization&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"Deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"pastures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture"},{"link_name":"soil erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_erosion"}],"text":"As a result of rapid urbanization and industrial growth policies under the communist regime, Mongolia's deteriorating environment has become a major concern. The burning of soft coal coupled with thousands[citation needed] of factories in Ulaanbaatar and a sharp increase in individual motorization[citation needed] has resulted in severe air pollution. Deforestation, overgrazed pastures, and, less recently, efforts to increase grain and hay production by plowing up more virgin land have increased soil erosion from wind and rain.","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"Gini index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_index"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"camels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"molybdenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum"},{"link_name":"fluorspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorspar"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"nonferrous metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonferrous_metals"},{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"},{"link_name":"tugriks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugrik"}],"text":"The following table shows the main economic indicators in 2007–2022.[39][full citation needed]Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 3.5%\nhighest 10%: 35% (2005)Distribution of family income - Gini index:\n40 (2000)Agriculture - products:\nwheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops, sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horsesIndustries:\nconstruction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, and gold); food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere wool and natural fiber manufacturingIndustrial production growth rate:\n6% (2010 est.)Electricity:production: 3.43 TWh (2006 est.)\nconsumption: 2.94 TWh (2006 est.)\nexports: 15.95 GWh (2006 est.)\nimports: 125 GWh (2006 est.)Electricity - production by source:fossil fuel: 80%\nhydro: 0%\nother: 20% (2011)\nnuclear: 0%Oil:production: 822 barrels per day (130.7 m3/d) (2006 est.)\nconsumption: 11,220 barrels per day (1,784 m3/d) (2006 est.)\nexports: 822 barrels per day (130.7 m3/d) (2006 est.)\nimports: 12,280 barrels per day (1,952 m3/d) (2006 est.)Exports - commodities:\ncopper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metalsImports - commodities:\nmachinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, teaExchange rates:\ntögrögs/tugriks per US dollar: 1890 (2014), 1396 (2012), 1,420 (2009), 1,179.6 (2006), 1,205 (2005), 1,187.17 (2004), 1,171 (2003), 1,110.31 (2002), 1,097.7 (2001), 1,076.67 (2000)","title":"Other statistics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Historical development of real GDP per capita in Mongolia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mongolia.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mongolia.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Mongolian factory worker with cashmere","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mongolian_factory_worker_with_cashmere.jpg/250px-Mongolian_factory_worker_with_cashmere.jpg"},{"image_text":"Market in Mongolia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Market_in_Ulan_Bator_%28Mongolia%29.jpg/250px-Market_in_Ulan_Bator_%28Mongolia%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Mongolia and the International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund"},{"title":"Agriculture in Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mongolia"},{"title":"Mining in Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Mongolia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Dakshina_(1987_film)
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Guru Dakshina (1987 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Music","4 References","5 External links"]
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1987 film
For the 1983 Malayalam film, see Guru Dakshina (1983 film).
Guru DakshinaDirected byAnjan ChoudhuryProduced byBhabesh KunduStarringRanjit MallickTapas PaulSatabdi RoyKali BanerjeeShakuntala BaruaBhabesh KunduMusic byBappi LahiriRelease date
8 November 1987 (1987-11-08)
CountryIndiaLanguageBengali
Guru Dakshina is a 1987 Bengali film directed by Anjan Choudhury and produced by Bhabesh Kundu. The film stars Ranjit Mallick, Tapas Paul, Satabdi Roy, Kali Banerjee, and Shakuntala Barua in the lead roles. The film is about a poor village boy named Jayanta Bose who becomes a popular singer but faces roadblocks and tragedies on the way.
Plot
Jayanta Bose, a poor naïve village boy, gets a low paying job at the rich but corrupt businessman, Mr. Roy's company to support him and his mother. One day, he sings at Mr. Roy's function displaying his singing skills. This makes him an overnight star. He falls in love with Mr. Roy's daughter Rupa who's very supportive of his singing. His other boss and brotherly figure, Rajat supports them. However, Mr. Roy is unhappy with these developments as he wants Rupa to marry another man named Shekhar. He blackmails Jayanta's music teacher, his 'guru', when he is desperate to get money for his only grandson's treatment. He promises to give him the money but in return the teacher has to make Jayanta stop singing. Jayanta's guru agrees to this finding no other way to save his grandson. Jayanta promises not to sing and to also never disclose this dilemma to anyone else. This destroys his budding music career. He is also insulted by his guru's daughter-in-law when he refuses to sing for her and others at their house. His guru eventually passes away and people blame Jayanta for it as they believe his refusal to sing led to his guru's death. Jayanta falls into despair over everything but cannot reveal the reason behind any of this as he had given his word to his late guru. Shekhar tries to frame Jayanta as a thief. His plan is foiled by Rajat. Mr. Roy finally realizes how dishonest Shekhar is and what a good person Jayanta is. He finally reveals how he had blackmailed the late music teacher into stopping Jayanta from singing. Relived of his bonds, Jayanta finally sings at Rupa's birthday with a song which is a tribute to his late guru. Everyone including the late music teacher's family forgives him and Mr. Roy agrees to get him and Rupa married.
Cast
Ranjit Mallick as Rajat Roy
Tapas Paul as Jayanta Bose
Satabdi Roy as Rupa Roy
Kali Banerjee as Jayanta's music teacher
Shakuntala Barua as Jayanta's music teacher's widowed daughter-in-law
Bhabesh Kundu as Mr. Roy
Soumitra Bannerjee as Shekhar
Nimu Bhowmik
Ishani Bannerjee
Music
The music of this film has been composed by Bappi Lahiri. Notable singers who lent their voice in this album include Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Aziz, Bappi Lahiri, Bhupinder Singh, Chandrani Mukherjee and Abhijeet Bhattacharya. Most of the songs were popular, but the most notable one is "E Amar Gurudakshina ". "Aaji E Probhate" is one of Abhijeet Bhattacharya's earliest songs.
Song
Singer
"E Amar Gurudakshina, Guruke Jaanai Pronam"
Kishore Kumar
"Tomra Jatoi Aaghat Koro, Nei Go Apamaan"
Kishore Kumar
"Kotha Achho Gurudev, Aami Jaani Na"
Kishore Kumar
"Aakasher Chand Maatir Bukute"
Asha Bhosle
"Phool Keno Laal Hoy"
Asha Bhosle
"Prithibi Haariye Galo Marusaharay"
Mohammed Aziz
"Shono Shono Babajeebon"
Bappi Lahiri
"Aaji E Probhate"
Bhupinder Singh, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Chandrani Mukherjee
References
^ "Guru dakshina movie details". webmallindia.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^ "Guru Dakshina (1987)-Bengali". ibollytv.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^ "Gurudakshina-Bengali Movie". bharatchannels.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^ "Gurudakshina Bengali mp3 songs". webmusic.in. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^ Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (10 July 2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Taylor & Francis. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-1-135-94325-7. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
External links
Guru Dakshina at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Anjan Choudhury
Shatru (1984)
Guru Dakshina (1987)
Bidrohi (1987)
Choto Bou (1988)
Anjali (1988)
Mahajan (1990)
Heerak Jayanti (1990)
Bidhilipi (1991)
Indrajit (1992)
Maya Mamata (1993)
Abbajan (1994)
Naach Nagini Naach Re (1996)
Mukhyamantri (1996)
Santan (1999)
Jibon Niye Khela (1999)
Gunda (1999)
Chandramollika (2002)
Bangali Babu (2002)
Sejo Bou (2003)
This article about an Indian Bengali film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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The film stars Ranjit Mallick, Tapas Paul, Satabdi Roy, Kali Banerjee, and Shakuntala Barua in the lead roles.[5] The film is about a poor village boy named Jayanta Bose who becomes a popular singer but faces roadblocks and tragedies on the way.","title":"Guru Dakshina (1987 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jayanta Bose, a poor naïve village boy, gets a low paying job at the rich but corrupt businessman, Mr. Roy's company to support him and his mother. One day, he sings at Mr. Roy's function displaying his singing skills. This makes him an overnight star. He falls in love with Mr. Roy's daughter Rupa who's very supportive of his singing. His other boss and brotherly figure, Rajat supports them. However, Mr. Roy is unhappy with these developments as he wants Rupa to marry another man named Shekhar. He blackmails Jayanta's music teacher, his 'guru', when he is desperate to get money for his only grandson's treatment. He promises to give him the money but in return the teacher has to make Jayanta stop singing. Jayanta's guru agrees to this finding no other way to save his grandson. Jayanta promises not to sing and to also never disclose this dilemma to anyone else. This destroys his budding music career. He is also insulted by his guru's daughter-in-law when he refuses to sing for her and others at their house. His guru eventually passes away and people blame Jayanta for it as they believe his refusal to sing led to his guru's death. Jayanta falls into despair over everything but cannot reveal the reason behind any of this as he had given his word to his late guru. Shekhar tries to frame Jayanta as a thief. His plan is foiled by Rajat. Mr. Roy finally realizes how dishonest Shekhar is and what a good person Jayanta is. He finally reveals how he had blackmailed the late music teacher into stopping Jayanta from singing. Relived of his bonds, Jayanta finally sings at Rupa's birthday with a song which is a tribute to his late guru. Everyone including the late music teacher's family forgives him and Mr. Roy agrees to get him and Rupa married.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ranjit Mallick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Mallick"},{"link_name":"Tapas Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapas_Paul"},{"link_name":"Satabdi Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satabdi_Roy"},{"link_name":"Kali Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Banerjee"},{"link_name":"Shakuntala Barua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakuntala_Barua"},{"link_name":"Soumitra Bannerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumitra_Bannerjee"},{"link_name":"Nimu Bhowmik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimu_Bhowmik"}],"text":"Ranjit Mallick as Rajat Roy\nTapas Paul as Jayanta Bose\nSatabdi Roy as Rupa Roy\nKali Banerjee as Jayanta's music teacher\nShakuntala Barua as Jayanta's music teacher's widowed daughter-in-law\nBhabesh Kundu as Mr. Roy\nSoumitra Bannerjee as Shekhar\nNimu Bhowmik\nIshani Bannerjee","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bappi Lahiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bappi_Lahiri"},{"link_name":"Kishore Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishore_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Asha Bhosle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha_Bhosle"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Aziz"},{"link_name":"Bappi Lahiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bappi_Lahiri"},{"link_name":"Bhupinder Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhupinder_Singh_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chandrani Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrani_Mukherjee"},{"link_name":"Abhijeet Bhattacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhijeet_Bhattacharya"},{"link_name":"Abhijeet Bhattacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhijeet_Bhattacharya"}],"text":"The music of this film has been composed by Bappi Lahiri. Notable singers who lent their voice in this album include Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Aziz, Bappi Lahiri, Bhupinder Singh, Chandrani Mukherjee and Abhijeet Bhattacharya. Most of the songs were popular, but the most notable one is \"E Amar Gurudakshina \". \"Aaji E Probhate\" is one of Abhijeet Bhattacharya's earliest songs.","title":"Music"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodsport_(film)
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Bloodsport (film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Writing","3.2 Filming","3.3 Soundtrack","4 Release","4.1 Home media","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","5.2 Critical response","6 Sequels and possible remake","7 Legacy","8 References","9 External links"]
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1988 American martial arts film by Newt Arnold
BloodsportTheatrical release posterDirected byNewt ArnoldScreenplay by
Christopher Cosby
Mel Friedman
Sheldon Lettich
Story bySheldon LettichProduced by
Mark DiSalle
Yoram Globus
Menachem Golan
Starring
Jean-Claude Van Damme
Donald Gibb
Leah Ayres
Norman Burton
Forest Whitaker
Bolo Yeung
CinematographyDavid WorthEdited byCarl KressMichael J. DuthieMusic byPaul HertzogStan BushProductioncompanyCannon FilmsDistributed byCannon Film DistributorsRelease date
February 26, 1988 (1988-02-26)
Running time92 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1.5–2.3 millionBox office$50 million
Bloodsport is a 1988 American martial arts sports action film directed by Newt Arnold and starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, Leah Ayres, Forest Whitaker, Donald Gibb, Roy Chiao and Bolo Yeung. The film centers on Frank Dux (Van Damme), a United States Army Captain and ninjutsu practitioner, who competes in an underground full-contact martial arts tournament called the Kumite in Hong Kong. Based on Dux's real-life claims, the film was marketed as a true story. It was one of Van Damme's first lead roles and showcased his abilities, launching his career as a mainstream action star.
The screenplay is based on many of Dux's claims first covered in the November 1980 issue of Black Belt magazine. The real Dux served as the action choreographer and technical advisor. After its release, many of Dux's claims were disputed, including by co-screenwriter Sheldon Lettich, who claimed Dux fabricated his fight record and the existence of the Kumite.
Bloodsport was produced and released by Cannon Films through Cannon Film Distributors on February 26, 1988. Despite mixed critical reviews, it was a considerable box office success, grossing $50 million on a budget of $1.5–2.3 million. It developed a strong cult following, and has been cited as an influence on the development of mixed martial arts. It spawned a film series which included four sequels.
Plot
U.S. Army Captain Frank Dux has trained in the ways of ninjutsu under his sensei Senzo Tanaka. As a boy, Dux and some of his friends broke into Tanaka's home to steal a katana, but Dux was apprehended while returning the katana to its place. Impressed by Dux's integrity and toughness, Senzo decided to train him alongside his son, Shingo. After Shingo's death, Senzo trains Dux as a member of the Tanaka clan. Dux is invited to the Kumite, an illegal martial arts tournament in Hong Kong. After his Army superiors refuse to let him go, Dux goes absent without leave, says goodbye to his sensei and leaves for Hong Kong. Two Criminal Investigation Command agents, Helmer and Rawlins, are assigned to track down and arrest Dux.
After arriving in Hong Kong, Dux befriends American fighter Ray Jackson and their guide Victor Lin. When they arrive at the Kumite arena, the officials are skeptical but eventually accept them after Dux proves his connection to the Tanaka clan by performing the Dim Mak death touch. On the first day of the tournament, Dux earns the enmity of the ruthless Kumite champion Chong Li after breaking his record for the fastest knockout.
Dux becomes involved with American journalist Janice Kent, who is investigating the Kumite. Dux refuses to help her, but she sneaks into the arena by agreeing to a date with a spectator. On the second day, Jackson is matched against Chong Li. Although Jackson comes close to defeating Li, he wastes time showboating for the crowd, allowing Li to recover and brutally beat him. Dux visits Jackson in the hospital and vows to avenge him. After witnessing the brutality of the tournament, Kent argues with Dux and tries to convince him not to return. Dux tells her that he has to win in order to become the best he can be.
Helmer and Rawlins arrive in Hong Kong and contact local police inspector Chen. They begin asking around for Dux and track him down to his hotel. A chase through the downtown ensues but Dux evades them when they fall into a canal. When Dux arrives at the Kumite, Helmer and Rawlins are waiting for him, along with Chen and four of his officers. Dux defeats them, but agrees to return with Helmer and Rawlins after the tournament.
On the final day, Li kills his semifinal opponent, much to the consternation of the crowd. Fearing defeat in the final against Dux, Li conceals a salt pill in his waistband before the bout. When Dux gains the upper hand, Li blinds him by crushing the pill and throwing it into Dux's face. Initially frustrated by his inability to see, Dux clears his mind and recalls his training from Tanaka, who taught him to fight blindfolded, overcoming the handicap and defeating Li. The next day, he bids farewell to Kent and Jackson before returning to the United States with Helmer and Rawlins.
Cast
Jean-Claude Van Damme as Frank Dux
Pierre Rafini as young Frank
Donald Gibb as Ray Jackson
Leah Ayres as Janice Kent
Norman Burton as CID Agent Helmer
Forest Whitaker as CID Agent Rawlins
Bolo Yeung as Chong Li
Ken Siu as Victor Lin
Roy Chiao as Senzo Tanaka
Philip Chan as Captain Chen
Bernard Mariano as Hossein
Lily Leung as Mrs. Tanaka
Sean Ward as Shingo Tanaka
Kimo Lai Kwok Ki as Hiro
Bill Yuen Ping Kuen as Oshima
Paulo Tocha as Paco
John Foster as Gustafson
John Cheung as Toon
Dennis Chiu as Chuan
Michel Qissi as Suan Paredes
David Ho as Pumola
Eric Neff as Morra
Michael Chan as Yasuda
Rick Erikson as Cotard
John Law as Luu
Samson Li as Prang
Ken Boyle as Colonel Cooke
Production
Writing
Co-writer Sheldon Lettich came up with the idea for the film. According to Lettich:
I had known Frank Dux for a number of months before I came up with the idea for Bloodsport. Frank told me a lot of tall tales, most of which turned out to be bullshit. But his stories about participating in this so-called "Kumite" event sounded like a great idea for a movie. There was one guy who he introduced me to, named Richard Bender, who claimed to have actually been at the Kumite event and who swore everything Frank told me was true. A few years later this guy had a falling-out with Frank, and confessed to me that everything he told me about the Kumite was a lie; Frank had coached him in what to say.
On casting the lead role, producer Mark DiSalle said, "I wanted a new martial arts star who was a ladies' man. Jean Claude appeals to both men and women. He's an American hero who fights for justice the American way and kicks the stuffing out of the bad guys."
Filming
Bloodsport was filmed entirely on location in Hong Kong. It is one of the few films featuring scenes filmed inside Kowloon Walled City before its demolition in 1993. Other locations included The Peninsula Hotel, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong Trail, Victoria Peak, and Stanley Fort.
Soundtrack
Bloodsport's soundtrack score was composed by Paul Hertzog, who would also compose the score for Jean-Claude Van Damme's next movie Kickboxer. For the movie Bloodsport the songs "Fight to Survive" and "On My Own" were both performed by Stan Bush. Bush's performancess are replaced on the soundtrack with alternate versions sung by Paul Delph. Due to this work Paul Delph was nominated for a Grammy. The film plays the song "Steal the Night" by Michael Bishop during a scene where Dux runs from Helmer and Rawlins. The song was released in the mid-2000s as a single containing a vocal and instrumental version. On June 26, 2007, Perseverance Records released a limited-edition CD of the soundtrack including, for the first time, the original film versions of the Stan Bush songs. In 2021 the complete soundtrack was released on picture discs by Waxwork Records.
Release
Home media
Bloodsport was released on VHS and Betamax by Warner Home Video on December 21, 1988. Within a few months, it had sold some 150,000 units. Warner also released a DVD of the film in the United States on October 1, 2002.
Reception
Box office
In January 1989, the Los Angeles Times reported a U.S. box office gross of $11.7 million against a budget of $2.3 million. In August 1989, the Chicago Tribune reported that the film pulled in $50 million worldwide, including $15 million in the U.S. and Canada, making it Cannon Group's most profitable film of 1988.
Critical response
Leonard Klady of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Hacking through the jungle of cliche and reservoir of bad acting in Bloodsport are some pretty exciting matches."
Van Damme was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star, but lost to Ronald McDonald in Mac and Me.
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports a 46% approval rating based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's consensus reads: "This is where it all began for the Muscles from Brussels, but beyond Van Damme's athleticism, Bloodsport is a clichéd, virtually plotless exercise in action movie recycling." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".
Sequels and possible remake
Main article: Bloodsport (film series)
Since its release, Bloodsport has become regarded as a cult film. Though Jean-Claude Van Damme doesn't appear in additional installments, it was followed by three sequels: Bloodsport II: The Next Kumite (1996), Bloodsport III (1997), and Bloodsport 4: The Dark Kumite (1999).
A remake of Bloodsport was reported to be in planning in 2011. Phillip Noyce was attached to direct a screenplay by Robert Mark Kamen. The main character was supposed to be an American Afghanistan War veteran competing in a vale tudo tournament in Brazil. Director James McTeigue was attached to the project by 2013, and the filming was to be done in Australia and Brazil. As of 2023, the remake has not been produced.
Legacy
Bloodsport has been credited with popularizing the concepts of full contact and mixed-style martial arts competition among mainstream audiences. Early mixed martial arts events, such as UFC 1, were sometimes compared to the film.
Retired professional mixed martial artist and kickboxer Mirko Cro Cop, inspired by Van Damme's performance in the film, began training in his parents' garage with his father's boxing equipment and weights.
The "shoot-style" professional wrestling event GCW Bloodsport, promoted by mixed-martial artists Josh Barnett and Matt Riddle, is inspired by the film.
Bloodsport was an inspiration for the video game Mortal Kombat, and Johnny Cage, one of the characters, is a parody of Jean-Claude Van Damme. Van-Damme himself would later voice a Johnny Cage skin based on him in Mortal Kombat 1.
In 2024, Capelight Pictures released The Last Kumite, a crowd-funded film "inspired by the likes of Bloodsport, Kickboxer and No Retreat No Surrender". Several people with ties to the original films were attached to the project, including Kurt McKinney, Michel Qissi, and Bolo Yeung's son David Yeung.
References
^ "Bloodsport (18)". British Board of Film Classification. June 12, 1988. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
^ "Bloodsport". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
^ a b Klady, Leonard (January 8, 1989). "Box Office Champs, Chumps : The hero of the bottom line was the 46-year-old 'Bambi' – Page 2". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
^ a b c d Thompson, Anne (August 27, 1989). "Punch Lineage". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 15, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ John, Stewart (November 1980). "Kumite: A Learning Experience". Black Belt. Active Interest Media, Inc. pp. 28–34. Archived from the original on January 26, 2019.
^ Johnson, John (May 1, 1988). "NINJA: Hero or Master Fake? : Others Kick Holes in Fabled Past of Woodland Hills Martial Arts Teacher". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ Richards, David (September 4, 1994). "FILM; Jean-Claude Van Damme, the, uh, Actor?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2010.; Cater, Dave (May 1987). "Bloodsport – The Ultimate Martial Arts Movie". Inside Kung Fu Presents the Complete Guide to Ninja Training: 38–47.
^ Stewart, Brian (November 29, 2012). "Q & A with Sheldon Lettich By Marco A. S. Freitas (Guest Post)". Asian Movie Pulse. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ "Popular Culture". Cityofdarkness.co.uk. Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ a b c "Paul Hertzog – Bloodsport - Original Soundtrack". Discogs. December 30, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
^ "Paul Hertzog – Kickboxer (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". Discogs. May 26, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
^ "Stan Bush and Barrage". theaudiodb.com. May 30, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
^ "Paul Hertzog, film composer". theaudiodb.com. May 30, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
^ "Michael Bishop (4) – Steal The Night". Discogs. May 30, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
^ "Paul Hertzog – Bloodsport Original Motion Picture Score". Discogs. May 30, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
^ "Paul Hertzog – Bloodsport". Discogs. May 26, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
^ "Home video guide". The Palm Beach Post/TGIF. Profiles Publishing. December 16, 1988. p. 26.
^ "Bloodsport". IGN. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
^ Klady, Leonard (February 29, 1988). "'Bloodsport': A Blow for Cliches". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
^ "1988 Archive". Golden Raspberry Awards. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
^ "Bloodsport (1988)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
^ "Bloodsport (1988) reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
^ Serafino, Jason (August 16, 2012). "The Must-See Action Movies From The Stars Of "The Expendables 2"". Complex. Archived from the original on October 26, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
^ Goodridge, Mike (May 17, 2011). "Pressman signs Noyce for Bloodsport; lands Venice slot for Moth Diaries". Screen Daily. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ McNary, Dave (July 24, 2013). "Relativity Reboots Jean-Claude Van Damme's 'Bloodsport'". Variety. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ "Zbog Van Dammeove špage Mirko je potrgao prepone". glas-slavonije.hr. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ "15 Surprising Facts About Mortal Kombat". Mental Floss. April 13, 2015. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
^ Byrd, Matthew (April 21, 2021). "Mortal Kombat and Bloodsport: The Strange Connection That Changed Gaming". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
^ McWhertor, Michael (May 18, 2023). "After 30 years of trying, Jean-Claude van Damme is coming to Mortal Kombat". Polygon.
^ "First Teaser Trailer for Throwback Martial Arts Movie 'The Last Kumite'". firstshowing.net. June 1, 2024. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
^ Godfrey, Jake (December 13, 2014). "The Last Kumite: Trailer released for martial arts legends film". filmstories.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
^ "The Last Kumite". fareastfilms.com. May 26, 2024. Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
External links
Bloodsport at IMDb
Bloodsport at Rotten Tomatoes
Bloodsport at Box Office Mojo
Bloodsport at AllMovie
vteBloodsportFilms
Bloodsport (1988)
Bloodsport II: The Next Kumite (1996)
Bloodsport III (1997)
Bloodsport 4: The Dark Kumite (1999)
Related
Frank Dux
Smith & Wesson
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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The film centers on Frank Dux (Van Damme), a United States Army Captain and ninjutsu practitioner, who competes in an underground full-contact martial arts tournament called the Kumite in Hong Kong. Based on Dux's real-life claims, the film was marketed as a true story. It was one of Van Damme's first lead roles and showcased his abilities, launching his career as a mainstream action star.The screenplay is based on many of Dux's claims first covered in the November 1980 issue of Black Belt magazine.[5] The real Dux served as the action choreographer and technical advisor. After its release, many of Dux's claims were disputed, including by co-screenwriter Sheldon Lettich, who claimed Dux fabricated his fight record and the existence of the Kumite.[6][7]Bloodsport was produced and released by Cannon Films through Cannon Film Distributors on February 26, 1988. Despite mixed critical reviews, it was a considerable box office success, grossing $50 million on a budget of $1.5–2.3 million. It developed a strong cult following, and has been cited as an influence on the development of mixed martial arts. It spawned a film series which included four sequels.","title":"Bloodsport (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Captain"},{"link_name":"ninjutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninjutsu"},{"link_name":"sensei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensei"},{"link_name":"katana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katana"},{"link_name":"absent without leave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absent_without_leave"},{"link_name":"Criminal Investigation Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Command"},{"link_name":"Dim Mak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_of_Death"},{"link_name":"local police inspector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force"}],"text":"U.S. Army Captain Frank Dux has trained in the ways of ninjutsu under his sensei Senzo Tanaka. As a boy, Dux and some of his friends broke into Tanaka's home to steal a katana, but Dux was apprehended while returning the katana to its place. Impressed by Dux's integrity and toughness, Senzo decided to train him alongside his son, Shingo. After Shingo's death, Senzo trains Dux as a member of the Tanaka clan. Dux is invited to the Kumite, an illegal martial arts tournament in Hong Kong. After his Army superiors refuse to let him go, Dux goes absent without leave, says goodbye to his sensei and leaves for Hong Kong. Two Criminal Investigation Command agents, Helmer and Rawlins, are assigned to track down and arrest Dux.After arriving in Hong Kong, Dux befriends American fighter Ray Jackson and their guide Victor Lin. When they arrive at the Kumite arena, the officials are skeptical but eventually accept them after Dux proves his connection to the Tanaka clan by performing the Dim Mak death touch. On the first day of the tournament, Dux earns the enmity of the ruthless Kumite champion Chong Li after breaking his record for the fastest knockout.Dux becomes involved with American journalist Janice Kent, who is investigating the Kumite. Dux refuses to help her, but she sneaks into the arena by agreeing to a date with a spectator. On the second day, Jackson is matched against Chong Li. Although Jackson comes close to defeating Li, he wastes time showboating for the crowd, allowing Li to recover and brutally beat him. Dux visits Jackson in the hospital and vows to avenge him. After witnessing the brutality of the tournament, Kent argues with Dux and tries to convince him not to return. Dux tells her that he has to win in order to become the best he can be.Helmer and Rawlins arrive in Hong Kong and contact local police inspector Chen. They begin asking around for Dux and track him down to his hotel. A chase through the downtown ensues but Dux evades them when they fall into a canal. When Dux arrives at the Kumite, Helmer and Rawlins are waiting for him, along with Chen and four of his officers. Dux defeats them, but agrees to return with Helmer and Rawlins after the tournament.On the final day, Li kills his semifinal opponent, much to the consternation of the crowd. Fearing defeat in the final against Dux, Li conceals a salt pill in his waistband before the bout. When Dux gains the upper hand, Li blinds him by crushing the pill and throwing it into Dux's face. Initially frustrated by his inability to see, Dux clears his mind and recalls his training from Tanaka, who taught him to fight blindfolded, overcoming the handicap and defeating Li. The next day, he bids farewell to Kent and Jackson before returning to the United States with Helmer and Rawlins.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Van Damme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme"},{"link_name":"Frank Dux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dux"},{"link_name":"Donald Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Gibb"},{"link_name":"Leah Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Ayres"},{"link_name":"Norman Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Burton"},{"link_name":"CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Command"},{"link_name":"Forest Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Command"},{"link_name":"Bolo Yeung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo_Yeung"},{"link_name":"Roy Chiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Chiao"},{"link_name":"Philip Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Chan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lily Leung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Leung"},{"link_name":"John Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihangir_Ghaffari"},{"link_name":"Michel Qissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Qissi"}],"text":"Jean-Claude Van Damme as Frank Dux\nPierre Rafini as young Frank\nDonald Gibb as Ray Jackson\nLeah Ayres as Janice Kent\nNorman Burton as CID Agent Helmer\nForest Whitaker as CID Agent Rawlins\nBolo Yeung as Chong Li\nKen Siu as Victor Lin\nRoy Chiao as Senzo Tanaka\nPhilip Chan as Captain Chen\nBernard Mariano as Hossein\nLily Leung as Mrs. Tanaka\nSean Ward as Shingo Tanaka\nKimo Lai Kwok Ki as Hiro\nBill Yuen Ping Kuen as Oshima\nPaulo Tocha as Paco\nJohn Foster as Gustafson\nJohn Cheung as Toon\nDennis Chiu as Chuan\nMichel Qissi as Suan Paredes\nDavid Ho as Pumola\nEric Neff as Morra\nMichael Chan as Yasuda\nRick Erikson as Cotard\nJohn Law as Luu\nSamson Li as Prang\nKen Boyle as Colonel Cooke","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheldon Lettich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Lettich"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jean-4"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"Co-writer Sheldon Lettich came up with the idea for the film. According to Lettich:I had known Frank Dux for a number of months before I came up with the idea for Bloodsport. Frank told me a lot of tall tales, most of which turned out to be bullshit. But his stories about participating in this so-called \"Kumite\" event sounded like a great idea for a movie. There was one guy who he introduced me to, named Richard Bender, who claimed to have actually been at the Kumite event and who swore everything Frank told me was true. A few years later this guy had a falling-out with Frank, and confessed to me that everything he told me about the Kumite was a lie; Frank had coached him in what to say.[8]On casting the lead role, producer Mark DiSalle said, \"I wanted a new martial arts star who was a ladies' man. Jean Claude [Van Damme] appeals to both men and women. He's an American hero who fights for justice the American way and kicks the stuffing out of the bad guys.\"[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Kowloon Walled City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cityofdarkness-9"},{"link_name":"The Peninsula Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peninsula_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Causeway Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Bay"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trail"},{"link_name":"Victoria Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Peak"},{"link_name":"Stanley Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Fort"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Bloodsport was filmed entirely on location in Hong Kong. It is one of the few films featuring scenes filmed inside Kowloon Walled City before its demolition in 1993.[9] Other locations included The Peninsula Hotel, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong Trail, Victoria Peak, and Stanley Fort.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Hertzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hertzog"},{"link_name":"Kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxer_(film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumite1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Stan Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Bush"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumite1-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Paul Delph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Delph"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumite1-10"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Perseverance Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseverance_Records"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"picture discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_disc"},{"link_name":"Waxwork Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxwork_Records"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Soundtrack","text":"Bloodsport's soundtrack score was composed by Paul Hertzog, who would also compose the score for Jean-Claude Van Damme's next movie Kickboxer. [10] [11] For the movie Bloodsport the songs \"Fight to Survive\" and \"On My Own\" were both performed by Stan Bush.[10][12][13] Bush's performancess are replaced on the soundtrack with alternate versions sung by Paul Delph.[10] Due to this work Paul Delph was nominated for a Grammy.[citation needed] The film plays the song \"Steal the Night\" by Michael Bishop during a scene where Dux runs from Helmer and Rawlins. The song was released in the mid-2000s as a single containing a vocal and instrumental version. [14] On June 26, 2007, Perseverance Records released a limited-edition CD of the soundtrack including, for the first time, the original film versions of the Stan Bush songs. [15] In 2021 the complete soundtrack was released on picture discs by Waxwork Records. [16]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Betamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamax"},{"link_name":"Warner Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Home_Video"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jean-4"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"Bloodsport was released on VHS and Betamax by Warner Home Video on December 21, 1988.[17] Within a few months, it had sold some 150,000 units.[4] Warner also released a DVD of the film in the United States on October 1, 2002.[18]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes_box_office-3"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jean-4"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"In January 1989, the Los Angeles Times reported a U.S. box office gross of $11.7 million against a budget of $2.3 million.[3] In August 1989, the Chicago Tribune reported that the film pulled in $50 million worldwide, including $15 million in the U.S. and Canada, making it Cannon Group's most profitable film of 1988.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_New_Star"},{"link_name":"Ronald McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Mac and Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_and_Me"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_mean"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Leonard Klady of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"Hacking through the jungle of cliche and reservoir of bad acting in Bloodsport [...] are some pretty exciting matches.\"[19]Van Damme was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star, but lost to Ronald McDonald in Mac and Me.[20]Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports a 46% approval rating based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's consensus reads: \"This is where it all began for the Muscles from Brussels, but beyond Van Damme's athleticism, Bloodsport is a clichéd, virtually plotless exercise in action movie recycling.\"[21] On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".[22]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cult film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_film"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bloodsport II: The Next Kumite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodsport_II:_The_Next_Kumite"},{"link_name":"Bloodsport III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodsport_III"},{"link_name":"Bloodsport 4: The Dark Kumite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodsport_4:_The_Dark_Kumite"},{"link_name":"Phillip Noyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Noyce"},{"link_name":"Robert Mark Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mark_Kamen"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"vale tudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_tudo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screen_daily_2011_remake-24"},{"link_name":"James McTeigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McTeigue"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety_reboot-25"}],"text":"Since its release, Bloodsport has become regarded as a cult film.[23] Though Jean-Claude Van Damme doesn't appear in additional installments, it was followed by three sequels: Bloodsport II: The Next Kumite (1996), Bloodsport III (1997), and Bloodsport 4: The Dark Kumite (1999).A remake of Bloodsport was reported to be in planning in 2011. Phillip Noyce was attached to direct a screenplay by Robert Mark Kamen. The main character was supposed to be an American Afghanistan War veteran competing in a vale tudo tournament in Brazil.[24] Director James McTeigue was attached to the project by 2013, and the filming was to be done in Australia and Brazil.[25] As of 2023, the remake has not been produced.","title":"Sequels and possible remake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"full contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-contact_sport"},{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"UFC 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_1"},{"link_name":"mixed martial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"Mirko Cro Cop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirko_Cro_Cop"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"shoot-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot-style"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"GCW Bloodsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCW_Bloodsport"},{"link_name":"Josh Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Barnett"},{"link_name":"Matt Riddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Riddle"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cage"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The Last Kumite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Kumite"},{"link_name":"Kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxer_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"No Retreat No Surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Retreat_No_Surrender"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Kurt McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_McKinney"},{"link_name":"Michel Qissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Qissi"},{"link_name":"Bolo Yeung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo_Yeung"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClarksonIII-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Bloodsport has been credited with popularizing the concepts of full contact and mixed-style martial arts competition among mainstream audiences. Early mixed martial arts events, such as UFC 1, were sometimes compared to the film.Retired professional mixed martial artist and kickboxer Mirko Cro Cop, inspired by Van Damme's performance in the film, began training in his parents' garage with his father's boxing equipment and weights.[26]The \"shoot-style\" professional wrestling event GCW Bloodsport, promoted by mixed-martial artists Josh Barnett and Matt Riddle, is inspired by the film.Bloodsport was an inspiration for the video game Mortal Kombat,[27] and Johnny Cage, one of the characters, is a parody of Jean-Claude Van Damme.[28] Van-Damme himself would later voice a Johnny Cage skin based on him in Mortal Kombat 1.[29]In 2024, Capelight Pictures released The Last Kumite, a crowd-funded film \"inspired by the likes of Bloodsport, Kickboxer and No Retreat No Surrender\".[30] Several people with ties to the original films were attached to the project, including Kurt McKinney, Michel Qissi, and Bolo Yeung's son David Yeung.[31][32]","title":"Legacy"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Bloodsport (18)\". British Board of Film Classification. June 12, 1988. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bloodsport-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0yotc5ody","url_text":"\"Bloodsport (18)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230622085203/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bloodsport-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0yotc5ody","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bloodsport\". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Bloodsport#tab=summary","url_text":"\"Bloodsport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140314014432/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Bloodsport#tab=summary","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Klady, Leonard (January 8, 1989). \"Box Office Champs, Chumps : The hero of the bottom line was the 46-year-old 'Bambi' – Page 2\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-01-08/entertainment/ca-258_1_box-office/2","url_text":"\"Box Office Champs, Chumps : The hero of the bottom line was the 46-year-old 'Bambi' – Page 2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130326152910/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-01-08/entertainment/ca-258_1_box-office/2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Anne (August 27, 1989). \"Punch Lineage\". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 15, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Thompson_(film_critic)","url_text":"Thompson, Anne"},{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-08-27/entertainment/8901080305_1_van-damme-kickboxing-karate-kid","url_text":"\"Punch Lineage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161015020322/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-08-27/entertainment/8901080305_1_van-damme-kickboxing-karate-kid","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"John, Stewart (November 1980). \"Kumite: A Learning Experience\". Black Belt. Active Interest Media, Inc. pp. 28–34. Archived from the original on January 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JtIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA29","url_text":"\"Kumite: A Learning Experience\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190126164220/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JtIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA29","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, John (May 1, 1988). \"NINJA: Hero or Master Fake? : Others Kick Holes in Fabled Past of Woodland Hills Martial Arts Teacher\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160301154445/http://articles.latimes.com/1988-05-01/local/me-3111_1_american-martial-arts","url_text":"\"NINJA: Hero or Master Fake? : Others Kick Holes in Fabled Past of Woodland Hills Martial Arts Teacher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1988-05-01/local/me-3111_1_american-martial-arts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richards, David (September 4, 1994). \"FILM; Jean-Claude Van Damme, the, uh, Actor?\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/04/movies/film-jean-claude-van-damme-the-uh-actor.html","url_text":"\"FILM; Jean-Claude Van Damme, the, uh, Actor?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110430112951/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/04/movies/film-jean-claude-van-damme-the-uh-actor.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cater, Dave (May 1987). \"Bloodsport – The Ultimate Martial Arts Movie\". Inside Kung Fu Presents the Complete Guide to Ninja Training: 38–47.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stewart, Brian (November 29, 2012). \"Q & A with Sheldon Lettich By Marco A. S. Freitas (Guest Post)\". Asian Movie Pulse. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://asianmoviepulse.com/2012/11/q-a-with-sheldon-lettich-by-marco-a-s-freitas-guest-post/","url_text":"\"Q & A with Sheldon Lettich By Marco A. S. Freitas (Guest Post)\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20170216082121/http://asianmoviepulse.com/2012/11/q-a-with-sheldon-lettich-by-marco-a-s-freitas-guest-post/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Popular Culture\". Cityofdarkness.co.uk. Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://cityofdarkness.co.uk/category/popular_culture/","url_text":"\"Popular Culture\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151005110230/http://cityofdarkness.co.uk/category/popular_culture/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Hertzog – Bloodsport - Original Soundtrack\". Discogs. December 30, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/de/release/1235472-Paul-Hertzog-Bloodsport-Original-Soundtrack","url_text":"\"Paul Hertzog – Bloodsport - Original Soundtrack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530164706/https://www.discogs.com/de/release/1235472-Paul-Hertzog-Bloodsport-Original-Soundtrack","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Hertzog – Kickboxer (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\". Discogs. May 26, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/5976118-Paul-Hertzog-Kickboxer-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack","url_text":"\"Paul Hertzog – Kickboxer (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530173036/https://www.discogs.com/release/5976118-Paul-Hertzog-Kickboxer-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stan Bush and Barrage\". theaudiodb.com. May 30, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theaudiodb.com/artist/124798-Stan-Bush-and-Barrage?view=4","url_text":"\"Stan Bush and Barrage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530181313/https://www.theaudiodb.com/artist/124798-Stan-Bush-and-Barrage?view=4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Hertzog, film composer\". theaudiodb.com. May 30, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paulhertzog.com/bloodsport.html","url_text":"\"Paul Hertzog, film composer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530182503/http://www.paulhertzog.com/bloodsport.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Bishop (4) – Steal The Night\". Discogs. May 30, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/de/release/5824668-Michael-Bishop-Steal-The-Night","url_text":"\"Michael Bishop (4) – Steal The Night\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530184825/https://www.discogs.com/de/release/5824668-Michael-Bishop-Steal-The-Night","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Hertzog – Bloodsport Original Motion Picture Score\". Discogs. May 30, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/de/release/1284440-Paul-Hertzog-Bloodsport-Original-Motion-Picture-Score","url_text":"\"Paul Hertzog – Bloodsport Original Motion Picture Score\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530190341/https://www.discogs.com/de/release/1284440-Paul-Hertzog-Bloodsport-Original-Motion-Picture-Score","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Hertzog – Bloodsport\". Discogs. May 26, 2024. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/de/release/21257749-Paul-Hertzog-Bloodsport","url_text":"\"Paul Hertzog – Bloodsport\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201833/https://www.discogs.com/de/release/21257749-Paul-Hertzog-Bloodsport","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Home video guide\". The Palm Beach Post/TGIF. Profiles Publishing. December 16, 1988. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/132490364","url_text":"\"Home video guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloodsport\". IGN. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/movies/bloodsport/dvd-487697","url_text":"\"Bloodsport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150620091343/http://www.ign.com/movies/bloodsport/dvd-487697","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Klady, Leonard (February 29, 1988). \"'Bloodsport': A Blow for Cliches\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1988-02-29/entertainment/ca-118_1_film-reviewer","url_text":"\"'Bloodsport': A Blow for Cliches\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101227104202/http://articles.latimes.com/1988-02-29/entertainment/ca-118_1_film-reviewer","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1988 Archive\". Golden Raspberry Awards. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193735/http://www.razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=28","url_text":"\"1988 Archive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Awards","url_text":"Golden Raspberry Awards"},{"url":"http://razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=28","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bloodsport (1988)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bloodsport/","url_text":"\"Bloodsport (1988)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201123193458/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bloodsport","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bloodsport (1988) reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/bloodsport","url_text":"\"Bloodsport (1988) reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012120/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/bloodsport","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Serafino, Jason (August 16, 2012). \"The Must-See Action Movies From The Stars Of \"The Expendables 2\"\". Complex. Archived from the original on October 26, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2012/08/the-must-see-action-movies-from-the-stars-of-the-expendables-2/jean-claude-van-damme","url_text":"\"The Must-See Action Movies From The Stars Of \"The Expendables 2\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)","url_text":"Complex"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222738/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2012/08/the-must-see-action-movies-from-the-stars-of-the-expendables-2/jean-claude-van-damme","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goodridge, Mike (May 17, 2011). \"Pressman signs Noyce for Bloodsport; lands Venice slot for Moth Diaries\". Screen Daily. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/pressman-signs-noyce-for-bloodsport-lands-venice-slot-for-moth-diaries/5027674.article","url_text":"\"Pressman signs Noyce for Bloodsport; lands Venice slot for Moth Diaries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Daily","url_text":"Screen Daily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518133208/http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/pressman-signs-noyce-for-bloodsport-lands-venice-slot-for-moth-diaries/5027674.article","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (July 24, 2013). \"Relativity Reboots Jean-Claude Van Damme's 'Bloodsport'\". Variety. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2013/film/news/relativity-reboots-jean-claude-van-dammes-bloodsport-exclusive-1200567503/","url_text":"\"Relativity Reboots Jean-Claude Van Damme's 'Bloodsport'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130726142345/https://variety.com/2013/film/news/relativity-reboots-jean-claude-van-dammes-bloodsport-exclusive-1200567503/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Zbog Van Dammeove špage Mirko je potrgao prepone\". glas-slavonije.hr. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/284947/6/Zbog-Van-Dammeove-spage-Mirko-je-potrgao-prepone","url_text":"\"Zbog Van Dammeove špage Mirko je potrgao prepone\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231031222935/http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/284947/6/Zbog-Van-Dammeove-spage-Mirko-je-potrgao-prepone","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"15 Surprising Facts About Mortal Kombat\". Mental Floss. April 13, 2015. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/62727/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-mortal-kombat","url_text":"\"15 Surprising Facts About Mortal Kombat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105847/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/62727/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-mortal-kombat","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Byrd, Matthew (April 21, 2021). \"Mortal Kombat and Bloodsport: The Strange Connection That Changed Gaming\". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/games/mortal-kombat-bloodsport-history-influences-retrospective-movie/","url_text":"\"Mortal Kombat and Bloodsport: The Strange Connection That Changed Gaming\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105846/https://www.denofgeek.com/games/mortal-kombat-bloodsport-history-influences-retrospective-movie/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McWhertor, Michael (May 18, 2023). \"After 30 years of trying, Jean-Claude van Damme is coming to Mortal Kombat\". Polygon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/23728320/mortal-kombat-1-johnny-cage-jean-claude-van-damme","url_text":"\"After 30 years of trying, Jean-Claude van Damme is coming to Mortal Kombat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"\"First Teaser Trailer for Throwback Martial Arts Movie 'The Last Kumite'\". firstshowing.net. June 1, 2024. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstshowing.net/2023/first-teaser-trailer-for-throwback-martial-arts-movie-the-last-kumite/","url_text":"\"First Teaser Trailer for Throwback Martial Arts Movie 'The Last Kumite'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240601105204/https://www.firstshowing.net/2023/first-teaser-trailer-for-throwback-martial-arts-movie-the-last-kumite/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Godfrey, Jake (December 13, 2014). \"The Last Kumite: Trailer released for martial arts legends film\". filmstories.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmstories.co.uk/news/the-last-kumite-trailer-released-for-martial-arts-legends-film/","url_text":"\"The Last Kumite: Trailer released for martial arts legends film\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530100805/https://filmstories.co.uk/news/the-last-kumite-trailer-released-for-martial-arts-legends-film/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Last Kumite\". fareastfilms.com. May 26, 2024. Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fareastfilms.com/?news_post_type=trailer-the-last-kumite","url_text":"\"The Last Kumite\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240526110331/https://www.fareastfilms.com/?news_post_type=trailer-the-last-kumite","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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S. Freitas (Guest Post)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170216082121/http://asianmoviepulse.com/2012/11/q-a-with-sheldon-lettich-by-marco-a-s-freitas-guest-post/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cityofdarkness.co.uk/category/popular_culture/","external_links_name":"\"Popular Culture\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151005110230/http://cityofdarkness.co.uk/category/popular_culture/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/de/release/1235472-Paul-Hertzog-Bloodsport-Original-Soundtrack","external_links_name":"\"Paul Hertzog – Bloodsport - Original Soundtrack\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530164706/https://www.discogs.com/de/release/1235472-Paul-Hertzog-Bloodsport-Original-Soundtrack","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/5976118-Paul-Hertzog-Kickboxer-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack","external_links_name":"\"Paul Hertzog – Kickboxer (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530173036/https://www.discogs.com/release/5976118-Paul-Hertzog-Kickboxer-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theaudiodb.com/artist/124798-Stan-Bush-and-Barrage?view=4","external_links_name":"\"Stan Bush and Barrage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530181313/https://www.theaudiodb.com/artist/124798-Stan-Bush-and-Barrage?view=4","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.paulhertzog.com/bloodsport.html","external_links_name":"\"Paul Hertzog, film composer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530182503/http://www.paulhertzog.com/bloodsport.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/de/release/5824668-Michael-Bishop-Steal-The-Night","external_links_name":"\"Michael Bishop (4) – Steal The Night\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530184825/https://www.discogs.com/de/release/5824668-Michael-Bishop-Steal-The-Night","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/de/release/1284440-Paul-Hertzog-Bloodsport-Original-Motion-Picture-Score","external_links_name":"\"Paul Hertzog – Bloodsport Original Motion Picture Score\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530190341/https://www.discogs.com/de/release/1284440-Paul-Hertzog-Bloodsport-Original-Motion-Picture-Score","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/de/release/21257749-Paul-Hertzog-Bloodsport","external_links_name":"\"Paul Hertzog – Bloodsport\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201833/https://www.discogs.com/de/release/21257749-Paul-Hertzog-Bloodsport","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/132490364","external_links_name":"\"Home video guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/movies/bloodsport/dvd-487697","external_links_name":"\"Bloodsport\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150620091343/http://www.ign.com/movies/bloodsport/dvd-487697","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1988-02-29/entertainment/ca-118_1_film-reviewer","external_links_name":"\"'Bloodsport': A Blow for Cliches\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101227104202/http://articles.latimes.com/1988-02-29/entertainment/ca-118_1_film-reviewer","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193735/http://www.razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=28","external_links_name":"\"1988 Archive\""},{"Link":"http://razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=28","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bloodsport/","external_links_name":"\"Bloodsport (1988)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201123193458/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bloodsport","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/bloodsport","external_links_name":"\"Bloodsport (1988) reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012120/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/bloodsport","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2012/08/the-must-see-action-movies-from-the-stars-of-the-expendables-2/jean-claude-van-damme","external_links_name":"\"The Must-See Action Movies From The Stars Of \"The Expendables 2\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222738/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2012/08/the-must-see-action-movies-from-the-stars-of-the-expendables-2/jean-claude-van-damme","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/pressman-signs-noyce-for-bloodsport-lands-venice-slot-for-moth-diaries/5027674.article","external_links_name":"\"Pressman signs Noyce for Bloodsport; 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Could_Tell_You
|
If I Could Tell You
|
["1 Background","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly Charts","6 Certifications","7 References","8 External links"]
|
2000 album by Yanni
This article is about the album by Yanni. For the 1940 song, see If I Could Tell You (song).
If I Could Tell YouStudio album by YanniReleasedOctober 3, 2000StudioYanni's home studio in FloridaGenreInstrumentalLength62:40LabelVirginProducerYanniYanni chronology
Snowfall(2000)
If I Could Tell You(2000)
The Very Best of Yanni(2000)
If I Could Tell You is the tenth studio album by Greek keyboardist and composer Yanni, released in October 2000 by Virgin Records. It peaked at #1 on Billboard's "Top New Age Albums" chart and #20 on the "Billboard 200" chart in the same year.
Background
In July 1998, Yanni completed his 1997–1998 world tour, staged in support of his 1997 live album Tribute. The tour's schedule left Yanni exhausted and marked a period of decline in his life and career, stemmed by his separation from a decade-long relationship with actress Linda Evans and the depression that followed. Yanni then put his career on hold for two years, during which he avoided interviews, lived with his parents for three months in his native Greece, and travelled. Sometime in 1999, while watching the sunrise, Yanni felt he had recovered enough to resume his music career. He returned to his Florida home and started work on material for a new studio album, his first of all original songs since his 1993 album In My Time. While writing he demanded to be left alone: "I instructed everyone: 'Don't talk to me. If you see me in the morning, say good morning and let me go'."
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
In a review by Zac Johnson of Allmusic, Greek composer/musician Yanni has scaled back his grand musical architecture for If I Could Tell You, a sharp contrast to 1997's grandiose Tribute. The synthesized choral works seem almost sparse and frail, and the elements of world music that have been increasingly injected into his previous works are scaled back as well. Still present, however, are the straightforward melodies and overtly romantic themes that Yanni has been known (and in some cases disliked) for, but these too are less classically inspired and almost atmospheric. Unfortunately, this release may not be sweeping enough for those who fell in love with his romance novel soundtracks, and conversely it doesn't get dreamy enough to attract fans of ambient electronic musicians like Vangelis and Brian Eno. While it is somewhat surprising for Yanni to back away from the richly orchestrated works on Tribute and 1993's In My Time, the move shows a real sense of direction and growth that few give him credit for.
Track listing
All music composed and arranged by Yanni.
No.TitleLength1."On Sacred Ground"7:082."The Flame Within"5:533."Midnight Hymn"5:494."November Sky"4:435."With an Orchid"5:056."Wishing Well"5:437."A Walk in the Rain"4:558."Highland"5:539."If I Could Tell You"5:5110."In Your Eyes"5:0911."Reason for Rainbows"6:01
Personnel
Adapted from the album's liner notes.
Music
Yanni – all instruments, including a Yamaha CF III S 9' concert grand piano and Yamaha DC7 E3-Pro Disklavier grand piano
Production
Yanni – production, engineering, mixing
Anthony Stabile – assistant engineer
Chris Bellman – mastering at Bernie Grundman Mastering in Hollywood, California
Charts
Weekly Charts
Weekly chart performance for "If I Could Tell You"
Chart (2000)
Peakposition
US New Age Album (Billboard)
1
US Billboard 200
20
US Top Album Sales (Billboard)
20
US Top Current Album Sales (Billboard)
20
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ a b "American album certifications – Yanni". Recording Industry Association of America.
^ a b "Billboard Chart History - Yanni - New Age Album". Billboard Magazine. Archived from the original on 2022-09-10.
^ a b "Yanni Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ "Chart history for If I Could Tell You". AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-04-20.
^ a b c Segal, David (24 October 2000). "Yanni's back-and Ready for a Group Hug With the World". Los Angeles Times. p. F12. Retrieved 3 November 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Ethnicity World Tour 2003–2004 - Official concert program. Yanni. 2003.
^ AllMusic
^ Zac Johnson. "Review of If I Could Tell You". AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-05-10.
^ If I Could Tell You (CD liner). Yanni. Virgin Records. 2000. 7243-8-49893-2-3.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link).
^ "Yanni Chart History (Top Album Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ "Yanni Chart History (Top Current Album Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
External links
Official website
If I Could Tell You at AllMusic
vteYanni
Discography
Studio albums
Optimystique
Keys to Imagination
Out of Silence
Chameleon Days
Niki Nana
Dare to Dream
In My Time
If I Could Tell You
Ethnicity
Yanni Voices / Yanni Voces
Mexicanisimo / My Passion for Mexico
Truth of Touch
Inspirato
Sensuous Chill
In His Purest Form
Compilations
Reflections of Passion
In Celebration of Life
Romantic Moments
A Collection of Romantic Themes
In the Mirror
Port of Mystery
Devotion: The Best of Yanni
Nightbird
Forbidden Dreams: Encore Collection, Volume 2
Love Songs
Songs From the Heart
Someday
Winter Light
The Private Years
Snowfall
The Very Best of Yanni
Ultimate Yanni
The Collection
Super Hits
Collections
The Essential Yanni
The Inspiring Journey
Playlist: The Very Best of Yanni
Live and video releases
Live at the Acropolis
Live at Royal Albert Hall
Tribute
Yanni Live! The Concert Event
Yanni Voices
Live at El Morro, Puerto Rico
The Dream Concert: Live from the Great Pyramids of Egypt
Concert tours
1987 Concert Series
1988 Concert Series
Reflections of Passion
Revolution in Sound
Dare to Dream
Yanni Live, The Symphony Concerts 1993
Yanni Live, The Symphony Concerts 1994
Yanni Live, The Symphony Concerts 1995
Tribute World Tour 1998
Ethnicity
Yanni Live!
Yanni Voices
Yanni in Concert
Yanni: Live at El Morro
An Evening with Yanni
World Without Borders
World Tour
One Man's Dream World Tour 2015
North American Tour 2016
An Evening In Conversation With Yanni 2017
25th Anniversary 'Live At The Acropolis' Tour 2018
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Errazuriz_Echaurren
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Federico Errázuriz Echaurren
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["1 Early life","2 Presidency","2.1 Public policies","2.2 Argentine problem","2.3 Succession controversy","2.4 Health problems and death","3 Legacy","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Chilean politician
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Errázuriz and the second or maternal family name is Echaurren.
Federico Errázuriz Echaurren12th President of ChileIn officeSeptember 18, 1896 – July 12, 1901Vice PresidentAníbal ZañartuPreceded byJorge MonttSucceeded byAníbal Zañartu
Personal detailsBorn(1850-11-16)November 16, 1850Santiago, ChileDiedJuly 12, 1901(1901-07-12) (aged 50)Valparaíso, ChilePolitical partyLiberalSpouseGertrudis Echeñique Mujica
Federico Errázuriz Echaurren (Santiago, November 16, 1850 – Valparaíso, July 12, 1901) was a Chilean politician who served as the 12th president of Chile.
Early life
He was son of the president Federico Errázuriz Zañartu and of Eulogia Echaurren García-Huidobro. He studied at San Ignacio School of Santiago de Chile and in the National Institute of Santiago, where he received a bachelor's degree. He was joined the University of Chile where he became a lawyer on March 23, 1873.
In 1875 he married Gertrudis Echeñique Mujica, a direct descendant of the governor of Chile Martín de Mujica, of whom she was the last heir of the El Huique; They had six children: Juan José, Elena, Federico, Eulogia, Jorge and María Jesús.
Errázuriz Echaurren joined the Liberal Party and started his political life in 1876, when he was elected as a deputy for Constitución. He was reelected in 1879 and was characterized as a centrist politician. He did not participate in the campaigns of the War of the Pacific, preferring instead to remain in his hacienda, but during the religious controversies between Church and State under President Domingo Santa María, he joined the conservative forces. In August 1890, President José Manuel Balmaceda named him Minister of War and Navy, under the conciliation cabinet of Belisario Prats; but when Prats resigned his position, so did Errázuriz, and both joined the opposition. In 1891 he was one of the signers of the Act of Deposition of Presidente Balmaceda. Even so, he did not participate in the 1891 Chilean Civil War.
After the end of the civil war, he was elected deputy for Cauquenes and Constitución (1891–1894). His ill-health forced him to travel to Germany, in search of specialists. During a year and a half, he travelled through Europe, even visiting Pope Leo XIII. He returned to Chile and in 1894 was elected Senator for Maule and designed Minister of Justice and Public Instruction, under President Jorge Montt.
Presidency
Main article: 1896 Chilean presidential election
President Errázuriz Echaurren (1894)After a very contested election, Errázuriz Echaurren was elected President and assumed power on September 18, 1896. He took over office at the age of 46, but by then he already was showing the symptoms of the illness that was going to kill him before the end of his mandate. Both his supporters and the opposition considered him a man of great political cunning, but while his supporters saw him as a true patriot, the opposition pictured him as a corrupt politician capable of the worst excesses. These characterizations made his rule difficult from the start, since he had a majority in the Senate but not in the Chamber of Deputies. He received a country where the economic situation had steadily worsened due to the progressive crisis of the nitrate industry and the associated unemployment and social crisis caused by it; while the international relationships with Perú, Bolivia, and Argentina were also in a critical state. To counteract the instability he tried to broaden the political consensus of his supporting coalition by forming a cabinet made up of three liberals and three conservatives, with the Liberal Aníbal Zañartu as Minister of the Interior. This seemingly impeccable arrangement only lasted for two months. In what was the norm during the governments of the period, Errázuriz Echaurren went on to have 17 cabinets during his administration.
Between 1896 and 1897, he named Carlos Antúnez as his Minister of the Interior and charged him with guaranteeing free and "clean" elections. Antúnez was in charge until after the general election of March 1897, considered his mission accomplished afterwards and resigned. These elections were greeted with general acceptance, but did not change the political support for the government, so Errázuriz Echaurren had to continue trying to achieve a balance, to maintain a semblance of political stability. In the course of this search, Errázuriz Echaurren became closer and closer to the Conservative Party, until in 1898 he named Carlos Walker Martínez, president of the Conservatives as Minister of the Interior. Nonetheless, he remained always loyal to the coalition that elected him, and for example never allowed any member of the Radical party into any of his cabinets. Errázuriz's responses to the cabinet crisis, elections and in general to any problem within his administration was always consistent. He never took any decision without first consulting his political basis in congress, and always subordinated himself to the will of the political parties.
Public policies
Errázuriz's administration was characterized by a marked advancement in public education. Under his direction several institutions for the development of health professionals were created, such as courses for matrons and nurses, the Professional School for Girls of Valparaíso, the Commercial Institute of Santiago, and new high schools in Santiago and Iquique. This administration also contributed with new tram systems in Santiago, Valparaíso, San Felipe and San Bernardo. Errázuriz Echaurren contracted the new sewerage system for Santiago, and the water reservoir of Peñuelas, which still provides the water for Valparaíso.
He faced his biggest problems in the area of monetary policy. The much-wanted return to the metallic conversion, to which he was opposed but which was favored by the parliamentary majorities, was shelved due to the threat of a war with Argentina. The delay of the measure until 1902 pushed the banking system to near collapse, forcing the government to issue and circulate paper money.
Argentine problem
President Errázuriz with president of Argentina, Julio A. Roca, at the straits (1899)
The biggest problem that the administration had to face was on the international area. Chile and Argentina were on the brink of war, due to long-standing border disputes stemming from the peace treaty of 1881, the situation of the Puna de Atacama (a disputed territory formerly owned by Bolivia and claimed by both countries) and an ongoing naval arms race. President Errázuriz was avowedly pacifist, but at one point both countries got to the point of calling up their reserve soldiers. The final solution was to submit the problem to an arbitration by the King of England, the adjudication of which was not resolved until 1902, during the administration of Germán Riesco, President Errázuriz's cousin and successor.
To celebrate the decision to arbitrate and avoid war, President Errázuriz and Argentinian President Julio Argentino Roca held an international meeting in the Strait of Magellan. This meeting, known as the Embrace of the Strait , took place in front of the city of Punta Arenas on February 15, 1899.
Succession controversy
Like most presidents of the time, he became involved early in the election of his successor. The Liberal-Conservative Coalition that supported him went on to proclaim Germán Riesco, cousin and brother-in-law of President Errázuriz, as their candidate on March 8, 1901. The President responded in a public letter:
as I have the firm purpose of not intervening in any political campaign and I don't have or want to have any candidate, I am firmly resolved to prevent the participation of any member of this administration in the upcoming elections.
Health problems and death
Errázuriz's ill-health continued to plague him during all his period. Before his election, he already had had to travel to Germany in 1893 for treatment, and the death of his oldest son from tuberculosis in 1897 weakened him further. On June 11, 1900, he had to delegate his mandate to Elías Fernández Albano, the Vice President, so he could travel again to seek medical advice. He reassumed his duties on October 11 of the same year, but died suddenly of cerebral thrombosis on July 12, 1901, while in Valparaíso. He was constitutionally replaced by his Minister of the Interior Aníbal Zañartu, who assumed as Vice President for the remainder of his mandate.
Legacy
In the late 18th century, zoologist and paleontologist Rodolfo Amando Philippi named a newly discovered species of plant after Errázuriz Echaurren: Errazurizia glandulifera, a "curious leguminous plant with 'long rat-tail spikes of flowers of a peculiar purple and yellow' with an 'incense-like' scent.
See also
Martín de Mujica y Buitrón
President of Chile
References
^ Biografía de Federico Errázuriz Echaurren, Memoria Chilena
^ "Abrazo del Estrecho". Ffyh.unc.edu.ar. Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
^ "King, Thomas (1834-1896) on JSTOR". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
^ The Annals of Scottish Natural History: A Quarterly Magazine with which is Incorporated "The Scottish Naturalist". D. Douglas. 1897. p. 22.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federico Errázuriz Echaurren.
Short biography (in Spanish)
Genealogical chart of Errázuriz family (in Spanish)
Museum of El Huique (in Spanish)
Political offices
Preceded byJosé Velásquez
Minister of War and Navy 1890
Succeeded byJosé Francisco Gana
Preceded byFrancisco Antonio Pinto Cruz
Minister of Justice and Public Instruction 1894
Succeeded byOsvaldo Rengifo
Preceded byJorge Montt
President of Chile 1896–1901
Succeeded byAníbal Zañartu
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IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"Valparaíso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso"},{"link_name":"president of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Chile"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Errázuriz and the second or maternal family name is Echaurren.Federico Errázuriz Echaurren (Santiago, November 16, 1850 – Valparaíso, July 12, 1901) was a Chilean politician who served as the 12th president of Chile.","title":"Federico Errázuriz Echaurren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federico Errázuriz Zañartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Err%C3%A1zuriz_Za%C3%B1artu"},{"link_name":"Eulogia Echaurren García-Huidobro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogia_Echaurren_Garc%C3%ADa-Huidobro"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"University of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Gertrudis Echeñique Mujica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrudis_Eche%C3%B1ique_Mujica"},{"link_name":"governor of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Martín de Mujica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Mujica_y_Buitr%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"El Huique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Huique"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Errázuriz Echaurren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Err%C3%A1zuriz_Echaurren"},{"link_name":"War of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Domingo Santa María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Balmaceda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Balmaceda"},{"link_name":"Minister of War and Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Chile)#Ministers_of_War_and_Navy"},{"link_name":"Belisario Prats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belisario_Prats&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1891 Chilean Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Chilean_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XIII"},{"link_name":"Jorge Montt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Montt"}],"text":"He was son of the president Federico Errázuriz Zañartu and of Eulogia Echaurren García-Huidobro. He studied at San Ignacio School of Santiago de Chile and in the National Institute of Santiago, where he received a bachelor's degree. He was joined the University of Chile where he became a lawyer on March 23, 1873.In 1875 he married Gertrudis Echeñique Mujica, a direct descendant of the governor of Chile Martín de Mujica, of whom she was the last heir of the El Huique; They had six children: Juan José, Elena, Federico, Eulogia, Jorge and María Jesús.[1]Errázuriz Echaurren joined the Liberal Party and started his political life in 1876, when he was elected as a deputy for Constitución. He was reelected in 1879 and was characterized as a centrist politician. He did not participate in the campaigns of the War of the Pacific, preferring instead to remain in his hacienda, but during the religious controversies between Church and State under President Domingo Santa María, he joined the conservative forces. In August 1890, President José Manuel Balmaceda named him Minister of War and Navy, under the conciliation cabinet of Belisario Prats; but when Prats resigned his position, so did Errázuriz, and both joined the opposition. In 1891 he was one of the signers of the Act of Deposition of Presidente Balmaceda. Even so, he did not participate in the 1891 Chilean Civil War.After the end of the civil war, he was elected deputy for Cauquenes and Constitución (1891–1894). His ill-health forced him to travel to Germany, in search of specialists. During a year and a half, he travelled through Europe, even visiting Pope Leo XIII. He returned to Chile and in 1894 was elected Senator for Maule and designed Minister of Justice and Public Instruction, under President Jorge Montt.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ErrazurizEchaurrenFederico.jpg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Aníbal Zañartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Za%C3%B1artu"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"Carlos Antúnez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Ant%C3%BAnez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carlos Walker Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Walker_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"Radical party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(Chile)"}],"text":"President Errázuriz Echaurren (1894)After a very contested election, Errázuriz Echaurren was elected President and assumed power on September 18, 1896. He took over office at the age of 46, but by then he already was showing the symptoms of the illness that was going to kill him before the end of his mandate. Both his supporters and the opposition considered him a man of great political cunning, but while his supporters saw him as a true patriot, the opposition pictured him as a corrupt politician capable of the worst excesses. These characterizations made his rule difficult from the start, since he had a majority in the Senate but not in the Chamber of Deputies. He received a country where the economic situation had steadily worsened due to the progressive crisis of the nitrate industry and the associated unemployment and social crisis caused by it; while the international relationships with Perú, Bolivia, and Argentina were also in a critical state. To counteract the instability he tried to broaden the political consensus of his supporting coalition by forming a cabinet made up of three liberals and three conservatives, with the Liberal Aníbal Zañartu as Minister of the Interior. This seemingly impeccable arrangement only lasted for two months. In what was the norm during the governments of the period, Errázuriz Echaurren went on to have 17 cabinets during his administration.Between 1896 and 1897, he named Carlos Antúnez as his Minister of the Interior and charged him with guaranteeing free and \"clean\" elections. Antúnez was in charge until after the general election of March 1897, considered his mission accomplished afterwards and resigned. These elections were greeted with general acceptance, but did not change the political support for the government, so Errázuriz Echaurren had to continue trying to achieve a balance, to maintain a semblance of political stability. In the course of this search, Errázuriz Echaurren became closer and closer to the Conservative Party, until in 1898 he named Carlos Walker Martínez, president of the Conservatives as Minister of the Interior. Nonetheless, he remained always loyal to the coalition that elected him, and for example never allowed any member of the Radical party into any of his cabinets. Errázuriz's responses to the cabinet crisis, elections and in general to any problem within his administration was always consistent. He never took any decision without first consulting his political basis in congress, and always subordinated himself to the will of the political parties.","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valparaíso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso"},{"link_name":"metallic conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard"}],"sub_title":"Public policies","text":"Errázuriz's administration was characterized by a marked advancement in public education. Under his direction several institutions for the development of health professionals were created, such as courses for matrons and nurses, the Professional School for Girls of Valparaíso, the Commercial Institute of Santiago, and new high schools in Santiago and Iquique. This administration also contributed with new tram systems in Santiago, Valparaíso, San Felipe and San Bernardo. Errázuriz Echaurren contracted the new sewerage system for Santiago, and the water reservoir of Peñuelas, which still provides the water for Valparaíso.He faced his biggest problems in the area of monetary policy. The much-wanted return to the metallic conversion, to which he was opposed but which was favored by the parliamentary majorities, was shelved due to the threat of a war with Argentina. The delay of the measure until 1902 pushed the banking system to near collapse, forcing the government to issue and circulate paper money.","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abrazo_del_Estrecho_(1899).jpg"},{"link_name":"Puna de Atacama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna_de_Atacama"},{"link_name":"an ongoing naval arms race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Germán Riesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Riesco"},{"link_name":"Julio Argentino Roca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca"},{"link_name":"Strait of Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan"},{"link_name":"Embrace of the Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embrace_of_the_Strait&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Abrazo_del_Estrecho"},{"link_name":"Punta Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Arenas,_Chile"}],"sub_title":"Argentine problem","text":"President Errázuriz with president of Argentina, Julio A. Roca, at the straits (1899)The biggest problem that the administration had to face was on the international area. Chile and Argentina were on the brink of war, due to long-standing border disputes stemming from the peace treaty of 1881, the situation of the Puna de Atacama (a disputed territory formerly owned by Bolivia and claimed by both countries) and an ongoing naval arms race.[2] President Errázuriz was avowedly pacifist, but at one point both countries got to the point of calling up their reserve soldiers. The final solution was to submit the problem to an arbitration by the King of England, the adjudication of which was not resolved until 1902, during the administration of Germán Riesco, President Errázuriz's cousin and successor.To celebrate the decision to arbitrate and avoid war, President Errázuriz and Argentinian President Julio Argentino Roca held an international meeting in the Strait of Magellan. This meeting, known as the Embrace of the Strait [es], took place in front of the city of Punta Arenas on February 15, 1899.","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germán Riesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Riesco"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Succession controversy","text":"Like most presidents of the time, he became involved early in the election of his successor. The Liberal-Conservative Coalition that supported him went on to proclaim Germán Riesco, cousin and brother-in-law of President Errázuriz, as their candidate on March 8, 1901. The President responded in a public letter:[...] as I have the firm purpose of not intervening in any political campaign and I don't have or want to have any candidate, I am firmly resolved to prevent the participation of any member of this administration in the upcoming elections.[citation needed]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Elías Fernández Albano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Albano"},{"link_name":"thrombosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis"},{"link_name":"Valparaíso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"Aníbal Zañartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Za%C3%B1artu"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Chile"}],"sub_title":"Health problems and death","text":"Errázuriz's ill-health continued to plague him during all his period. Before his election, he already had had to travel to Germany in 1893 for treatment, and the death of his oldest son from tuberculosis in 1897 weakened him further. On June 11, 1900, he had to delegate his mandate to Elías Fernández Albano, the Vice President, so he could travel again to seek medical advice. He reassumed his duties on October 11 of the same year, but died suddenly of cerebral thrombosis on July 12, 1901, while in Valparaíso. He was constitutionally replaced by his Minister of the Interior Aníbal Zañartu, who assumed as Vice President for the remainder of his mandate.","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodolfo Amando Philippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Amando_Philippi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In the late 18th century, zoologist and paleontologist Rodolfo Amando Philippi named a newly discovered species of plant after Errázuriz Echaurren: Errazurizia glandulifera, a \"curious leguminous plant with 'long rat-tail spikes of flowers of a peculiar purple and yellow' with an 'incense-like' scent.[3][4]","title":"Legacy"}]
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[{"image_text":"President Errázuriz Echaurren (1894)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/ErrazurizEchaurrenFederico.jpg/200px-ErrazurizEchaurrenFederico.jpg"},{"image_text":"President Errázuriz with president of Argentina, Julio A. Roca, at the straits (1899)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abrazo_del_Estrecho_%281899%29.jpg/220px-Abrazo_del_Estrecho_%281899%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Martín de Mujica y Buitrón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Mujica_y_Buitr%C3%B3n"},{"title":"President of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Chile"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Abrazo del Estrecho\". Ffyh.unc.edu.ar. Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070710051956/http://www.ffyh.unc.edu.ar/modernidades/VI/DEFINITIVOS/Floria.htm","url_text":"\"Abrazo del Estrecho\""},{"url":"http://www.ffyh.unc.edu.ar/modernidades/VI/DEFINITIVOS/Floria.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"King, Thomas (1834-1896) on JSTOR\". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved February 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000045629","url_text":"\"King, Thomas (1834-1896) on JSTOR\""}]},{"reference":"The Annals of Scottish Natural History: A Quarterly Magazine with which is Incorporated \"The Scottish Naturalist\". D. Douglas. 1897. p. 22.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-3417.html","external_links_name":"Biografía de Federico Errázuriz Echaurren, Memoria Chilena"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070710051956/http://www.ffyh.unc.edu.ar/modernidades/VI/DEFINITIVOS/Floria.htm","external_links_name":"\"Abrazo del Estrecho\""},{"Link":"http://www.ffyh.unc.edu.ar/modernidades/VI/DEFINITIVOS/Floria.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000045629","external_links_name":"\"King, Thomas (1834-1896) on JSTOR\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061202223031/http://icarito.aconcagua1.copesa.cl/biografias/1891-1925/bios/errazuriz-echaurren.htm","external_links_name":"Short biography"},{"Link":"http://www.genealog.cl/Chile/E/Errazuriz/#ErrazurizEchaurren,Federico","external_links_name":"Genealogical chart of Errázuriz family"},{"Link":"http://www.museoelhuique.cl/","external_links_name":"Museum of El Huique"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000358901250","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/212181230","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgcYR6D7FBTQp9Y9HWkXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000315492","external_links_name":"Chile"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1057523003","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/150388535","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft_domains
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Ravenloft
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["1 Creative origins","2 Publication history","2.1 1st edition","2.2 2nd edition","2.3 3rd and 3.5 edition","2.4 4th edition","2.5 5th edition","3 Fictional setting","3.1 The Dark Powers","3.2 Domains of Dread","3.3 Darklords","3.4 Vistani","4 Official products","4.1 Video games","5 Reception","6 In other media","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 General and cited sources","8 External links"]
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Dungeons & Dragons fictional campaign setting
This article is about Dungeons & Dragons Campaign setting. For other uses, see Ravenloft (disambiguation).
RavenloftDesignersTracy Hickman, Laura Hickman, Bruce Nesmith, Andria Hayday, William W. Connors, Andrew Cermak, John Mangrum, Andrew Wyatt, et al.Publishers
TSR, Inc
Wizards of the Coast
Swords & Sorcery Studios and Arthaus (White Wolf Publishing imprints)
Publication1983–2021GenresGothic horrorSystems
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st and 2nd Editions
Dungeons & Dragons 3rd Ed. d20 System
D&D v3.5
D&D 5th Edition
Ravenloft is a campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. It is an alternate time-space existence known as a pocket dimension or demiplane, called the Demiplane of Dread, which consists of a collection of land pieces called "domains", brought together by a mysterious force known only as the Dark Powers. Each domain is tailored to and mystically ruled by a being called a Darklord who is forever trapped and surrounded by magical mists surrounding the domain. Strahd von Zarovich, a vampire in the original AD&D Ravenloft I6 module released in 1983, became the first Darklord, both ruler and prisoner of his own personal domain of Barovia. The story of how Count von Zarovich became Darklord of Barovia was detailed in the 1993 novel I, Strahd: The Memoirs of a Vampire. As originally established in the Ravenloft: Realm of Terror boxed set known as "the Black Box" released in 1990, the Ravenloft campaign setting was located in the Ethereal Plane. As a physical manifestation of that plane, lands, monsters and even people were created out of the mysterious mists, and the realm acted as a prison where one could enter or be transported, but means of escape were few. Other Ravenloft Domains and Darklords were eventually added in various AD&D 2nd edition (and then later in 3rd edition) products establishing a core continent attached around Barovia which could be traveled to by others if their respective lords allowed entering or leaving their borders; while some Domains remained isolated in the mists and were referred to as Islands.
Creative origins
In 1978, Tracy and Laura Hickman wrote adventures that would eventually be published as the Dungeon & Dragons modules Pharaoh and Ravenloft. Strahd von Zarovich was created by the Hickmans "after Tracy returned home from a disappointing session of D&D. Back in First Edition, the game was less of a storytelling game. It didn't make sense to why a creature like a vampire was just sitting around in a random dungeon with oozes, goblins, and zombies. So he and his wife set out to create a vampire villain with fleshed-out motivations and history". When the Hickmans began work on Ravenloft, they felt the vampire archetype had become overused, trite, and mundane, and decided to create a frightening version of the creature for the module. They play-tested it with a group of players every Halloween for five years on their own game system with the adventure titled Vampyr. However, the Hickmans kept being asked about their "Ravenloft game", and so the Ravenloft name stuck. The duo eventually caught the attention of D&D's original publishers. They were hired to adapt it into the first edition of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons and it was released as Module I6: Ravenloft in 1983 by TSR.
Publication history
1st edition
The first appearance of the setting was in Ravenloft, a stand-alone Advanced Dungeons & Dragons adventure module, published in 1983. In 1984, it won the Strategists' Club Award for Outstanding Play Aid. It was popular enough to spawn a 1986 sequel, Ravenloft II: The House on Gryphon Hill, and an Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Gamebooks novel, Master of Ravenloft, the same year.
2nd edition
Ravenloft was launched as a full-fledged campaign setting, for AD&D 2nd Edition, in 1990, with the Realm of Terror boxed set, popularly known as the "Black Box", and winner of the Origins Award in 1991 for "Best Graphic Presentation of a Roleplaying Game, Adventure, or Supplement of 1990".
The campaign setting was revised twice during AD&D 2nd Edition: first as the Ravenloft Campaign Setting or "Red Box", then as the Domains of Dread hardback.
In 1994, Ravenloft spun off into a sub-setting called Masque of the Red Death, set on Gothic Earth, an Edgar Allan Poe-influenced alternative Earth of the 1890s, where fantasy creatures and magic exist in the shadows of civilization.
TSR also published a series of novels set in Ravenloft. Each was typically focused on one of the Darklords that inhabited the Ravenloft world, with several focusing on the figure of Count Strahd von Zarovich. Many of these early novels were by authors who would later receive wider fame as horror/dark fantasy authors. These authors have included Elaine Bergstrom, P. N. Elrod, Christie Golden, and Laurell K. Hamilton.
3rd and 3.5 edition
A major revision of the Dungeons & Dragons was released in 2000, the first edition published by Wizards of the Coast (which had acquired TSR in 1997). In the same year, Wizards of the Coast licensed the Ravenloft brand to White Wolf Publishing. Under its Sword & Sorcery Studios (and later Arthaus imprints), White Wolf Publishing released the 3rd Edition d20 System Ravenloft Campaign Setting (2001) and the 3.5 Edition Ravenloft Player's Handbook (2003).
The campaign settings published by White Wolf introduced a number of alterations, many due to conflicts with existing Wizards of the Coast intellectual property. Specific references to D&D-specific deities were replaced with new names in the White Wolf Ravenloft settings (for example, Bane was changed to the Lawgiver). The license to the Ravenloft trademark reverted to Wizards of the Coast on August 15, 2005, but White Wolf retained the right to continue to sell its back stock until June 2006. The timing of this reversion meant that the Ravenloft supplement Van Richten's Guide to the Mists did not see print. Instead, it was released by White Wolf as a free download in late September 2005. The majority of the Van Richten's Guide series had already been published by TSR in the 1990s, before White Wolf's involvement.
In October 2006, Wizards of the Coast released Expedition to Castle Ravenloft, a hardcover version of the original 1st Ed. adventure, updated for the Dungeons & Dragons v.3.5 rule set. This version includes maps from the original Ravenloft adventure, and new character-generation options. Expedition to Castle Ravenloft is a stand-alone supplement set for any D&D worlds, and only requires the three core books for usage. This book's setting is distinct from the Ravenloft of the White Wolf product line. Shannon Appelcline, author of Designers & Dragons, highlighted that by 2006 people were beginning to wonder if Wizards of the Coast might be preparing a fourth edition of Dungeons & Dragons and stated that "the release of Expedition to Castle Ravenloft (2006) might just have offered another clue to the changing winds that lay ahead. First, it was a new line for 3.5e, suggesting that their original series of 3.5e books was coming to an end. Second, it was a fond look back at one of the most notable adventures from the AD&D days, just the sort of thing that Wizards published in the waning days of 2e".: 294 Appelcline later noted that, once fourth edition was officially announced, "the Expedition books that had begun publication in 2006 were revealed to indeed be part of Wizard's slow slide into 4e".: 295
4th edition
In 2007, Wizards of the Coast announced the printing of two new Ravenloft novels for 2008, Black Crusade and The Sleep of Reason, fueling more speculation. A short story by Ari Marmell, "Before I Wake", based on the realms of Darkon, Lamordia, and Bluetspur was released on October 31, 2007, on the Wizards of the Coast website as a special for Halloween; it featured characters inspired by H. P. Lovecraft and Clark Ashton Smith.
In 2008, Ravenloft was revealed to be re-introduced to 4th edition of Dungeons & Dragons, as was depicted in the October issue of the Dragon online magazine. The Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition supplement Manual of the Planes (2008) established that in the retconned cosmology, the Domains of Dread (and by extension the Ravenloft setting) were now located within the Shadowfell, a mirror-plane of death and gloom lying adjacent to the mortal realm. While a 4th edition update to the Ravenloft setting was announced at Gen Con 2010, the product was never released.
In 2010, Ravenloft was the setting for the Castle Ravenloft Board Game. Ravenloft also appeared in official magazine articles, such as, Dungeon #207 "Fair Barovia" (October 2012) and Dragon #416 "History Check: Strahd and Van Richten" (October 2012).
5th edition
In 2016, Barovia (one of the main locations within Ravenloft) was the main setting for adventure module Curse of Strahd which acts as an adaptation of the original Ravenloft module for the 5th edition of Dungeons & Dragons. The adventure states: "The lands of Barovia are from a forgotten world in the D&D multiverse . In time, cursed Barovia was torn from its home world by the Dark Powers and bound in mist as one of the Domains of Dread in the Shadowfell". The module was developed in-house by the Wizards of the Coast team, led by Christopher Perkins, with story contributions by original creators Tracy and Laura Hickman. Charlie Hall, for Polygon, explained that "instead of reinventing the wheel, principle designer Chris Perkins brought in the module's original writers — the husband and wife team of Tracy and Laura Hickman — to create the very best version of the famous module yet. Tracy and Laura have been hosting nearly annual sessions of the original Ravenloft at their home, for friends and family, over the course of decades. When Perkins asked for their input, they flew out to meet with the team. The result was a torrent of ideas for new locations, characters and encounters".
Wizards of the Coast released a new edition of the Curse of Strahd module, entitled Curse of Strahd: Revamped, on October 20, 2020. This module is the first released with the publisher's new focus on diversity and inclusion. Wizards of the Coast stated that "the adventure includes the latest errata and a revised depiction of the Vistani" who are based on stereotypes about the Romani people.
Wizards of the Coast released a new Ravenloft campaign sourcebook, Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft (2021), which introduces other Domains of Dread to the edition. It was published on May 18, 2021.
Fictional setting
See also: Strahd von Zarovich and List of Ravenloft characters
Ravenloft is primarily a Gothic horror setting. Dungeon Masters are encouraged to use scenes that build apprehension and fear, culminating in the eventual face-to-face meeting with the nameless evil. Characters have a much greater significance attached to their acts, especially if they are morally impure, as they risk coming under the influence of the Dark Powers (through the game process called "dark powers checks") and gradually transforming themselves into figures of evil.
The magical mists of Ravenloft could appear anywhere in the Dungeons & Dragons universe, drawing evil-doers (or player characters) into the Ravenloft setting. One exception is the phlogiston of the Spelljammer setting. The phlogiston blocks all planar travel, but the Ravenloft mists can appear in deep space inside crystal shells, according to the Complete Spacefarer's Handbook.
Luis Javier Flores Arvizu named the continuous presence of supernatural beings as one of the factors that made Ravenloft a very well received role-playing game setting during the 33 years of its existence.
The Dark Powers
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Ravenloft" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024)
The Dark Powers are a malevolent force who control the Demiplane of Dread. Their exact nature and number are deliberately kept vague, allowing for plot development in accordance with the Gothic tradition of storytelling – where the heroes are frequently outclassed and outnumbered by unknowable evil forces beyond their control.
The Dark Powers most frequently serve as a plot device for Ravenloft, especially concerning the Darklords, the de facto visible rulers of the Ravenloft Demiplane. Where the player characters are often tormented and opposed by the Darklords, the Darklords are themselves tormented and opposed by the Dark Powers. The difference lies in order of power—while many D&D adventures focus on allowing a band of heroes to prevail over a Darklord (much as in the spirit of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula), no such victory over the Dark Powers seems possible, or even conceivable, for the Darklords. Vecna and Lord Soth "escaped" Ravenloft, but are the only two Darklords known to have done so; Vecna by attaining the status of Greater God (and thus becoming too powerful for the Dark Powers to contain) and Lord Soth by ignoring his domain and punishment, causing the Dark Powers to lose interest in imprisoning him, and agents of his former curse on the world of Krynn coming to collect him.
Most frequently, the Dark Powers make their wishes and intentions known through subtle manipulations of fate. Thus, Barovia's vampire lord Strahd von Zarovich's many attempts to win back his love, Tatyana, are doomed to failure, but the Dark Powers arrange such that he never truly loses hope. Each time, for example, Strahd's own actions may be partially culpable for his failure, and as such he may go through crippling self-recrimination, rather than cursing the gods solely and giving up. Most other Darklords have similar tales of frustration, kept all the more unbearable because the flicker of the possibility of success is never truly extinguished.
Not all Darklords acknowledge the Dark Powers directly, however. Strahd, for example, in his own memoirs, speaks only of a force known as Death, who mocks him with the voices of his family and former colleagues throughout his life. Vlad Drakov, the Darklord of Falkovnia whose military expeditions are doomed to constant failure, seems even to be totally oblivious to any non-mortal factors in his repeated defeats.
The Dark Powers also seem capable of non-evil manipulations. Although their machinations are often directly responsible for the misery of many of Ravenloft's inhabitants, they also appear to play a role as dispensers of justice. Some tales of innocents who have escaped Ravenloft for happier environs are attributed to the Dark Powers, who have judged a being worthy of reward and release from their misty domain.
Domains of Dread
There are many Domains of Dread that makeup the landscape of Ravenloft. The Domains are surrounded by strange mists that can ensnare both people and places in Prime Material Plane and pull them into the Domains. Each Domain is ruled by a Darklord, but each Darklord was imprisoned in their Domain by the Dark Powers. The Dark Powers "are believed to have been responsible for the overall creation of the Dread Domains". The concept of Domains and locations in Ravenloft besides Barovia and Mordent was introduced in the 2nd Edition campaign setting book Ravenloft: Realm of Terror (1990). This book outlined that the size of Ravenloft is "40,000 square miles 26 different domains, including Barovia and Mordent. All of the core domains are overviewed in Ravenloft, as are eight 'islands'". The revised 2nd Edition boxset Ravenloft Campaign Setting (1994) is an update to Realm of Terror, but it removes Domains that were destroyed in the Grand Conjunction adventure series and adds new Domains. The metaplot of the adventure series was used to update the setting: "David Wise, leader of the 'Kargat' of Ravenloft designers at TSR, has said there were a few reasons for the changes. Some domains were changed or removed because they didn't fit into Ravenloft ecologically . Some domains were removed or merged because their lords were too similar, and finally some islands of terror were kicked to the curb just because they were 'less exciting'. A few domains that had appeared since the publication of Ravenloft: Realm of Terror were notably missing . All told, Ravenloft Campaign Setting covers 20 core domains and nine islands". The 5th Edition campaign guide Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft (2021) includes an overview of 39 Domains and many Domains are given a "wholesale revision" while "other Domains keep their original lore but are advanced in other ways". Rob Wieland, writing for Forbes, explained that in this book "many of the domains have new Darklords that reflect their original character but have details changed to better fit the type of horror the domain is supposed to represent".
Some of the more notable Domains include:
Barovia: the first Domain introduced and home of Strahd von Zarovich. This domain was "inspired by Bram Stoker's Dracula".
Carnival: this domain "wanders the mists" itself, "populated by wild performers and a powerful, living sword".
Darkon: this domain is "a broken land whose central castle is frozen mid-explosion, its disparate rooms desperately trying to reassemble the whole in mid-air", and "Darkon is now a Domain in decline after the disappearance of the iconic lich Azalin".
Falkovnia: in its original incarnation, this domain's "Darklord was a fairly basic analog for Vlad the Impaler and it had few defining characteristics beyond being a land ruled by a brutal warlord with a penchant for ultraviolence". In Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft, "Falkovnia has been reimagined as a nightmarish Groundhog's Day-style loop, where a struggling nation—which happens to be ruled by a brutal warlord—is endlessly besieged by massive hordes of the walking dead, who just so happen to look like everyone this warlord has ever killed". The Darklord Vladeska "Drakov's ruthless efficiency and relentless perfectionism has turned her into a tyrant. Rather than retreat and save the lives of citizens and soldiers alike, every day she rebuilds the barricades that keep death at bay. Those same walls keep her trapped within".
Hazlan: this domain is a magocracy ruled by the Red Wizard Hazlik who treats the domain as a "vast magical laboratory". Wes Schneider, lead designer of Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft, highlighted that "Hazlan's a great example of a Ravenloft domain where the 'technology' behind its horror concept has improved since its origin. Since the '90s, our collective imaginations have expanded on what an evil magic dystopia might look like. Hazlan is a domain where anything wizards could do they've done to the extreme, and they're still doing it, all in the name of magical discovery and with the effects scarring the realm's people and land. This makes it the domain for all manner of weird monsters, amoral experiments, magical contagions, unnatural weather, collapsing reality, meteor showers, mutations, disasters, and so much more".
Lamordia: this domain "paid homage" to Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. In its original incarnation, Lamordia was a coastal domain with two small settlements and was ruled by Adam, a flesh golem-like creature created by Doctor Victor Mordenheim. In Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft, the region is now ruled by Viktra Mordenheim, a mad scientist tormented by her inability to replicate the Unbreakable Heart device that keeps her reborn lover Elise alive, even as Elise flees from her at every turn.
Darklords
Main article: Darklord (Ravenloft)
Darklord is the title used to refer to the mystically imprisoned and cursed ruler of a domain. A Darklord was originally an individual who had committed a truly horrific crime, which drew the attention of the enigmatic Dark Powers. The Dark Powers then proceeded to craft a personal kingdom around the Darklord. This crafted domain serves both as a kingdom and a prison: the Darklord gains incredible powers whilst within its borders but can never leave it, although most Darklords can seal their domain borders with a thought. Within their domains, the Darklords are forever tormented by the objects of their desires, which are often the objects for which they committed their crimes.
Vistani
Main article: Vistani
The Vistani are a nomadic ethnic group. They are based on depictions of the Romani people. Since their introduction in the original Ravenloft module (1983) as fortune-tellers, they became a unifying element in the Ravenloft and the Masque of the Red Death campaign settings, which offer Gothic horror scenarios. In a Ravenloft adventure, the Vistani have some control of the Mists of Ravenloft, which divide realms, while the players are generally confined to a region from which they must escape by solving one or more problems. Players generally need help from the Vistani to travel reliably from one open realm to another.
The Vistani people were "described as superstitious" and had "abilities to curse and hypnotize players or cast spells like Evil Eye". They were also originally stereotyped "as 'uncivilized' and heavy drinkers", but this portrayal was removed in the adventure module Curse of Strahd Revamped (2020). Their portrayal was further retconned in Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft (2021); the Vistani people are no longer considered superstitious but instead focused on their traditional practices and their abilities are grounded in the forms of magic found in Dungeons & Dragons.
The fictional character Rudolph van Richten, a famous Monster Hunter in Ravenloft and author of a series of guides to hunting and slaying various monsters, had a great enmity for the Vistani for most of his monster-hunting career, but his opinion improved during his penning of Van Richten's Guide To The Vistani, during which he befriended a mortu (a Vistani outcast).
Official products
Ravenloft has acted as the official campaign setting for multiple Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying adventure modules, sourcebooks and accessories. It has also been the main setting for novels and video games.
Main article: List of Ravenloft publications
Video games
Ravenloft: Strahd's Possession PC game (1994)
Ravenloft: Stone Prophet PC game (1995)
Iron & Blood: Warriors of Ravenloft PlayStation 1 game (1996)
Dungeons & Dragons Online PC game expansion "Mists of Ravenloft" (2017)
Neverwinter (video game) expansion module Ravenloft; Windows, Xbox One, PS4 (June 26, 2018)
Reception
Game designer Rick Swan commented in 1994 that when the Ravenloft setting first came out, it "just didn't seem special, a Forgotten Realms variant with a few more bats", but after supplements like Forbidden Lore, The Created, and the Van Richten's Guide series, Swan felt that "the Ravenloft campaign has proven to be a credible adventure alternative for players interested in the dark side of the AD&D game. Though it lacks the flamboyance of Call of Cthulhu and the, er, bite of Vampire, the Ravenloft setting remains the hobby's most enduring fusion of horror and fantasy".
Darker Days Radio declared Ravenloft the "greatest D&D campaign setting", citing the unique gothic horror elements and classic villains such as Azalin Rex.
In the Io9 series revisiting older Dungeons & Dragons novels, Rob Bricken highlighted that Vampire of the Mists "isn't scary, per se, but Strahd wreaks enough horror and carnage to drive home that Ravenloft is much, much more sinister than the Forgotten Realms. Ravenloft (and I guess Forgotten Realms) vampires have all the tropes: They can turn into bats, wolves, and mists, and they don't cast reflections. They can control animals and enthrall people, to a degree. They can't cross running water, and they have to be invited into a home to enter. Unless they're an extremely powerful vampire like Strahd, natch".
Shelly Jones, in the journal Analog Game Studies: Volume IV, highlighted the Tarokka Deck mechanic used in both the original Ravenloft (1983) module and the 5th edition Curse of Strahd (2016) module to add randomization to the game and increase replayability. Jones wrote: "The Tarokka Deck incorporates an inconsistency in the game play that reflects fragmented traumatic memory and reifies the inconsistency present within an abusive relationship". Jones also highlighted that "without sunshine as a key time-tracking element, players are forced to rely upon other means to signal the passage of time within Barovia. Further adding to that disorientation is the knowledge that the players have been abandoned from anything familiar or real. This alienating effect, based upon the physical environment as well as the psychological manifestations, traumatizes characters".
The Ravenloft setting has been criticized "for reinforcing harmful stereotypes through its portrayal of the Vistani, an in-fiction analogue for the Roma people". In 2020, Wizards of the Coast announced "in the editorial process for Strahd's reprint, as well as two upcoming products, Wizards worked with a Romani consultant to present the Vistani without using reductive tropes". On this update, Jon Ryan, for IGN, wrote that "it's worth noting that the book's illustrations of the Vistani still evoke Romani culture, and some players may still associate certain abilities with outdated cultural stereotypes". Julie Muncy, for Io9, criticized the "granular changes" to the Vistani people as not very extensive and that "while there's a real opportunity here to do better work—the aforementioned diversity pledge also mentioned future works that will feature the Vistani people and aim to complicate their depictions—starting that work with a fancy collector's edition feels less like a promise to do better and more like a victory lap". Muncy also highlighted that the unrevised parts, such as the art and specific magical abilities, still lean "into tropes that suggest the Romani have mystical, dangerous powers, tropes that have been used in the past to target Romani for persecution".
Christian Hoffer, for ComicBook.com, highlighted that in Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft (2021) the Domains of Dread "all now function as originally intended: prisons meant to torture specific souls. Many of the original Ravenloft domains featured strange punishments that didn't necessarily fit the crime of the Darklord. The revised domains are usually a better utilization of the ironic intent that flavors the immortal prisons of Ravenloft. The domains also now include a variety of different horror genres rather than a fixation on gothic horror. Finally, much of the misogynistic, colonialist, or racist elements have been purged out of this new iteration of Ravenloft. Although these changes will likely be the most talked about part of the book in some circles, these changes seem to have occurred naturally during the course of updating Ravenloft to reflect more diverse horror genres and to make the domains conform to Ravenloft's internal laws".
In his 2023 book Monsters, Aliens, and Holes in the Ground, RPG historian Stu Horvath noted, "In many ways, Strahd is a vessel for the audience's relationship with an ever-changing and evolving vampire legend. While a character in his own right, he is broadly drawn, so every group of players can make him their own. There are many Strahds, each defined by the tastes of the people at the table."
In other media
In 2016, Wizards of the Coast added an additional license option to their 5th Edition Dungeons & Dragons open game license. It allows individuals and third party publishers to create and sell content based on specific Wizards of the Coast intellectual property, if the content is sold through the Dungeon Masters Guild storefront. Multiple third party supplements and adventures set in Ravenloft have since been released through this program.
Tales From the Mists (2019–2020) was an official actual play streaming series broadcast on the Dungeons & Dragons Twitch and YouTube channels. TK Johnson was the show's Dungeon Master with a "cast of four players (Lysa Chen, Kayla Cline, Hadeel Al-Massari, and Ashley Warren) plus two rotating party slots filled by new players every four episodes". The first season was set in the city of Harmonia in the Kartakass Domain of Dread; each character is from a different domain of Ravenloft. Christian Hoffer, for ComicBook, wrote: "One of Tales from the Mists' greatest strengths is that it feels very much like a gothic horror story, with an emphasis on death, the macabre, and terror lurking right around the corner. While Dungeons & Dragons is perhaps best known for its combat encounters, Tales from the Mists seems to take its gothic horror roots seriously. This might be an adjustment from how some people think of Dungeons & Dragons, but Tales from the Mists is a masterclass on how to run a horror campaign using mood and environment to set the tone instead of a constant parade of scary monsters".
The Black Dice Society is an official actual play streaming series broadcast on the Dungeons & Dragons channels which premiered on April 1, 2021, and is set across multiple Domains of Dread in Ravenloft. B. Dave Walters is the show's Dungeon Master with a cast of six players: Tanya DePass, Noura Ibrahim, Deejay Knight, Mark Meer, Saige Ryan and Becca Scott.
References
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General and cited sources
Hickman, Tracy; Hickman, Laura (1983). Ravenloft. TSR. ISBN 0-88038-042-X.
Hickman, Tracy; Hickman, Laura; Cook, David "Zeb"; Grubb, Jeff; Johnson, Harold; Niles, Douglas (1986). Ravenloft II: The House on Gryphon Hill. TSR. ISBN 0-88038-322-4.
Nesmith, Bruce; Hayday, Andria (1990). Realm of Terror. TSR. ISBN 0-88038-853-6.
Henson, Dale; King, J. Robert (1991). Book of Crypts. TSR. ISBN 1-56076-142-3.
Hayday, Andria; Connors, William; Nesmith, Bruce; Lowder, James (1991). Darklords. TSR. ISBN 1-56076-137-7.
Connors, William; Nesmith, Bruce (1992). Forbidden Lore. TSR. ISBN 1-56076-354-X.
McComb, Colin; Bennie, Scott (1992). Islands of Terror. TSR. ISBN 1-56076-349-3.
Nesmith, Bruce; Hayday, Andria; Connors, William (1994). Ravenloft Campaign Setting. TSR. ISBN 1-56076-942-4.
Connors, William; Miller, Steve (1997). Domains of Dread. TSR. ISBN 0-7869-0672-3.
Cermak, Andrew; Mangrum, John; Wyatt, Andrew (2001). Ravenloft Campaign Setting (3rd ed.). Arthaus. ISBN 1-58846-075-4.
Cermak, Andrew; Mangrum, John; Wyatt, Andrew (2001). Secrets of the Dread Realms. Arthaus. ISBN 1-58846-076-2.
Cermak, Andrew; Mangrum, John; Nichols, Chris; Wyatt, Andrew (2002). Ravenloft Gazetteer Volume I. Arthaus. ISBN 1-58846-080-0.
Mangrum, John; Naylor, Ryan; Nichols, Chris; Wyatt, Andrew (2002). Ravenloft Gazetteer Volume II. Arthaus. ISBN 1-58846-830-5.
Mangrum, John; Campbell, Brian; Hollar, Carla; Lilavivat, Rucht; Pyror, Anthony; Woodworth, Peter; Wyatt, Andrew (2003). Ravenloft Dungeon Master's Guide. Arthaus. ISBN 1-58846-084-3.
Mangrum, John; Turner, Stuart; Woodworth, Peter; Wyatt, Andrew (2003). Ravenloft Gazetteer Volume III. Arthaus. ISBN 1-58846-086-X.
Lowder, James; Mangrum, John; Naylor, Ryan; Pryor, Anthony; Whitney-Robinson, Veronica; Wyatt, Andrew (2004). Ravenloft Gazetteer Volume IV. Arthaus. ISBN 1-58846-087-8.
Cermak, Andrew; Mangrum, John; Miller, Steve; Naylor, Ryan; Wyatt, Andrew (2004). Ravenloft Gazetteer Volume V. Arthaus. ISBN 1-58846-964-6.
External links
Fraternity of Shadows – founded in 2003 after the Secrets of the Kargatane site closed, this is the most important setting fan website.
Mistipedia – the Fraternity of Shadows' Ravenloft wiki.
Secrets of the Kargatane – no longer updated, this website was once one of the largest sources of Ravenloft information on the Internet, as well as being the Official 3rd Edition site as designated by Wizards of the Coast, until the Ravenloft setting was licensed to Arthaus Games.
AD&D 2nd Edition Ravenloft product list—TSR Archive
D&D 3rd Edition Ravenloft product list—TSR Archive
Wizards of the Coast Official Dungeons & Dragons page
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ravenloft (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"campaign setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_setting"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"roleplaying game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roleplaying_game"},{"link_name":"pocket dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demiplane"},{"link_name":"Demiplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demiplane"},{"link_name":"domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft_domains"},{"link_name":"the Dark Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#The_Dark_Powers"},{"link_name":"Darklord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darklord_(Ravenloft)"},{"link_name":"Strahd von Zarovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahd_von_Zarovich"},{"link_name":"I, Strahd: The Memoirs of a Vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Strahd:_The_Memoirs_of_a_Vampire"},{"link_name":"Ravenloft: Realm of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft:_Realm_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drivethrurpg-1"}],"text":"This article is about Dungeons & Dragons Campaign setting. For other uses, see Ravenloft (disambiguation).Ravenloft is a campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. It is an alternate time-space existence known as a pocket dimension or demiplane, called the Demiplane of Dread, which consists of a collection of land pieces called \"domains\", brought together by a mysterious force known only as the Dark Powers. Each domain is tailored to and mystically ruled by a being called a Darklord who is forever trapped and surrounded by magical mists surrounding the domain. Strahd von Zarovich, a vampire in the original AD&D Ravenloft I6 module released in 1983, became the first Darklord, both ruler and prisoner of his own personal domain of Barovia. The story of how Count von Zarovich became Darklord of Barovia was detailed in the 1993 novel I, Strahd: The Memoirs of a Vampire. As originally established in the Ravenloft: Realm of Terror boxed set known as \"the Black Box\" released in 1990, the Ravenloft campaign setting was located in the Ethereal Plane. As a physical manifestation of that plane, lands, monsters and even people were created out of the mysterious mists, and the realm acted as a prison where one could enter or be transported, but means of escape were few. Other Ravenloft Domains and Darklords were eventually added in various AD&D 2nd edition (and then later in 3rd edition) products establishing a core continent attached around Barovia which could be traveled to by others if their respective lords allowed entering or leaving their borders; while some Domains remained isolated in the mists and were referred to as Islands.[1]","title":"Ravenloft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Hickman"},{"link_name":"Laura Hickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Hickman"},{"link_name":"Dungeon & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_of_Desolation#Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Ravenloft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft_(module)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Strahd von Zarovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahd_von_Zarovich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr-3"},{"link_name":"vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30Years_114-4"},{"link_name":"play-tested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playtest"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_250_120-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr-3"},{"link_name":"Advanced Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr-3"},{"link_name":"TSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_250_120-5"}],"text":"In 1978, Tracy and Laura Hickman wrote adventures that would eventually be published as the Dungeon & Dragons modules Pharaoh and Ravenloft.[2] Strahd von Zarovich was created by the Hickmans \"after Tracy returned home from a disappointing session of D&D. Back in First Edition, the game was less of a storytelling game. [...] It didn't make sense to [Tracy] why a creature like a vampire was just sitting around in a random dungeon with oozes, goblins, and zombies. So he and his wife set out to create a vampire villain with fleshed-out motivations and history\".[3] When the Hickmans began work on Ravenloft, they felt the vampire archetype had become overused, trite, and mundane, and decided to create a frightening version of the creature for the module.[4] They play-tested it with a group of players every Halloween for five years[5] on their own game system with the adventure titled Vampyr.[3] However, the Hickmans kept being asked about their \"Ravenloft game\", and so the Ravenloft name stuck. The duo eventually caught the attention of D&D's original publishers. They were hired to adapt it into the first edition of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons and it was released as Module I6: Ravenloft[3] in 1983 by TSR.[5]","title":"Creative origins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ravenloft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft_(module)"},{"link_name":"Advanced Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hick4to6-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HW-10"},{"link_name":"Ravenloft II: The House on Gryphon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft_II:_The_House_on_Gryphon_Hill"},{"link_name":"Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Gamebooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Dungeons_%26_Dragons_Adventure_Gamebooks"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HW-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD87-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"1st edition","text":"The first appearance of the setting was in Ravenloft, a stand-alone Advanced Dungeons & Dragons adventure module, published in 1983.[6][7][8][9] In 1984, it won the Strategists' Club Award for Outstanding Play Aid.[10] It was popular enough to spawn a 1986 sequel, Ravenloft II: The House on Gryphon Hill, and an Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Gamebooks novel, Master of Ravenloft, the same year.[10][11][12]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-13"},{"link_name":"Realm of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft:_Realm_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"Origins Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_Award"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Masque of the Red Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masque_of_the_Red_Death_(Ravenloft)"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"alternative Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Elaine Bergstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Bergstrom"},{"link_name":"P. N. Elrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._N._Elrod"},{"link_name":"Christie Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Golden"},{"link_name":"Laurell K. Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurell_K._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contemp-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"2nd edition","text":"Ravenloft was launched as a full-fledged campaign setting, for AD&D 2nd Edition, in 1990,[13] with the Realm of Terror boxed set, popularly known as the \"Black Box\", and winner of the Origins Award in 1991 for \"Best Graphic Presentation of a Roleplaying Game, Adventure, or Supplement of 1990\".[14]The campaign setting was revised twice during AD&D 2nd Edition: first as the Ravenloft Campaign Setting or \"Red Box\", then as the Domains of Dread hardback.In 1994, Ravenloft spun off into a sub-setting called Masque of the Red Death, set on Gothic Earth, an Edgar Allan Poe-influenced alternative Earth of the 1890s, where fantasy creatures and magic exist in the shadows of civilization.[15]TSR also published a series of novels set in Ravenloft. Each was typically focused on one of the Darklords that inhabited the Ravenloft world, with several focusing on the figure of Count Strahd von Zarovich. Many of these early novels were by authors who would later receive wider fame as horror/dark fantasy authors. These authors have included Elaine Bergstrom, P. N. Elrod, Christie Golden, and Laurell K. Hamilton.[16][17]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wizards of the Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gygax-GygaxFAQ-18"},{"link_name":"White Wolf Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Wolf_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Sword & Sorcery Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_%26_Sorcery_Studios"},{"link_name":"Arthaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Wolf_Publishing#Imprints_and_labels"},{"link_name":"d20 System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D20_System"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"Van Richten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_van_Richten"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stormgiantgames-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designers-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designers-24"}],"sub_title":"3rd and 3.5 edition","text":"A major revision of the Dungeons & Dragons was released in 2000, the first edition published by Wizards of the Coast (which had acquired TSR in 1997).[18] In the same year, Wizards of the Coast licensed the Ravenloft brand to White Wolf Publishing.[19] Under its Sword & Sorcery Studios (and later Arthaus imprints), White Wolf Publishing released the 3rd Edition d20 System Ravenloft Campaign Setting (2001)[20] and the 3.5 Edition Ravenloft Player's Handbook (2003).The campaign settings published by White Wolf introduced a number of alterations, many due to conflicts with existing Wizards of the Coast intellectual property. Specific references to D&D-specific deities were replaced with new names in the White Wolf Ravenloft settings (for example, Bane was changed to the Lawgiver). The license to the Ravenloft trademark reverted to Wizards of the Coast on August 15, 2005, but White Wolf retained the right to continue to sell its back stock until June 2006. The timing of this reversion meant that the Ravenloft supplement Van Richten's Guide to the Mists did not see print. Instead, it was released by White Wolf as a free download in late September 2005.[21] The majority of the Van Richten's Guide series had already been published by TSR in the 1990s, before White Wolf's involvement.In October 2006, Wizards of the Coast released Expedition to Castle Ravenloft, a hardcover version of the original 1st Ed. adventure, updated for the Dungeons & Dragons v.3.5 rule set.[22] This version includes maps from the original Ravenloft adventure, and new character-generation options. Expedition to Castle Ravenloft is a stand-alone supplement set for any D&D worlds, and only requires the three core books for usage. This book's setting is distinct from the Ravenloft of the White Wolf product line.[23] Shannon Appelcline, author of Designers & Dragons, highlighted that by 2006 people were beginning to wonder if Wizards of the Coast might be preparing a fourth edition of Dungeons & Dragons and stated that \"the release of Expedition to Castle Ravenloft (2006) might just have offered another clue to the changing winds that lay ahead. First, it was a new line for 3.5e, suggesting that their original series of 3.5e books was coming to an end. Second, it was a fond look back at one of the most notable adventures from the AD&D days, just the sort of thing that Wizards published in the waning days of 2e\".[24]: 294 Appelcline later noted that, once fourth edition was officially announced, \"the Expedition books that had begun publication in 2006 were revealed to indeed be part of Wizard's slow slide into 4e\".[24]: 295","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Ari Marmell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Marmell"},{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"Clark Ashton Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Ashton_Smith"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Manual of the Planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_of_the_Planes#Dungeons_&_Dragons_4th_edition"},{"link_name":"retconned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retconned"},{"link_name":"Shadowfell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)#The_Shadowfell"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffer-28"},{"link_name":"Gen Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_Con"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stormgiantgames-22"},{"link_name":"Castle Ravenloft Board Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Ravenloft_Board_Game"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dmsguild-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dungeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"4th edition","text":"In 2007, Wizards of the Coast announced the printing of two new Ravenloft novels for 2008, Black Crusade and The Sleep of Reason,[25] fueling more speculation. A short story by Ari Marmell, \"Before I Wake\", based on the realms of Darkon, Lamordia, and Bluetspur was released on October 31, 2007, on the Wizards of the Coast website as a special for Halloween; it featured characters inspired by H. P. Lovecraft and Clark Ashton Smith.[26]In 2008, Ravenloft was revealed to be re-introduced to 4th edition of Dungeons & Dragons, as was depicted in the October issue of the Dragon online magazine.[citation needed] The Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition supplement Manual of the Planes (2008) established that in the retconned cosmology, the Domains of Dread (and by extension the Ravenloft setting) were now located within the Shadowfell, a mirror-plane of death and gloom lying adjacent to the mortal realm.[27][28] While a 4th edition update to the Ravenloft setting was announced at Gen Con 2010,[29] the product was never released.[22]In 2010, Ravenloft was the setting for the Castle Ravenloft Board Game.[30][31] Ravenloft also appeared in official magazine articles, such as, Dungeon #207 \"Fair Barovia\" (October 2012)[32] and Dragon #416 \"History Check: Strahd and Van Richten\" (October 2012).[33]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curse of Strahd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_Strahd"},{"link_name":"5th edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editions_of_Dungeons_%26_Dragons#Dungeons_&_Dragons_5th_edition"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curse-36"},{"link_name":"Christopher Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Perkins_(game_designer)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curse-36"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-34"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon2-39"},{"link_name":"errata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erratum"},{"link_name":"Romani people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Richten%27s_Guide_to_Ravenloft"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon3-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon4-43"}],"sub_title":"5th edition","text":"In 2016, Barovia (one of the main locations within Ravenloft) was the main setting for adventure module Curse of Strahd which acts as an adaptation of the original Ravenloft module for the 5th edition of Dungeons & Dragons.[34][35] The adventure states: \"The lands of Barovia are from a forgotten world in the D&D multiverse [...]. In time, cursed Barovia was torn from its home world by the Dark Powers and bound in mist as one of the Domains of Dread in the Shadowfell\".[36] The module was developed in-house by the Wizards of the Coast team, led by Christopher Perkins, with story contributions by original creators Tracy and Laura Hickman.[34][36] Charlie Hall, for Polygon, explained that \"instead of reinventing the wheel, principle [sic] designer Chris Perkins brought in the module's original writers — the husband and wife team of Tracy and Laura Hickman — to create the very best version of the famous module yet. [...] Tracy and Laura have been hosting nearly annual sessions of the original Ravenloft at their home, for friends and family, over the course of decades. When Perkins asked for their input, they flew out to meet with the team. The result was a torrent of ideas for new locations, characters and encounters\".[34]Wizards of the Coast released a new edition of the Curse of Strahd module, entitled Curse of Strahd: Revamped,[37] on October 20, 2020.[38] This module is the first released with the publisher's new focus on diversity and inclusion.[39] Wizards of the Coast stated that \"the adventure includes the latest errata and a revised depiction of the Vistani\" who are based on stereotypes about the Romani people.[40]Wizards of the Coast released a new Ravenloft campaign sourcebook, Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft (2021), which introduces other Domains of Dread to the edition.[41][42] It was published on May 18, 2021.[43]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strahd von Zarovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahd_von_Zarovich"},{"link_name":"List of Ravenloft characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ravenloft_characters"},{"link_name":"Gothic horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_novel"},{"link_name":"Dungeon Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon_Master"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"phlogiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogiston"},{"link_name":"Spelljammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelljammer"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MRJ-48"}],"text":"See also: Strahd von Zarovich and List of Ravenloft charactersRavenloft is primarily a Gothic horror setting. Dungeon Masters are encouraged to use scenes that build apprehension and fear, culminating in the eventual face-to-face meeting with the nameless evil.[44] Characters have a much greater significance attached to their acts, especially if they are morally impure, as they risk coming under the influence of the Dark Powers (through the game process called \"dark powers checks\") and gradually transforming themselves into figures of evil.The magical mists of Ravenloft could appear anywhere in the Dungeons & Dragons universe, drawing evil-doers (or player characters) into the Ravenloft setting. One exception is the phlogiston of the Spelljammer setting.[45][full citation needed][46][page needed] The phlogiston blocks all planar travel, but the Ravenloft mists can appear in deep space inside crystal shells, according to the Complete Spacefarer's Handbook.[47][page needed]Luis Javier Flores Arvizu named the continuous presence of supernatural beings as one of the factors that made Ravenloft a very well received role-playing game setting during the 33 years of its existence.[48]","title":"Fictional setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_novel"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula"},{"link_name":"Vecna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecna"},{"link_name":"Lord Soth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Soth"},{"link_name":"Krynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krynn"},{"link_name":"Barovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barovia"},{"link_name":"Strahd von Zarovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahd_von_Zarovich"},{"link_name":"Vlad Drakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_Drakov"}],"sub_title":"The Dark Powers","text":"The Dark Powers are a malevolent force who control the Demiplane of Dread. Their exact nature and number are deliberately kept vague, allowing for plot development in accordance with the Gothic tradition of storytelling – where the heroes are frequently outclassed and outnumbered by unknowable evil forces beyond their control.[49]The Dark Powers most frequently serve as a plot device for Ravenloft, especially concerning the Darklords, the de facto visible rulers of the Ravenloft Demiplane. Where the player characters are often tormented and opposed by the Darklords, the Darklords are themselves tormented and opposed by the Dark Powers. The difference lies in order of power—while many D&D adventures focus on allowing a band of heroes to prevail over a Darklord (much as in the spirit of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula), no such victory over the Dark Powers seems possible, or even conceivable, for the Darklords. Vecna and Lord Soth \"escaped\" Ravenloft, but are the only two Darklords known to have done so; Vecna by attaining the status of Greater God (and thus becoming too powerful for the Dark Powers to contain) and Lord Soth by ignoring his domain and punishment, causing the Dark Powers to lose interest in imprisoning him, and agents of his former curse on the world of Krynn coming to collect him.Most frequently, the Dark Powers make their wishes and intentions known through subtle manipulations of fate. Thus, Barovia's vampire lord Strahd von Zarovich's many attempts to win back his love, Tatyana, are doomed to failure, but the Dark Powers arrange such that he never truly loses hope. Each time, for example, Strahd's own actions may be partially culpable for his failure, and as such he may go through crippling self-recrimination, rather than cursing the gods solely and giving up. Most other Darklords have similar tales of frustration, kept all the more unbearable because the flicker of the possibility of success is never truly extinguished.Not all Darklords acknowledge the Dark Powers directly, however. Strahd, for example, in his own memoirs, speaks only of a force known as Death, who mocks him with the voices of his family and former colleagues throughout his life. Vlad Drakov, the Darklord of Falkovnia whose military expeditions are doomed to constant failure, seems even to be totally oblivious to any non-mortal factors in his repeated defeats.The Dark Powers also seem capable of non-evil manipulations. Although their machinations are often directly responsible for the misery of many of Ravenloft's inhabitants, they also appear to play a role as dispensers of justice. Some tales of innocents who have escaped Ravenloft for happier environs are attributed to the Dark Powers, who have judged a being worthy of reward and release from their misty domain.","title":"Fictional setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr2-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dungeons-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr2-50"},{"link_name":"Ravenloft: Realm of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft:_Realm_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drivethrurpg-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drivethrurpg-1"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drivethrurpg2-52"},{"link_name":"metaplot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaplot"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drivethrurpg2-52"},{"link_name":"Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Richten%27s_Guide_to_Ravenloft"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dungeons-51"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hick4to6-8"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon4-43"},{"link_name":"Bram Stoker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Stoker"},{"link_name":"Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenrant-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr3-55"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon4-43"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr3-55"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon4-43"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dungeons-51"},{"link_name":"Vlad the Impaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign2-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign2-56"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon4-43"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr3-55"},{"link_name":"Red Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Wizards_of_Thay"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo-57"},{"link_name":"Wes Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Wesley_Schneider"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo-57"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"Mary Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenrant-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenrant-54"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_(Ravenloft)"},{"link_name":"Victor Mordenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Mordenheim"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dungeons-51"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Domains of Dread","text":"There are many Domains of Dread that makeup the landscape of Ravenloft. The Domains are surrounded by strange mists that can ensnare both people and places in Prime Material Plane and pull them into the Domains. Each Domain is ruled by a Darklord, but each Darklord was imprisoned in their Domain by the Dark Powers.[50][51] The Dark Powers \"are believed to have been responsible for the overall creation of the Dread Domains\".[50] The concept of Domains and locations in Ravenloft besides Barovia and Mordent was introduced in the 2nd Edition campaign setting book Ravenloft: Realm of Terror (1990).[1] This book outlined that the size of Ravenloft is \"40,000 square miles [spanning] 26 different domains, including Barovia and Mordent. All of the core domains are overviewed in Ravenloft, as are eight 'islands'\".[1] The revised 2nd Edition boxset Ravenloft Campaign Setting (1994) is an update to Realm of Terror, but it removes Domains that were destroyed in the Grand Conjunction adventure series and adds new Domains.[52] The metaplot of the adventure series was used to update the setting: \"David Wise, leader of the 'Kargat' of Ravenloft designers at TSR, has said there were a few reasons for the changes. Some domains were changed or removed because they didn't fit into Ravenloft ecologically [...]. Some domains were removed or merged because their lords were too similar, and finally some islands of terror were kicked to the curb just because they were 'less exciting'. [...] A few domains that had appeared since the publication of Ravenloft: Realm of Terror were notably missing [...]. All told, Ravenloft Campaign Setting covers 20 core domains and nine islands\".[52] The 5th Edition campaign guide Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft (2021) includes an overview of 39 Domains and many Domains are given a \"wholesale revision\" while \"other Domains keep their original lore but are advanced in other ways\".[51] Rob Wieland, writing for Forbes, explained that in this book \"many of the domains have new Darklords that reflect their original character but have details changed to better fit the type of horror the domain is supposed to represent\".[53]Some of the more notable Domains include:Barovia: the first Domain introduced and home of Strahd von Zarovich.[8][43] This domain was \"inspired by Bram Stoker's Dracula\".[54]\nCarnival: this domain[55] \"wanders the mists\" itself, \"populated by wild performers and a powerful, living sword\".[43]\nDarkon: this domain is[55] \"a broken land [...] whose central castle is frozen mid-explosion, its disparate rooms desperately trying to reassemble the whole in mid-air\",[43] and \"Darkon is now a Domain in decline after the disappearance of the iconic lich Azalin\".[51]\nFalkovnia: in its original incarnation, this domain's \"Darklord was a fairly basic analog for Vlad the Impaler [...] and it had few defining characteristics beyond being a land ruled by a brutal warlord with a penchant for ultraviolence\".[56] In Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft, \"Falkovnia has been reimagined as a nightmarish Groundhog's Day-style loop, where a struggling nation—which happens to be ruled by a brutal warlord—is endlessly besieged by massive hordes of the walking dead, who just so happen to look like everyone this warlord has ever killed\".[56] The Darklord Vladeska \"Drakov's ruthless efficiency and relentless perfectionism has turned her into a tyrant. Rather than retreat and save the lives of citizens and soldiers alike, every day she rebuilds the barricades that keep death at bay. Those same walls keep her trapped within\".[43]\nHazlan: this domain[55] is a magocracy ruled by the Red Wizard Hazlik who treats the domain as a \"vast magical laboratory\".[57] Wes Schneider, lead designer of Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft, highlighted that \"Hazlan's a great example of a Ravenloft domain where the 'technology' behind its horror concept has improved since its origin. [...] Since the '90s, our collective imaginations have expanded on what an evil magic dystopia might look like. [...] Hazlan is a domain where anything wizards could do they've done to the extreme, and they're still doing it, all in the name of magical discovery and with the effects scarring the realm's people and land. This makes it the domain for all manner of weird monsters, amoral experiments, magical contagions, unnatural weather, collapsing reality, meteor showers, mutations, disasters, and so much more\".[57]\nLamordia: this domain \"paid homage\" to Frankenstein by Mary Shelley.[54] In its original incarnation, Lamordia was a coastal domain with two small settlements[54] and was ruled by Adam, a flesh golem-like creature created by Doctor Victor Mordenheim. In Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft, the region is now ruled by Viktra Mordenheim, a mad scientist tormented by her inability to replicate the Unbreakable Heart device that keeps her reborn lover Elise alive, even as Elise flees from her at every turn.[51][58]","title":"Fictional setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr2-50"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thegamer-59"}],"sub_title":"Darklords","text":"Darklord is the title used to refer to the mystically imprisoned and cursed ruler of a domain. A Darklord was originally an individual who had committed a truly horrific crime, which drew the attention of the enigmatic Dark Powers. The Dark Powers then proceeded to craft a personal kingdom around the Darklord. This crafted domain serves both as a kingdom and a prison:[50] the Darklord gains incredible powers whilst within its borders but can never leave it, although most Darklords can seal their domain borders with a thought.[59] Within their domains, the Darklords are forever tormented by the objects of their desires, which are often the objects for which they committed their crimes.","title":"Fictional setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romani people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"campaign settings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_setting"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"superstitious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thegamer2-61"},{"link_name":"Evil Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_eye"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo2-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo2-62"},{"link_name":"retconned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroactive_continuity"},{"link_name":"magic found in Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_in_Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon5-63"},{"link_name":"Rudolph van Richten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_van_Richten"}],"sub_title":"Vistani","text":"The Vistani are a nomadic ethnic group. They are based on depictions of the Romani people. Since their introduction in the original Ravenloft module (1983) as fortune-tellers, they became a unifying element in the Ravenloft and the Masque of the Red Death campaign settings, which offer Gothic horror scenarios. In a Ravenloft adventure, the Vistani have some control of the Mists of Ravenloft, which divide realms,[60] while the players are generally confined to a region from which they must escape by solving one or more problems. Players generally need help from the Vistani to travel reliably from one open realm to another.The Vistani people were \"described as superstitious\"[61] and had \"abilities to curse and hypnotize players or cast spells like Evil Eye\".[62] They were also originally stereotyped \"as 'uncivilized' and heavy drinkers\", but this portrayal was removed in the adventure module Curse of Strahd Revamped (2020).[62] Their portrayal was further retconned in Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft (2021); the Vistani people are no longer considered superstitious but instead focused on their traditional practices and their abilities are grounded in the forms of magic found in Dungeons & Dragons.[63]The fictional character Rudolph van Richten, a famous Monster Hunter in Ravenloft and author of a series of guides to hunting and slaying various monsters, had a great enmity for the Vistani for most of his monster-hunting career, but his opinion improved during his penning of Van Richten's Guide To The Vistani, during which he befriended a mortu (a Vistani outcast).","title":"Fictional setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Ravenloft has acted as the official campaign setting for multiple Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying adventure modules, sourcebooks and accessories. It has also been the main setting for novels and video games.[64]","title":"Official products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ravenloft: Strahd's Possession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft:_Strahd%27s_Possession"},{"link_name":"Ravenloft: Stone Prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft:_Stone_Prophet"},{"link_name":"Iron & Blood: Warriors of Ravenloft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_%26_Blood:_Warriors_of_Ravenloft"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons_Online#Expansions"},{"link_name":"Neverwinter (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverwinter_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"Ravenloft: Strahd's Possession PC game (1994)\nRavenloft: Stone Prophet PC game (1995)\nIron & Blood: Warriors of Ravenloft PlayStation 1 game (1996)\nDungeons & Dragons Online PC game expansion \"Mists of Ravenloft\" (2017)\nNeverwinter (video game) expansion module Ravenloft; Windows, Xbox One, PS4 (June 26, 2018)[65]","title":"Official products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Swan"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Lore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Lore"},{"link_name":"The Created","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Created"},{"link_name":"Call of Cthulhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu_(role-playing_game)"},{"link_name":"Vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire:_The_Masquerade"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_#205-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Io9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io9"},{"link_name":"Vampire of the Mists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_of_the_Mists"},{"link_name":"Forgotten Realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten_Realms"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"replayability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replayability"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-analoggamestudies-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-analoggamestudies-69"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thegamer2-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo2-62"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon6-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign3-73"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo2-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo2-62"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dungeons-51"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahg-74"}],"text":"Game designer Rick Swan commented in 1994 that when the Ravenloft setting first came out, it \"just didn't seem special, a Forgotten Realms variant with a few more bats\", but after supplements like Forbidden Lore, The Created, and the Van Richten's Guide series, Swan felt that \"the Ravenloft campaign has proven to be a credible adventure alternative for players interested in the dark side of the AD&D game. Though it lacks the flamboyance of Call of Cthulhu and the, er, bite of Vampire, the Ravenloft setting remains the hobby's most enduring fusion of horror and fantasy\".[66]Darker Days Radio declared Ravenloft the \"greatest D&D campaign setting\", citing the unique gothic horror elements and classic villains such as Azalin Rex.[67]In the Io9 series revisiting older Dungeons & Dragons novels, Rob Bricken highlighted that Vampire of the Mists \"isn't scary, per se, but Strahd wreaks enough horror and carnage to drive home that Ravenloft is much, much more sinister than the Forgotten Realms. [...] Ravenloft (and I guess Forgotten Realms) vampires have all the tropes: They can turn into bats, wolves, and mists, and they don't cast reflections. They can control animals and enthrall people, to a degree. They can't cross running water, and they have to be invited into a home to enter. Unless they're an extremely powerful vampire like Strahd, natch\".[68]Shelly Jones, in the journal Analog Game Studies: Volume IV, highlighted the Tarokka Deck mechanic used in both the original Ravenloft (1983) module and the 5th edition Curse of Strahd (2016) module to add randomization to the game and increase replayability. Jones wrote: \"The Tarokka Deck incorporates an inconsistency in the game play that reflects fragmented traumatic memory and reifies the inconsistency present within an abusive relationship\".[69] Jones also highlighted that \"without sunshine as a key time-tracking element, players are forced to rely upon other means to signal the passage of time within Barovia. Further adding to that disorientation is the knowledge that the players have been abandoned from anything familiar or real. [...] This alienating effect, based upon the physical environment as well as the psychological manifestations, traumatizes characters\".[69]The Ravenloft setting has been criticized[61][62][70] \"for reinforcing harmful stereotypes through its portrayal of the Vistani, an in-fiction analogue for the Roma people\".[71] In 2020, Wizards of the Coast announced \"in the editorial process for Strahd's reprint, as well as two upcoming products, Wizards worked with a Romani consultant to present the Vistani without using reductive tropes\".[72] On this update, Jon Ryan, for IGN, wrote that \"it's worth noting that the book's illustrations of the Vistani still evoke Romani culture, and some players may still associate certain abilities [...] with outdated cultural stereotypes\".[73] Julie Muncy, for Io9, criticized the \"granular changes\" to the Vistani people as not very extensive and that \"while there's a real opportunity here to do better work—the aforementioned diversity pledge also mentioned future works that will feature the Vistani people and aim to complicate their depictions—starting that work with a fancy collector's edition feels less like a promise to do better and more like a victory lap\".[62] Muncy also highlighted that the unrevised parts, such as the art and specific magical abilities, still lean \"into tropes that suggest the Romani have mystical, dangerous powers, tropes that have been used in the past to target Romani for persecution\".[62]Christian Hoffer, for ComicBook.com, highlighted that in Van Richten's Guide to Ravenloft (2021) the Domains of Dread \"all now function as originally intended: prisons meant to torture specific souls. Many of the original Ravenloft domains featured strange punishments that didn't necessarily fit the crime of the Darklord. The revised domains are usually a better utilization of the ironic intent that flavors the immortal prisons of Ravenloft. The domains also now include a variety of different horror genres rather than a fixation on gothic horror. Finally, much of the misogynistic, colonialist, or racist elements have been purged out of this new iteration of Ravenloft. Although these changes will likely be the most talked about part of the book in some circles, these changes seem to have occurred naturally during the course of updating Ravenloft to reflect more diverse horror genres and to make the domains conform to Ravenloft's internal laws\".[51]In his 2023 book Monsters, Aliens, and Holes in the Ground, RPG historian Stu Horvath noted, \"In many ways, Strahd is a vessel for the audience's relationship with an ever-changing and evolving vampire legend. While a character in his own right, he is broadly drawn, so every group of players can make him their own. There are many Strahds, each defined by the tastes of the people at the table.\"[74]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open game license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Game_License"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"Dungeon Masters Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon_Masters_Guild"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-escapistmagazine-76"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffer-28"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"official actual play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dungeons_%26_Dragons_web_series#Actual_play_series"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestreaming"},{"link_name":"Twitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_(service)"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffer2-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Dungeon Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon_Master"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffer2-79"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffer2-79"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenrant2-84"},{"link_name":"Tanya DePass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_DePass"},{"link_name":"Mark Meer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meer"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenrant2-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"text":"In 2016, Wizards of the Coast added an additional license option to their 5th Edition Dungeons & Dragons open game license. It allows individuals and third party publishers to create and sell content based on specific Wizards of the Coast intellectual property, if the content is sold through the Dungeon Masters Guild storefront.[75][76] Multiple third party supplements and adventures set in Ravenloft have since been released through this program.[28][77][78]\nTales From the Mists (2019–2020) was an official actual play streaming series broadcast on the Dungeons & Dragons Twitch and YouTube channels.[79][80][81] TK Johnson was the show's Dungeon Master with a \"cast of four players (Lysa Chen, Kayla Cline, Hadeel Al-Massari, and Ashley Warren) plus two rotating party slots filled by new players every four episodes\".[79] The first season was set in the city of Harmonia in the Kartakass Domain of Dread; each character is from a different domain of Ravenloft.[82] Christian Hoffer, for ComicBook, wrote: \"One of Tales from the Mists' greatest strengths is that it feels very much like a gothic horror story, with an emphasis on death, the macabre, and terror lurking right around the corner. [...] While Dungeons & Dragons is perhaps best known for its combat encounters, Tales from the Mists seems to take its gothic horror roots seriously. [...] This might be an adjustment from how some people think of Dungeons & Dragons, but Tales from the Mists is a masterclass on how to run a horror campaign using mood and environment to set the tone instead of a constant parade of scary monsters\".[79]\nThe Black Dice Society is an official actual play streaming series broadcast on the Dungeons & Dragons channels which premiered on April 1, 2021, and is set across multiple Domains of Dread in Ravenloft.[83][84] B. Dave Walters is the show's Dungeon Master with a cast of six players: Tanya DePass, Noura Ibrahim, Deejay Knight, Mark Meer, Saige Ryan and Becca Scott.[84][85][86]","title":"In other media"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Appelcline, Shannon. \"Ravenloft: Realm of Terror (2e) | Product History\". DriveThruRPG. Retrieved 2021-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drivethrurpg.com/product/17474/Ravenloft-Realm-of-Terror-2e","url_text":"\"Ravenloft: Realm of Terror (2e) | Product History\""}]},{"reference":"Hickman, Tracy. \"Tracy Hickman's Works with Laura Curtis\". TRHickman.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-26. Retrieved 2009-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090726054507/http://www.trhickman.com/Intel/HandC.html","url_text":"\"Tracy Hickman's Works with Laura Curtis\""},{"url":"http://www.trhickman.com/Intel/HandC.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David, Ari (2020-03-15). \"Strahd Is More Than Just Dungeons & Dragons' Dracula\". CBR. Retrieved 2020-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/strahd-is-more-than-just-dungeons-dragons-dracula/","url_text":"\"Strahd Is More Than Just Dungeons & Dragons' Dracula\""}]},{"reference":"Winter, Steve; et al. (2004). \"Ravenloft\". 30 Years of Adventure: A Celebration of Dungeons & Dragons. Wizards of the Coast. p. 114. ISBN 0-7869-3498-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Winter","url_text":"Winter, Steve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Years_of_Adventure:_A_Celebration_of_Dungeons_%26_Dragons","url_text":"30 Years of Adventure: A Celebration of Dungeons & Dragons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast","url_text":"Wizards of the Coast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7869-3498-0","url_text":"0-7869-3498-0"}]},{"reference":"Varney, Allen (August 1998). \"Profiles: Tracy Hickman\". Dragon (250). Wizards of the Coast: 120.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Varney","url_text":"Varney, Allen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)","url_text":"Dragon"}]},{"reference":"\"Dungeons & Dragons FAQ\". Wizards of the Coast. 2003. Archived from the original on 2000-08-18. Retrieved 2009-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000818164317/http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_FAQ.asp","url_text":"\"Dungeons & Dragons FAQ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast","url_text":"Wizards of the Coast"},{"url":"http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_FAQ.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rateliff, John D. \"L2. The Assassin's Knot\". Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on 2001-06-17. Retrieved 2009-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010617011036/http://www.wizards.com/dnd/article.asp?x=dnd/dx20001229b","url_text":"\"L2. The Assassin's Knot\""},{"url":"http://www.wizards.com/dnd/article.asp?x=dnd/dx20001229b","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hickman, Tracy; Hickman, Laura (1983). Ravenloft. TSR. p. 30. ISBN 0-88038-042-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Hickman","url_text":"Hickman, Tracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Hickman","url_text":"Hickman, Laura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc.","url_text":"TSR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88038-042-X","url_text":"0-88038-042-X"}]},{"reference":"Schick, Lawrence (1991). Heroic Worlds: A History and Guide to Role-Playing Games. Prometheus Books. p. 102. ISBN 0-87975-653-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Schick","url_text":"Schick, Lawrence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-653-5","url_text":"0-87975-653-5"}]},{"reference":"Sargent, Carl (March 1987). \"Open Box: AD&D Adventures\". White Dwarf (87). Games Workshop: 2–3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sargent","url_text":"Sargent, Carl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)","url_text":"White Dwarf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_Workshop","url_text":"Games Workshop"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of TSR\". Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2005-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080924195557/http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_History.asp","url_text":"\"The History of TSR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast","url_text":"Wizards of the Coast"},{"url":"http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_History.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Origins Award Winners (1990)\". Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design. Archived from the original on 2007-11-05. Retrieved 2007-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071105015050/http://www.originsgamefair.com/awards/1990","url_text":"\"Origins Award Winners (1990)\""},{"url":"http://www.originsgamefair.com/awards/1990","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Connors, William (1994). Masque of the Red Death and Other Tales. TSR, Inc. ISBN 1-56076-877-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Connors","url_text":"Connors, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masque_of_the_Red_Death_and_Other_Tales","url_text":"Masque of the Red Death and Other Tales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc.","url_text":"TSR, Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56076-877-0","url_text":"1-56076-877-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Golden, Christie 1963–\". Contemporary Authors. January 1, 2007. Archived from the original on 2014-09-21. Retrieved 2012-09-27 – via HighBeam Research.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140921212020/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591000055.html","url_text":"\"Golden, Christie 1963–\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Authors","url_text":"Contemporary Authors"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591000055.html","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighBeam_Research","url_text":"HighBeam Research"}]},{"reference":"Melton, J. Gordon (1994). The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead. Detroit: Visible Ink Press. p. 852. ISBN 0-8103-2295-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton","url_text":"Melton, J. Gordon"},{"url":"http://www.visibleink.com/title.php?id=41","url_text":"The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8103-2295-1","url_text":"0-8103-2295-1"}]},{"reference":"\"What Happened to Gygax - TSR?\". gygax.com. Archived from the original on 1999-01-28. Retrieved 2006-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990128161605/http://www.gygax.com/gygaxfaq.html#What%20Happened%20to%20Gygax%20-%20TSR?","url_text":"\"What Happened to Gygax - TSR?\""},{"url":"http://www.gygax.com/gygaxfaq.html#What%20Happened%20to%20Gygax%20-%20TSR?","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"White Wolf To Publish Ravenloft\". icv2.com. Retrieved 2020-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://icv2.com/articles/games/view/160/white-wolf-to-publish-ravenloft","url_text":"\"White Wolf To Publish Ravenloft\""}]},{"reference":"Cermak, Andrew (2001). Ravenloft Campaign Setting – Core Rulebook (3e). Mangrum, John W., Wyatt, Andrew. Renton, WA: Sword & Sorcery. pp. 8–18. ISBN 1-58846-075-4. OCLC 48893605.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48893605","url_text":"Ravenloft Campaign Setting – Core Rulebook (3e)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58846-075-4","url_text":"1-58846-075-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48893605","url_text":"48893605"}]},{"reference":"\"Van Richten's Guide to the Mists\". Archived from the original on 2006-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060723064753/http://download.white-wolf.com/download/download.php?file_id=410","url_text":"\"Van Richten's Guide to the Mists\""},{"url":"http://download.white-wolf.com/download/download.php?file_id=410","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Everything You Need To Know About Ravenloft\". Storm Giant Games. January 3, 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stormgiantgames.com/posts/everything-you-need-to-know-about-ravenloft","url_text":"\"Everything You Need To Know About Ravenloft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Product Spotlight: Expedition to Castle Ravenloft\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-26. Retrieved 2019-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140726065822/http://www.wizards.com/default.asp?x=dnd%2Fps%2F20061006a","url_text":"\"Product Spotlight: Expedition to Castle Ravenloft\""},{"url":"http://www.wizards.com/default.asp?x=dnd%2Fps%2F20061006a","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shannon Appelcline (2011). Designers & Dragons. Mongoose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907702-58-7","url_text":"978-1-907702-58-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Fiction – Dungeons & Dragons\". ww2.wizards.com. Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on 2007-05-19. Retrieved 2007-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070519211214/http://ww2.wizards.com/Books/Wizards/?doc=main_2008ravenlofttitles","url_text":"\"Fiction – Dungeons & Dragons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast","url_text":"Wizards of the Coast"},{"url":"http://ww2.wizards.com/Books/Wizards/?doc=main_2008ravenlofttitles","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Before I Wake\". Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2020-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090603105439/https://www.wizards.com/default.asp?x=dnd%2F4dnd%2F20071031a","url_text":"\"Before I Wake\""},{"url":"http://www.wizards.com/default.asp?x=dnd%2F4dnd%2F20071031a","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Richard (2008). Manual of the Planes. Renton, Wash.: Wizards of the Coast. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7869-5002-7. OCLC 1090865842.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090865842","url_text":"Manual of the Planes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7869-5002-7","url_text":"978-0-7869-5002-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090865842","url_text":"1090865842"}]},{"reference":"Hoffer, Christian (January 25, 2019). \"'Dungeons & Dragons' Unofficially Returns to the Shadowfell With New Supplement\". ComicBook.com. Retrieved 2021-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/gaming/news/dungeons-and-dragons-shadowfell/","url_text":"\"'Dungeons & Dragons' Unofficially Returns to the Shadowfell With New Supplement\""}]},{"reference":"\"D&D Podcast: D&D Preview Show Gen Con 2010\". Wizards of the Coast. August 9, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-12-21. 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Retrieved 2020-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2016/1/18/10777502/d-ds-ravenloft-returns-with-the-help-of-its-original-creators","url_text":"\"D&D's Ravenloft returns with the help of its original creators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curse of Strahd – Dungeons & Dragons\". dnd.wizards.com. Wizards of the Coast.","urls":[{"url":"http://dnd.wizards.com/products/tabletop-games/rpg-products/curse-strahd","url_text":"\"Curse of Strahd – Dungeons & Dragons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast","url_text":"Wizards of the Coast"}]},{"reference":"Perkins, Christopher; Crawford, Jeremy; Mearls, Mike (2016). Curse of Strahd. D&D 5th edition. Renton, Washington: Wizards of the Coast, Inc. p. 5. ISBN 9780786965984. OCLC 944137375.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786965984","url_text":"9780786965984"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/944137375","url_text":"944137375"}]},{"reference":"\"Dungeons & Dragons: Curse of Strahd Revamped Announced for October Release\". IGN India. 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.ign.com/tabletop-1/149412/news/dungeons-dragons-curse-of-strahd-revamped-announced-release","url_text":"\"Dungeons & Dragons: Curse of Strahd Revamped Announced for October Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curse of Strahd Revamped | Dungeons & Dragons\". dnd.wizards.com. 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Coolabah (34): 91–111. doi:10.1344/co20233491-111. S2CID 259964519.","urls":[{"url":"https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/coolabah/article/view/43188","url_text":"\"Mistification: The Dreadful Side of Cloud Computing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1344%2Fco20233491-111","url_text":"10.1344/co20233491-111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259964519","url_text":"259964519"}]},{"reference":"\"Dungeons & Dragons: 10 Things to Know About Ravenloft Before Van Richten's Guide\". CBR. 2021-05-13. 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Retrieved 2021-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://io9.gizmodo.com/dungeons-dragons-team-announces-new-plans-to-address-1844084273","url_text":"\"Dungeons & Dragons Team Announces New Plans to Address Race and Inclusivity in the Game\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Jon (July 27, 2020). \"Exclusive: First Look at D&D's 'Curse of Strahd Revamped' Collector's Edition\". IGN. Retrieved 2020-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/dnd-curse-of-strahd-revamped-reveal-unboxing","url_text":"\"Exclusive: First Look at D&D's 'Curse of Strahd Revamped' Collector's Edition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Horvath, Stu (2023). Monsters, Aliens, and Holes in the Ground. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780262048224.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262048224","url_text":"9780262048224"}]},{"reference":"\"D&D's Dungeon Masters Guild Wants Players To Monetise Fan Content\". Kotaku Australia. 2016-07-31. Retrieved 2019-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kotaku.com.au/2016/07/dds-dungeon-masters-guild-wants-players-to-monetize-fan-content/","url_text":"\"D&D's Dungeon Masters Guild Wants Players To Monetise Fan Content\""}]},{"reference":"Lemon, Marshall (January 12, 2016). \"Wizards of the Coast Puts Out New Dungeons and Dragons Open License With Forgotten Realms Content | The Escapist\". Escapist Magazine. Archived from the original on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2019-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191029215003/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/165838-Wizards-of-the-Coast-Puts-Out-New-Dungeons-and-Dragons-Open-License-With-Forgotten-Realms-Content","url_text":"\"Wizards of the Coast Puts Out New Dungeons and Dragons Open License With Forgotten Realms Content | The Escapist\""},{"url":"http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/165838-Wizards-of-the-Coast-Puts-Out-New-Dungeons-and-Dragons-Open-License-With-Forgotten-Realms-Content","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (2020-01-13). \"Dungeons & Dragons basically has DLC now, and it's excellent\". Polygon. Retrieved 2021-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2020/1/13/21064147/dungeons-dragons-dungeon-masters-guild","url_text":"\"Dungeons & Dragons basically has DLC now, and it's excellent\""}]},{"reference":"Hoffer, Christian (September 14, 2019). \"Terrify Your Players With Creepy New Dungeons & Dragons Adventure\". ComicBook.com. Retrieved 2021-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/gaming/news/dungeons-and-dragons-happy-jack-funhouse-clowns/","url_text":"\"Terrify Your Players With Creepy New Dungeons & Dragons Adventure\""}]},{"reference":"Hoffer, Christian (February 4, 2019). \"'Tales From the Mists' is 'Dungeons & Dragons' Spooky New Show\". ComicBook.com. Retrieved 2021-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/gaming/news/dungeons-and-dragons-tales-from-the-mists/","url_text":"\"'Tales From the Mists' is 'Dungeons & Dragons' Spooky New Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tales from the Mists | Dungeons & Dragons\". dnd.wizards.com. Retrieved 2021-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://dnd.wizards.com/articles/events/tales-mists","url_text":"\"Tales from the Mists | Dungeons & Dragons\""}]},{"reference":"\"For the last time, until next time, we shall see you in the Mists...\" Twitter. MistTalesDnD. July 6, 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/misttalesdnd/status/1280224047993929728","url_text":"\"For the last time, until next time, we shall see you in the Mists...\""}]},{"reference":"\"D&D's TALES FROM THE MISTS Gives You a Different Kind of Chill This Winter\". Nerdist. 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2021-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://nerdist.com/article/dds-tales-from-the-mists-gives-you-a-different-kind-of-chill-this-winter/","url_text":"\"D&D's TALES FROM THE MISTS Gives You a Different Kind of Chill This Winter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdist","url_text":"Nerdist"}]},{"reference":"Hoffer, Christian (April 1, 2021). \"Dungeons & Dragons Launches The Black Dice Society, a Creepy Ravenloft Streaming Show\". ComicBook.com. Retrieved 2021-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/gaming/news/dungeons-dragons-black-dice-society/","url_text":"\"Dungeons & Dragons Launches The Black Dice Society, a Creepy Ravenloft Streaming Show\""}]},{"reference":"Baird, Scott (2021-04-01). \"D&D: The Black Dice Society Arrive In Ravenloft On April 1\". ScreenRant. Retrieved 2021-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/dungeons-dragons-black-dice-society-streaming-interview-ravenloft/","url_text":"\"D&D: The Black Dice Society Arrive In Ravenloft On April 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coming SOON from: @cypheroftyr @DeejayKnight @nouralogical @Mark_Meer @NotSaige @thebeccascott and @BDaveWalters We're announcing properly March 22 and the adventure begins Thursday April 1 at 4 PST!\". Twitter. The Black Dice Society. March 12, 2021. Retrieved 2021-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/TheBlackDiceSoc/status/1370511663640670209","url_text":"\"Coming SOON from: @cypheroftyr @DeejayKnight @nouralogical @Mark_Meer @NotSaige @thebeccascott and @BDaveWalters We're announcing properly March 22 and the adventure begins Thursday April 1 at 4 PST!\""}]},{"reference":"\"'The Black Dice Society': How to Watch the Twitch Premiere of This Official 'Dungeons & Dragons' Stream\". Collider. 2021-03-26. Retrieved 2021-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/the-black-dice-society-twitch-stream-premiere-how-to-watch/","url_text":"\"'The Black Dice Society': How to Watch the Twitch Premiere of This Official 'Dungeons & Dragons' Stream\""}]},{"reference":"Hickman, Tracy; Hickman, Laura (1983). Ravenloft. TSR. ISBN 0-88038-042-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Hickman","url_text":"Hickman, Tracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Hickman","url_text":"Hickman, Laura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft_(D%26D_module)","url_text":"Ravenloft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc.","url_text":"TSR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88038-042-X","url_text":"0-88038-042-X"}]},{"reference":"Hickman, Tracy; Hickman, Laura; Cook, David \"Zeb\"; Grubb, Jeff; Johnson, Harold; Niles, Douglas (1986). Ravenloft II: The House on Gryphon Hill. TSR. ISBN 0-88038-322-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Hickman","url_text":"Hickman, Tracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Hickman","url_text":"Hickman, Laura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cook_(game_designer)","url_text":"Cook, David \"Zeb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Grubb","url_text":"Grubb, Jeff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Johnson_(game_designer)","url_text":"Johnson, Harold"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Niles","url_text":"Niles, Douglas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft_II:_The_House_on_Gryphon_Hill","url_text":"Ravenloft II: The House on Gryphon Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc.","url_text":"TSR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88038-322-4","url_text":"0-88038-322-4"}]},{"reference":"Nesmith, Bruce; Hayday, Andria (1990). Realm of Terror. TSR. ISBN 0-88038-853-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Nesmith","url_text":"Nesmith, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andria_Hayday","url_text":"Hayday, Andria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft:_Realm_of_Terror","url_text":"Realm of Terror"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc.","url_text":"TSR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88038-853-6","url_text":"0-88038-853-6"}]},{"reference":"Henson, Dale; King, J. Robert (1991). Book of Crypts. TSR. ISBN 1-56076-142-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Henson","url_text":"Henson, Dale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_King","url_text":"King, J. Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Crypts&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Book of Crypts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc.","url_text":"TSR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56076-142-3","url_text":"1-56076-142-3"}]},{"reference":"Hayday, Andria; Connors, William; Nesmith, Bruce; Lowder, James (1991). Darklords. TSR. ISBN 1-56076-137-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andria_Hayday","url_text":"Hayday, Andria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Connors","url_text":"Connors, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Nesmith","url_text":"Nesmith, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lowder","url_text":"Lowder, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darklords","url_text":"Darklords"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc.","url_text":"TSR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56076-137-7","url_text":"1-56076-137-7"}]},{"reference":"Connors, William; Nesmith, Bruce (1992). Forbidden Lore. TSR. ISBN 1-56076-354-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Connors","url_text":"Connors, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Nesmith","url_text":"Nesmith, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Lore","url_text":"Forbidden Lore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc.","url_text":"TSR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56076-354-X","url_text":"1-56076-354-X"}]},{"reference":"McComb, Colin; Bennie, Scott (1992). Islands of Terror. TSR. ISBN 1-56076-349-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_McComb","url_text":"McComb, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_Terror","url_text":"Islands of Terror"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc.","url_text":"TSR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56076-349-3","url_text":"1-56076-349-3"}]},{"reference":"Nesmith, Bruce; Hayday, Andria; Connors, William (1994). Ravenloft Campaign Setting. TSR. ISBN 1-56076-942-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Nesmith","url_text":"Nesmith, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andria_Hayday","url_text":"Hayday, Andria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Connors","url_text":"Connors, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft_Campaign_Setting","url_text":"Ravenloft Campaign Setting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc.","url_text":"TSR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56076-942-4","url_text":"1-56076-942-4"}]},{"reference":"Connors, William; Miller, Steve (1997). Domains of Dread. TSR. ISBN 0-7869-0672-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Connors","url_text":"Connors, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Miller_(game_designer)","url_text":"Miller, Steve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR,_Inc.","url_text":"TSR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7869-0672-3","url_text":"0-7869-0672-3"}]},{"reference":"Cermak, Andrew; Mangrum, John; Wyatt, Andrew (2001). Ravenloft Campaign Setting (3rd ed.). Arthaus. ISBN 1-58846-075-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Wolf_Publishing#Imprints_and_labels","url_text":"Arthaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58846-075-4","url_text":"1-58846-075-4"}]},{"reference":"Cermak, Andrew; Mangrum, John; Wyatt, Andrew (2001). Secrets of the Dread Realms. Arthaus. ISBN 1-58846-076-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Wolf_Publishing#Imprints_and_labels","url_text":"Arthaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58846-076-2","url_text":"1-58846-076-2"}]},{"reference":"Cermak, Andrew; Mangrum, John; Nichols, Chris; Wyatt, Andrew (2002). Ravenloft Gazetteer Volume I. Arthaus. ISBN 1-58846-080-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Wolf_Publishing#Imprints_and_labels","url_text":"Arthaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58846-080-0","url_text":"1-58846-080-0"}]},{"reference":"Mangrum, John; Naylor, Ryan; Nichols, Chris; Wyatt, Andrew (2002). Ravenloft Gazetteer Volume II. Arthaus. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disentis_Abbey
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Disentis Abbey
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["1 Early history","2 Modern history","3 Present day","4 Images","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°42′25″N 8°51′23″E / 46.70694°N 8.85639°E / 46.70694; 8.85639Imperial Abbey of DisentisReichskloster Disentis (German)Abbazia Imperiale di Disentis (Italian)Claustra Imperiala da Mustér (Romansh)8th century–1846
Coat of arms
StatusImperial AbbeyCapitalDisentis AbbeyCommon languagesRomansh, Highest AlemannicGovernmentTheocracyHistorical eraMiddle Ages• Founded ca 720• Gained immediacy probably 8th century• Grey League founded 1395• Grey League became Swiss associate 1497• Joined Swiss Congregation 1617• Burned and plundered by French troops 1799• Placed under state control by Grisons 1846• Abbey restored 1880
Succeeded by
Grisons
Today part ofSwitzerland
Disentis Abbey (German: Reichskloster Disentis) is a Benedictine monastery in the Canton of Grisons in eastern Switzerland, around which the present town of Disentis (Romansh: Mustér) grew up.
Early history
Formerly the date of the foundation of this abbey, attributed to the local saints Placidus and Sigisbert, was held to be 614. The tradition further states that this monastery was destroyed by the Avars in 670, when the abbot and thirty monks were martyred. The abbey, dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours, was then supposedly rebuilt by Charles Martel and Saint Pirmin about 711.
The second and current view, based on more substantial research, is however that the foundation did not take place until the early 8th century. This is corroborated by archaeological investigation showing that the first traceable structure on the site was built in or about 700 and was destroyed in about 940, which is attributed to raiding Saracens.
The account of Sigisbert, as dramatised in the 12th century work, the "Passio Placidi", is that he was a wandering Frankish monk, inspired by the ideals of Columbanus and Luxeuil, who set up a cell here, under the protection of Saint Martin. Placidus was a local magnate and landowner, who supported Sigisbert, and who was murdered by Victor, the praeses ("president") of Chur, in an attempt to prevent the loss of independence involved in the transfer of a large amount of land to the church.
One of the earliest surviving documents relating to Disentis is the so-called "Testament of Tello", Bishop of Chur, which is dated 765 and records the already very extensive properties owned by the monastery. The story of the "Passio Placidi" makes Tello the son of Viktor, and the properties a guilt offering for the murder of Placidus. Whether or not this is so, the abbey had certainly acquired a very large estate by this date. Tello bequeathed his extensive landed and movable wealth, which was concentrated in the lower Surselva between Flims and Trun, to the Abbey. Cadi, the Sursilvan for "House of God" (Casa Dei), is the historical name of Disentis Abbey and its feudal territories.
Charlemagne visited the re-built abbey on his return journey from Rome in 800 and made many benefactions to it. It was a "Reichskloster" (directly answerable to the Emperor and thus free from the claims of other territorial lords) from very early in its existence. Disentis' claim to imperial interest was its strategic position on the Lukmanier Pass, which the Emperors Otto I and Frederick Barbarossa crossed during their journeys south. Successive abbots were able to capitalise on this to the advantage of the abbey, which received landholdings that extended as far as Lombardy, and which resulted in the establishment of a monastic state of considerable size.
Udalric I (1031–55) was the first abbot to be made a prince of the empire, as were several others later; many of them also became bishops of the neighbouring sees.
The subjects of Disentis Abbey first used their own seal in 1285. They had their own Landammann (mistral) from 1371. Cadi became an autonomous commune (cumin grond) of the Grey League in 1401. From 1472, the mistral was elected from a ticket of three candidates submitted by the abbot, from the 17th century in free elections. Until 1851, Cadi was divided into four jurisdictions (courts): Disentis, Tujetsch, Brigels with Medel, and Trun with Sumvitg.
In 1617 the abbey became a member of the recently formed Swiss Congregation (now part of the Benedictine Confederation). The buildings were refurbished in the Baroque style between 1683 and 1704. The monastery church of St. Martin was built in 1712 and underwent restoration in 2016.
Modern history
In 1799 the abbey was burned and plundered by the soldiers of Napoleon's army, and many valuable items, books and archives were destroyed, including a 7th-century manuscript chronicle. The printing press that had been set up in 1729 was also destroyed at the same time, but much of the melted type and other metal was saved and from it were made the pipes of the organ of the church of St. Martin's in Disentis. Most of what was not destroyed was confiscated to fund the war effort. The abbey also lost half of its estates. It was nevertheless rebuilt by Abbot Anselm Huonder, the last of the abbots to enjoy the rank and title of Prince of the Empire.
The abbey church
The feudal territory of the Abbey, which had held wide-ranging autonomy since the 15th century and which had purchased their freedom from abbey tithes in the 18th century, was formally abolished under the Helvetic Republic, in 1799, although the traditional system of governance was retained until the new cantonal constitution of 1851.
Although Disentis managed to escape the dissolution which was the fate of most religious houses at that time, the 19th century was nevertheless a difficult and precarious period. In 1880, with the restoration of religious houses in Switzerland, Disentis opened a secondary school, which continues to this day.
Present day
The abbey continues as a religious community following the Rule of St. Benedict. It has both a grammar school and a highly regarded gymnasium (secondary school). Around a third of the students are boarders. In 2004, the girl´s boarding school, which accepts girls from low income families, received a grant from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation. The monastery has a comprehensive Romansh library.
Images
Disentis Abbey
Monastery entrance
Inside the monastery entrance
Gallery of the church
Altar of Placidus
Disentis Abbey, view from Via Lucmagn
See also
Raetia Curiensis
Cadi (Surselva)
St Benedict's Chapel, Sumvitg
References
^ a b c "Disentis Monastery", Switzerland Tourism
^ a b c Alston, George Cyprian. "Abbey of Dissentis." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 7 November 2022 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "1400 Jahre", Benediktiner Kloster Disentis
^ "Benediktinerabtei Disentis", Stavros Niarchos Foundation
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Abbey of Dissentis". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Sources
Condrau, G., 1996. Disentis/Mustér: Geschichte und Gegenwart.
Jacobsen. W., et al., 1991. Vorromische Kirchenbauten (Suppl.), pp. 93–95.
Müller, I., 1971. Geschichte der Abtei Disentis von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart.
Müller, I., 1986. Die Frühzeit des Klosters Disentis in BM, 1-45, HS III/1, pp. 474–512.
Disentis in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
External links
Media related to Disentis Abbey at Wikimedia Commons
Official website (in German)
vte Holy Roman Empire — Imperial abbeys of the Swabian College Imperial abbeys and colleges(Reichsabteien, Reichsklösterund Reichsstifte)
Baindt
Comburg
Disentis
Elchingen
Frauenchiemsee
Fraumünster
Fürstenfeld
Gengenbach
Göss
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Heggbach
Helmarshausen
Herrenalb
Irsee
Kaisheim†
Lindau
Lorsch
Marchtal
Marmoutier
Maulbronn
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Mondsee
Murbach*
Neresheim
Ochsenhausen
Ottobeuren
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St. Gall's*
St. George's in Isny
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Weissenau
Wettenhausen
Ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire, 1648Imperial charterhouse(Reichskartause)
Buxheim†
* Also a Prince of the Empire
† Also in Rhenish College
46°42′25″N 8°51′23″E / 46.70694°N 8.85639°E / 46.70694; 8.85639
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Canton of Grisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisons"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Disentis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disentis"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"}],"text":"Disentis Abbey (German: Reichskloster Disentis) is a Benedictine monastery in the Canton of Grisons in eastern Switzerland, around which the present town of Disentis (Romansh: Mustér) grew up.","title":"Disentis Abbey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)"},{"link_name":"Saint Martin of Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"Charles Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel"},{"link_name":"Saint Pirmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pirmin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swisstour-1"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracens"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Columbanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbanus"},{"link_name":"Luxeuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Luxeuil"},{"link_name":"Chur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chur"},{"link_name":"Tello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tello_(bishop_of_Chur)"},{"link_name":"Surselva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surselva_Region"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alston-2"},{"link_name":"Reichskloster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskloster"},{"link_name":"Lukmanier Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukmanier_Pass"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swisstour-1"},{"link_name":"Otto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Frederick Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alston-2"},{"link_name":"Landammann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landammann"},{"link_name":"Cadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi_(Surselva)"},{"link_name":"Grey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_League"},{"link_name":"Swiss Congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Congregation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alston-2"},{"link_name":"Benedictine Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Baroque style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swisstour-1"}],"text":"Formerly the date of the foundation of this abbey, attributed to the local saints Placidus and Sigisbert, was held to be 614. The tradition further states that this monastery was destroyed by the Avars in 670, when the abbot and thirty monks were martyred. The abbey, dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours, was then supposedly rebuilt by Charles Martel and Saint Pirmin about 711.The second and current view, based on more substantial research, is however that the foundation did not take place until the early 8th century.[1] This is corroborated by archaeological investigation showing that the first traceable structure on the site was built in or about 700 and was destroyed in about 940, which is attributed to raiding Saracens.The account of Sigisbert, as dramatised in the 12th century work, the \"Passio Placidi\", is that he was a wandering Frankish monk, inspired by the ideals of Columbanus and Luxeuil, who set up a cell here, under the protection of Saint Martin. Placidus was a local magnate and landowner, who supported Sigisbert, and who was murdered by Victor, the praeses (\"president\") of Chur, in an attempt to prevent the loss of independence involved in the transfer of a large amount of land to the church.One of the earliest surviving documents relating to Disentis is the so-called \"Testament of Tello\", Bishop of Chur, which is dated 765 and records the already very extensive properties owned by the monastery. The story of the \"Passio Placidi\" makes Tello the son of Viktor, and the properties a guilt offering for the murder of Placidus. Whether or not this is so, the abbey had certainly acquired a very large estate by this date. Tello bequeathed his extensive landed and movable wealth, which was concentrated in the lower Surselva between Flims and Trun, to the Abbey. Cadi, the Sursilvan for \"House of God\" (Casa Dei), is the historical name of Disentis Abbey and its feudal territories.Charlemagne visited the re-built abbey on his return journey from Rome in 800 and made many benefactions to it.[2] It was a \"Reichskloster\" (directly answerable to the Emperor and thus free from the claims of other territorial lords) from very early in its existence. Disentis' claim to imperial interest was its strategic position on the Lukmanier Pass,[1] which the Emperors Otto I and Frederick Barbarossa crossed during their journeys south. Successive abbots were able to capitalise on this to the advantage of the abbey, which received landholdings that extended as far as Lombardy, and which resulted in the establishment of a monastic state of considerable size.Udalric I (1031–55) was the first abbot to be made a prince of the empire, as were several others later; many of them also became bishops of the neighbouring sees.[2]The subjects of Disentis Abbey first used their own seal in 1285. They had their own Landammann (mistral) from 1371. Cadi became an autonomous commune (cumin grond) of the Grey League in 1401. From 1472, the mistral was elected from a ticket of three candidates submitted by the abbot, from the 17th century in free elections. Until 1851, Cadi was divided into four jurisdictions (courts): Disentis, Tujetsch, Brigels with Medel, and Trun with Sumvitg.In 1617 the abbey became a member of the recently formed Swiss Congregation[2] (now part of the Benedictine Confederation). The buildings were refurbished in the Baroque style between 1683 and 1704.[1] The monastery church of St. Martin was built in 1712 and underwent restoration in 2016.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KlosterkircheDissentisInnen.JPG"},{"link_name":"Helvetic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetic_Republic"}],"text":"In 1799 the abbey was burned and plundered by the soldiers of Napoleon's army, and many valuable items, books and archives were destroyed, including a 7th-century manuscript chronicle. The printing press that had been set up in 1729 was also destroyed at the same time, but much of the melted type and other metal was saved and from it were made the pipes of the organ of the church of St. Martin's in Disentis. Most of what was not destroyed was confiscated to fund the war effort. The abbey also lost half of its estates.[3] It was nevertheless rebuilt by Abbot Anselm Huonder, the last of the abbots to enjoy the rank and title of Prince of the Empire.The abbey churchThe feudal territory of the Abbey, which had held wide-ranging autonomy since the 15th century and which had purchased their freedom from abbey tithes in the 18th century, was formally abolished under the Helvetic Republic, in 1799, although the traditional system of governance was retained until the new cantonal constitution of 1851.Although Disentis managed to escape the dissolution which was the fate of most religious houses at that time, the 19th century was nevertheless a difficult and precarious period. In 1880, with the restoration of religious houses in Switzerland, Disentis opened a secondary school, which continues to this day.","title":"Modern history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stavros Niarchos Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavros_Niarchos_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"}],"text":"The abbey continues as a religious community following the Rule of St. Benedict. It has both a grammar school and a highly regarded gymnasium (secondary school). Around a third of the students are boarders. In 2004, the girl´s boarding school, which accepts girls from low income families, received a grant from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation.[4] The monastery has a comprehensive Romansh library.","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CHDisentisMonastery.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DisentisKlosterpforte.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KlosterpforteInnen.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DisentisEmpore.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DisentisPlacidusaltar.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benediktinerabtei_Disentis_September_2019.jpg"}],"text":"Disentis Abbey\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonastery entrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside the monastery entrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGallery of the church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAltar of Placidus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDisentis Abbey, view from Via Lucmagn","title":"Images"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D11490.php"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F11490.php"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I11490.php"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland"}],"text":"Condrau, G., 1996. Disentis/Mustér: Geschichte und Gegenwart.\nJacobsen. W., et al., 1991. Vorromische Kirchenbauten (Suppl.), pp. 93–95.\nMüller, I., 1971. Geschichte der Abtei Disentis von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart.\nMüller, I., 1986. Die Frühzeit des Klosters Disentis in BM, 1-45, HS III/1, pp. 474–512.\nDisentis in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"The abbey church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KlosterkircheDissentisInnen.JPG/220px-KlosterkircheDissentisInnen.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire, 1648","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Ecclesiastical.png/150px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Ecclesiastical.png"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ob%C5%A1itn%C3%ADk
|
Martin Obšitník
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Slovak footballer
Martin ObšitníkPersonal informationFull name
Martin ObšitníkDate of birth
(1969-11-02) 2 November 1969 (age 54)Place of birth
Košice, CzechoslovakiaHeight
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
FC Petržalka akadémiaNumber
24Youth career
Lokomotíva KošiceSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1987–1988
Lokomotíva Košice
1988–1995
Inter Bratislava
1995–1996
1. FC Košice
1996–1997
Dukla Banská Bystrica
1997–1998
Lokomotíva Košice
1998–1999
HFC Humenné
1999–2001
Dynamo České Budějovice
32
(5)2002–2003
1. FC Košice
2003–2004
Artmedia Petržalka
2004–2005
Slovan Bratislava
2008
Ružinov
2014–
Petržalka akadémia
International career1989
Czechoslovakia U20
1994
Slovakia
4
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 27 August 2014
Martin Obšitník (born 2 November 1969, in Košice) is a former Slovak professional football midfielder who currently plays for FC Petržalka akadémia. Obšitník is a participant of 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship. He played for Slovakia four games in 1994. He played in the Gambrinus liga for two seasons with Dynamo České Budějovice.
References
^ FIFA U20 World Cup 1989
^ "Martin Obšitník" (in Czech). gambrinusliga.cz. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
External links
Martin Obšitník at National-Football-Teams.com
Martin Obšitník – FIFA competition record (archived)
This biographical article related to a midfielder from Slovakia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Martin Obšitník\" (in Czech). gambrinusliga.cz. Retrieved 19 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gambrinusliga.cz/hrac/953-martin-obitnk.html","url_text":"\"Martin Obšitník\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071018073822/http://fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=104/edition=191209/overview.html","external_links_name":"FIFA U20 World Cup 1989"},{"Link":"http://www.gambrinusliga.cz/hrac/953-martin-obitnk.html","external_links_name":"\"Martin Obšitník\""},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/27094.html","external_links_name":"Martin Obšitník"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=163543/index.html","external_links_name":"Martin Obšitník"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Ob%C5%A1itn%C3%ADk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bansard
|
René Bansard
|
["1 Background","2 References"]
|
French archaeologist
René BansardBorn(1904-10-20)October 20, 1904Grandcamp-MaisyDiedNovember 26, 1971(1971-11-26) (aged 67)Saint-André-de-MesseiOccupationArchaeologist
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (January 2012) Click for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the French article.
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For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
René Bansard (1904–1971) was a French archaeologist.
Background
He was born in 1904 to a merchant in Grandcamp-Maisy. He died in 1971 in Saint-André-de-Messei.
References
^ "Conférence à La Ferté-Macé : René Bansard, un Fertois à la recherche du Roi Arthur". actu.fr. April 2, 2019.
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This article about a French scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurele_Vandendriessche
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Aurèle Vandendriessche
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["1 Achievements","2 References","3 External links"]
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Belgian marathon runner (1932–2023)
Aurèle VandendriesscheVandendriessche in 1964Personal informationBorn(1932-07-04)4 July 1932Anzegem, BelgiumDied17 October 2023(2023-10-17) (aged 91)Waregem, BelgiumHeight173 cm (5 ft 8 in)Weight60 kg (132 lb)SportSportAthleticsEventMarathonClubWaregem ACAchievements and titlesPersonal best2:17:44 (1965)
Medal record
Representing Belgium
European Championships
1962 Belgrade
Marathon
1966 Budapest
Marathon
Aurèle Vandendriessche (4 July 1932 – 17 October 2023) was a Belgian marathon runner, who won silver medals at the 1962 and 1966 European Championships. He competed at the 1956, 1960, and 1964 Summer Olympics with the best result of seventh place in 1964. Twice winner of the Boston Marathon (1963 and 1964), he recorded his best time there, 2:17:44 in 1965, while finishing fourth.
At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Abebe Bikila, followed barefoot at the rear of the lead pack, which was moving at a scorching pace and included Arthur Keily, Bakir Benaïssa, Rhadi Ben Abdesselam who was the reigning world cross-country champion, Bertie Messitt, the marathon world record holder Sergey Popov, and Vandendriessche. Bikila won, setting a world record at 2:15:16.2. After they dispatched the rest of the field by 25 kilometers, Abdesselam stayed with Bikila until the final 500 meters, finishing second in 2:15:41.6. Vandendriessche abandoned the race. He placed seventh at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, where Bikila won again with a new world record.
Vandendriessche died in Waregem on 17 October 2023, at the age of 91.
The 1960 lead pack near the 10 km (6 mi) mark, Abebe (#11), following Messitt (#58), Benaïssa (white headband), Keily (#46) who faded to 25th, Vandendriessche (#36), and ben Abdesselam (#185).
Achievements
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Event
Notes
Representing Belgium
1962
European Championships
Belgrade, Yugoslavia
2nd
Marathon
2:24:02.0
1963
Boston Marathon
Boston, United States
1st
Marathon
2:18:58
1964
Boston Marathon
Boston, United States
1st
Marathon
2:19:59
1965
Enschede Marathon
Enschede, Netherlands
1st
Marathon
2:21:16
Košice Peace Marathon
Košice, Czechoslovakia
1st
Marathon
2:23:47
1966
European Championships
Budapest, Hungary
2nd
Marathon
2:21:43.6
References
^ a b c Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Aurèle Vandendriessche". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020.
^ Auréle van den Driessche. trackfield.brinkster.net
^ Boston Marathon History: 1961–1965 Archived 3 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Boston Athletic Association. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
^ Maraniss, David (2008). Rome 1960: The Olympics That Changed the World. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781416534075. OCLC 214066042. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
^ "Aurèle Vandendriessche". Vanhoutteghem Funerals. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
External links
Media related to Aurèle Vandendriessche at Wikimedia Commons
Profile
vteBelgian National Sports Merit Award
1928 Louis Crooy and Victor Groenen
1929 Georges Ronsse
1930 Hyacinte Roosen
1931 René Milhoux and Jules Tacheny
1932 not awarded
1933 Jef Scherens
1934 Union SG
1935 Count Arnold de Looz-Corswarem
1936 Ernest Demuyter
1937 Joseph Mostert
1938 Hubert Carton de Wiart
1939 Commandant Henry de Menten de Horne
1940 Fernande Caroen
1941 Jan Guilini
1942 Pol Braekman
1943 Prince Albert de Ligne
1944 not awarded
1945 Flying personnel of the Belgian Royal Air Force-section
1946 Gaston Reiff
1947 Micheline Lannoy and Pierre Baugniet
1948 Étienne Gailly
1949 Feru Moulin
1950 Briek Schotte
1951 Johnny Claes and Jacky Ickx
1952 André Noyelle
1953 Crew of the Yacht Omoo (Mr. and Mrs. Van de Wielle and Fred Debels)
1954 Adolph Verschueren
1955 Roger Moens
1956 Gilberte Thirion
1957 Jacques Brichant and Philippe Washer
1958 René Baeten
1959 Belgium men's national field hockey team
1960 Flory Van Donck
1961 Rik Van Looy
1962 Gaston Roelants
1963 Aurèle Vandendriessche
1964 Joël Robert
1965 First jachtwing of the Belgian Air Component
1966 Raymond Ceulemans
1967 Ferdinand Bracke and Eddy Merckx
1968 Jacky Ickx
1969 Serge Reding
1970 Freddy Herbrand
1971 Emiel Puttemans
1972 Karel Lismont
1973 Roger De Coster
1974 Paul Van Himst
1975 Jean-Pierre Burny
1976 Ivo Van Damme
1977 Gaston Rahier
1978 Anderlecht
1979 Robert Van de Walle
1980 Belgium national football team
1981 Annie Lambrechts
1982 Ingrid Berghmans
1983 Eddy Annys
1984 André Malherbe
1985 not awarded
1986 William Van Dijck
1987 Ingrid Lempereur
1988 Eric Geboers
1989 Michel Preud'homme
1990 Jan Ceulemans
1991 Jean-Michel Saive
1992 Annelies Bredael
1993 Vincent Rousseau
1994 Brigitte Becue
1995 Fred Deburghgraeve
1996 Johan Museeuw
1997 Luc Van Lierde
1998 Ulla Werbrouck
1999 Gella Vandecaveye
2000 Joël Smets
2001 Kim Clijsters and Justine Henin
2002 Marc Wilmots
2003 Stefan Everts
2004 Axel Merckx
2005 Tom Boonen
2006 Kim Gevaert and Tia Hellebaut
2007 Belgian Women's 4×100 metres relay team
2008 not awarded
2009 Philippe Gilbert
2010 Philippe Le Jeune
2011 Kevin Borlée
2012 Evi Van Acker
2013 Frederik Van Lierde
2014 Daniel Van Buyten
2015 Belgian men's 4 × 400 metres relay team
2016 Nafissatou Thiam
2017 David Goffin
2018 Nina Derwael
2019 Belgium men's national field hockey team
2020 Wout van Aert
2021 Bashir Abdi
2022 Remco Evenepoel
2023 Bart Swings
vteGolden Spike AwardMen's winners
1954: Lucien De Muynck
1955: Walter Herssens
1956: Roger Moens
1957: Henri Haest
1958: Roger Verheuen
1959: Edouard Szostak
1960: Gaston Roelants
1961: Georges Salmon
1962: Aureel Vandendriessche
1963: Paul Coppejans
1964: Eugene Allonsius
1965: Leo Mariën
1966: André Dehertoghe
1967: Roger Lespagnard
1968: Willy Polleunis
1969: Philippe Housiaux
1970: Miel Puttemans
1971: Freddy Herbrand
1972: Karel Lismont
1973: Régis Ghesquière
1974: Marc Smet
1975: Bruno Brokken
1976: Ivo Van Damme
1977: Patrick Desruelles & Elie Van Vlierberghe
1978: Fons Brydenbach
1979: Ronald Desruelles
1980: Leon Schots
1981: Eddy Annys
1982: Alex Hagelsteens
1983: Jean-Marc Jacques & Jan Van Hocht
1984: William Van Dijck
1985: Marc Borra
1986: Vincent Rousseau
1987: Didier Falise
1988: William Van Dijck
1989: Godfried Dejonckheere
1990: Patrick Stevens
1991: Godfried Dejonckheere
1992: William Van Dijck
1993–94: Vincent Rousseau
1995–96: Patrick Stevens
1997: Mohammed Mourhit
1998: Jonathan Nsenga
1999–2001: Mohammed Mourhit
2002–03: Cédric Van Branteghem
2004: Joeri Jansen
2005: François Gourmet
2006: Kristof Beyens
2007: Hans Van Alphen
2008: Kevin Borlée
2009: Jonathan Borlée
2010–11: Kevin Borlée
2012: Hans Van Alphen
2013: Jonathan Borlée
2014: Thomas Van der Plaetsen
2015: Philip Milanov
2016: Thomas Van der Plaetsen
2017: Philip Milanov
2018: Koen Naert
2019: Bashir Abdi
2020: not awarded
2021-23: Bashir Abdi
Women's winners
1974: Sonja Castelein
1975: Hilde Van Dyck
1976: Bernadette Van Roy
1977: Anne-Marie Pira
1978: Lea Alaerts
1979: Chris Soetewey
1980: Magda Ilands
1981: Françoise Van Poelvoorde
1982: Anne Michel
1983: Chris Van Landschoot
1984: Marie-Christine Deurbroeck
1985: Jacqueline Hautenauve
1986: Lieve Slegers
1987: Hilde Vervaet
1988: Sylvia Dethier
1989: Véronique Collard
1990: Lieve Slegers
1991: Sylvia Dethier
1992: Lieve Slegers
1993: Sabrina De Leeuw
1994–95: Lieve Slegers
1996: Ann Mercken
1997–99: Marleen Renders
2000: Veerle Dejaeghere
2001–05: Kim Gevaert
2006: Tia Hellebaut
2007: Kim Gevaert
2008: Tia Hellebaut
2009: Eline Berings
2010: Svetlana Bolshakova
2011: Élodie Ouédraogo
2012: Tia Hellebaut
2013–19: Nafissatou Thiam
2020: not awarded
2021-22: Nafissatou Thiam
2023: Cynthia Bolingo
Men's talent winners
1988: Patrick Stevens
1989: Gino Van Geyte
1990: Stefaan Allemeersch
1991: Yassin Guellet
1992: Benjamin Leroy
1993: Nathan Kahan
1994: Erik Nys
1995: Sven Pieters
1996: Kjell Provost
1997: Ben Quintelier
1998: Johan Kloek
1999: Thibaut Duval & Hans Janssens
2000: Matthieu Van Diest
2001: Kevin Rans
2002: Michael Velter
2003: Xavier De Baerdemaeker
2004: Pieter Desmet
2005: Frédéric Xhonneux
2006: Jonathan Borlée
2007: Adrien Deghelt
2008: Kevin Borlée
2009: Jeroen D'hoedt & Thomas Van der Plaetsen
2010: Julien Watrin
2011: Stef Vanhaeren
2012: Dario De Borger
2013: Pieter-Jan Hannes
2014: Mathias Broothaerts
2015: Isaac Kimeli
2016: Ben Broeders
2017: Simon Debognies
2018: Jonathan Sacoor
2019: Thomas Carmoy
2020: not awarded
2021: Jente Hauttekeete
2022: Mimoun Abdoul Wahab
2023: Clément Labar
Women's talent winners
1988: Ann Maenhout
1989: Anneke Matthijs
1990: Sandrine Hennart
1991: Anja Smolders
1992: Sabrina De Leeuw
1993: Kathleen Van Hove
1994: Annelies Demeester
1995: Kim Gevaert
1996: Cindy Stas
1997: Ludivine Michel
1998: Catherine Lallemand
1999: Veerle Dejaeghere
2000: Mieke Geens
2001: Sigrid Vanden Bempt
2002: Elfje Willemsen
2003: Olivia Borlée
2004: Lien Huyghebaert
2005: Eline Berings
2006: Annelies Peetroons
2007: Anne Zagré
2008: Hannelore Desmet
2009: Lindsey De Grande
2010: Hanne Van Hessche
2011: Marjolein Lindemans
2012: Nafissatou Thiam
2013: Justien Grillet
2014: Chloé Beaucarne
2015: Louise Carton
2016: Renée Eykens
2017: Hanne Maudens
2018: Elise Vanderelst
2019: Paulien Couckuyt
2020: not awarded
2021: Rani Rosius
2022: Helena Ponette
2023: Delphine Nkansa
G-athlete winners
2021: Peter Genyn
2022-23: Roger Habsch
G-promotors
2021: Marieke Vervoort
2022: Mieke Van Thuyne
vteBoston Marathon – men's winners
1897: John McDermott (USA)
1898: Ronald MacDonald (CAN)
1899: Lawrence Brignolia (USA)
1900–01: Jack Caffery (CAN)
1902: Sammy Mellor (USA)
1903: John Lordan (USA)
1904: Michael Spring (USA)
1905: Frederick Lorz (USA)
1906: Timothy Ford (USA)
1907: Thomas Longboat (CAN)
1908: Thomas Morrissey (USA)
1909: Henri Renaud (USA)
1910: Fred Cameron (CAN)
1911: Clarence DeMar (USA)
1912: Michael Ryan (USA)
1913: Fritz Carlson (USA)
1914: James Duffy (CAN)
1915: Édouard Fabre (CAN)
1916: Arthur Roth (USA)
1917: Bill Kennedy (USA)
1918: (Military Relay)
1919: Carl Linder (USA)
1920: Peter Trivoulides (GRE)
1921: Frank Zuna (USA)
1922–24: Clarence DeMar (USA)
1925: Charles Mellor (USA)
1926: John C. Miles (CAN)
1927–28: Clarence DeMar (USA)
1929: John C. Miles (CAN)
1930: Clarence DeMar (USA)
1931: James Henigan (USA)
1932: Paul de Bruyn (GER)
1933: Leslie S. Pawson (USA)
1934: Dave Komonen (CAN)
1935: John A. Kelley (USA)
1936: Ellison Brown (USA)
1937: Walter Young (CAN)
1938: Leslie S. Pawson (USA)
1939: Ellison Brown (USA)
1940: Gérard Côté (CAN)
1941: Leslie S. Pawson (USA)
1942: Joe Smith (USA)
1943–44: Gérard Côté (CAN)
1945: John A. Kelley (USA)
1946: Stylianos Kyriakides (GRE)
1947: Suh Yun-bok (KOR)
1948: Gérard Côté (CAN)
1949: Gösta Leandersson (SWE)
1950: Ham Kee-yong (KOR)
1951: Shigeki Tanaka (JPN)
1952: Mateo Flores (GTM)
1953: Keizo Yamada (JPN)
1954: Veikko Karvonen (FIN)
1955: Hideo Hamamura (JPN)
1956: Antti Viskari (FIN)
1957: John J. Kelley (USA)
1958: Franjo Mihalić (YUG)
1959: Eino Oksanen (FIN)
1960: Paavo Kotila (FIN)
1961–62: Eino Oksanen (FIN)
1963–64: Aurèle Vandendriessche (BEL)
1965: Morio Shigematsu (JPN)
1966: Kenji Kimihara (JPN)
1967: Dave McKenzie (NZL)
1968: Amby Burfoot (USA)
1969: Yoshiaki Unetani (JPN)
1970: Ron Hill (GBR)
1971: Álvaro Mejía (COL)
1972: Olavi Suomalainen (FIN)
1973: Jon Anderson (USA)
1974: Neil Cusack (IRE)
1975: Bill Rodgers (USA)
1976: Jack Fultz (USA)
1977: Jerome Drayton (CAN)
1978–80: Bill Rodgers (USA)
1981: Toshihiko Seko (JPN)
1982: Alberto Salazar (USA)
1983: Greg Meyer (USA)
1984–85: Geoff Smith (GBR)
1986: Robert de Castella (AUS)
1987: Toshihiko Seko (JPN)
1988: Ibrahim Hussein (KEN)
1989: Abebe Mekonnen (ETH)
1990: Gelindo Bordin (ITA)
1991–92: Ibrahim Hussein (KEN)
1993–95: Cosmas Ndeti (KEN)
1996: Moses Tanui (KEN)
1997: Lameck Aguta (KEN)
1998: Moses Tanui (KEN)
1999: Joseph Chebet (KEN)
2000: Elijah Lagat (KEN)
2001: Lee Bong-ju (KOR)
2002: Rodgers Rop (KEN)
2003: Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot (KEN)
2004: Timothy Cherigat (KEN)
2005: Hailu Negussie (ETH)
2006–08: Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot (KEN)
2009: Deriba Merga (ETH)
2010: Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot (KEN)
2011: Geoffrey Mutai (KEN)
2012: Wesley Korir (KEN)
2013: Lelisa Desisa (ETH)
2014: Meb Keflezighi (USA)
2015: Lelisa Desisa (ETH)
2016: Lemi Berhanu Hayle (ETH)
2017: Geoffrey Kipkorir Kirui (KEN)
2018: Yuki Kawauchi (JPN)
2019: Lawrence Cherono (KEN)
2020: cancelled
2021: Benson Kipruto (KEN)
2022–23: Evans Chebet (KEN)
2024: Sisay Lemma (KEN)
World Marathon Majors
Berlin Marathon – List (M/W)
Boston Marathon – List (M/W)
Chicago Marathon – List (M/W)
London Marathon – List (M/W)
New York City Marathon – List (M/W)
Tokyo Marathon – List (M/W)
vteEnschede Marathon – men's winners
1947: Eero Riikonen (FIN)
1949: Jack Holden (ENG)
1951: Veikko Karvonen (FIN)
1953: Jim Peters (ENG)
1955: Reinaldo Gorno (ARG)
1957: Piet Bleeker (NED)
1959: Pavel Kantorek (TCH)
1961: Peter Wilkinson (GBR)
1963: Václav Chudomel (TCH)
1965: Aurèle Vandendriessche (BEL)
1967: Yoshiro Mifune (JPN)
1969: Kazuo Matsubara (JPN)
1971: Bernie Allen (ENG)
1973–1975: Ron Hill (ENG)
1977: Brian Maxwell (CAN)
1979: Kirk Pfeffer (USA)
1981: Cor Vriend (NED)
1983: Kevin Forster (GBR)
1985: Zoltan Köszegi (HUN)
1987–1989: Marti ten Kate (NED)
1991: Sergey Prorokov (URS)
1992: Willie Mtolo (RSA)
1993: Jan Tau (RSA)
1994: Piotr Poblocki (POL)
1995: Viktor Goural (UKR)
1996: John Mandu (KEN)
1997: Dmitry Kapitonov (RUS)
1998: Hussein Ahmed Salah (DJI)
1999: Anatoli Zerouk (UKR)
2000: Cancelled
2001: El Mustapha Riad (MAR)
2002: Raymond Kipkoech (KEN)
2003: Wilson Kibet (KEN)
2004: Girma Tolla (ETH)
2005: John Kelai (KEN)
2006: Sammy Rotich (KEN)
2007: Thomson Cherogony (KEN)
2008: Silas Toek (KEN)
2009: Jacob Kipchumba Yator (KEN)
2010: John Kelai (KEN)
2011: Stephen Kiprotich (UGA)
2012: Ishhimael Busendich (KEN)
2013: Isaac Kosgei (KEN)
2014: Elijah Sang (KEN)
2015: Evans Cheruiyot (KEN)
2016: David Stevens (BEL)
2017: Jonas Roels (BEL)
2018: Mohamed Oumaarir (MAR)
2019: Geart Jorritsma (NED)
2020: cancelled
2021: Eliud Kipchoge (KEN)
2022: Julius Tuwei (KEN)
vteKošice Peace Marathon – men's winners
1924: Karol Halla (TCH)
1925: Pál Király (HUN)
1926: Paul Hempel (GER)
1927–28: József Galambos (HUN)
1929: Paul Hempel (GER)
1930: István Zelenka (HUN)
1931: Juan Carlos Zabala (ARG)
1932–33: József Galambos (HUN)
1934: Josef Šulc (TCH)
1935: Artūrs Motmillers (LAT)
1936: György Balaban (AUT)
1937: Désiré Leriche (FRA)
1939: József Kiss (HUN)
1941: József Gyimesi (HUN)
1942: József Kiss (HUN)
1943: Géza Kiss (HUN)
1944: Rezső Kövári (HUN)
1945: Antonín Špiroch (TCH)
1946: Mikko Hietanen (FIN)
1947: Charles Heirendt (LUX)
1948: Gösta Leandersson (SWE)
1949: Martti Urpalainen (FIN)
1950: Gösta Leandersson (SWE)
1951: Jaroslav Śtrupp (TCH)
1952: Erkki Puolakka (FIN)
1953: Walter Bednář (TCH)
1954: Erkki Puolakka (FIN)
1955: Evert Nyberg (SWE)
1956: Thomas Hilt Nilsson (SWE)
1957: Ivan Filin (URS)
1958: Pavel Kantorek (TCH)
1959: Sergei Popov (URS)
1960: Samuel Hardicker (GBR)
1961: Abebe Bikila (ETH)
1962: Pavel Kantorek (TCH)
1963: Buddy Edelen (USA)
1964: Pavel Kantorek (TCH)
1965: Aurèle Vandendriessche (BEL)
1966: Gyula Tóth (HUN)
1967: Nedo Farčić (YUG)
1968: Václav Chudomel (TCH)
1969: Demissie Wolde (ETH)
1970: Mikhail Gorelov (URS)
1971: Gyula Tóth (HUN)
1972: John Farrington (AUS)
1973: Vladimir Moyseyev (URS)
1974: Keith Angus (GBR)
1975: Choe Chang-sop (PRK)
1976: Takeshi So (JPN)
1977–78: Go Chun Son (PRK)
1979: Jouni Kortelainen (FIN)
1980: Alexey Lyagushev (URS)
1981: Hans-Joachim Truppel (GDR)
1982: György Sinkó (HUN)
1983: František Višnický (TCH)
1984: Ri Dong Myong (PRK)
1985: Valentin Starikov (URS)
1986: František Višnický (TCH)
1987: Jörg Peter (GDR)
1988: Michael Heilmann (GDR)
1989: Karel David (TCH)
1990: Nikolay Kolesnikov (URS)
1991: Vlastimil Bukovjan (TCH)
1992–93: Wiesław Pałczyński (POL)
1994: Petr Pipa (SVK)
1995–96: Marnix Goegebeur (BEL)
1997: My Tahar Echchadli (MAR)
1998: Andrzej Krzyścin (POL)
1999: Róbert Štefko (SVK)
2000: Ernest Kipyego (KEN)
2001–02: David Kariuki (KEN)
2003: Grigoriy Andreyev (RUS)
2004: Adam Dobrzyński (POL)
2005: David Maiyo (KEN)
2006: Edwin Kipchom (KEN)
2007: William Biama (KEN)
2008: Dejene Yirdaw (ETH)
2009: Jacob Kipkorir Chesire (KEN)
2010: Gilbert Chepkwony (KEN)
2011: Elijah Kemboi (KEN)
2012: Lawrence Kimaiyo (KEN)
2013: Patrick Korir (KEN)
2014: Gilbert Chepkwony (KEN)
2015: Samuel Kiplimo Kosgei (KEN)
2016: David Kemboi Kiyeng (KEN)
2017: Reuben Kerio (KEN)
2018: Raymond Choge (KEN)
2019: Hillary Kipsambu (KEN)
2020: Marek Hladík (SVK)
2021: Reuben Kerio (KEN)
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"},{"link_name":"Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Abebe Bikila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abebe_Bikila"},{"link_name":"Arthur Keily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Keily"},{"link_name":"Bakir Benaïssa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakir_Bena%C3%AFssa"},{"link_name":"Rhadi Ben Abdesselam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhadi_Ben_Abdesselam"},{"link_name":"Bertie Messitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Messitt"},{"link_name":"Sergey Popov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Popov_(marathon_runner)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"},{"link_name":"Waregem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waregem"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abebe_Bikila_1960_Olympics.jpg"}],"text":"Aurèle Vandendriessche (4 July 1932 – 17 October 2023) was a Belgian marathon runner, who won silver medals at the 1962 and 1966 European Championships. He competed at the 1956, 1960, and 1964 Summer Olympics with the best result of seventh place in 1964.[1] Twice winner of the Boston Marathon (1963 and 1964), he recorded his best time there, 2:17:44 in 1965, while finishing fourth.[3]At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Abebe Bikila, followed barefoot at the rear of the lead pack, which was moving at a scorching pace and included Arthur Keily, Bakir Benaïssa, Rhadi Ben Abdesselam who was the reigning world cross-country champion, Bertie Messitt, the marathon world record holder Sergey Popov, and Vandendriessche.[4] Bikila won, setting a world record at 2:15:16.2. After they dispatched the rest of the field by 25 kilometers, Abdesselam stayed with Bikila until the final 500 meters, finishing second in 2:15:41.6. Vandendriessche abandoned the race. He placed seventh at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, where Bikila won again with a new world record.[1]Vandendriessche died in Waregem on 17 October 2023, at the age of 91.[5]The 1960 lead pack near the 10 km (6 mi) mark, Abebe (#11), following Messitt (#58), Benaïssa (white headband), Keily (#46) who faded to 25th, Vandendriessche (#36), and ben Abdesselam (#185).","title":"Aurèle Vandendriessche"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"}]
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[{"image_text":"The 1960 lead pack near the 10 km (6 mi) mark, Abebe (#11), following Messitt (#58), Benaïssa (white headband), Keily (#46) who faded to 25th, Vandendriessche (#36), and ben Abdesselam (#185).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abebe_Bikila_1960_Olympics.jpg/360px-Abebe_Bikila_1960_Olympics.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Opalka
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Adolf Opálka
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["1 Early life","2 World War II","2.1 Out Distance","2.2 Operation Anthropoid","3 Honors and decorations","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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Czech soldier and resistance fighter (1915–1942)
Adolf OpálkaBorn(1915-01-04)4 January 1915Rešice, Austria-Hungary(present-day Czech Republic)Died18 June 1942(1942-06-18) (aged 27)Prague, Occupied CzechoslovakiaAllegiance Czechoslovakia France United KingdomService/branch Czechoslovak Army French Army British ArmyYears of service1936–1942RankFirst lieutenantUnitSpecial Operations ExecutiveCommands heldOut DistanceBattles/warsWorld War II
Battle of France
Operation Anthropoid
AwardsSee awards
First Lieutenant Adolf Opálka (4 January 1915 – 18 June 1942) was a Czechoslovak soldier, member of the Czech sabotage group Out Distance, a World War II anti-Nazi resistance group, and a participant in Operation Anthropoid, the successful mission to kill Reinhard Heydrich.
Opálka was born into a middle-class family in Rešice and joined the Czechoslovak Army in 1936 where he served in the 43rd Infantry Regiment in Brno. The Munich Agreement and subsequent German occupation of Czechoslovakia led to the disbanding of the Czechoslovak Army, and Opálka's career ended. He escaped to North Africa where he served in the French Foreign Legion, and he later returned to France. He then joined the Out Distance group and participated in Operation Anthropoid. He was found days later by the Nazis, and he committed suicide in the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Prague after a gunfight in which he was injured.
Early life
Opálka was born in Rešice near Dukovany the illegitimate son of miller Viktor Jarolím (1889–1942) of Tulešice and Anežka Opálková. When his mother died in 1923, Opálka lived with his aunt Marie Opálková (1882–1942).
Between 1932 and 1936, Opálka studied at the Commercial Academy and, shortly after his graduation in 1936, he joined the army of Czechoslovakia. After recruitment and training, he was assigned to the 43rd Infantry Regiment in Brno and shortly afterwards attended the Army Academy in Hranice. After graduation, Opálka joined the 2nd Mountain Regiment in Ružomberok as a lieutenant.
The Munich Agreement ended Opálka's army career in his homeland, and he left Czechoslovakia with his cousin František Pospíšil. First travelling through Poland and France, they fled to North Africa, where they joined the French Foreign Legion. Opálka served in Sidi Bel Abbes as a sergeant of the 1st Infantry Regiment. Later, he joined Senegal's Gunmen in Oran.
Opálka's fiancée spoke about this period of his life:
Shortly before he left he burned all our correspondence, I did the same on his request. In the morning before he left, I photographed him for the last time. The picture is unhappy just like the departure itself, because we didn't know what he was putting himself into…
World War II
After the start of World War II and the occupation of Czechoslovakia, Opálka returned to France from Africa and joined a developing Czechoslovak army in Agde, serving as leader of an infantry platoon of the 2nd Infantry Regiment of the 1st Czechoslovak Infantry Division. In January 1940, he was transferred to the 3rd Infantry Division and commanded the 5th Infantry Battalion.
On 12 July 1940, when France was defeated, Opálka sailed on the troopship SS Neuralia to the United Kingdom and as an unfiled officer served in a machine gun platoon. In the summer of 1941, he volunteered as a soldier for covert operations behind enemy lines. He had been trained in Scotland in Special Training Schools. Afterwards, he became leader of the group codenamed "Out Distance".
Out Distance
Main article: Out Distance
Opálka (cover name "Adolf Král"), Ivan Kolařík ("Jan Krátký"), and Karel Čurda ("Karel Vrbas") secretly parachuted into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia on 28 March 1942 to perform covert operations including bomber navigation and sabotage. The operations of Out Distance were complicated from the beginning. A navigational mistake by the Handley Page Halifax plane bringing them in caused the entire group to be dropped at the wrong location. This, together with the loss of equipment, led to the splitting up of the group. Opálka contacted captain Alfréd Bartoš from the group Silver-A and informed him of the situation. He later joined the group gathered around Operation Anthropoid in Prague and became leader of the Prague parachuters.
Operation Anthropoid
Main article: Operation Anthropoid
Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Prague
Operation Anthropoid involved a plot to kill Reinhard Heydrich, the Reichsprotektor of wartime Bohemia and Moravia with a modified anti-tank grenade. After the mission was carried out, Opálka and his six fellow combatants (Josef Bublík, Jozef Gabčík, Jan Hrubý, Jan Kubiš, Josef Valčík, and Jaroslav Švarc) were tracked to the Church of St. Cyril and St. Methodious in Prague. At 16:15 on 18 June 1942, the church was besieged by 800 soldiers of the German army and Waffen-SS. After a seven-hour fight, the outnumbered group of paratroopers fell. All died, including First Lieutenant Adolf Opálka who, injured by shrapnel, committed suicide.
Shortly after his departure, on his 27th birthday, Opálka wrote of homesickness:
I'm 27 years old today, the entire trip I pondered upon the words "Longing for home is a terrible thing, I know". Yes, only now do I know and understand. And this "homesickness" of Božena Němcová, which I never understood, is nothing compared to my longing for home. I'm willing to suffer through, and do whatever it takes, but only home and home and to honestly work, work for something... How can some speak of beauty, when they've never seen Rešice and the fields from Kordula to Rešice, who never strolled through the warm dirt there, who never felt the warm air and over the grain fields, who never saw our chapel in the milk of white cherries, Husák's garden, which always reminded me of Sholokhov, especially the dirt lumps under the "vortex" and the "Bare Hill" and all the other places on all of which I am. Parts of me are all over the world. In England, little was left of me, maybe more in Scotland... 27 years of life behind me. Death for my homeland. With that I have dealt, and am ready to do what it takes.
After the mission of the paratroopers, the Nazis unleashed strong reprisals. Opálka's aunt, Marie Opálková, was executed in Mauthausen on 24 October 1942. His father, Viktor Jarolím, was also killed.
Honors and decorations
Czechoslovak War Cross, 1939, 1942, and 1945
King's Commendation, posthumously, 1947
Gold Medal of the Czechoslovak Military Order for Liberty, 1949
First Class Star of Czechoslovak Army Order of the White Lion for Victory, posthumously, 1968
Order of Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Third Class, posthumously, 1991
Promoted to colonel, posthumously, 2002
See also
Jan Kubiš
Jozef Gabčík
Josef Valčík
Operation Anthropoid
References
^ a b "Parasutiste". Lib.cas.cz. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
^ a b c d e Grasgruber, Jiří (18 May 2007). "Atentát na Heydricha před 65 lety". Zrcadlo.info. Retrieved 27 March 2008.
^ a b "Sedm statečných z Resslovyulice" (in Czech). n.d. Archived from the original on 16 January 2005.
^ a b c d Menšíková, Miroslava; Jiří Mikulka (18 December 2008). "Adolf Opálka at Brno Encyclopedia". Brno Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
^ a b c d e f g Grasgruber, Pavel. "Rešice, Druhá světová válka". UOK Znojmo. Archived from the original on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
^ White, Lewis M (2000). On All Fronts: Czechoslovaks in World War II. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-456-3.
^ Marek, Vladimír (1 September 2002). "Atentát z hlediska vyššího principu". army.cz. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
^ "Sedm statečných z Resslovy ulice". Ministerstvo obrany Ceske republiky. Archived from the original on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
^ Hutak, J.B. With Blood and with Iron: The Lidice Story. Robert Hale. p. 133.
^ "Pamětní deska Adolf Opálka". eStránky.cz. 22 May 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
^ "Pomník obětem válek". eStránky.cz. 21 February 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
Further reading
David Stafford, "Britain and European Resistance, 1940–1945", University of Toronto Press 1980, ISBN 978-0-8020-2361-2.
Lewis M. White, "On All Fronts: Czechoslovaks in World War II", ISBN 978-0-88033-319-1.
David Chackom "Like a Man", ISBN 978-0-9723737-4-6.
J.B. Hutak, "With Blood and with Iron: The Lidice Story"
External links
Remembrance of Operation Anthropoid members (in Czech)
Encyclopedia of Brno (in Czech)
Opalka's personal file (in Czech)
vteCzechoslovakia in World War IIGovernmentGovernment-in-exile
Edvard Beneš
President
Jan Šrámek
Prime Minister
Jan Masaryk
foreign minister
František Moravec
Chief of Intelligence
ProtectorateNazi
Konstantin von Neurath, Reinhard Heydrich, Kurt Daluege, Wilhelm Frick
Reichsprotektor
Karl Hermann Frank
Chief of Police
Czech
Emil Hácha
President
Alois Eliáš, Jaroslav Krejčí, Richard Bienert
Prime minister
Emanuel Moravec
Slovak Republic
Jozef Tiso
President
Vojtech Tuka
Prime Minister
Ferdinand Čatloš
Minister of Defence
ResistanceActions
Anthropoid (1942)
Vrba–Wetzler report (1944)
Slovak National Uprising (1944)
Prague uprising (1945)
Czech Radio
Groups
Council of Three (cs)
Czech National Council (cs)
Jan Hus partisan brigade
Jan Žižka partisan brigade
Obrana národa
Out Distance
Slovak partisans
Slovak Insurgent Air Force
ÚVOD
Working Group
MilitaryBattles
Sudeten (1938)
Liptaň (1938)
Carpatho-Ukraine (1939)
Čajánek's barracks (1939)
Slovak–Hungarian (1939)
Dukla Pass (1944)
Bratislava–Brno Offensive (1945)
Prague Offensive (1945)
Slivice (1945)
Racibórz (1945)
Operation B (1945)
War crimes
17 November (1939)
Heydrichiáda (1942)
Kobylisy
Lidice
Životice (1944)
Kremnička and Nemecká (1944–45)
Ploština (1945)
Holocaust
Sudetenland
Protectorate
Slovakia
Carpathian Ruthenia
Sereď concentration camp
Theresienstadt Ghetto
UnitsWestern
Czechoslovak Legion
1st Czechoslovak Division
RAF Squadrons
310
311
312
313
11th Infantry Battalion
1st Armoured Brigade
Soviet
1st Czechoslovak Army Corps
1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division
Axis
Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
Hlinka Guard
Emergency Divisions
Government Army
Slovak Air Force
Slovak Army
Topics
Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II
Fall Grün
Munich Agreement
Sudetenland
Sudeten Germans
Western betrayal
Category
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Czech Republic
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The Munich Agreement and subsequent German occupation of Czechoslovakia led to the disbanding of the Czechoslovak Army, and Opálka's career ended. He escaped to North Africa where he served in the French Foreign Legion, and he later returned to France. He then joined the Out Distance group and participated in Operation Anthropoid. He was found days later by the Nazis, and he committed suicide in the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Prague after a gunfight in which he was injured.","title":"Adolf Opálka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rešice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%A1ice"},{"link_name":"Dukovany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukovany"},{"link_name":"illegitimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate"},{"link_name":"miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller"},{"link_name":"Tulešice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule%C5%A1ice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lib.cas.cz-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zrcadlo-2"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.cz-3"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"},{"link_name":"Hranice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hranice_(P%C5%99erov_District)"},{"link_name":"Ružomberok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%BEomberok"},{"link_name":"Munich Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"French Foreign Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brno-4"},{"link_name":"Sidi Bel Abbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Bel_Abbes"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zrcadlo-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resice-5"}],"text":"Opálka was born in Rešice near Dukovany the illegitimate son of miller Viktor Jarolím (1889–1942) of Tulešice and Anežka Opálková.[1] When his mother died in 1923, Opálka lived with his aunt Marie Opálková (1882–1942).[2]Between 1932 and 1936, Opálka studied at the Commercial Academy and, shortly after his graduation in 1936, he joined the army of Czechoslovakia.[3] After recruitment and training, he was assigned to the 43rd Infantry Regiment in Brno and shortly afterwards attended the Army Academy in Hranice. After graduation, Opálka joined the 2nd Mountain Regiment in Ružomberok as a lieutenant.The Munich Agreement ended Opálka's army career in his homeland, and he left Czechoslovakia with his cousin František Pospíšil. First travelling through Poland and France, they fled to North Africa, where they joined the French Foreign Legion.[4] Opálka served in Sidi Bel Abbes as a sergeant of the 1st Infantry Regiment. Later, he joined Senegal's Gunmen in Oran.Opálka's fiancée spoke about this period of his life:Shortly before he left he burned all our correspondence, I did the same on his request. In the morning before he left, I photographed him for the last time. The picture is unhappy just like the departure itself, because we didn't know what he was putting himself into…[2][5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Agde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agde"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zrcadlo-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zrcadlo-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brno-4"},{"link_name":"France was defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"troopship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troopship"},{"link_name":"SS Neuralia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Neuralia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon"},{"link_name":"covert operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_operations"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Out Distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_Distance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brno-4"}],"text":"After the start of World War II and the occupation of Czechoslovakia, Opálka returned to France from Africa and joined a developing Czechoslovak army in Agde, serving as leader of an infantry platoon of the 2nd Infantry Regiment of the 1st Czechoslovak Infantry Division.[2] In January 1940, he was transferred to the 3rd Infantry Division and commanded the 5th Infantry Battalion.[2][4]On 12 July 1940, when France was defeated, Opálka sailed on the troopship SS Neuralia to the United Kingdom and as an unfiled officer served in a machine gun platoon. In the summer of 1941, he volunteered as a soldier for covert operations behind enemy lines. He had been trained in Scotland in Special Training Schools. Afterwards, he became leader of the group codenamed \"Out Distance\".[4]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan Kolařík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kola%C5%99%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Karel Čurda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Curda"},{"link_name":"Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"link_name":"Handley Page Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lib.cas.cz-1"},{"link_name":"Alfréd Bartoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Barto%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Operation Anthropoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Out Distance","text":"Opálka (cover name \"Adolf Král\"), Ivan Kolařík (\"Jan Krátký\"), and Karel Čurda (\"Karel Vrbas\") secretly parachuted into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia on 28 March 1942 to perform covert operations including bomber navigation and sabotage. The operations of Out Distance were complicated from the beginning. A navigational mistake by the Handley Page Halifax plane bringing them in caused the entire group to be dropped at the wrong location.[1] This, together with the loss of equipment, led to the splitting up of the group. Opálka contacted captain Alfréd Bartoš from the group Silver-A and informed him of the situation. He later joined the group gathered around Operation Anthropoid in Prague and became leader of the Prague parachuters.[6]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CyrilMethodious.JPG"},{"link_name":"Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Heydrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich"},{"link_name":"Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"link_name":"grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade"},{"link_name":"Jozef Gabčík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Jan Kubiš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kubi%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Josef Valčík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Val%C4%8D%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Cyril and St. Methodious in Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Cathedral_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.cz-3"},{"link_name":"German army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resice-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-princip-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"homesickness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homesickness"},{"link_name":"Božena Němcová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEena_N%C4%9Bmcov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Rešice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%A1ice"},{"link_name":"Kordula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordula"},{"link_name":"Sholokhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholokhov"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zrcadlo-2"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Mauthausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Operation Anthropoid","text":"Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, PragueOperation Anthropoid involved a plot to kill Reinhard Heydrich, the Reichsprotektor of wartime Bohemia and Moravia with a modified anti-tank grenade. After the mission was carried out, Opálka and his six fellow combatants (Josef Bublík, Jozef Gabčík, Jan Hrubý, Jan Kubiš, Josef Valčík, and Jaroslav Švarc) were tracked to the Church of St. Cyril and St. Methodious in Prague.[3] At 16:15 on 18 June 1942, the church was besieged by 800 soldiers of the German army and Waffen-SS.[5] After a seven-hour fight,[7] the outnumbered group of paratroopers fell. All died, including First Lieutenant Adolf Opálka who, injured by shrapnel, committed suicide.[8][9]Shortly after his departure, on his 27th birthday, Opálka wrote of homesickness:I'm 27 years old today, the entire trip I pondered upon the words \"Longing for home is a terrible thing, I know\". Yes, only now do I know and understand. And this \"homesickness\" of Božena Němcová, which I never understood, is nothing compared to my longing for home. I'm willing to suffer through, and do whatever it takes, but only home and home and to honestly work, work for something... How can some speak of beauty, when they've never seen Rešice and the fields from Kordula to Rešice, who never strolled through the warm dirt there, who never felt the warm air and over the grain fields, who never saw our chapel in the milk of white cherries, Husák's garden, which always reminded me of Sholokhov, especially the dirt lumps under the \"vortex\" and the \"Bare Hill\" and all the other places on all of which I am. Parts of me are all over the world. In England, little was left of me, maybe more in Scotland... 27 years of life behind me. Death for my homeland. With that I have dealt, and am ready to do what it takes.[2]After the mission of the paratroopers, the Nazis unleashed strong reprisals. Opálka's aunt, Marie Opálková, was executed in Mauthausen on 24 October 1942.[10] His father, Viktor Jarolím, was also killed.[11]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czechoslovak War Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_War_Cross_1939%E2%80%931945"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resice-5"},{"link_name":"King's Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Brave_Conduct"},{"link_name":"posthumously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resice-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resice-5"},{"link_name":"First Class Star of Czechoslovak Army Order of the White Lion for Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_White_Lion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resice-5"},{"link_name":"Milan Rastislav Štefánik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Rastislav_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resice-5"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brno-4"}],"text":"Czechoslovak War Cross, 1939, 1942, and 1945[5]\nKing's Commendation, posthumously, 1947[5]\nGold Medal of the Czechoslovak Military Order for Liberty, 1949[5]\nFirst Class Star of Czechoslovak Army Order of the White Lion for Victory, posthumously, 1968[5]\nOrder of Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Third Class, posthumously, 1991[5]\nPromoted to colonel, posthumously, 2002[4]","title":"Honors and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._T._Stafford"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8020-2361-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2361-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88033-319-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-319-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9723737-4-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9723737-4-6"}],"text":"David Stafford, \"Britain and European Resistance, 1940–1945\", University of Toronto Press 1980, ISBN 978-0-8020-2361-2.\nLewis M. White, \"On All Fronts: Czechoslovaks in World War II\", ISBN 978-0-88033-319-1.\nDavid Chackom \"Like a Man\", ISBN 978-0-9723737-4-6.\nJ.B. Hutak, \"With Blood and with Iron: The Lidice Story\"","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Prague","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CyrilMethodious.JPG/220px-CyrilMethodious.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Jan Kubiš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kubi%C5%A1"},{"title":"Jozef Gabčík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADk"},{"title":"Josef Valčík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Val%C4%8D%C3%ADk"},{"title":"Operation Anthropoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Parasutiste\". Lib.cas.cz. Retrieved 19 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.cas.cz/parasut/opalka.htm","url_text":"\"Parasutiste\""}]},{"reference":"Grasgruber, Jiří (18 May 2007). \"Atentát na Heydricha před 65 lety\". Zrcadlo.info. Retrieved 27 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zrcadlo.info/rservice.php?akce=tisk&cisloclanku=2007050056","url_text":"\"Atentát na Heydricha před 65 lety\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sedm statečných z Resslovyulice\" (in Czech). n.d. Archived from the original on 16 January 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050116001046/http://www.army.cz/mo/tisk/areport/2002/9/p5.htm","url_text":"\"Sedm statečných z Resslovyulice\""},{"url":"http://www.army.cz/mo/tisk/areport/2002/9/p5.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Menšíková, Miroslava; Jiří Mikulka (18 December 2008). \"Adolf Opálka at Brno Encyclopedia\". Brno Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070125194054/http://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home/?acc=profil_osobnosti&load=2265","url_text":"\"Adolf Opálka at Brno Encyclopedia\""},{"url":"http://www.encyklopedie.brna.cz/home/?acc=profil_osobnosti&load=2265","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grasgruber, Pavel. \"Rešice, Druhá světová válka\". UOK Znojmo. Archived from the original on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.resice.cz/valka2.htm","url_text":"\"Rešice, Druhá světová válka\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080221165405/http://www.resice.cz/valka2.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"White, Lewis M (2000). On All Fronts: Czechoslovaks in World War II. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-456-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-456-3","url_text":"978-0-88033-456-3"}]},{"reference":"Marek, Vladimír (1 September 2002). \"Atentát z hlediska vyššího principu\". army.cz. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080210061256/http://www.army.cz/mo/tisk/areport/2002/9/p1.htm","url_text":"\"Atentát z hlediska vyššího principu\""},{"url":"http://www.army.cz/mo/tisk/areport/2002/9/p1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sedm statečných z Resslovy ulice\". Ministerstvo obrany Ceske republiky. Archived from the original on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080223133400/http://www.army.cz/mo/tisk/areport/2002/9/p5.htm","url_text":"\"Sedm statečných z Resslovy ulice\""},{"url":"http://www.army.cz/mo/tisk/areport/2002/9/p5.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hutak, J.B. With Blood and with Iron: The Lidice Story. Robert Hale. p. 133.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Pamětní deska Adolf Opálka\". eStránky.cz. 22 May 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vets.estranky.cz/clanky/vpm-okres-znojmo/resice","url_text":"\"Pamětní deska Adolf Opálka\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pomník obětem válek\". eStránky.cz. 21 February 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vets.estranky.cz/clanky/vpm-okres-znojmo/vemyslice","url_text":"\"Pomník obětem válek\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.lib.cas.cz/parasut/opalka.htm","external_links_name":"\"Parasutiste\""},{"Link":"http://www.zrcadlo.info/rservice.php?akce=tisk&cisloclanku=2007050056","external_links_name":"\"Atentát na Heydricha před 65 lety\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050116001046/http://www.army.cz/mo/tisk/areport/2002/9/p5.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sedm statečných z Resslovyulice\""},{"Link":"http://www.army.cz/mo/tisk/areport/2002/9/p5.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070125194054/http://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home/?acc=profil_osobnosti&load=2265","external_links_name":"\"Adolf Opálka at Brno Encyclopedia\""},{"Link":"http://www.encyklopedie.brna.cz/home/?acc=profil_osobnosti&load=2265","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.resice.cz/valka2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rešice, Druhá světová válka\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080221165405/http://www.resice.cz/valka2.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080210061256/http://www.army.cz/mo/tisk/areport/2002/9/p1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Atentát z hlediska vyššího principu\""},{"Link":"http://www.army.cz/mo/tisk/areport/2002/9/p1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080223133400/http://www.army.cz/mo/tisk/areport/2002/9/p5.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sedm statečných z Resslovy ulice\""},{"Link":"http://www.army.cz/mo/tisk/areport/2002/9/p5.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vets.estranky.cz/clanky/vpm-okres-znojmo/resice","external_links_name":"\"Pamětní deska Adolf Opálka\""},{"Link":"http://www.vets.estranky.cz/clanky/vpm-okres-znojmo/vemyslice","external_links_name":"\"Pomník obětem válek\""},{"Link":"http://www.army.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=9423","external_links_name":"Remembrance of Operation Anthropoid members"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070125194054/http://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home/?acc=profil_osobnosti&load=2265","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Brno"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.cas.cz/parasut/opalka.htm","external_links_name":"Opalka's personal file"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000057033648","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/85102595","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2006338159&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tord_Boontje
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Tord Boontje
|
["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 Milestones","4 References","5 External links"]
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Dutch industrial designer
Night Blossom lamp, for Swarovski, 2003
Tord Boontje (b. Oct. 3, 1968 in Enschede, Netherlands) is an industrial product designer.
Biography
He graduated from the Design Academy Eindhoven in 1991 and earned a master's degree from the Royal College of Art (RCA) in London in 1994. After graduation, he founded his eponymous design company, Studio Tord Boontje. In 2006, he created a special holiday collection for Target Department stores. In 2009, he was appointed professor and head of Design Products at RCA and stepped down in 2013 after opening a store in London in 2012. While head of Design Products at RCA, he increased the university's reputation by focusing on research while increasing student recruitment and academic leadership.
Awards
2002 – Bombay Sapphire Prize for Glass Design
2003 – Designer of the Year, Elle Decoration
2003 – Best Lighting Design, Elle Decoration
2003 – Reader's Choice for Future Classic, Elle Decoration
2004 – Best product, New York Gift Fair
2004 – Dedalus Design Award
2005 – Innovation Prize for textile collection, Cologne Fair
2005 – Dutch Designer of the Year
2006 – IF Product Design Award
2007 – Red Dot Design Award
2008 – Elle Décor Design Award
2011 – Wallpaper* Design Awards
2013 – Red Dot Design Award
Milestones
1991 – Graduated Eindhoven Design Academy
1994 – Graduated Royal College of Art
1996 – Established Studio Tord Boontje in Peckham, South London
2002 – Designed the Garland for Habitat
2004 – Happy Ever After installation at Moroso's Milan showroom
2005 – Moved to Bourg-Argental, France
2007 – Monograph published by Rizzoli New York
2009 – Returned to London to take up position at the Royal College of Art
2012 – Moves studio to Shoreditch, East London and opens his first retail space
2013 – Steps down as Head of Design Products
2015 – ORIGINALS selling exhibition at Sotheby's London with Emma Woffenden
References
^ "Artecnica - Tord Boontje". www.artecnicainc.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-04.
^ "Interview: Tord Boontje". Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
^ Marcus Fairs (9 June 2009). "Tord Boontje appointed Professor and Head of Design Products at the Royal College of Art". Retrieved 14 November 2018.
^ "Tord Boontje leaves Royal College of Art". Dezeen. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
External links
Official website
Shop
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Artists
KulturNav
Museum of Modern Art
Victoria
RKD Artists
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tord_boontje_per_swarovski_ag,_lampadario_night_blossom,_2003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swarovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarovski"},{"link_name":"Enschede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enschede"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"industrial product designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design"}],"text":"Night Blossom lamp, for Swarovski, 2003Tord Boontje (b. Oct. 3, 1968 in Enschede, Netherlands)[1] is an industrial product designer.","title":"Tord Boontje"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Design Academy Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_Academy_Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He graduated from the Design Academy Eindhoven in 1991 and earned a master's degree from the Royal College of Art (RCA) in London in 1994. After graduation, he founded his eponymous design company, Studio Tord Boontje. In 2006, he created a special holiday collection for Target Department stores.[2] In 2009, he was appointed professor and head of Design Products at RCA and stepped down in 2013 after opening a store in London in 2012. While head of Design Products at RCA, he increased the university's reputation by focusing on research while increasing student recruitment and academic leadership.[3][4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2002 – Bombay Sapphire Prize for Glass Design\n2003 – Designer of the Year, Elle Decoration\n2003 – Best Lighting Design, Elle Decoration\n2003 – Reader's Choice for Future Classic, Elle Decoration\n2004 – Best product, New York Gift Fair\n2004 – Dedalus Design Award\n2005 – Innovation Prize for textile collection, Cologne Fair\n2005 – Dutch Designer of the Year\n2006 – IF Product Design Award\n2007 – Red Dot Design Award\n2008 – Elle Décor Design Award\n2011 – Wallpaper* Design Awards\n2013 – Red Dot Design Award","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1991 – Graduated Eindhoven Design Academy\n1994 – Graduated Royal College of Art\n1996 – Established Studio Tord Boontje in Peckham, South London\n2002 – Designed the Garland for Habitat\n2004 – Happy Ever After installation at Moroso's Milan showroom\n2005 – Moved to Bourg-Argental, France\n2007 – Monograph published by Rizzoli New York\n2009 – Returned to London to take up position at the Royal College of Art\n2012 – Moves studio to Shoreditch, East London and opens his first retail space\n2013 – Steps down as Head of Design Products\n2015 – ORIGINALS selling exhibition at Sotheby's London with Emma Woffenden","title":"Milestones"}]
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[{"image_text":"Night Blossom lamp, for Swarovski, 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tord_boontje_per_swarovski_ag%2C_lampadario_night_blossom%2C_2003.jpg/220px-Tord_boontje_per_swarovski_ag%2C_lampadario_night_blossom%2C_2003.jpg"}]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Binkerd
|
Gordon Binkerd
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Background and early life","1.2 Death","2 Achievements","3 Compositions","4 Publications","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American composer
Gordon BinkerdBorn(1916-05-22)May 22, 1916Lynch, Nebraska, U.S.DiedSeptember 3, 2003(2003-09-03) (aged 87)Urbana, Illinois, U.S.GenresClassicalOccupationsComposerInstrumentsPianoMusical artist
Gordon Ware Binkerd (May 22, 1916 – September 5, 2003) was an American classical music composer and pianist. An eminent and prolific composer, his best known works include his choral works (Tomorrow the Fox Will Come to Town, Though Your Strangeness Frets My Heart) and his Essays for the Piano.
Biography
Background and early life
The son of Archibald and Verna Jones Binkerd, Gordon Binkerd was born in the Ponca Reservation in Lynch, Nebraska on May 22, 1916. He was the eldest of three boys. His father, who worked for the Bell Telephone Company, resettled the family in Gregory, South Dakota.
His talent was first discovered at age fifteen when he was chosen as one of the five best pianists in America at a national competition in Marion, Indiana. In 1933, Binkerd left home to attend Dakota Wesleyan University in Mitchell, South Dakota. There, he benefited from associations with musicians such as Gail Kubik and Russell Danburg. Binkerd was also influenced by teachers who nurtured his interest in literature and poetry. He graduated from DWU in 1937.
In 1940, Binkerd started masters studies at the Eastman School of Music, graduating with a degree in composition in 1941.
During World War II, Binkerd served in the US Navy.
His talent for composition began to ripen when he entered Harvard College in 1946. As a candidate for the PhD in musicology, his absorption of music of the past provided a historical base of knowledge that framed his compositional perspective. His skills were refined as a student of Walter Piston and as teaching assistant to Irving Fine.
During his Harvard years, he lived in an apartment that did not have a piano. This forced him to learn to compose away from the instrument.
In 1949, Binkerd became a theorist and composer at the University of Illinois. Each summer he participated in retreats in New Hampshire and New York in order to compose.
After composing a few works that used the serial technique, he abandoned this approach in 1955. His harmonic language became more tonal, but tonal centers remained ambiguous.
In the mid 1960s, Binkerd entered into a contract for the publication of all his music with the New York publishing house Boosey & Hawkes. By that time, he had already written three symphonies; a piano sonata; two string quartets; a growing list of sonatas for wind and string instruments and a large quantity of chamber, choral and vocal music, which his publisher began to release in 1965.
He retired from academia in 1971 in order to fully devote himself to composition. His writing was brought to an end by the onset of Alzheimer's disease in 1996.
Death
Binkerd died of Alzheimer's disease Friday, September 5, 2003 at his Urbana, Illinois home.
Achievements
As a blooming composer Binkerd was the first professor at the University of Illinois to become a member of its Center for Advanced Study in 1959, only having entered as a regular teacher in 1949. Also in 1959, he became a Guggenheim fellowship recipient. In 1964, Binkerd received the National Institute of Arts and Letters award. As a composer he received many commissions for music from such institutions as the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, the University of Illinois, South Dakota State University, the Fromm Music foundation and the Ford Foundation in 1973. Dakota Wesleyan University honored Binkerd as Alumnus of the Year in 1987 and awarded him an Honorary Doctorate in Fine Arts in 1996.
Compositions
Sonatina for Flute and Piano (1947)
Sonata for Cello and Piano (composed in 1952, First major work)
Symphony No. 1 (composed in 1954)
Symphony No. 2 (1956-57)
String Quartet No. 1 (1957)
And I am Old to Know (composed in 1959)
Symphony No. 3 (1959)
Three Canzonas (1960)
Shut out that Moon (1968)
Three Songs for Mezzo-Soprano and String Quartet (1971)
Publications
Alleluia for St. Francis. For medium voice and piano. < from the Roman-Seraphic Missal.> (1977)
Sonatina for Flute and Piano (B.W.I. 245) (1972)
Binkerd: Secret Love (Voice/Cello/Harp) - Vocal Solo Sheet Music (1967)
Binkerd: O Darling Room - Vocal Solo Sheet Music
References
^ Saladino, David. "Gordon Binkerd". sai-national.org. Gordon Binkerd Publications. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ Vought, Lynn. "Gordon Binkerd". allmusic.com. All Music. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ Rozas, Angela. "Gordon Binkerd". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ Shackelford, Rudy (1975). "The Music of Gordon Binkerd". Tempo (114). Cambridge University Press: 2–13. doi:10.1017/S0040298200026851. JSTOR 943693. S2CID 143509719.
^ "Books by Gordon Binkerd". amazon.com/. Gordon Binkerd Publications. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
External links
https://acda.org/files/choral_journals/April_1995_Saladino_D.pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/943693
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-09-10/news/0309100287_1_choral-music-st-louis-symphony-orchestra-carnegie-hall
http://www.sai-national.org/home/ComposersBureau/BinkerdGordon/tabid/634/Default.aspx Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
http://www.last.fm/music/Gordon+Binkerd/+wiki
http://www.allmusic.com/artist/gordon-binkerd-mn0001537684
https://www.amazon.com/Gordon-Binkerd/e/B00JBQMXYU
"Gordon Binkerd Collection", Sibley Music Library, Eastman School of Music
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef
|
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An eminent and prolific composer,[1] his best known works include his choral works (Tomorrow the Fox Will Come to Town, Though Your Strangeness Frets My Heart) and his Essays for the Piano.[2]","title":"Gordon Binkerd"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ponca Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponca_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Lynch, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynch,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Gregory, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Marion, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Dakota Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"Mitchell, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Gail Kubik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Kubik"},{"link_name":"Russell Danburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell_Danburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eastman School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"Walter Piston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Piston"},{"link_name":"Irving Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fine"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Boosey & Hawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosey_%26_Hawkes"}],"sub_title":"Background and early life","text":"The son of Archibald and Verna Jones Binkerd, Gordon Binkerd was born in the Ponca Reservation in Lynch, Nebraska on May 22, 1916. He was the eldest of three boys. His father, who worked for the Bell Telephone Company, resettled the family in Gregory, South Dakota.His talent was first discovered at age fifteen when he was chosen as one of the five best pianists in America at a national competition in Marion, Indiana. In 1933, Binkerd left home to attend Dakota Wesleyan University in Mitchell, South Dakota. There, he benefited from associations with musicians such as Gail Kubik and Russell Danburg. Binkerd was also influenced by teachers who nurtured his interest in literature and poetry. He graduated from DWU in 1937.In 1940, Binkerd started masters studies at the Eastman School of Music, graduating with a degree in composition in 1941.During World War II, Binkerd served in the US Navy.His talent for composition began to ripen when he entered Harvard College in 1946. As a candidate for the PhD in musicology, his absorption of music of the past provided a historical base of knowledge that framed his compositional perspective. His skills were refined as a student of Walter Piston and as teaching assistant to Irving Fine.During his Harvard years, he lived in an apartment that did not have a piano. This forced him to learn to compose away from the instrument.In 1949, Binkerd became a theorist and composer at the University of Illinois. Each summer he participated in retreats in New Hampshire and New York in order to compose.After composing a few works that used the serial technique, he abandoned this approach in 1955. His harmonic language became more tonal, but tonal centers remained ambiguous.In the mid 1960s, Binkerd entered into a contract for the publication of all his music with the New York publishing house Boosey & Hawkes. By that time, he had already written three symphonies; a piano sonata; two string quartets; a growing list of sonatas for wind and string instruments and a large quantity of chamber, choral and vocal music, which his publisher began to release in 1965.He retired from academia in 1971 in order to fully devote himself to composition. His writing was brought to an end by the onset of Alzheimer's disease in 1996.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urbana, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Binkerd died of Alzheimer's disease Friday, September 5, 2003 at his Urbana, Illinois home.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Arts and Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Arts_and_Letters"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Symphony"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago"},{"link_name":"South Dakota State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_State_University"},{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"}],"text":"As a blooming composer Binkerd was the first professor at the University of Illinois to become a member of its Center for Advanced Study in 1959, only having entered as a regular teacher in 1949. 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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Big_East_Conference_men%27s_basketball_season
|
2008–09 Big East Conference men's basketball season
|
["1 Regular season","1.1 Season summary & highlights","1.2 Rankings","1.3 Statistical leaders","2 Postseason","2.1 Big East tournament","2.2 NCAA tournament","2.3 National Invitation Tournament","2.4 College Basketball Invitational","3 Awards and honors","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Sports season2008–09 Big East Conference Men's Basketball SeasonLeagueNCAA Division ISportBasketballDurationNovember 14, 2008through March 7, 2009Number of teams16TV partner(s)Big East Network, ESPNRegular SeasonChampionLouisville (16–2) Runners-upConnecticut, Pittsburgh (15–3)Season MVPHasheem Thabeet – ConnecticutDeJuan Blair – PittsburghTournamentChampionsLouisvilleFinals MVPJonny Flynn – SyracuseBasketball seasons← 2007–082009–10 →
2008–09 Big East men's basketball standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
PCT
W
L
PCT
No. 1 Louisville†
16
–
2
.889
31
–
6
.838
No. 4 Pittsburgh
15
–
3
.833
31
–
5
.861
No. 5 Connecticut
15
–
3
.833
31
–
5
.861
No. 11 Villanova
13
–
5
.722
30
–
8
.789
No. 23 Marquette
12
–
6
.667
25
–
10
.714
No. 13 Syracuse
11
–
7
.611
28
–
10
.737
West Virginia
10
–
8
.556
23
–
12
.657
Providence
10
–
8
.556
19
–
14
.576
Notre Dame
8
–
10
.444
21
–
15
.583
Cincinnati
8
–
10
.444
18
–
14
.563
Seton Hall
7
–
11
.389
17
–
15
.531
Georgetown
7
–
11
.389
16
–
15
.516
St. John's
6
–
12
.333
16
–
18
.471
South Florida
4
–
14
.222
9
–
22
.290
Rutgers
2
–
16
.111
11
–
21
.344
DePaul
0
–
18
.000
9
–
24
.273
† 2009 Big East tournament winnerAs of April 4, 2009Rankings from AP Poll
The 2008–09 Big East Conference men's basketball season was the 30th in conference history, and involved its 16 full-time member schools. Leading up to, during, and following the season, it has been widely regarded as one of the most successful seasons in Big East Conference history, fielding multiple teams that received national recognition and achieved high levels of success.
Louisville won the outright championship with a 16-2 record (1st). They were also champions of the Big East tournament (1st).
Regular season
Season summary & highlights
Louisville won both the regular season outright and the tournament championship.
Louisville finished the season ranked first in both AP and Coach's polls.
Louisville received the overall #1 seed in the NCAA tournament.
Connecticut won the 2008 Paradise Jam Tournament in the Virgin Islands.
Pittsburgh won the 2008 Legends Classic Tournament.
Syracuse won the 2008 College Basketball Experience (CBE) Classic tournament.
Connecticut led the nation in blocked shots for the 8th consecutive year.
Connecticut Head Coach, Jim Calhoun, won his 800th career game in Division I basketball, against Marquette.
Syracuse Head Coach, Jim Boeheim, finished the season with 799 career wins (2009 tournament games included).
Pittsburgh defeated #1 UConn twice, marking the first and second times the Panthers defeated a #1 ranked team.
Connecticut center, Hasheem Thabeet, recorded a triple-double against Providence on January 31, 2009, with 15 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 blocked shots.
Villanova tied a school record for regular season wins (25).
Pittsburgh tied a school record for wins in a season (31), and set a school record for regular season conference wins (15).
Connecticut tied a school record for best start to a season, at 24–1.
Pittsburgh went undefeated at home.
Connecticut, Pittsburgh, and Louisville all reached #1 in the AP poll.
Rankings
The Big East set a record when it placed seven teams in the preseason Associated Press poll. It set another record by placing eight teams in the December 1st ranking, and broke that record when the ninth team entered the AP Top 25 on January 5. Connecticut and North Carolina were the only two teams that did not vacate the top 5 in the AP poll all season.
2008–09 Big East Conference Weekly RankingsKey: ██ Increase in ranking. ██ Decrease in ranking. RV = Received Votes
AP Poll
Pre
Wk 1
Wk 2
Wk 3
Wk 4
Wk 5
Wk 6
Wk 7
Wk 8
Wk 9
Wk 10
Wk 11
Wk 12
Wk 13
Wk 14
Wk 15
Wk 16
Wk 17
Wk 18
Cincinnati
Connecticut
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
4
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
5
DePaul
Georgetown
22
22
21
20
19
15
12
11
9
13
12
25
Louisville
3
3
3
11
9
9
19
18
23
20
9
7
5
5
7
6
6
5
1
Marquette
16
15
15
25
24
24
RV
RV
18
14
11
8
8
10
10
8
13
21
23
Notre Dame
9
8
8
7
12
12
8
7
13
12
19
RV
RV
Pittsburgh
5
6
4
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
4
3
6
4
4
1
3
2
4
Providence
RV
RV
Rutgers
St. John's
Seton Hall
RV
South Florida
Syracuse
RV
RV
RV
16
13
11
17
13
11
8
8
15
20
23
24
RV
25
18
13
Villanova
23
23
20
17
15
18
18
15
18
23
20
21
17
13
12
10
11
10
11
West Virginia
RV
RV
RV
RV
RV
RV
25
RV
RV
RV
RV
RV
RV
RV
RV
RV
RV
Statistical leaders
Scoring
Name
School
PPG
Luke Harangody
ND
23.5
Jeremy Hazell
SHU
22.7
Jerel McNeal
Marq
19.8
Sam Young
Pitt
19.2
Dar Tucker
DPU
18.5
Rebounding
Name
School
RPG
DeJuan Blair
Pitt
12.3
Luke Harangody
ND
11.8
Hasheem Thabeet
Conn
10.9
Jeff Adrien
Conn
10.0
Mac Koshwal
DPU
9.6
Assists
Name
School
APG
Levance Fields
Pitt
7.5
Jonny Flynn
Syr
6.7
Terrence Williams
UL
5.0
Dominic James
Marq
5.0
Tory Jackson
ND
4.9
Steals
Name
School
SPG
Paul Gause
SHU
2.7
Terrence Williams
UL
2.3
Dominic James
Marq
2.1
Jerel McNeal
Marq
2.0
Greg Monroe
GU
1.9
Blocks
Name
School
BPG
Hasheem Thabeet
Conn
4.3
Gregory Echinique
RU
2.4
Hamady Ndiaye
RU
2.2
John Garcia
SHU
1.8
Terrence Jennings
UL
1.6
Field Goals
Name
School
FG%
Arinze Onuaku
Syr
.667
Randall Hanke
PC
.653
Hasheem Thabeet
Conn
.649
Rick Jackson
Syr
.623
John Garcia
SHU
.606
3-Pt Field Goals
Name
School
3FG%
Ashton Gibbs
Pitt
.439
Ryan Ayers
ND
.439
Preston Knowles
UL
.432
Kyle McAlarney
ND
.426
Corey Stokes
VU
.425
Free Throws
Name
School
FT%
Sharaud Curry
PC
.845
Mike Rosario
RU
.839
Wesley Matthews
Marq
.829
Lazar Hayward
Marq
.820
Scottie Reynolds
VU
.817
Postseason
Big East tournament
Main article: 2009 Big East men's basketball tournament
For the first time ever, all 16 teams in the conference would have the chance to participate in the Big East tournament. Under this new format, the teams finishing 9 through 16 in the regular season standings played first round games, while teams 5 through 8 received a bye to the second round. The top 4 teams during the regular season received a bye to the quarterfinals. The five-round tournament spanned five consecutive days, from Tuesday, March 10, 2009, through Saturday, March 14, 2009. A low-seeded team could have theoretically played all five days if it won its games in the first four rounds, but this did not turn out to be the case.
1–4 Seeding:
(1) Louisville, (2) Pittsburgh, (3) Connecticut, (4) Villanova
5–8 Seeding:
(5) Marquette, (6) Syracuse, (7) West Virginia, (8) Providence
9–16 Seeding and First Round Matchups:
(16) DePaul def. (9) Cincinnati
(10) Notre Dame def. (15) Rutgers
(11) Seton Hall def. (14) South Florida
(13) St. John's def. (12) Georgetown
Second Round Matchups:
(5) Marquette def. (13) St. John's
(6) Syracuse def. (11) Seton Hall
(7) West Virginia def. (10) Notre Dame
(8) Providence def. (16) DePaul
Quarterfinals Matchups:
(1) Louisville def. (8) Providence
(7) West Virginia def. (2) Pittsburgh
(6) Syracuse def. (3) Connecticut (6 OT)
(4) Villanova def. (5) Marquette
Semifinals Matchups:
(1) Louisville def. (4) Villanova
(6) Syracuse def. (7) West Virginia (OT)
Championship Game:
(1) Louisville def. (6) Syracuse, 76–66
The most notable game of the tournament was the third round matchup between Connecticut and Syracuse. A back-and-forth thriller between two rivals, this game lasted nearly four hours and finally ended after six overtimes, at 1:22 a.m. the following day. The game was tied at 71–71 with a second left in regulation, when Syracuse inbounded a pass the full length of the court. Guard, Eric Devendorf, sunk a 3-point shot as the clock appeared to run out, seemingly giving Syracuse the game. After a thorough review by officials using frame-by-frame slow motion, it became apparent that the ball was not completely off of Devendorf's fingertips as the clock changed from 0.1 to 0.0 seconds. The game headed to overtime. During overtime, UConn took a lead and maintained it, until Syracuse finally tied the score to force another overtime. This pattern continued for five overtimes, where in each one, UConn took and maintained a lead, only to have Syracuse tie the score before time ran out. In the sixth and final overtime, Syracuse came out and took a large lead (their first since regulation) that eventually proved insurmountable for UConn, and won the game, 127–117. The game produced a few records when it came to duration, including longest Big East game in history. A.J. Price of Connecticut, and Jonny Flynn and Eric Devendorf of Syracuse, each played over 60 minutes, with another three Connecticut players and one Syracuse player playing over 50 minutes. Between the two teams, nine players had double-figure point totals, and five UConn players had double-figure rebound totals. With over 100 points scored in the overtime periods alone, this game was dubbed an "Instant Classic" and was given the title "The Game That Wouldn't End."
In the following round, Syracuse again found itself in overtime, this time against West Virginia. Syracuse came out the winner, but would lose the following night to Louisville. This was Louisville's first Big East tournament championship. Jonny Flynn was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player, becoming only the 4th player in the 30 year history of the tournament to win the award while playing on the losing team.
NCAA tournament
Main article: 2009 NCAA men's basketball tournament
The Big East posted a very strong showing in the NCAA tournament. Though Notre Dame, Georgetown, and Providence were unable to secure at-large bids, seven conference teams were undisputedly deserving and were selected. The Big Ten and the Atlantic Coast Conference also sent seven teams each, which was one short of the record of eight that the Big East sent in 2006 and 2008. The conference set a record by earning three #1 seeds among the four available. Connecticut, Louisville, and Pittsburgh were all the top seeds in their regions, with North Carolina being the fourth. The conference set another record by having five teams make it to the Sweet-16, and then an additional record by having four teams make it to the Elite Eight. Connecticut and Villanova each advanced to the Final Four. This was Villanova's fourth Final Four appearance (though one was vacated for violations) and first since 1985. This was UConn's third Final Four appearance, with all coming since 1999, and all happening to come from the West region. The conference finished with a combined record of 17–7.
School
Region
Seed
Round 1
Round 2
Sweet 16
Elite Eight
Final Four
Connecticut
West
1
16 Chattanooga, W 103–47
9 Texas A&M, W 92–66
5 Purdue, W 72–60
3 Missouri, W 82–75
2 Michigan St., L 82–73
Villanova
East
3
14 American, W 80–67
6 UCLA, W 89–69
2 Duke, W 77–54
1 Pittsburgh, W 78–76
1 UNC, L 83–69
Louisville
Midwest
1
16 Morehead St., W 74–54
9 Siena, W 79–72
12 Arizona, W 103–64
2 Michigan St., L 64–52
Pittsburgh
East
1
16 E. Tenn. St., W 72–62
8 Oklahoma St., W 84–76
4 Xavier, W 60–55
3 Villanova, L 78–76
Syracuse
South
3
14 S.F. Austin, W 59–44
6 Arizona St., W 78–67
2 Oklahoma, L 84–71
Marquette
West
6
11 Utah St., W 58–57
3 Missouri, L 83–79
West Virginia
Midwest
6
11 Dayton, L 68–60
National Invitation Tournament
Main article: 2009 National Invitation Tournament
In the 72nd annual National Invitation Tournament, there were three Big East teams among the field of 32: Georgetown, Notre Dame, and Providence.
Notre Dame received a 2-seed in its region. They won their first round game against 7-seed UAB, 70–64. They beat 3-seed New Mexico in the second round, 70–68. They beat Kentucky in the quarterfinals, 77–67, and lost to 2-seed Penn State in the semifinals, 67–59.
Providence received a 5-seed in a different region. They lost their first round game to 4-seed Miami (FL), 78–66.
Georgetown received a 6-seed in a third region. They lost their first round game to 3-seed Baylor, 74–72.
College Basketball Invitational
Main article: 2009 College Basketball Invitational
In the 16-team College Basketball Invitational, the lone Big East representative was St. John's. The team earned a 4-seed in the East region, and lost their opening round game to top-seeded Richmond 75–69.
Awards and honors
The following players were honored with postseason awards after having been voted for by Big East Conference coaches.
Co-Players of the Year:
Hasheem Thabeet, Connecticut, C, Jr.
DeJuan Blair, Pittsburgh, C, So.
Defensive Player of the Year:
Hasheem Thabeet, Connecticut, C, Jr.
Rookie of the Year:
Greg Monroe, Georgetown, C, Fr.
Most Improved Player:
Dante Cunningham, Villanova, F, Sr.
Sixth Man Award:
Corey Fisher, Villanova, G, So.
Sportsmanship Award:
Alex Ruoff, West Virginia, G, Sr.
Scholar-Athlete of the Year:
Alex Ruoff, West Virginia, G, Sr.
Coach of the Year:
Jay Wright, Villanova (8th season)
All-Big East First Team:
Hasheem Thabeet, Connecticut, C, Jr., 7–3, 263, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Terrence Williams, Louisville, F, Sr., 6–6, 210, Seattle, Wash.
Jerel McNeal, Marquette, G, Sr., 6–3, 200 Chicago, Ill.
Luke Harangody, Notre Dame, F, Jr., 6–8, 251, Schererville, Ind.
DeJuan Blair, Pittsburgh, C, So., 6–7, 265, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Sam Young, Pittsburgh, F, Sr., 6–6, 215, Clinton, Md.
All-Big East Second Team:
A.J. Price, Connecticut, G, Sr., 6–2, 181, Amityville, N.Y.
Wesley Matthews, Marquette, G, Sr., 6–5, 215, Madison, Wis.
Jonny Flynn, Syracuse, G, So., 6–0, 185, Niagara Falls, N.Y.
Dante Cunningham, Villanova, F, Sr., 6–8, 230, Silver Spring, Md.
Da’Sean Butler, West Virginia, F, Jr., 6–7, 225, Newark, N.J.
All-Big East Third Team:
Deonta Vaughn, Cincinnati, G, Jr., 6–1, 195, Indianapolis, Ind.
Jeff Adrien, Connecticut, F, Sr., 6–7, 243, Brookline, Mass.
Earl Clark, Louisville, G/F, Jr., 6–8, 220, Rahway, N.J.
Levance Fields, Pittsburgh, G, Sr., 5–10, 190, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Jeremy Hazell, Seton Hall, G, So., 6–5, 185, Bronx, N.Y.
Big East Honorable Mention:
Weyinmi Efejuku, Providence, G, Sr., 6–5, 210, Fresh Meadows, N.Y.
Dominique Jones, USF, G, So., 6–4, 205, Lake Wales, Fla.
Scottie Reynolds, Villanova, G, Jr., 6–2, 195, Herndon, Va.
Alex Ruoff, West Virginia, G, Sr., 6–6, 220, Spring Hill, Fla.
Big East All-Rookie Team:
Yancy Gates, Cincinnati, F, Fr., 6–9, 255, Cincinnati, Ohio
Kemba Walker, Connecticut, G, Fr., 6–0, 175, Bronx, N.Y.
Greg Monroe, Georgetown, C, Fr., 6–10, 240, Gretna, La.
Samardo Samuels, Louisville, F, Fr., 6–8, 240, Trelawny Parish, Jamaica
Mike Rosario, Rutgers, G, Fr., 6–3, 180, Jersey City, N.J.
Devin Ebanks, West Virginia, F, Fr., 6–9, 205, Long Island City, N.Y.
The following players were selected to the 2009 Associated Press All-America teams.
Main article: 2009 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
First Team All-America:
DeJuan Blair, Pittsburgh, Key Stats: 15.6 ppg, 12.2 rpg, 59.9 FG%, 1.5 steals (49 1st place votes, 294 points)
Second Team All-America:
Hasheem Thabeet, Connecticut, Key Stats: 13.7 ppg, 10.9 rpg, 4.6 blocks, 64.3 FG% (19, 238)
Luke Harangody, Notre Dame, Key Stats: 23.2 ppg, 12.0 rpg, 2.1 apg (6, 135)
Jerel McNeal, Marquette, Key Stats: 19.3 ppg, 4.5 rpg, 3.8 apg, 40.6 3-pt FG% (7, 114)
Third Team All-America:
Terrence Williams, Louisville, Key Stats: 12.3 ppg, 8.5 rpg, 5.1 apg, 2.5 steals (4, 103)
Sam Young, Pittsburgh, Key Stats: 18.7 ppg, 6.1 rpg (1, 79)
See also
2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
2008–09 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team
2008–09 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team
2008–09 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team
2008–09 Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball team
2008–09 Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball team
2008–09 Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team
2008–09 Providence Friars men's basketball team
2008–09 Syracuse Orange men's basketball team
2008–09 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team
2008–09 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team
References
^ "Big East Conference Standings - 2008-09." ESPN.com. Retrieved 03-23-10.
^ "BIG EAST Places Nine In This Week's National Polls". BigEast.org. Big East Conference. January 5, 2009. Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
^ "2009 NCAA Men's Basketball Rankings". ESPN.com. February 2, 2009. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
^ "College Basketball – Syracuse Orange/Connecticut Huskies Box Score". March 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
^ Gagne, Matt (March 15, 2009). "Jonny Flynn gets Big East MVP nod". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
^ Harangody, Young Repeat On All-BIG EAST First Team Archived 2009-03-12 at the Wayback Machine March 8, 2009
^ 2009 AP All-America Teams Archived 2012-10-10 at the Wayback Machine March 30, 2009
vteBig East Conference men's basketballTeams
Butler Bulldogs
Creighton Bluejays
DePaul Blue Demons
Georgetown Hoyas
Marquette Golden Eagles
Providence Friars
St. John's Red Storm
Seton Hall Pirates
UConn Huskies
Villanova Wildcats
Xavier Musketeers
Championships & awards
Big East men's basketball tournament
Big East men's regular season champions
Coach of the Year
Player of the Year
Defensive Player of the Year
Most Improved Player
Freshman of the Year
All-Big East
Conference challenges
Big East–Big 12 Battle (2019–present)
Gavitt Tipoff Games (2015–2023)
SEC–Big East Challenge (2007–2012)
Seasons
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
vte2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball seasons
America East
Atlantic 10
ACC
Atlantic Sun
Big 12
Big East
Big Sky
Big South
Big Ten
Big West
CAA
Conference USA
Horizon
Ivy
MAAC
MEAC
Mid-American
Missouri Valley
Mountain West
Northeast
Ohio Valley
Pac-10
Patriot
SEC
Southern
Southland
Summit League
Sun Belt
SWAC
WAC
West Coast
|
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They were also champions of the Big East tournament (1st).","title":"2008–09 Big East Conference men's basketball season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Boeheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Boeheim"}],"sub_title":"Season summary & highlights","text":"Louisville won both the regular season outright and the tournament championship.\nLouisville finished the season ranked first in both AP and Coach's polls.\nLouisville received the overall #1 seed in the NCAA tournament.\nConnecticut won the 2008 Paradise Jam Tournament in the Virgin Islands.\nPittsburgh won the 2008 Legends Classic Tournament.\nSyracuse won the 2008 College Basketball Experience (CBE) Classic tournament.\nConnecticut led the nation in blocked shots for the 8th consecutive year.\nConnecticut Head Coach, Jim Calhoun, won his 800th career game in Division I basketball, against Marquette.\nSyracuse Head Coach, Jim Boeheim, finished the season with 799 career wins (2009 tournament games included).\nPittsburgh defeated #1 UConn twice, marking the first and second times the Panthers defeated a #1 ranked team.\nConnecticut center, Hasheem Thabeet, recorded a triple-double against Providence on January 31, 2009, with 15 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 blocked shots.\nVillanova tied a school record for regular season wins (25).\nPittsburgh tied a school record for wins in a season (31), and set a school record for regular season conference wins (15).\nConnecticut tied a school record for best start to a season, at 24–1.\nPittsburgh went undefeated at home.\nConnecticut, Pittsburgh, and Louisville all reached #1 in the AP poll.","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Associated Press poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Poll"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Rankings","text":"The Big East set a record when it placed seven teams in the preseason Associated Press poll. It set another record by placing eight teams in the December 1st ranking, and broke that record when the ninth team entered the AP Top 25 on January 5.[2] Connecticut and North Carolina were the only two teams that did not vacate the top 5 in the AP poll all season.","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luke Harangody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Harangody"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Hazell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Hazell"},{"link_name":"Jerel McNeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerel_McNeal"},{"link_name":"Sam Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Young_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Dar Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Tucker"},{"link_name":"DeJuan Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeJuan_Blair"},{"link_name":"Luke Harangody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Harangody"},{"link_name":"Hasheem Thabeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasheem_Thabeet"},{"link_name":"Jeff Adrien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Adrien"},{"link_name":"Mac Koshwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Koshwal"},{"link_name":"Levance Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levance_Fields"},{"link_name":"Jonny Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Flynn"},{"link_name":"Terrence Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Williams"},{"link_name":"Dominic James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_James"},{"link_name":"Tory Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tory_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Gause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gause"},{"link_name":"Terrence Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Williams"},{"link_name":"Dominic James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_James"},{"link_name":"Jerel McNeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerel_McNeal"},{"link_name":"Greg Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Hasheem Thabeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasheem_Thabeet"},{"link_name":"Gregory Echinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Echinique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hamady Ndiaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamady_Ndiaye"},{"link_name":"John Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Garcia_(basketball)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Terrence Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Arinze Onuaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arinze_Onuaku"},{"link_name":"Randall Hanke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Hanke"},{"link_name":"Hasheem Thabeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasheem_Thabeet"},{"link_name":"Rick Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Jackson"},{"link_name":"John Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Garcia_(basketball)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ashton Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"Preston Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Knowles"},{"link_name":"Kyle McAlarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_McAlarney"},{"link_name":"Corey Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Stokes"},{"link_name":"Sharaud Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharaud_Curry"},{"link_name":"Mike Rosario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rosario"},{"link_name":"Wesley Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Lazar Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Hayward"},{"link_name":"Scottie Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottie_Reynolds"}],"sub_title":"Statistical leaders","text":"Scoring\n\n\nName\n\nSchool\n\nPPG\n\n\nLuke Harangody\nND\n23.5\n\n\nJeremy Hazell\nSHU\n22.7\n\n\nJerel McNeal\nMarq\n19.8\n\n\nSam Young\nPitt\n19.2\n\n\nDar Tucker\nDPU\n18.5\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRebounding\n\n\nName\n\nSchool\n\nRPG\n\n\nDeJuan Blair\nPitt\n12.3\n\n\nLuke Harangody\nND\n11.8\n\n\nHasheem Thabeet\nConn\n10.9\n\n\nJeff Adrien\nConn\n10.0\n\n\nMac Koshwal\nDPU\n9.6\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAssists\n\n\nName\n\nSchool\n\nAPG\n\n\nLevance Fields\nPitt\n7.5\n\n\nJonny Flynn\nSyr\n6.7\n\n\nTerrence Williams\nUL\n5.0\n\n\nDominic James\nMarq\n5.0\n\n\nTory Jackson\nND\n4.9\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSteals\n\n\nName\n\nSchool\n\nSPG\n\n\nPaul Gause\nSHU\n2.7\n\n\nTerrence Williams\nUL\n2.3\n\n\nDominic James\nMarq\n2.1\n\n\nJerel McNeal\nMarq\n2.0\n\n\nGreg Monroe\nGU\n1.9Blocks\n\n\nName\n\nSchool\n\nBPG\n\n\nHasheem Thabeet\nConn\n4.3\n\n\nGregory Echinique\nRU\n2.4\n\n\nHamady Ndiaye\nRU\n2.2\n\n\nJohn Garcia\nSHU\n1.8\n\n\nTerrence Jennings\nUL\n1.6\n\n\n\n\n\n\nField Goals\n\n\nName\n\nSchool\n\nFG%\n\n\nArinze Onuaku\nSyr\n.667\n\n\nRandall Hanke\nPC\n.653\n\n\nHasheem Thabeet\nConn\n.649\n\n\nRick Jackson\nSyr\n.623\n\n\nJohn Garcia\nSHU\n.606\n\n\n\n\n\n3-Pt Field Goals\n\n\nName\n\nSchool\n\n3FG%\n\n\nAshton Gibbs\nPitt\n.439\n\n\nRyan Ayers\nND\n.439\n\n\nPreston Knowles\nUL\n.432\n\n\nKyle McAlarney\nND\n.426\n\n\nCorey Stokes\nVU\n.425\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFree Throws\n\n\nName\n\nSchool\n\nFT%\n\n\nSharaud Curry\nPC\n.845\n\n\nMike Rosario\nRU\n.839\n\n\nWesley Matthews\nMarq\n.829\n\n\nLazar Hayward\nMarq\n.820\n\n\nScottie Reynolds\nVU\n.817","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big East tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Big_East_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"bye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Big East tournament","text":"For the first time ever, all 16 teams in the conference would have the chance to participate in the Big East tournament. Under this new format, the teams finishing 9 through 16 in the regular season standings played first round games, while teams 5 through 8 received a bye to the second round. The top 4 teams during the regular season received a bye to the quarterfinals. The five-round tournament spanned five consecutive days, from Tuesday, March 10, 2009, through Saturday, March 14, 2009. A low-seeded team could have theoretically played all five days if it won its games in the first four rounds, but this did not turn out to be the case.1–4 Seeding:\n(1) Louisville, (2) Pittsburgh, (3) Connecticut, (4) Villanova\n5–8 Seeding:\n(5) Marquette, (6) Syracuse, (7) West Virginia, (8) Providence\n9–16 Seeding and First Round Matchups:\n(16) DePaul def. (9) Cincinnati\n(10) Notre Dame def. (15) Rutgers\n(11) Seton Hall def. (14) South Florida\n(13) St. John's def. (12) GeorgetownSecond Round Matchups:\n(5) Marquette def. (13) St. John's\n(6) Syracuse def. (11) Seton Hall\n(7) West Virginia def. (10) Notre Dame\n(8) Providence def. (16) DePaulQuarterfinals Matchups:\n(1) Louisville def. (8) Providence\n(7) West Virginia def. (2) Pittsburgh\n(6) Syracuse def. (3) Connecticut (6 OT)\n(4) Villanova def. (5) MarquetteSemifinals Matchups:\n(1) Louisville def. (4) Villanova\n(6) Syracuse def. (7) West Virginia (OT)Championship Game:\n(1) Louisville def. (6) Syracuse, 76–66The most notable game of the tournament was the third round matchup between Connecticut and Syracuse. A back-and-forth thriller between two rivals, this game lasted nearly four hours and finally ended after six overtimes, at 1:22 a.m. the following day.[4] The game was tied at 71–71 with a second left in regulation, when Syracuse inbounded a pass the full length of the court. Guard, Eric Devendorf, sunk a 3-point shot as the clock appeared to run out, seemingly giving Syracuse the game. After a thorough review by officials using frame-by-frame slow motion, it became apparent that the ball was not completely off of Devendorf's fingertips as the clock changed from 0.1 to 0.0 seconds. The game headed to overtime. During overtime, UConn took a lead and maintained it, until Syracuse finally tied the score to force another overtime. This pattern continued for five overtimes, where in each one, UConn took and maintained a lead, only to have Syracuse tie the score before time ran out. In the sixth and final overtime, Syracuse came out and took a large lead (their first since regulation) that eventually proved insurmountable for UConn, and won the game, 127–117. The game produced a few records when it came to duration, including longest Big East game in history. A.J. Price of Connecticut, and Jonny Flynn and Eric Devendorf of Syracuse, each played over 60 minutes, with another three Connecticut players and one Syracuse player playing over 50 minutes. Between the two teams, nine players had double-figure point totals, and five UConn players had double-figure rebound totals. With over 100 points scored in the overtime periods alone, this game was dubbed an \"Instant Classic\" and was given the title \"The Game That Wouldn't End.\"In the following round, Syracuse again found itself in overtime, this time against West Virginia. Syracuse came out the winner, but would lose the following night to Louisville. This was Louisville's first Big East tournament championship. Jonny Flynn was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player, becoming only the 4th player in the 30 year history of the tournament to win the award while playing on the losing team.[5]","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Big Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"Elite Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Eight"}],"sub_title":"NCAA tournament","text":"The Big East posted a very strong showing in the NCAA tournament. Though Notre Dame, Georgetown, and Providence were unable to secure at-large bids, seven conference teams were undisputedly deserving and were selected. The Big Ten and the Atlantic Coast Conference also sent seven teams each, which was one short of the record of eight that the Big East sent in 2006 and 2008. The conference set a record by earning three #1 seeds among the four available. Connecticut, Louisville, and Pittsburgh were all the top seeds in their regions, with North Carolina being the fourth. The conference set another record by having five teams make it to the Sweet-16, and then an additional record by having four teams make it to the Elite Eight. Connecticut and Villanova each advanced to the Final Four. This was Villanova's fourth Final Four appearance (though one was vacated for violations) and first since 1985. This was UConn's third Final Four appearance, with all coming since 1999, and all happening to come from the West region. The conference finished with a combined record of 17–7.","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Invitation Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_National_Invitation_Tournament"}],"sub_title":"National Invitation Tournament","text":"In the 72nd annual National Invitation Tournament, there were three Big East teams among the field of 32: Georgetown, Notre Dame, and Providence.Notre Dame received a 2-seed in its region. They won their first round game against 7-seed UAB, 70–64. They beat 3-seed New Mexico in the second round, 70–68. They beat Kentucky in the quarterfinals, 77–67, and lost to 2-seed Penn State in the semifinals, 67–59.\nProvidence received a 5-seed in a different region. They lost their first round game to 4-seed Miami (FL), 78–66.\nGeorgetown received a 6-seed in a third region. They lost their first round game to 3-seed Baylor, 74–72.","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College Basketball Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_College_Basketball_Invitational"},{"link_name":"St. John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Red_Storm_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Spiders_men%27s_basketball"}],"sub_title":"College Basketball Invitational","text":"In the 16-team College Basketball Invitational, the lone Big East representative was St. John's. The team earned a 4-seed in the East region, and lost their opening round game to top-seeded Richmond 75–69.","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hasheem Thabeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasheem_Thabeet"},{"link_name":"DeJuan Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeJuan_Blair"},{"link_name":"Greg Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Dante Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Corey Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Alex Ruoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ruoff"},{"link_name":"Jay Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Wright_(coach)"},{"link_name":"Hasheem Thabeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasheem_Thabeet"},{"link_name":"Terrence Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Williams"},{"link_name":"Jerel McNeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerel_McNeal"},{"link_name":"Luke Harangody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Harangody"},{"link_name":"DeJuan Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeJuan_Blair"},{"link_name":"Sam Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Young_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Wesley Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Jonny Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Flynn"},{"link_name":"Dante Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Deonta Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deonta_Vaughn"},{"link_name":"Jeff Adrien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Adrien"},{"link_name":"Earl Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Clark"},{"link_name":"Levance Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levance_Fields"},{"link_name":"Scottie Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottie_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Alex Ruoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ruoff"},{"link_name":"Yancy Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancy_Gates"},{"link_name":"Kemba Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemba_Walker"},{"link_name":"Greg Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Samardo Samuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samardo_Samuels"},{"link_name":"Devin Ebanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Ebanks"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"DeJuan Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeJuan_Blair"},{"link_name":"Hasheem Thabeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasheem_Thabeet"},{"link_name":"Luke Harangody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Harangody"},{"link_name":"Jerel McNeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerel_McNeal"},{"link_name":"Terrence Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Williams"},{"link_name":"Sam Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Young_(basketball)"}],"text":"The following players were honored with postseason awards after having been voted for by Big East Conference coaches.[6]Co-Players of the Year:Hasheem Thabeet, Connecticut, C, Jr.\nDeJuan Blair, Pittsburgh, C, So.Defensive Player of the Year:Hasheem Thabeet, Connecticut, C, Jr.Rookie of the Year:Greg Monroe, Georgetown, C, Fr.Most Improved Player:Dante Cunningham, Villanova, F, Sr.Sixth Man Award:Corey Fisher, Villanova, G, So.Sportsmanship Award:Alex Ruoff, West Virginia, G, Sr.Scholar-Athlete of the Year:Alex Ruoff, West Virginia, G, Sr.Coach of the Year:Jay Wright, Villanova (8th season)All-Big East First Team:Hasheem Thabeet, Connecticut, C, Jr., 7–3, 263, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania\nTerrence Williams, Louisville, F, Sr., 6–6, 210, Seattle, Wash.\nJerel McNeal, Marquette, G, Sr., 6–3, 200 Chicago, Ill.\nLuke Harangody, Notre Dame, F, Jr., 6–8, 251, Schererville, Ind.\nDeJuan Blair, Pittsburgh, C, So., 6–7, 265, Pittsburgh, Pa.\nSam Young, Pittsburgh, F, Sr., 6–6, 215, Clinton, Md.All-Big East Second Team:A.J. Price, Connecticut, G, Sr., 6–2, 181, Amityville, N.Y.\nWesley Matthews, Marquette, G, Sr., 6–5, 215, Madison, Wis.\nJonny Flynn, Syracuse, G, So., 6–0, 185, Niagara Falls, N.Y.\nDante Cunningham, Villanova, F, Sr., 6–8, 230, Silver Spring, Md.\nDa’Sean Butler, West Virginia, F, Jr., 6–7, 225, Newark, N.J.All-Big East Third Team:Deonta Vaughn, Cincinnati, G, Jr., 6–1, 195, Indianapolis, Ind.\nJeff Adrien, Connecticut, F, Sr., 6–7, 243, Brookline, Mass.\nEarl Clark, Louisville, G/F, Jr., 6–8, 220, Rahway, N.J.\nLevance Fields, Pittsburgh, G, Sr., 5–10, 190, Brooklyn, N.Y.\nJeremy Hazell, Seton Hall, G, So., 6–5, 185, Bronx, N.Y.Big East Honorable Mention:Weyinmi Efejuku, Providence, G, Sr., 6–5, 210, Fresh Meadows, N.Y.\nDominique Jones, USF, G, So., 6–4, 205, Lake Wales, Fla.\nScottie Reynolds, Villanova, G, Jr., 6–2, 195, Herndon, Va.\nAlex Ruoff, West Virginia, G, Sr., 6–6, 220, Spring Hill, Fla.Big East All-Rookie Team:Yancy Gates, Cincinnati, F, Fr., 6–9, 255, Cincinnati, Ohio\nKemba Walker, Connecticut, G, Fr., 6–0, 175, Bronx, N.Y.\nGreg Monroe, Georgetown, C, Fr., 6–10, 240, Gretna, La.\nSamardo Samuels, Louisville, F, Fr., 6–8, 240, Trelawny Parish, Jamaica\nMike Rosario, Rutgers, G, Fr., 6–3, 180, Jersey City, N.J.\nDevin Ebanks, West Virginia, F, Fr., 6–9, 205, Long Island City, N.Y.The following players were selected to the 2009 Associated Press All-America teams.[7]First Team All-America:DeJuan Blair, Pittsburgh, Key Stats: 15.6 ppg, 12.2 rpg, 59.9 FG%, 1.5 steals (49 1st place votes, 294 points)Second Team All-America:Hasheem Thabeet, Connecticut, Key Stats: 13.7 ppg, 10.9 rpg, 4.6 blocks, 64.3 FG% (19, 238)\nLuke Harangody, Notre Dame, Key Stats: 23.2 ppg, 12.0 rpg, 2.1 apg (6, 135)\nJerel McNeal, Marquette, Key Stats: 19.3 ppg, 4.5 rpg, 3.8 apg, 40.6 3-pt FG% (7, 114)Third Team All-America:Terrence Williams, Louisville, Key Stats: 12.3 ppg, 8.5 rpg, 5.1 apg, 2.5 steals (4, 103)\nSam Young, Pittsburgh, Key Stats: 18.7 ppg, 6.1 rpg (1, 79)","title":"Awards and honors"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_season"},{"title":"2008–09 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Connecticut_Huskies_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"title":"2008–09 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Georgetown_Hoyas_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"title":"2008–09 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"title":"2008–09 Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Marquette_Golden_Eagles_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"title":"2008–09 Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"title":"2008–09 Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Pittsburgh_Panthers_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"title":"2008–09 Providence Friars men's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Providence_Friars_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"title":"2008–09 Syracuse Orange men's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Syracuse_Orange_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"title":"2008–09 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Villanova_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"title":"2008–09 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_men%27s_basketball_team"}]
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[{"reference":"\"BIG EAST Places Nine In This Week's National Polls\". BigEast.org. Big East Conference. January 5, 2009. Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090622003520/http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=3640593","url_text":"\"BIG EAST Places Nine In This Week's National Polls\""},{"url":"http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=3640593","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 NCAA Men's Basketball Rankings\". ESPN.com. February 2, 2009. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090417195931/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/rankings","url_text":"\"2009 NCAA Men's Basketball Rankings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"},{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/rankings","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"College Basketball – Syracuse Orange/Connecticut Huskies Box Score\". March 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://rivals.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/boxscore?gid=200903120129","url_text":"\"College Basketball – Syracuse Orange/Connecticut Huskies Box Score\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090406235157/http://rivals.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/boxscore?gid=200903120129","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gagne, Matt (March 15, 2009). \"Jonny Flynn gets Big East MVP nod\". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/college/2009/03/14/2009-03-14_jonny_flynn_gets_big_east_mvp_nod.html","url_text":"\"Jonny Flynn gets Big East MVP nod\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090319003342/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/college/2009/03/14/2009-03-14_jonny_flynn_gets_big_east_mvp_nod.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncb/conferences/standings?confId=4&year=2009","external_links_name":"\"Big East Conference Standings - 2008-09.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090622003520/http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=3640593","external_links_name":"\"BIG EAST Places Nine In This Week's National Polls\""},{"Link":"http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=3640593","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090417195931/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/rankings","external_links_name":"\"2009 NCAA Men's Basketball Rankings\""},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/rankings","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rivals.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/boxscore?gid=200903120129","external_links_name":"\"College Basketball – Syracuse Orange/Connecticut Huskies Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090406235157/http://rivals.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/boxscore?gid=200903120129","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/college/2009/03/14/2009-03-14_jonny_flynn_gets_big_east_mvp_nod.html","external_links_name":"\"Jonny Flynn gets Big East MVP nod\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090319003342/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/college/2009/03/14/2009-03-14_jonny_flynn_gets_big_east_mvp_nod.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=92555&SPID=11228&DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=3687582","external_links_name":"Harangody, Young Repeat On All-BIG EAST First Team"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090312003511/http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=92555&SPID=11228&DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=3687582","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/story/11569784","external_links_name":"2009 AP All-America Teams"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121010062208/http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/story/11569784","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fisher_(journalist)
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Red Fisher (journalist)
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["1 Biography","2 Books","3 References","4 External links"]
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Canadian sports journalist
For other people with the same name, see Red Fisher.
Red FisherFisher in December 2009BornSaul Fisher(1926-08-22)22 August 1926Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDied19 January 2018(2018-01-19) (aged 91)OccupationSports journalistYears active1955–2012Spouse
Tillie Fisher
(m. 1948; died 2018)
Saul "Red" Fisher, CM (22 August 1926 – 19 January 2018) was a Canadian sports journalist who wrote about the National Hockey League and the Montreal Canadiens in his newspaper column. Fisher received the Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award in 1985. He was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1999, and became a Member of the Order of Canada (CM) in 2017.
Biography
Fisher was born in Montreal in 1926 and was given the nickname "Red" for the colour of his hair as a young man.
Fisher began his hockey reporting for The Montreal Star on 17 March 1955, the night of the Richard Riot. He remained as writer and sports editor until the Star's demise in 1979. He then joined the Montreal Gazette as sports editor (for a short time), where his columns continued to appear.
He covered the Montreal Canadiens when they won five Stanley Cups in a row in the 1950s, and during their dynasty years in the 1960s and 1970s. Fisher said Habs legend Dickie Moore was his closest friend. He was also at the 1972 Summit Series between NHL players and the Soviet national team. Fisher was known for his "no-nonsense approach" to his career, such as his refusal to talk to rookies and walk away if a player answered his questions with cliches.
Fisher served as president of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association from 1968 to 1970. He was the longest-serving beat writer to cover an NHL team. Over his career, he worked for ten editors and publishers, and won the Canadian National Newspaper Award three times. His retirement was announced by Gazette publisher Alan Allnutt in a column on 8 June 2012. He continued to write guest articles for the Gazette until his death.
Fisher died at the age of 91 on 19 January 2018. His wife of 69 years, Tillie Fisher, had died ten days earlier.
Books
Fisher, Red (15 October 1994). Hockey, Heroes and Me. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-3147-2.
References
^ "Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award Winners". Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2006.
^ "Red Fisher (biography)". International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 11 November 2006.
^ "Order of Canada list announced". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
^ Red's hockey reporting gets the gold; Red Fisher has covered 17 of Habs' Stanley Cup titles. Boone, Mike. Star – Phoenix 28 August 2010: B.4.
^ a b "Long-time Montreal Canadiens reporter Red Fisher dead at 91". Sportsnet. The Canadian Press. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ a b c d "Montreal Gazette sports reporter Red Fisher dies at 91". Montreal CTV News. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ a b Basu, Arpon (19 January 2018). "Red Fisher 1928-2018". The Athletic. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ a b Fisher, Red (20 December 2015). "Red Fisher: Remembering great friend and Habs legend Dickie Moore, dead at age 84". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
^ "About the PHWA". Professional Hockey Writers' Association. 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ Allnutt, Alan (8 June 2012). "Legendary Fisher Calls it a Career". Montreal Gazette.
^ "Red Fisher, longtime Canadiens writer, dies at 91 | NHL.com". www.nhl.com. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
^ Spector, Mark (19 January 2018). "Remembering Red Fisher's unmatched personality and flair". Sportsnet. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
External links
Montreal Gazette: Red Fisher, accessed 11 November 2006
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Netherlands
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Fisher received the Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award in 1985.[1] He was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1999,[2] and became a Member of the Order of Canada (CM) in 2017.[3]","title":"Red Fisher (journalist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Montreal Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Montreal_Star"},{"link_name":"Richard Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Riot"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-5"},{"link_name":"Montreal Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mont-6"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cups"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlantic-7"},{"link_name":"Dickie Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickie_Moore_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HABS-8"},{"link_name":"1972 Summit Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summit_Series"},{"link_name":"Soviet national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mont-6"},{"link_name":"cliches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliches"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mont-6"},{"link_name":"Professional Hockey Writers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Hockey_Writers%27_Association"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Newspaper Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Newspaper_Awards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlantic-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HABS-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mont-6"}],"text":"Fisher was born in Montreal in 1926 and was given the nickname \"Red\" for the colour of his hair as a young man.[4]Fisher began his hockey reporting for The Montreal Star on 17 March 1955, the night of the Richard Riot.[5] He remained as writer and sports editor until the Star's demise in 1979.[5] He then joined the Montreal Gazette as sports editor (for a short time), where his columns continued to appear.[6]He covered the Montreal Canadiens when they won five Stanley Cups in a row in the 1950s, and during their dynasty years in the 1960s and 1970s.[7] Fisher said Habs legend Dickie Moore was his closest friend.[8] He was also at the 1972 Summit Series between NHL players and the Soviet national team.[6] Fisher was known for his \"no-nonsense approach\" to his career, such as his refusal to talk to rookies and walk away if a player answered his questions with cliches.[6]Fisher served as president of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association from 1968 to 1970.[9] He was the longest-serving beat writer to cover an NHL team. Over his career, he worked for ten editors and publishers, and won the Canadian National Newspaper Award three times.[7] His retirement was announced by Gazette publisher Alan Allnutt in a column on 8 June 2012.[10] He continued to write guest articles for the Gazette until his death.[8]Fisher died at the age of 91 on 19 January 2018.[11][12] His wife of 69 years, Tillie Fisher, had died ten days earlier.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McClelland & Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClelland_%26_Stewart"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7710-3147-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-3147-2"}],"text":"Fisher, Red (15 October 1994). Hockey, Heroes and Me. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-3147-2.","title":"Books"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parry_(explorer)
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William Edward Parry
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["1 Early life","2 Arctic exploration","2.1 1818: Baffin Bay","2.2 1819: Halfway across the Arctic","2.3 1821: West side of Foxe Basin","2.4 1824: Loss of Fury at Prince Regent Inlet","2.5 Farthest North record","3 Later career","4 Legacy","5 Contributions to botany","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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Royal Navy officer and explorer
For other people named Edward Parry, see Edward Parry (disambiguation).
SirEdward ParryFRSportrait by Charles SkottoweHydrographer of the NavyIn office1 December 1823 – 13 May 1829 (1823-12-01 – 1829-05-13)Preceded byThomas Hannaford HurdSucceeded bySir Francis Beaufort
Personal detailsBornWilliam Edward Parry(1790-12-19)19 December 1790Bath, Somerset, EnglandDied8 July 1855(1855-07-08) (aged 64)Bad Ems, Kingdom of PrussiaSpouses
Isabella Louisa Stanley
Catherine Edwards Hoare
ParentCaleb Hillier Parry (father)Relatives
Charles Henry Parry (brother)
Joshua Parry (grandfather)
Edward Rigby (uncle)
EducationKing Edward's SchoolOccupationArctic explorer, hydrographerKnown forFarthest North in 1827Military serviceBranch Royal NavyService years1803–1855RankRear admiralWarsAnglo-American War
Sir William Edward Parry FRS (19 December 1790 – 8 July 1855) was a Royal Navy officer and explorer best known for his 1819–1820 expedition through the Parry Channel, probably the most successful in the long quest for the Northwest Passage, until it was finally negotiated by Roald Amundsen in 1906. In 1827, Parry attempted one of the earliest expeditions to the North Pole. He reached 82° 45' N, setting a record for human exploration Farthest North that stood for nearly five decades before being surpassed at 83° 20' N by Albert Hastings Markham in 1875.
Early life
Parry was born in Bath, Somerset, the son of Caleb Hillier Parry and Sarah Rigby. He was educated at King Edward's School.
At the age of thirteen he joined the flagship of Admiral Sir William Cornwallis in the Channel fleet as a first-class volunteer, in 1806 became a midshipman, and in 1810 received promotion to the rank of lieutenant in the frigate Alexander, which spent the next three years in the protection of the Spitsbergen whale fishery.
Parry took advantage of this opportunity for the study and practice of astronomical observations in northern latitudes, and afterwards published the results of his studies in a small volume on Nautical Astronomy by Night. From 1813 to 1817 he served on the North American Station.
Arctic exploration
Parry Channel runs west from Lancaster Sound. Melville Island is the westernmost yellow-and-pink island on the north side.
Foxe Basin. Melville Peninsula on the west between Frozen Strait (south) and Fury and Hecla Strait (north)
"Das Eismeer" (The Sea of Ice) by Caspar David Friedrich, 1823–4, was inspired by Parry's account from the 1819–1820 expedition. The harsh nature (e.g. the shipwreck) and radical composition, however, caused it to remain unsold until the death of the artist in 1840.
"The Crews of H.M.S. Hecla & Griper Cutting into Winter Harbour, 26 Sept. 1819". An engraving from the journal published in 1821.
Winter Island by Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager
1818: Baffin Bay
In 1818 he received command of the brig Alexander in the Arctic expedition under Captain John Ross. This expedition followed the coast of Baffin Bay without making any new discoveries.
1819: Halfway across the Arctic
Parry and many others thought that Ross was wrong to turn back after entering Lancaster Sound at the north end of Baffin Island. Partly as a result, Parry was given command of a new expedition in HMS Hecla, accompanied by the slower HMS Griper under Matthew Liddon. Others on the expedition were Edward Sabine, science officer and Frederick William Beechey. For protection from ice the ships were clad with 3-inch (7.6 cm) oak, had iron plates on their bows and internal cross-beams.
They also carried food in tin cans, an invention so new that there were as yet no can openers. Instead of taking Ross's route anti-clockwise around Baffin Bay (which Ross was charting) he was able to cross the bay straight to Lancaster Sound. Fighting his way through ice he reached clear water on 28 July and entered Lancaster Sound. He passed Ross's farthest west and kept going. Blocked by heavy ice, they went south for more than 100 miles (160 km) into Prince Regent Inlet before turning back.
Continuing west they passed 110° W (about 600 miles (970 km) west of Lancaster Strait) which entitled them to a £5,000 award offered by Parliament. Finally blocked by ice they turned back to a place Parry called Winter Harbour on the south shore of Melville Island, somewhere near 107- or 108° W. Cutting their way through new ice the ships reached anchorage on 26 September.
Here they were frozen in for the next 10 months. There were three months of total darkness and in the new year the temperature dropped to −54 °F (−48 °C). The men were kept busy with regular exercise while the officers put on plays and produced a newspaper. The first case of scurvy was reported in January and by March fourteen men were on the sick list, about half with mild scurvy. Parry carried mustard and cress seeds and planted them in his cabin. The leaves seemed to help.
There was some excitement in early March when the first melt water appeared, but by the end of the month the ice was still 6 feet (2 m) thick. In June Parry led a group of men dragging a wooden cart to the north shore of the island which he named Hecla and Griper Bay. It was the first of August before the ships were able to float out of the harbour. They got as far west as 113°46'W before turning back. It was too late in the season and new ice was already beginning to form. They reached England in October 1820 having lost one man.
Parry's voyage, which had taken him through the Parry Channel three-quarters of the way across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago was probably the single most productive voyage in the quest for the Northwest Passage. Luck was on their side; 1819 was unusually ice-free and no ship was able to travel so far west until Edward Belcher's expedition in 1850. A narrative of the expedition, entitled Journal of a Voyage to discover a North-west Passage, appeared in 1821, publisher John Murray paying 1,000 guineas for it. Upon his return Lieutenant Parry received promotion to the rank of commander. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in February 1821.
1821: West side of Foxe Basin
In April 1821 he again left for the Arctic commanding HMS Fury accompanied by HMS Hecla under George Francis Lyon. Others with him were George Fisher, scientist and chaplain, William Hooper, purser and diarist, lieutenant Henry Parkyns Hoppner and then midshipmen Francis Crozier and James Clark Ross. Experience from the previous voyage led to improvements. The two vessels were nearly identical since Gripper had not been able to keep up with Hecla, and all the equipment was made to be entirely interchangeable. They had cork insulation, cork plugs for the portholes and an improved heating system, coal-burning stove, placed in the lowest deck to deal with cold and condensation. The men were issued better clothing and lemon juice was stored in kegs rather than glass bottles.
The goal this time was to find a passage near the northwest end of Hudson Bay. After working slowly through the ice of Hudson Strait he headed directly west to Frozen Strait which Christopher Middleton had found impassable in 1742. He passed Frozen Strait in a fog and found himself in Repulse Bay which he re-checked and found land-locked. He then ran northeast and mapped the coast of the Melville Peninsula and wintered at the southeast corner of Winter Island. From the Inuit he learned that northward the coast turned west.
In March and May Lyon led two sledging expeditions into the interior. Freed from the ice in July they then went north and found the Fury and Hecla Strait, which was ice-filled. They waited for the ice to clear, but it did not. In September Lieutenant Reid trekked 100 miles (160 km) west along the Strait to the ice-filled Gulf of Boothia, the north end of which Parry had approached in 1819. When new ice began to form they went a short distance southeast and wintered at Igloolik.
The ship was not freed from ice until 8 August. Since it was late in the season and there were signs of scurvy, Parry turned for home and reached Shetland in mid-October 1823. During his absence, he had been promoted to post rank in November 1821, and shortly after his return he was appointed acting Hydrographer of the Navy. His Journal of a Second Voyage, &c., appeared in 1824.
1824: Loss of Fury at Prince Regent Inlet
HMS Hecla and HMS Fury enter Baffin Bay during the 1824 expedition
In May 1824 he left London in the Hecla accompanied by Henry Parkyns Hoppner in the Fury. With them were Horatio Thomas Austin, James Clark Ross, Francis Crozier and William Hooper. The goal this time was Prince Regent Inlet at the west end of Baffin Island where he had been blocked by ice in 1819. It was a bad year for ice and he did not reach Lancaster Sound until 10 September. He entered Prince Regent Inlet but after 60 miles (97 km) of ice he was forced to winter at a place he called Port Bowen on the eastern shore.
In late July 1825 they freed themselves from the ice, but 60 miles (97 km) further south they were caught by wind and ice and the Fury was driven against the western shore and damaged by the ensuing pressure. After 48 hours work on the pumps they made an attempt to deliberately beach the ship for repairs. Stores were unloaded, but by 25 August it was clear that the keel was broken and the advancing ice forced them to abort further efforts. Most of the stores were left on the beach and the crew taken on board the Hecla which reached England in October 1825. Parry thought he could see open water south of the wreck site. He published an account of this voyage in 1826.
The wreck site, Fury Beach, near 72°30′N 92°30′W / 72.500°N 92.500°W / 72.500; -92.500 (Fury Beach) where the coast turns west became an important landmark. Sir John Ross reached it in 1829. He found the hulk gone and many stores, Fury's boats and anchors piled on the beach. When his ship was frozen in further south he depended on those stores before being rescued. In 1850, Charles Codrington Forsyth reached it but was blocked by ice.
Farthest North record
In the following year Parry obtained the sanction of the Admiralty for an attempt on the North Pole from the northern shores of Spitsbergen at Sjuøyane. On 23 October 1826, Parry married Isabella Louisa Stanley, daughter of John Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley of Alderley, before undertaking the expedition.
In 1827, he reached 82°45′N, which remained the highest latitude attained for the next 49 years. He published an account of this journey under the title of Narrative of the Attempt to reach the North Pole, &c..
Later career
The Officers Monument near the site of Greenwich Hospital in east London
In April 1829 he was knighted. Parry served as Commissioner of the Australian Agricultural Company based at Tahlee on the northern shore of Port Stephens, New South Wales, from 1829 to 1834.
Parry was subsequently selected for the post of comptroller of the newly created department of steam machinery of the Navy, and held this office until his retirement from active service in 1846, when he was appointed captain-superintendent of Haslar Hospital. He reorganised the packet service, which had been transferred from the Post Office to the Admiralty in January 1837. Steamship companies were contracted to carry the mail, instead of naval vessels, on a regular schedule.
He attained the rank of rear-admiral in 1852, and in the following year became a governor of Greenwich Hospital, and retained this post until his death.
He died after a long illness at Bad Ems in Germany on 8 July 1855, but his body was returned to London for burial. He is buried in Greenwich Hospital Cemetery. The cemetery is now largely cleared to create a pocket park but he is named on the west face of the Officers Monument in the centre of the area.
Legacy
Parry's character was influenced by his religiousness, and besides the journals of his different voyages he also wrote a Lecture to Seamen, and Thoughts on the Parental Character of God. He was noted as "an evangelical and an ardent advocate of moral reform in the navy."
Parry also pioneered the use of canning techniques for food preservation on his Arctic voyages. However, his techniques were not infallible: in 1939 viable spores of certain heat-resistant bacteria were found in canned roast veal that had travelled with Parry to the Arctic Circle in 1824.
The crater Parry on the Moon was named after him, as were Parry County, New South Wales, Parry Sound, Ontario, and the optical phenomenon Parry arc, documented by him during the 1819–1821 expedition.
In 1930, a large sandstone rock at Winter Harbour on Melville Island marking Parry's 1819 wintering site, approximately 5.5-metre-long (18 ft) and 3-metre-high (9.8 ft), was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.
Parry Street in Cooks Hill is named after him due to his work at the A A Company.
Contributions to botany
Parry was cited as the author of some plant species of Greenland in the following documents:
The standard author abbreviation W.Parry is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; Performed in the years 1819–'20, in His Majecty's Ships Hecla and Griper ... with an Appendix Containing the Scientific and Other Observations... London (1821)
Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; Performed in the Years 1821-22-23, in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla, under the Orders of Captain William Edward Parry... London (1824)
Supplement to the Appendix of Captain Parry's First Voyage (1824)
Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, Performed in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla in the Years 1821–22–23 ... London (1825)
Journal of a Third Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; Performed in the Years 1824-25 in His Majesty's Ships Hecla and Fury, Under the Orders of Captain William Edward Parry... London (1826)
See also
Arctic exploration
Farthest North
Northwest Passage
List of Arctic expeditions
Notes
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
^ Fredreich 1824.
^ Voyages et découvertes outremer, A. Mangin, 1863
^ Fleming, Fergus (2018). “Scribes in Ice and Darkness: Polar Newspapers.” The Book Collector I67/3: 422-442.
^ The Royal Society.
^ Berton 1988.
^ Parry, Ann, "Parry, Sir William Edward (1790–1855)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 21 August 2021
^ Laughton 2004.
^ Miller 2007.
^ Parry 1857.
^ Parry's Rock Wintering Site. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
^ SCANLON, MIKE (16 January 2015). "A hill's past unearthed". Newcastle Herald. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
^ Harvard University Herbarium.
^ International Plant Names Index. W.Parry.
^ "Review of Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; performed in the Years 1821–22–23, in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla, under the Orders of Captain W. E. Parry. 1824". The Quarterly Review. 30: 231–272. October 1823.
References
"Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660–2007". London: The Royal Society. p. 273. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
"Author details for Parry, William Edward". Index of Botanists. Harvard University Herbarium. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
Glyn Williams, "Arctic Labyrinth", 2009
Anthony Brandt, "The Man Who Ate His Boots",2010
Berton, Pierre (1988). The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole, 1818–1909 (1 ed.). Toronto: Random House of Canada. p. 100. ISBN 1-58574-116-7.
Miller, Amy (2007). Dressed to Kill: British Naval Uniform, Masculinity and Contemporary Fashions 1748–1857. National Maritime Museum. p. 76.
Parry, Rev. Edward (son of Sir William Parry) (1857) . Memoirs of Rear-Admiral Sir W. E. Parry (3 ed.). London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
"Fredreich, Caspar David". Web Gallery of Art. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
Laughton, J. K. (2004). "Parry, Sir (William) Edward (1790–1855), Rev. A. K. Parry". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online 2006 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21443. Retrieved 31 October 2007. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Parry, Edward. Memoirs of Rear-Admiral Sir W. Edward Parry, Kt., Late Lieut.-Governor of Greenwich Hospital. New York: Protestant Episcopal Society for the Promotion of Evangelical Knowledge, 1858. Google Books Retrieved 27 September 2008
Lyon, G. F. A Brief Narrative of an Unsuccessful Attempt to Reach Repulse Bay, Through Sir Thomas Rowe's "Welcome," in His Majesty's Ship Griper, in the Year MDCCCXXIV. London: J. Murray, 1825. Internet Archive Retrieved 27 September 2008
Coleman, E. C. The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration: From Frobisher to Ross. Revealing history. Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0-7524-3660-0
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Parry, Sir William Edward". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Edward Parry.
Works by William Edward Parry at Biodiversity Heritage Library
Works by William Edward Parry at Open Library
Works by William Edward Parry at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about William Edward Parry at Internet Archive
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Parry (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Parry_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Parry Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Channel"},{"link_name":"Northwest Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage"},{"link_name":"Roald Amundsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"82° 45' N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"Farthest North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farthest_North"},{"link_name":"83° 20' N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/83rd_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"Albert Hastings Markham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham"}],"text":"For other people named Edward Parry, see Edward Parry (disambiguation).Sir William Edward Parry FRS (19 December 1790 – 8 July 1855) was a Royal Navy officer and explorer best known for his 1819–1820 expedition through the Parry Channel, probably the most successful in the long quest for the Northwest Passage, until it was finally negotiated by Roald Amundsen in 1906. In 1827, Parry attempted one of the earliest expeditions to the North Pole. He reached 82° 45' N, setting a record for human exploration Farthest North that stood for nearly five decades before being surpassed at 83° 20' N by Albert Hastings Markham in 1875.","title":"William Edward Parry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bath, Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Caleb Hillier Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Hillier_Parry"},{"link_name":"King Edward's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Bath"},{"link_name":"Admiral Sir William Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cornwallis"},{"link_name":"Channel fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_fleet"},{"link_name":"Spitsbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"North American Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"}],"text":"Parry was born in Bath, Somerset, the son of Caleb Hillier Parry and Sarah Rigby. He was educated at King Edward's School.At the age of thirteen he joined the flagship of Admiral Sir William Cornwallis in the Channel fleet as a first-class volunteer, in 1806 became a midshipman, and in 1810 received promotion to the rank of lieutenant in the frigate Alexander, which spent the next three years in the protection of the Spitsbergen whale fishery.[1]Parry took advantage of this opportunity for the study and practice of astronomical observations in northern latitudes, and afterwards published the results of his studies in a small volume on Nautical Astronomy by Night. From 1813 to 1817 he served on the North American Station.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_indicating_Lancaster_Sound,_Nunavut,_Canada.png"},{"link_name":"Parry Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Channel"},{"link_name":"Lancaster Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_Sound"},{"link_name":"Melville Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_indicating_Foxe_Basin,_Nunavut,_Canada.png"},{"link_name":"Foxe Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxe_Basin"},{"link_name":"Melville Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Frozen Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Strait"},{"link_name":"Fury and Hecla Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fury_and_Hecla_Strait"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Eismeer_-_Hamburger_Kunsthalle_-_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Sea of Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sea_of_Ice"},{"link_name":"Caspar David Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredreich1824-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Crews_of_H.M.S._Hecla_%26_Griper_Cutting_Into_Winter_Harbour,_Sept._26th,_1819.jpg"},{"link_name":"H.M.S. Hecla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)"},{"link_name":"Griper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durand-brager-296.png"},{"link_name":"Winter Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Island_(Qikiqtaaluk)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Durand-Brager"}],"text":"Parry Channel runs west from Lancaster Sound. Melville Island is the westernmost yellow-and-pink island on the north side.Foxe Basin. Melville Peninsula on the west between Frozen Strait (south) and Fury and Hecla Strait (north)\"Das Eismeer\" (The Sea of Ice) by Caspar David Friedrich, 1823–4, was inspired by Parry's account from the 1819–1820 expedition. The harsh nature (e.g. the shipwreck) and radical composition, however, caused it to remain unsold until the death of the artist in 1840.[2]\"The Crews of H.M.S. Hecla & Griper Cutting into Winter Harbour, 26 Sept. 1819\". An engraving from the journal published in 1821.Winter Island by Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager","title":"Arctic exploration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_(1813_ship)"},{"link_name":"John Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(Arctic_explorer)"},{"link_name":"Baffin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Bay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"}],"sub_title":"1818: Baffin Bay","text":"In 1818 he received command of the brig Alexander in the Arctic expedition under Captain John Ross. This expedition followed the coast of Baffin Bay without making any new discoveries.[1]","title":"Arctic exploration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancaster Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_Sound"},{"link_name":"HMS Hecla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)"},{"link_name":"HMS Griper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Edward Sabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sabine"},{"link_name":"Frederick William Beechey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey"},{"link_name":"tin cans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning"},{"link_name":"can openers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_opener"},{"link_name":"Prince Regent Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Regent_Inlet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Melville Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"scurvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurvy"},{"link_name":"mustard and cress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_cress"},{"link_name":"Hecla and Griper Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecla_and_Griper_Bay"},{"link_name":"Parry Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Channel"},{"link_name":"Canadian Arctic Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Northwest Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage"},{"link_name":"Edward Belcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Belcher"},{"link_name":"John Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(1778%E2%80%931843)"},{"link_name":"guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Royal_Society-5"}],"sub_title":"1819: Halfway across the Arctic","text":"Parry and many others thought that Ross was wrong to turn back after entering Lancaster Sound at the north end of Baffin Island. Partly as a result, Parry was given command of a new expedition in HMS Hecla, accompanied by the slower HMS Griper under Matthew Liddon. Others on the expedition were Edward Sabine, science officer and Frederick William Beechey. For protection from ice the ships were clad with 3-inch (7.6 cm) oak, had iron plates on their bows and internal cross-beams.They also carried food in tin cans, an invention so new that there were as yet no can openers. Instead of taking Ross's route anti-clockwise around Baffin Bay (which Ross was charting) he was able to cross the bay straight to Lancaster Sound. Fighting his way through ice he reached clear water on 28 July and entered Lancaster Sound. He passed Ross's farthest west and kept going. Blocked by heavy ice, they went south for more than 100 miles (160 km) into Prince Regent Inlet before turning back.[3]Continuing west they passed 110° W (about 600 miles (970 km) west of Lancaster Strait) which entitled them to a £5,000 award offered by Parliament. Finally blocked by ice they turned back to a place Parry called Winter Harbour on the south shore of Melville Island, somewhere near 107- or 108° W. Cutting their way through new ice the ships reached anchorage on 26 September.Here they were frozen in for the next 10 months. There were three months of total darkness and in the new year the temperature dropped to −54 °F (−48 °C). The men were kept busy with regular exercise while the officers put on plays and produced a newspaper.[4] The first case of scurvy was reported in January and by March fourteen men were on the sick list, about half with mild scurvy. Parry carried mustard and cress seeds and planted them in his cabin. The leaves seemed to help.There was some excitement in early March when the first melt water appeared, but by the end of the month the ice was still 6 feet (2 m) thick. In June Parry led a group of men dragging a wooden cart to the north shore of the island which he named Hecla and Griper Bay. It was the first of August before the ships were able to float out of the harbour. They got as far west as 113°46'W before turning back. It was too late in the season and new ice was already beginning to form. They reached England in October 1820 having lost one man.Parry's voyage, which had taken him through the Parry Channel three-quarters of the way across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago was probably the single most productive voyage in the quest for the Northwest Passage. Luck was on their side; 1819 was unusually ice-free and no ship was able to travel so far west until Edward Belcher's expedition in 1850. A narrative of the expedition, entitled Journal of a Voyage to discover a North-west Passage, appeared in 1821, publisher John Murray paying 1,000 guineas for it. Upon his return Lieutenant Parry received promotion to the rank of commander.[1] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in February 1821.[5]","title":"Arctic exploration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)"},{"link_name":"HMS Hecla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)"},{"link_name":"George Francis Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon"},{"link_name":"George Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fisher_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Henry Parkyns Hoppner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner"},{"link_name":"Francis Crozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crozier"},{"link_name":"James Clark Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_Ross"},{"link_name":"coal-burning stove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sylvester"},{"link_name":"Hudson Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Strait"},{"link_name":"Frozen Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Strait"},{"link_name":"Christopher Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Middleton_(navigator)"},{"link_name":"Repulse Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repulse_Bay,_Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Melville Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Winter Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Island_(Qikiqtaaluk)"},{"link_name":"Fury and Hecla Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fury_and_Hecla_Strait"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Boothia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia"},{"link_name":"Igloolik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloolik"},{"link_name":"Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland"},{"link_name":"Hydrographer of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrographer_of_the_Navy"}],"sub_title":"1821: West side of Foxe Basin","text":"In April 1821 he again left for the Arctic commanding HMS Fury accompanied by HMS Hecla under George Francis Lyon. Others with him were George Fisher, scientist and chaplain, William Hooper, purser and diarist, lieutenant Henry Parkyns Hoppner and then midshipmen Francis Crozier and James Clark Ross. Experience from the previous voyage led to improvements. The two vessels were nearly identical since Gripper had not been able to keep up with Hecla, and all the equipment was made to be entirely interchangeable. They had cork insulation, cork plugs for the portholes and an improved heating system, coal-burning stove, placed in the lowest deck to deal with cold and condensation. The men were issued better clothing and lemon juice was stored in kegs rather than glass bottles.The goal this time was to find a passage near the northwest end of Hudson Bay. After working slowly through the ice of Hudson Strait he headed directly west to Frozen Strait which Christopher Middleton had found impassable in 1742. He passed Frozen Strait in a fog and found himself in Repulse Bay which he re-checked and found land-locked. He then ran northeast and mapped the coast of the Melville Peninsula and wintered at the southeast corner of Winter Island. From the Inuit he learned that northward the coast turned west.In March and May Lyon led two sledging expeditions into the interior. Freed from the ice in July they then went north and found the Fury and Hecla Strait, which was ice-filled. They waited for the ice to clear, but it did not. In September Lieutenant Reid trekked 100 miles (160 km) west along the Strait to the ice-filled Gulf of Boothia, the north end of which Parry had approached in 1819. When new ice began to form they went a short distance southeast and wintered at Igloolik.The ship was not freed from ice until 8 August. Since it was late in the season and there were signs of scurvy, Parry turned for home and reached Shetland in mid-October 1823. During his absence, he had been promoted to post rank in November 1821, and shortly after his return he was appointed acting Hydrographer of the Navy. His Journal of a Second Voyage, &c., appeared in 1824.","title":"Arctic exploration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hecla_and_Fury_entering_Baffin%27s_Bay.jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Hecla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)"},{"link_name":"HMS Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Baffin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Bay"},{"link_name":"Henry Parkyns Hoppner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner"},{"link_name":"Horatio Thomas Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin"},{"link_name":"James Clark Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_Ross"},{"link_name":"Francis Crozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crozier"},{"link_name":"Prince Regent Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Regent_Inlet"},{"link_name":"72°30′N 92°30′W / 72.500°N 92.500°W / 72.500; -92.500 (Fury Beach)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=William_Edward_Parry¶ms=72_30_N_92_30_W_&title=Fury+Beach"},{"link_name":"Sir John Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(Arctic_explorer)"}],"sub_title":"1824: Loss of Fury at Prince Regent Inlet","text":"HMS Hecla and HMS Fury enter Baffin Bay during the 1824 expeditionIn May 1824 he left London in the Hecla accompanied by Henry Parkyns Hoppner in the Fury. With them were Horatio Thomas Austin, James Clark Ross, Francis Crozier and William Hooper. The goal this time was Prince Regent Inlet at the west end of Baffin Island where he had been blocked by ice in 1819. It was a bad year for ice and he did not reach Lancaster Sound until 10 September. He entered Prince Regent Inlet but after 60 miles (97 km) of ice he was forced to winter at a place he called Port Bowen on the eastern shore.In late July 1825 they freed themselves from the ice, but 60 miles (97 km) further south they were caught by wind and ice and the Fury was driven against the western shore and damaged by the ensuing pressure. After 48 hours work on the pumps they made an attempt to deliberately beach the ship for repairs. Stores were unloaded, but by 25 August it was clear that the keel was broken and the advancing ice forced them to abort further efforts. Most of the stores were left on the beach and the crew taken on board the Hecla which reached England in October 1825. Parry thought he could see open water south of the wreck site. He published an account of this voyage in 1826.The wreck site, Fury Beach, near 72°30′N 92°30′W / 72.500°N 92.500°W / 72.500; -92.500 (Fury Beach) where the coast turns west became an important landmark. Sir John Ross reached it in 1829. He found the hulk gone and many stores, Fury's boats and anchors piled on the beach. When his ship was frozen in further south he depended on those stores before being rescued. In 1850, Charles Codrington Forsyth reached it but was blocked by ice.","title":"Arctic exploration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"Spitsbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergen"},{"link_name":"Sjuøyane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sju%C3%B8yane"},{"link_name":"John Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley of Alderley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stanley,_1st_Baron_Stanley_of_Alderley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton1988-6"}],"sub_title":"Farthest North record","text":"In the following year Parry obtained the sanction of the Admiralty for an attempt on the North Pole from the northern shores of Spitsbergen at Sjuøyane. On 23 October 1826, Parry married Isabella Louisa Stanley, daughter of John Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley of Alderley, before undertaking the expedition.In 1827, he reached 82°45′N,[6] which remained the highest latitude attained for the next 49 years. He published an account of this journey under the title of Narrative of the Attempt to reach the North Pole, &c..","title":"Arctic exploration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Officers_Monument,_Greenwich_Hospital_Cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Hospital,_London"},{"link_name":"Australian Agricultural Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Agricultural_Company"},{"link_name":"Tahlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahlee"},{"link_name":"Port Stephens, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Stephens_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Haslar Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haslar_Hospital"},{"link_name":"packet service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_(sea_transport)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughton2004-8"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Hospital,_London"},{"link_name":"Bad Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Ems"}],"text":"The Officers Monument near the site of Greenwich Hospital in east LondonIn April 1829 he was knighted. Parry served as Commissioner of the Australian Agricultural Company based at Tahlee on the northern shore of Port Stephens, New South Wales, from 1829 to 1834.[7]Parry was subsequently selected for the post of comptroller of the newly created department of steam machinery of the Navy, and held this office until his retirement from active service in 1846, when he was appointed captain-superintendent of Haslar Hospital. He reorganised the packet service, which had been transferred from the Post Office to the Admiralty in January 1837. Steamship companies were contracted to carry the mail, instead of naval vessels, on a regular schedule.[8]He attained the rank of rear-admiral in 1852, and in the following year became a governor of Greenwich Hospital, and retained this post until his death.He died after a long illness at Bad Ems in Germany on 8 July 1855, but his body was returned to London for burial. He is buried in Greenwich Hospital Cemetery. The cemetery is now largely cleared to create a pocket park but he is named on the west face of the Officers Monument in the centre of the area.","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2007-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1857-10"},{"link_name":"canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning"},{"link_name":"food preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservation"},{"link_name":"Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Parry County, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_County,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Parry Sound, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Sound,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Parry arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_arc"},{"link_name":"Melville Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Site_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cooks Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooks_Hill,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Parry's character was influenced by his religiousness, and besides the journals of his different voyages he also wrote a Lecture to Seamen, and Thoughts on the Parental Character of God. He was noted as \"an evangelical [Christian] and an ardent advocate of moral reform in the navy.\"[9][10]Parry also pioneered the use of canning techniques for food preservation on his Arctic voyages. However, his techniques were not infallible: in 1939 viable spores of certain heat-resistant bacteria were found in canned roast veal that had travelled with Parry to the Arctic Circle in 1824.The crater Parry on the Moon was named after him, as were Parry County, New South Wales, Parry Sound, Ontario, and the optical phenomenon Parry arc, documented by him during the 1819–1821 expedition.In 1930, a large sandstone rock at Winter Harbour on Melville Island marking Parry's 1819 wintering site, approximately 5.5-metre-long (18 ft) and 3-metre-high (9.8 ft), was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.[11]Parry Street in Cooks Hill is named after him due to his work at the A A Company.[12]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvard_University_Herbarium-13"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; Performed in the Years 1821-22-23, in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla, under the Orders of Captain William Edward Parry...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008589891"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Parry was cited as the author of some plant species of Greenland in the following documents:[13]The standard author abbreviation W.Parry is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[14]Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; Performed in the years 1819–'20, in His Majecty's Ships Hecla and Griper ... with an Appendix Containing the Scientific and Other Observations... London (1821)\nJournal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; Performed in the Years 1821-22-23, in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla, under the Orders of Captain William Edward Parry... London (1824)[15]\nSupplement to the Appendix of Captain Parry's First Voyage (1824)\nAppendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, Performed in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla in the Years 1821–22–23 ... London (1825)\nJournal of a Third Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; Performed in the Years 1824-25 in His Majesty's Ships Hecla and Fury, Under the Orders of Captain William Edward Parry... London (1826)","title":"Contributions to botany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredreich1824_2-0"},{"link_name":"Fredreich 1824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFredreich1824"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Voyages et découvertes outremer, A. Mangin, 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/voyagesetdcouver00mang"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Royal_Society_5-0"},{"link_name":"The Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThe_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton1988_6-0"},{"link_name":"Berton 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBerton1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Parry, Sir William Edward (1790–1855)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//adb.anu.edu.au/biography/parry-sir-william-edward-2539"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughton2004_8-0"},{"link_name":"Laughton 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLaughton2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2007_9-0"},{"link_name":"Miller 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiller2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1857_10-0"},{"link_name":"Parry 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFParry1857"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Parry's Rock Wintering Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=11660&pid=0"},{"link_name":"Canadian Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"A hill's past unearthed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/2819875/a-hills-past-unearthed/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvard_University_Herbarium_13-0"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarvard_University_Herbarium"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"International Plant Names Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index"},{"link_name":"W.Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=W.Parry"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Review of Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; performed in the Years 1821–22–23, in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla, under the Orders of Captain W. E. Parry. 1824\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00153858c;view=1up;seq=241"}],"text":"^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.\n\n^ Fredreich 1824.\n\n^ Voyages et découvertes outremer, A. Mangin, 1863\n\n^ Fleming, Fergus (2018). “Scribes in Ice and Darkness: Polar Newspapers.” The Book Collector I67/3: 422-442.\n\n^ The Royal Society.\n\n^ Berton 1988.\n\n^ Parry, Ann, \"Parry, Sir William Edward (1790–1855)\", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 21 August 2021\n\n^ Laughton 2004.\n\n^ Miller 2007.\n\n^ Parry 1857.\n\n^ Parry's Rock Wintering Site. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 22 October 2013. \n\n^ SCANLON, MIKE (16 January 2015). \"A hill's past unearthed\". Newcastle Herald. Retrieved 27 October 2020.\n\n^ Harvard University Herbarium.\n\n^ International Plant Names Index. W.Parry.\n\n^ \"Review of Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; performed in the Years 1821–22–23, in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla, under the Orders of Captain W. E. Parry. 1824\". The Quarterly Review. 30: 231–272. October 1823.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Parry Channel runs west from Lancaster Sound. Melville Island is the westernmost yellow-and-pink island on the north side.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_indicating_Lancaster_Sound%2C_Nunavut%2C_Canada.png/240px-Map_indicating_Lancaster_Sound%2C_Nunavut%2C_Canada.png"},{"image_text":"Foxe Basin. Melville Peninsula on the west between Frozen Strait (south) and Fury and Hecla Strait (north)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Map_indicating_Foxe_Basin%2C_Nunavut%2C_Canada.png/240px-Map_indicating_Foxe_Basin%2C_Nunavut%2C_Canada.png"},{"image_text":"\"Das Eismeer\" (The Sea of Ice) by Caspar David Friedrich, 1823–4, was inspired by Parry's account from the 1819–1820 expedition. The harsh nature (e.g. the shipwreck) and radical composition, however, caused it to remain unsold until the death of the artist in 1840.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Eismeer_-_Hamburger_Kunsthalle_-_02.jpg/240px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Eismeer_-_Hamburger_Kunsthalle_-_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Crews of H.M.S. Hecla & Griper Cutting into Winter Harbour, 26 Sept. 1819\". An engraving from the journal published in 1821.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Crews_of_H.M.S._Hecla_%26_Griper_Cutting_Into_Winter_Harbour%2C_Sept._26th%2C_1819.jpg/240px-The_Crews_of_H.M.S._Hecla_%26_Griper_Cutting_Into_Winter_Harbour%2C_Sept._26th%2C_1819.jpg"},{"image_text":"Winter Island by Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Durand-brager-296.png/240px-Durand-brager-296.png"},{"image_text":"HMS Hecla and HMS Fury enter Baffin Bay during the 1824 expedition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hecla_and_Fury_entering_Baffin%27s_Bay.jpg/290px-Hecla_and_Fury_entering_Baffin%27s_Bay.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Officers Monument near the site of Greenwich Hospital in east London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Officers_Monument%2C_Greenwich_Hospital_Cemetery.jpg/170px-The_Officers_Monument%2C_Greenwich_Hospital_Cemetery.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Arctic exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_exploration"},{"title":"Farthest North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farthest_North"},{"title":"Northwest Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage"},{"title":"List of Arctic expeditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions"}]
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[{"reference":"Parry, Ann, \"Parry, Sir William Edward (1790–1855)\", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 21 August 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/parry-sir-william-edward-2539","url_text":"\"Parry, Sir William Edward (1790–1855)\""}]},{"reference":"SCANLON, MIKE (16 January 2015). \"A hill's past unearthed\". Newcastle Herald. Retrieved 27 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/2819875/a-hills-past-unearthed/","url_text":"\"A hill's past unearthed\""}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. W.Parry.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=W.Parry","url_text":"W.Parry"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; performed in the Years 1821–22–23, in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla, under the Orders of Captain W. E. Parry. 1824\". The Quarterly Review. 30: 231–272. October 1823.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00153858c;view=1up;seq=241","url_text":"\"Review of Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; performed in the Years 1821–22–23, in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla, under the Orders of Captain W. E. Parry. 1824\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660–2007\". London: The Royal Society. p. 273. Retrieved 21 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://royalsociety.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=4294972811","url_text":"\"Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660–2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Author details for Parry, William Edward\". Index of Botanists. Harvard University Herbarium. Retrieved 1 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&id=612","url_text":"\"Author details for Parry, William Edward\""}]},{"reference":"Berton, Pierre (1988). The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole, 1818–1909 (1 ed.). Toronto: Random House of Canada. p. 100. ISBN 1-58574-116-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/arcticgrailquest00bert_0/page/100","url_text":"The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole, 1818–1909"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_of_Canada","url_text":"Random House of Canada"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/arcticgrailquest00bert_0/page/100","url_text":"100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-116-7","url_text":"1-58574-116-7"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Amy (2007). Dressed to Kill: British Naval Uniform, Masculinity and Contemporary Fashions 1748–1857. National Maritime Museum. p. 76.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum","url_text":"National Maritime Museum"}]},{"reference":"Parry, Rev. Edward (son of Sir William Parry) (1857) [1857]. Memoirs of Rear-Admiral Sir W. E. Parry (3 ed.). London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longman,_Brown,_Green,_and_Longmans","url_text":"Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans"}]},{"reference":"\"Fredreich, Caspar David\". Web Gallery of Art. Retrieved 23 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wga.hu/html/f/friedric/3/309fried.html","url_text":"\"Fredreich, Caspar David\""}]},{"reference":"Laughton, J. K. (2004). \"Parry, Sir (William) Edward (1790–1855), Rev. A. K. Parry\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online 2006 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21443. Retrieved 31 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21443","url_text":"\"Parry, Sir (William) Edward (1790–1855), Rev. A. K. Parry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21443","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/21443"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Parry, Sir William Edward\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Parry,_Sir_William_Edward","url_text":"Parry, Sir William Edward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmpT
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OmpT
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["1 Structure","2 Mechanism","3 Biological function and disease relevance","3.1 Urinary tract infections","3.2 Intestinal colonization and sepsis","3.3 Evolved suicidal action of OmpT","4 Other applications","5 References"]
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Bacterial protein
Protease 7Crystal Structure of OmpT visualised in PyMOL, lateral and aerial views (PDB: 1I78).IdentifiersOrganismEscherichia coli (strain K12)SymbolOmpTUniProtP09169Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro
Outer membrane protease, Plasmid FIdentifiersOrganismEscherichia coli (strain K12)SymbolOmpPUniProtP34210Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro
OmpT is an aspartyl protease found on the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. OmpT is a subtype of the family of omptin proteases, which are found on some gram-negative species of bacteria.
Structure
OmpT is a 33.5 kDa outer membrane protein consisting of 10 antiparallel strands that are connected by 5 extracellular loops. The antiparallel strands form a beta barrel structure that spans the width of the membrane, creating a pore.
E. coli omptins can be coded either from the OmpT gene on a chromosome (part of a DLP12 prophage) or from OmpP on a plasmid (OmpP). The sequences resulting from these two sources differ by 24-25% in the mature protease.
Genetic differences between OmpT and other members of the omptin family are found in the extracellular loops, and therefore, this area is thought to be associated with substrate specificity. Also, the barrel is relatively rigid, while the loops have more flexibility to bind to substrates of varying sizes.
Mechanism
Schematic representing the residues on OmpT that mediate the nucleophilic attack of water during peptide cleavage.
While originally thought to be a serine protease, OmpT is better characterized as an aspartyl protease because of its cleavage mechanism.
The substrate of OmpT binds to negatively charged aspartate and glutamate residues, so the active site of the protease is anionic. This causes OmpT to selectively cleave peptides between two basic (positively charged) residues. The active site of OmpT resembles that of other omptins, and is characterized by conserved residues at Asp84, Asp86, Asp206, and His208. The most common bond cleavage by OmpT is between two arginine residues because their positive charge can favorably interact with the negatively charged species at the active site during substrate binding.
Because of the specificity of the active site, OmpT does not act on peptides with a negatively charged residue adjacent to the scissile bond. Also, OmpT is specifically identified an endopeptidase because it does not cleave peptides at the N- or C-terminus, but only between nonterminal amino acids.
The peptide bond cleavage occurs via the nucleophilic attack of water at the carbonyl between two adjacent amino acid residues. Water enters the protease from the intracellular surface and is stabilized by Asp83 and His212. During the proton transfer associated with the peptide cleavage, the negatively charged aspartate residue stabilizes the positively charged histidine. Once docked in this position, water is positioned to attack the peptide in the active site.
The cleavage of peptide bonds by OmpT is also dependent on the presence of bound lipopolysaccharide (LPS). When LPS is not present, the peptide binds too deeply within the active site, and the water cannot reach the carbonyl for its nucleophilic attack of the scissile bond.
Biological function and disease relevance
In E. coli, OmpT is a housekeeping protease that degrades foreign peptide material that the bacteria encounters. Because of its ability to cleave peptides present in its surrounding environment, OmpT is associated with several pathologies.
Urinary tract infections
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are often due to E. coli entering the urethra and colonizing. The host's immune system will release protamines and other antimicrobials to combat the infection, but OmpT easily degrades the cationic protamine peptides, thus enhancing the risk of infection. There is a genetic link between OmpT and other UTI-mediating factors (such as kpsMT, cnf1, prf, and sfa), but the functional link between these proteins is not well defined.
Intestinal colonization and sepsis
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are pathogens that rely on OmpT to colonize in the intestine of their host. In response to the presence of E. coli in the gut, the host releases antimicrobial peptides as part of the innate immune response. Since OmpT can break down these antimicrobials and inactivate them, EHEC and EPEC can colonize within the colon or small intestine of the host and lead to serious diarrheal diseases.
In the case of sepsis, the host activates the blood clotting system to deposit fibrin and limit the spread of bacteria throughout the blood. However, OmpT can inactivate the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), counteracting the host's immune response, and further perpetuating the spread of extraintestinal E. coli infection.
Evolved suicidal action of OmpT
In zebrafish, ZF-RNase-3 (A5HAK0) must be cleaved by a protease (such as OmpT) in order to become activated and serve its bactericidal function. Through this evolved suicidal mechanism, the RNase mediates its own activation, since it is only cleaved in the presence of its bacterial target.
Other applications
OmpT has been identified as a potential probe to use in mass spectrometry-based proteomics, because its substrate specificity allows it to differentiate between proteins with related primary sequences.
References
^ a b c d e Vandeputte-Rutten L, Kramer RA, Kroon J, Dekker N, Egmond MR, Gros P (September 2001). "Crystal structure of the outer membrane protease OmpT from Escherichia coli suggests a novel catalytic site". EMBO J. 20 (18): 5033–9. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.18.5033. PMC 125623. PMID 11566868.
^ a b Yun TH, Morrissey JH (October 2009). "Polyphosphate and omptins: novel bacterial procoagulant agents". J. Cell. Mol. Med. 13 (10): 4146–53. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00884.x. PMC 2891932. PMID 19725923.
^ Haiko J, Laakkonen L, Juuti K, Kalkkinen N, Korhonen TK (September 2010). "The omptins of Yersinia pestis and Salmonella enterica cleave the reactive center loop of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1". J. Bacteriol. 192 (18): 4553–61. doi:10.1128/JB.00458-10. PMC 2937412. PMID 20639337.
^ a b Baaden M, Sansom MS (November 2004). "OmpT: molecular dynamics simulations of an outer membrane enzyme". Biophys. J. 87 (5): 2942–53. Bibcode:2004BpJ....87.2942B. doi:10.1529/biophysj.104.046987. PMC 1304768. PMID 15315948.
^ a b Eren E, van den Berg B (July 2012). "Structural basis for activation of an integral membrane protease by lipopolysaccharide". J. Biol. Chem. 287 (28): 23971–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.376418. PMC 3390672. PMID 22645135.
^ Hwang BY, Varadarajan N, Li H, Rodriguez S, Iverson BL, Georgiou G (January 2007). "Substrate specificity of the Escherichia coli outer membrane protease OmpP". J. Bacteriol. 189 (2): 522–30. doi:10.1128/JB.01493-06. PMC 1797397. PMID 17085556.
^ Dekker N, Cox RC, Kramer RA, Egmond MR (February 2001). "Substrate specificity of the integral membrane protease OmpT determined by spatially addressed peptide libraries". Biochemistry. 40 (6): 1694–701. doi:10.1021/bi0014195. PMID 11327829.
^ Sugimura K, Nishihara T (December 1988). "Purification, characterization, and primary structure of Escherichia coli protease VII with specificity for paired basic residues: identity of protease VII and OmpT". J. Bacteriol. 170 (12): 5625–32. doi:10.1128/jb.170.12.5625-5632.1988. PMC 211661. PMID 3056908.
^ Haiko J, Suomalainen M, Ojala T, Lähteenmäki K, Korhonen TK (April 2009). "Invited review: Breaking barriers--attack on innate immune defences by omptin surface proteases of enterobacterial pathogens". Innate Immun. 15 (2): 67–80. doi:10.1177/1753425909102559. PMID 19318417.
^ Stumpe S, Schmid R, Stephens DL, Georgiou G, Bakker EP (August 1998). "Identification of OmpT as the protease that hydrolyzes the antimicrobial peptide protamine before it enters growing cells of Escherichia coli". J. Bacteriol. 180 (15): 4002–6. doi:10.1128/JB.180.15.4002-4006.1998. PMC 107389. PMID 9683502.
^ Foxman B, Zhang L, Palin K, Tallman P, Marrs CF (June 1995). "Bacterial virulence characteristics of Escherichia coli isolates from first-time urinary tract infection". J. Infect. Dis. 171 (6): 1514–21. doi:10.1093/infdis/171.6.1514. PMID 7769286.
^ Thomassin JL, Brannon JR, Gibbs BF, Gruenheid S, Le Moual H (February 2012). "OmpT outer membrane proteases of enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli contribute differently to the degradation of human LL-37". Infect. Immun. 80 (2): 483–92. doi:10.1128/IAI.05674-11. PMC 3264287. PMID 22144482.
^ Yun TH, Cott JE, Tapping RI, Slauch JM, Morrissey JH (January 2009). "Proteolytic inactivation of tissue factor pathway inhibitor by bacterial omptins". Blood. 113 (5): 1139–48. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-05-157180. PMC 2635079. PMID 18988866.
^ Zanfardino A, Pizzo E, Di Maro A, Varcamonti M, D'Alessio G (April 2010). "The bactericidal action on Escherichia coli of ZF-RNase-3 is triggered by the suicidal action of the bacterium OmpT protease". FEBS J. 277 (8): 1921–8. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07614.x. PMID 20214681. S2CID 212827.
^ Wu C, Tran JC, Zamdborg L, et al. (August 2012). "A protease for 'middle-down' proteomics". Nat. Methods. 9 (8): 822–4. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2074. PMC 3430368. PMID 22706673.
vteEscherichia coliOutbreaks
1993 Jack in the Box
1996 Odwalla
2000 Walkerton
2005 South Wales (O157)
2006 North American (spinach; O157:H7)
2006 North American (multiple; O157:H7)
2009 United Kingdom
2011 Germany (O104:H4)
2015 United States
2023 Calgary
2024 United Kingdom (STEC O145)
Genes
CPS operon
DnaG
Fis
FNR regulon
OmpT
RecBCD
RpoE
RpoF
RpoN
RpoS
Strains
Enteroaggregative
Enterohemorrhagic
Enteroinvasive
Enterotoxigenic
O104:H21
O104:H4
O121
O157:H7
Verotoxin-producing
Related
Aerobactin
Coliform index
Long-term evolution experiment
EcoCyc
Molecular biology
Hok/sok system
LacUV5
Min System
Pathogenic
EnvZ/OmpR
Rho factor
T4 rII system
Theodor Escherich
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aspartyl protease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartyl_protease"},{"link_name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"omptin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omptin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yun1-2"}],"text":"OmpT is an aspartyl protease found on the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. OmpT is a subtype of the family of omptin proteases, which are found on some gram-negative species of bacteria.[2]","title":"OmpT"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beta barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_barrel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-1"},{"link_name":"prophage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yun1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baaden-4"}],"text":"OmpT is a 33.5 kDa outer membrane protein consisting of 10 antiparallel strands that are connected by 5 extracellular loops. The antiparallel strands form a beta barrel structure that spans the width of the membrane, creating a pore.[1]E. coli omptins can be coded either from the OmpT gene on a chromosome (part of a DLP12 prophage) or from OmpP on a plasmid (OmpP). The sequences resulting from these two sources differ by 24-25% in the mature protease.[3]Genetic differences between OmpT and other members of the omptin family are found in the extracellular loops, and therefore, this area is thought to be associated with substrate specificity.[2] Also, the barrel is relatively rigid, while the loops have more flexibility to bind to substrates of varying sizes.[4]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OmpTMechanism.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-1"},{"link_name":"conserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_sequence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LPS-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"scissile bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissile_bond"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"endopeptidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endopeptidase"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"peptide bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_bond"},{"link_name":"nucleophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baaden-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-1"},{"link_name":"lipopolysaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LPS-5"}],"text":"Schematic representing the residues on OmpT that mediate the nucleophilic attack of water during peptide cleavage.[1]While originally thought to be a serine protease, OmpT is better characterized as an aspartyl protease because of its cleavage mechanism.[1]The substrate of OmpT binds to negatively charged aspartate and glutamate residues, so the active site of the protease is anionic. This causes OmpT to selectively cleave peptides between two basic (positively charged) residues. The active site of OmpT resembles that of other omptins, and is characterized by conserved residues at Asp84, Asp86, Asp206, and His208.[5] The most common bond cleavage by OmpT is between two arginine residues because their positive charge can favorably interact with the negatively charged species at the active site during substrate binding.[6]Because of the specificity of the active site, OmpT does not act on peptides with a negatively charged residue adjacent to the scissile bond.[7] Also, OmpT is specifically identified an endopeptidase because it does not cleave peptides at the N- or C-terminus, but only between nonterminal amino acids.[8]The peptide bond cleavage occurs via the nucleophilic attack of water at the carbonyl between two adjacent amino acid residues. Water enters the protease from the intracellular surface and is stabilized by Asp83 and His212.[4] During the proton transfer associated with the peptide cleavage, the negatively charged aspartate residue stabilizes the positively charged histidine.[1] Once docked in this position, water is positioned to attack the peptide in the active site.The cleavage of peptide bonds by OmpT is also dependent on the presence of bound lipopolysaccharide (LPS). When LPS is not present, the peptide binds too deeply within the active site, and the water cannot reach the carbonyl for its nucleophilic attack of the scissile bond.[5]","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In E. coli, OmpT is a housekeeping protease that degrades foreign peptide material that the bacteria encounters.[9] Because of its ability to cleave peptides present in its surrounding environment, OmpT is associated with several pathologies.","title":"Biological function and disease relevance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urinary tract infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection"},{"link_name":"protamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protamine"},{"link_name":"antimicrobials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobials"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Urinary tract infections","text":"Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are often due to E. coli entering the urethra and colonizing. The host's immune system will release protamines and other antimicrobials to combat the infection, but OmpT easily degrades the cationic protamine peptides, thus enhancing the risk of infection.[10] There is a genetic link between OmpT and other UTI-mediating factors (such as kpsMT, cnf1, prf, and sfa), but the functional link between these proteins is not well defined.[11]","title":"Biological function and disease relevance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"tissue factor pathway inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_factor_pathway_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Intestinal colonization and sepsis","text":"Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are pathogens that rely on OmpT to colonize in the intestine of their host. In response to the presence of E. coli in the gut, the host releases antimicrobial peptides as part of the innate immune response. Since OmpT can break down these antimicrobials and inactivate them, EHEC and EPEC can colonize within the colon or small intestine of the host and lead to serious diarrheal diseases.[12]In the case of sepsis, the host activates the blood clotting system to deposit fibrin and limit the spread of bacteria throughout the blood. However, OmpT can inactivate the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), counteracting the host's immune response, and further perpetuating the spread of extraintestinal E. coli infection.[13]","title":"Biological function and disease relevance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A5HAK0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A5HAK0"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Evolved suicidal action of OmpT","text":"In zebrafish, ZF-RNase-3 (A5HAK0) must be cleaved by a protease (such as OmpT) in order to become activated and serve its bactericidal function.[14] Through this evolved suicidal mechanism, the RNase mediates its own activation, since it is only cleaved in the presence of its bacterial target.","title":"Biological function and disease relevance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proteomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"OmpT has been identified as a potential probe to use in mass spectrometry-based proteomics, because its substrate specificity allows it to differentiate between proteins with related primary sequences.[15]","title":"Other applications"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Schematic representing the residues on OmpT that mediate the nucleophilic attack of water during peptide cleavage.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/OmpTMechanism.jpg/220px-OmpTMechanism.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Vandeputte-Rutten L, Kramer RA, Kroon J, Dekker N, Egmond MR, Gros P (September 2001). \"Crystal structure of the outer membrane protease OmpT from Escherichia coli suggests a novel catalytic site\". EMBO J. 20 (18): 5033–9. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.18.5033. PMC 125623. PMID 11566868.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC125623","url_text":"\"Crystal structure of the outer membrane protease OmpT from Escherichia coli suggests a novel catalytic site\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F20.18.5033","url_text":"10.1093/emboj/20.18.5033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC125623","url_text":"125623"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11566868","url_text":"11566868"}]},{"reference":"Yun TH, Morrissey JH (October 2009). \"Polyphosphate and omptins: novel bacterial procoagulant agents\". J. Cell. Mol. Med. 13 (10): 4146–53. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00884.x. PMC 2891932. PMID 19725923.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891932","url_text":"\"Polyphosphate and omptins: novel bacterial procoagulant agents\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1582-4934.2009.00884.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00884.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891932","url_text":"2891932"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19725923","url_text":"19725923"}]},{"reference":"Haiko J, Laakkonen L, Juuti K, Kalkkinen N, Korhonen TK (September 2010). \"The omptins of Yersinia pestis and Salmonella enterica cleave the reactive center loop of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1\". J. Bacteriol. 192 (18): 4553–61. doi:10.1128/JB.00458-10. PMC 2937412. PMID 20639337.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937412","url_text":"\"The omptins of Yersinia pestis and Salmonella enterica cleave the reactive center loop of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.00458-10","url_text":"10.1128/JB.00458-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937412","url_text":"2937412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20639337","url_text":"20639337"}]},{"reference":"Baaden M, Sansom MS (November 2004). \"OmpT: molecular dynamics simulations of an outer membrane enzyme\". Biophys. J. 87 (5): 2942–53. Bibcode:2004BpJ....87.2942B. doi:10.1529/biophysj.104.046987. PMC 1304768. PMID 15315948.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1304768","url_text":"\"OmpT: molecular dynamics simulations of an outer membrane enzyme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004BpJ....87.2942B","url_text":"2004BpJ....87.2942B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1529%2Fbiophysj.104.046987","url_text":"10.1529/biophysj.104.046987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1304768","url_text":"1304768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15315948","url_text":"15315948"}]},{"reference":"Eren E, van den Berg B (July 2012). \"Structural basis for activation of an integral membrane protease by lipopolysaccharide\". J. Biol. Chem. 287 (28): 23971–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.376418. PMC 3390672. PMID 22645135.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390672","url_text":"\"Structural basis for activation of an integral membrane protease by lipopolysaccharide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M112.376418","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M112.376418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390672","url_text":"3390672"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22645135","url_text":"22645135"}]},{"reference":"Hwang BY, Varadarajan N, Li H, Rodriguez S, Iverson BL, Georgiou G (January 2007). \"Substrate specificity of the Escherichia coli outer membrane protease OmpP\". J. Bacteriol. 189 (2): 522–30. doi:10.1128/JB.01493-06. PMC 1797397. PMID 17085556.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1797397","url_text":"\"Substrate specificity of the Escherichia coli outer membrane protease OmpP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01493-06","url_text":"10.1128/JB.01493-06"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1797397","url_text":"1797397"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17085556","url_text":"17085556"}]},{"reference":"Dekker N, Cox RC, Kramer RA, Egmond MR (February 2001). \"Substrate specificity of the integral membrane protease OmpT determined by spatially addressed peptide libraries\". Biochemistry. 40 (6): 1694–701. doi:10.1021/bi0014195. PMID 11327829.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi0014195","url_text":"10.1021/bi0014195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11327829","url_text":"11327829"}]},{"reference":"Sugimura K, Nishihara T (December 1988). \"Purification, characterization, and primary structure of Escherichia coli protease VII with specificity for paired basic residues: identity of protease VII and OmpT\". J. Bacteriol. 170 (12): 5625–32. doi:10.1128/jb.170.12.5625-5632.1988. PMC 211661. PMID 3056908.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC211661","url_text":"\"Purification, characterization, and primary structure of Escherichia coli protease VII with specificity for paired basic residues: identity of protease VII and OmpT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.170.12.5625-5632.1988","url_text":"10.1128/jb.170.12.5625-5632.1988"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC211661","url_text":"211661"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3056908","url_text":"3056908"}]},{"reference":"Haiko J, Suomalainen M, Ojala T, Lähteenmäki K, Korhonen TK (April 2009). \"Invited review: Breaking barriers--attack on innate immune defences by omptin surface proteases of enterobacterial pathogens\". Innate Immun. 15 (2): 67–80. doi:10.1177/1753425909102559. PMID 19318417.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1753425909102559","url_text":"\"Invited review: Breaking barriers--attack on innate immune defences by omptin surface proteases of enterobacterial pathogens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1753425909102559","url_text":"10.1177/1753425909102559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19318417","url_text":"19318417"}]},{"reference":"Stumpe S, Schmid R, Stephens DL, Georgiou G, Bakker EP (August 1998). \"Identification of OmpT as the protease that hydrolyzes the antimicrobial peptide protamine before it enters growing cells of Escherichia coli\". J. Bacteriol. 180 (15): 4002–6. doi:10.1128/JB.180.15.4002-4006.1998. PMC 107389. PMID 9683502.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC107389","url_text":"\"Identification of OmpT as the protease that hydrolyzes the antimicrobial peptide protamine before it enters growing cells of Escherichia coli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.180.15.4002-4006.1998","url_text":"10.1128/JB.180.15.4002-4006.1998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC107389","url_text":"107389"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9683502","url_text":"9683502"}]},{"reference":"Foxman B, Zhang L, Palin K, Tallman P, Marrs CF (June 1995). \"Bacterial virulence characteristics of Escherichia coli isolates from first-time urinary tract infection\". J. Infect. Dis. 171 (6): 1514–21. doi:10.1093/infdis/171.6.1514. 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PMID 22144482.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3264287","url_text":"\"OmpT outer membrane proteases of enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli contribute differently to the degradation of human LL-37\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.05674-11","url_text":"10.1128/IAI.05674-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3264287","url_text":"3264287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22144482","url_text":"22144482"}]},{"reference":"Yun TH, Cott JE, Tapping RI, Slauch JM, Morrissey JH (January 2009). \"Proteolytic inactivation of tissue factor pathway inhibitor by bacterial omptins\". Blood. 113 (5): 1139–48. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-05-157180. PMC 2635079. PMID 18988866.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2635079","url_text":"\"Proteolytic inactivation of tissue factor pathway inhibitor by bacterial omptins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2008-05-157180","url_text":"10.1182/blood-2008-05-157180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2635079","url_text":"2635079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18988866","url_text":"18988866"}]},{"reference":"Zanfardino A, Pizzo E, Di Maro A, Varcamonti M, D'Alessio G (April 2010). \"The bactericidal action on Escherichia coli of ZF-RNase-3 is triggered by the suicidal action of the bacterium OmpT protease\". FEBS J. 277 (8): 1921–8. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07614.x. PMID 20214681. S2CID 212827.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2010.07614.x","url_text":"\"The bactericidal action on Escherichia coli of ZF-RNase-3 is triggered by the suicidal action of the bacterium OmpT protease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2010.07614.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07614.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20214681","url_text":"20214681"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212827","url_text":"212827"}]},{"reference":"Wu C, Tran JC, Zamdborg L, et al. (August 2012). \"A protease for 'middle-down' proteomics\". Nat. Methods. 9 (8): 822–4. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2074. PMC 3430368. PMID 22706673.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3430368","url_text":"\"A protease for 'middle-down' proteomics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth.2074","url_text":"10.1038/nmeth.2074"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3430368","url_text":"3430368"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22706673","url_text":"22706673"}]}]
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enzyme\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004BpJ....87.2942B","external_links_name":"2004BpJ....87.2942B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1529%2Fbiophysj.104.046987","external_links_name":"10.1529/biophysj.104.046987"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1304768","external_links_name":"1304768"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15315948","external_links_name":"15315948"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390672","external_links_name":"\"Structural basis for activation of an integral membrane protease by lipopolysaccharide\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M112.376418","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M112.376418"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390672","external_links_name":"3390672"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22645135","external_links_name":"22645135"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1797397","external_links_name":"\"Substrate specificity of the Escherichia coli outer membrane protease OmpP\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01493-06","external_links_name":"10.1128/JB.01493-06"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1797397","external_links_name":"1797397"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17085556","external_links_name":"17085556"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi0014195","external_links_name":"10.1021/bi0014195"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11327829","external_links_name":"11327829"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC211661","external_links_name":"\"Purification, characterization, and primary structure of Escherichia coli protease VII with specificity for paired basic residues: identity of protease VII and 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezerane_Viaduct
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Jezerane Viaduct
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["1 Traffic volume","2 See also","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 45°03′14″N 15°11′49″E / 45.053818°N 15.197053°E / 45.053818; 15.197053Bridge in Central CroatiaJezerane ViaductJezerane Viaduct, as seen from the southCoordinates45°03′14″N 15°11′49″E / 45.053818°N 15.197053°E / 45.053818; 15.197053CarriesRoad vehiclesLocaleCentral CroatiaOfficial nameViadukt JezeraneMaintained byHrvatske autocesteCharacteristicsDesignBox girder bridgeTotal length661 mLongest span40 mHistoryOpened2004StatisticsTollcharged as a part of A1 motorway tollLocation
The Jezerane Viaduct is located between the Ogulin and Brinje interchanges of the A1 motorway in Croatia, just to the south of the Mala Kapela Tunnel. It is 661 metres (2,169 ft) long.
At this location the motorway route follows a horizontal curve of 900 metres (3,000 ft) radius. The viaduct is a beam structure across a series of spans averaging 36.1 metres (118 ft). The main span is 40 metres (130 ft) long. Due to its sheer size, the viaduct was designed in four segments comprising box girders and grillage systems and expansion joints atop three piers and both abutments. The piers comprise a box cross section, with 30 cm thick walls.
Traffic volume
Traffic is regularly counted and reported by Hrvatske autoceste, operator of the viaduct and the A1 motorway where the structure is located, and published by Hrvatske ceste. Substantial variations between annual (AADT) and summer (ASDT) traffic volumes are attributed to the fact that the bridge carries substantial tourist traffic to the Adriatic resorts. The traffic count is performed using analysis of motorway toll ticket sales.
Jezerane Viaduct traffic volume
Road
Counting site
AADT
ASDT
Notes
A1
3025 Ogulin south
12,640
31,166
Between Ogulin and Brinje interchanges.
See also
List of bridges by length
References
^ "Inspektori nisu izdali dozvolu za lički dio autoceste" . Vjesnik (in Croatian). June 30, 2004. Archived from the original on September 5, 2004.
^ "HAC Monografija". Hrvatske autoceste (in Croatian). May 17, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ "Traffic counting on the roadways of Croatia in 2009 - digest" (PDF). Hrvatske Ceste. May 1, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011.
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[]
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[{"title":"List of bridges by length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_by_length"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Lahoz_Ortiz
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Giuseppe Lahoz Ortiz
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Giuseppe Lahoz Ortiz" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Giuseppe Lahoz OrtizBorn1766MantuaDied13 September 1799Ancona (aged 33)Allegiance Austrian Empire Cisalpine Republic (1796-1798)Rank Brigadier general
Giuseppe Lahoz Ortiz, also known as Giuseppe La Hoz (Mantua, 1766 — Ancona, 13 September 1799) was an Italian general, Jacobin and patriot, who served the Austrian Empire, the Cisalpine Republic and then fought in the Italian anti-French insurrections in 1799.
Biography
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)
References
This article is based on a translation of the equivalent article of the Italian Wikipedia
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
United States
Vatican
People
Italian People
Other
IdRef
This biographical article related to the Italian military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenecyclopropane
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Methylenecyclopropane
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["1 Synthesis","2 Reactions","3 See also","4 References"]
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Organic compound, (CH₂)₂C=CH₂
Methylenecyclopropane
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Methylidenecyclopropane
Identifiers
CAS Number
6142-73-0
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
72487
ECHA InfoCard
100.025.584
PubChem CID
80245
UNII
NC8LG5TD4N Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID20210361
InChI
InChI=1S/C4H6/c1-4-2-3-4/h1-3H2Key: XSGHLZBESSREDT-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C4H6/c1-4-2-3-4/h1-3H2Key: XSGHLZBESSREDT-UHFFFAOYAB
SMILES
C=C1CC1
Properties
Chemical formula
C4H6
Molar mass
54.09
Density
0.8 g/cm3
Boiling point
9 to 12 °C (48 to 54 °F; 282 to 285 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Methylenecyclopropane is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)2C=CH2. It is a hydrocarbon which, as the name suggests, is derived from the addition of a methylene (=CH2) substituent to a cyclopropane ring. It is a colourless, easily condensed gas that is used as a reagent in organic synthesis.
Synthesis
Methylenecyclopropane can be synthesized via an intramolecular cyclisation reaction from methallyl chloride by treatment with a strong base such sodium amide—sodium tert-butoxide (yield 43%) or sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide with further treatment by sodium tert-butoxide (yield 72%). Sodium tert-butoxide is used to isomerize byproduct 1-methylcyclopropene into methylenecyclopropane.
Reactions
Being a strained and unsaturated molecule methylenecyclopropane undergoes many reactions, especially in the presence of metal catalysts.
For example, methylenecyclopropanes can be converted to cyclobutenes in the presence of a Platinum catalyst. This can be considered similar to the ring expansion seen in vinylcyclopropane rearrangements
Substituted methylenecyclopropanes can also be involved in trimethylenemethane cycloaddition reactions.
See also
Methylenecyclopropene
1-Methylcyclopropene
Methylcyclopropane
Cyclopropene
References
^ Salaun, J. R.; Champion, J.; Conia, J. M. (1977). "Cyclobutanone from Methylenecyclopropane via Oxaspiropentane". Organic Syntheses. 57: 36. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.057.0036.
^ Binger, Paul; Brinkmann, Axel; Wedemann, Petra (2002). "Highly Efficient Synthesis of Methylenecyclopropane". Synthesis (10): 1344–1346. doi:10.1055/s-2002-33122. ISSN 0039-7881.
^ Nakamura, I.; Yamamoto, Y. (2002). "Transition Metal-Catalyzed Reactions of Methylenecyclopropanes". Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis. 344 (2): 111–129. doi:10.1002/1615-4169(200202)344:2<111::AID-ADSC111>3.0.CO;2-0.
^ PtCl2-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Methylenecyclopropanes Alois Fürstner and Christophe Aïssa J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2006; 128(19) pp 6306 -6307; Abstract
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"methylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_group"},{"link_name":"substituent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituent"},{"link_name":"cyclopropane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopropane"},{"link_name":"reagent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent"},{"link_name":"organic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"}],"text":"Chemical compoundMethylenecyclopropane is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)2C=CH2. It is a hydrocarbon which, as the name suggests, is derived from the addition of a methylene (=CH2) substituent to a cyclopropane ring. It is a colourless, easily condensed gas that is used as a reagent in organic synthesis.","title":"Methylenecyclopropane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"methallyl chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methallyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"sodium amide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_amide"},{"link_name":"sodium tert-butoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_tert-butoxide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bis(trimethylsilyl)amide"},{"link_name":"sodium tert-butoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_tert-butoxide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sodium tert-butoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_tert-butoxide"},{"link_name":"1-methylcyclopropene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Methylcyclopropene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Methylenecyclopropane_prepn.png"}],"text":"Methylenecyclopropane can be synthesized via an intramolecular cyclisation reaction from methallyl chloride by treatment with a strong base such sodium amide—sodium tert-butoxide (yield 43%)[1] or sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide with further treatment by sodium tert-butoxide (yield 72%).[2] Sodium tert-butoxide is used to isomerize byproduct 1-methylcyclopropene into methylenecyclopropane.","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cyclobutenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobutene"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"vinylcyclopropane rearrangements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinylcyclopropane_rearrangement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MethylenecyclopropaneIsomerization.png"},{"link_name":"trimethylenemethane cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylenemethane_cycloaddition"}],"text":"Being a strained and unsaturated molecule methylenecyclopropane undergoes many reactions, especially in the presence of metal catalysts.[3]\nFor example, methylenecyclopropanes can be converted to cyclobutenes in the presence of a Platinum catalyst.[4] This can be considered similar to the ring expansion seen in vinylcyclopropane rearrangementsSubstituted methylenecyclopropanes can also be involved in trimethylenemethane cycloaddition reactions.","title":"Reactions"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Methylenecyclopropene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenecyclopropene"},{"title":"1-Methylcyclopropene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Methylcyclopropene"},{"title":"Methylcyclopropane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcyclopropane"},{"title":"Cyclopropene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopropene"}]
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[{"reference":"Salaun, J. R.; Champion, J.; Conia, J. M. (1977). \"Cyclobutanone from Methylenecyclopropane via Oxaspiropentane\". Organic Syntheses. 57: 36. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.057.0036.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.057.0036","url_text":"10.15227/orgsyn.057.0036"}]},{"reference":"Binger, Paul; Brinkmann, Axel; Wedemann, Petra (2002). \"Highly Efficient Synthesis of Methylenecyclopropane\". Synthesis (10): 1344–1346. doi:10.1055/s-2002-33122. ISSN 0039-7881.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2002-33122","url_text":"\"Highly Efficient Synthesis of Methylenecyclopropane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2002-33122","url_text":"10.1055/s-2002-33122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-7881","url_text":"0039-7881"}]},{"reference":"Nakamura, I.; Yamamoto, Y. (2002). \"Transition Metal-Catalyzed Reactions of Methylenecyclopropanes\". Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis. 344 (2): 111–129. doi:10.1002/1615-4169(200202)344:2<111::AID-ADSC111>3.0.CO;2-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1615-4169%28200202%29344%3A2%3C111%3A%3AAID-ADSC111%3E3.0.CO%3B2-0","url_text":"10.1002/1615-4169(200202)344:2<111::AID-ADSC111>3.0.CO;2-0"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=6142-73-0","external_links_name":"6142-73-0"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%3DC1CC1","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.72487.html","external_links_name":"72487"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.025.584","external_links_name":"100.025.584"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/80245","external_links_name":"80245"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/NC8LG5TD4N","external_links_name":"NC8LG5TD4N"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID20210361","external_links_name":"DTXSID20210361"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.057.0036","external_links_name":"10.15227/orgsyn.057.0036"},{"Link":"http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2002-33122","external_links_name":"\"Highly Efficient Synthesis of Methylenecyclopropane\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2002-33122","external_links_name":"10.1055/s-2002-33122"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-7881","external_links_name":"0039-7881"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1615-4169%28200202%29344%3A2%3C111%3A%3AAID-ADSC111%3E3.0.CO%3B2-0","external_links_name":"10.1002/1615-4169(200202)344:2<111::AID-ADSC111>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja061392y","external_links_name":"Abstract"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul_Jernigan
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Joseph Paul Jernigan
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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American murderer (1954–1993)
Joseph Paul JerniganBorn(1954-01-31)January 31, 1954Geneva, Illinois, U.S.DiedAugust 5, 1993(1993-08-05) (aged 39)Huntsville Unit, Huntsville, Texas, U.S.Cause of deathExecution by lethal injectionCriminal statusExecutedConviction(s)Capital murderCriminal penaltyDeath
Joseph Paul Jernigan (January 31, 1954 – August 5, 1993) was a Texas murderer who was executed by lethal injection at 12:31 a.m.
In 1981, Jernigan was found guilty of "cold-blooded murder" and sentenced to death for killing Edward Hale, a 75-year-old homeowner who discovered Jernigan and his accomplice, Roy Lamb as they were burglarizing his home.
Jernigan spent 12 years in prison before his final plea for clemency was denied. At the prompting of a prison chaplain, he agreed to donate his body for scientific research or medical use. After execution, his cadaver was sectioned and photographed for the Visible Human Project and the University of Colorado School of Medicine by Dr. Vic Spitzer and associates. He is the subject of an HBO documentary Virtual Corpse and also appeared on the British video game TV series GamesMaster's gore special.
Jernigan had no last words.
Lamb pleaded guilty to murder, received a 30-year sentence, and was paroled in 1991.
See also
List of people executed in Texas, 1990–1999
References
^ Johnston, Jessica (2001). The American Body in Context: An Anthology. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 241–255. ISBN 9780842028592. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
^ Garling, Caleb. "Killer's Corpse Lives Again in Ghostly Time-Lapse Photos". Wired. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
^ "Texas Is Executed for Slaying a Man in Burglary". The New York Times. Reuters. 1993-08-06. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
^ "A death row inmate scheduled for execution next Monday..." UPI. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
External links
Offender Information at the Wayback Machine (archived November 20, 2007). Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on 2007-11-20.
Final Meal Requests at the Wayback Machine (archived December 2, 2003). Texas Department of Criminal Justice (2003-09-12). Archived from the original on 2003-12-02. Retrieved on 2007-11-20.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
This United States biographical article related to crime is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"List of people executed in Texas, 1990–1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Texas,_1990%E2%80%931999"}]
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[{"reference":"Johnston, Jessica (2001). The American Body in Context: An Anthology. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 241–255. ISBN 9780842028592. Retrieved 4 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iIWcRAAtxvcC&q=Joseph+Paul+Jernigan&pg=PA241","url_text":"The American Body in Context: An Anthology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842028592","url_text":"9780842028592"}]},{"reference":"Garling, Caleb. \"Killer's Corpse Lives Again in Ghostly Time-Lapse Photos\". Wired. Retrieved 4 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2011/04/project-12-31/","url_text":"\"Killer's Corpse Lives Again in Ghostly Time-Lapse Photos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Is Executed for Slaying a Man in Burglary\". The New York Times. Reuters. 1993-08-06. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2022-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/06/us/texas-is-executed-for-slaying-a-man-in-burglary.html","url_text":"\"Texas Is Executed for Slaying a Man in Burglary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20220521101723/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/06/us/texas-is-executed-for-slaying-a-man-in-burglary.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A death row inmate scheduled for execution next Monday...\" UPI. Retrieved 2022-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/03/13/A-death-row-inmate-scheduled-for-execution-next-Monday/8312448002000/","url_text":"\"A death row inmate scheduled for execution next Monday...\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Built-up_area
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Derby
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["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 16th–18th centuries","1.3 Industrial Revolution","1.4 20th century to present day","2 Government","2.1 Local government","2.2 UK parliament","2.3 City emblem","3 Geography","3.1 Derby urban area","3.2 Green belt","3.3 Climate","3.4 Nearby settlements","4 Demography","4.1 Ethnicity","4.2 Religion","5 Industry","5.1 Railway engineering","6 Landmarks","6.1 Places of interest","7 Transport","7.1 Railways","7.2 Buses and coaches","7.3 Roads","7.4 Air","8 Community and culture","8.1 Music","8.2 Theatre and arts","8.3 Recreation","9 Sport","10 Shopping and nightlife","11 Education","12 Media","13 Notable people","13.1 Arts, literature and music","13.2 Films, theatre, TV and radio","13.3 Academics, science, business and engineering","13.4 Politics, religion and law","13.5 Sports","14 International relations","14.1 Osnabrück partnership treaty","14.2 List of twin towns","15 Freedom of the City","15.1 Individuals","15.2 Military units","16 Notes","17 References","18 Bibliography","19 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°55′29″N 1°28′41″W / 52.9247°N 1.4780°W / 52.9247; -1.4780City in Derbyshire, England
This article is about the city in England. For other uses, see Derby (disambiguation).
City and unitary authority in EnglandDerbyCity and unitary authorityFrom left to right:Top: Victoria StreetMiddle: Sadler Gate and the Market HallBottom: Council House and All Saints' Cathedral
Coat of armsMotto(s): Latin: Industria, Virtus et Fortitudo, lit. 'Energy, Power and Strength'Shown within DerbyshireCoordinates: 52°55′29″N 1°28′41″W / 52.9247°N 1.4780°W / 52.9247; -1.4780OS grid referenceSK 3518 3649Sovereign stateUnited KingdomCountryEnglandRegionEast MidlandsCeremonial countyDerbyshireSettled600City status1977Unitary authority1997Administrative HQCouncil House, DerbyAreas of the city(2011 census BUASD)
List
AllentonAllestreeAlvastonAlvaston MoorAlvaston VillageBoultonBoulton MoorBreadsall HilltopCavendishCaliforniaChaddesdenChellaston (Village)City CentreCrewtonDarley AbbeyDerwentHeatherton VillageKingswayLittle ChesterLitchurchLittleoverMackworth EstateMarkeatonMickleover (Town)New ZealandNormantonOakwoodOsmastonPear TreeSinfinShelton LockSpondon (Village)Sunny Hill
Government • TypeUnitary authority with leader and cabinet • BodyDerby City Council • ControlNo overall control • LeaderBaggy Shanker (L) • MayorAlan Graves • Chief ExecutivePaul Simpson • House of Commons
3 MPs
Margaret Beckett (L)
Amanda Solloway (C)
Pauline Latham (C)
Area • Total30 sq mi (78 km2) • Rank221stPopulation (2022) • Total263,490 • Rank68th • Density8,750/sq mi (3,377/km2)DemonymDerbeianEthnicity (2021) • Ethnic groups
List
73.8% White
15.6% Asian
4.0% Black
3.7% Mixed
2.9% other
Religion (2021) • Religion
List
40.2% Christianity
36.6% no religion
11.1% Islam
3.7% Sikhism
1.2% Hinduism
0.3% Buddhism
0.1% Judaism
0.5% other
6.3% not stated
Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT) • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)Postcode areaDE1, 3, 21–24, 73Dialling code01332ISO 3166 codeGB-DERGSS codeE06000015ITL codeTLF11GVA2021 estimate • Total£7.5 billion • Per capita£28,627GDP (nominal)2021 estimate • Total£8.4 billion • Per capita£32,025Websitederby.gov.uk
Derby (/ˈdɑːrbi/ ⓘ DAR-bee) is a city and unitary authority area on the River Derwent in Derbyshire, England. Derbyshire is named after Derby, which was its original county town. As a unitary authority, Derby is administratively independent from Derbyshire County Council. The population of Derby is 263,490 (2022).
The Romans established the town of Derventio, which was later captured by the Anglo-Saxons and then by the Vikings who made Djúra-bý one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw. Initially a market town, Derby grew rapidly in the industrial era and was home to Lombe's Mill, an early British factory, Derby contains the southern part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site. With the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, Derby became a centre of the British rail industry. Despite having a cathedral since 1927, Derby did not gain city status until 1977.
Derby is a centre for advanced transport manufacturing. It is home to engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce and Alstom (formerly Bombardier Transportation) has a production facility at the Derby Litchurch Lane Works; Toyota's UK headquarters is located in the south-west of the city at Burnaston.
History
See also: Timeline of Derby
Origins
The tower of Derby Cathedral.
View of Derby Cathedral's facing clock tower
The Roman camp of Derventio is considered to have been at Little Chester/Chester Green (grid reference SK353375), the site of the old Roman fort. Later, the town was one of the "Five Boroughs" (fortified towns) of the Danelaw, until it was captured by Lady Æthelflæd of Mercia in July 917, after which the town was annexed to the Kingdom of Mercia.
The Viking name Djúra-bý, recorded in Old English as Deoraby, means "village of the deer". However, the origin of the name Derby has had multiple influences: a variation of the original Roman name Derventio with pronunciation of the letter "v" as "b", becoming Derbentio, and later Derby, along with a link to the river Derwent – from the Celtic meaning "valley thick with oaks" – which flows through the city, triggering a shortened version of Derwent by, meaning 'Derwent settlement'.
The town name appears as Darbye on early maps, such as that of John Speed, 1610.
Modern research (2004) into the history and archaeology of Derby has provided evidence that the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons would have co-existed, occupying two areas of land surrounded by water. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (c. 900) says that "Derby is divided by water". These areas of land were known as Norþworþig ("Northworthy"="north enclosure") and Deoraby, and were at the "Irongate" (north) side of Derby.
16th–18th centuries
During the Civil War of 1642–1646, Derby was garrisoned by Parliamentary troops commanded by Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet, who was appointed Governor of Derby in 1643. These troops took part in the defence of nearby Nottingham, the siege of Lichfield, the battle of Hopton Heath and many other engagements in Nottinghamshire, Staffordshire and Cheshire, as well as successfully defending Derbyshire against Royalist armies.
The first civic system of piped water in England was established in Derby in 1692, using wooden pipes, which was common for several centuries. The Derby Waterworks included waterwheel-powered pumps for raising water out of the River Derwent and storage tanks for distribution. This was designed and built by local engineer George Sorocold.
Statue of Charles Edwart Stuart on Cathedral Green
During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Jacobite Army troops led by Prince Charles Edward Stuart arrived in Derby on 4 December 1745, whilst on their way to London to attempt to overthrow the reigning House of Hanover. Stuart called at The George Inn on Irongate (where the Duke of Devonshire had set up his headquarters in late November after raising The Derbyshire Blues) and demanded billets for the 9,000 troops under his command. The prince stayed at Exeter House on Full Street, where he held a council of war on 5 December which decided to retreat. Stuart had received misleading information about a government army coming to meet him south of Derby. He abandoned his invasion at Swarkestone Bridge on the River Trent, a few miles south of Derby. The prince, who on the march from Scotland had walked at the front of the column, made the return journey on horseback at the rear of the bedraggled and tired army.
Shrovetide football was played at Derby every year, possibly from as early as the 12th century. The town was split into the St Peter's and All Saints parishes, who fought to bring the ball from the Market Place to a goal within their own parishes. There were several attempts to ban the game, described in 1846 as "the barbarous and disgusting play of Foot-Ball, which for a great number of years has annually disgraced our town". In that year the military were brought in and after the police cut the first ball to pieces, another ball was produced and the town's Mayor was "stuck on the shoulder by a brick-bat, hurled by some ferocious ruffian, and severely bruised". The Derby Football was banned in 1846, although it was played once more in 1870.
Industrial Revolution
Derby and Derbyshire were among the centres of Britain's Industrial Revolution. In 1717, Derby was the site of the first water-powered silk mill in Britain, built by John Lombe and George Sorocold, after Lombe had reputedly stolen the secrets of silk-throwing from Piedmont in Italy (he is alleged to have been poisoned by the Piedmontese as revenge in 1722).
In 1759, Jedediah Strutt patented and built a machine called the Derby Rib Attachment that revolutionised the manufacture of hose. This attachment was used on the Rev. Lee's Framework Knitting Machine; it was placed in front of – and worked in unison with – Lee's Frame, to produce ribbed hose (stockings). The partners were Jedediah Strutt, William Woollatt (who had been joined in 1758 by John Bloodworth and Thomas Stafford, all leading hosiers in Derby). The patent was obtained in January 1759. After three years, Bloodworth and Stafford were paid off, and Samuel Need – a hosier of Nottingham – joined the partnership. The firm was known as Need, Strutt and Woollatt. The patent expired in 1773 though the partnership continued until 1781 when Need died.
Messrs Wright, the bankers of Nottingham, recommended that Richard Arkwright apply to Strutt and Need for finance for his cotton spinning mill. The first mill opened in Nottingham in 1770 and was driven by horses. In 1771 Richard Arkwright, Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt built the world's first commercially successful water-powered cotton spinning mill at Cromford, Derbyshire, developing a form of power that was to be a catalyst for the Industrial Revolution.
This was followed in Derbyshire by Jedediah Strutt's cotton spinning mills at Belper. They were: South Mill, the first, 1775; North Mill, 1784, which was destroyed by fire on 12 January 1803 and then rebuilt, starting work again at the end of 1804; West Mill, 1792, commenced working 1796; Reeling Mill, 1897; Round Mill, which took 10 years to build, from 1803 to 1813, and commenced working in 1816; and Milford Mills, 1778. The Belper and Milford mills were not built in partnership with Arkwright; they were all owned and financed by Strutt.
Other notable 18th-century figures with connections to Derby include the painter Joseph Wright, known as Wright of Derby, who was known for his innovative use of light in his paintings and was an associate of the Royal Academy; and John Whitehurst, a clockmaker and philosopher. Erasmus Darwin, doctor, scientist, philosopher and grandfather of Charles Darwin, moved to Derby in 1782 and founded the Derby Philosophical Society.
Derby's place in the country's philosophical and political life continued with Henry Hutchinson, an active member of the Fabian Society. On his death in 1894, he left the society an amount in his will which was instrumental in founding the London School of Economics.
The beginning of 19th century saw Derby emerging as an engineering centre, with manufacturers such as James Fox, who exported machine tools to Russia.
In 1840, the North Midland Railway set up its works in Derby and when it merged with the Midland Counties Railway and the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway to form the Midland Railway, Derby became its headquarters. The connection with the railway encouraged others, notably Andrew Handyside, Charles Fox and his son Francis Fox.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Normanton Barracks in 1877.
Derby was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and it became a county borough with the Local Government Act 1888. The borough expanded in 1877 to include Little Chester and Litchurch, and then in 1890 to include New Normanton and Rowditch. The borough did not increase substantially again until 1968, when under a recommendation of the Local Government Boundary Commission it was expanded into large parts of the rural district of Belper, Repton and South East Derbyshire. This vastly increased Derby's population from 132,408 in the 1961 census to 219,578 in the 1971 census.
Derby Silk Mill is part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site
Despite being one of the areas of Britain furthest from the sea, Derby holds a special place in the history of marine safety – it was as MP for Derby that Samuel Plimsoll introduced his bills for a "Plimsoll line" (and other marine safety measures). This failed on first introduction, but was successful in 1876 and contributed to Plimsoll's re-election as an MP.
20th century to present day
An industrial boom began in Derby when Rolls-Royce opened a car and aircraft factory in the town in 1907. In 1923, the Midland Railway became part of the London, Midland & Scottish Railway with headquarters in London. However, Derby remained a major rail manufacturing centre, second only to Crewe and Wolverton. Moreover, it remained a design and development centre and in the 1930s, on the direction of Lord Stamp, the LMS Scientific Research Laboratory was opened on London Road.
In 1911, the Derby Wireless Club was formed by a group of local engineers and experimenters. It was to be the first radio or "wireless club" in the country. The early activities of the club, (even through World Wars), pushed the boundaries of 'wireless' technologies at the time in England, and promoted it into becoming a hobby for many local folk.
{Over later years, as radio technology progressed, the club transitioned to become the Derby & District Amateur Radio Society (DADARS), continuing to host meetings and events for radio hobbyists with all the new technologies, into the early 2020s.}
In World War I, Derby was targeted by German Zeppelin air bombers, who killed five people in a 1916 raid on the town.
All Saints Church was designated as a cathedral in 1927, signalling that the town was ready for city status.
Slum clearance in the 1920s and 1930s saw the central area of Derby become less heavily populated as families were rehoused on new council estates in the suburbs, where houses for private sale were also constructed. Rehousing, council house building and private housing developments continued on a large scale for some 30 years after the end of World War II in 1945.
Production and repair work continued at the railway works. In December 1947 the Locomotive Works unveiled Britain's first mainline passenger diesel-electric locomotive – "Number 10000". In 1958 production switched over to diesel locomotives completely. Meanwhile, the Carriage & Wagon Works were building the first of the Diesel Multiple Units that were to take over many of the services.
In 1964 the British Rail Research Division opened to study all aspects of railway engineering from first principles. Its first success was in drastically improving the reliability and speed of goods trains, work which led to the development of the Advanced Passenger Train.
Derby was awarded city status on 7 June 1977 by Queen Elizabeth II to mark the 25th anniversary of her ascension to the throne. The Queen presented the "charter scroll" or "letters patent" in person on 28 July 1977 on the steps of the Council House to the then Mayor Councillor Jeffrey Tillet (Conservative). Until then, Derby had been one of the few towns in England with a cathedral but not city status.
Derby holds an important position in the history of the Labour movement as one of two seats (the other being Keir Hardie's in Merthyr Tydfil) gained by the recently formed Labour Representation Committee at the 1900 general election. The MP was Richard Bell, General Secretary of the Railway Servants Union. Bell was succeeded in 1910 by Jimmy Thomas and he in turn by the distinguished polymath and Nobel Laureate Philip Noel-Baker in 1936.
Despite its strategic industries (rail and aero-engine), Derby suffered comparatively little damage in both world wars (contrast Bristol and Filton). This may in part have been because of jamming against the German radio-beam navigations systems (X-Verfahren and Knickebein, camouflage and decoy techniques ("Starfish sites") were built, mainly south of the town, e.g. out in fields near Foremark.)
Derby has also become a significant cultural centre for the deaf community in Britain. Many deaf people move to Derby because of its strong sign language-using community. It is estimated that the deaf population in Derby is at least three times higher than the national average, and that only London has a larger deaf population. The Royal School for the Deaf on Ashbourne Road provides education in British Sign Language and English.
Government
Derby Council House
County Hall
Local government
Main article: Derby City Council
By traditional definitions, Derby is the county town of Derbyshire; the county's quarter sessions were held at Derby and knights of the shire were elected there, with County Hall on St Mary's Gate being built in 1660 to host such courts and meetings. When elected county councils were established in 1889, Derbyshire County Council initially used County Hall as its meeting place, but moved to Smedley's Hydro in Matlock in 1955.
Between 1889 and 1974 Derby was a county borough, independent from the county council. It then became a lower-tier district council with the county council providing county-level services between 1974 and 1997. On 1 April 1997, Derby City Council became a unitary authority, regaining its independence from the county council. On 7 July 2014, Derby's first ever Youth Mayor, Belal Butt (a student from Chellaston Academy), was elected by the Mayor of Derby.
UK parliament
Derby was a single United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency represented by two members of parliament until 1950, when it was divided into the single-member constituencies of Derby North and Derby South. However, in 2010, the wards of Allestree, Oakwood and Spondon were moved to the new constituency of Mid Derbyshire, created for the 2010 general election. As of 2020, Derby is represented by three MPs.
Derby North
Derby South
Mid Derbyshire
Amanda Solloway
Margaret Beckett
Pauline Latham
Conservative
Labour
Conservative
Representation of The Derby Ram in East Street
City emblem
Derby's emblem is the Derby Ram, about which there is a folk song titled "The Derby Ram". It is found in a number of places, most notably serving as the nickname of Derby County F.C. The logo of the City Council's services is a stylised ram.
Geography
Derby is in a relatively low-lying area along the lower valley of the River Derwent, where the south-east foothills of the Pennines adjoin the lowlands and valley of the River Trent to the south. The city is bordered by four national character areas, the Trent Valley Washlands to the south, the Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfields in the east, the South Derbyshire Claylands in the west, and the Derbyshire Peak Fringe in the north. Most of the flat plains surrounding Derby lie in the Trent Valley Washlands and South Derbyshire Claylands, while the hillier, northern parts of the city lie within the Derbyshire Peak Fringe and the Coalfields.
The city is around 16 mi (26 km) from Coton in the Elms, the farthest place from coastal waters in the United Kingdom.
Derby built-up area, also showing Quarndon
Derby urban area
The Derby Built-up Area (BUA) or Derby Urban Area is an area including Derby and adjoining built-up districts of Derbyshire, including Borrowash and Duffield. The Office for National Statistics defines an urban area as one which is built upon, with nearby areas linked if within 200 metres. It had a total population of 270,468 at the time of the 2011 census. An increase of over 10% since the 2001 census recorded population of 236,738; comprising population increases since 2001 along with new minor residential areas, and larger sub-divisions.The Derby built-up area is considered to be most of the city, as well as outlying villages within the districts of Amber Valley and Erewash which adjoin the city. This overall area is, by ONS' figures, the 29th largest in the UK.
Because methods of measuring linked areas were redefined for the 2011 census, Breadsall, Duffield and Little Eaton were included. However, Quarndon is not considered to be a component as it is marginally too distant. It extends south to small adjoining estates in the South Derbyshire district, at Boulton Moor/Thulston Fields, Stenson Fields, and the Mickleover Country Park residential development (The Pastures) within Burnaston parish. The urban area is bounded to the east by a narrow gap between Borrowash and Draycott (to the west of the Breaston urban area sub-division of the Nottingham BUA). It is also close to other nearby urban areas to the north.
Urban subdivision
Population
District
2001 census
2011 census
Derby
229,407
255,394
City of Derby
Borrowash
5,621
7,335
Erewash
Duffield
5,046
Amber Valley
Little Eaton
1,920
Erewash
Ockbrook
1,710
Erewash
Breadsall
773
Erewash
Total
236,738
270,468
Notes:
Ockbrook included in Borrowash figure in 2011.
Derby unitary authority 2001/2011 population figures were 221,716 and 244,625, the table ONS subdivision figures also containing small adjoining estates outside the city boundary at Boulton Moor/Thulston Fields, Stenton Fields, and Burnaston.
Quarndon, although very close to the BUA is considered to be a separate area.
Green belt
Main article: Nottingham and Derby Green Belt
Derby has a green belt area defined to the north and east of the city, first drawn up in the 1950s, to prevent convergence with the surrounding towns and villages. It extends for several miles into the counties of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, covering much of the area up to Nottingham.
Climate
Derby's climate is classified as warm and temperate. There is precipitation even during the driest month. This location is classified as Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification. Under the Köppen climatic classification Derby has an oceanic climate along with the rest of the British Isles. The average annual temperature is 9.7 °C. Precipitation averages 694 mm.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Derby was 34.1 °C (93.4 °F), recorded at Markeaton Park on 3 August 1990,
Climate data for Derby, extremes 1959–2006
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
13.5(56.3)
17.4(63.3)
22.8(73.0)
25.2(77.4)
27.2(81.0)
31.5(88.7)
32.7(90.9)
34.1(93.4)
28.3(82.9)
26.8(80.2)
18.1(64.6)
15.5(59.9)
34.1(93.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
6.0(42.8)
6.7(44.1)
9.7(49.5)
12.6(54.7)
16.4(61.5)
19.7(67.5)
21.3(70.3)
20.7(69.3)
18.0(64.4)
14.0(57.2)
9.3(48.7)
7.1(44.8)
13.5(56.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)
3.2(37.8)
3.8(38.8)
6.1(43.0)
8.6(47.5)
12.0(53.6)
15.1(59.2)
16.8(62.2)
16.2(61.2)
13.8(56.8)
10.4(50.7)
6.3(43.3)
4.3(39.7)
9.7(49.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
0.5(32.9)
0.9(33.6)
2.6(36.7)
4.6(40.3)
7.6(45.7)
10.6(51.1)
12.4(54.3)
11.8(53.2)
9.7(49.5)
6.8(44.2)
3.4(38.1)
1.6(34.9)
6.0(42.9)
Record low °C (°F)
−16.1(3.0)
−12.8(9.0)
−13.9(7.0)
−6.5(20.3)
−5.0(23.0)
0.0(32.0)
0.5(32.9)
2.3(36.1)
−1.4(29.5)
−4.4(24.1)
−6.8(19.8)
−10.6(12.9)
−16.1(3.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
62(2.4)
49(1.9)
53(2.1)
51(2.0)
55(2.2)
58(2.3)
55(2.2)
64(2.5)
59(2.3)
58(2.3)
63(2.5)
67(2.6)
694(27.3)
Source:
Nearby settlements
Neighbouring towns and villages
Buxton, Bakewell, Glossop, Manchester
Duffield, Belper, Matlock
Ilkeston, Heanor, Eastwood, Alfreton, Swanwick Clay Cross, Ripley, Mansfield, Chesterfield, Sheffield
Ashbourne, Uttoxeter, Stoke on Trent
Derby
Nottingham, Borrowash, Breaston, Long Eaton, Beeston, Ockbrook
Burton on Trent, Lichfield, Birmingham
Swadlincote, Castle Donington, Melbourne, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Coventry
Kegworth, Loughborough, Leicester
Demography
Historical populationYearPop.±% 1801 14,695— 1851 48,506+230.1% 1901 118,469+144.2% 1921 142,824+20.6%1941167,321+17.2% 1951 181,423+8.4% 1961 199,578+10.0% 1971 219,558+10.0% 1981 214,424−2.3% 1991 225,296+5.1% 2001 221,716−1.6% 2011 248,700+12.2%Population pyramid of Derby (unitary authority) in 2021
Ethnicity
Ethnic demography of Derby (unitary authority) over time
Ethnic Group
Year
1971 estimations
1981 estimations
1991
2001
2011
2021
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
White: Total
203,415
95.2%
193,963
91.5%
197,658
90.3%
193,881
87.4%
199,751
80.3%
192,871
73.8%
White: British
–
–
–
–
–
–
187,104
84.4%
187,386
75.3%
173,077
66.2%
White: Irish
–
–
–
–
–
–
3,060
2,319
1,982
0.8%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
295
408
0.2%
White: Roma
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1,163
0.4%
White: Other
–
–
–
–
–
–
3,717
9,751
16,241
6.2%
Asian or Asian British: Total
–
–
–
–
15,285
7%
19,390
8.7%
31,095
12.5%
40,901
15.5%
Asian or Asian British: Indian
–
–
–
–
8,388
8,505
10,907
12,631
4.8%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani
–
–
–
–
5,537
8,790
14,620
21,034
8.0%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi
–
–
–
–
1,45
210
658
827
0.3%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese
–
–
–
–
557
857
1,292
1,416
0.5%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian
–
–
–
–
658
1,028
3,618
4,993
1.9%
Black or Black British: Total
–
–
–
–
4,653
2.1%
3,895
1.8%
7,320
2.9%
10,482
4%
Black or Black British: African
–
–
–
–
235
438
3,156
6,110
2.3%
Black or Black British: Caribbean
–
–
–
–
3,176
3,108
3,405
3,056
1.2%
Black or Black British: Other Black
–
–
–
–
1,242
349
759
1,316
0.5%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total
–
–
–
–
–
–
3,968
1.8%
7,232
2.9%
9,562
3.7%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean
–
–
–
–
–
–
2,293
3,916
4,178
1.6%
Mixed: White and Black African
–
–
–
–
–
–
200
533
924
0.4%
Mixed: White and Asian
–
–
–
–
–
–
980
1,772
2,412
0.9%
Mixed: Other Mixed
–
–
–
–
–
–
495
1,011
2,048
0.8%
Other: Total
–
–
–
–
1,206
0.5%
574
0.3%
3,354
1.3%
7,548
2.9%
Other: Arab
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
861
0.3%
1,032
0.4%
Other: Any other ethnic group
–
–
–
–
1206
0.5%
574
0.3%
2,493
1%
6,516
2.5%
Ethnic minority: Total
10,296
4.8%
17,947
8.5%
21,144
9.7%
27,827
12.6%
49,001
19.7%
68,493
26.2%
Total
213,711
100%
211,910
100%
218,802
100%
221,708
100%
248,752
100%
261,364
100%
Religion
Religion
2001
2011
2021
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
Holds religious beliefs
169,073
76.2
163,141
65.6
149,208
57.1
Christian
149,471
67.4
131,129
52.7
104,949
40.2
Buddhist
448
0.2
822
0.3
828
0.3
Hindu
1,354
0.6
2,198
0.9
3,065
1.2
Jewish
141
0.1
110
<0.1
150
0.1
Muslim
9,958
4.5
19,006
7.6
29,137
11.1
Sikh
7,151
3.2
8,891
3.6
9,762
3.7
Other religion
550
0.2
985
0.4
1,297
0.5
No religion
35,207
15.9
68,668
27.6
95,639
36.6
Religion not stated
17,428
7.9
16,943
6.8
16,517
6.3
Total population
221,708
100%
248,752
100%
261,364
100%
Industry
Old steam crane, manufactured by "Henry J. Coles", in Derby. Villalba station, Spain.
Derby's two biggest employers, Rolls-Royce Holdings and Toyota, are engaged in engineering manufacturing. Other companies of note include railway systems engineering firm Alstom, who manufacture railway rolling stock at Derby Litchurch Lane Works; First Source, who deal with much of Sky's telephone support; and Triton Equity, who took over Alstom's manufacturing plant for large power plant boilers and heat exchangers in 2014.
Derby power station on Silkmill Lane supplied electricity to the town and the surrounding area from 1893 until its closure in 1969.
From 1922 Sinfin Lane was the home of the 62-acre (250,000 m2) site of International Combustion, originally manufacturers of machinery for the automatic delivery of pulverised fuel to furnaces and boilers, and later producing steam-generating boilers for use in electrical generating plant such as used in power stations. In the 1990s the firm was bought by Rolls-Royce plc and then sold on again to ABB Group.
Derby was the home of Core Design (originally based on Ashbourne Road), who developed the successful video game Tomb Raider. When Derby's inner ring road was completed in 2010, a section of it was named 'Lara Croft Way' after the game's heroine Lara Croft.
One of Derby's longest-established businesses is Royal Crown Derby, which has been producing porcelain since the 1750s.
The Midlands Co-operative Society, a predecessor of Central England Co-operative, traced its origins to Derby Co-operative Provident Society which, in 1854, was one of the first co-operatives in the region.
Infinity Park Derby is a planned business park for aerospace, rail and automotive technology adjacent to the Rolls-Royce site in Sinfin. In December 2014, the government announced that the park would gain enterprise zone status by being added to Nottingham Enterprise Zone.
Railway engineering
Annual dinner of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers held in the carriage works of the Midland Railway at Derby in 1898. Samuel Johnson, the railway's Chief Mechanical Engineer was the institution president.
As a consequence of the Midland Railway having their headquarters in Derby, along with their Locomotive and Carriage & Wagon Works, the railways had been a major influence on the development of the town during the Victorian period.
During the 20th century, railway manufacturing developed elsewhere, while in Derby the emphasis shifted to other industries. Even though it had pioneered the introduction of diesel locomotives, new production finished in 1966. Repair work gradually diminished until the locomotive works closed, the land being redeveloped as Pride Park. The only buildings remaining are those visible from Platform 6 of the station.
The Carriage and Wagon Works has been owned by Alstom since 2021 and continues to build trains. The Railway Technical Centre continues to house railway businesses; this formerly included the headquarters of DeltaRail Group (previously known as the British Rail Research Division).
Derby railway station retains an important position in the railway network. East Midlands Railway operate Derby Etches Park depot while Network Rail and Rail Operations Group also maintain trains in Derby. On 21 March 2023, it was announced that the city was to be the headquarters of Great British Railways.
Derby is also the headquarters of the Derby Railway Engineering Society, founded in 1908 to promote railway engineering expertise both in the city and nationally.
Landmarks
Derby Cathedral tower is 212 ft (65 m) tall to the tip of the pinnacles. This has been home to a pair of breeding peregrine falcons since 2006, monitored by four webcams.
Derby Gaol is a visitor attraction based in the dungeons of the Derbyshire County Gaol, which dates back to 1756.
Derby Museum of Making is housed in Derby Silk Mill and shows the industrial heritage and technological achievement of Derby, including Rolls-Royce aero engines, railways, mining, quarrying and foundries. The Silk Mill stands at the southern end of the 24 km (15 mi) stretch of the River Derwent designated a World Heritage Site in 2001. On 10 May 2022, the Museum of Making was short-listed for the 2022 Art Fund Museum of the Year award, and in 2024 it was one of six museums to receive a special commendation in the European Museum of the Year Awards.
Pickford's House Museum
Pickford's House Museum was built by architect Joseph Pickford in 1770. It was his home and business headquarters. Derby Museum and Art Gallery shows paintings by Joseph Wright, as well as fine Royal Crown Derby porcelain, natural history, local regiments and archaeology. Pickford also designed St Helen's House in King Street.
The skyline of the inner city changed in 1968 when the inner ring road with its two new crossings of the River Derwent was built. The route of the ring road went through the St Alkmund's Church and its Georgian churchyard, the only Georgian square in Derby. Both were demolished to make way for the road, a move still criticised today. Thus the editor (Elizabeth Williamson) of the 2nd edition of Pevsner for Derbyshire wrote: "...the character and cohesion of the centre has been completely altered by the replacement of a large number of C18 houses in the centre by a multi-lane road. As a traffic scheme this road is said to be a triumph; as townscape it is a disaster."
Places of interest
Derby Guildhall, the former seat of local government, today serves primarily as a 240-seat theatre. It was rebuilt after the previous hall was destroyed by fire in 1841.
Cathedral Quarter
Corn Exchange
Darley Abbey
Derbion shopping centre
Derby Arboretum
Derby Arena
Derby Canal
Derby Catacombs
Derby Cathedral
Derby Friargate Station (of which all that remains is Handyside's bridge and the bridge across Friargate)
Derby Museum and Art Gallery
Museum of Making (housed in Derby Silk Mill)
St Mary's Church, Derby
Pickford's House Museum
Pride Park Stadium (Derby County F.C.) and its predecessor the Baseball Ground (now demolished)
River Derwent
Royal Crown Derby Museum and Factory Tour
Saint Benedict Catholic School and Performing Arts College secondary school
St Helen's House, Derby
Transport
Railways
Derby railway station
The city is one of the country's main railway centres. Derby railway station is served by two train operating companies:
East Midlands Railway operates regular inter-city services on the Midland Main Line between London St Pancras, Leicester and Sheffield. There are also services between Newark Castle, Nottingham and Crewe; trains between Nottingham and Matlock also call here.
CrossCountry operates hourly services in each direction between Nottingham, Birmingham New Street and Cardiff. The station is also on a main inter-city route between locations in Scotland, the North East and the South West; these include Edinburgh, Newcastle, York, Leeds, Sheffield, Birmingham, Bristol, Exeter and Plymouth.
There are also local stations at Peartree (on the Newark to Crewe route) and Spondon (on the Nottingham to Matlock route), although their stopping services are very limited.
Buses and coaches
Derby bus station is the hub for local bus services in and around the city. Routes are operated by a number of companies, but principally Trent Barton and Arriva Midlands. Destinations include Belper, Burton-upon-Trent, Ilkeston, Ripley and Nottingham.
The city is on several National Express routes; destinations include Birmingham, Gatwick Airport, Leicester, Leeds and London.
Roads
Mercian Way, looking across Abbey Street towards Uttoxeter New Road
The M1 motorway passes about 10 miles (16 km) east of the city, linking Derby southwards to London and northwards to Sheffield and Leeds. Other major roads passing through or near Derby include the A6 (historically the main route from London to Carlisle, also linking to Leicester and Manchester); A38 (Bodmin to Mansfield, via Bristol and Birmingham); A50 (Warrington to Leicester, via Stoke-on-Trent); A52 (Newcastle-under-Lyme to Mablethorpe, including Brian Clough Way linking Derby to Nottingham); and A61 (Derby to Thirsk, via Sheffield and Leeds).
On 16 March 2011, Mercian Way, the final section of the city's inner ring road, was opened to traffic. This new section connects Burton Road with Uttoxeter New Road; it crosses Abbey Street, which is the only road between the two ends from which Mercian Way can be accessed.
Air
East Midlands Airport is located about 15 miles (24 km) from Derby city centre. There was controversy concerning the airport's decision to prefix its name with Nottingham in 2004; this was due to its proximity to Derby, the fact that the airport is in Leicestershire and the traditional rivalry between its three nearby cities (Derby, Leicester and Nottingham). In 2006, Nottingham East Midlands Airport reverted to its previous name.
The airport is served by budget airlines, including Ryanair and Jet2, with services to domestic and European destinations.
Derby Airfield, approximately 7 miles (11 km) south-west of the city centre, has grass runways targeted at general aviation.
Community and culture
On 8 October 2021 it was announced that Derby had been included in the longlist of bids to host UK City of Culture 2025, but in March 2022 it failed to make it onto the shortlist.
Music
The indie pop band White Town, fronted by Jyoti Mishra, is from Derby, and his video "Your Woman", features scenes from the city centre. "Your Woman" reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1997.
Founding member and songwriter of Mercury Prize nominated alternative rock band Maxïmo Park and solo artist Duncan Lloyd is from Derby. His band hit the number 2 spot in the U.K. album charts in 2020, with the album Nature Always Wins.
Pop singer Kelli Young (born 7 April 1982) is from Derby. She is best known as a member of the pop group Liberty X.
Lucy Ward is an English singer-songwriter from Derby, England. She performs traditional English folk songs as well as her own material. Three of her albums, Adelphi Has to Fly, Single Flame and I Dreamt I Was a Bird, have been critically acclaimed and have each received four-starred reviews in the British national press.
In rock music, the blues singer-songwriter Kevin Coyne came from Derby, as does the three-piece rock band LostAlone, and indie/glam rock band The Struts. The ska punk band Lightyear also hail from the city, naming their second album Chris Gentlemens Hairdresser and Railway Book Shop after a shop in Macklin Street.
The band Anti-Pasti, whose debut 1981 album The Last Call reached the top 40 in the UK album charts, came from Derby. The band reformed in 2012 and again with an altered line up in 2014.
Derby band The Beekeepers were signed to Beggars Banquet Records between 1993 and 1998. Singer Jamie East later went on to create entertainment website Holy Moly and present Big Brother's Bit on the Side.
Sinfonia Viva is a chamber orchestra based in Derby, presenting concerts and educational events in the city, across the East Midlands, and occasionally further afield.
A full-scale programme of orchestral and other concerts was presented by Derby LIVE at the Assembly Rooms, though this is currently closed following fire damage in March 2014. The amateur classical music scene includes two choral societies, Derby Bach Choir and Derby Choral Union; smaller choirs including the Derwent Singers and Sitwell Singers; and Derby Concert Orchestra. Derby Chamber Music presents an annual series of chamber music concerts at Derby University's Multifaith Centre. A series of organ recitals is presented every summer at Derby Cathedral.
The folk-music scene includes the annual Derby Folk Festival. Derby Jazz promotes a year-round series of performances and workshops. Kaleidoscope Community Music includes Kaleidoscope Community Choir and Calidoscopio Carnival Drummers.
Other music venues in the city include The Venue on Abbey Street, The Hairy Dog on Becket Street, Ryan's Bar in the St Peter's Quarter, The Flowerpot on King Street, and The Victoria Inn.
Theatre and arts
Derby has had a number of theatres, including the Grand Theatre which was opened from 1886 until 1950. This replaced the earlier Theatre Royal.
After a lengthy period of financial uncertainty, Derby Playhouse closed in February 2008. It was resurrected in September of that year after a new financing package was put together but forced to close again just two months later because of further financial problems. The lease was later bought by Derby University and the building was renamed Derby Theatre. Along with the Assembly Rooms and Guildhall Theatre, it was operated by Derby LIVE, the cultural arm of Derby City Council. In 2012 Derby University took over as sole operator of Derby Theatre; Sarah Brigham was appointed artistic director, and has been in post since January 2013.
QUAD is a centre for art and film that opened in 2008. The building has two cinema screens showing independent and mainstream cinema, two gallery spaces housing contemporary visual arts, a digital studio, participation spaces, digital editing suites, artists studio and the BFI Mediatheque. QUAD organises the annual Derby Film Festival, and the FORMAT international photography festival, held every two years at various venues throughout the city.
The Robert Ludlam Theatre, on the campus of Saint Benedict Catholic School and Performing Arts College, is a 270-seat venue with a programme of entertainment including dance, drama, art, music, theatre in the round, comedy, films, family entertainment, rock and pop events and workshops. The theatre company Oddsocks is based in Derby and stages productions in the city and the surrounding area, as well as travelling the country.
Déda, established in 1991, is the only dedicated dance house in the East Midlands region, acting as a local, regional and national resource for dance and aerial artists and contemporary circus. Déda houses a 124-capacity studio theatre, three dance studios, meeting room facilities and the CUBE café bar. It offers a weekly class programme and a year-round professional performance programme for children, young people and adults, and a community development programme. Déda now hosts a BA degree in Dance in partnership with the University of Derby.
Derby Book Festival, first held in 2015, takes place in late spring/early summer, with events throughout the city. An additional "Autumn edition" was first held in October 2019.
Derby Festé is a weekend street arts festival held at the end of September every year. The first Six Streets Arts trail was in June 2012, took place again in 2013 and will now be a biennial event. It includes strong input from the local History Network which was awarded a Heritage Lottery grant to pursue its work on marking the 100th anniversary of World War 1.
The actor and Bafta award winner Jack O'Connell is from Derby.
John Dexter the theatre director and the actor Alan Bates were from Derby. John Osborne wrote his play Look Back in Anger in 1956 while living in Derby and working at Derby Playhouse.
Recreation
The restored Grove Street Lodge and "Grand Entrance" at the northern end of the Arboretum
Derby Arboretum, donated to the town by local philanthropist Joseph Strutt in 1840, was the first planned urban public park in the country. Although it suffered from neglect in the 1990s, it has been renovated. It has been claimed to have been one of the inspirations for Central Park in New York.
Markeaton Park is Derby's most used leisure facility. Other major parks in the city include Allestree Park, Darley Park, Chaddesden Park, Alvaston Park, Normanton Park and Osmaston Park. Derby is believed to be one of the country's highest, if not the highest, ranking cities for parkland per capita. Darley and Derwent Parks lie immediately north of the city centre. Derby Rowing Club and Derwent Rowing Club are located on the banks of the river, where there is also a riverside walk and cycle path.
On 10 November 2021, Derby City Council approved plans for the UK's first large-scale urban rewilding project, in Allestree Park.
Sport
Pride Park Stadium
Derby gained a high profile in sport following the appointment of Brian Clough as manager of Derby County F.C. in 1967. Promotion to the Football League First Division was achieved in 1969, and County were champions of the English league three years later. Following Clough's resignation in 1973, his successor Dave Mackay guided Derby County to another league title in 1975, but this remains to date the club's last major trophy; relegation followed in 1980 and top flight status was not regained until 1987, since when Derby have spent a total of 11 seasons (1987–1991, 1996–2002, 2007–2008) in the top flight. Other former managers of the club include Arthur Cox, Jim Smith, John Gregory and George Burley. Former players include Colin Todd, Roy McFarland (who both later had brief and unsuccessful stints as manager at the club), Dave Mackay, Peter Shilton, Dean Saunders, Craig Short, Marco Gabbiadini, Horacio Carbonari, Fabrizio Ravanelli, Steve Bloomer and Tom Huddlestone. The club moved from its century-old Baseball Ground in 1997 to the new Pride Park Stadium. The club's most recent spell as a top-division (FA Premier League) club ended in May 2008 after just one season, during which the club won just one out of 38 league games and finished with just 11 points, the lowest in the history of the Premier League.
There are three senior non-league football clubs based in the city. Mickleover Sports play at Station Road, Mickleover, and are members of the EvoStik Northern Premier League (the seventh level of the English football league system). Graham Street Prims and Borrowash Victoria are both members of the East Midlands Counties League (level ten) and play on adjacent grounds at the Asterdale complex in Spondon.
The County Ground
Derbyshire County Cricket Club are based at the County Ground in Derby and play almost all home matches there, although matches at Chesterfield were re-introduced in 2006. One of the designated first class county sides, they have won the County Championship once, in 1936.
Derby has clubs in both codes of rugby. In rugby union, Derby RFC play in Midlands Division One East (the sixth level of English rugby union) at their Haslams Lane ground. Rugby league team Derby City RLFC were formed in 1990 and compete in the Midlands Premier Division of the National Rugby League Conference. From 2008 they are ground-sharing with Derby RFC at Haslams Lane.
The city is represented in the English Basketball League Division One by Derby Trailblazers, who play at the Moorways Sports Centre. They were formed in 2002 following the demise of British Basketball League side Derby Storm.
Derby-born Melissa Reid
Team Derby, based at Derby Arena, won the inaugural National Badminton League title in 2014–15. The Arena, opened in 2015, also contains a velodrome that has hosted the Revolution cycling series.
Local industrialist Francis Ley introduced baseball to the town in the late 19th century, and built a stadium near the town centre. The attempt to establish baseball in Derby was unsuccessful, but the stadium survived for some 100 years afterwards as the home of Derby County Football Club. It was demolished in 2003, six years after County's move to Pride Park.
Professional golfer Melissa Reid was born in Derby in 1987. She plays on the Ladies European Tour, and was a member of the victorious European Team in the 2011 Solheim Cup.
Arthur Keily the marathon runner and Olympian was born in Derbyshire in 1921 and has lived his whole life in Derby. In Rome in 1960 he broke the English Olympic record, recording a time of 2 hours 27 mins.
Shopping and nightlife
Ye Olde Dolphin Inne
Shopping in central Derby is divided into three main areas. These are the Cathedral Quarter, the St Peters Quarter and the Derbion shopping centre. The Cathedral Quarter was Derby's first BID (Business Improvement District), and includes a large range of shops, boutiques, coffee shops and restaurants. It is focused around the cathedral and the area around Irongate and Sadler Gate. It includes the Market place, the Guildhall and Assembly Rooms along with the City Museum and the Silk Mill industrial museum.
The St Peters Quarter is Derby's second Business Improvement District, brought into effect in the summer of 2011. Its boundary with the Cathedral Quarter follows Victoria Street, beneath which flows the underground course of the Markeaton Brook. The quarter boasts a diverse range of retail shops, many of them, in Green Lane, Babington Lane, Osmaston Road and elsewhere, independent traders. St Peters Street, London Road and East Street also include a large choice of national retailers and pubs, restaurants, banks and offices. The quarter includes the historic St Peters Church and, on St Peter's Churchyard, the medieval Derby School building. Nearby also is the Old Courthouse (former County Court).
Derbion is the city's main indoor shopping centre. It opened in 2007 as Westfield Derby after extension work costing £340 million, subsequently being sold to Intu in March 2014. It contains a food court and a 12-screen cinema (Showcase – Cinema De Lux) which was opened in May 2008. The development was controversial and local opponents accuse it of drawing trade away from the older parts of the city centre where independent shops are located. Some of these experienced a downturn in trade and some have ceased trading since the development opened leading to the "Lanes" project which eventually became the second BID and the formation of St Peters Quarter. In the centre itself, a combination of high rents and rising rates have made things difficult for smaller traders.
The Friar Gate area contains clubs and bars, making it the centre of Derby's nightlife. Derby is also well provided with pubs and is renowned for its large number of real ale outlets. The oldest pub is the Grade II listed Ye Olde Dolphin Inne, dating from the late 16th century.
Out-of-town shopping areas include the Kingsway Retail Park, off the A38; the Wyvern Retail Park, near Pride Park; and the Meteor Centre, on Mansfield Road.
Education
See also: List of schools in Derby
Like most of the UK, Derby operates a non-selective primary and secondary education system with no middle schools. Pupils attend infant and junior school (often in a combined primary school) before moving onto a secondary school. Many of the secondary schools have sixth forms, allowing pupils to optionally take A Levels after the end of compulsory education. For those who want to stay in education but leave school, the large Derby College provides post-16 courses for school leavers, apprentices and employer-related training. It has two main campuses: the Joseph Wright Centre in the centre of Derby, where its A Level courses are based, and the historical Derby Roundhouse, the college's vocational training hub, providing a centre for apprenticeships such as engineering, catering and hair and beauty. The college also works in partnership with schools across the county to provide vocational training opportunities for students aged 14 upwards. Training for companies is undertaken through its Corporate College.
Inside the state sector, there are 15 secondary schools. These are: Allestree Woodlands School, Alvaston Moor Academy, Bemrose School, Chellaston Academy, City of Derby Academy, Da Vinci Academy, Derby Manufacturing UTC, Derby Moor Academy, Derby Pride Academy, Landau Forte College, Lees Brook Community School, Littleover Community School, Merrill Academy, Murray Park School, Noel-Baker Academy, Saint Benedict Catholic Voluntary Academy and West Park School.
Outside the state sector, there are three fee-paying independent schools. Derby Grammar School was founded in 1994 and was for boys only until 2007, when they accepted girls into the sixth form for the first time. They aim to continue the work and traditions of the former Derby School, which closed in 1989, one of the oldest schools in England. Derby High School was girls-only for senior and sixth form and for girls and boys at primary level until 2019 where boys were accepted into Year 7 and Year 12. As of 2023, the school is now fully co-educational, accepting both boys and girls in all years of school.
Derby has special needs establishments including Ivy House School at the Derby Moor Community Sports College (which takes pupils from nursery to sixth form) and the Light House which is a respite facility for children and parents. Allestree Woodlands School have a Hearing Impaired department, and Saint Benedict have an Enhanced Resource Base for pupils to access specialised support within mainstream schooling. There also a number of alternative provision schools, including Derby Pride Academy.
The University of Derby has its main campus on Kedleston Road. There is another campus in north Derbyshire at Buxton.
In 2003 the University of Nottingham opened a graduate entry medical school based at Royal Derby Hospital. The university also has its School of Nursing and Midwifery there, having moved from its former home at the London Road Community Hospital in mid-2012.
Media
The Derby Telegraph (formerly the Derby Evening Telegraph) is the city's daily newspaper. Crime writer Richard Cox set his first book around his own experience as a Derby Telegraph reporter in the 1970s. The Derby Trader was a free weekly newspaper that is no longer in print.
BBC Radio Derby, the BBC's local station for Derbyshire and East Staffordshire, is based on St Helen's Street in the city and offers local, national and international news, features, music and sports commentaries. It is available on 104.5 FM and 1116 AM, on 95.3 FM in north and mid-Derbyshire and on 96.0 FM in the Buxton area, as well as being streamed on the internet. The BBC in Derby have their own local website for the area providing news, travel and weather information, as well as other features.
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East Midlands and ITV Central. The city's television signals are received from the Waltham TV transmitter.
Capital Midlands (previously Capital East Midlands and Ram FM) is the biggest commercial radio station in the city, broadcasting to Derby on 102.8 FM from the transmitter at Drum Hill, just outside the city. It broadcasts a Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR) format, with Top 40 chart hits aimed at the city's under-35s.
Notable people
Arts, literature and music
Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), writer and printer
William John Coffee (1774–1846), artist and sculptor, worked in porcelain, plaster, and terracotta
Joseph Wright of Derby (1734–1797), landscape and portrait painter
John Raphael Smith (1751–1812), painter and mezzotint engraver, son of Thomas Smith
William Billingsley (1758–1828), painter of porcelain, founded Nantgarw Pottery
John Emes (1762–1810), engraver and water-colour painter
Elizabeth Bridget Pigot (1783–1866), correspondent, friend and biographic source for Lord Byron
Henry Lark Pratt (1805–1873), painter who trained in the porcelain industry
John Haslem (1808–1884), china and enamel painter
Henry Britton (1843–1938), journalist in colonial Australia
Francis William Davenport (1847–1925), composer and music professor, born in Wilderslowe
Charles Rann Kennedy (1871–1950), Anglo-American dramatist
Ernest Townsend (1880–1944), portrait artist
Marion Adnams (1898–1995), painter, printmaker, and draughtswoman.
Ralph Downes (1904–1993), organist, designer of the organ in the Royal Festival Hall, London
Norah, Lady Docker (1906–1983), socialite, was said to be "gracelessly gaudy"
Ronald Binge (1910–1979), composer and arranger of light music
Eric Malpass (1910–1996), novelist, wrote humorous and witty descriptions of rural family life
Denny Dennis (1913–1993), romantic vocalist when British dance bands were at the peak of their popularity
John Dexter (1925–1990), theatre, opera and film director
John Dobson (1930–2023), operatic tenor, performing many roles with The Royal Opera, Covent Garden
Michael Rayner (1932–2015), opera singer, baritone roles of the Savoy Operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company
Richard Turner (born 1940), also known as Turneramon, an artist and poet
Anton Rippon (born 1944), journalist, author and publisher
Kevin Coyne (1944–2004), musician, film-maker and writer
Stephen Marley (born 1946), author and video game designer of the Chia Black Dragon series
Peter Hammill (born 1948), singer-songwriter and founder of rock band Van der Graaf Generator
Stephen Layton (born 1966), choral conductor, founded the choir Polyphony in 1986
Jyoti Mishra (born 1966), sole member of White Town, the name of which was meant as a reference to Derby's perceived lack of diversity
Liam Sharp (born 1968), comic book artist, writer, publisher, and co-founder/CCO of Madefire Inc.
Graham Coxon (born 1969), musician and co-founder of Blur, lived for a short time as a child in nearby Spondon
Scott Harrison (born 1973), novelist, scriptwriter, playwright and film historian
Corey Mwamba (born 1976), jazz musician and BBC Radio 3 presenter
Steven Grahl (born 1979), organist and conductor, Director of Music at Trinity College, Cambridge
Duncan Lloyd (born c. 1980), guitarist and singer
Jessica Garlick (born 1981), singer, was born in Derby
Lucy Ward (born 1989), folk musician and songwriter
Youngman (born c. 1990), MC and vocalist
Dubzy (born 1991), grime music MC and entrepreneur, raised in Derby
Drumsound & Bassline Smith (formed 1998), electronic group
Kelli Young (born 1982), singer of Liberty X fame
Films, theatre, TV and radio
Rowena Cade (1893–1983), born in Spondon, created the Minack Theatre, Cornwall
Ted Moult (1926–1986), farmer, radio and TV personality
Patricia Greene (born 1931), radio actress, long-standing role as matriarch Jill Archer in The Archers
Alan Bates (1934–2003), actor; in 1969 he co-starred in the Ken Russell film Women in Love
Michael Knowles (born 1937), actor, played Capt. Jonathan Ashwood in the 1970s sitcom It Ain't Half Hot Mum
Gwen Taylor (born 1939), actress, played Amy Pearce in the sitcom Duty Free
Judith Hann (born 1942), presented BBC's Tomorrow's World between 1974 and 1994
Kevin Lloyd (1949–1998), actor, played DC Alfred "Tosh" Lines in The Bill
John Tams (born 1949), actor, singer, songwriter, composer and musician
Stuart Varney (born 1949), economic journalist for Fox News Channel
Richard Felix (born 1949), paranormal investigator from Stanley, appeared on Sky Living Most Haunted series
Terry Lloyd (1952–2003), TV journalist unlawfully killed in Iraq by US Marines
Maxwell Caulfield (born 1959), English-American film, stage, and television actor, based in the USA
Keiran Lee (born 1984), pornographic film actor, director and producer for Brazzers
Selina Mosinski (born 1981), actress who starred in Charity Shop Sue
Michael Socha (born 1987), actor, roles in the films This Is England and Summer
Jack O'Connell (born 1990), Bafta-winning actor, starred in Unbroken, SAS Rogue Heroes and Lady Chatterley's Lover
Lauren Socha (born 1990), actor, played Kelly Bailey in E4's television series Misfits
James Burrows (born 1991), actor, played Ali Neeson in ITV's soap opera Coronation Street
Munya Chawawa (born 1993), British-Zimbabwean comedian born in Derby
Ewan Mitchell, actor, known for playing Osferth in The Last Kingdom and Prince Aemond Targaryen in the HBO fantasy series House of the Dragon
Academics, science, business and engineering
John Flamsteed (1646–1719), astronomer, the first Astronomer Royal; he catalogued over 3000 stars
George Sorocold (c. 1668 – c. 1738), engineer and architect; designed Lombe's Mill
John Lombe (1693–1722), silk spinner in 18th-century Derby; created Lombe's Mill
John Whitehurst (1713–1788), clockmaker and scientist; early contributions to geology, member of the Lunar Society
William Hutton (1723–1815), historian, poet and bookseller
Jedediah Strutt (1726–1797), hosier and cotton spinner, developed the production of ribbed stockings
Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), physician and philosopher
Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), scientist, experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist; discovered hydrogen
Joseph Pickford (1734-1782), stonemason, Palladian and Georgian architect
John Mawe (1764–1829), practical mineralogist, with his wife Sarah Mawe
James Fox (1780–1830), engineer, machine tool maker
Edward Blore (1787–1879), landscape and architectural artist, architect and antiquary
William George Spencer (1790–1866), schoolmaster, tutor and mathematical writer; Derby Philosophical Society
Andrew Handyside (1806–1887), iron founder, created The Handyside Postbox
Sir Charles Fox (1810–1874), civil engineer and contractor, focusing on railways, railway stations and bridges
Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), pioneer of modern nursing
Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and classical liberal political theorist
Parkin Jeffcock (1829–1866), mining engineer; died trying to rescue miners
Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney (1843–1920), astronomer, chemist, photographer; described the Abney effect
Sir Henry Royce (1863–1933), co-founder of Rolls-Royce
Gordon Pask (1928–1996), author, inventor, educational theorist, cybernetician and psychologist
Sir Nigel Rudd (born 1946), industrialist; founded Williams Holdings
John Loughhead (born 1948), businessman, Chief Scientific Adviser to BEIS
John Smith (born 1957), chief executive officer of BBC Worldwide
Melvyn Morris (born c. 1957), businessman; former owner of Derby County F.C., made his money from Candy Crush Saga
Karl Slym (1962–2014), businessman, managing director of Tata Motors 2012–2014
Christopher Jackson (born 1977), scientist, broadcaster and professor of geology at Imperial College London
Politics, religion and law
Jasvinder Sanghera (1965), author, and campaigner
Joan Waste (1534–1556), a blind woman who was burned in Derby for refusing to renounce her Protestant faith
John Cotton (1585–1652), English and American Puritan divine, sometimes called "The Patriarch of New England"
Samuel Bourn the Elder (1648–1719), dissenting minister; his theology was Calvinistic
Thomas Bott (1688–1754), cleric of the Church of England, known as a controversialist
Daniel Coke (1745–1825), barrister and MP for Derby 1776–1780 and Nottingham 1780–1812
Alleyne FitzHerbert, 1st Baron St Helens (1753–1839), diplomat, eponym of Mount St. Helens
Sir Charles John Crompton (1797–1865), justice of the queen's bench
William Mundy (1801–1877), son of Francis Mundy, MP for South Derbyshire and High Sheriff of Derbyshire in 1844
Samuel Plimsoll (1825–98), politician, Liberal MP for Derby, inventor of the Plimsoll line
Sir Henry Wilmot (1831–1901), Victoria Cross recipient, MP for South Derbyshire 1869–1885
Robert Humpston (1832–1884), recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry during the Crimean War
Walter Weston (1860–1940), clergyman and Anglican missionary, popularized mountaineering in Japan
Alice Wheeldon (1866–1919), pacifist and anti-war campaigner
Jacob Rivers (1881–1915), recipient of the Victoria Cross for action in World War I
Alfred Waterson (1880–1964), Labour and Co-operative MP for Kettering 1918–1922
Brigadier Charles Hudson (1892–1959), British Army Victoria Cross recipient
Freda Bedi (1911–1977), social worker, writer and Gelongma, ordained in Tibetan Buddhism
Geoffrey Lane, Baron Lane (1918–2005), judge who served as Lord Chief Justice 1980–1992
Chris Moncrieff (1931–2019), parliamentary journalist, political editor of the Press Association 1980–1994
Dame Margaret Beckett (born 1943), Labour politician, MP for Derby South since 1983
Dafydd Wigley (born 1943), Plaid Cymru MP for Caernarfon 1974–2001
Bob Laxton (born 1944), Labour politician, MP for Derby North 1997–2010
Geoff Hoon (born 1953), Labour politician, MP for Ashfield 1992–2010
Helen Clark (born 1954), Labour politician, MP for Peterborough 1997–2005
Chris Williamson (born 1956), Labour politician, MP for Derby North 2010–2015 and 2017–2019
Sports
Tom Johnson (c. 1750–1797), bare-knuckle fighter
George Malcolm Fox (1843–1918), Inspector of Gymnasia for the British Army (1890–1897, 1900–1902)
Steve Bloomer (1874–1938), footballer and manager, played for Derby County and Middlesbrough, 598 pro appearances
Charlie Hudson (1874–1958), pigeon racer, winner of the Rome–England champion race in 1913 with The King of Rome
Oliver Burton (1879–1929), professional footballer who played for Tottenham Hotspur.
Reg Parnell (1911–1964), racing driver and team manager
Louis Martin (1936–2015), weightlifter, Olympic silver medallist, 1964
Mark Hateley (born 1961), former footballer who played as a centre forward
Mark Robinson (born 1963), PDC darts player
Sir Dave Brailsford (born 1964), cycling administrator, currently with Team Ineos
Max Sciandri (born 1967), professional cyclist and Olympic medallist
Rufus Brevett (born 1969), footballer with nearly 600 professional appearances
Steve Holland (born 1970), former professional footballer, coach for Crewe Alexandra and Chelsea
Colin Osborne (born 1975), PDC darts player
Donna Kellogg (born 1978), badminton player, competed in the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics
Russell Sexton (born 1978), former English cricketer
Chris Riggott (born 1980), footballer, over 200 pro appearances
Steve Elliott (footballer, born 1978), over 500 professional appearances
Bobby Hassell (born 1980), footballer, over 380 pro appearances
Damien Walters (born 1982), stuntman, gymnast and free runner
Kevin Hollis (born 1983), cricketer
Chris Palmer (born 1983), footballer, over 230 pro appearances
Hemish Ilangaratne (born 1987), cricketer
Melissa Reid (born 1987), golfer
Jonathan Joseph (born 1991), England international professional rugby union player
Jamaal Lascelles (born 1993), footballer, captain of Newcastle United
Sandy Ryan (born 1993), professional boxer
Ben Osborn (born 1994), footballer
Sarah Vasey (born 1996), swimmer, 50 metre breaststroke gold medallist at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Jay Clarke (born 1998), tennis player
Markus Poom (born 1999), Estonian international footballer, born in Derby.
International relations
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Osnabrück partnership treaty
Derby is twinned with Osnabrück in Germany. The partnership treaty between the two cities was signed on 17 February 1976.
The twinning agreement with Derby was in the historical Hall of Peace in Osnabrück's Rathaus (town hall).
Every year, Derby and Osnabrück each appoint an envoy who spends twelve months in the twin city. The envoy promotes the exchange of ideas between the two cities and acts as an educational and information officer to increase awareness of the twinning scheme. The envoy gives talks to local societies and schools, finds pen friends and short-term host families during work placements, works to assist groups who want to get involved in twinning by identifying and approaching possible counterparts and plans the annual May Week trip.
There is an annual exchange between the wind bands of John Port Spencer Academy, Etwall, and its twin school Gymnasium Melle in Melle, Germany, District of Osnabrücker Land.
An exchange was established in 2009 between Allestree Woodlands School and the Gymnasium Angelaschule in Osnabrück.
This exchange was originally based on a drama project by both schools in June 2009, which included performances in both cities with over 1600 visitors. It is now a language and culture exchange between the two schools, run by the German department at Allestree Woodlands School.
The exchange of envoys between two cities is very unusual. The envoy in Osnabrück changes every year and Osnabrück also sends envoys to Derby, Angers and Çanakkale. No other city in Germany participates in this exchange of envoys, and in Britain, only one other town, Wigan, receives and sends an envoy.
List of twin towns
Osnabrück, Germany
Kapurthala, India (friendship link)
Haarlem, Netherlands (friendship link)
Foncquevillers, France (friendship link)
Toyota City, Japan
Changzhi, People's Republic of China (Memorandum of Understanding)
Keene, New Hampshire, (Keene State College student exchange programme)
Hebron, Palestine (2014)
Freedom of the City
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Derby.
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2020)
Individuals
Brian Howard Clough: 3 May 2003.
Adam George Peaty: 9 October 2016.
Reginald Frederick Harrison : 5 February 2019.
Sandy Ryan : 23 November 2023.
Stephen "Steve" Kirk: 15 April 2024.
Military units
The Royal Naval Submarine Service: 28 April 2002.
The Mercian Regiment: 2007.
Notes
^ Extreme temperature records were measured at Derby, Markeaton Park, Mackworth and Morley stations between 1959 and 2006.
References
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Bibliography
See also: Bibliography of the history of Derby
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Derby (England)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 08 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derby (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈdɑːrbi/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/En-derby.ogg/En-derby.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-derby.ogg"},{"link_name":"DAR-bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"unitary authority area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England"},{"link_name":"River Derwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Derwent,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"county town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_town"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popstats-4"},{"link_name":"Derventio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derventio_Coritanorum"},{"link_name":"Five Boroughs of the Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Boroughs_of_the_Danelaw"},{"link_name":"market town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_town"},{"link_name":"Lombe's Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombe%27s_Mill"},{"link_name":"Derwent Valley Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills"},{"link_name":"British rail industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"city status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Group_PLC"},{"link_name":"Alstom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom"},{"link_name":"Bombardier Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Derby Litchurch Lane Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Litchurch_Lane_Works"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Manufacturing_UK"},{"link_name":"Burnaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnaston"}],"text":"City in Derbyshire, EnglandThis article is about the city in England. For other uses, see Derby (disambiguation).City and unitary authority in EnglandDerby (/ˈdɑːrbi/ ⓘ DAR-bee) is a city and unitary authority area on the River Derwent in Derbyshire, England. Derbyshire is named after Derby, which was its original county town. As a unitary authority, Derby is administratively independent from Derbyshire County Council. The population of Derby is 263,490 (2022).[4]The Romans established the town of Derventio, which was later captured by the Anglo-Saxons and then by the Vikings who made Djúra-bý one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw. Initially a market town, Derby grew rapidly in the industrial era and was home to Lombe's Mill, an early British factory, Derby contains the southern part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site. With the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, Derby became a centre of the British rail industry. Despite having a cathedral since 1927, Derby did not gain city status until 1977.Derby is a centre for advanced transport manufacturing. It is home to engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce and Alstom (formerly Bombardier Transportation) has a production facility at the Derby Litchurch Lane Works; Toyota's UK headquarters is located in the south-west of the city at Burnaston.","title":"Derby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Derby"}],"text":"See also: Timeline of Derby","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derby_Cathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Derby Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derbyshire_Cathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Derventio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derventio_(Little_Chester)"},{"link_name":"Little Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Chester"},{"link_name":"grid reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid"},{"link_name":"SK353375","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Derby¶ms=52.933747_N_1.476264_W_region:GB_scale:25000"},{"link_name":"Five Boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Burghs"},{"link_name":"Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"Lady Æthelflæd of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_language"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"John Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Speed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The tower of Derby Cathedral.[7]View of Derby Cathedral's facing clock towerThe Roman camp of Derventio is considered to have been at Little Chester/Chester Green (grid reference SK353375), the site of the old Roman fort. Later, the town was one of the \"Five Boroughs\" (fortified towns) of the Danelaw, until it was captured by Lady Æthelflæd of Mercia in July 917, after which the town was annexed to the Kingdom of Mercia.[8]The Viking name Djúra-bý, recorded in Old English as Deoraby, means \"village of the deer\". However, the origin of the name Derby has had multiple influences: a variation of the original Roman name Derventio with pronunciation of the letter \"v\" as \"b\", becoming Derbentio, and later Derby, along with a link to the river Derwent – from the Celtic meaning \"valley thick with oaks\"[9] – which flows through the city, triggering a shortened version of Derwent by, meaning 'Derwent settlement'.The town name appears as Darbye on early maps, such as that of John Speed, 1610.[10]Modern research (2004) into the history and archaeology of Derby has provided evidence that the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons would have co-existed, occupying two areas of land surrounded by water. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (c. 900) says that \"Derby is divided by water\". These areas of land were known as Norþworþig (\"Northworthy\"=\"north enclosure\") and Deoraby, and were at the \"Irongate\" (north) side of Derby.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Model_Army"},{"link_name":"Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Gell,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Lichfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichfield"},{"link_name":"battle of Hopton Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hopton_Heath"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"River Derwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Derwent,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"George Sorocold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sorocold"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonniequest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacobite rising of 1745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745"},{"link_name":"Jacobite Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_Army_(1745)"},{"link_name":"Charles Edward Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"House of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"The George Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Derbyshire_Blues#The_George_Inn"},{"link_name":"Duke of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish,_3rd_Duke_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"The Derbyshire Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Derbyshire_Blues"},{"link_name":"billets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billet"},{"link_name":"Exeter House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_House"},{"link_name":"council of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_war"},{"link_name":"Swarkestone Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarkestone_Bridge"},{"link_name":"River Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Shrovetide football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_football"},{"link_name":"St Peter's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Derby"},{"link_name":"All Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"16th–18th centuries","text":"During the Civil War of 1642–1646, Derby was garrisoned by Parliamentary troops commanded by Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet, who was appointed Governor of Derby in 1643. These troops took part in the defence of nearby Nottingham, the siege of Lichfield, the battle of Hopton Heath and many other engagements in Nottinghamshire, Staffordshire and Cheshire, as well as successfully defending Derbyshire against Royalist armies.The first civic system of piped water in England was established in Derby in 1692, using wooden pipes,[12] which was common for several centuries.[13] The Derby Waterworks included waterwheel-powered pumps for raising water out of the River Derwent and storage tanks for distribution.[14] This was designed and built by local engineer George Sorocold.[15]Statue of Charles Edwart Stuart on Cathedral GreenDuring the Jacobite rising of 1745, Jacobite Army troops led by Prince Charles Edward Stuart arrived in Derby on 4 December 1745, whilst on their way to London to attempt to overthrow the reigning House of Hanover. Stuart called at The George Inn on Irongate (where the Duke of Devonshire had set up his headquarters in late November after raising The Derbyshire Blues) and demanded billets for the 9,000 troops under his command. The prince stayed at Exeter House on Full Street, where he held a council of war on 5 December which decided to retreat. Stuart had received misleading information about a government army coming to meet him south of Derby. He abandoned his invasion at Swarkestone Bridge on the River Trent, a few miles south of Derby. The prince, who on the march from Scotland had walked at the front of the column, made the return journey on horseback at the rear of the bedraggled and tired army.[citation needed]Shrovetide football was played at Derby every year, possibly from as early as the 12th century. The town was split into the St Peter's and All Saints parishes, who fought to bring the ball from the Market Place to a goal within their own parishes.[16] There were several attempts to ban the game, described in 1846 as \"the barbarous and disgusting play of Foot-Ball, which for a great number of years has annually disgraced our town\". In that year the military were brought in and after the police cut the first ball to pieces, another ball was produced and the town's Mayor was \"stuck on the shoulder by a brick-bat, hurled by some ferocious ruffian, and severely bruised\".[17] The Derby Football was banned in 1846, although it was played once more in 1870.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"water-powered silk mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Industrial_Museum"},{"link_name":"John Lombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lombe"},{"link_name":"George Sorocold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sorocold"},{"link_name":"silk-throwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_throwing"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jedediah Strutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedediah_Strutt"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationalarchives.gov.uk-20"},{"link_name":"Framework Knitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stocking_frame"},{"link_name":"hosiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosier"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationalarchives.gov.uk-20"},{"link_name":"Richard Arkwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Arkwright"},{"link_name":"spinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)"},{"link_name":"water-powered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-power"},{"link_name":"Cromford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromford"},{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cromford_Mills-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eclectica-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1st_water_powered_Cotton_Spinning_Mill_in_the_World-23"},{"link_name":"Belper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belper"},{"link_name":"Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"John Whitehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whitehurst"},{"link_name":"clockmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockmaker"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Derby Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"Fabian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"James Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fox_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"North Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"its works in Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Works"},{"link_name":"Midland Counties Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Counties_Railway"},{"link_name":"Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_and_Derby_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Andrew Handyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Handyside_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Charles Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_(civil_and_railway_engineer)"},{"link_name":"Francis Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fox_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"Normanton Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanton_Barracks"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Municipal Corporations Act 1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835"},{"link_name":"county borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_borough"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888"},{"link_name":"Little Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Chester"},{"link_name":"Litchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litchurch"},{"link_name":"Belper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belper"},{"link_name":"Repton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repton_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"South East Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Derbyshire_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silkmill1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Derby Silk Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Silk_Mill"},{"link_name":"Derwent Valley Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills"},{"link_name":"furthest from the sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_points_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Samuel Plimsoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Plimsoll"},{"link_name":"Plimsoll line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimsoll_line"}],"sub_title":"Industrial Revolution","text":"Derby and Derbyshire were among the centres of Britain's Industrial Revolution. In 1717, Derby was the site of the first water-powered silk mill in Britain, built by John Lombe and George Sorocold, after Lombe had reputedly stolen the secrets of silk-throwing from Piedmont in Italy (he is alleged to have been poisoned by the Piedmontese as revenge in 1722).[19]In 1759, Jedediah Strutt patented and built a machine called the Derby Rib Attachment[20] that revolutionised the manufacture of hose. This attachment was used on the Rev. Lee's Framework Knitting Machine; it was placed in front of – and worked in unison with – Lee's Frame, to produce ribbed hose (stockings). The partners were Jedediah Strutt, William Woollatt (who had been joined in 1758 by John Bloodworth and Thomas Stafford, all leading hosiers in Derby). The patent was obtained in January 1759. After three years, Bloodworth and Stafford were paid off, and Samuel Need – a hosier of Nottingham – joined the partnership. The firm was known as Need, Strutt and Woollatt. The patent expired in 1773[20] though the partnership continued until 1781 when Need died.Messrs Wright, the bankers of Nottingham, recommended that Richard Arkwright apply to Strutt and Need for finance for his cotton spinning mill. The first mill opened in Nottingham in 1770 and was driven by horses. In 1771 Richard Arkwright, Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt built the world's first commercially successful water-powered cotton spinning mill at Cromford, Derbyshire, developing a form of power that was to be a catalyst for the Industrial Revolution.[21][22][23]This was followed in Derbyshire by Jedediah Strutt's cotton spinning mills at Belper. They were: South Mill, the first, 1775; North Mill, 1784, which was destroyed by fire on 12 January 1803 and then rebuilt, starting work again at the end of 1804; West Mill, 1792, commenced working 1796; Reeling Mill, 1897; Round Mill, which took 10 years to build, from 1803 to 1813, and commenced working in 1816; and Milford Mills, 1778. The Belper and Milford mills were not built in partnership with Arkwright; they were all owned and financed by Strutt.Other notable 18th-century figures with connections to Derby include the painter Joseph Wright, known as Wright of Derby, who was known for his innovative use of light in his paintings and was an associate of the Royal Academy; and John Whitehurst, a clockmaker and philosopher. Erasmus Darwin, doctor, scientist, philosopher and grandfather of Charles Darwin, moved to Derby in 1782 and founded the Derby Philosophical Society.Derby's place in the country's philosophical and political life continued with Henry Hutchinson, an active member of the Fabian Society. On his death in 1894, he left the society an amount in his will which was instrumental in founding the London School of Economics.[24]The beginning of 19th century saw Derby emerging as an engineering centre, with manufacturers such as James Fox, who exported machine tools to Russia.In 1840, the North Midland Railway set up its works in Derby and when it merged with the Midland Counties Railway and the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway to form the Midland Railway, Derby became its headquarters. The connection with the railway encouraged others, notably Andrew Handyside, Charles Fox and his son Francis Fox.A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Normanton Barracks in 1877.[25]Derby was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and it became a county borough with the Local Government Act 1888. The borough expanded in 1877 to include Little Chester and Litchurch, and then in 1890 to include New Normanton and Rowditch. The borough did not increase substantially again until 1968, when under a recommendation of the Local Government Boundary Commission it was expanded into large parts of the rural district of Belper, Repton and South East Derbyshire. This vastly increased Derby's population from 132,408 in the 1961 census to 219,578 in the 1971 census.[26]Derby Silk Mill is part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage SiteDespite being one of the areas of Britain furthest from the sea, Derby holds a special place in the history of marine safety – it was as MP for Derby that Samuel Plimsoll introduced his bills for a \"Plimsoll line\" (and other marine safety measures). This failed on first introduction, but was successful in 1876 and contributed to Plimsoll's re-election as an MP.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited"},{"link_name":"Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"London, Midland & Scottish Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Midland_%26_Scottish_Railway"},{"link_name":"Crewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_Works"},{"link_name":"Wolverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverton_Works"},{"link_name":"Lord Stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Stamp,_1st_Baron_Stamp"},{"link_name":"LMS Scientific Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS_Scientific_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Slum clearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"council estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_housing"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambert-31"},{"link_name":"Locomotive Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Works"},{"link_name":"diesel-electric locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive"},{"link_name":"\"Number 10000\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_D16/1"},{"link_name":"Carriage & Wagon Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Litchurch_Lane_Works"},{"link_name":"Diesel Multiple Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_Multiple_Units"},{"link_name":"British Rail Research Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Research_Division"},{"link_name":"Advanced Passenger Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Passenger_Train"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"25th anniversary of her ascension to the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Council House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_House,_Derby"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Labour movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement"},{"link_name":"Keir Hardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Hardie"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"Labour Representation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Labour_Party#Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900%E2%80%931906)"},{"link_name":"Richard Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bell_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"Railway Servants Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Rail,_Maritime_and_Transport_Workers"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Thomas"},{"link_name":"polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath"},{"link_name":"Nobel Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Laureate"},{"link_name":"Philip Noel-Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker,_Baron_Noel-Baker"},{"link_name":"aero-engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"world wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Filton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filton"},{"link_name":"Knickebein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickebein"},{"link_name":"Starfish sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish_site"},{"link_name":"Foremark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foremark"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"cultural centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_centre"},{"link_name":"deaf community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_community"},{"link_name":"sign language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"British Sign Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sign_Language"}],"sub_title":"20th century to present day","text":"An industrial boom began in Derby when Rolls-Royce opened a car and aircraft factory in the town in 1907. In 1923, the Midland Railway became part of the London, Midland & Scottish Railway with headquarters in London. However, Derby remained a major rail manufacturing centre, second only to Crewe and Wolverton. Moreover, it remained a design and development centre and in the 1930s, on the direction of Lord Stamp, the LMS Scientific Research Laboratory was opened on London Road.[citation needed]In 1911, the Derby Wireless Club was formed by a group of local engineers and experimenters. It was to be the first radio or \"wireless club\" in the country.[27][28] The early activities of the club, (even through World Wars), pushed the boundaries of 'wireless' technologies at the time in England, and promoted it into becoming a hobby for many local folk.\n{Over later years, as radio technology progressed, the club transitioned to become the Derby & District Amateur Radio Society (DADARS), continuing to host meetings and events for radio hobbyists with all the new technologies, into the early 2020s.}In World War I, Derby was targeted by German Zeppelin air bombers, who killed five people in a 1916 raid on the town.[29]All Saints Church was designated as a cathedral in 1927, signalling that the town was ready for city status.[30]Slum clearance in the 1920s and 1930s saw the central area of Derby become less heavily populated as families were rehoused on new council estates in the suburbs, where houses for private sale were also constructed. Rehousing, council house building and private housing developments continued on a large scale for some 30 years after the end of World War II in 1945.[31]Production and repair work continued at the railway works. In December 1947 the Locomotive Works unveiled Britain's first mainline passenger diesel-electric locomotive – \"Number 10000\". In 1958 production switched over to diesel locomotives completely. Meanwhile, the Carriage & Wagon Works were building the first of the Diesel Multiple Units that were to take over many of the services.In 1964 the British Rail Research Division opened to study all aspects of railway engineering from first principles. Its first success was in drastically improving the reliability and speed of goods trains, work which led to the development of the Advanced Passenger Train.Derby was awarded city status on 7 June 1977 by Queen Elizabeth II to mark the 25th anniversary of her ascension to the throne.[32] The Queen presented the \"charter scroll\" or \"letters patent\" in person on 28 July 1977 on the steps of the Council House to the then Mayor Councillor Jeffrey Tillet (Conservative).[33] Until then, Derby had been one of the few towns in England with a cathedral but not city status.Derby holds an important position in the history of the Labour movement as one of two seats (the other being Keir Hardie's in Merthyr Tydfil) gained by the recently formed Labour Representation Committee at the 1900 general election. The MP was Richard Bell, General Secretary of the Railway Servants Union. Bell was succeeded in 1910 by Jimmy Thomas and he in turn by the distinguished polymath and Nobel Laureate Philip Noel-Baker in 1936.Despite its strategic industries (rail and aero-engine), Derby suffered comparatively little damage in both world wars (contrast Bristol and Filton). This may in part have been because of jamming against the German radio-beam navigations systems (X-Verfahren and Knickebein, camouflage and decoy techniques (\"Starfish sites\") were built, mainly south of the town, e.g. out in fields near Foremark.[34][35])Derby has also become a significant cultural centre for the deaf community in Britain. Many deaf people move to Derby because of its strong sign language-using community.[citation needed] It is estimated that the deaf population in Derby is at least three times higher than the national average, and that only London has a larger deaf population.[citation needed] The Royal School for the Deaf on Ashbourne Road provides education in British Sign Language and English.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derby_Council_House_(geograph_2355048).jpg"},{"link_name":"Derby Council House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_House,_Derby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_county_hall,_St_Marys_Gate,_Derby_(geograph_4178083).jpg"},{"link_name":"County Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Hall,_Derby"}],"text":"Derby Council HouseCounty Hall","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_town"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"quarter sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_sessions"},{"link_name":"knights of the shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_shire"},{"link_name":"County Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Hall,_Derby"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Smedley's Hydro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Hall,_Matlock"},{"link_name":"Matlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlock,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"county borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_borough"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"unitary authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Local government","text":"By traditional definitions, Derby is the county town of Derbyshire; the county's quarter sessions were held at Derby and knights of the shire were elected there, with County Hall on St Mary's Gate being built in 1660 to host such courts and meetings.[36] When elected county councils were established in 1889, Derbyshire County Council initially used County Hall as its meeting place, but moved to Smedley's Hydro in Matlock in 1955.[37][38]Between 1889 and 1974 Derby was a county borough, independent from the county council.[39] It then became a lower-tier district council with the county council providing county-level services between 1974 and 1997. On 1 April 1997, Derby City Council became a unitary authority, regaining its independence from the county council.[40] On 7 July 2014, Derby's first ever Youth Mayor, Belal Butt (a student from Chellaston Academy), was elected by the Mayor of Derby.[41]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Derby North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Derby South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Mid Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Derbyshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Derby_Ram_on_East_Street_and_Albion_Street,_Derby_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705947.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Derby Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Derby_Ram"}],"sub_title":"UK parliament","text":"Derby was a single United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency represented by two members of parliament until 1950, when it was divided into the single-member constituencies of Derby North and Derby South. However, in 2010, the wards of Allestree, Oakwood and Spondon were moved to the new constituency of Mid Derbyshire, created for the 2010 general election.[citation needed] As of 2020, Derby is represented by three MPs.Representation of The Derby Ram in East Street","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folk song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_song"},{"link_name":"The Derby Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Derby_Ram_(song)"},{"link_name":"Derby County F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."}],"sub_title":"City emblem","text":"Derby's emblem is the Derby Ram, about which there is a folk song titled \"The Derby Ram\". It is found in a number of places, most notably serving as the nickname of Derby County F.C. The logo of the City Council's services is a stylised ram.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Derwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Derwent,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Pennines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennines"},{"link_name":"River Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trent"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"national character areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_character_area"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Coalfield"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Coton in the Elms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coton_in_the_Elms"},{"link_name":"farthest place from coastal waters in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derby-BUA.jpg"}],"text":"Derby is in a relatively low-lying area along the lower valley of the River Derwent, where the south-east foothills of the Pennines adjoin the lowlands and valley of the River Trent to the south.[42] The city is bordered by four national character areas, the Trent Valley Washlands to the south, the Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfields in the east, the South Derbyshire Claylands in the west, and the Derbyshire Peak Fringe in the north. Most of the flat plains surrounding Derby lie in the Trent Valley Washlands and South Derbyshire Claylands, while the hillier, northern parts of the city lie within the Derbyshire Peak Fringe and the Coalfields.[43]The city is around 16 mi (26 km) from Coton in the Elms, the farthest place from coastal waters in the United Kingdom.Derby built-up area, also showing Quarndon","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borrowash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrowash"},{"link_name":"Duffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffield,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"urban area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BUA-46"},{"link_name":"2001 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_England"},{"link_name":"Amber Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Valley"},{"link_name":"Erewash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Erewash"},{"link_name":"29th largest in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom#Most_populous"},{"link_name":"Breadsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadsall"},{"link_name":"Duffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffield,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Little Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Eaton"},{"link_name":"Quarndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarndon"},{"link_name":"South Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Boulton Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton,_Derby#Boulton_Moor"},{"link_name":"Thulston Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulston"},{"link_name":"Stenson Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenson_Fields"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Burnaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnaston"},{"link_name":"Borrowash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrowash"},{"link_name":"Draycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draycott,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Breaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaston"},{"link_name":"Nottingham BUA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Urban_Area"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Derby urban area","text":"The Derby Built-up Area (BUA) or Derby Urban Area is an area including Derby and adjoining built-up districts of Derbyshire, including Borrowash and Duffield. The Office for National Statistics defines an urban area as one which is built upon, with nearby areas linked if within 200 metres.[44][45] It had a total population of 270,468 at the time of the 2011 census.[46] An increase of over 10% since the 2001 census recorded population of 236,738;[47] comprising population increases since 2001 along with new minor residential areas, and larger sub-divisions.The Derby built-up area is considered to be most of the city, as well as outlying villages within the districts of Amber Valley and Erewash which adjoin the city. This overall area is, by ONS' figures, the 29th largest in the UK.Because methods of measuring linked areas were redefined for the 2011 census, Breadsall, Duffield and Little Eaton were included. However, Quarndon is not considered to be a component as it is marginally too distant. It extends south to small adjoining estates in the South Derbyshire district, at Boulton Moor/Thulston Fields, Stenson Fields, and the Mickleover Country Park residential development (The Pastures)[48] within Burnaston parish. The urban area is bounded to the east by a narrow gap between Borrowash and Draycott (to the west of the Breaston urban area sub-division of the Nottingham BUA). It is also close to other nearby urban areas to the north.Notes:Ockbrook included in Borrowash figure in 2011.\nDerby unitary authority 2001/2011 population figures were 221,716 and 244,625,[49] the table ONS subdivision figures also containing small adjoining estates outside the city boundary at Boulton Moor/Thulston Fields, Stenton Fields, and Burnaston.\nQuarndon, although very close to the BUA is considered to be a separate area.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Green belt","text":"Derby has a green belt area defined to the north and east of the city, first drawn up in the 1950s, to prevent convergence with the surrounding towns and villages. It extends for several miles into the counties of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, covering much of the area up to Nottingham.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cfb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Markeaton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markeaton_Park"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Derby's climate is classified as warm and temperate. There is precipitation even during the driest month. This location is classified as Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification. Under the Köppen climatic classification Derby has an oceanic climate along with the rest of the British Isles. The average annual temperature is 9.7 °C. Precipitation averages 694 mm.[50]The highest temperature ever recorded in Derby was 34.1 °C (93.4 °F), recorded at Markeaton Park on 3 August 1990,[51]Climate data for Derby, extremes 1959–2006[a]\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n7.1(44.8)\n\n13.5(56.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n3.8(38.8)\n\n6.1(43.0)\n\n8.6(47.5)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n0.9(33.6)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n3.4(38.1)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n6.0(42.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−16.1(3.0)\n\n−12.8(9.0)\n\n−13.9(7.0)\n\n−6.5(20.3)\n\n−5.0(23.0)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n2.3(36.1)\n\n−1.4(29.5)\n\n−4.4(24.1)\n\n−6.8(19.8)\n\n−10.6(12.9)\n\n−16.1(3.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n62(2.4)\n\n49(1.9)\n\n53(2.1)\n\n51(2.0)\n\n55(2.2)\n\n58(2.3)\n\n55(2.2)\n\n64(2.5)\n\n59(2.3)\n\n58(2.3)\n\n63(2.5)\n\n67(2.6)\n\n694(27.3)\n\n\nSource: [52][53][54]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton"},{"link_name":"Bakewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakewell"},{"link_name":"Glossop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossop"},{"link_name":"Duffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffield,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Belper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belper"},{"link_name":"Matlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlock,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Ilkeston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkeston"},{"link_name":"Heanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heanor"},{"link_name":"Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastwood,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Alfreton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfreton"},{"link_name":"Swanwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanwick,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Clay Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Cross"},{"link_name":"Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Ashbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashbourne,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Uttoxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttoxeter"},{"link_name":"Stoke on Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_on_Trent"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Borrowash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrowash"},{"link_name":"Breaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaston"},{"link_name":"Long Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Eaton"},{"link_name":"Beeston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeston,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Ockbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ockbrook"},{"link_name":"Burton on Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_on_Trent"},{"link_name":"Lichfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Swadlincote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadlincote"},{"link_name":"Castle Donington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Donington"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Ashby-de-la-Zouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashby-de-la-Zouch"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Kegworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kegworth"},{"link_name":"Loughborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"}],"sub_title":"Nearby settlements","text":"Neighbouring towns and villages\nBuxton, Bakewell, Glossop, Manchester\nDuffield, Belper, Matlock\nIlkeston, Heanor, Eastwood, Alfreton, Swanwick Clay Cross, Ripley, Mansfield, Chesterfield, Sheffield\n\n\n\n\n\nAshbourne, Uttoxeter, Stoke on Trent\n\nDerby\n\nNottingham, Borrowash, Breaston, Long Eaton, Beeston, Ockbrook\n\n\n\n\n\nBurton on Trent, Lichfield, Birmingham\nSwadlincote, Castle Donington, Melbourne, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Coventry\nKegworth, Loughborough, Leicester","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derby_population_pyramid.svg"}],"text":"Population pyramid of Derby (unitary authority) in 2021","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethnic_demography_of_Derby_over_time.gif"}],"sub_title":"Ethnicity","text":"Ethnic demography of Derby (unitary authority) over time","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Religion","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gr%C3%BAa_de_vapor,_ferroviaria,_en_exterior_de_la_estaci%C3%B3n_de_Villalba_del_Guadarrama,_provincia_de_Madrid,_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"railway systems engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_systems_engineering"},{"link_name":"Alstom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom"},{"link_name":"rolling stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_stock"},{"link_name":"Derby Litchurch Lane Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Litchurch_Lane_Works"},{"link_name":"Sky's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_UK"},{"link_name":"boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler"},{"link_name":"heat exchangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangers"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Derby power station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_power_station"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-power_station-68"},{"link_name":"International Combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Combustion"},{"link_name":"furnaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_furnace"},{"link_name":"boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilers"},{"link_name":"ABB Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB_Group"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Core Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Design"},{"link_name":"Tomb Raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_Raider"},{"link_name":"Lara Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Croft"},{"link_name":"Royal Crown Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Crown_Derby"},{"link_name":"Midlands Co-operative Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_Co-operative_Society"},{"link_name":"Central England Co-operative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_England_Co-operative"},{"link_name":"enterprise zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_zone"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Enterprise Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Enterprise_Zone"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Old steam crane, manufactured by \"Henry J. Coles\", in Derby. Villalba station, Spain.Derby's two biggest employers,[65] Rolls-Royce Holdings and Toyota, are engaged in engineering manufacturing. Other companies of note include railway systems engineering firm Alstom, who manufacture railway rolling stock at Derby Litchurch Lane Works; First Source, who deal with much of Sky's telephone support; and Triton Equity, who took over Alstom's manufacturing plant for large power plant boilers and heat exchangers in 2014.[66]Derby power station on Silkmill Lane supplied electricity to the town and the surrounding area from 1893 until its closure in 1969.[67]From 1922 Sinfin Lane was the home of the 62-acre (250,000 m2) site of International Combustion, originally manufacturers of machinery for the automatic delivery of pulverised fuel to furnaces and boilers, and later producing steam-generating boilers for use in electrical generating plant such as used in power stations. In the 1990s the firm was bought by Rolls-Royce plc and then sold on again to ABB Group.[68]Derby was the home of Core Design (originally based on Ashbourne Road), who developed the successful video game Tomb Raider. When Derby's inner ring road was completed in 2010, a section of it was named 'Lara Croft Way' after the game's heroine Lara Croft.One of Derby's longest-established businesses is Royal Crown Derby, which has been producing porcelain since the 1750s.The Midlands Co-operative Society, a predecessor of Central England Co-operative, traced its origins to Derby Co-operative Provident Society which, in 1854, was one of the first co-operatives in the region.Infinity Park Derby is a planned business park for aerospace, rail and automotive technology adjacent to the Rolls-Royce site in Sinfin. In December 2014, the government announced that the park would gain enterprise zone status by being added to Nottingham Enterprise Zone.[69]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMechE_dinner_1898_Derby.jpg"},{"link_name":"Locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Works"},{"link_name":"Carriage & Wagon Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Litchurch_Lane_Works"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Alstom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Railway Technical Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Technical_Centre"},{"link_name":"DeltaRail Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeltaRail_Group"},{"link_name":"British Rail Research Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Research_Division"},{"link_name":"Derby railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"East Midlands Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway"},{"link_name":"Derby Etches Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Etches_Park"},{"link_name":"Network Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Rail"},{"link_name":"Rail Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Derby Railway Engineering Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derby_Railway_Engineering_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Railway engineering","text":"Annual dinner of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers held in the carriage works of the Midland Railway at Derby in 1898. Samuel Johnson, the railway's Chief Mechanical Engineer was the institution president.As a consequence of the Midland Railway having their headquarters in Derby, along with their Locomotive and Carriage & Wagon Works, the railways had been a major influence on the development of the town during the Victorian period.[citation needed]During the 20th century, railway manufacturing developed elsewhere, while in Derby the emphasis shifted to other industries. Even though it had pioneered the introduction of diesel locomotives, new production finished in 1966.[citation needed] Repair work gradually diminished until the locomotive works closed, the land being redeveloped as Pride Park. The only buildings remaining are those visible from Platform 6 of the station.The Carriage and Wagon Works has been owned by Alstom since 2021 and continues to build trains.[70] The Railway Technical Centre continues to house railway businesses; this formerly included the headquarters of DeltaRail Group (previously known as the British Rail Research Division).Derby railway station retains an important position in the railway network. East Midlands Railway operate Derby Etches Park depot while Network Rail and Rail Operations Group also maintain trains in Derby. On 21 March 2023, it was announced that the city was to be the headquarters of Great British Railways.[71]Derby is also the headquarters of the Derby Railway Engineering Society,[72] founded in 1908 to promote railway engineering expertise both in the city and nationally.","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derby Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"peregrine falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falcon"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Derby Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Gaol"},{"link_name":"Derby Museum of Making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Museum_of_Making"},{"link_name":"Derby Silk Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Silk_Mill"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited"},{"link_name":"aero engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_engine"},{"link_name":"quarrying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry"},{"link_name":"foundries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundries"},{"link_name":"River Derwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Derwent,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pickford_expo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pickford's House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickford%27s_House_Museum"},{"link_name":"Joseph Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pickford"},{"link_name":"Derby Museum and Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Museum_and_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"Royal Crown Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Crown_Derby"},{"link_name":"St Helen's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helen%27s_House,_Derby"},{"link_name":"River Derwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Derwent,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"St Alkmund's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Alkmund%27s_Church,_Derby"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture"},{"link_name":"churchyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchyard"},{"link_name":"Pevsner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner"}],"text":"Derby Cathedral tower is 212 ft (65 m) tall to the tip of the pinnacles. This has been home to a pair of breeding peregrine falcons since 2006,[73] monitored by four webcams.[74]Derby Gaol is a visitor attraction based in the dungeons of the Derbyshire County Gaol, which dates back to 1756.Derby Museum of Making is housed in Derby Silk Mill and shows the industrial heritage and technological achievement of Derby, including Rolls-Royce aero engines, railways, mining, quarrying and foundries. The Silk Mill stands at the southern end of the 24 km (15 mi) stretch of the River Derwent designated a World Heritage Site in 2001. On 10 May 2022, the Museum of Making was short-listed for the 2022 Art Fund Museum of the Year award,[75] and in 2024 it was one of six museums to receive a special commendation in the European Museum of the Year Awards.[76]Pickford's House MuseumPickford's House Museum was built by architect Joseph Pickford in 1770. It was his home and business headquarters. Derby Museum and Art Gallery shows paintings by Joseph Wright, as well as fine Royal Crown Derby porcelain, natural history, local regiments and archaeology. Pickford also designed St Helen's House in King Street.The skyline of the inner city changed in 1968 when the inner ring road with its two new crossings of the River Derwent was built. The route of the ring road went through the St Alkmund's Church and its Georgian churchyard, the only Georgian square in Derby. Both were demolished to make way for the road, a move still criticised today. Thus the editor (Elizabeth Williamson) of the 2nd edition of Pevsner for Derbyshire wrote: \"...the character and cohesion of the centre has been completely altered by the replacement of a large number of C18 houses in the centre by a multi-lane road. As a traffic scheme this road is said to be a triumph; as townscape it is a disaster.\"","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derby_Guildhall.JPG"},{"link_name":"Derby Guildhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Guildhall"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Quarter,_Derby"},{"link_name":"Corn Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Exchange,_Derby"},{"link_name":"Darley Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darley_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Derbion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbion"},{"link_name":"Derby Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Arboretum"},{"link_name":"Derby Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Arena"},{"link_name":"Derby Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Canal"},{"link_name":"Derby Catacombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Catacombs"},{"link_name":"Derby Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Derby Friargate Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Friargate_Station"},{"link_name":"Handyside's bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handyside_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Derby Museum and Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Museum_and_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Museum of Making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Making"},{"link_name":"Derby Silk Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Silk_Mill"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Church, Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Derby"},{"link_name":"Pickford's House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickford%27s_House_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pride Park Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Park_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Derby County F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Baseball Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Ground"},{"link_name":"River Derwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Derwent,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Royal Crown Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Crown_Derby"},{"link_name":"Saint Benedict Catholic School and Performing Arts College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Catholic_School_and_Performing_Arts_College"},{"link_name":"St Helen's House, Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helen%27s_House,_Derby"}],"sub_title":"Places of interest","text":"Derby Guildhall, the former seat of local government, today serves primarily as a 240-seat theatre. It was rebuilt after the previous hall was destroyed by fire in 1841.Cathedral Quarter\nCorn Exchange\nDarley Abbey\nDerbion shopping centre\nDerby Arboretum\nDerby Arena\nDerby Canal\nDerby Catacombs\nDerby Cathedral\nDerby Friargate Station (of which all that remains is Handyside's bridge and the bridge across Friargate)\nDerby Museum and Art Gallery\nMuseum of Making (housed in Derby Silk Mill)\nSt Mary's Church, Derby\nPickford's House Museum\nPride Park Stadium (Derby County F.C.) and its predecessor the Baseball Ground (now demolished)\nRiver Derwent\nRoyal Crown Derby Museum and Factory Tour\nSaint Benedict Catholic School and Performing Arts College secondary school\nSt Helen's House, Derby","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DerbyStationOct2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Derby railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"train operating companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_operating_companies"},{"link_name":"East Midlands Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway"},{"link_name":"Midland Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"London St Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Newark Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Castle_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Crewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Matlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlock_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"CrossCountry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrossCountry"},{"link_name":"Birmingham New Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England"},{"link_name":"South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Temple_Meads"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_St_Davids"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Peartree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peartree_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Spondon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondon_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Railways","text":"Derby railway stationThe city is one of the country's main railway centres. Derby railway station is served by two train operating companies:East Midlands Railway operates regular inter-city services on the Midland Main Line between London St Pancras, Leicester and Sheffield. There are also services between Newark Castle, Nottingham and Crewe; trains between Nottingham and Matlock also call here.[77]\nCrossCountry operates hourly services in each direction between Nottingham, Birmingham New Street and Cardiff. The station is also on a main inter-city route between locations in Scotland, the North East and the South West; these include Edinburgh, Newcastle, York, Leeds, Sheffield, Birmingham, Bristol, Exeter and Plymouth.[78]There are also local stations at Peartree (on the Newark to Crewe route) and Spondon (on the Nottingham to Matlock route), although their stopping services are very limited.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derby bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Trent Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Barton"},{"link_name":"Arriva Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Belper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belper"},{"link_name":"Burton-upon-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton-upon-Trent"},{"link_name":"Ilkeston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkeston,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT-80"},{"link_name":"National Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Express_Coaches"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Gatwick Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatwick_Airport"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT-80"}],"sub_title":"Buses and coaches","text":"Derby bus station is the hub for local bus services in and around the city. Routes are operated by a number of companies, but principally Trent Barton and Arriva Midlands. Destinations include Belper, Burton-upon-Trent, Ilkeston, Ripley and Nottingham.[79]The city is on several National Express routes; destinations include Birmingham, Gatwick Airport, Leicester, Leeds and London.[79]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercian_Way%27s_Junction_with_Abbey_Street.JPG"},{"link_name":"M1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_motorway"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"A6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A6_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"A38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A38_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Bodmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodmin"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"A50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A50_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"A52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A52_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Newcastle-under-Lyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme"},{"link_name":"Mablethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mablethorpe"},{"link_name":"Brian Clough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Clough"},{"link_name":"A61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A61_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Thirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirsk"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Roads","text":"Mercian Way, looking across Abbey Street towards Uttoxeter New RoadThe M1 motorway passes about 10 miles (16 km) east of the city, linking Derby southwards to London and northwards to Sheffield and Leeds. Other major roads passing through or near Derby include the A6 (historically the main route from London to Carlisle, also linking to Leicester and Manchester); A38 (Bodmin to Mansfield, via Bristol and Birmingham); A50 (Warrington to Leicester, via Stoke-on-Trent); A52 (Newcastle-under-Lyme to Mablethorpe, including Brian Clough Way linking Derby to Nottingham); and A61 (Derby to Thirsk, via Sheffield and Leeds).On 16 March 2011, Mercian Way, the final section of the city's inner ring road, was opened to traffic.[80] This new section connects Burton Road with Uttoxeter New Road; it crosses Abbey Street, which is the only road between the two ends from which Mercian Way can be accessed.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Midlands Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Airport"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"budget airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_airline"},{"link_name":"Ryanair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair"},{"link_name":"Jet2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet2"},{"link_name":"Derby Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Airfield"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"East Midlands Airport is located about 15 miles (24 km) from Derby city centre. There was controversy concerning the airport's decision to prefix its name with Nottingham in 2004; this was due to its proximity to Derby, the fact that the airport is in Leicestershire and the traditional rivalry between its three nearby cities (Derby, Leicester and Nottingham).[81] In 2006, Nottingham East Midlands Airport reverted to its previous name.[82]The airport is served by budget airlines, including Ryanair and Jet2, with services to domestic and European destinations.Derby Airfield, approximately 7 miles (11 km) south-west of the city centre, has grass runways targeted at general aviation.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK City of Culture 2025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_City_of_Culture_2025"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"On 8 October 2021 it was announced that Derby had been included in the longlist of bids to host UK City of Culture 2025, but in March 2022 it failed to make it onto the shortlist.[83]","title":"Community and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"White Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Town"},{"link_name":"Jyoti Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyoti_Mishra"},{"link_name":"Your Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Woman"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-85"},{"link_name":"Mercury Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Prize"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Maxïmo Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%C3%AFmo_Park"},{"link_name":"Duncan Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Kelli Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelli_Young"},{"link_name":"Liberty X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_X"},{"link_name":"Lucy Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Ward_(musician)"},{"link_name":"English folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_folk"},{"link_name":"Kevin Coyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Coyne"},{"link_name":"LostAlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LostAlone"},{"link_name":"The Struts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Struts"},{"link_name":"Lightyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightyear_(band)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Anti-Pasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Pasti"},{"link_name":"UK album charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_album_charts"},{"link_name":"The Beekeepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beekeepers"},{"link_name":"Beggars Banquet Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggars_Banquet_Records"},{"link_name":"Jamie East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_East"},{"link_name":"Holy Moly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Moly"},{"link_name":"Big Brother's Bit on the Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother%27s_Bit_on_the_Side"},{"link_name":"Sinfonia Viva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia_Viva"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Derby Bach Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derby_Bach_Choir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Derby Choral Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Choral_Union"},{"link_name":"Derwent Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derwent_Singers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sitwell Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sitwell_Singers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Derby Concert Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derby_Concert_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Derby Chamber Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derby_Chamber_Music&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Derby University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_University"},{"link_name":"Multifaith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifaith"},{"link_name":"Derby Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Derby Folk Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derby_Folk_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Derby Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derby_Jazz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The indie pop band White Town, fronted by Jyoti Mishra, is from Derby, and his video \"Your Woman\", features scenes from the city centre. \"Your Woman\" reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1997.[84]Founding member and songwriter of Mercury Prize nominated alternative rock band Maxïmo Park and solo artist Duncan Lloyd is from Derby. His band hit the number 2 spot in the U.K. album charts in 2020, with the album Nature Always Wins.[85]Pop singer Kelli Young (born 7 April 1982) is from Derby. She is best known as a member of the pop group Liberty X.Lucy Ward is an English singer-songwriter from Derby, England. She performs traditional English folk songs as well as her own material. Three of her albums, Adelphi Has to Fly, Single Flame and I Dreamt I Was a Bird, have been critically acclaimed and have each received four-starred reviews in the British national press.In rock music, the blues singer-songwriter Kevin Coyne came from Derby, as does the three-piece rock band LostAlone, and indie/glam rock band The Struts. The ska punk band Lightyear also hail from the city, naming their second album Chris Gentlemens Hairdresser and Railway Book Shop after a shop in Macklin Street.[citation needed]The band Anti-Pasti, whose debut 1981 album The Last Call reached the top 40 in the UK album charts, came from Derby. The band reformed in 2012 and again with an altered line up in 2014.Derby band The Beekeepers were signed to Beggars Banquet Records between 1993 and 1998. Singer Jamie East later went on to create entertainment website Holy Moly and present Big Brother's Bit on the Side.Sinfonia Viva is a chamber orchestra based in Derby, presenting concerts and educational events in the city, across the East Midlands, and occasionally further afield.[86]A full-scale programme of orchestral and other concerts was presented by Derby LIVE at the Assembly Rooms, though this is currently closed following fire damage in March 2014. The amateur classical music scene includes two choral societies, Derby Bach Choir and Derby Choral Union; smaller choirs including the Derwent Singers and Sitwell Singers; and Derby Concert Orchestra. Derby Chamber Music presents an annual series of chamber music concerts at Derby University's Multifaith Centre. A series of organ recitals is presented every summer at Derby Cathedral.[87]The folk-music scene includes the annual Derby Folk Festival.[88][89] Derby Jazz promotes a year-round series of performances and workshops.[90] Kaleidoscope Community Music includes Kaleidoscope Community Choir and Calidoscopio Carnival Drummers.[91]Other music venues in the city include The Venue on Abbey Street, The Hairy Dog on Becket Street, Ryan's Bar in the St Peter's Quarter, The Flowerpot on King Street, and The Victoria Inn.","title":"Community and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Derby"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Derby Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Derby University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_University"},{"link_name":"Derby Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Derby City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_City_Council"},{"link_name":"QUAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_QUAD"},{"link_name":"visual arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"BFI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"Saint Benedict Catholic School and Performing Arts College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Catholic_School_and_Performing_Arts_College"},{"link_name":"theatre in the round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_the_round"},{"link_name":"Oddsocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oddsocks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"street arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Bafta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafta"},{"link_name":"Jack O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Connell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dexter"},{"link_name":"Alan Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bates"},{"link_name":"John Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Look Back in Anger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Back_in_Anger"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osborne-100"}],"sub_title":"Theatre and arts","text":"Derby has had a number of theatres, including the Grand Theatre which was opened from 1886[92] until 1950. This replaced the earlier Theatre Royal.[citation needed]After a lengthy period of financial uncertainty, Derby Playhouse closed in February 2008. It was resurrected in September of that year after a new financing package was put together but forced to close again just two months later because of further financial problems. The lease was later bought by Derby University and the building was renamed Derby Theatre. Along with the Assembly Rooms and Guildhall Theatre, it was operated by Derby LIVE, the cultural arm of Derby City Council. In 2012 Derby University took over as sole operator of Derby Theatre; Sarah Brigham was appointed artistic director, and has been in post since January 2013.QUAD is a centre for art and film that opened in 2008. The building has two cinema screens showing independent and mainstream cinema, two gallery spaces housing contemporary visual arts, a digital studio, participation spaces, digital editing suites, artists studio and the BFI Mediatheque. QUAD organises the annual Derby Film Festival, and the FORMAT international photography festival, held every two years at various venues throughout the city.The Robert Ludlam Theatre, on the campus of Saint Benedict Catholic School and Performing Arts College, is a 270-seat venue with a programme of entertainment including dance, drama, art, music, theatre in the round, comedy, films, family entertainment, rock and pop events and workshops. The theatre company Oddsocks is based in Derby and stages productions in the city and the surrounding area, as well as travelling the country.[93]Déda, established in 1991, is the only dedicated dance house in the East Midlands region, acting as a local, regional and national resource for dance and aerial artists and contemporary circus. Déda houses a 124-capacity studio theatre, three dance studios, meeting room facilities and the CUBE café bar. It offers a weekly class programme and a year-round professional performance programme for children, young people and adults, and a community development programme. Déda now hosts a BA degree in Dance in partnership with the University of Derby.[94]Derby Book Festival, first held in 2015, takes place in late spring/early summer, with events throughout the city.[95] An additional \"Autumn edition\" was first held in October 2019.Derby Festé[96] is a weekend street arts festival held at the end of September every year. The first Six Streets Arts trail was in June 2012,[97] took place again in 2013 and will now be a biennial event. It includes strong input from the local History Network[98] which was awarded a Heritage Lottery grant to pursue its work on marking the 100th anniversary of World War 1.The actor and Bafta award winner Jack O'Connell is from Derby.\nJohn Dexter the theatre director and the actor Alan Bates were from Derby. John Osborne wrote his play Look Back in Anger in 1956 while living in Derby and working at Derby Playhouse.[99]","title":"Community and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grovelodge1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Derby Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Arboretum"},{"link_name":"Joseph Strutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Strutt_(philanthropist)"},{"link_name":"public park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_park"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arboretum-101"},{"link_name":"Markeaton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markeaton_Park"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Allestree Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allestree"},{"link_name":"Darley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darley_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Chaddesden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaddesden"},{"link_name":"Alvaston Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvaston"},{"link_name":"Normanton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanton,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Osmaston Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaston,_Derby"},{"link_name":"Darley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darley_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Recreation","text":"The restored Grove Street Lodge and \"Grand Entrance\" at the northern end of the ArboretumDerby Arboretum, donated to the town by local philanthropist Joseph Strutt in 1840, was the first planned urban public park in the country. Although it suffered from neglect in the 1990s, it has been renovated. It has been claimed to have been one of the inspirations for Central Park in New York.[100]Markeaton Park is Derby's most used leisure facility.[101] Other major parks in the city include Allestree Park, Darley Park, Chaddesden Park, Alvaston Park, Normanton Park and Osmaston Park. Derby is believed to be one of the country's highest, if not the highest, ranking cities for parkland per capita. Darley and Derwent Parks lie immediately north of the city centre. Derby Rowing Club and Derwent Rowing Club are located on the banks of the river, where there is also a riverside walk and cycle path.On 10 November 2021, Derby City Council approved plans for the UK's first large-scale urban rewilding project, in Allestree Park.[102]","title":"Community and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pride_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pride Park Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Park_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Brian Clough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Clough"},{"link_name":"Derby County F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Dave Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Mackay"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dcfc-104"},{"link_name":"Arthur Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Cox_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Jim Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Smith_(footballer,_born_1940)"},{"link_name":"John Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gregory_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"George Burley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Burley"},{"link_name":"Colin Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Todd"},{"link_name":"Roy McFarland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_McFarland"},{"link_name":"Peter Shilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shilton"},{"link_name":"Dean Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Saunders"},{"link_name":"Craig Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Short"},{"link_name":"Marco Gabbiadini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Gabbiadini"},{"link_name":"Horacio Carbonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Carbonari"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Ravanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Ravanelli"},{"link_name":"Steve Bloomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bloomer"},{"link_name":"Tom Huddlestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Huddlestone"},{"link_name":"Baseball Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Ground"},{"link_name":"Pride Park Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Park_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dcfc-104"},{"link_name":"FA Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"one season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007-08_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Mickleover Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickleover_Sports_FC"},{"link_name":"Mickleover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickleover"},{"link_name":"EvoStik Northern Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"English football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Graham Street Prims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Street_Prims_FC"},{"link_name":"Borrowash Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrowash_Victoria_AFC"},{"link_name":"East Midlands Counties League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Counties_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Spondon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Gateway_Centre_at_the_County_Ground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3434409.jpg"},{"link_name":"County Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cricket_Ground,_Derby"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"County Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cricket_Ground,_Derby"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"first class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_class_cricket"},{"link_name":"County Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Championship"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Derby RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_RFC"},{"link_name":"Midlands Division One East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_1_East"},{"link_name":"Rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Derby City RLFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_City_RLFC"},{"link_name":"English Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Derby Trailblazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Trailblazers"},{"link_name":"British Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Derby Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Storm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010_Women%27s_British_Open_%E2%80%93_Melissa_Reid_(4).jpg"},{"link_name":"Melissa Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Reid"},{"link_name":"Derby Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Arena"},{"link_name":"National Badminton League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Badminton_League"},{"link_name":"velodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velodrome"},{"link_name":"Revolution cycling series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_(cycling_series)"},{"link_name":"Francis Ley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ley"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Ground"},{"link_name":"Pride Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Park"},{"link_name":"Melissa Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Reid"},{"link_name":"Ladies European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_European_Tour"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letbio-106"},{"link_name":"2011 Solheim Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Solheim_Cup"},{"link_name":"Arthur Keily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Keily"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running"},{"link_name":"Olympian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rome in 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"text":"Pride Park StadiumDerby gained a high profile in sport following the appointment of Brian Clough as manager of Derby County F.C. in 1967. Promotion to the Football League First Division was achieved in 1969, and County were champions of the English league three years later. Following Clough's resignation in 1973, his successor Dave Mackay guided Derby County to another league title in 1975, but this remains to date the club's last major trophy; relegation followed in 1980 and top flight status was not regained until 1987, since when Derby have spent a total of 11 seasons (1987–1991, 1996–2002, 2007–2008) in the top flight.[103] Other former managers of the club include Arthur Cox, Jim Smith, John Gregory and George Burley. Former players include Colin Todd, Roy McFarland (who both later had brief and unsuccessful stints as manager at the club), Dave Mackay, Peter Shilton, Dean Saunders, Craig Short, Marco Gabbiadini, Horacio Carbonari, Fabrizio Ravanelli, Steve Bloomer and Tom Huddlestone. The club moved from its century-old Baseball Ground in 1997 to the new Pride Park Stadium.[103] The club's most recent spell as a top-division (FA Premier League) club ended in May 2008 after just one season, during which the club won just one out of 38 league games and finished with just 11 points, the lowest in the history of the Premier League.[104]There are three senior non-league football clubs based in the city. Mickleover Sports play at Station Road, Mickleover, and are members of the EvoStik Northern Premier League (the seventh level of the English football league system). Graham Street Prims and Borrowash Victoria are both members of the East Midlands Counties League (level ten) and play on adjacent grounds at the Asterdale complex in Spondon.The County GroundDerbyshire County Cricket Club are based at the County Ground in Derby and play almost all home matches there, although matches at Chesterfield were re-introduced in 2006. One of the designated first class county sides, they have won the County Championship once, in 1936.Derby has clubs in both codes of rugby. In rugby union, Derby RFC play in Midlands Division One East (the sixth level of English rugby union) at their Haslams Lane ground. Rugby league team Derby City RLFC were formed in 1990 and compete in the Midlands Premier Division of the National Rugby League Conference. From 2008 they are ground-sharing with Derby RFC at Haslams Lane.The city is represented in the English Basketball League Division One by Derby Trailblazers, who play at the Moorways Sports Centre. They were formed in 2002 following the demise of British Basketball League side Derby Storm.Derby-born Melissa ReidTeam Derby, based at Derby Arena, won the inaugural National Badminton League title in 2014–15. The Arena, opened in 2015, also contains a velodrome that has hosted the Revolution cycling series.Local industrialist Francis Ley introduced baseball to the town in the late 19th century, and built a stadium near the town centre. The attempt to establish baseball in Derby was unsuccessful, but the stadium survived for some 100 years afterwards as the home of Derby County Football Club. It was demolished in 2003, six years after County's move to Pride Park.Professional golfer Melissa Reid was born in Derby in 1987. She plays on the Ladies European Tour,[105] and was a member of the victorious European Team in the 2011 Solheim Cup.Arthur Keily the marathon runner and Olympian was born in Derbyshire in 1921 and has lived his whole life in Derby. In Rome in 1960 he broke the English Olympic record, recording a time of 2 hours 27 mins.[106][107]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ye_Olde_Dolphin_Inne,_Queen_Street,_Derby_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1097980.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Quarter,_Derby"},{"link_name":"Derbion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbion"},{"link_name":"Business Improvement District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Improvement_District"},{"link_name":"Markeaton Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markeaton_Brook"},{"link_name":"St Peters Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Derby"},{"link_name":"Derby School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_School"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Derbion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbion"},{"link_name":"Intu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intu"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Showcase – Cinema De Lux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showcase_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"real ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_ale"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Dolphin Inne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Dolphin_Inne"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EnglishHeritage-112"}],"text":"Ye Olde Dolphin InneShopping in central Derby is divided into three main areas. These are the Cathedral Quarter, the St Peters Quarter and the Derbion shopping centre. The Cathedral Quarter was Derby's first BID (Business Improvement District), and includes a large range of shops, boutiques, coffee shops and restaurants. It is focused around the cathedral and the area around Irongate and Sadler Gate. It includes the Market place, the Guildhall and Assembly Rooms along with the City Museum and the Silk Mill industrial museum.The St Peters Quarter is Derby's second Business Improvement District, brought into effect in the summer of 2011. Its boundary with the Cathedral Quarter follows Victoria Street, beneath which flows the underground course of the Markeaton Brook. The quarter boasts a diverse range of retail shops, many of them, in Green Lane, Babington Lane, Osmaston Road and elsewhere, independent traders. St Peters Street, London Road and East Street also include a large choice of national retailers and pubs, restaurants, banks and offices. The quarter includes the historic St Peters Church and, on St Peter's Churchyard, the medieval Derby School building. Nearby also is the Old Courthouse (former County Court).[108]Derbion is the city's main indoor shopping centre. It opened in 2007 as Westfield Derby after extension work costing £340 million, subsequently being sold to Intu in March 2014.[109] It contains a food court and a 12-screen cinema (Showcase – Cinema De Lux) which was opened in May 2008. The development was controversial and local opponents accuse it of drawing trade away from the older parts of the city centre where independent shops are located. Some of these experienced a downturn in trade and some have ceased trading since the development opened leading to the \"Lanes\" project which eventually became the second BID and the formation of St Peters Quarter. In the centre itself, a combination of high rents and rising rates have made things difficult for smaller traders.[110]The Friar Gate area contains clubs and bars, making it the centre of Derby's nightlife. Derby is also well provided with pubs and is renowned for its large number of real ale outlets. The oldest pub is the Grade II listed Ye Olde Dolphin Inne, dating from the late 16th century.[111]Out-of-town shopping areas include the Kingsway Retail Park, off the A38; the Wyvern Retail Park, near Pride Park; and the Meteor Centre, on Mansfield Road.","title":"Shopping and nightlife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of schools in Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Derby"},{"link_name":"middle schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"sixth forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form"},{"link_name":"A Levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Derby College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_College"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wright Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"A Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Level"},{"link_name":"Derby Roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Railway_Works"},{"link_name":"Allestree Woodlands School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allestree_Woodlands_School"},{"link_name":"Alvaston Moor Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvaston_Moor_Academy"},{"link_name":"Bemrose School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemrose_School"},{"link_name":"Chellaston Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chellaston_Academy"},{"link_name":"City of Derby Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Derby_Academy"},{"link_name":"Da Vinci Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Vinci_Academy"},{"link_name":"Derby Manufacturing UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Manufacturing_UTC"},{"link_name":"Derby Moor Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Moor_Academy"},{"link_name":"Derby Pride Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Pride_Academy"},{"link_name":"Landau Forte College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau_Forte_College"},{"link_name":"Lees Brook Community School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lees_Brook_Community_School"},{"link_name":"Littleover Community School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleover_Community_School"},{"link_name":"Merrill Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Academy"},{"link_name":"Murray Park School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Park_School"},{"link_name":"Noel-Baker Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel-Baker_Academy"},{"link_name":"Saint Benedict Catholic Voluntary Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Catholic_Voluntary_Academy"},{"link_name":"West Park School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Park_School"},{"link_name":"Derby Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Derby School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_School"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Derby High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_High_School,_Derby"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"special needs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs"},{"link_name":"respite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respite_care"},{"link_name":"Derby Pride Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Pride_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton"},{"link_name":"University of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Royal Derby Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Derby_Hospital"},{"link_name":"London Road Community Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Road_Community_Hospital"}],"text":"See also: List of schools in DerbyLike most of the UK, Derby operates a non-selective primary and secondary education system with no middle schools. Pupils attend infant and junior school (often in a combined primary school) before moving onto a secondary school. Many of the secondary schools have sixth forms, allowing pupils to optionally take A Levels after the end of compulsory education. For those who want to stay in education but leave school, the large Derby College provides post-16 courses for school leavers, apprentices and employer-related training. It has two main campuses: the Joseph Wright Centre in the centre of Derby, where its A Level courses are based, and the historical Derby Roundhouse, the college's vocational training hub, providing a centre for apprenticeships such as engineering, catering and hair and beauty. The college also works in partnership with schools across the county to provide vocational training opportunities for students aged 14 upwards. Training for companies is undertaken through its Corporate College.Inside the state sector, there are 15 secondary schools. These are: Allestree Woodlands School, Alvaston Moor Academy, Bemrose School, Chellaston Academy, City of Derby Academy, Da Vinci Academy, Derby Manufacturing UTC, Derby Moor Academy, Derby Pride Academy, Landau Forte College, Lees Brook Community School, Littleover Community School, Merrill Academy, Murray Park School, Noel-Baker Academy, Saint Benedict Catholic Voluntary Academy and West Park School.Outside the state sector, there are three fee-paying independent schools. Derby Grammar School was founded in 1994 and was for boys only until 2007, when they accepted girls into the sixth form for the first time. They aim to continue the work and traditions of the former Derby School, which closed in 1989, one of the oldest schools in England.[citation needed] Derby High School was girls-only for senior and sixth form and for girls and boys at primary level until 2019 where boys were accepted into Year 7 and Year 12.[112] As of 2023, the school is now fully co-educational, accepting both boys and girls in all years of school.Derby has special needs establishments including Ivy House School at the Derby Moor Community Sports College (which takes pupils from nursery to sixth form) and the Light House which is a respite facility for children and parents. Allestree Woodlands School have a Hearing Impaired department, and Saint Benedict have an Enhanced Resource Base for pupils to access specialised support within mainstream schooling. There also a number of alternative provision schools, including Derby Pride Academy.The University of Derby has its main campus on Kedleston Road. There is another campus in north Derbyshire at Buxton.In 2003 the University of Nottingham opened a graduate entry medical school based at Royal Derby Hospital. The university also has its School of Nursing and Midwifery there, having moved from its former home at the London Road Community Hospital in mid-2012.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derby Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Derby Trader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Trader"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Derby"},{"link_name":"East Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"BBC East Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"ITV Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Central"},{"link_name":"Waltham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_transmitting_station"},{"link_name":"Capital Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Capital East Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Ram FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_FM"}],"text":"The Derby Telegraph (formerly the Derby Evening Telegraph) is the city's daily newspaper. Crime writer Richard Cox set his first book around his own experience as a Derby Telegraph reporter in the 1970s.[113] The Derby Trader was a free weekly newspaper that is no longer in print.\nBBC Radio Derby, the BBC's local station for Derbyshire and East Staffordshire, is based on St Helen's Street in the city and offers local, national and international news, features, music and sports commentaries. It is available on 104.5 FM and 1116 AM, on 95.3 FM in north and mid-Derbyshire and on 96.0 FM in the Buxton area, as well as being streamed on the internet. The BBC in Derby have their own local website for the area providing news, travel and weather information, as well as other features.Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East Midlands and ITV Central. The city's television signals are received from the Waltham TV transmitter.Capital Midlands (previously Capital East Midlands and Ram FM) is the biggest commercial radio station in the city, broadcasting to Derby on 102.8 FM from the transmitter at Drum Hill, just outside the city. It broadcasts a Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR) format, with Top 40 chart hits aimed at the city's under-35s.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Richardson"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"William John Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._J._Coffee"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wright of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"John Raphael Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Raphael_Smith"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"mezzotint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzotint"},{"link_name":"Thomas Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(English_painter)"},{"link_name":"William Billingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Billingsley_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Nantgarw Pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantgarw_Pottery"},{"link_name":"John Emes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Emes"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Bridget Pigot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bridget_Pigot"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Lord Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron"},{"link_name":"Henry Lark Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lark_Pratt"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"John Haslem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Haslem_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Henry Britton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Britton"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Francis William Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_William_Davenport"},{"link_name":"Charles Rann Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rann_Kennedy_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Ernest Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Townsend"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Marion Adnams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Adnams"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Ralph Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Downes"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Royal Festival Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall"},{"link_name":"Norah, Lady Docker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah,_Lady_Docker"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Ronald Binge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Binge"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Eric Malpass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Malpass"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Denny Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Dennis"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"John Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dexter"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"John Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Dobson_(tenor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Royal Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Opera"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Michael Rayner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rayner"},{"link_name":"Savoy Operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Operas"},{"link_name":"D'Oyly Carte Opera Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Richard Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turneramon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Anton Rippon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Rippon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kevin Coyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Coyne"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Stephen Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Marley_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Chia Black Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chia_Black_Dragon"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Peter Hammill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hammill"},{"link_name":"Van der Graaf Generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Graaf_Generator"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stephen Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Layton"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Polyphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony_(choir)"},{"link_name":"Jyoti Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyoti_Mishra"},{"link_name":"White Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Town"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Liam Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Sharp"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Graham Coxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Coxon"},{"link_name":"Blur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blur_(band)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Scott Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Harrison_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Steven Grahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Grahl"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Duncan Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jessica Garlick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Garlick"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Lucy Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Ward_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Youngman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngman_MC"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Dubzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubzy"},{"link_name":"grime music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grime_music"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Drumsound & Bassline Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumsound_%26_Bassline_Smith"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Kelli Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelli_Young"},{"link_name":"Liberty X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_X"}],"sub_title":"Arts, literature and music","text":"Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), writer[114] and printer[115]\nWilliam John Coffee (1774–1846), artist and sculptor,[116] worked in porcelain, plaster, and terracotta\nJoseph Wright of Derby (1734–1797), landscape[117] and portrait painter\nJohn Raphael Smith (1751–1812), painter[118] and mezzotint engraver, son of Thomas Smith\nWilliam Billingsley (1758–1828), painter of porcelain,[119] founded Nantgarw Pottery\nJohn Emes (1762–1810), engraver[120] and water-colour painter\nElizabeth Bridget Pigot (1783–1866), correspondent,[121] friend and biographic source for Lord Byron\nHenry Lark Pratt (1805–1873), painter[122] who trained in the porcelain industry\nJohn Haslem (1808–1884), china[123] and enamel painter\nHenry Britton (1843–1938), journalist[124] in colonial Australia\nFrancis William Davenport (1847–1925), composer and music professor, born in Wilderslowe\nCharles Rann Kennedy (1871–1950), Anglo-American[125] dramatist\nErnest Townsend (1880–1944), portrait[126] artist\nMarion Adnams (1898–1995), painter, printmaker, and draughtswoman.[127]\nRalph Downes (1904–1993), organist,[128] designer of the organ in the Royal Festival Hall, London\nNorah, Lady Docker (1906–1983), socialite,[129] was said to be \"gracelessly gaudy\"\nRonald Binge (1910–1979), composer[130] and arranger of light music\nEric Malpass (1910–1996), novelist,[131] wrote humorous and witty descriptions of rural family life\nDenny Dennis (1913–1993), romantic vocalist[132] when British dance bands were at the peak of their popularity\nJohn Dexter (1925–1990), theatre,[133] opera and film director\nJohn Dobson (1930–2023), operatic tenor, performing many roles with The Royal Opera, Covent Garden[134]\nMichael Rayner (1932–2015), opera singer, baritone roles of the Savoy Operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company[135]\nRichard Turner (born 1940), also known as Turneramon, an artist and poet[citation needed]\nAnton Rippon (born 1944), journalist, author and publisher[citation needed]\nKevin Coyne (1944–2004), musician,[136] film-maker and writer\nStephen Marley (born 1946), author and video game designer of the Chia Black Dragon series[137]\nPeter Hammill (born 1948), singer-songwriter and founder of rock band Van der Graaf Generator[citation needed]\nStephen Layton (born 1966), choral conductor,[138] founded the choir Polyphony in 1986\nJyoti Mishra (born 1966), sole member of White Town, the name of which was meant as a reference to Derby's perceived lack of diversity[139]\nLiam Sharp (born 1968), comic book artist, writer, publisher, and co-founder/CCO of Madefire Inc.[citation needed]\nGraham Coxon (born 1969), musician and co-founder of Blur, lived for a short time as a child in nearby Spondon[citation needed]\nScott Harrison (born 1973), novelist, scriptwriter, playwright and film historian\nCorey Mwamba (born 1976), jazz musician and BBC Radio 3 presenter[140][141]\nSteven Grahl (born 1979), organist and conductor, Director of Music at Trinity College, Cambridge[142]\nDuncan Lloyd (born c. 1980), guitarist and singer[citation needed]\nJessica Garlick (born 1981), singer,[143] was born in Derby\nLucy Ward (born 1989), folk musician[144] and songwriter\nYoungman (born c. 1990), MC[145] and vocalist\nDubzy (born 1991), grime music MC and entrepreneur,[146] raised in Derby\nDrumsound & Bassline Smith (formed 1998), electronic group[147]\nKelli Young (born 1982), singer of Liberty X fame","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rowena Cade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowena_Cade"},{"link_name":"Minack Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minack_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Ted Moult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Moult"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Patricia Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Greene"},{"link_name":"The Archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Alan Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bates"},{"link_name":"Women in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Love_(film)"},{"link_name":"Michael Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(actor)"},{"link_name":"It Ain't Half Hot Mum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Ain%27t_Half_Hot_Mum"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gwen Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Duty Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_Free_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Judith Hann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Hann"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_World"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kevin Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"The Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Tams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tams"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stuart Varney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Varney"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Fox News Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Channel"},{"link_name":"Richard Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Felix"},{"link_name":"paranormal investigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_hunting"},{"link_name":"Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Sky Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Living"},{"link_name":"Most Haunted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Haunted"},{"link_name":"Terry Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Caulfield"},{"link_name":"Keiran Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiran_Lee"},{"link_name":"pornographic film actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor"},{"link_name":"Brazzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzers"},{"link_name":"Selina Mosinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Mosinski"},{"link_name":"Charity Shop Sue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Shop_Sue_(web_series)"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gay_times-153"},{"link_name":"Michael Socha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Socha"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Socha-154"},{"link_name":"This Is England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_England"},{"link_name":"Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"Jack O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Connell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bafta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"Unbroken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbroken_(film)"},{"link_name":"SAS Rogue Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS:_Rogue_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Lady Chatterley's Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Chatterley%27s_Lover_(2022_film)"},{"link_name":"Lauren Socha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Socha"},{"link_name":"Kelly Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Bailey_(Misfits)"},{"link_name":"E4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_(channel)"},{"link_name":"Misfits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misfits_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"James Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burrows"},{"link_name":"Ali Neeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Neeson"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Coronation Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Street"},{"link_name":"Munya Chawawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munya_Chawawa"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Ewan Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Osferth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osferth"},{"link_name":"The Last Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Kingdom_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Aemond Targaryen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemond_Targaryen"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"House of the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_the_Dragon"}],"sub_title":"Films, theatre, TV and radio","text":"Rowena Cade (1893–1983), born in Spondon, created the Minack Theatre, Cornwall[148]\nTed Moult (1926–1986), farmer, radio and TV personality[citation needed]\nPatricia Greene (born 1931), radio actress, long-standing role as matriarch Jill Archer in The Archers[citation needed]\nAlan Bates (1934–2003), actor; in 1969 he co-starred in the Ken Russell film Women in Love\nMichael Knowles (born 1937), actor, played Capt. Jonathan Ashwood in the 1970s sitcom It Ain't Half Hot Mum[citation needed]\nGwen Taylor (born 1939), actress, played Amy Pearce in the sitcom Duty Free[citation needed]\nJudith Hann (born 1942), presented BBC's Tomorrow's World between 1974 and 1994[citation needed]\nKevin Lloyd (1949–1998), actor, played DC Alfred \"Tosh\" Lines in The Bill[citation needed]\nJohn Tams (born 1949), actor, singer, songwriter, composer and musician[citation needed]\nStuart Varney (born 1949), economic journalist[149] for Fox News Channel\nRichard Felix (born 1949), paranormal investigator from Stanley, appeared on Sky Living Most Haunted series\nTerry Lloyd (1952–2003), TV journalist[150] unlawfully killed in Iraq by US Marines\nMaxwell Caulfield (born 1959), English-American film, stage, and television actor, based in the USA\nKeiran Lee (born 1984), pornographic film actor, director and producer for Brazzers\nSelina Mosinski (born 1981), actress who starred in Charity Shop Sue[151][152]\nMichael Socha (born 1987), actor,[153] roles in the films This Is England and Summer\nJack O'Connell (born 1990), Bafta-winning actor, starred in Unbroken, SAS Rogue Heroes and Lady Chatterley's Lover\nLauren Socha (born 1990), actor, played Kelly Bailey in E4's television series Misfits\nJames Burrows (born 1991), actor, played Ali Neeson in ITV's soap opera Coronation Street\nMunya Chawawa (born 1993), British-Zimbabwean comedian born in Derby[154]\nEwan Mitchell, actor, known for playing Osferth in The Last Kingdom and Prince Aemond Targaryen in the HBO fantasy series House of the Dragon","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Flamsteed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Flamsteed"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Astronomer Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer_Royal"},{"link_name":"George Sorocold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sorocold"},{"link_name":"Lombe's Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombe%27s_Mill"},{"link_name":"John Lombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lombe"},{"link_name":"Lombe's Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombe%27s_Mill"},{"link_name":"John Whitehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whitehurst"},{"link_name":"clockmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockmaker"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Lunar Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Society"},{"link_name":"William Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hutton_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Jedediah Strutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedediah_Strutt"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Henry Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Joseph Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pickford"},{"link_name":"John Mawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mawe"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Sarah Mawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Mawe"},{"link_name":"James Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fox_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Edward Blore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Blore"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"William George Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_George_Spencer"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Derby Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"Andrew Handyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Handyside_and_Company"},{"link_name":"iron founder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_founder"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Charles Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_(civil_and_railway_engineer)"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Florence Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Herbert Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Parkin Jeffcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkin_Jeffcock"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"rescue miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaks_explosion#Recovery_attempts,_day_two"},{"link_name":"William de Wiveleslie Abney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Wiveleslie_Abney"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Abney effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney_effect"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Royce"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited"},{"link_name":"Gordon Pask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Pask"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Sir Nigel Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Nigel_Rudd"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Williams Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Holdings"},{"link_name":"John Loughhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Loughhead"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"BEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy"},{"link_name":"John Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(BBC_executive)"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"BBC Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Melvyn Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Morris_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Derby County F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Candy Crush Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Crush_Saga"},{"link_name":"Karl Slym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Slym"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Tata Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Motors"},{"link_name":"Christopher Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Jackson_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"}],"sub_title":"Academics, science, business and engineering","text":"John Flamsteed (1646–1719), astronomer,[155] the first Astronomer Royal; he catalogued over 3000 stars\nGeorge Sorocold (c. 1668 – c. 1738), engineer and architect; designed Lombe's Mill\nJohn Lombe (1693–1722), silk spinner in 18th-century Derby; created Lombe's Mill\nJohn Whitehurst (1713–1788), clockmaker[156] and scientist; early contributions to geology, member of the Lunar Society\nWilliam Hutton (1723–1815), historian,[157] poet and bookseller\nJedediah Strutt (1726–1797), hosier and cotton spinner,[158] developed the production of ribbed stockings\nErasmus Darwin (1731–1802), physician[159] and philosopher[160]\nHenry Cavendish (1731–1810), scientist,[161] experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist; discovered hydrogen\nJoseph Pickford (1734-1782), stonemason, Palladian and Georgian architect\nJohn Mawe (1764–1829), practical mineralogist,[162] with his wife Sarah Mawe\nJames Fox (1780–1830), engineer,[163] machine tool maker\nEdward Blore (1787–1879), landscape[164] and architectural artist, architect and antiquary\nWilliam George Spencer (1790–1866), schoolmaster,[165] tutor and mathematical writer; Derby Philosophical Society\nAndrew Handyside (1806–1887), iron founder,[166] created The Handyside Postbox\nSir Charles Fox (1810–1874), civil engineer[167] and contractor, focusing on railways, railway stations and bridges\nFlorence Nightingale (1820–1910), pioneer[168] of modern nursing\nHerbert Spencer (1820–1903), philosopher,[169] biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and classical liberal political theorist\nParkin Jeffcock (1829–1866), mining engineer;[170] died trying to rescue miners\nSir William de Wiveleslie Abney (1843–1920), astronomer,[171] chemist, photographer; described the Abney effect\nSir Henry Royce (1863–1933), co-founder[172] of Rolls-Royce\nGordon Pask (1928–1996), author, inventor,[173] educational theorist, cybernetician and psychologist\nSir Nigel Rudd (born 1946), industrialist;[174] founded Williams Holdings\nJohn Loughhead (born 1948), businessman,[175] Chief Scientific Adviser to BEIS\nJohn Smith (born 1957), chief executive officer[176] of BBC Worldwide\nMelvyn Morris (born c. 1957), businessman;[177] former owner of Derby County F.C.,[178] made his money from Candy Crush Saga\nKarl Slym (1962–2014), businessman,[179] managing director of Tata Motors 2012–2014\nChristopher Jackson (born 1977), scientist, broadcaster and professor of geology at Imperial College London","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jasvinder Sanghera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasvinder_Sanghera"},{"link_name":"Joan Waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Waste"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"John Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Samuel Bourn the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bourn_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bott"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Daniel Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coke"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Alleyne FitzHerbert, 1st Baron St Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleyne_FitzHerbert,_1st_Baron_St_Helens"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Mount St. Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St._Helens"},{"link_name":"Charles John Crompton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_John_Crompton"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"William Mundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mundy_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Francis Mundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Mundy"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"South Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Derbyshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Samuel Plimsoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Plimsoll"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Plimsoll line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimsoll_line"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Wilmot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Wilmot,_5th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"South Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Derbyshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Robert Humpston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Humpston"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Walter Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Weston"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Alice Wheeldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Wheeldon"},{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifist"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Jacob Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Alfred Waterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Waterson"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Kettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Charles Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Hudson"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Freda Bedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freda_Bedi"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Gelongma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelongma"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Lane, Baron Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Lane,_Baron_Lane"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"Chris Moncrieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Moncrieff"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Press Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Association"},{"link_name":"Margaret Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Derby South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dafydd Wigley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_Wigley"},{"link_name":"Plaid Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bob Laxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Laxton"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"Derby North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Geoff Hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Hoon"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Ashfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Helen Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Clark_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Chris Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Williamson_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Derby North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"Politics, religion and law","text":"Jasvinder Sanghera (1965), author, and campaigner\nJoan Waste (1534–1556), a blind woman[180] who was burned in Derby for refusing to renounce her Protestant faith\nJohn Cotton (1585–1652), English and American Puritan divine,[181] sometimes called \"The Patriarch of New England\"\nSamuel Bourn the Elder (1648–1719), dissenting minister;[182] his theology was Calvinistic\nThomas Bott (1688–1754), cleric[183] of the Church of England, known as a controversialist\nDaniel Coke (1745–1825), barrister[184] and MP for Derby 1776–1780 and Nottingham 1780–1812\nAlleyne FitzHerbert, 1st Baron St Helens (1753–1839), diplomat,[185] eponym of Mount St. Helens\nSir Charles John Crompton (1797–1865), justice[186] of the queen's bench\nWilliam Mundy (1801–1877), son of Francis Mundy, MP[187] for South Derbyshire and High Sheriff of Derbyshire in 1844\nSamuel Plimsoll (1825–98), politician,[188] Liberal MP for Derby, inventor of the Plimsoll line\nSir Henry Wilmot (1831–1901), Victoria Cross recipient,[189] MP for South Derbyshire 1869–1885\nRobert Humpston (1832–1884), recipient[190] of the Victoria Cross for gallantry during the Crimean War\nWalter Weston (1860–1940), clergyman[191] and Anglican missionary, popularized mountaineering in Japan\nAlice Wheeldon (1866–1919), pacifist[192] and anti-war campaigner\nJacob Rivers (1881–1915), recipient of the Victoria Cross for action in World War I\nAlfred Waterson (1880–1964), Labour and Co-operative MP[193] for Kettering 1918–1922\nBrigadier Charles Hudson (1892–1959), British Army Victoria Cross recipient\nFreda Bedi (1911–1977), social worker,[194] writer and Gelongma, ordained in Tibetan Buddhism\nGeoffrey Lane, Baron Lane (1918–2005), judge[195] who served as Lord Chief Justice 1980–1992\nChris Moncrieff (1931–2019), parliamentary journalist,[196] political editor of the Press Association 1980–1994\nDame Margaret Beckett (born 1943), Labour politician, MP for Derby South since 1983\nDafydd Wigley (born 1943), Plaid Cymru MP[197] for Caernarfon 1974–2001\nBob Laxton (born 1944), Labour politician,[198] MP for Derby North 1997–2010\nGeoff Hoon (born 1953), Labour politician,[199] MP for Ashfield 1992–2010\nHelen Clark (born 1954), Labour politician,[200] MP for Peterborough 1997–2005\nChris Williamson (born 1956), Labour politician, MP for Derby North 2010–2015 and 2017–2019","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Johnson_(bareknuckle_boxer)"},{"link_name":"bare-knuckle fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare-knuckle_boxing"},{"link_name":"George Malcolm Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Malcolm_Fox"},{"link_name":"Steve Bloomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bloomer"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C."},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"The King of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Oliver Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Burton"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Reg Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Parnell"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Louis Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Martin_(weightlifter)"},{"link_name":"Mark Hateley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hateley"},{"link_name":"Mark Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Robinson_(darts_player)"},{"link_name":"PDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Darts_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Dave Brailsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Brailsford"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Team Ineos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Ineos"},{"link_name":"Max Sciandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Sciandri"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"Rufus Brevett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Brevett"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"Steve Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Holland_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Crewe Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_Alexandra_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Colin Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Osborne"},{"link_name":"PDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Darts_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Donna Kellogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Kellogg"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Russell Sexton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Sexton"},{"link_name":"Chris Riggott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Riggott"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"Steve Elliott (footballer, born 1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Elliott_(footballer,_born_1978)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Hassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Hassell"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Damien Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Walters"},{"link_name":"stuntman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuntman"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"free runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freerunning"},{"link_name":"Kevin Hollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Hollis"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Chris Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Palmer_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Hemish Ilangaratne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemish_Ilangaratne"},{"link_name":"Melissa Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Reid"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Joseph_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Jamaal Lascelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaal_Lascelles"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sandy Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Ben Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Osborn"},{"link_name":"Sarah Vasey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Vasey"},{"link_name":"50 metre breaststroke gold medallist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_50_metre_breaststroke"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"2018 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Jay Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Clarke_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Markus Poom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Poom"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Tom Johnson (c. 1750–1797), bare-knuckle fighter\nGeorge Malcolm Fox (1843–1918), Inspector of Gymnasia for the British Army (1890–1897, 1900–1902)\nSteve Bloomer (1874–1938), footballer[201] and manager, played for Derby County and Middlesbrough, 598 pro appearances\nCharlie Hudson (1874–1958), pigeon racer,[202] winner of the Rome–England champion race in 1913 with The King of Rome\nOliver Burton (1879–1929), professional footballer who played for Tottenham Hotspur.[203]\nReg Parnell (1911–1964), racing driver[204] and team manager\nLouis Martin (1936–2015), weightlifter, Olympic silver medallist, 1964\nMark Hateley (born 1961), former footballer who played as a centre forward\nMark Robinson (born 1963), PDC darts player\nSir Dave Brailsford (born 1964), cycling administrator,[205] currently with Team Ineos\nMax Sciandri (born 1967), professional cyclist[206] and Olympic medallist\nRufus Brevett (born 1969), footballer[207] with nearly 600 professional appearances\nSteve Holland (born 1970), former professional footballer, coach for Crewe Alexandra and Chelsea\nColin Osborne (born 1975), PDC darts player[208]\nDonna Kellogg (born 1978), badminton player,[209] competed in the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics\nRussell Sexton (born 1978), former English cricketer\nChris Riggott (born 1980), footballer,[210] over 200 pro appearances\nSteve Elliott (footballer, born 1978), over 500 professional appearances\nBobby Hassell (born 1980), footballer,[211] over 380 pro appearances\nDamien Walters (born 1982), stuntman,[212] gymnast and free runner\nKevin Hollis (born 1983), cricketer[213]\nChris Palmer (born 1983), footballer,[214] over 230 pro appearances\nHemish Ilangaratne (born 1987), cricketer\nMelissa Reid (born 1987), golfer[215]\nJonathan Joseph (born 1991), England international professional rugby union player\nJamaal Lascelles (born 1993), footballer,[216] captain of Newcastle United\nSandy Ryan (born 1993), professional boxer\nBen Osborn (born 1994), footballer\nSarah Vasey (born 1996), swimmer, 50 metre breaststroke gold medallist[217] at the 2018 Commonwealth Games\nJay Clarke (born 1998), tennis player\nMarkus Poom (born 1999), Estonian international footballer, born in Derby.[218]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"Osnabrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"pen friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_friend"},{"link_name":"John Port Spencer Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Port_Spencer_Academy"},{"link_name":"Melle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melle,_Germany"},{"link_name":"District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Osnabrücker Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCcker_Land"},{"link_name":"Allestree Woodlands School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allestree_Woodlands_School"},{"link_name":"Angelaschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelaschule&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers"},{"link_name":"Çanakkale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakkale"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan"}],"sub_title":"Osnabrück partnership treaty","text":"Derby is twinned with Osnabrück in Germany. The partnership treaty between the two cities was signed on 17 February 1976.[219]The twinning agreement with Derby was in the historical Hall of Peace in Osnabrück's Rathaus (town hall).\nEvery year, Derby and Osnabrück each appoint an envoy who spends twelve months in the twin city. The envoy promotes the exchange of ideas between the two cities and acts as an educational and information officer to increase awareness of the twinning scheme. The envoy gives talks to local societies and schools, finds pen friends and short-term host families during work placements, works to assist groups who want to get involved in twinning by identifying and approaching possible counterparts and plans the annual May Week trip.There is an annual exchange between the wind bands of John Port Spencer Academy, Etwall, and its twin school Gymnasium Melle in Melle, Germany, District of Osnabrücker Land.\nAn exchange was established in 2009 between Allestree Woodlands School and the Gymnasium Angelaschule in Osnabrück.\nThis exchange was originally based on a drama project by both schools in June 2009, which included performances in both cities with over 1600 visitors. It is now a language and culture exchange between the two schools, run by the German department at Allestree Woodlands School.The exchange of envoys between two cities is very unusual. The envoy in Osnabrück changes every year and Osnabrück also sends envoys to Derby, Angers and Çanakkale. No other city in Germany participates in this exchange of envoys, and in Britain, only one other town, Wigan, receives and sends an envoy.","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osnabrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kapurthala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapurthala"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Foncquevillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foncquevillers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Toyota City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_City"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Changzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changzhi"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Keene, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keene,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Keene State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keene_State_College"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"}],"sub_title":"List of twin towns","text":"Osnabrück, Germany\nKapurthala, India (friendship link)\nHaarlem, Netherlands (friendship link)\nFoncquevillers, France (friendship link)\nToyota City, Japan\nChangzhi, People's Republic of China (Memorandum of Understanding)\nKeene, New Hampshire, (Keene State College student exchange programme)\nHebron, Palestine (2014)[220]","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freedom of the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City"}],"text":"The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Derby.","title":"Freedom of the City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Howard Clough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Clough"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"Adam George Peaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Peaty"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"Reginald Frederick Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Sandy Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Ryan"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"}],"sub_title":"Individuals","text":"Brian Howard Clough: 3 May 2003.[221][222]\nAdam George Peaty: 9 October 2016.[223]\nReginald Frederick Harrison : 5 February 2019.[224]\nSandy Ryan : 23 November 2023.[225][226]\nStephen \"Steve\" Kirk: 15 April 2024.[227]","title":"Freedom of the City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Naval Submarine Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy_Submarine_Service"},{"link_name":"Mercian Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"}],"sub_title":"Military units","text":"The Royal Naval Submarine Service: 28 April 2002.\nThe Mercian Regiment: 2007.[228][229]","title":"Freedom of the City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"}],"text":"^ Extreme temperature records were measured at Derby, Markeaton Park, Mackworth and Morley stations between 1959 and 2006.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliography of the history of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Derby#Bibliography"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Derby (England)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Derby_(England)"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"text":"See also: Bibliography of the history of DerbyChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Derby (England)\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 08 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The tower of Derby Cathedral.[7]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Derby_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Derby_Cathedral.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Derby Cathedral's facing clock tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Derbyshire_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Derbyshire_Cathedral.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Charles Edwart Stuart on Cathedral Green","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bonniequest.jpg/220px-Bonniequest.jpg"},{"image_text":"Derby Silk Mill is part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Silkmill1.jpg/220px-Silkmill1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Derby Council House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Derby_Council_House_%28geograph_2355048%29.jpg/220px-Derby_Council_House_%28geograph_2355048%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"County Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Former_county_hall%2C_St_Marys_Gate%2C_Derby_%28geograph_4178083%29.jpg/220px-Former_county_hall%2C_St_Marys_Gate%2C_Derby_%28geograph_4178083%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Representation of The Derby Ram in East Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Derby_Ram_on_East_Street_and_Albion_Street%2C_Derby_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705947.jpg/220px-The_Derby_Ram_on_East_Street_and_Albion_Street%2C_Derby_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705947.jpg"},{"image_text":"Derby built-up area, also showing Quarndon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Derby-BUA.jpg/220px-Derby-BUA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Population pyramid of Derby (unitary authority) in 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Derby_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Derby_population_pyramid.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ethnic demography of Derby (unitary authority) over time","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ethnic_demography_of_Derby_over_time.gif/220px-Ethnic_demography_of_Derby_over_time.gif"},{"image_text":"Old steam crane, manufactured by \"Henry J. Coles\", in Derby. Villalba station, Spain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gr%C3%BAa_de_vapor%2C_ferroviaria%2C_en_exterior_de_la_estaci%C3%B3n_de_Villalba_del_Guadarrama%2C_provincia_de_Madrid%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/220px-Gr%C3%BAa_de_vapor%2C_ferroviaria%2C_en_exterior_de_la_estaci%C3%B3n_de_Villalba_del_Guadarrama%2C_provincia_de_Madrid%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Annual dinner of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers held in the carriage works of the Midland Railway at Derby in 1898. Samuel Johnson, the railway's Chief Mechanical Engineer was the institution president.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/IMechE_dinner_1898_Derby.jpg/220px-IMechE_dinner_1898_Derby.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pickford's House Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pickford_expo.jpg/220px-Pickford_expo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Derby Guildhall, the former seat of local government, today serves primarily as a 240-seat theatre. It was rebuilt after the previous hall was destroyed by fire in 1841.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Derby_Guildhall.JPG/220px-Derby_Guildhall.JPG"},{"image_text":"Derby railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/DerbyStationOct2009.jpg/175px-DerbyStationOct2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mercian Way, looking across Abbey Street towards Uttoxeter New Road","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mercian_Way%27s_Junction_with_Abbey_Street.JPG/220px-Mercian_Way%27s_Junction_with_Abbey_Street.JPG"},{"image_text":"The restored Grove Street Lodge and \"Grand Entrance\" at the northern end of the Arboretum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Grovelodge1.jpg/220px-Grovelodge1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pride Park Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pride_Park.jpg/220px-Pride_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"The County Ground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Gateway_Centre_at_the_County_Ground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3434409.jpg/220px-The_Gateway_Centre_at_the_County_Ground_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3434409.jpg"},{"image_text":"Derby-born Melissa Reid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2010_Women%27s_British_Open_%E2%80%93_Melissa_Reid_%284%29.jpg/150px-2010_Women%27s_British_Open_%E2%80%93_Melissa_Reid_%284%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ye Olde Dolphin Inne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ye_Olde_Dolphin_Inne%2C_Queen_Street%2C_Derby_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1097980.jpg/220px-Ye_Olde_Dolphin_Inne%2C_Queen_Street%2C_Derby_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1097980.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Derby, City of Derby\". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 16 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/local/derby-city-of-derby","url_text":"\"Derby, City of Derby\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey","url_text":"Ordnance Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Leadership of the Council\". Derby City Council. Retrieved 12 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derby.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/your-council/leadership-of-the-council/","url_text":"\"Leadership of the Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022\". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx","url_text":"\"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022\". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaprabha_river
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Malaprabha River
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["1 Geography","2 Tributaries","3 Reservoir","3.1 Pilgrimage centre","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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River in Karnataka, India
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Malaprabha RiverLocationCountryIndiaStateKarnatakaRegionBelgaumPhysical characteristicsSource • locationKanakumbi, Belgaum District • elevation792.4 m (2,600 ft)
Mouth • locationKrishna River, Kudalasangama
The Malaprabha River is a tributary of the Krishna River and flows through the state of Karnataka in India. It rises in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 792.4 m (2,600 ft) in the state's Belgaum district. The river joins Krishna River at Kudalasangama in Bagalkot district.
Geography
Malaprabha River originates in the Sahyadri mountains at an elevation of 792.4 metres (2,600 ft) at Kanakumbi village 16 km (9.9 mi) west of Jamboti village, Khanapur taluka, Belgaum District, Karnataka. At the origin of the Malaprabha is an ancient temple dedicated to Shree Mauli Devi. The temple is in R.S. No. 127 of Kankumbi. Malaprabha birthplace is a pilgrimage center with mythological origins. A symbol in rock carved by hand near the source of the river Malaprabha depicts the origin of the river for the purpose of safety showered for the well being of humankind. It is a source of highly stable mineral water. Presence of discontinuities has major effects on properties of contours at source of river. Permeability is dependent on orientation of the region.
Malaprabha flows for 304 km (189 mi) from Kanakumbi-Khanapur-Soundatti-(Malaprabha Dam)-Ramdurg-Nargund-Pattadkal-Kudalasangam before joining river Krishna at an elevation of 488 metres (1,601 ft) at Kudala Sangama in Bagalkot district.
Tributaries
Bennihalla, Hirehalla and Tuparihalla are the major tributaries to the Malaprabha of Dharwad district.
Reservoir
Navilateertha Dam, near Saundatti, Belgaum District, North Karnataka
Navilatirtha Dam (Navilu in Kannada means peacock) is between Saundatti and Munavalli in Belgaum District. The reservoir created by the dam is called Renukasagara. Its catchment area is 11,549 km3 (2,771 cu mi). This reservoir irrigates more than 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi) of agricultural land.
Pilgrimage centre
There is an ancient temple of the deity Yellamma on a nearby hill. This is a pilgrimage centre for thousands of devotees. Also the temples of Aihole, Pattadakal and Badami are on the banks of the Malaprabha. These are listed as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.
See also
The Kalasa-Banduri Nala project
Mahakuta
References
^ http://www.bhoomi.karnataka.gov.in/landrecordsonweb/ViewRTCDisplay.aspx
External links
Media related to Malaprabha River at Wikimedia Commons
vteHydrography of KarnatakaRivers
Amarja
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Related
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See also: Eastern Ghats
This article related to a location in Karnataka is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a river in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krishna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_River"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Belgaum district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgaum_district"},{"link_name":"Krishna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_River"},{"link_name":"Kudalasangama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudalasangama"},{"link_name":"Bagalkot district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagalkot_district"}],"text":"The Malaprabha River is a tributary of the Krishna River and flows through the state of Karnataka in India.[citation needed] It rises in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 792.4 m (2,600 ft) in the state's Belgaum district. The river joins Krishna River at Kudalasangama in Bagalkot district.","title":"Malaprabha River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sahyadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahyadri"},{"link_name":"Jamboti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamboti"},{"link_name":"Khanapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanapur"},{"link_name":"Belgaum District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgaum_District"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhoomi-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kudala Sangama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudalasangama"},{"link_name":"Bagalkot district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagalkot_district"}],"text":"Malaprabha River originates in the Sahyadri mountains at an elevation of 792.4 metres (2,600 ft) at Kanakumbi village 16 km (9.9 mi) west of Jamboti village, Khanapur taluka, Belgaum District, Karnataka. At the origin of the Malaprabha is an ancient temple dedicated to Shree Mauli Devi. The temple is in R.S. No. 127 of Kankumbi.[1] Malaprabha birthplace is a pilgrimage center with mythological origins. A symbol in rock carved by hand near the source of the river Malaprabha depicts the origin of the river for the purpose of safety showered for the well being of humankind. It is a source of highly stable mineral water. Presence of discontinuities has major effects on properties of contours at source of river. Permeability is dependent on orientation of the region.[citation needed]Malaprabha flows for 304 km (189 mi) from Kanakumbi-Khanapur-Soundatti-(Malaprabha Dam)-Ramdurg-Nargund-Pattadkal-Kudalasangam before joining river Krishna at an elevation of 488 metres (1,601 ft) at Kudala Sangama in Bagalkot district.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dharwad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharwad"}],"text":"Bennihalla, Hirehalla and Tuparihalla are the major tributaries to the Malaprabha of Dharwad district.","title":"Tributaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Navila_Teertha_Dam_1,_Savadatti_21.11.2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saundatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saundatti"},{"link_name":"Belgaum District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgaum_District"},{"link_name":"North Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Navilatirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navilatirtha"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Belgaum District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgaum_District"}],"text":"Navilateertha Dam, near Saundatti, Belgaum District, North KarnatakaNavilatirtha Dam (Navilu in Kannada means peacock) is between Saundatti and Munavalli in Belgaum District. The reservoir created by the dam is called Renukasagara. Its catchment area is 11,549 km3 (2,771 cu mi). This reservoir irrigates more than 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi) of agricultural land.","title":"Reservoir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aihole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aihole"},{"link_name":"Pattadakal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattadakal"},{"link_name":"Badami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badami_Cave_Temples"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"}],"sub_title":"Pilgrimage centre","text":"There is an ancient temple of the deity Yellamma on a nearby hill. This is a pilgrimage centre for thousands of devotees. Also the temples of Aihole, Pattadakal and Badami are on the banks of the Malaprabha. These are listed as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.","title":"Reservoir"}]
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[{"image_text":"Navilateertha Dam, near Saundatti, Belgaum District, North Karnataka","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Navila_Teertha_Dam_1%2C_Savadatti_21.11.2008.jpg/220px-Navila_Teertha_Dam_1%2C_Savadatti_21.11.2008.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"The Kalasa-Banduri Nala project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kalasa-Banduri_Nala_project"},{"title":"Mahakuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakuta"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABQ2
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ABQ
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["1 History","2 ABC Television in Brisbane today","3 Programming","3.1 Local programming","4 Relay stations","5 See also","6 References"]
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This article is about the Australian television station. For the airport, see Albuquerque International Sunport. For the city, see Albuquerque, New Mexico. For other uses, see ABQ (disambiguation).
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
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Television station in Brisbane, QueenslandABQBrisbane, QueenslandChannelsDigital: 12 (VHF)Virtual: 2ProgrammingAffiliationsABC TelevisionOwnershipOwnerAustralian Broadcasting CorporationHistoryFirst air date2 November 1959; 64 years ago (1959-11-02)Former channel number(s)Analog: 2 (VHF) (1959–2013)Call sign meaningABC QueenslandTechnical informationLicensing authorityAustralian Communications and Media AuthorityERP200 kW (analog)50 kW (digital)HAAT336 m (analog)355 m (digital)Transmitter coordinates27°27′52″S 152°56′51″E / 27.46444°S 152.94750°E / -27.46444; 152.94750 (ABQ)LinksWebsitewww.abc.net.au/tv/
ABC Television in Queensland comprises national programming on the ABC television network in or from Brisbane, Queensland which broadcasts on a number of channels under the ABC call sign. There is some local programming from the Brisbane studio.
ABQ or ABQ-2 was the historic call sign of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's television station in Brisbane, which began broadcasting on 2 November 1959 as the third television station in Queensland and Brisbane. with the "Q" in the call sign standing for Queensland.
ABC Television in Brisbane is based at a purpose-built headquarters on the South Bank. The station is received throughout the state through a number of relay transmitters.
History
ABC Television started broadcasting from Brisbane on 2 November 1959, with the "Q" in the call sign standing for Queensland.
Available by satellite transmission on the now defunct Optus Aurora free-to-view platform during the 2000s, ABC's digital channels have been available via the Viewer Access Satellite Television (VAST) network since 2010.
For many years, the station was based at studios in the inner-western suburb of Toowong, with a transmitter at Mount Coot-tha. In December 2006, the Toowong studios were closed after an unacceptably high rate of breast cancer has been observed at the facility. An independent study examined 10 cases of breast cancer reported at the studios, and found the incidence rate was 11 times higher than the general working community. led to the closure of the site in December 2006, TV and radio operations were moved to alternative locations around the city.
Staff worked from several sites around Brisbane, with ABC Radio based in nearby Lissner Street in Toowong, ABC News staff working from Network Ten's Mount Coot-tha studios, ABC Innovation and Online staff working at QUT Kelvin Grove, and other staff based in other locations, including Coronation Drive and West End. On 10 January 2012, ABC Brisbane moved into new purpose-built accommodation in South Bank.
The analogue signal for Brisbane/Gold Coast/Sunshine Coast was shut off on May 28, 2013.
ABC Television in Brisbane today
ABC Building, South Bank, Brisbane, 2013
All ABC operations are located in the South Bank building. As of 2021 there is a large number of transmitters broadcasting a number of ABC channels throughout Queensland.
Programming
ABC Television in Brisbane schedule largely consists of national programming with opt-outs for news and current affairs, rugby league and state election coverage.
Local programming
ABC News Queensland is presented by Jessica van Vonderen (Monday – Thursday) and Ellen Fanning (Friday – Sunday). Weather is presented by Jenny Woodward (Sunday – Thursday). Finance is presented by Alan Kohler in Melbourne.
Past presenters of the bulletin have included Matt Wordsworth, Rod Young and Andrew Lofthouse. Young and Lofthouse both of went on to read the flagship 6:00 pm bulletins on Seven and Nine respectively. The pair opposed each other in this timeslot between mid-2009 and late-2012, during which the Seven bulletin co-read by Young and Kay McGrath consistently rated higher than the Nine bulletin co-read by Lofthouse and Melissa Downes (as of 2017, however, Nine has regained the lead in the south-east Queensland ratings).
Relay stations
The following stations currently or formerly relay ABQ throughout Queensland:
Call
Region served
City
Channels(Analog/digital)
First air date
3rd letter'smeaning
ERP(Analog/digital)
HAAT(Analog/digital)1
Transmitter coordinates
Transmitter location
ABAQ
Alpha
Alpha
8 (VHF)NA
19 December 1974
Alpha
0.021 kW
88 m
23°37′5″S 146°37′49″E / 23.61806°S 146.63028°E / -23.61806; 146.63028 (ABAQ)
Alpha
ABAAQ
Augathella
Augathella
11 (VHF)NA
8 March 1974
AugathellA
0.021 kW
51 m
25°48′23″S 146°35′21″E / 25.80639°S 146.58917°E / -25.80639; 146.58917 (ABAAQ)
Augathella
ABBQ
Barcaldine
Barcaldine
10 (VHF)7 (VHF)
19 December 1974
Barcaldine
0.02 kW0.005 kW
61 m61 m
23°31′43″S 145°15′33″E / 23.52861°S 145.25917°E / -23.52861; 145.25917 (ABBQ)
Barcaldine
ABBLQ
Blackall
Blackall
9 (VHF)7 (VHF)
19 December 1974
BlackalL
0.2 kW0.05 kW
61 m66 m
24°25′53″S 145°29′48″E / 24.43139°S 145.49667°E / -24.43139; 145.49667 (ABBLQ)
Blackall
ABCAQ
Cunnamulla
Cunnamulla
10 (VHF)NA
8 March 1974
CunnamullA
0.026 kW
41 m
28°2′54″S 145°42′6″E / 28.04833°S 145.70167°E / -28.04833; 145.70167 (ABCAQ)
Cunnamulla
ABCEQ
Charleville
Charleville
9 (VHF)11 (VHF)
8 March 1974
CharlevillE
0.26 kW0.065 kW
99 m99 m
26°24′59″S 146°21′20″E / 26.41639°S 146.35556°E / -26.41639; 146.35556 (ABCEQ)
Charleville
ABCLQ
Cloncurry
Cloncurry
7 (VHF)6 (VHF)
17 March 1971
CLoncurry
0.2 kW0.05 kW
115 m115 m
20°43′21″S 140°32′21″E / 20.72250°S 140.53917°E / -20.72250; 140.53917 (ABCLQ)
Mount Avarice
ABCTQ
Clermont
Clermont
10 (VHF)54 (UHF)
19 December 1974
ClermonT
0.1 kW0.2 kW
89 m80 m
22°51′22″S 147°38′39″E / 22.85611°S 147.64417°E / -22.85611; 147.64417 (ABCTQ)
Clermont
ABDQ
Darling Downs
Toowoomba
32 (UHF)2 637 (UHF)
16 December 1963
Darling Downs
1600 kW500 kW
570 m549 m
26°53′32″S 151°36′29″E / 26.89222°S 151.60806°E / -26.89222; 151.60806 (ABDQ)
Mount Mowbullan
ABDIQ
Dirranbandi
Dirranbandi
7 (VHF)NA
8 March 1974
DirranbandI
0.016 kW
65 m
28°33′28″S 148°15′1″E / 28.55778°S 148.25028°E / -28.55778; 148.25028 (ABDIQ)
Dirranbandi
ABEQ
Emerald
Emerald
11 (VHF)9 (VHF)
21 December 1973
Emerald
2 kW0.625 kW
92 m92 m
23°28′28″S 148°9′4″E / 23.47444°S 148.15111°E / -23.47444; 148.15111 (ABEQ)
Emerald
ABGQ
Goondiwindi
Goondiwindi
6 (VHF)56 (UHF)
9 July 1973
Goondiwindi
0.5 kW0.625 kW
41 m49 m
28°31′9″S 150°20′16″E / 28.51917°S 150.33778°E / -28.51917; 150.33778 (ABGQ)
Goondiwindi
ABHQ
Hughenden
Hughenden
9 (VHF)8 (VHF)
30 June 1971
Hughenden
0.2 kW0.125 kW
80 m80 m
20°50′53″S 144°11′9″E / 20.84806°S 144.18583°E / -20.84806; 144.18583 (ABHQ)
Hughenden
ABIQ
Mount Isa
Mount Isa
6 (VHF)7 (VHF)
21 December 1970
Mount Isa
1.6 kW0.4 kW
72 m75 m
20°44′4″S 139°30′45″E / 20.73444°S 139.51250°E / -20.73444; 139.51250 (ABIQ)
DCA Hill
ABJQ
Julia Creek
Julia Creek
10 (VHF)NA
20 April 1971
Julia Creek
0.2 kW
65 m
20°39′9″S 141°44′23″E / 20.65250°S 141.73972°E / -20.65250; 141.73972 (ABJQ)
Julia Creek
ABLQ
Longreach
Longreach
6 (VHF)10 (VHF)
19 December 1974
Longreach
0.7 kW0.175 kW
69 m69 m
23°27′22″S 144°21′6″E / 23.45611°S 144.35167°E / -23.45611; 144.35167 (ABLQ)
Longreach
ABMQ
Mackay
Mackay
8 (VHF)3 610 (VHF)
21 December 1967
Mackay
360 kW90 kW
611 m613 m
21°1′56″S 148°56′36″E / 21.03222°S 148.94333°E / -21.03222; 148.94333 (ABMQ)
Mount Blackwood
ABMKQ
Mary Kathleen
Mary Kathleen
9 (VHF)
(shut down in 1982)
15 December 1971
Mary
Kathleen
Unknown
NA
Unknown
NA
Unknown
NA
Mary
Kathleen
ABMLQ
Mitchell
Mitchell
6 (VHF)12 (VHF)
8 March 1974
MitchelL
0.2 kW0.05 kW
149 m149 m
26°32′35″S 148°6′41″E / 26.54306°S 148.11139°E / -26.54306; 148.11139 (ABMLQ)
Mitchell Escarpment
ABMNQ
Morven
Morven
7 (VHF)NA
8 March 1974
MorveN
0.13 kW
133 m
26°30′20″S 147°8′4″E / 26.50556°S 147.13444°E / -26.50556; 147.13444 (ABMNQ)
Morven
ABMSQ
Miles
Miles
9 (VHF)63 (UHF)
30 November 1973
MileS
0.32 kW0.8 kW
132 m132 m
26°38′58″S 150°16′14″E / 26.64944°S 150.27056°E / -26.64944; 150.27056 (ABMSQ)
Miles Hill
ABNQ
Cairns
Cairns
9 (VHF)68 (VHF)
25 July 1966
North
200 kW50 kW
1190 m1190 m
17°15′51″S 145°51′14″E / 17.26417°S 145.85389°E / -17.26417; 145.85389 (ABNQ)
Mount Bellenden Ker
ABRQ
Rockhampton
Rockhampton
9 (VHF)4 611 (VHF)
21 December 1963
Rockhampton
160 kW50 kW
495 m495 m
23°43′48″S 150°32′9″E / 23.73000°S 150.53583°E / -23.73000; 150.53583 (ABRQ)
Mount Hopeful
ABRAQ
Roma
Roma
7 (VHF)8 (VHF)
14 December 1973
RomA
2 kW0.5 kW
103 m105 m
26°34′20″S 148°51′1″E / 26.57222°S 148.85028°E / -26.57222; 148.85028 (ABRAQ)
Timbury Hills
ABRDQ
Richmond
Richmond
6 (VHF)7 (VHF)
4 June 1971
RichmonD
0.2 kW0.05 kW
70 m70 m
20°45′0″S 143°9′29″E / 20.75000°S 143.15806°E / -20.75000; 143.15806 (ABRDQ)
Richmond
ABSQ
Southern Downs
Warwick
1 (VHF)645 (UHF)
4 July 1966
Southern Downs
200 kW500 kW
255 m316 m
28°32′9″S 151°49′58″E / 28.53583°S 151.83278°E / -28.53583; 151.83278 (ABSQ)
Passchendaele Ridge
ABSEQ
Springsure
Springsure
8 (VHF)546 (UHF)
19 December 1974
SpringsurE
0.8 kW2 kW
280 m283 m
24°8′31″S 148°9′1″E / 24.14194°S 148.15028°E / -24.14194; 148.15028 (ABSEQ)
Roddas Lookout
ABSGQ
St. George
St. George
8 (VHF)12 (VHF)
8 March 1974
St. George
0.13 kW0.033 kW
63 m64 m
27°59′40″S 148°34′1″E / 27.99444°S 148.56694°E / -27.99444; 148.56694 (ABSGQ)
St. George
ABTQ
Townsville
Townsville
3 (VHF)631 (UHF)
21 September 1964
Townsville
160 kW200 kW
635 m644 m
19°20′36″S 146°46′50″E / 19.34333°S 146.78056°E / -19.34333; 146.78056 (ABTQ)
Mount Stuart
ABWQ
Wide Bay
Maryborough
6 (VHF)69A (VHF)
8 October 1965
Wide Bay
240 kW60 kW
601 m646 m
25°25′37″S 152°7′3″E / 25.42694°S 152.11750°E / -25.42694; 152.11750 (ABWQ)
Mount Goonaneman
ABWNQ
Winton
Winton
8 (VHF)7 (VHF)
15 November 1974
WintoN
1.6 kW0.4 kW
97 m94 m
22°14′31″S 143°2′57″E / 22.24194°S 143.04917°E / -22.24194; 143.04917 (ABWNQ)
Rangelands
Notes:
1. HAAT estimated from http://www.itu.int/SRTM3/ using EHAAT.
2. ABDQ was on VHF channel 3 from its 1963 sign-on until 1993, moving to its current channel in order to accommodate FM radio.
3. ABMQ was on VHF channel 4 from its 1967 sign-on until 1988, moving to its current channel in order to accommodate FM radio.
4. ABRQ was on VHF channel 3 from its 1963 sign-on until 1988, moving to its current channel in order to accommodate FM radio.
5. ABSEQ was on VHF channel 9 from its 1974 sign-on until 1989.
6. ABMKQ was on VHF channel 9 from its 1974 sign-on until the town was abandoned, making the relay station shut down in 1982.
See also
History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Television broadcasting in Australia
References
^ HAAT estimated from http://www.itu.int/SRTM3/ using EHAAT.
^ "THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AUSTRALIAN BROADCASTING CONTROL BOARD FOR YEAR 1960-61" (PDF). nla.gov.au. The Parliament Of the Commonwealth Of Australia. p. 26. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
^ ABC Toowong to close after cancer scare
^ Robinson, Georgina (19 December 2007). "Cancer case no 16 for ABC". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
^ "New Studies to be completed on ABC Toowong site" (Press release). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 17 August 2007. Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
^ "ABC News arrives at Brisbane's new HQ". ABC. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "Analogue TV gets an official switch-off date". Lifehacker Australia. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
^ Knox, David (28 May 2013). "Brisbane, Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast switch off analog TV". TV Tonight.
^ Australian Communications and Media Authority (April 2021). "Section 7: Television Callsign order (by state)" (PDF). Radio and television broadcasting stations: Internet edition (PDF). ACMA. p. 192-187. Retrieved 18 June 2021. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.
^ Hunter, Clare (3 October 2011). "Seven dominates Nine in TV ratings". Queensland University of Technology. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
^ "SEVEN WINS THE 2009 RATINGS YEAR IN SEQ". Yahoo!7. 30 November 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
^ "50 Years of Brisbane TV-Part 1 Good night and Goodbye: Farewells from the newsdesk..." Kuttsywood. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
^ HowieBennett9 (3 September 2017). "Congratulations @9NewsQueensland team winning 7 day ratings year @AlisonAriotti @DarrenCurtis9 @9MelissaDownes @Loftea #9NewsAt6". Twitter. Retrieved 3 September 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
vteAustralian Broadcasting Corporation
ABC Board
David Anderson (Managing Director: 2019–present)
Kim Williams (Chair: 2024–present)
ABC TelevisionNational channels
ABC TV
ABC HD
ABC Entertains
ABC Kids
ABC Family
ABC News
International channels
ABC Australia (broadcast to Asia and Pacific)
Defunct channels
ABC Kids (2001–2003)
Fly TV
Stations
ABC New South Wales (ABN)
ABC Victoria (ABV)
ABC Queensland (ABQ)
ABC Tasmania (ABT)
ABC South Australia (ABS)
ABC Western Australia (ABW)
ABC Australian Capital Territory (ABC)
ABC Northern Territory (ABD)
ABC RadioNational stations
ABC Classic
ABC NewsRadio
Radio National
Triple J
ABC Local Radio
ABC Radio Canberra
ABC Radio Sydney
ABC Radio Melbourne
ABC Radio Brisbane
ABC Radio Adelaide
ABC Radio Perth
ABC Radio Hobart
ABC Radio Darwin
Digital-only stations
ABC Jazz
ABC Country
ABC Radio Grandstand
Double J
Triple J Unearthed
Streaming-only stations
ABC Classic 2
Triple J Hottest
International stations
Radio Australia (managed by ABC International)
ABC International
ABC Australia
ABC International Development
Radio Australia
ABC Commercial
ABC Books and Magazines
ABC Content Sales
ABC Events
ABC Library Sales
ABC Music
ABC Classics
ABC Studios and Media Production
History
History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
History of ABC Radio
Australian Broadcasting Company
Lange v. ABC
Afghan Files
See also
ABC iview
Boyer Lectures
Symphony Services International
Freeview
Commonwealth Broadcasting Association
Subscription television in Australia
Television in Australia
vteABC TelevisionAustralian Broadcasting CorporationABC TV
Australian Capital Territory
Northern Territory
New South Wales
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
Multichannels
ABC TV
ABC HD
ABC Family
ABC Kids
ABC Entertains
ABC News
Defunct
ABC Kids (2001–2003)
Fly TV
International
ABC Australia (broadcast to parts of Asia and some Pacific Islands)
Online
ABC iview
See also
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Programs
vteTelevision in QueenslandBrisbane
ABQ (ABC)
BTQ (Seven)
QTQ (Nine)
TVQ (10)
SBS
Regional Queensland
ABQ (ABC)
STQ (Seven)
RTQ (WIN)
TNQ (SCA 10)
SBS
Mount Isa
ABIQ (ABC)
ITQ (SCA Seven)
IMP (Imparja)
IDQ (Ten Central)
SBS
Remote areas
ABQ (ABC)
QQQ (SCA Seven)
IMP (Imparja)
CDT (Ten Central)
SBS
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albuquerque International Sunport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque_International_Sunport"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"ABQ (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABQ_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=ABQ"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=ABQ"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=ABQ"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=ABQ"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=ABQ"},{"link_name":"ABC television network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Television_(Australian_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"South Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bank,_Queensland"}],"text":"This article is about the Australian television station. For the airport, see Albuquerque International Sunport. For the city, see Albuquerque, New Mexico. For other uses, see ABQ (disambiguation).Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)Television station in Brisbane, QueenslandABC Television in Queensland comprises national programming on the ABC television network in or from Brisbane, Queensland which broadcasts on a number of channels under the ABC call sign. There is some local programming from the Brisbane studio.ABQ or ABQ-2 was the historic call sign of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's television station in Brisbane, which began broadcasting on 2 November 1959 as the third television station in Queensland and Brisbane.[2] with the \"Q\" in the call sign standing for Queensland.ABC Television in Brisbane is based at a purpose-built headquarters on the South Bank. The station is received throughout the state through a number of relay transmitters.","title":"ABQ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Optus Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optus_Aurora"},{"link_name":"Viewer Access Satellite Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewer_Access_Satellite_Television"},{"link_name":"Toowong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toowong,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Mount Coot-tha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Coot-tha,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newstudies-5"},{"link_name":"Network Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten"},{"link_name":"Mount Coot-tha studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVQ"},{"link_name":"QUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUT"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"ABC Television started broadcasting from Brisbane on 2 November 1959,[citation needed] with the \"Q\" in the call sign standing for Queensland.Available by satellite transmission on the now defunct Optus Aurora free-to-view platform during the 2000s, ABC's digital channels have been available via the Viewer Access Satellite Television (VAST) network since 2010.For many years, the station was based at studios in the inner-western suburb of Toowong, with a transmitter at Mount Coot-tha. In December 2006, the Toowong studios were closed after an unacceptably high rate of breast cancer has been observed at the facility. An independent study examined 10 cases of breast cancer reported at the studios, and found the incidence rate was 11 times higher than the general working community.[3] led to the closure of the site in December 2006,[4] TV and radio operations were moved to alternative locations around the city.[5]Staff worked from several sites around Brisbane, with ABC Radio based in nearby Lissner Street in Toowong, ABC News staff working from Network Ten's Mount Coot-tha studios, ABC Innovation and Online staff working at QUT Kelvin Grove, and other staff based in other locations, including Coronation Drive and West End.[citation needed] On 10 January 2012, ABC Brisbane moved into new purpose-built accommodation in South Bank.[6]The analogue signal for Brisbane/Gold Coast/Sunshine Coast was shut off on May 28, 2013.[7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_Building_South_Bank.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bank,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABQ&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"ABC Building, South Bank, Brisbane, 2013All ABC operations are located in the South Bank building. As of 2021[update] there is a large number of transmitters broadcasting a number of ABC channels throughout Queensland.[9]","title":"ABC Television in Brisbane today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"news and current affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"}],"text":"ABC Television in Brisbane schedule largely consists of national programming with opt-outs for news and current affairs, rugby league and state election coverage.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellen Fanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Fanning"},{"link_name":"Jenny Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Alan Kohler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kohler"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Matt Wordsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Wordsworth"},{"link_name":"Rod Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Young"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lofthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lofthouse"},{"link_name":"Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTQ"},{"link_name":"Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QTQ"},{"link_name":"Kay McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_McGrath"},{"link_name":"Melissa Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Downes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Local programming","text":"ABC News Queensland is presented by Jessica van Vonderen (Monday – Thursday) and Ellen Fanning (Friday – Sunday). Weather is presented by Jenny Woodward (Sunday – Thursday). Finance is presented by Alan Kohler in Melbourne.[citation needed]Past presenters of the bulletin have included Matt Wordsworth, Rod Young and Andrew Lofthouse. Young and Lofthouse both of went on to read the flagship 6:00 pm bulletins on Seven and Nine respectively. The pair opposed each other in this timeslot between mid-2009 and late-2012, during which the Seven bulletin co-read by Young and Kay McGrath consistently rated higher than the Nine bulletin co-read by Lofthouse and Melissa Downes (as of 2017, however, Nine has regained the lead in the south-east Queensland ratings).[10][11][12][13]","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"HAAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_above_average_terrain"},{"link_name":"http://www.itu.int/SRTM3/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.itu.int/SRTM3/"}],"text":"The following stations currently or formerly relay ABQ throughout Queensland:[when?]Notes:1. HAAT estimated from http://www.itu.int/SRTM3/ using EHAAT.\n2. ABDQ was on VHF channel 3 from its 1963 sign-on until 1993, moving to its current channel in order to accommodate FM radio.\n3. ABMQ was on VHF channel 4 from its 1967 sign-on until 1988, moving to its current channel in order to accommodate FM radio.\n4. ABRQ was on VHF channel 3 from its 1963 sign-on until 1988, moving to its current channel in order to accommodate FM radio.\n5. ABSEQ was on VHF channel 9 from its 1974 sign-on until 1989.\n6. ABMKQ was on VHF channel 9 from its 1974 sign-on until the town was abandoned, making the relay station shut down in 1982.","title":"Relay stations"}]
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[{"image_text":"ABC Building, South Bank, Brisbane, 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/ABC_Building_South_Bank.jpg/220px-ABC_Building_South_Bank.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"title":"Television broadcasting in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_broadcasting_in_Australia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbo_(actress)
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Bibbo (actress)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 In India","2.2 In Pakistan","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 Filmography","5.1 In India","5.2 In Pakistan","6 Awards and recognition","7 References","8 External links"]
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Hindi and Urdu film actress (1906 – 1972)
This article includes historical images which have been upscaled by an AI process. This will have introduced speculative and possibly inaccurate details not present in the source material. Such images should be replaced with their original versions. (March 2024)
BibboAI-upscaled image of Bibbo from Sneh Bandhan (1940)BornIshrat Sultana1906 (1906)Delhi, British IndiaDied25 May 1972(1972-05-25) (aged 65–66)Karachi, Sindh, PakistanBurial placeKarachiOccupationsActressComposerSingerMusic directorYears active1931 - 1972Known forFirst female music director of Indian CinemaSpouseKhalil Sardar
Bibbo (born Ishrat Sultana 1906 – 1972) was a music composer, singer and actress who worked in both Indian and Pakistani films. She acted in Indian cinema from 1931 to 1947 before moving to Pakistan, following Partition of India in 1947. She started her acting career with Ajanta Cinetone Ltd. in 1933, working with directors like M. D. Bhavnani and A. P. Kapoor. She was one of the top leading ladies of the 1930s along with actresses like Devika Rani, Durga Khote, Sulochana, Mehtab, Shanta Apte, Sabita Devi, Leela Desai and Naseem Banu. She was referred to as "one of the most important female stars of the 1930s and 1940s". Her fame had her featured in the lyrics of a popular song from the film Gharib Ke Lal (1939) sung by Mirza Musharraf and Kamla Karnataki, with music by Sagheer Asif and lyrics by Rafi Kashmiri. "Tujhe Bibbo Kahoon Ke Sulochana" (Should I call you Bibbo or Sulochana), where Sulochana referred to another popular actress of the time. This was the first time a song featuring famous actors was used in the lyrics of a film song.
Bibbo became the first female music composer of Indian cinema, when she composed the music for Adal-e-Jahangir in 1934, a year before Jaddanbai, mother of actress Nargis, composed music for Talash-e-Haq (1935). She was also the music director for a second film called Qazzak Ki Ladki (1937).
She worked with actors like Master Nissar, Surendra and Kumar. She formed a popular working relationship with them. Her pairing with Surendra was especially well-liked with the pair giving several hits like Manmohan (1936), Jagirdar (1937), Gramaphone Singer (1938), Dynamite (1938) and Ladies Only (1939). Her first film was Rangila Rajput, followed by Mayajaal, both in 1933. She worked in nearly thirty films as a lead actress in India from 1933 to 1947, shifting to character roles in later years, following her move to Pakistan. She won the Nigar Award for the best character actress for her role in the Pakistani film Zehr-e-Ishq (1958).
Early life
Bibbo was born Ishrat to a famous singer Hafeezan Begum. She was cited as being a famous singer from Delhi who came to Bombay to join films. Bibbo was a trained singer with a "coarse husky quality" like Zohrabai Ambalewali and Shamshad Begum.
Career
In India
Bibbo's first recorded film was the successful Rangila Rajput (The Gay Cavalier) (1933), directed by M. D. Bhavnani and starring Master Nissar, with popular music by B. S. Hoogan. Her second film that year for Ajanta was Mayajaal, a fantasy directed by Shanti L. Dave for Ajanta Cinetone Ltd., co-starring Master Nissar, P. Jairaj and Shahzadi, with music composed by B. S. Hoogan. Her acting was appreciated by the Hindi journalist Pitambar Jha, who predicted a bright future for her in his article in the Hindi magazine, Chitrapat 1934.
In 1934, Bibbo acted in five films. Vasavdatta or the Shahi Gawaiya (The Royal Musician) was her third film. It was produced by Ajanta and directed by P. Y. Altekar, with B. Sohni and Jairaj as co-stars. The music was by B. S. Hoogan. The story revolved around King Udyan, who is obsessively in love with his wife, ignoring his kingdom in the process. She was then cast in her fourth film, M. D. Bhavnani's Sair-E-Paristan, produced by Ajanta Cinetone Ltd. and co-starring P. Jairaj, Khalil Aftab, Master Nissar and W. M. Khan. A fantasy, the story was about three Princes falling in love with the same girl. The music was composed by B. S. Hoogan.
It was in 1934, that Bibbo composed music for a film called Adal-e-Jehangir, thus becoming the first Indian female composer. The Mill, also called Mazdoor was directed by M. D. Bhavnani (Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani), and starred Bibbo, who played the mill owner's daughter in the film with Motilal as the hero. The film was controversial and was banned for a few years.
In 1936, she acted in Garib Parivar and Manmohan. She was cast by Mehboob Khan in Manmohan, a film made to compete with Calcutta's New Theatres Ltd famous film Devdas. Her co-star was Surendra and the film went on to become a commercial success with the songs becoming popular.
1937 saw her acting in four films, out of which Jagirdar, directed by Mehboob Khan and co-starring Surendra, was the most famous. The film was a "romantic melodrama", with Bibbo and Surendra playing actor Motilal's parents in the latter part. Though made on a small budget, it went on to do big business commercially for Sagar Movietone. She acted in, and once again composed music for the film Qazzak Ki Ladki, using the name Ishrat Sultana as composer. The film co-starred Surendra and was directed by Sultan Mirza and S. Varman for Rainbow Films.
1938 proved to be a successful year for her with all five films doing well at the box office. Watan, produced by Sagar Studios and directed by Mehboob Khan was a quasi-historical costume drama involving Tartars, with a nationalistic element. The film starred Kumar, Yakub and Maya Bannerjee with music by Anil Biswas.
Gramaphone Singer (1938) and Dynamite (1938), had her pairing with Surendra again. Both films went on to become successful. Gramaphone Singer was a love triangle directed by V. C. Desai, which had Bibbo playing the other woman, with Prabha playing Surendra's wife. Teen Sau Din Ke Baad, also called 300 Days And After, was a Sagar film directed by Sarvottam Badami. It had Motilal, Sabita Devi and Yakub starring with Bibbo. With music by Anil Biswas, the film went on to do well. Baburao Patel of Filmindia called it "easily the best picture to come out of Sagar".
In 1939, Ladies Only co-starred Bibbo with Prabha, Sabita Devi and Surendra in a comedy film directed by Sarvottam Badami for Sagar Movietone. The music was composed by Anupam Ghatak. According to Filmindia editor Baburao Patel, Bibbo in her role "shines out with her vigorous performance". Laxmi with Kumar, Maya, Gope, Jeevan and Indira was directed by Mohan Sinha, with music composed by Timir Baran. The Times of India review quoted in Filmindia commented: "Bibbo is brilliant as the other woman and very nearly steals the picture with her wonderfully sympathetic role".
Sneh Bandhan had Bibbo pairing with Navin Yagnik and E. Billimoria in a melodrama about love and sacrifice. Bibbo's acting was lauded with the reviewer commenting "Never before has she looked so charming and… never before has she acquitted herself so well in her work. She takes the complete burden of the drama and gives a beautiful performance throughout".
Akela (1941) released in 1941, starred Bibbo with Mazhar Khan and E. Billimoria. The film was produced by Kikubhai Desai and directed by Pesi Karani. The film described as a sensible picture for the intelligentsia and the masses, was a big success commercially.
In 1945 she acted in Zeenat, starring Noor Jehan, the film went on to become a big hit for Noor Jehan. It was directed by Shaukat Hussain Rizvi with music composed by Mir Saheb. Pehli Nazar was another film in 1945 opposite Veena, Munawwar Sultana and Motilal. Directed by Mazhar Khan for Mazhar Art, it had music by Anil Biswas. Bibbo's last film in India was Pahela Pyar (First Love) (1947), directed by A. P. Kapoor for Sagar Movietone.
In Pakistan
Bibbo shifted to Pakistan following partition of India in 1947. She started working in films there as a character artist doing about twelve films from 1950 to 1966.
Her first film in Pakistan was Shammi (1950), a Punjabi picture directed by Munshi Dil. She co-starred with Shammi, Santosh and Ajmal. It had music composed by Master Inayat Hussain.
Dupatta (1952), was an Urdu film directed by Sibtain Fazli and produced by Aslam Lodhi. It starred Noor Jehan, Sudhir, Ajay Kumar and Yasmin along with Bibbo. The film was acclaimed as a big hit commercially and had music composed by Firoz Nizami, with songs sung by Noor Jehan.
Zahr-e-Ishq was released in April 1958. Produced by Khurshid Anwar and Sultan Jilani under the banner of Select Pictures, it starred Musarrat Nazir, Habib, Yasmin, Neelo and Bibbo. The music was by Khurshid Anwar, with lyrics by Qateel Shifai. Hailed as an "excellent film" by the reviewer, it won Bibbo the Nigar Award for best character actress.
Jhoomer is a 1959 film directed by Masud Pervez, with music composed Khurshid Anwar. Produced by Anwar for Noor Minar Pictures banner, it starred Musarrat Nazir, Sudhir and Laila.
Ghunghat (1962), a suspense-thriller drama, was directed by Khurshid Anwar, who also wrote the story and composed the music. The cast included Nayyar Sultana, Santosh, Neelo, Laila and Bibbo.
Bibbo acted in a few more films, with Fanoos (1963) and Ghalib being commendable from her acting point of view, though the films did not do well commercially. Her last cited film is Armaan (1966), directed by Parvez Malik, with music by Sohail Rana.
Personal life
Bibbo was married by the end of the 1930s to Khalil Sardar, who directed her in Adal-e-Jahangir, for which she gave music. Following the marriage, they left Bombay and moved to Lahore, where they produced a film under the banner of Rainbow films, Qazzak Ki Ladki (1937), where she was also the music director. The film was a commercial failure and Bibbo finally returned to Bombay. Following Partition in 1947, Bibbo moved to Pakistan, where she worked as a character artiste. According to Zulqarnain Shahid (The Weekly MAG, Pakistan) re-published in Cineplot, it was stated that Bibbo was married to Shahnawaz Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's father. In the June 1943 issue of Filmindia, Baburao Patel answered a query about Bibbo claiming she was "indeed married to Bhutto".
Death
The last days of Bibbo's life are claimed to have been lonely, with her life described as being "miserable and poverty stricken". She died on 25 May 1972.
Filmography
In India
Her films list:
Year
Film
Director
Co-stars
Composer
Studio
1931
Alam Ara
Ardeshir Irani
Master Vithal, Zubeida, Prithviraj Kapoor
Firozshah Mistry, B. Irani
Imperial Film Co.
1933
Rangila Rajput a.k.a. The Gay Cavalier
M. D. Bhavnani
Master Nissar
B. S. Hoogan
Ajanta Cinetone Ltd.
1933
Mayajaal
M. D. Bhavnani
Master Nissar, P. Jairaj, Shahzadi
B. S. Hoogan
Ajanta Cinetone Ltd.
1933
Mirza Sahiban
Nagendra Mazumdar
Noor Jehan, Mehboob Khan, Kamla, Kashi Nath
S.P. Roy
Sagar Movietone
1933
Shan Subhan
Faridon Irani
Noor Jehan, Sultana, Agha Jani, Aziz, Rouf
F.R Irani
Barma Film Co. Rangoon
1934
Vasavdatta or the Shahi Gawaiya a.k.a. The Royal Musician
P. Y. Altekar
B. Sohni and Jairaj
B. S. Hoogan
Ajanta Cinetone Ltd.
1934
Sair-e-Paristan a.k.a. Shan-e-Khuda a.k.a. Journey Through the Land of Fairies
M. D. Bhavnani
Master Nissar, Khalil, P. Jairaj
B. S. Hoogan
Ajanta Cinetone Ltd.
1934
The Mill a.k.a. Mazdoor
M. D. Bhavnani
Khalil, Navin Yagnik, Jairaj
B. S. Hoogan
Ajanta Cinetone Ltd.
1934
Adal-e-Jehangir
Khalil Sardar
Anwar Begum, Kantilal, Nawab Begum, Padmavati Shaligram
Bibbo
Rainbow Pictures
1934
Dukhtare-Hind
A. P. Kapoor
Master Nissar, Tara, Navin Yagnik
Jhande Khan
Ajanta Cinetone Ltd.
1935
Pyar Ki Maar a.k.a. The Onslaught of Love a.k.a. Queen's Wrath
A. P. Kapoor
Navin Yagnik, Gohar Karnataki, A. P. Kapoor
B. S. Hoogan
Ajanta Cinetone Ltd.
1936
Suhag ka Daan
J.K. Nanda
Nandi Khanna, Anwari, Heera Lal, Jaggal Kishawr, J.L. Madhokk
Master Ghulam Haider
Taj Productions
1936
Qazzaq ki Larki
Sardar Khalil Khan
Muzammal, Khurshid, Surendra, Dar Kashmiri, Daaman, Dr. Samad, Mirza Musharraf, Surla
Bibbo
Rainbow Pictures
1936
Garib Parivar
M. D. Bhavnani
Khali, Ameena, Jairaj
S.P. Mukarjee
Ajanta Cinetone Ltd.
1936
Manmohan
Mehboob Khan
Surendra, Yakub, Ashalata
Ashok Ghosh
Sagar Movietone
1937
Jagirdar
Mehboob Khan
Surendra, Motilal, Yakub
Anil Biswas
Sagar Movietone
1937
Sagar Ka Sher a.k.a. Lion of Sagar
Yakub
Yakub, David, Kayamali
Pransukh M. Nayak
Sagar Movietone
1937
Captain Kirti Kumar
C. M. Luhar (Chimanlal Muljhibhoy Luhar)
Motilal, Krishna Kumari, Yakub
Bhaskar Rao
Sagar Movietone
1937
Qazzak Ki Ladki
Sultan Mirza, S. Varman
Surendra, Sushila, Sarla
Ishrat Sultana (Bibbo)
Rainbow Films
1938
Watan
Mehboob Khan
Kumar, Yakub, Maya Bannerjee
Anil Biswas
Sagar Movietone, Bombay
1938
Teen Sau Din Ke Baad
Sarvottam Badami
Sabita Devi, Motilal, Yakub
Anil Biswas
Sagar Movietone, Bombay
1938
Gramaphone Singer
V. C. Desai (Virendra Chimanlal Desai)
Surendra, Prabha, Kanhaiyalal
Anil Biswas
Sagar Movietone
1938
Dynamite
C. M. Luhar
Surendra, Yakub, Maya Bannerjee
Anil Biswas
Sagar Movietone
1938
Abhilasha a.k.a. Postman
Zia Sarhadi, Mahendra Thakore
Kumar, Yakub, Maya Bannerjee
Anil Biswas
Sagar Movietone, Bombay
1939
Seva Samaj a.k.a. Service Ltd. or Service Limited
C. M. Luhar
Surendra, Yakub, Maya Bannerjee
Anupam Ghatak
Sagar Movietone
1939
Bhole Bhale
Zia Sarhadi
Maya Bannerjee, Prem Adib, Arun
Anupam Ghatak
Sagar Movietone
1939
Ladies Only
Sarvottam Badami
Surendra, Prabha, Sabita Devi
Anupam Ghatak
Sagar Movietone
1939
Sadhana
V. C. Desai
Shobhana Samarth, Prem Adib, Harish, Kanhaiyalal, Pande, Bhudo Advani, Gulzar
Anupam Ghatak
Sagar Movietone
1940
Lakshmi
Mohan Sinha
Maya Kumar, Jeevan, Gope, Mehdi, Raza, Ghulam Rasool, Bibi
Timir Barn
HMV Records
1940
Sohag a.k.a. Suhag a.k.a. Sign of Marriage
Balwant Bhatt
Kumar, Mazhar Khan, Ashalata
Timir Baran
Circo Productions
1940
Sneh Bandhan
J. P. Advani (Jagatrai Pesumal Advani)
E. Billimoria, Navin Yagnik
Pannalal Ghosh
Great India Pictures
1940
Akela
Pesi Kiran
Mazhar Khan, E. Bilimoria, Moti, Bos, Hadi, Pritma Devi
Khan Mastana
Great India Pictures
1941
Mere Raja
T. M. Mani
E. Billimoria, Mazhar Khan, Miss Moti
Damodar Sharma
Paramount Pictures
1941
Akela ak.a. Alone
Pesi Karani
Mazhar Khan, E. Billimoria
Khan Mastana
Kikubhai Desai
1944
Bade Nawab Saheb
Vedi
Chandra Mohan, Pahari Sanyal, Kumar
Bashir Dehlvi
Silver Films
1945
Naseeb
Deedi
Kumar, Parmila, Agha, Chanda Bai, Jillo Bai, Najma, Devid
Pandat Gobind Ram
Silver Films
1945
Pehli Nazar
Mazhar Khan
Motilal, Veena, Munawwar Sultana
Anil Biswas
Mazhar Art
1945
Zeenat
Shaukat Hussain Rizvi
Noor Jehan, Karan Dewan, Nazir, Yakub, Leela Mishra, Jilloo
Rafiq Ghaznavi
Salma Talkie Distributors
1946
Sassi Punnu
J. P. Advani
E. Billimoria, Geeta Nizami, Jairaj, Gope
Gobindram
Vaswani Art
1947
Pahela Pyar
A. P. Kapoor
Vanmala, K. N. Singh, Agha
Premnath (composer)
Sagar Movietone
In Pakistan
Her films list:
Year
Film
Director
Co-stars
Composer
Producer
1950
Shammi (Punjabi)
Munshi Dil
Shammi, Santosh Kumar, Ghulam Mohammad, Ajmal, Bibbo
Master Inayat Hussain
Malika Pictures
1951
Akeli (Urdu)
M.M. Mehra
Ragni, Santosh Kumar, Bibbo, Reshma, Nazar, Maya Devi, Noor Mohammed Charlie
Master Ghulam Haidar
Krishan Kumar
1952
Dopatta (Urdu)
Sibtain Fazli
Noor Jehan, Ajay Kumar, Sudhir, Yasmin, Bibbo
Feroz Nizami
Aslam Lodhi
1953
Gulnar (Urdu)
Imtiaz Ali Taj
Noor Jehan, Santosh, Zarif, Shah Nawaz, Bibbo
Ghulam Haider
Mian Rafiq
1954
Raat Ki Baat (Urdu)
Anwar Kamal Pasha
Sabiha, Santosh, Shamim, Gulshan Ara, Asif Jah, Allauddin, Himaliawala, Nighat Sultana, Bibbo, Sadiq Ali, Ajmal
Master Inayat Hussain
Saifuddin Saif
1954
Sassi (Urdu)
Daud Chand
Sabiha, Sudhir, Asha Posley, Nazar, Saleem Raza, Ghulam Mohammad, Shah Nawaz, Zeenat, Bibbo, Maya Devi
G.A. Chishti
J.C. Anand
1955
Nazrana (Urdu)
Murtaza Jeelani
Ragni, Santosh, Nazar, Zeenat, Azad, Allauddin, Shah Nawaz, Nasrin, Asha Poslay, Bibbo, Ghulam Mohammad
Tufail Farooqi
Syed Faqir Hussain Shah
1955
Jheel Kinaray (Urdu)
Nazim Nakhuda
Gulshan Ara, Sudhir, Geeta Nizami, Bibbo, Asha Poslay, Zarif, Ajmal, Shah Nawaz
Nazir Jafri
A. Majeed
1955
Sohni (Urdu)
M.J. Rana
Sabiha, Sudhir, Shammi, Nazar, Zeenat, Saleem Raza, Hamliyawala, A. Shah, Bibbo, Emi Minwala
Feroz Nizami
M.A. Khan
1955
Qatil (Urdu)
Anwar Kamal Pasha
Sabiha, Santosh, Musarrat Nazir, Aslam Parvez, Nayyar Sultana, Asif Jah, M. Ismael, Azad, Bibbo, Samina, Ajmal
Master Inayat Hussain
Agha G.A. Gul
1956
Umar Marvi (Sindhi)
Sheikh Hasan
Nighat Sultana, Noor Mohammed Charlie, Bibbo
G. Nabi
Fazlani
1956
Kaarnama (Urdu)
Iqbal Hussain
Laddan, Kalawati, Sawan, Bibbo
Nathoo Khan
M. M. Hussain
1956
Kunwari Beva (Urdu)
Najam Naqvi
Shamim Ara, Nazar, Bibbo, Ayaz, Mohammad Hanif Azad, Laddan, Shah Nawaz
Rasheed Attray
A.G. Mirza
1956
Mandi (Urdu)
Aziz Ahmad
Khursheed Bano, Ayyaz, Nighat Sultana, Shad, Bibbo, Klawawti, Ghori, Shahnawaz
Rafiq Ghaznavi
Nisar Ahmad
1957
Bedari (Urdu)
Rafiq Rizvi
Rattan Kumar, Santosh, Ragni, Salim Raza, Shah Nawaz, Abbas Ajmeri, Lehri, Bibbo, Anoradha, Qazi Wajid
Fateh Ali Khan
Sheikh Hassan Latif
1957
Pasban (Urdu)
Haidar Shah
Sabiha Khanum, Allauddin, Nighat Sultana, Bibbo, Asha Posley, Neelo, Zarif, Aslam Perviaz
Rasheed Attray
A. Qayum, M. Rafiq
1958
Zehr-e-Ishq (Urdu)
Masood Parvez
Musarrat Nazir, Habib, Neelo, Bibbo, Maya Devi
Khwaja Khurshid Anwar (assisted by Manzoor)
Select Pictures, Sultan Gilani
1958
Anarkali (Urdu)
Anwar Kamal Pasha
Noor Jehan, Sudhir, Ragni, Bibbo, Shamim Ara, M. Ajmal
Rashid Attre
Nigar Pictures
1958
Mukhra (Punjabi)
Jaffer Malik
Santosh Kumar, Darpan, Bibbo, Sabiha Khanum, Ilyas Kashmiri, Asha Posley, Nayyar Sultana, Nazar, Yasmin
Rasheed Attre
Crescent Pictures of Mian Ehsan
1958
Bharosa (Urdu)
Jafar Bukhari
Yasmin, Laila, Maya Devi, Yusuf Khan, Husna, Talish, Allauddin
A. Hameed
Chodhary Allauddin
1958
Jan-e-Bahar (Urdu)
Shaukat Hussain Rizvi
Musarrat Nazir, Sudhir, Bibbo, Husna, Saleem Raza, Shah Nawaz, Ali Baba, Nighat Sultana, Abbas Nosha, Diljeet Mirza
Rasheed Attray
Shah Noor Films
1959
Aaj Kal (Urdu)
Munawar H. Qasim
Sabiha, Kemal, Rehan, Bibbo, Ajmal, Fazal Haq, Rakhshi, G.N. Butt, Kamla
Musleuddin, Amanat Ali
Munawar H. Qasim
1959
Jhoomar (Urdu)
Khurshid Anwar
Musarrat Nazir, Sudhir, Laila, Bibbo
Khurshid Anwar
Noor-e-Minar Pictures
1959
Raaz (Urdu)
Humayun Mirza
Musarrat Nazir, Ejaz, Bibbo, Shamim Ara, Talish, Allauddin, Diljeet Mirza, Rekha, Majeed
Feroz Nizami
Humayun Mirza
1960
Rahguzar (Urdu)
Zia Sarhadi
Sabiha, Aslam Parvez, Nayyar Sultana, Bibbo, Laila, Nighat Sultana, Allauddin, Talish
Muslehuddin
Chodhary Eid Mohammad
1960
Aladin Ka Beta (Urdu)
Riaz Ahmad Raju
Neelo, Rattan Kumar, Nasira, Rukhsana, Lehri, Saqi, Fazal Haq, Rehan, Bibbo, Imdad Hussain
G.A. Chishti
Wazir Ali
1960
Khyber Mail (Urdu)
Agha Hussaini
Neelo, Aslam Pervaiz, Talish, Nayyar Sultana, Husna, Nasira, Zahoor Raja, Ghulam Mohammad, Bibbo, G.N. Butt
G.A. Chishti
Khadim Hussain Khawaja
1960
Salma (Urdu)
Ashfaq Malik
Yasmin, Ejaz, Bahar, Allauddin, Rukhsana, Bibbo, A. Shah Shikarpuri, Talish, Rakhshi, Rangeela, Salma Mumtaz
Rasheed Attray
Ashfaq Malik
1960
Daku Ki Larki (Urdu)
Humayun Mirza
Musarrat Nazir, Ejaz, Nayyar Sultana, Diljeet Mirza, Allauddin, Himaliawala, Emi Minuwala, Ali Baba, Shakir, Bibbo, Sultan Rahi
Rasheed Attray
Humayun Mirza
1960
Saheli (Urdu)
S. M. Yusuf
Nayyar Sultana, Darpan, Shamim Ara, Bahar, Aslam Pervaiz, Agha Talish, Nirala, Faizi, Sharara, Salma Mumtaz, G.N. Butt, Bibbo, Lehri
A. Hameed
F.M. Sardar, S.M. Yousuf
1961
Surayya (Urdu)
Shabab Keranvi
Nayyar Sultana, Habib, Asad Bukhari, Bibbo, Aslam Parvez, Zeenat, Ali Baba, Shehzad, Nasira, Rukhsana, Azad, Rangeela
Akhtar Hussain, Mohammad Ali Munnu
Mujaddad Ali
1961
Bombay Wala (Urdu)
Mushir Kazmi
Nayyar Sultana, Jemal, Saqi, Nighat Sultana, Sawan, Zamurrad, Ismael Qamar, Bibbo, Rakhshi
Rehman Verma
A.H. Ansari
1961
Jadoogar (Urdu)
M.A. Rafiq
Husna, Kemal, Bahar, Sultan, A. Shah, Bibbo, Naeem Hashmi
Saleem Iqbal, Nazir Jafri, Kousar Parveen
M.A. Rasheed
1961
Ghazi Bin Abbas (Urdu)
Zahoor Raja
Husna, Rattan Kumar, Nazar, Bibbo, Nasira, Saqi, Himaliawala, Emi Minuwala
Safdar Hussain
Jamal Art Concern
1961
Do Rastay (Urdu)
Qadeer Ghori
Neelo, Ejaz, Yusuf Khan, Bahar, Nasira, M. Ismael, Talish, Bibbo, Allauddin, Azad, Emi Menuwala, Ali Baba
Master Inayat Hussain
Malik Mohammad Rafiq
1961
Ghalib (Urdu)
Syed Atta Ullah Shah Hashmi
Noor Jehan, Sudhir, Yasmin, Laila, Shola, Diljeet Mirza, Bibbo, Saleem Raza, Saqi, Rehan, G.N. Butt, Gharib Shah, Khursheed Shahid
Tasadduq Hussain
S.K. Pictures
1962
Anchal (Urdu)
Al-Hamid
Shamim Ara, Darpan, Bibbo, Panna, Salma Mumtaz, Lehri, Talish, Azad, Ajmal
Khalil Ahmad
S.M. Farid
1962
Ghunghat (Urdu)
Khurshid Anwar
Nayyar Sultana, Santosh Kumar, Neelo, Bibbo
Khurshid Anwar
Select Pictures
1963
Fanoos (Urdu)
Nakhshab
Komal, Salman Pirzada, Abbas Nosha, Bibbo, Ilyas Kashmiri, Hanif
Saif Chughtai, Rasheed Attray
Nakhshab
1963
Damaad (Urdu)
Iqbal Mufti
Laila, Nazar, Bibbo, Naghma, A. Shah, Aslam Pervaiz, Asad Bukhari, Sultan
Tasadduq Hussain
Wazir Ali
1963
Baji (Urdu)
S. Suleman
Nayyar Sultana, Darpan, Zeba, Bibbo, Panna, Salma Mumtaz, Emi Menuwala, Lehri
Saleem Iqbal
Azizullah Hassan
1963
Ishq Par Zor Nahin (Urdu)
Sharif Nayyar
Neelo, Aslam Pervaiz, Jamila Razzaq, Ilyas Kashmiri, Bibbo
Master Inayat Hussain
Ilyas Kashmiri
1963
Dulhan (Urdu)
S.M. Yousuf
Shamim Ara, Habib, Darpan, Nasira, Bibbo, Lehri, Nabeela, S. Gul, Nayyar Sultana, Salma Mumtaz, Rehana
Rasheed Attray
J.C. Anand
1963
Aurat Ek Kahani (Urdu)
Younis Rahi
Nayyar Sultana, Ragni, Bibbo, Ejaz, Gotam, Panna, Abbas Nosha, Allauddin, ChhamChham, Husna
Masoom Rahim
Khawaja Masoom Hassan, Younis Rahi
1964
Khandan (Urdu)
Riaz Ahmad
Bahar Begum, Kemal, Bibbo, Meena Shorey, Naghma, Hina, Firdous Begum, Habib, Muhammad Ali, Rekha, Agha Talish
Rehman Verma
Riaz Ahmad
1964
Deevana (Urdu)
Zahoor Raja
Sabiha Khanum, Habib, Deeba, Bibbo, Ejaz, Nusrat Kardar, Zareen Panna, Rehan, Nasrin, Ilyas Kashmiri
Muslehuddin
Malik Mubarak Ahmad
1964
Chhoti Behan (Urdu)
A.H. Siddiqi
Rani, Kemal, Bibbo, Muhammad Ali, Sabira Sultana, Rozina, Talat Siddiqui, Lehri, Nirala
Lal Mohammad Iqbal
Usman Khaitani
1966
Armaan (Urdu)
Pervez Malik
Zeba, Waheed Murad, Nirala, Bibbo
Sohail Rana
Film Arts
1966
Dard-e-Dil (Urdu)
N.K. Zubairi
Zeba, Trannum, Bibbo, Talat Siddiqui, Rozina Qureshi, Azad, Nazar, Kemal, Sultan Rahi
Khalil Ahmad
S.M. Farid
1969
Buzdil (Urdu)
Saqlain Rizvi
Deeba, Ejaz Durrani, Sabira Sultana, Bibbo, Habib-ur-Rehman
Khalil Ahmad
Abdul Baqi, Habib
Awards and recognition
Year
Award
Category
Result
Title
Ref.
1958
Nigar Award
Best Actress
Won
Zehr-e-Ishq
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^ Baburao, Patel (April 1939). "Review-Ladies Only". Filmindia. 5 (4): 54. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ Baburao, Patel (May 1940). "Bombay Calling". Filmindia. 6 (5): 28. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ Baburao, Patel (January 1941). "Our Review-Sneha Bandhan". Filmindia. 8 (1): 50. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ Baburao, Patel (September 1941). "Our Review-Akela". Filmindia. 8 (1): 50. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ Baburao, Patel (February 1945). "Zeenat". Filmindia. 11 (2). Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ http://www.citwf.com/film92590.htm, Film 'Dopatta' (1952) on Complete Index To World Film website, Retrieved 8 November 2016
^ Faiz, Faiz Anmed. "Zeher-I-Ishq (1958) Review". hindi-movies-songs.com. Surjit Singh. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ Rehman, I. A. "Jhoomer (1958) Review". hindi-movies-songs.com. Surjit Singh. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ Malik, Q. Z. "Ghunghat (1962) Review". hindi-movies-songs.com. Surjit Singh. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ Baburao, Patel (January 1939). "The Editor's Mail". Filmindia. 5 (1): 20. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ Baburao, Patel (June 1943). "The Editor's Mail". Filmindia. 9 (6): 31. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ "Bibbo-film list". citwf.com. Alan Goble. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ "Bibbo". Pakistan Film Magazine. 17 March 2023.
^ http://www.citwf.com/person97352.htm, Filmography of actress Bibbo on Complete Index To World Film website, Retrieved 9 November 2016
External links
Bibbo at IMDb
Bibbo Rare Picture: https://www.flickr.com/photos/rashid_ashraf/31225553980/in/dateposted/
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cinema"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Devika Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devika_Rani"},{"link_name":"Durga Khote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Khote"},{"link_name":"Sulochana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Myers"},{"link_name":"Mehtab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehtab_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Shanta Apte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanta_Apte"},{"link_name":"Sabita Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabita_Devi"},{"link_name":"Leela Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_Desai"},{"link_name":"Naseem Banu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseem_Banu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nevile2006-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raj2009-2"},{"link_name":"Sulochana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Myers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SurjitSingh-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyrics-4"},{"link_name":"Jaddanbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaddanbai"},{"link_name":"Nargis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nargis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mark-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mark-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Composer-6"},{"link_name":"Surendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surendra_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Manmohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jagirdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagirdar_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ladies Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_Only_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha-7"},{"link_name":"Nigar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigar_Award"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shahid-8"}],"text":"Bibbo (born Ishrat Sultana 1906 – 1972) was a music composer, singer and actress who worked in both Indian and Pakistani films. She acted in Indian cinema from 1931 to 1947 before moving to Pakistan, following Partition of India in 1947. She started her acting career with Ajanta Cinetone Ltd. in 1933, working with directors like M. D. Bhavnani and A. P. Kapoor. She was one of the top leading ladies of the 1930s along with actresses like Devika Rani, Durga Khote, Sulochana, Mehtab, Shanta Apte, Sabita Devi, Leela Desai and Naseem Banu.[1] She was referred to as \"one of the most important female stars of the 1930s and 1940s\".[2] Her fame had her featured in the lyrics of a popular song from the film Gharib Ke Lal (1939) sung by Mirza Musharraf and Kamla Karnataki, with music by Sagheer Asif and lyrics by Rafi Kashmiri. \"Tujhe Bibbo Kahoon Ke Sulochana\" (Should I call you Bibbo or Sulochana), where Sulochana referred to another popular actress of the time. This was the first time a song featuring famous actors was used in the lyrics of a film song.[3][4]Bibbo became the first female music composer of Indian cinema, when she composed the music for Adal-e-Jahangir in 1934, a year before Jaddanbai, mother of actress Nargis, composed music for Talash-e-Haq (1935).[5] She was also the music director for a second film called Qazzak Ki Ladki (1937).[5][6]She worked with actors like Master Nissar, Surendra and Kumar. She formed a popular working relationship with them. Her pairing with Surendra was especially well-liked with the pair giving several hits like Manmohan (1936), Jagirdar (1937), Gramaphone Singer (1938), Dynamite (1938) and Ladies Only (1939). Her first film was Rangila Rajput, followed by Mayajaal, both in 1933.[7] She worked in nearly thirty films as a lead actress in India from 1933 to 1947, shifting to character roles in later years, following her move to Pakistan. She won the Nigar Award for the best character actress for her role in the Pakistani film Zehr-e-Ishq (1958).[8]","title":"Bibbo (actress)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-(Firm)2005-9"},{"link_name":"Zohrabai Ambalewali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohrabai_Ambalewali"},{"link_name":"Shamshad Begum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamshad_Begum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Music,2013-10"}],"text":"Bibbo was born Ishrat to a famous singer Hafeezan Begum. She was cited as being a famous singer from Delhi who came to Bombay to join films.[7][9] Bibbo was a trained singer with a \"coarse husky quality\" like Zohrabai Ambalewali and Shamshad Begum.[10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rangila-11"},{"link_name":"P. Jairaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Jairaj"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idb-12"},{"link_name":"P. Jairaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Jairaj"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saire-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSingh-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tanvir2014-15"},{"link_name":"Mehboob Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehboob_Khan"},{"link_name":"New Theatres Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Theatres_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crow-16"},{"link_name":"Sagar Movietone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagar_Movietone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Editorial-17"},{"link_name":"Watan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watan_(film)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Review-Watan-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RajadhyakshaWillemen2014-19"},{"link_name":"Teen Sau Din Ke Baad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Sau_Din_Ke_Baad"},{"link_name":"Sarvottam Badami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvottam_Badami"},{"link_name":"Motilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilal_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Yakub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakub_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Review300-20"},{"link_name":"Ladies Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_Only_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Sarvottam Badami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvottam_Badami"},{"link_name":"Filmindia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmindia"},{"link_name":"Baburao Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baburao_Patel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Review-21"},{"link_name":"Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quote-22"},{"link_name":"Sneh Bandhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneh_Bandhan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReviewSnehBandhan-23"},{"link_name":"Akela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akela_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mazhar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhar_Khan_(actor,_born_1905)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akela-24"},{"link_name":"Zeenat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeenat_(1945_film)"},{"link_name":"Noor Jehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor_Jehan"},{"link_name":"Shaukat Hussain Rizvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaukat_Hussain_Rizvi"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zeenat-25"},{"link_name":"Munawwar Sultana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munawwar_Sultana"}],"sub_title":"In India","text":"Bibbo's first recorded film was the successful Rangila Rajput (The Gay Cavalier) (1933),[11] directed by M. D. Bhavnani and starring Master Nissar, with popular music by B. S. Hoogan. Her second film that year for Ajanta was Mayajaal, a fantasy directed by Shanti L. Dave for Ajanta Cinetone Ltd., co-starring Master Nissar, P. Jairaj and Shahzadi, with music composed by B. S. Hoogan. Her acting was appreciated by the Hindi journalist Pitambar Jha, who predicted a bright future for her in his article in the Hindi magazine, Chitrapat 1934.[7]In 1934, Bibbo acted in five films. Vasavdatta or the Shahi Gawaiya (The Royal Musician) was her third film. It was produced by Ajanta and directed by P. Y. Altekar, with B. Sohni and Jairaj as co-stars. The music was by B. S. Hoogan. The story revolved around King Udyan, who is obsessively in love with his wife, ignoring his kingdom in the process.[12] She was then cast in her fourth film, M. D. Bhavnani's Sair-E-Paristan, produced by Ajanta Cinetone Ltd. and co-starring P. Jairaj, Khalil Aftab, Master Nissar and W. M. Khan. A fantasy, the story was about three Princes falling in love with the same girl. The music was composed by B. S. Hoogan.[13]It was in 1934, that Bibbo composed music for a film called Adal-e-Jehangir, thus becoming the first Indian female composer.[14] The Mill, also called Mazdoor was directed by M. D. Bhavnani (Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani), and starred Bibbo, who played the mill owner's daughter in the film with Motilal as the hero.[15] The film was controversial and was banned for a few years.In 1936, she acted in Garib Parivar and Manmohan. She was cast by Mehboob Khan in Manmohan, a film made to compete with Calcutta's New Theatres Ltd famous film Devdas. Her co-star was Surendra and the film went on to become a commercial success with the songs becoming popular.1937 saw her acting in four films, out of which Jagirdar, directed by Mehboob Khan and co-starring Surendra, was the most famous. The film was a \"romantic melodrama\", with Bibbo and Surendra playing actor Motilal's parents in the latter part.[16] Though made on a small budget, it went on to do big business commercially for Sagar Movietone.[17] She acted in, and once again composed music for the film Qazzak Ki Ladki, using the name Ishrat Sultana as composer. The film co-starred Surendra and was directed by Sultan Mirza and S. Varman for Rainbow Films.1938 proved to be a successful year for her with all five films doing well at the box office. Watan, produced by Sagar Studios and directed by Mehboob Khan was a quasi-historical costume drama involving Tartars, with a nationalistic element. The film starred Kumar, Yakub and Maya Bannerjee with music by Anil Biswas.[18]Gramaphone Singer (1938) and Dynamite (1938), had her pairing with Surendra again. Both films went on to become successful. Gramaphone Singer was a love triangle directed by V. C. Desai, which had Bibbo playing the other woman, with Prabha playing Surendra's wife.[19] Teen Sau Din Ke Baad, also called 300 Days And After, was a Sagar film directed by Sarvottam Badami. It had Motilal, Sabita Devi and Yakub starring with Bibbo. With music by Anil Biswas, the film went on to do well. Baburao Patel of Filmindia called it \"easily the best picture to come out of Sagar\".[20]In 1939, Ladies Only co-starred Bibbo with Prabha, Sabita Devi and Surendra in a comedy film directed by Sarvottam Badami for Sagar Movietone. The music was composed by Anupam Ghatak. According to Filmindia editor Baburao Patel, Bibbo in her role \"shines out with her vigorous performance\".[21] Laxmi with Kumar, Maya, Gope, Jeevan and Indira was directed by Mohan Sinha, with music composed by Timir Baran. The Times of India review quoted in Filmindia commented: \"Bibbo is brilliant as the other woman and very nearly steals the picture with her wonderfully sympathetic role\".[22]Sneh Bandhan had Bibbo pairing with Navin Yagnik and E. Billimoria in a melodrama about love and sacrifice. Bibbo's acting was lauded with the reviewer commenting \"Never before has she looked so charming and… never before has she acquitted herself so well in her work. She takes the complete burden of the drama and gives a beautiful performance throughout\".[23]Akela (1941) released in 1941, starred Bibbo with Mazhar Khan and E. Billimoria. The film was produced by Kikubhai Desai and directed by Pesi Karani. The film described as a sensible picture for the intelligentsia and the masses, was a big success commercially.[24]In 1945 she acted in Zeenat, starring Noor Jehan, the film went on to become a big hit for Noor Jehan.\tIt was directed by Shaukat Hussain Rizvi with music composed by Mir Saheb.[25] Pehli Nazar was another film in 1945 opposite Veena, Munawwar Sultana and Motilal. Directed by Mazhar Khan for Mazhar Art, it had music by Anil Biswas. Bibbo's last film in India was Pahela Pyar (First Love) (1947), directed by A. P. Kapoor for Sagar Movietone.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Santosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Musa_Raza"},{"link_name":"Dupatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupatta_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Noor Jehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor_Jehan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Khurshid Anwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Khurshid_Anwar"},{"link_name":"Musarrat Nazir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musarrat_Nazir"},{"link_name":"Nigar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigar_Award"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faiz-27"},{"link_name":"Jhoomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhoomer"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jhoomer-28"},{"link_name":"Ghunghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghunghat_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghunghat-29"},{"link_name":"Ghalib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghalib_(film)"},{"link_name":"Armaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaan_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"Sohail Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohail_Rana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shahid-8"}],"sub_title":"In Pakistan","text":"Bibbo shifted to Pakistan following partition of India in 1947. She started working in films there as a character artist doing about twelve films from 1950 to 1966.Her first film in Pakistan was Shammi (1950), a Punjabi picture directed by Munshi Dil. She co-starred with Shammi, Santosh and Ajmal. It had music composed by Master Inayat Hussain.Dupatta (1952), was an Urdu film directed by Sibtain Fazli and produced by Aslam Lodhi. It starred Noor Jehan, Sudhir, Ajay Kumar and Yasmin along with Bibbo. The film was acclaimed as a big hit commercially and had music composed by Firoz Nizami, with songs sung by Noor Jehan.[26]Zahr-e-Ishq was released in April 1958. Produced by Khurshid Anwar and Sultan Jilani under the banner of Select Pictures, it starred Musarrat Nazir, Habib, Yasmin, Neelo and Bibbo. The music was by Khurshid Anwar, with lyrics by Qateel Shifai. Hailed as an \"excellent film\" by the reviewer, it won Bibbo the Nigar Award for best character actress.[27]Jhoomer is a 1959 film directed by Masud Pervez, with music composed Khurshid Anwar. Produced by Anwar for Noor Minar Pictures banner, it starred Musarrat Nazir, Sudhir and Laila.[28]Ghunghat (1962), a suspense-thriller drama, was directed by Khurshid Anwar, who also wrote the story and composed the music. The cast included Nayyar Sultana, Santosh, Neelo, Laila and Bibbo.[29]Bibbo acted in a few more films, with Fanoos (1963) and Ghalib being commendable from her acting point of view, though the films did not do well commercially. Her last cited film is Armaan (1966), directed by Parvez Malik, with music by Sohail Rana.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shahid-8"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mail-30"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shahid-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shahid-8"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EditorMail-31"}],"text":"Bibbo was married by the end of the 1930s to Khalil Sardar, who directed her in Adal-e-Jahangir, for which she gave music. Following the marriage, they left Bombay and moved to Lahore, where they produced a film under the banner of Rainbow films, Qazzak Ki Ladki (1937), where she was also the music director. The film was a commercial failure and Bibbo finally returned to Bombay. Following Partition in 1947, Bibbo moved to Pakistan, where she worked as a character artiste.[8][30] According to Zulqarnain Shahid (The Weekly MAG, Pakistan) re-published in Cineplot, it was stated that Bibbo was married to Shahnawaz Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's father.[8] In the June 1943 issue of Filmindia, Baburao Patel answered a query about Bibbo claiming she was \"indeed married to Bhutto\".[8][31]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shahid-8"}],"text":"The last days of Bibbo's life are claimed to have been lonely, with her life described as being \"miserable and poverty stricken\". She died on 25 May 1972.[8]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citwf-32"}],"sub_title":"In India","text":"Her films list:[32]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"In Pakistan","text":"Her films list:[34]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and recognition"}]
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[{"reference":"Pran Nevile (2006). Lahore : A Sentimental Journey. Penguin Books India. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-14-306197-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0fvNDBqOOToC&pg=PA86","url_text":"Lahore : A Sentimental Journey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306197-7","url_text":"978-0-14-306197-7"}]},{"reference":"Ashok Raj (2009). Hero Vol.1. Hay House, Inc. p. 87. ISBN 978-93-81398-02-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT87","url_text":"Hero Vol.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81398-02-9","url_text":"978-93-81398-02-9"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Surjit. \"A Year in Hindi Movies 1939\". hindi-movies-songs.com. Retrieved 27 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hindi-movies-songs.com/joomla/index.php/hindi-films/articles/106-a-year-in-hindi-movies-36-40","url_text":"\"A Year in Hindi Movies 1939\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tujhe Bibbo Kahoon Ki Sulochana\". lyrics-hindi.com. LyricsHindi.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151123011647/http://lyrics-hindi.com/movies/garib-ka-lal-1939/tujhe-bibbo-kahoon-ke.html","url_text":"\"Tujhe Bibbo Kahoon Ki Sulochana\""},{"url":"http://lyrics-hindi.com/movies/garib-ka-lal-1939/tujhe-bibbo-kahoon-ke.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fairer sex makes a mark in cinema\". The Times of India. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Fairer-sex-makes-a-mark-in-cinema/articleshow/7653209.cms","url_text":"\"Fairer sex makes a mark in cinema\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Female Music Composer of Bollywood\". cineplot.com website. 12 September 2021. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190219131839/http://cineplot.com/first-female-music-composer-of-bollywood","url_text":"\"First Female Music Composer of Bollywood\""},{"url":"http://cineplot.com/first-female-music-composer-of-bollywood","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jha, Pitambar. \"1933 and our film industry\". idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de (in Hindi). Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen. Retrieved 27 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/diglit/KSS_Chtraat_1935/0073?sid=f38051d0a36203726b1d5654777299ef","url_text":"\"1933 and our film industry\""}]},{"reference":"Shahid, Zulqarnain (12 September 2021). \"Bibbo\". Cineplot. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180316020007/http://cineplot.com/bibbo","url_text":"\"Bibbo\""},{"url":"http://cineplot.com/bibbo","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Osian's (Firm) (2005). Osian's Cinemaya. Vol. 1. Osian's.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1vMqAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Osian's Cinemaya"}]},{"reference":"Garland Encyclopedia of World Music (2013). The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Routledge. p. 1002. ISBN 978-1-136-09594-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a90rBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1002","url_text":"The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-09594-8","url_text":"978-1-136-09594-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayajaal\". idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de (in Hindi). Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen. Retrieved 27 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/diglit/KSS_Chtraat_1935/0014?sid=f38051d0a36203726b1d5654777299ef","url_text":"\"Mayajaal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vasavdatta\". idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de (in Hindi). Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen. Retrieved 27 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/diglit/KSS_Chtraat_1935/0008?sid=f38051d0a36203726b1d5654777299ef","url_text":"\"Vasavdatta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sair-e-Paristan\". idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de (in Hindi). Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Jouve
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Pierre Jean Jouve
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["1 Works","1.1 Original works in French","1.2 Works translated into English","2 References","3 External links"]
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French writer, novelist and poet
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Pierre Jean JouvePortrait of Pierre Jean Jouve by Claire Bertrand.Born(1887-10-11)11 October 1887Died8 January 1976(1976-01-08) (aged 88)
Pierre Jean Jouve (French pronunciation: ; 11 October 1887 – 8 January 1976) was a French writer, novelist and poet. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. In 1966 he was awarded the Grand Prix de Poésie by the French Academy.
Born and raised in Arras, as a teenager Jouve read Rimbaud, Mallarmé, and Baudelaire and began to write poetry of his own. In 1906, he and his sister Madeleine, together with their close family friends the Charpentiers, founded the literary magazine Le Bandeau d'Or. At that time, Jouve drew close to the Abbaye de Créteil, a literary and utopian movement based outside Paris. In 1910 he married Andrée Charpentier, and the couple moved to Poitiers, where Andrée took a position as a teacher and Pierre sold player pianos. During World War One he served as an orderly in the hospital at Poitiers. A militant pacifist, in 1915 he and Andrée left France for Switzerland, where he became close to the novelist Romain Rolland and continued to serve as an orderly.
In the 1920s, Jouve fell in love with Blanche Reverchon, a psychiatrist and the first translator of Sigmund Freud's work into French; later, at Freud's urging, she established her own practice as a psychoanalyst in Paris.. She and Jouve were married in 1925. In 1928, after undergoing analysis himself, Jouve renounced all of his previously published work. His subsequent writing was heavily influenced by his reading of Freud and deeply engaged with themes of sexuality and guilt. In later life, he and Blanche were at the center of a circle of writers and artists that included Balthus, Philippe Roman, David Gascoyne, and Henry Bauchaud. Vociferously anti-fascist, Jouve was along with Louis Aragon one of the chief poets of the French resistance.
Works
Original works in French
Paulina 1880, 1925
Vagadu, 1931
Noces, 1931
Sueur de sang, 1935
Matière céleste, 1937
La Vierge de Paris, 1946
Tombeau de Baudelaire, 1958
Works translated into English
An Idiom of Night, selected and translated by Keith Bosley (Swallow Press 1968)
Hélène, trans. Lydia Davis (Marlboro Press 1995; 1936)
Paulina 1880, trans. Rosette Letellier and Robert Bullen (Marlboro Press 1995; 1925)
The Desert World, trans. Lydia Davis (Marlboro Press 1996; 1927)
Hecate: The Adventure of Catherine Crachat: I, trans. Lydia Davis (Marlboro Press 1997; 1928)
Despair Has Wings: Selected Poems, trans. David Gascoyne, ed. Roger Scott (Initharmon Press 2007)
References
^ Michael Sheringham, 'Jouve, Pierre-Jean', Oxford Companion to French Literature. Online at answers.com
^ "Nomination Database". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
^ "Pierre-Jean Jouve, French Author". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
^ "Biography of Pierre Jean Jouve (1887-1976)".
^ "Jouve - 1938-1948 - la Catastrophe européenne".
^ fr:Blanche Reverchon
^ "Jouve - 1938-1948 - la Catastrophe européenne".
^ "Pierre-Jean Jouve | French author | Britannica".
^ fr:Blanche Reverchon
^ Odile Bombarde, Emmanuel Boncenne et al., Philippe Roman (Paris: Gourcuff Gradenigo, 2010)
^ Begley, Louis (26 Nov 1995). "A Man Without Luck". New York Times.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pierre Jean Jouve.
Nancy Sloan Goldberg, translation of part of 'Les Enterrés' (The Buried), a poem published in Danse des morts, 1917
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
Israel
Belgium
United States
Sweden
Japan
Czech Republic
Greece
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
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Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
SNAC
IdRef
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In 1906, he and his sister Madeleine, together with their close family friends the Charpentiers, founded the literary magazine Le Bandeau d'Or.[4] At that time, Jouve drew close to the Abbaye de Créteil, a literary and utopian movement based outside Paris. In 1910 he married Andrée Charpentier, and the couple moved to Poitiers, where Andrée took a position as a teacher and Pierre sold player pianos. During World War One he served as an orderly in the hospital at Poitiers. A militant pacifist, in 1915 he and Andrée left France for Switzerland, where he became close to the novelist Romain Rolland and continued to serve as an orderly.[5]In the 1920s, Jouve fell in love with Blanche Reverchon, a psychiatrist and the first translator of Sigmund Freud's work into French; later, at Freud's urging, she established her own practice as a psychoanalyst in Paris.[6][circular reference].[7] She and Jouve were married in 1925. In 1928, after undergoing analysis himself, Jouve renounced all of his previously published work. His subsequent writing was heavily influenced by his reading of Freud and deeply engaged with themes of sexuality and guilt.[8] In later life, he and Blanche were at the center of a circle of writers and artists that included Balthus, Philippe Roman, David Gascoyne, and[9][circular reference] Henry Bauchaud.[10] Vociferously anti-fascist, Jouve was along with Louis Aragon one of the chief poets of the French resistance.[11]","title":"Pierre Jean Jouve"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Original works in French","text":"Paulina 1880, 1925\nVagadu, 1931\nNoces, 1931\nSueur de sang, 1935\nMatière céleste, 1937\nLa Vierge de Paris, 1946\nTombeau de Baudelaire, 1958","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keith Bosley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Bosley"},{"link_name":"Swallow Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow_Press"},{"link_name":"Lydia Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Davis"},{"link_name":"David Gascoyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gascoyne"}],"sub_title":"Works translated into English","text":"An Idiom of Night, selected and translated by Keith Bosley (Swallow Press 1968)\nHélène, trans. Lydia Davis (Marlboro Press 1995; 1936)\nPaulina 1880, trans. Rosette Letellier and Robert Bullen (Marlboro Press 1995; 1925)\nThe Desert World, trans. Lydia Davis (Marlboro Press 1996; 1927)\nHecate: The Adventure of Catherine Crachat: I, trans. Lydia Davis (Marlboro Press 1997; 1928)\nDespair Has Wings: Selected Poems, trans. David Gascoyne, ed. Roger Scott (Initharmon Press 2007)","title":"Works"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feride_Han%C4%B1msultan
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Feride Hanımsultan
|
["1 Biography","2 Honour","3 Issue","4 Ancestry","5 References"]
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Ottoman princess, daughter of Ahmed Fethi Pasha and Atiye Sultan
Feride HanımsultanBorn30 May 1847Constantinople, Ottoman Empire(present-day Istanbul, Turkey)DiedDecember 1920 (aged 73)Constantinople, Ottoman EmpireBurialYahya Efendi Cemetery, IstanbulSpouse
Mahmud Nedim Pasha
(m. 1868; died 1904)IssueMehmed Saib BeyNamesTurkish: Feride HanımsultanOttoman Turkish: فریدہ خانم سلطانFatherAhmed Fethi PashaMotherAtiye SultanReligionSunni Islam
Feride Hanımsultan (Ottoman Turkish: فریدہ خانم سلطان; "unique"; 30 May 1847 – December 1920) was an Ottoman princess, the daughter of Atiye Sultan and Ahmed Fethi Pasha and the granddaughter of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II.
Biography
Feride Hanımsultan was born on 30 May 1847. Her father was Ahmed Fethi Pasha, son of Rodoslu Hafız Ahmed Agha and Saliha Hanım, and her mother was Atiye Sultan, daughter of Sultan Mahmud II and Pervizifelek Kadın. She had a full sister, Seniye Hanımsultan, three years elder than her. She also had five paternal half-siblings, brothers Mehmed Besim Bey and Damat Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha, who married Cemile Sultan, daughter of Sultan Abdulmejid I, and sisters, Ferdane Hanım, Saliha Yeğane Hanım and Emine Güzide Hanım.
After their mother's death in 1850, Feride and Seniye came of the possession of their mother's palace in Emirgan, while Atiye's palace in Arnavutköy was allocated for the guests, who visited the empire. Later their palace in Emirgan was given to the governor of Egypt, and the two of them were allocated to the villa of Rıza Pasha. Later the two of them came of the possession of the palace in Arnavutköy.
In 1868, she married Mahmud Nedim Pasha. The two together had a son, Mehmed Saib Bey, born on 1861, who died on 26 November 1871. She was widowed at his death in 1904. In 1912, the "Hilal-i Ahmer Centre for Women" was organized within the "Ottoman Hilal-i Ahmer Association", a foundation established in 1877 to provide medical care in Istanbul and surrounding communities. As a member of the foundation, Feride was obliged to give the foundation 1500 kuruş every year.
Feride died in December 1920, and was buried in Yahya Efendi Cemetery, Istanbul.
Honour
Order of the House of Osman
Issue
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
Mehmed Saib Bey
1869
26 November 1871
Died young, and buried in Eyüp
Ancestry
Ancestors of Feride Hanımsultan 8. Hasan Agha 4. Rodoslu Hafız Ahmed Agha 2. Ahmed Fethi Pasha 7. Saliha Hanım 1. Feride Hanımsultan 12. Abdul Hamid I 6. Mahmud II 13. Nakşidil Sultan 3. Atiye Sultan 7. Pervizifelek Kadın
References
^ Reşad, Ekrem; Osman, Ferid (1912). Musavver nevsâl-i Osmanî. p. 79.
^ Çelikkol, Zeki (1992). Rodos'taki Türk eserleri ve tarihçe. 6. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. p. 87. ISBN 978-975-16-0514-6.
^ a b Gerçek, Ferruh (1999). Türk müzeciliği. T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı yayınları. T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı. p. 314. ISBN 978-975-17-2268-3.
^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 557. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.
^ Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara: Ötüken. p. 195. ISBN 978-9-754-37840-5.
^ Çağlar, Burhan (September 11, 2011). İngiliz Said Paşa ve Günlüğü (Jurnal). Arı Sanat Yayinevi. p. 93. ISBN 978-9-944-74225-2.
^ a b c d Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (2001). Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar. Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar. Üsküdar Belediyesi. p. 197. ISBN 978-975-97606-0-1.
^ a b c Şehsuvaroğlu, Halûk Y. (1948-10-30). "Arnavutköy sahilsarayı (Boğaziçi lisesi)" (PDF). Akşam (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-03-17.
^ Bey, M.S.; Akbayar, N.; Kahraman, S.A. (1996). Sicill-i Osmanı̂. Eski yazıdan yeni yazıya. Kültür Bakanlığı ile Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı'nın ortak yayınıdır. p. 1651. ISBN 978-975-333-044-2.
^ Yerdoğan, Ali Emre (2019). Cerîde-i Askeriyye Gazetesi'nin Tasnîfi (1864-1870) (Thesis) (in Turkish). Aydın Adnan Menderes University Institute of Social Sciences. p. 29.
^ Bey, Mehmet Süreyya (1969). Osmanlı devletinde kim kimdi. Küğ yayını. Küğ Yayını. pp. 143, 261.
^ Adra, Jamil (2005). Genealogy of the Imperial Ottoman Family 2005. p. 9.
^ Hacker, Barton; Vining, Margaret (17 August 2012). A Companion to Women's Military History. BRILL. p. 199. ISBN 978-9-004-21217-6.
^ Ahmet Zeki İzgöer; Ramazan Tuğ (2013). Padişahın himayesinde Osmanlı Kızılay Cemiyeti 1911-1913 yıllığı. Türkiye Kızılayı Derneği. p. 50. ISBN 978-605-5599-14-0.
^ Bardakçı, Murat (1991). Son Osmanlılar: Osmanlı hanedanının sürgün ve miras öyküsü. Gri Yayın. p. 158.
^ Osmanoğlu, A. (1984). Babam Sultan Abdülhamid: hatıralarım. Selçuk Yayınları. p. 105.
^ Örenç, A.F. (2006). Yakındönem tarihimizde Rodos ve Oniki Ada. Doğu Kütüphanesi. p. 270. ISBN 978-9944-397-09-4.
^ a b Rıza, Ali; Çoruk, Ali Şükrü (2001). Eski zamanlarda İstanbul hayatı. Eski zamanlarda İstanbul hayatı. Kitabevi. p. 301. ISBN 978-975-7321-33-0.
^ a b Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010). The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem. University of Texas Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-292-78335-5.
vteOttoman princesses1st generation
Fatma Hatun
2nd generation
3rd generation
Nefise Hatun
4th generation
5th generation
Selçuk Hatun
6th generation
Hund Şehzade
Fatma Sultan
7th generation
Gevherhan Sultan
8th generation
Aynışah Sultan
Ayşe Sultan
Kamerşah Sultan
Hatice Sultan
Gevhermüluk Sultan
Hundi Sultan
Şah Sultan
Sofu Fatma Sultan
Hümaşah Sultan
Ilaldi Sultan
Selçuk Sultan
9th generation
Hatice Sultan
Fatma Sultan
Beyhan Sultan
Hafize Sultan
Şah Sultan
10th generation
Mihrimah Sultan
Raziye Sultan
11th generation
Hümaşah Sultan
Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan
Şah Sultan
Gevherhan Sultan
Ismihan Sultan
Fatma Sultan
12th generation
Ayşe Sultan
Fatma Sultan
Mihrimah Sultan
Fahri Sultan
13th generation
Şah Sultan
14th generation
Gevherhan Sultan
Ayşe Sultan
Fatma Sultan
Hanzade Sultan
Atike Sultan
15th generation
Kaya Sultan
Rukiye Sultan
Safiye Sultan
Fatma Sultan
Gevherhan Sultan
Beyhan Sultan
16th generation
Hatice Sultan
Ümmügülsüm Sultan
Fatma Sultan
17th generation
Ayşe Sultan
Emine Sultan
Safiye Sultan
Emetullah Sultan
Fatma Sultan
Ümmügülsüm Sultan
Hatice Sultan
Atike Sultan
Ayşe Sultan
Saliha Sultan
Zeynep Sultan
Esma Sultan
Zübeyde Sultan
18th generation
Şah Sultan
Beyhan Sultan
Hatice Sultan
Dürrüşehvar Hanım
Esma Sultan
Hibetullah Sultan
19th generation
Saliha Sultan
Mihrimah Sultan
Atiye Sultan
Adile Sultan
20th generation
Fatma Sultan
Refia Sultan
Cemile Sultan
Seniye Hanımsultan
Münire Sultan
Hayriye Hanımsultan
Feride Hanımsultan
Behice Sultan
Seniha Sultan
Mediha Sultan
Naile Sultan
Saliha Sultan
Nazime Sultan
Esma Sultan
Emine Sultan
21st generation
Hatice Sultan
Zekiye Sultan
Fehime Sultan
Naime Sultan
Fatma Sultan
Aliye Sultan
Münire Sultan
Naile Sultan
Şadiye Sultan
Ayşe Sultan
Refia Sultan
Ulviye Sultan
Sabiha Sultan
Naciye Sultan
Gevheri Sultan
Şükriye Sultan
Dürrüşehvar Sultan
Mihrişah Sultan
22nd generation
Behiye Sultan
Adile Sultan
Nemika Sultan
Arife Kadriye Sultan
Adile Hanımsultan
Dürriye Sultan
Rukiye Sultan
Lütfiye Sultan
Mukbile Sultan
Selma Hanımsultan
Mahpeyker Hanımsultan
Hümeyra Hanımsultan
Türkan Hanımsultan
Rana Hanımsultan
Neslişah Sultan
Mihrimah Sultan
Hanzade Sultan
Neslişah Sultan
Necla Sultan
Fevziye Sultan
23rd generation
Nilufer Hanımsultan
Nermin Sultan
25th generation
Nilhan Osmanoglu
|
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She also had five paternal half-siblings, brothers Mehmed Besim Bey and Damat Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha, who married Cemile Sultan, daughter of Sultan Abdulmejid I, and sisters, Ferdane Hanım, Saliha Yeğane Hanım and Emine Güzide Hanım.[6][7]After their mother's death in 1850, Feride and Seniye came of the possession of their mother's palace in Emirgan, while Atiye's palace in Arnavutköy was allocated for the guests, who visited the empire. Later their palace in Emirgan was given to the governor of Egypt, and the two of them were allocated to the villa of Rıza Pasha. Later the two of them came of the possession of the palace in Arnavutköy.[8]In 1868, she married Mahmud Nedim Pasha.[8][9][10] The two together had a son, Mehmed Saib Bey, born on 1861, who died on 26 November 1871.[11] She was widowed at his death in 1904.[12] In 1912, the \"Hilal-i Ahmer Centre for Women\" was organized within the \"Ottoman Hilal-i Ahmer Association\", a foundation established in 1877 to provide medical care in Istanbul and surrounding communities.[13] As a member of the foundation, Feride was obliged to give the foundation 1500 kuruş every year.[14]Feride died in December 1920, and was buried in Yahya Efendi Cemetery, Istanbul.[8][15]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the House of Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_House_of_Osman"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osmano%C4%9Flu-16"}],"text":"Order of the House of Osman[16]","title":"Honour"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haskan-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%96ren%C3%A7-17"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Fethi Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Fethi_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haskan-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ger%C3%A7ek-3"},{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brookes-19"},{"link_name":"Mahmud II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R%C4%B1za-18"},{"link_name":"Nakşidil Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nak%C5%9Fidil_Sultan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brookes-19"},{"link_name":"Atiye Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiye_Sultan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haskan-7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R%C4%B1za-18"}],"text":"Ancestors of Feride Hanımsultan 8. Hasan Agha[7] 4. Rodoslu Hafız Ahmed Agha[17] 2. Ahmed Fethi Pasha[7] 7. Saliha Hanım[3] 1. Feride Hanımsultan 12. Abdul Hamid I[19] 6. Mahmud II[18] 13. Nakşidil Sultan[19] 3. Atiye Sultan[7] 7. Pervizifelek Kadın[18]","title":"Ancestry"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Reşad, Ekrem; Osman, Ferid (1912). Musavver nevsâl-i Osmanî. p. 79.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Çelikkol, Zeki (1992). Rodos'taki Türk eserleri ve tarihçe. 6. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. p. 87. ISBN 978-975-16-0514-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-16-0514-6","url_text":"978-975-16-0514-6"}]},{"reference":"Gerçek, Ferruh (1999). Türk müzeciliği. T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı yayınları. T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı. p. 314. ISBN 978-975-17-2268-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-17-2268-3","url_text":"978-975-17-2268-3"}]},{"reference":"Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 557. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-753-29623-6","url_text":"978-9-753-29623-6"}]},{"reference":"Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara: Ötüken. p. 195. ISBN 978-9-754-37840-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-754-37840-5","url_text":"978-9-754-37840-5"}]},{"reference":"Çağlar, Burhan (September 11, 2011). İngiliz Said Paşa ve Günlüğü (Jurnal). Arı Sanat Yayinevi. p. 93. ISBN 978-9-944-74225-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-944-74225-2","url_text":"978-9-944-74225-2"}]},{"reference":"Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (2001). Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar. Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar. Üsküdar Belediyesi. p. 197. ISBN 978-975-97606-0-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-97606-0-1","url_text":"978-975-97606-0-1"}]},{"reference":"Şehsuvaroğlu, Halûk Y. (1948-10-30). \"Arnavutköy sahilsarayı (Boğaziçi lisesi)\" (PDF). Akşam (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/38303072.pdf","url_text":"\"Arnavutköy sahilsarayı (Boğaziçi lisesi)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C5%9Fam","url_text":"Akşam"}]},{"reference":"Bey, M.S.; Akbayar, N.; Kahraman, S.A. (1996). Sicill-i Osmanı̂. Eski yazıdan yeni yazıya. Kültür Bakanlığı ile Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı'nın ortak yayınıdır. p. 1651. ISBN 978-975-333-044-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-333-044-2","url_text":"978-975-333-044-2"}]},{"reference":"Yerdoğan, Ali Emre (2019). Cerîde-i Askeriyye Gazetesi'nin Tasnîfi (1864-1870) (Thesis) (in Turkish). Aydın Adnan Menderes University Institute of Social Sciences. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"http://adudspace.adu.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/11607/3807","url_text":"Cerîde-i Askeriyye Gazetesi'nin Tasnîfi (1864-1870)"}]},{"reference":"Bey, Mehmet Süreyya (1969). Osmanlı devletinde kim kimdi. Küğ yayını. Küğ Yayını. pp. 143, 261.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Adra, Jamil (2005). Genealogy of the Imperial Ottoman Family 2005. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hacker, Barton; Vining, Margaret (17 August 2012). A Companion to Women's Military History. BRILL. p. 199. ISBN 978-9-004-21217-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-21217-6","url_text":"978-9-004-21217-6"}]},{"reference":"Ahmet Zeki İzgöer; Ramazan Tuğ (2013). Padişahın himayesinde Osmanlı Kızılay Cemiyeti 1911-1913 yıllığı. Türkiye Kızılayı Derneği. p. 50. ISBN 978-605-5599-14-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-5599-14-0","url_text":"978-605-5599-14-0"}]},{"reference":"Bardakçı, Murat (1991). Son Osmanlılar: Osmanlı hanedanının sürgün ve miras öyküsü. Gri Yayın. p. 158.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Osmanoğlu, A. (1984). Babam Sultan Abdülhamid: hatıralarım. Selçuk Yayınları. p. 105.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Örenç, A.F. (2006). Yakındönem tarihimizde Rodos ve Oniki Ada. Doğu Kütüphanesi. p. 270. ISBN 978-9944-397-09-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9944-397-09-4","url_text":"978-9944-397-09-4"}]},{"reference":"Rıza, Ali; Çoruk, Ali Şükrü (2001). Eski zamanlarda İstanbul hayatı. Eski zamanlarda İstanbul hayatı. Kitabevi. p. 301. ISBN 978-975-7321-33-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-7321-33-0","url_text":"978-975-7321-33-0"}]},{"reference":"Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010). The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem. University of Texas Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-292-78335-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-78335-5","url_text":"978-0-292-78335-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Poland_relations
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Japan–Poland relations
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["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 19th and early 20th century","1.3 Interbellum","1.4 World War II","1.5 Modern relations","2 Culture","3 Embassies and consulates","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Bilateral relationsJapanese–Polish relations
Japan
Poland
Japan–Poland relations refers to the bilateral foreign relations between Japan and Poland. Both nations enjoy historically friendly relations, embracing close cooperation and mutual assistance in times of need. Both are members of the OECD, World Trade Organization and United Nations.
Prime Minister of Japan Fumio Kishida and Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki in Brussels in 2022
History
Early history
The first non-clergymen Poles to arrive in Japan were the famous adventurer Maurycy Beniowski and his close companion Antoni Straszewski, who arrived in 1771 after a daring escape from Russian exile in Kamchatka. It was also the first Polish ship to arrive in Japan, as they sailed under the Polish flag aboard a seized Russian galiot. Beniowski's expedition was warmly received by the Japanese, an exchange of gifts took place, and sailing southward, Beniowski stopped at several Japanese islands.
19th and early 20th century
Japanese novelist Tokai Sanshi wrote about the Partitions of Poland and the Polish independence movement. The Japanese poem Porando kaiko by Ochiai Naobumi about Fukushima Yasumasa travelling in 1890s mentions the Polish struggle for freedom. Fukushima established contacts with members of the Polish resistance movement and exiles to Siberia in order to obtain detailed information about the common enemy of the Poles and the Japanese—Russia.
Polish travelers Karol Lanckoroński and Paweł Sapieha, as well as ethnographers Bronisław Piłsudski and Wacław Sieroszewski, among others, wrote about Japan. Translations of Japanese literature, works on Japanese history and culture were published in partitioned Poland. Japanese culture and art were popularized among Poles by Feliks Jasieński, an enthusiast and collector of Japanese art.
In 1904, well-known Japanese writer Nitobe Inazō dedicated his book Bushido: The Soul of Japan to the Polish nation, indicating that it was a "samurai" nation. Despite the geographical and cultural distance between the cultures, this book was written at a time when the Japanese admired Poles for their heroism and honor. The book has been translated into other languages and published in other countries. Very soon, as early as 1904, a Polish version was published in Lwów, and Nitobe wrote a special preface addressed to Polish readers. He emphasized the similarities between Poles and Japanese - he wrote that both nations love honor and attachment to ideals above all else, and a reader from the Vistula River would easily understand what bushido is. The Polish edition was "corrected" in several places by censorship of its occupant, but the book still enjoyed great popularity among the Poles.
The most important moment in the context of Poland's contacts with Japan were the talks between Józef Piłsudski and Tytus Filipowicz and representatives of Japan, which took place during their visit to that country in July 1904. The visit was financed by Japan. Piłsudski and Filipowicz presented the Japanese side with the draft agreement.
It assumed that Japan would pay Poland £10,000 upon conclusion of the contract and another £10,000 in 1905. Apart from that, at the time of submitting the proposal, Piłsudski and Filipowicz expected support in the form of 3,000 weapons. At the same time, they reserved for Japanese the possibility of obtaining up to 60,000 units. In return, they offered intelligence and sabotage activity on the part of Poles, as well as obstructing the mobilization of the Russian army by all possible means.
The information that may be possible shows that the economic and military cooperation between Japan and Poland was successfully implemented. Through the military attachés in Paris and London, Japan gave Poland 33,000 sterling and other funds (this is an approximation, 20 Japanese embassies). The money received was used to purchase weapons: 23,000 firearms and 4,300,000 ammunition. During the subsequent Polish cooperation with Japan, it was also enriched with 8,500 rifles and 18,100 rounds of ammunition for them, as well as with explosives. Japan also made it easier for Poles to pick up their weapons in Hamburg.
It is difficult to assess the full scale of intelligence activities conducted by Poland due to its secret nature. It is known that there were 16 Polish spies operating in Russia, cooperating with Japan. They operated in places where Russian military troops were stationed. These were Tomsk, Irkutsk, Perm and Samara; there were also headquarters in Riga and Liepaja, the purpose of which was to observe the Baltic Fleet. The Poles were to collect information about the directions of movement of Russian troops, especially those sent to the east.
Until World War I, Japanese Taiwan imported many Polish goods, i.e. metal products, leather products, haberdashery and soap from Warsaw, cotton products from Łódź, etc.
During World War I, the Japanese government declared war on Germany and at the same time the Japanese elite financially supported the creation of a sovereign Polish government in exchange for professionally teaching Japanese spies to break Russian codes. General Akashi Motojiro traveled extensively around Europe. He and other Japanese financially supported Poles striving to break away from Russia. During the war, Poles from the Russian Partition of Poland conscripted to the Russian Army and Japanese were among Allied prisoners of war held by the Germans in a POW camp in Stargard in modern northwestern Poland. An important rapprochement between Japanese and Polish officers was the honorary treatment of Poles who had repeatedly hosted Japanese officers visiting or stationed at their diplomatic missions in Warsaw.
Interbellum
Prime Minister of Japan Tanaka Giichi, Polish lieutenant colonel Wacław Jędrzejewicz and Japanese admiral Okada Keisuke in Poland in 1928
Japan and Poland established diplomatic relations on March 22, 1919, months after Poland regained its independence in November 1918. In the 1920s, a trade treaty was signed and military cooperation was established. Japanese-Polish friendship societies were formed in both countries, and literature was translated and publications were issued on topics related to the cultures of both countries. As a token of Poland's friendship with Japan, over 50 Japanese officers were awarded the Virtuti Militari, Poland's highest military decoration, for their achievements during the Russo-Japanese War.
During Bolshevik rule in Russia, the Japanese government undertook a rescue operation to help Polish children deported to Siberia. Japanese ships transported Polish children to Tokyo, where the Japanese Red Cross gave them protection and then helped them return to Poland. The Japanese government moved swiftly in response to the call for help, asking the Japanese Red Cross Society to undertake coordination of the project. Japanese Army soldiers had been deployed in Siberia after the Russian Revolution and were there to help. In the end, a total of 765 Polish orphans scattered throughout many Siberian regions were rescued during the period from 1920 to 1922. The orphans were transported by military ships from Vladivostok to the port of the city of Tsuruga in Japan's Fukui Prefecture. They were then cared for in childcare institutions in Tokyo and Osaka. There is a storied incident that happened when the children were about to return home. Having been looked after with great affection at the childcare institutions where they were placed, the Polish orphans refused to leave Japan. Finally parting reluctantly, the orphans sang “Kimigayo” - Japan's national anthem - when they boarded the ship bound for Poland, thus expressing their feelings of gratitude.
Based on the rescue of Polish children from Siberia through Japan, the movie Warushawa-no Aki (English: Autumn in Warsaw) was made, directed by Hiroki Hayashi. The guardian of Polish children was played by the Japanese actress Yūko Takeuchi, known for her role in the Japanese film Ring.
The most sizeable Polish community of early 20th-century Japan (including the interbellum) lived in the Karafuto Prefecture, which further grew since 1925, as many Poles fled Soviet Russian persecution in northern Sakhalin. Following the Siberian intervention, Japan supported and subsidized Polish institutions in northern Sakhalin in the early 1920s. Poles in Karafuto engaged in unrestricted social, cultural and economic activities, and a Polish library was established in Toyohara. In 1924, Karafuto was visited by Polish ambassador to Japan Stanisław Patek, and many local Poles were granted Polish citizenship and passports. In 1930, two Catholic churches were built in Toyohara and Odomari, co-funded by Poles from Poland and Karafuto. Only a handful of Poles lived in other parts of Japan. Also, very few Japanese lived in Poland in the interbellum, including ten in Warsaw and three in Lwów, according to the 1921 Polish census.
Polish and Japanese military officers in Warsaw in 1929
Both countries formed a silent alliance against the Soviet Union and agreed upon sharing intelligence they obtained. In the interwar period, Japanese cryptologists visited Poland, where Polish specialists wrote the methods of Russian phrases. Onodera claimed that until 1939 the center of the Japanese intelligence aimed at Russia was located in Warsaw. The Japanese relied heavily on the new Polish secret service for training in decryption and continued their close military co-operation even after the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II. Japan rejected war with Poland for this reason. The Japanese relied on the vast Polish network of spies and allowed the Poles to openly place their agents inside embassies of its protectorate of Manchukuo. Their military cooperation was so close that the Japanese ambassador was one of the people involved in the smuggling of a Polish flag made for the London-based Polish Air Squadron. Before the war, Japan wanted Poland to join the Axis countries. At the time of the signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and subsequent attack on Poland, Japan declared that from now on it would never trust Adolf Hitler anymore and would only use him for its own purposes, so as not to help Nazi Germany in the war with the Soviets at the end of the war. The Nazis knew about the close cooperation between Poland and Japan and Hitler ultimately not receiving support from Japan when Nazis fought against USSR. During a private briefing on 5 March 1943, Hitler remarked:
They lie right to your face and in the end all their depictions are calculated on something which turns out to be a deceit afterwards! — Adolf Hitler about the Japanese (5 March 1943)
Meeting of Józef Piłsudski and Prince Takamatsu in Warsaw in 1930
A statue of Polish anthropologist Bronisław Piłsudski stands in Japan, who was a researcher of the local culture in Japan and married an Ainu woman who was a citizen of Imperial Japan. He was also the brother of the Polish marshal Józef Piłsudski, who established close cooperation with the Imperial Japanese government in order to jointly attack the Soviet Union. The plan failed due to the marshal's death. Jozef Pilsudski died in 1935, the 10th year of the Showa Era. Paying respect to this good friend of Japan, soil from the grounds of the Yasukuni Shrine was scattered around his tomb in Kraków, one of the most culturally and politically significant cities of Poland. This is another tribute to the strength of ties between Japan and Poland. These little-known historical facts about the friendly ties between Japan and Poland have at last been acknowledged publicly, thanks to many laborious years of research by Professor Palasz-Rutkowska in her book, "History of Polish-Japanese Relations 1904-1945."
An additional curiosity may be the fact that from August 27 to September 25, 1926, on the Bréguet 19 A2 plane, Polish pilot Bolesław Orliński together with mechanic Leonard Kubiak made a multi-stage flight from Warsaw to Tokyo, on a route of 10,300 km and back, despite the damage to the propeller and the lower wing on the way (the last 6,680 km of the route was covered by the plane with the left lower wing partially cut off), and a very worn (due to oil loss) engine. In Japan, Polish airmen were enthusiastically received. For his flight, Orliński was awarded the Imperial Japanese Order of the Rising Sun 6th class and the Gold Medal of the Imperial Aviation Society, and after his return he was promoted to captain.
In 1930, Polish monks Maksymilian Kolbe and Zeno Żebrowski began their mission in Japan, and the latter remained in Japan until his death in 1982, bringing aid to orphans, the elderly, the poor and the disabled.
World War II
Tadeusz Romer, ambassador of Poland to Japan in 1937–1941
During World War II, despite being allied with Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan along with Italy did not diplomatically support the Nazi invasion of Poland, and the Japanese actively supported the Polish government-in-exile. This decision was dictated by the Japanese distrust of their Nazi allies, who had made a secret pact with the Soviet Union. Thus, the Japanese government decided to continue to rely on Polish spies even after a formal declaration of war by Poland in 1941. The declaration of war from Poland was rejected by Japanese prime minister Hideki Tojo under the pretext that the Polish government in exile was forced to issue it in compliance with its alliance to both the United Kingdom and the United States, making the declaration legally void. This ensured co-operation between the two intelligence services in gathering information on both the Soviet Union and Third Reich. The Japanese agents in Europe during World War II continued to support the Polish struggle for freedom against Soviet Union and Third Reich forces as far as the Japanese interests went. At the turn of 1939 and 1940, the Japanese helped secretly evacuate a portion of the Polish gold reserve, the part held in Lithuanian-annexed Wilno to neutral Sweden. Chiune Sugihara, Japanese vice-consul in Kaunas, played a key role in the operation and also closely co-operated with Polish intelligence. The Japanese agents also sheltered Polish-Jewish refugees fleeing occupation from both German and Soviet forces, though at first it was done without proper authorization from the Imperial government in Tokyo. Therefore, Chiune Sugihara had to prove to the authorities that the refugees would be traveling through Japan only as a transit country to the United States and not be staying permanently, which eventually led to him gaining full legal approval and assistance from the Government of Japan. Tadeusz Romer, ambassador of Poland in Japan, helped the Polish-Jewish refugees after they arrived to Japan. Throughout the secret alliance, Polish agents never disclosed information about their Western allies and shared information only pertaining to the Third Reich and the Soviet Union.
Modern relations
Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology in Warsaw, Poland
Japan established a relationship with the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) that represented the Communist Polish People's Republic in 1957, while at the same time continuing to be allied with the London-based Polish national government in exile, and later supported the merging of these two in 1989 to form the modern Polish state. A double tax avoidance agreement was signed between the two countries in Tokyo in 1980. Since 1990, the number of official visits by top government officials to both countries has increased. Both countries share mutual interests and alliances that forged them closer to each other. In 1994, the Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology in Warsaw was established. In 2011, the Polish Institute in Tokyo was founded.
In 1995, there came a time when Poland had the chance to give back to Japan for the rescue of Polish orphans from Siberia in the early 1920s. Poland was kind enough to invite Japanese children stricken with great loss from the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake. The children, many from Kobe and nearby areas of western Japan, went to Poland and stayed from 1995 to 1996, while the chaos and loss caused by the earthquake was sorted out. Poland repeated this kindness after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. On November 20, 2018, a school in the suburbs of Warsaw was named after the Japanese Army operations that rescued Polish orphans: “Siberia Orphans Commemoration Elementary School.”
The two states celebrated 90 years of relationship in 2009 and the 100th anniversary in 2019. Trade, business, and tourism between both countries continues to thrive. LOT Polish Airlines provides daily non-stop flights between Tokyo and Warsaw. Both countries are full members of the OECD, but modern relations are limited to mostly trade and cultural activities, both countries see each other as vital partners in global commerce. In 2017, Japan became the second largest foreign investor in Poland in terms of total investment value, only behind the United States.
For short stays, Japanese nationals do not require visas to enter Poland, and Polish nationals do not require visas to enter Japan.
Culture
In Poland, there is a museum devoted to Japanese art and technology – the Manggha in Kraków. Several other museums also possess collections of Japanese art and artifacts, including the National Museum in Warsaw, District Museum in Toruń and National Museum in Szczecin.
In Tokyo, there is a Polish Institute.
Embassies and consulates
Poland has an embassy in Tokyo, and honorary consulates in Kobe and Hiroshima.
Japan has an embassy in Warsaw, and an honorary consulate in Kraków.
Embassy of Japan in Warsaw
Embassy of Poland in Tokyo
See also
Poles in Japan
Foreign relations of Japan
Foreign relations of Poland
References
^ a b c Grochowski, Kazimierz (1928). Polacy na Dalekim Wschodzie (in Polish). Harbin. pp. 146–147.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b c d e f g h i j Ewa Pałasz-Rutkowska. "Historia stosunków polsko-japońskich". Instytut Polski w Tokio (in Polish). Retrieved 3 September 2022.
^ "Порандо кайко | Японская военная музыка".
^ "波蘭懐古".
^ "Wspomnienie Polski (Pōrando-kaiko)" . Wykop.pl.
^ Grochowski, p. 150
^ Aniszewska, Jolanta (2019). Nekropolia dwóch wojen światowych (in Polish). Szczecin: IPN. p. 8.
^ a b "Poland-Japan 100 anniversary in 2019". News & Events. ASEF culture360. April 1, 2019.
^ a b Grochowski, p. 142
^ a b Fiedorczuk, Siergiej (1997). "Polacy na Południowym Sachalinie". Studia Polonijne (in Polish). 18. Lublin: 88. ISSN 0137-5210.
^ Winiarz, Adam (1994). "Książka polska w koloniach polskich na Dalekim Wschodzie (1897–1949)". Czasopismo Zakładu Narodowego im. Ossolińskich (in Polish). Vol. 5. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. p. 66.
^ Winiarz, p. 67
^ Fiedorczuk, pp. 95–96
^ Grochowski, p. 149
^ Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (in Polish). Vol. I. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1925. pp. 4–5.
^ Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (in Polish). Vol. XIII. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1924. p. 24.
^ Bernd Martin "Deutschland und Japan im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1940–1945, Vom Angriff auf Pearl Harbor bis zu deutschen Kapitulation". Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft mdH & Co. KG, Hamburg, 2001, p. 176
^ a b Kopeć, Krzysztof (2014). "Uratować złoto". Pamięć.pl (in Polish). Vol. 9, no. 30. IPN. p. 33. ISSN 2084-7319.
^ "Wystawa "Wizy życia – kolejny dyplomata: Ambasador Tadeusz Romer"". Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 May 2021.
^ "Między Warszawą a Tokio" Andrzej Pepłoński and Hiroaki Kuromiya
^ Umowa między Polską Rzecząpospolitą Ludową a Japonią o unikaniu podwójnego opodatkowania w zakresie podatków od dochodu, podpisana w Tokio dnia 20 lutego 1980 r., Dz. U. z 1983 r. Nr 12, poz. 60
^ "O nas". Instytut Polski w Tokio (in Polish). Retrieved 3 September 2022.
^ "90th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Poland and Japan". 2009. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
^ "PAIH: pod względem wartości inwestycji w Polsce Japończycy są na drugim miejscu". Polska Agencja Prasowa (in Polish). Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^ "Lists of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders and of those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement" (PDF). Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ "Exemption of Visa (Short-Term Stay)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ "Kolekcja Sztuki Japońskiej". Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie (in Polish). Retrieved 11 March 2023.
^ Małgorzata Klimczak. "Japońskie figurki z kości słoniowej wzbogacą Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie. Kolekcja jest warta około 60 tys. euro". Głos Szczeciński (in Polish). Retrieved 11 March 2023.
^ "Konsulaty honorowe". Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 May 2021.
^ "EUROPE". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
External links
Embassy of Poland in Tokyo
Embassy of Japan in Warsaw (in Polish and Japanese)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateralism"},{"link_name":"foreign relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fumio_Kishida_attended_the_March_2022_G7_summit_at_NATO_HQ_(16).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fumio Kishida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumio_Kishida"},{"link_name":"Mateusz Morawiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki"}],"text":"Bilateral relationsJapan–Poland relations refers to the bilateral foreign relations between Japan and Poland. Both nations enjoy historically friendly relations, embracing close cooperation and mutual assistance in times of need. Both are members of the OECD, World Trade Organization and United Nations.Prime Minister of Japan Fumio Kishida and Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki in Brussels in 2022","title":"Japan–Poland relations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurycy Beniowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurycy_Beniowski"},{"link_name":"Kamchatka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kg146-1"},{"link_name":"galiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kg146-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kg146-1"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"The first non-clergymen Poles to arrive in Japan were the famous adventurer Maurycy Beniowski and his close companion Antoni Straszewski, who arrived in 1771 after a daring escape from Russian exile in Kamchatka.[1] It was also the first Polish ship to arrive in Japan, as they sailed under the Polish flag aboard a seized Russian galiot.[1] Beniowski's expedition was warmly received by the Japanese, an exchange of gifts took place, and sailing southward, Beniowski stopped at several Japanese islands.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokai Sanshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokai_Sanshi"},{"link_name":"Partitions of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epr-2"},{"link_name":"Ochiai Naobumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochiai_Naobumi"},{"link_name":"Fukushima Yasumasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Yasumasa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poem-5"},{"link_name":"exiles to Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybirak"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epr-2"},{"link_name":"Karol Lanckoroński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Lanckoro%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Bronisław Piłsudski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Pi%C5%82sudski"},{"link_name":"Wacław Sieroszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Sieroszewski"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epr-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epr-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epr-2"},{"link_name":"Nitobe Inazō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitobe_Inaz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Bushido: The Soul of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushido:_The_Soul_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"bushido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushido"},{"link_name":"occupant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Józef Piłsudski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski"},{"link_name":"Tytus Filipowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tytus_Filipowicz"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Tomsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomsk"},{"link_name":"Irkutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk"},{"link_name":"Perm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Samara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Liepaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liepaja"},{"link_name":"Baltic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Fleet"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Japanese Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Akashi Motojiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Motojiro"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Russian Partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Partition"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"POW camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Stargard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"}],"sub_title":"19th and early 20th century","text":"Japanese novelist Tokai Sanshi wrote about the Partitions of Poland and the Polish independence movement.[2] The Japanese poem Porando kaiko by Ochiai Naobumi about Fukushima Yasumasa travelling in 1890s mentions the Polish struggle for freedom.[3][4][5] Fukushima established contacts with members of the Polish resistance movement and exiles to Siberia in order to obtain detailed information about the common enemy of the Poles and the Japanese—Russia.[2]Polish travelers Karol Lanckoroński and Paweł Sapieha, as well as ethnographers Bronisław Piłsudski and Wacław Sieroszewski, among others, wrote about Japan.[2] Translations of Japanese literature, works on Japanese history and culture were published in partitioned Poland.[2] Japanese culture and art were popularized among Poles by Feliks Jasieński, an enthusiast and collector of Japanese art.[2]In 1904, well-known Japanese writer Nitobe Inazō dedicated his book Bushido: The Soul of Japan to the Polish nation, indicating that it was a \"samurai\" nation. Despite the geographical and cultural distance between the cultures, this book was written at a time when the Japanese admired Poles for their heroism and honor. The book has been translated into other languages and published in other countries. Very soon, as early as 1904, a Polish version was published in Lwów, and Nitobe wrote a special preface addressed to Polish readers. He emphasized the similarities between Poles and Japanese - he wrote that both nations love honor and attachment to ideals above all else, and a reader from the Vistula River would easily understand what bushido is. The Polish edition was \"corrected\" in several places by censorship of its occupant, but the book still enjoyed great popularity among the Poles. [citation needed]The most important moment in the context of Poland's contacts with Japan were the talks between Józef Piłsudski and Tytus Filipowicz and representatives of Japan, which took place during their visit to that country in July 1904. The visit was financed by Japan. Piłsudski and Filipowicz presented the Japanese side with the draft agreement.It assumed that Japan would pay Poland £10,000 upon conclusion of the contract and another £10,000 in 1905. Apart from that, at the time of submitting the proposal, Piłsudski and Filipowicz expected support in the form of 3,000 weapons. At the same time, they reserved for Japanese the possibility of obtaining up to 60,000 units. In return, they offered intelligence and sabotage activity on the part of Poles, as well as obstructing the mobilization of the Russian army by all possible means.\nThe information that may be possible shows that the economic and military cooperation between Japan and Poland was successfully implemented. Through the military attachés in Paris and London, Japan gave Poland 33,000 sterling and other funds (this is an approximation, 20 Japanese embassies). The money received was used to purchase weapons: 23,000 firearms and 4,300,000 ammunition. During the subsequent Polish cooperation with Japan, it was also enriched with 8,500 rifles and 18,100 rounds of ammunition for them, as well as with explosives. Japan also made it easier for Poles to pick up their weapons in Hamburg.It is difficult to assess the full scale of intelligence activities conducted by Poland due to its secret nature. It is known that there were 16 Polish spies operating in Russia, cooperating with Japan. They operated in places where Russian military troops were stationed. These were Tomsk, Irkutsk, Perm and Samara; there were also headquarters in Riga and Liepaja, the purpose of which was to observe the Baltic Fleet. The Poles were to collect information about the directions of movement of Russian troops, especially those sent to the east.Until World War I, Japanese Taiwan imported many Polish goods, i.e. metal products, leather products, haberdashery and soap from Warsaw, cotton products from Łódź, etc.[6]During World War I, the Japanese government declared war on Germany and at the same time the Japanese elite financially supported the creation of a sovereign Polish government in exchange for professionally teaching Japanese spies to break Russian codes. General Akashi Motojiro traveled extensively around Europe. He and other Japanese financially supported Poles striving to break away from Russia. During the war, Poles from the Russian Partition of Poland conscripted to the Russian Army and Japanese were among Allied prisoners of war held by the Germans in a POW camp in Stargard in modern northwestern Poland.[7] An important rapprochement between Japanese and Polish officers was the honorary treatment of Poles who had repeatedly hosted Japanese officers visiting or stationed at their diplomatic missions in Warsaw.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virtuti_Militari_to_japan_officers_(1928).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tanaka Giichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaka_Giichi"},{"link_name":"Wacław Jędrzejewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_J%C4%99drzejewicz"},{"link_name":"Okada Keisuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okada_Keisuke"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture360-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epr-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epr-2"},{"link_name":"Virtuti Militari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuti_Militari"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epr-2"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japanese Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Tsuruga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuruga,_Fukui"},{"link_name":"Fukui Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukui_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Yūko Takeuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABko_Takeuchi"},{"link_name":"Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(film)"},{"link_name":"Polish community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Karafuto Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kg142-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sf-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Siberian intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_intervention"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kg142-9"},{"link_name":"Toyohara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyohara"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Patek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Patek"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sf-10"},{"link_name":"Odomari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsakov_(town)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narcyz_Witczak-Witaczy%C5%84ski_-_Wizyta_Japo%C5%84czyk%C3%B3w_w_1_Pu%C5%82ku_Szwole%C5%BCer%C3%B3w_w_koszarach_przy_ulicy_29_Listopada_w_Warszawie_(107-240-2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Axis countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bernd_Martin_1945,_p._176-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takamatsu_in_Warsaw_with_J%C3%B3zef_and_Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska_(1930-10-08).jpg"},{"link_name":"Józef Piłsudski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski"},{"link_name":"Prince Takamatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuhito,_Prince_Takamatsu"},{"link_name":"Bronisław Piłsudski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Pi%C5%82sudski"},{"link_name":"Józef Piłsudski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski"},{"link_name":"Yasukuni Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Bréguet 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_19"},{"link_name":"Bolesław Orliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Orli%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Order of the Rising Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun"},{"link_name":"Maksymilian Kolbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksymilian_Kolbe"},{"link_name":"Zeno Żebrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_%C5%BBebrowski"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epr-2"}],"sub_title":"Interbellum","text":"Prime Minister of Japan Tanaka Giichi, Polish lieutenant colonel Wacław Jędrzejewicz and Japanese admiral Okada Keisuke in Poland in 1928Japan and Poland established diplomatic relations on March 22, 1919, months after Poland regained its independence in November 1918.[8] In the 1920s, a trade treaty was signed and military cooperation was established.[2] Japanese-Polish friendship societies were formed in both countries, and literature was translated and publications were issued on topics related to the cultures of both countries.[2] As a token of Poland's friendship with Japan, over 50 Japanese officers were awarded the Virtuti Militari, Poland's highest military decoration, for their achievements during the Russo-Japanese War.[2]During Bolshevik rule in Russia, the Japanese government undertook a rescue operation to help Polish children deported to Siberia. Japanese ships transported Polish children to Tokyo, where the Japanese Red Cross gave them protection and then helped them return to Poland. The Japanese government moved swiftly in response to the call for help, asking the Japanese Red Cross Society to undertake coordination of the project. Japanese Army soldiers had been deployed in Siberia after the Russian Revolution and were there to help. In the end, a total of 765 Polish orphans scattered throughout many Siberian regions were rescued during the period from 1920 to 1922. The orphans were transported by military ships from Vladivostok to the port of the city of Tsuruga in Japan's Fukui Prefecture. They were then cared for in childcare institutions in Tokyo and Osaka. There is a storied incident that happened when the children were about to return home. Having been looked after with great affection at the childcare institutions where they were placed, the Polish orphans refused to leave Japan. Finally parting reluctantly, the orphans sang “Kimigayo” - Japan's national anthem - when they boarded the ship bound for Poland, thus expressing their feelings of gratitude.Based on the rescue of Polish children from Siberia through Japan, the movie Warushawa-no Aki (English: Autumn in Warsaw) was made, directed by Hiroki Hayashi. The guardian of Polish children was played by the Japanese actress Yūko Takeuchi, known for her role in the Japanese film Ring.The most sizeable Polish community of early 20th-century Japan (including the interbellum) lived in the Karafuto Prefecture, which further grew since 1925, as many Poles fled Soviet Russian persecution in northern Sakhalin.[9][10][11] Following the Siberian intervention, Japan supported and subsidized Polish institutions in northern Sakhalin in the early 1920s.[9] Poles in Karafuto engaged in unrestricted social, cultural and economic activities, and a Polish library was established in Toyohara.[12] In 1924, Karafuto was visited by Polish ambassador to Japan Stanisław Patek, and many local Poles were granted Polish citizenship and passports.[10] In 1930, two Catholic churches were built in Toyohara and Odomari, co-funded by Poles from Poland and Karafuto.[13] Only a handful of Poles lived in other parts of Japan.[14] Also, very few Japanese lived in Poland in the interbellum, including ten in Warsaw and three in Lwów, according to the 1921 Polish census.[15][16]Polish and Japanese military officers in Warsaw in 1929Both countries formed a silent alliance against the Soviet Union and agreed upon sharing intelligence they obtained. In the interwar period, Japanese cryptologists visited Poland, where Polish specialists wrote the methods of Russian phrases. Onodera claimed that until 1939 the center of the Japanese intelligence aimed at Russia was located in Warsaw. The Japanese relied heavily on the new Polish secret service for training in decryption and continued their close military co-operation even after the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II. Japan rejected war with Poland for this reason. The Japanese relied on the vast Polish network of spies and allowed the Poles to openly place their agents inside embassies of its protectorate of Manchukuo. Their military cooperation was so close that the Japanese ambassador was one of the people involved in the smuggling of a Polish flag made for the London-based Polish Air Squadron. Before the war, Japan wanted Poland to join the Axis countries. At the time of the signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and subsequent attack on Poland, Japan declared that from now on it would never trust Adolf Hitler anymore and would only use him for its own purposes, so as not to help Nazi Germany in the war with the Soviets at the end of the war. The Nazis knew about the close cooperation between Poland and Japan and Hitler ultimately not receiving support from Japan when Nazis fought against USSR. During a private briefing on 5 March 1943, Hitler remarked:They lie right to your face and in the end all their depictions are calculated on something which turns out to be a deceit afterwards! — Adolf Hitler about the Japanese (5 March 1943) [17]Meeting of Józef Piłsudski and Prince Takamatsu in Warsaw in 1930A statue of Polish anthropologist Bronisław Piłsudski stands in Japan, who was a researcher of the local culture in Japan and married an Ainu woman who was a citizen of Imperial Japan. He was also the brother of the Polish marshal Józef Piłsudski, who established close cooperation with the Imperial Japanese government in order to jointly attack the Soviet Union. The plan failed due to the marshal's death. Jozef Pilsudski died in 1935, the 10th year of the Showa Era. Paying respect to this good friend of Japan, soil from the grounds of the Yasukuni Shrine was scattered around his tomb in Kraków, one of the most culturally and politically significant cities of Poland. This is another tribute to the strength of ties between Japan and Poland. These little-known historical facts about the friendly ties between Japan and Poland have at last been acknowledged publicly, thanks to many laborious years of research by Professor Palasz-Rutkowska in her book, \"History of Polish-Japanese Relations 1904-1945.\"An additional curiosity may be the fact that from August 27 to September 25, 1926, on the Bréguet 19 A2 plane, Polish pilot Bolesław Orliński together with mechanic Leonard Kubiak made a multi-stage flight from Warsaw to Tokyo, on a route of 10,300 km and back, despite the damage to the propeller and the lower wing on the way (the last 6,680 km of the route was covered by the plane with the left lower wing partially cut off), and a very worn (due to oil loss) engine. In Japan, Polish airmen were enthusiastically received. For his flight, Orliński was awarded the Imperial Japanese Order of the Rising Sun 6th class and the Gold Medal of the Imperial Aviation Society, and after his return he was promoted to captain.In 1930, Polish monks Maksymilian Kolbe and Zeno Żebrowski began their mission in Japan, and the latter remained in Japan until his death in 1982, bringing aid to orphans, the elderly, the poor and the disabled.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tadeusz_Romer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Romer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Romer"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Polish government-in-exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"declaration of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war"},{"link_name":"Hideki Tojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Tojo"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Third Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"gold reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_reserve"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno"},{"link_name":"neutral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kk-18"},{"link_name":"Chiune Sugihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiune_Sugihara"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kk-18"},{"link_name":"occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Chiune Sugihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiune_Sugihara"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Romer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Romer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Tadeusz Romer, ambassador of Poland to Japan in 1937–1941During World War II, despite being allied with Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan along with Italy did not diplomatically support the Nazi invasion of Poland, and the Japanese actively supported the Polish government-in-exile. This decision was dictated by the Japanese distrust of their Nazi allies, who had made a secret pact with the Soviet Union. Thus, the Japanese government decided to continue to rely on Polish spies even after a formal declaration of war by Poland in 1941. The declaration of war from Poland was rejected by Japanese prime minister Hideki Tojo under the pretext that the Polish government in exile was forced to issue it in compliance with its alliance to both the United Kingdom and the United States, making the declaration legally void. This ensured co-operation between the two intelligence services in gathering information on both the Soviet Union and Third Reich. The Japanese agents in Europe during World War II continued to support the Polish struggle for freedom against Soviet Union and Third Reich forces as far as the Japanese interests went. At the turn of 1939 and 1940, the Japanese helped secretly evacuate a portion of the Polish gold reserve, the part held in Lithuanian-annexed Wilno to neutral Sweden.[18] Chiune Sugihara, Japanese vice-consul in Kaunas, played a key role in the operation and also closely co-operated with Polish intelligence.[18] The Japanese agents also sheltered Polish-Jewish refugees fleeing occupation from both German and Soviet forces, though at first it was done without proper authorization from the Imperial government in Tokyo. Therefore, Chiune Sugihara had to prove to the authorities that the refugees would be traveling through Japan only as a transit country to the United States and not be staying permanently, which eventually led to him gaining full legal approval and assistance from the Government of Japan.[citation needed] Tadeusz Romer, ambassador of Poland in Japan, helped the Polish-Jewish refugees after they arrived to Japan.[19] Throughout the secret alliance, Polish agents never disclosed information about their Western allies and shared information only pertaining to the Third Reich and the Soviet Union.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pjatk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish United Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Polish People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"double tax avoidance agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_treaty"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epr-2"},{"link_name":"Polish Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Institute"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Great Hanshin earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe"},{"link_name":"Great East Japan Earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture360-8"},{"link_name":"LOT Polish Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Modern relations","text":"Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology in Warsaw, PolandJapan established a relationship with the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) that represented the Communist Polish People's Republic in 1957, while at the same time continuing to be allied with the London-based Polish national government in exile, and later supported the merging of these two in 1989 to form the modern Polish state. A double tax avoidance agreement was signed between the two countries in Tokyo in 1980.[21] Since 1990, the number of official visits by top government officials to both countries has increased.[2] Both countries share mutual interests and alliances that forged them closer to each other. In 1994, the Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology in Warsaw was established. In 2011, the Polish Institute in Tokyo was founded.[22]In 1995, there came a time when Poland had the chance to give back to Japan for the rescue of Polish orphans from Siberia in the early 1920s. Poland was kind enough to invite Japanese children stricken with great loss from the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake. The children, many from Kobe and nearby areas of western Japan, went to Poland and stayed from 1995 to 1996, while the chaos and loss caused by the earthquake was sorted out. Poland repeated this kindness after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. On November 20, 2018, a school in the suburbs of Warsaw was named after the Japanese Army operations that rescued Polish orphans: “Siberia Orphans Commemoration Elementary School.”The two states celebrated 90 years of relationship in 2009 and the 100th anniversary in 2019.[23][8] Trade, business, and tourism between both countries continues to thrive. LOT Polish Airlines provides daily non-stop flights between Tokyo and Warsaw. Both countries are full members of the OECD, but modern relations are limited to mostly trade and cultural activities, both countries see each other as vital partners in global commerce. In 2017, Japan became the second largest foreign investor in Poland in terms of total investment value, only behind the United States.[24]For short stays, Japanese nationals do not require visas to enter Poland, and Polish nationals do not require visas to enter Japan.[25][26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manggha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggha"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"National Museum in Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"District Museum in Toruń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Museum_in_Toru%C5%84"},{"link_name":"National Museum in Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum,_Szczecin"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Polish Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Institute"}],"text":"In Poland, there is a museum devoted to Japanese art and technology – the Manggha in Kraków. Several other museums also possess collections of Japanese art and artifacts, including the National Museum in Warsaw,[27] District Museum in Toruń and National Museum in Szczecin.[28]In Tokyo, there is a Polish Institute.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Poland,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waw_japonia98.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A4%A8%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF.jpg"}],"text":"Poland has an embassy in Tokyo, and honorary consulates in Kobe and Hiroshima.[29]\nJapan has an embassy in Warsaw, and an honorary consulate in Kraków.[30]Embassy of Japan in Warsaw\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy of Poland in Tokyo","title":"Embassies and consulates"}]
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[{"image_text":"Prime Minister of Japan Fumio Kishida and Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki in Brussels in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fumio_Kishida_attended_the_March_2022_G7_summit_at_NATO_HQ_%2816%29.jpg/220px-Fumio_Kishida_attended_the_March_2022_G7_summit_at_NATO_HQ_%2816%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prime Minister of Japan Tanaka Giichi, Polish lieutenant colonel Wacław Jędrzejewicz and Japanese admiral Okada Keisuke in Poland in 1928","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Virtuti_Militari_to_japan_officers_%281928%29.jpg/240px-Virtuti_Militari_to_japan_officers_%281928%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Polish and Japanese military officers in Warsaw in 1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Narcyz_Witczak-Witaczy%C5%84ski_-_Wizyta_Japo%C5%84czyk%C3%B3w_w_1_Pu%C5%82ku_Szwole%C5%BCer%C3%B3w_w_koszarach_przy_ulicy_29_Listopada_w_Warszawie_%28107-240-2%29.jpg/240px-Narcyz_Witczak-Witaczy%C5%84ski_-_Wizyta_Japo%C5%84czyk%C3%B3w_w_1_Pu%C5%82ku_Szwole%C5%BCer%C3%B3w_w_koszarach_przy_ulicy_29_Listopada_w_Warszawie_%28107-240-2%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Meeting of Józef Piłsudski and Prince Takamatsu in Warsaw in 1930","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Takamatsu_in_Warsaw_with_J%C3%B3zef_and_Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska_%281930-10-08%29.jpg/240px-Takamatsu_in_Warsaw_with_J%C3%B3zef_and_Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudska_%281930-10-08%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tadeusz Romer, ambassador of Poland to Japan in 1937–1941","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tadeusz_Romer.jpg/170px-Tadeusz_Romer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology in Warsaw, Poland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pjatk.jpg/220px-Pjatk.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Poles in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_Japan"},{"title":"Foreign relations of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan"},{"title":"Foreign relations of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland"}]
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[{"reference":"Grochowski, Kazimierz (1928). Polacy na Dalekim Wschodzie (in Polish). Harbin. pp. 146–147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Grochowski","url_text":"Grochowski, Kazimierz"}]},{"reference":"Ewa Pałasz-Rutkowska. \"Historia stosunków polsko-japońskich\". Instytut Polski w Tokio (in Polish). Retrieved 3 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://instytutpolski.pl/tokyo/pl/historia-stosunkow-polsko-japonskich/","url_text":"\"Historia stosunków polsko-japońskich\""}]},{"reference":"\"Порандо кайко | Японская военная музыка\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nihongunka.com/songs/porando_kaiko","url_text":"\"Порандо кайко | Японская военная музыка\""}]},{"reference":"\"波蘭懐古\".","urls":[{"url":"http://gunka.sakura.ne.jp/uta/poland.htm","url_text":"\"波蘭懐古\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wspomnienie Polski (Pōrando-kaiko)\" [Memory of Poland (Pōrando-kaiko)]. Wykop.pl.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wykop.pl/link/2505173/wspomnienie-polski-porando-kaiko/","url_text":"\"Wspomnienie Polski (Pōrando-kaiko)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wykop.pl","url_text":"Wykop.pl"}]},{"reference":"Aniszewska, Jolanta (2019). Nekropolia dwóch wojen światowych (in Polish). Szczecin: IPN. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance","url_text":"IPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Poland-Japan 100 anniversary in 2019\". News & Events. ASEF culture360. April 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://culture360.asef.org/news-events/poland-japan-100-anniversary-2019/","url_text":"\"Poland-Japan 100 anniversary in 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Fiedorczuk, Siergiej (1997). \"Polacy na Południowym Sachalinie\". Studia Polonijne (in Polish). 18. Lublin: 88. ISSN 0137-5210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin","url_text":"Lublin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0137-5210","url_text":"0137-5210"}]},{"reference":"Winiarz, Adam (1994). \"Książka polska w koloniach polskich na Dalekim Wschodzie (1897–1949)\". Czasopismo Zakładu Narodowego im. Ossolińskich (in Polish). Vol. 5. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. p. 66.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak%C5%82ad_Narodowy_im._Ossoli%C5%84skich","url_text":"Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich"}]},{"reference":"Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (in Polish). Vol. I. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1925. pp. 4–5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (in Polish). Vol. XIII. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1924. p. 24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kopeć, Krzysztof (2014). \"Uratować złoto\". Pamięć.pl (in Polish). Vol. 9, no. 30. IPN. p. 33. ISSN 2084-7319.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance","url_text":"IPN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2084-7319","url_text":"2084-7319"}]},{"reference":"\"Wystawa \"Wizy życia – kolejny dyplomata: Ambasador Tadeusz Romer\"\". Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/japonia/wystawa-wizy-zycia--kolejny-dyplomata-ambasador-tadeusz-romer","url_text":"\"Wystawa \"Wizy życia – kolejny dyplomata: Ambasador Tadeusz Romer\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"O nas\". Instytut Polski w Tokio (in Polish). Retrieved 3 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://instytutpolski.pl/tokyo/pl/instytut-polski-w-tokio/","url_text":"\"O nas\""}]},{"reference":"\"90th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Poland and Japan\". 2009. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032758/http://www.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/aktualnosc_26390","url_text":"\"90th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Poland and Japan\""},{"url":"http://www.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/aktualnosc_26390","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PAIH: pod względem wartości inwestycji w Polsce Japończycy są na drugim miejscu\". Polska Agencja Prasowa (in Polish). Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C928243%2Cpaih-pod-wzgledem-wartosci-inwestycji-w-polsce-japonczycy-sa-na-drugim-miejscu.html","url_text":"\"PAIH: pod względem wartości inwestycji w Polsce Japończycy są na drugim miejscu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lists of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders and of those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement\" (PDF). Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-05/list%20of%20countries%20whose%20citizens%20must%20have%20a%20visa%20when%20crossing%20the%20external%20borders%20and%20those%20whose%20nationals%20are%20exempt%20from%20that%20requirement_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Lists of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders and of those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exemption of Visa (Short-Term Stay)\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/visit/visa/short/novisa.html","url_text":"\"Exemption of Visa (Short-Term Stay)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kolekcja Sztuki Japońskiej\". Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie (in Polish). Retrieved 11 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mnw.art.pl/o-muzeum/zbiory-studyjne/zbiory-sztuki-orientalnej/kolekcja-sztuki-japonskiej/","url_text":"\"Kolekcja Sztuki Japońskiej\""}]},{"reference":"Małgorzata Klimczak. \"Japońskie figurki z kości słoniowej wzbogacą Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie. Kolekcja jest warta około 60 tys. euro\". Głos Szczeciński (in Polish). Retrieved 11 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gs24.pl/japonskie-figurki-z-kosci-sloniowej-wzbogaca-muzeum-narodowe-w-szczecinie-kolekcja-jest-warta-okolo-60-tys-euro-zdjecia/ar/c1-17026421","url_text":"\"Japońskie figurki z kości słoniowej wzbogacą Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie. Kolekcja jest warta około 60 tys. euro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Konsulaty honorowe\". Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/japonia/konsulaty-honorowe","url_text":"\"Konsulaty honorowe\""}]},{"reference":"\"EUROPE\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 2023-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mofa.go.jp/about/emb_cons/over/europe.html","url_text":"\"EUROPE\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Eastern_Kowloon
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Diocese of Eastern Kowloon
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["1 Introduction","2 Churches","2.1 Parishes","2.2 Missions","3 Administration","4 Bishops","4.1 Louis Tsui","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Diocese of Eastern Kowloon東九龍教區LocationTerritoryEastern KowloonEastern New TerritoriesEcclesiastical provinceHong KongHeadquartersHoly Trinity Bradbury CentreStatisticsParishes11Churches5Schools54InformationDenominationAnglicanRiteUse of SalisburyEstablished20 September 1998CathedralHoly Trinity CathedralCurrent leadershipBishopThe Rt Revd Dr Timothy KwokDeanThe Very Revd Franklin Lee On-yipBishops emeritusThe Rt Revd Louis TsuiWebsitedek.hkskh.org
Diocese of Eastern KowloonTraditional Chinese東九龍教區Simplified Chinese东九龙教区TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinDōng Jiǔlóng JiàoqūYue: CantoneseJyutpingdung1 gau2 lung4 gaau3 keoi1
The Diocese of Eastern Kowloon is one of the three dioceses under the Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui. Its territory covers most part of eastern Kowloon and eastern New Territories. Holy Trinity Cathedral, cathedral of the diocese, was established in 1890, making it one of the oldest Anglican churches in Hong Kong. Incumbent bishop, Timothy Kwok, was elected on 30 March 2014 and enthroned on 23 November 2014, replacing the outgoing bishop, Louis Tsui.
Introduction
The Diocese was constituted in conformity with the traditions of the Anglican Communion. Since its establishment, it has cooperated with other two Dioceses in many issues under the metropolitical body of the Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui, the General Synod.
As a member of the Province, the Diocese confesses the faith revealed in the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments; the Apostles’, Nicene and Athanasian Creeds. The Diocese has preserved the old roots of the Christian faith through its historic Anglican traditions: the Book of Common Prayer and the holy orders.
Sharing the same missions and goals with other Dioceses in Hong Kong, the Diocese aimed to spread the good news across Hong Kong through pastoral care and evangelism. The Province has devoted itself to fulfill the Christian responsibilities through mutual cooperation of the Dioceses.
Land reclamation has created new lands from Hung Hom to Kowloon Bay to enable future developments. With height restrictions being removed soon after operations of the former Kai Tak Airport was ceased, creation of a new infrastructural network will increase population and help economic development. Thus, the Diocese has borne more responsibilities in different sectors.
The nucleus of the Diocese is much situated in Kowloon City, a district rich in historical and cultural heritage, strives to remind people of the traditional Chinese culture and traditions.
Churches
Holy Trinity Cathedral
Parishes
Holy Trinity Cathedral
Christ Church
Holy Carpenter Church
Church of the Good Shepherd
St. Mark's Church
Calvary Church
St. Barnabas' Church
Kindly Light Church
Holy Spirit Church
Church of St. John the Baptist
Church of the Holy Word
Church of Our Saviour
St. Titus' Church
Missions
Holy Wisdom Church
Resurrection Church
Shatin Anglican Church
Church of the Transfiguration
St. Augustine's Chapel
Administration
Several committees were established under the Diocesan Synod to oversee the Diocese-at-large and manage the Diocesan affairs:
The Standing Committee
The Finance Committee
The Committee on Christian Nurture and Pastoral Care
The Youth Committee
The Committee for Mission
The Committee on Religion Education
Bishops
1998–2013: Louis Tsui
2014–present: Timothy Kwok
Louis Tsui
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Louis Tsui. (Discuss) (May 2024)
In this Hong Kong name, the surname is Tsui (徐).
Louis Tsui Tsan-Sang (Chinese: 徐贊生; born 12 April 1943) is a retired Anglican bishop who served as the first Bishop of Eastern Kowloon (diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Eastern Kowloon) from its creation in 1998 until his retirement in 2013. Tsui was consecrated a bishop on 30 November 1995 at St John's Cathedral (Hong Kong) and served as an area bishop for Kowloon East & New Territories East (in the Diocese of Hong Kong and Macao) in anticipation of the diocese's split. He became diocesan bishop of Eastern Kowloon on the diocese's erection in 1998, and served until his retirement at the end of 2013.
See also
Christianity portal
Diocese of Hong Kong Island
Diocese of Western Kowloon
List of Anglican churches in Hong Kong
Anglican Communion
References
^ a b "聖三一堂史略". 2008-11-22. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
^ "Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui "Echo" - The Revd Canon Timothy Kwok elected Second Diocesan Bishop of the Diocese of Eastern Kowloon". echo.hkskh.org. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
^ "Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui "Echo" - The Rt. Revd Dr. Timothy Chi-pei Kwok Enthroned as the Second Diocesan Bishop of Eastern Kowloon". echo.hkskh.org. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
^ The Inauguration of the Diocese of Eastern Kowloon and The Installation of the First Diocesan Bishop. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui and the Diocese of Eastern Kowloon. 1998.
^ "Anglican Diocese of Eastern Kowloon, Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui". dek.hkskh.org. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
^ "Anglican Diocese of Eastern Kowloon, Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui". dek.hkskh.org. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
^ a b "The Province of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Bishops, 1998–2021" (PDF). Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Archives. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^ a b "Bishop Louis Tsui Retires after 40 Years of Service". Hong Jong Sheng Kung Hui Echo. February 2014. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^ "Provincial progress". Church Times. No. 6921. 6 October 1995. p. 6. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 6 January 2022 – via UK Press Online archives.
External links
Diocese of Eastern Kowloon
Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui
vteHong Kong Sheng Kung Hui / Hong Kong Anglican Church (Episcopal)Administration
General Synod
Archbishop of Hong Kong
Bishop's House
Liturgy
Calendar of saints
Book of Common Prayer
The Holy Eucharist: Rite Two
DivisionsDiocesesWestern Kowloon
All Saints' Cathedral
Bishop Andrew Chan
Eastern Kowloon
Holy Trinity Cathedral
Bishop Timothy Kwok
Hong Kong Island
St John's Cathedral
Bishop Matthias Der
Missionary AreaMacau
Bishop Andrew Chan
Anglican churches in Hong Kong
Anglican churches in Macau
|
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Its territory covers most part of eastern Kowloon and eastern New Territories. Holy Trinity Cathedral, cathedral of the diocese, was established in 1890,[1] making it one of the oldest Anglican churches in Hong Kong.[1] Incumbent bishop, Timothy Kwok, was elected on 30 March 2014[2] and enthroned on 23 November 2014,[3] replacing the outgoing bishop, Louis Tsui.","title":"Diocese of Eastern Kowloon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"metropolitical body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sheng_Kung_Hui"},{"link_name":"General Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Synod_of_Hong_Kong_Sheng_Kung_Hui"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Apostles’","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed"},{"link_name":"Nicene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"Athanasian Creeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasian_Creed"},{"link_name":"Christian faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Book of Common Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer"},{"link_name":"holy orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_orders"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"good news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_gospel"},{"link_name":"pastoral care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_care"},{"link_name":"evangelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism"},{"link_name":"Christian responsibilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Commission"},{"link_name":"Land reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hung Hom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hom"},{"link_name":"Kowloon Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Bay"},{"link_name":"height restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_restriction_laws"},{"link_name":"Kai Tak Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kowloon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_City"},{"link_name":"historical and cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese culture and traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture"}],"text":"The Diocese was constituted in conformity with the traditions of the Anglican Communion. Since its establishment, it has cooperated with other two Dioceses in many issues under the metropolitical body of the Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui, the General Synod.[4]As a member of the Province, the Diocese confesses the faith revealed in the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments; the Apostles’, Nicene and Athanasian Creeds. The Diocese has preserved the old roots of the Christian faith through its historic Anglican traditions: the Book of Common Prayer and the holy orders.Sharing the same missions and goals with other Dioceses in Hong Kong, the Diocese aimed to spread the good news across Hong Kong through pastoral care and evangelism. The Province has devoted itself to fulfill the Christian responsibilities through mutual cooperation of the Dioceses.Land reclamation has created new lands from Hung Hom to Kowloon Bay to enable future developments. With height restrictions being removed soon after operations of the former Kai Tak Airport was ceased, creation of a new infrastructural network will increase population and help economic development. Thus, the Diocese has borne more responsibilities in different sectors.The nucleus of the Diocese is much situated in Kowloon City, a district rich in historical and cultural heritage, strives to remind people of the traditional Chinese culture and traditions.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_SKH_HolyTrinityChurch.JPG"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Hong_Kong"}],"text":"Holy Trinity Cathedral","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy Trinity Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Parishes","text":"Holy Trinity Cathedral[5]\nChrist Church\nHoly Carpenter Church\nChurch of the Good Shepherd\nSt. Mark's Church\nCalvary Church\nSt. Barnabas' Church\nKindly Light Church\nHoly Spirit Church\nChurch of St. John the Baptist\nChurch of the Holy Word\nChurch of Our Saviour\nSt. Titus' Church","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shatin Anglican Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatin_Anglican_Church"}],"sub_title":"Missions","text":"Holy Wisdom Church\nResurrection Church\nShatin Anglican Church\nChurch of the Transfiguration\nSt. Augustine's Chapel","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Several committees were established under the Diocesan Synod to oversee the Diocese-at-large and manage the Diocesan affairs:[6]The Standing Committee\nThe Finance Committee\nThe Committee on Christian Nurture and Pastoral Care\nThe Youth Committee\nThe Committee for Mission\nThe Committee on Religion Education","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timothy Kwok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Kwok"}],"text":"1998–2013: Louis Tsui\n2014–present: Timothy Kwok","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Tsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_(surname_%E5%BE%90)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKA-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tsui-ret-8"},{"link_name":"St John's Cathedral (Hong Kong)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Cathedral_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKA-7"},{"link_name":"area bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_bishop"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Hong Kong and Macao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Hong_Kong_and_Macao"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tsui-ret-8"}],"sub_title":"Louis Tsui","text":"In this Hong Kong name, the surname is Tsui (徐).Louis Tsui Tsan-Sang (Chinese: 徐贊生; born 12 April 1943) is a retired Anglican bishop who served as the first Bishop of Eastern Kowloon (diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Eastern Kowloon) from its creation in 1998[7] until his retirement in 2013.[8] Tsui was consecrated a bishop on 30 November 1995 at St John's Cathedral (Hong Kong)[7] and served as an area bishop for Kowloon East & New Territories East (in the Diocese of Hong Kong and Macao) in anticipation of the diocese's split.[9] He became diocesan bishop of Eastern Kowloon on the diocese's erection in 1998, and served until his retirement at the end of 2013.[8]","title":"Bishops"}]
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[{"reference":"\"聖三一堂史略\". 2008-11-22. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2017-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402134156/http://www.holytrinitychurch.org.hk/history/history.htm","url_text":"\"聖三一堂史略\""},{"url":"http://www.holytrinitychurch.org.hk/history/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui \"Echo\" - The Revd Canon Timothy Kwok elected Second Diocesan Bishop of the Diocese of Eastern Kowloon\". echo.hkskh.org. Retrieved 2017-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://echo.hkskh.org/news_article_details.aspx?lang=1&nid=61","url_text":"\"Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui \"Echo\" - The Revd Canon Timothy Kwok elected Second Diocesan Bishop of the Diocese of Eastern Kowloon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui \"Echo\" - The Rt. Revd Dr. Timothy Chi-pei Kwok Enthroned as the Second Diocesan Bishop of Eastern Kowloon\". echo.hkskh.org. Retrieved 2017-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://echo.hkskh.org/issue.aspx?lang=1&id=212","url_text":"\"Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui \"Echo\" - The Rt. Revd Dr. Timothy Chi-pei Kwok Enthroned as the Second Diocesan Bishop of Eastern Kowloon\""}]},{"reference":"The Inauguration of the Diocese of Eastern Kowloon and The Installation of the First Diocesan Bishop. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui and the Diocese of Eastern Kowloon. 1998.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Anglican Diocese of Eastern Kowloon, Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui\". dek.hkskh.org. Retrieved 2017-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://dek.hkskh.org/allparishes.aspx?lang=1","url_text":"\"Anglican Diocese of Eastern Kowloon, Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anglican Diocese of Eastern Kowloon, Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui\". dek.hkskh.org. Retrieved 2017-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://dek.hkskh.org/structure.aspx?lang=1","url_text":"\"Anglican Diocese of Eastern Kowloon, Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Province of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Bishops, 1998–2021\" (PDF). Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Archives. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220104183557/http://archives.hkskh.org/uploads/%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%BB%E8%81%96%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99/4The%20Province%20of%20Hong%20Kong%20Sheng%20Kung%20Hui.pdf","url_text":"\"The Province of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Bishops, 1998–2021\""},{"url":"http://archives.hkskh.org/uploads/%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%BB%E8%81%96%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99/4The%20Province%20of%20Hong%20Kong%20Sheng%20Kung%20Hui.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Louis Tsui Retires after 40 Years of Service\". Hong Jong Sheng Kung Hui Echo. February 2014. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220106225513/http://echo.hkskh.org/issue.aspx?lang=1&id=162","url_text":"\"Bishop Louis Tsui Retires after 40 Years of Service\""},{"url":"http://echo.hkskh.org/issue.aspx?lang=1&id=162","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Provincial progress\". Church Times. No. 6921. 6 October 1995. p. 6. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 6 January 2022 – via UK Press Online archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1995_10_06_006","url_text":"\"Provincial progress\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times","url_text":"Church Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","url_text":"0009-658X"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harborne_Reserve
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Harborne Reserve
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["1 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°27′58″N 1°57′04″W / 52.466°N 1.951°W / 52.466; -1.951Nature reserve in England
Harborne ReserveLocationHarborne, Birmingham, EnglandCoordinates52°27′58″N 1°57′04″W / 52.466°N 1.951°W / 52.466; -1.951Operated byWest Midland Bird ClubWebsitewestmidlandbirdclub.org.uk/www02/harborne.html
Harborne Reserve (grid reference SP034851) is a nature reserve in Harborne, Birmingham, England, operated by the West Midland Bird Club. Entry is by permit only, except on advertised open days.
The reserve comprises two parts which total 9 acres (36,000 m2) of disused allotments, leased from Birmingham City Council. It is located approximately three miles from Birmingham city centre, alongside the Harborne Walkway.
The reserve is bisected by the Chad Brook.
External links
Harborne Nature Reserve
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Gardens
Botanical Gardens
Martineau Gardens
St Thomas' Peace Garden
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Nature reserves
(not listed above)
Edgbaston Pool
Harborne Reserve
Moseley Bog
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Sandwell Valley (part)
Cemeteries
Brandwood End
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This West Midlands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harborne_Reserve¶ms=52.466_N_1.951_W_region:GB-BIR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°27′58″N 1°57′04″W / 52.466°N 1.951°W / 52.466; -1.951"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harborne_Reserve¶ms=52.466_N_1.951_W_region:GB-BIR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°27′58″N 1°57′04″W / 52.466°N 1.951°W / 52.466; -1.951"},{"Link":"http://westmidlandbirdclub.org.uk/www02/harborne.html","external_links_name":"westmidlandbirdclub.org.uk/www02/harborne.html"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harborne_Reserve¶ms=52.463834_N_1.951384_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"SP034851"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140527173503/http://westmidlandbirdclub.org.uk/www02/harborne.html","external_links_name":"Harborne Nature Reserve"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harborne_Reserve&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upadesamrta
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Upadesamrta
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["1 References"]
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The Upadesamrta, or Nectar of Instruction, is an important Gaudiya Vaishnava spiritual text, composed by Rupa Goswami. The Upadesamrta was translated into English in its entirety by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, founder acarya of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness. Prabhupada also gives extensive commentaries on each translated verse within the Upadesamrita.
In the Nectar of Instruction, Prabhupada writes "The Kṛṣṇa consciousness movement is conducted under the supervision of Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī. The Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas, or Bengali Vaiṣṇavas, are mostly followers of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu, of whom the six Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana are direct disciples. Therefore Śrīla Narottama dāsa Ṭhākura has sung:
rūpa-raghunātha-pade ha-ibe ākuti
kabe hāma bujhaba se yugala-pīriti
'When I am eager to understand the literature given by the Gosvāmīs, then I shall be able to understand the transcendental loving affairs of Rādhā and Kṛṣṇa.
All Verses of Upadesamrta {Nector of Instruction} :
(Translation by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada)
(१)
वाचो वेगं मनसः क्रोधवेगं
जिह्वावेगमुदरोपस्थवेगम्
एतान्वेगान्यो विषहेत धीरः
सर्वामपीमां पृथिवीं स शिष्यात्
Translation:
1) A sober person who can tolerate the urge to speak, the mind's demands, the actions of anger, and the urges of the tongue, belly, and genitals is qualified to make disciples all over the world.
(२)
अत्याहारः प्रयासश्च प्रजल्पो नियमाग्रहः
जनसङ्गश्च लौल्यं च षड्भिर्भक्तिर्विनश्यति
Translation:
2) One's devotional service is spoiled when he becomes too entangled in the following six activities: (1) eating more than necessary or collecting more funds than required; (2) over-endeavoring for mundane things that are very difficult to obtain; (3) talking unnecessarily about mundane subject matters; (4) Practicing the scriptural rules and regulations only for the sake of following them and not for the sake of spiritual advancement, or rejecting the rules and regulations of the scriptures and working independently or whimsically; (5) associating with worldly-minded persons who are not interested in Krsna consciousness; and (6) being greedy for mundane achievements.
(३)
उत्साहान्निश्चयाद्धैर्यात्तत्तत्कर्मप्रवर्तनात्
सङ्गत्यागात्सतो वृत्तेः षड्भिर्भक्तिः प्रसिध्यति
Translation:
3) There are six principles favorable to the execution of pure devotional service: (1) being enthusiastic, (2) endeavoring with confidence, (3) being patient, (4) acting according to regulative principles (such as sravanam kirtanam visnoḥ smaranam — hearing, chanting and remembering Krsna), (5) abandoning the association of non-devotees, and (6) following in the footsteps of the previous acharyas. These six principles undoubtedly assure the complete success of pure devotional service.
(४)
ददाति प्रतिगृह्नाति गुह्यमाख्याति पृच्छति
भुङ्क्ते भोजयते चैव षड्विधं प्रीतिलक्षणम्
Translation:
4) Offering gifts in charity, accepting charitable gifts, revealing one's mind in confidence, inquiring confidentially, accepting prasada and offering prasada are the six symptoms of love shared by one devotee and another.
(५)
कृष्णेति यस्य गिरि तं मनसाद्रियेत
दीक्षास्ति चेत्प्रणतिभिश्च भजन्तमीशम्
शुश्रूषया भजनविज्ञमनन्यमन्य-
निन्दादिशून्यहृदमीप्सितसङ्गलब्ध्या
Translation:
5) One should mentally honor the devotee who chants the holy name of Lord Krsna, one should offer humble obeisances to the devotee who has undergone spiritual initiation and is engaged in worshiping the Deity, and one should associate with and faithfully serve that Pure devotee who is advanced in undeviated devotional service and whose heart is completely devoid of the propensity to criticize others.
(६)
दृष्टैः स्वभावजनितैर्वपुषश्च दोषैर्
न प्राकृतत्वमिह भक्तजनस्य पश्येत्
गङ्गाम्भसां न खलु बुद्बुद्फेनपङ्कैर्
ब्रह्मद्रवत्वमपगच्छति नीरधर्मैः
Translation:
6) Being situated in his original Krsna conscious position, a pure devotee does not identify with the body. Such a devotee should not be seen from a materialistic point of view. Indeed, one should overlook a devotee's having a body born in a low family, a body with a bad complexion, a deformed body, or a diseased or infirm body. According to ordinary vision, such imperfections may seem prominent in the body of a pure devotee, but despite such seeming defects, the body of a pure devotee cannot be polluted. It is exactly like the waters of the Ganges, which sometimes during the rainy season are full of bubbles, foam and mud. The Ganges waters do not become polluted. Those who are advanced in spiritual understanding will bathe in the Ganges without considering the condition of the water.
(७)
स्यात्कृष्णनामचरितादिसिताप्यविद्या-
पित्तोपतप्तरसनस्य न रोचिका नु
किन्त्वादरादनुदिनं खलु सैव जुष्टा
स्वाद्वी क्रमाद्भवति तद्गदमूलहन्त्री
Translation:
7) The holy name, character, pastimes and activities of Krsna are all transcendentally sweet like sugar candy. Although the tongue of one afflicted by the jaundice of avidya cannot taste anything sweet, it is wonderful that simply by carefully chanting these sweet names every day, a natural relish awakens within his tongue, and his disease is gradually destroyed at the root.
(८)
तन्नामरूपचरितादिसुकीर्तनानु-
स्मृत्योः क्रमेण रसनामनसी नियोज्य
तिष्ठन्व्रजे तदनुरागिजनानुगामी
कालं नयेदखिलमित्युपदेशसारम्
Translation:
8) The essence of all advice is that one should utilize one's full time — twenty-four hours a day — in nicely chanting and remembering the Lord's divine name, transcendental form, qualities and eternal pastimes, thereby gradually engaging one's tongue and mind. In this way one should reside in Vraja and serve Krsna under the guidance of devotees. One should follow in the footsteps of the Lord's beloved devotees, who are deeply attached to His devotional service.
(९)
वैकुण्ठाज्जनितो वरा मधुपुरी तत्रापि रासोत्सवाद्
वृन्दारण्यमुदारपाणिरमणात्तत्रापि गोवर्धनः
राधाकुण्ड्मिहापि गोकुलपतेः प्रेमामृताप्लवनात्
कुर्यादस्य विराजतो गिरितटे सेवां विवेकी न्कः
Translation:
9) The holy place known as Mathura is spiritually superior to Vaikuntha, the transcendental world, because the Lord appeared there. Superior to Mathura-Puri is the transcendental forest of Vṛndavana because of Krsna's rasa-lila pastimes. And superior to the forest of Vṛndavana is Govardhana Hill, for it was raised by the divine hand of Sri Krsna and was the site of His various loving pastimes. And, above all, the superexcellent Sri Radha-kunda stands supreme, for it is overflooded with the ambrosial nectarean prema of the Lord of Gokula, Sri Krsna. Where, then, is that intelligent Person who is unwilling to serve this divine Radha-kunda, which is situated at the foot of Govardhana Hill?
(१०)
कर्मिभ्यः परितो हरेः प्रियतया व्यक्तिं ययुर्ज्ञानिनस्
तेभ्यो ज्ञानविमुक्तभक्तिपरमाः प्रेमैकनिष्ठास्ततः
तेभ्यस्ताः पशुपालपङ्कजदृशस्ताभ्योऽपि सा राधिका
प्रेष्ठा तद्वदियं तदीयसरसी तां नाश्रयेत्कः कृती
Translation:
10) In the sastra it is said that of all types of fruitive workers, he who is advanced in knowledge of the higher values of life is favored by the Supreme Lord Hari. Out of many such people who are advanced in knowledge , one who is practically liberated by virtue of his knowledge may take to devotional service. He is superior to the others. However, one who has actually attained prema, pure love of Krsna, is superior to him. The gopis are exalted above all the advanced devotees because they are always totally dependent upon Sri Krsna, the transcendental cowherd boy. Among the gopis, Srimati Radharani is the most dear to Krsna. Her kunda is as profoundly dear to Lord Krsna as this most beloved of the gopis. Who, then, will not reside at Radha-kunda and, in a spiritual body surcharged with ecstatic devotional feelings , render loving service to the divine couple Sri Sri Radha-Govinda, who perform Their astakaliya-lila, Their eternal eightfold daily pastimes. Indeed, those who execute devotional service on the banks of Radha-kunda are the most fortunate people in the universe.
(११)
कृष्णस्योच्चैः प्रणयवसतिः प्रेयसीभ्योऽपि राधा
कुण्डं चास्या मुनिभिरभितस्तादृगेव व्यधायि
यत्प्रेष्ठैरप्यलमसुलभं किं पुनर्भक्तिभाजां
तत्प्रेमेदं सकृदपि सरः स्नातुराविष्करोति
Translation:
11) Of the many objects of favored delight and of all the lovable damsels of Vrajabhūmi, Srimati Radharani is certainly the most treasured object of Krsna's love. And, in every respect, Her divine kunda is described by great sages as similarly dear to Him. Undoubtedly Radha-kunda is very rarely attained even by the great devotees; therefore it is even more difficult for ordinary devotees to attain. If one simply bathes once within those holy waters, one's pure love of Krsna is fully aroused.
'"
References
^ Narayana Maharaja, Sri Srimad Bhaktivedanta (2003). Sri Upadesamrta: The Ambrosial Advice of Sri Rupa Gosvami (Second Printing August 2003 5,000 Copies ed.). Vrindavana, Uttar Pradesh, India: Gaudiya Vedanta Publications. ISBN 81-86737-09-X. Archived from the original on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-04-24.
^ Prabhupada, His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1975). The Nectar of Instruction: An Authorized Enghlish Presentation of Srila Rupa Gosvami's Sri Upadesamrta (PDF) (Second Printing (1976) 100,000 copies ed.). Los Angeles, California, USA: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 0-912776-85-4.
^ Narayana Maharaja, Sri Srimad Bhaktivedanta (2003). Sri Upadesamrta: The Ambrosial Advice of Sri Rupa Gosvami (Second Printing August 2003 5,000 Copies ed.). Vrindavana, Uttar Pradesh, India: Gaudiya Vedanta Publications. p. xi. ISBN 81-86737-09-X. Archived from the original on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-04-24.
^ Prabhupada, His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1975). The Nectar of Instruction: An Authorized Enghlish Presentation of Srila Rupa Gosvami's Sri Upadesamrta (PDF) (Second Printing (1976) 100,000 copies ed.). Los Angeles, California, USA: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. p. vii. ISBN 0-912776-85-4.
This Hinduism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rūpa Gosvāmī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABpa_Gosv%C4%81m%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Caitanya Mahāprabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitanya_Mah%C4%81prabhu"},{"link_name":"Vṛndāvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%B9%9Bnd%C4%81vana"},{"link_name":"Rādhā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81dh%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Kṛṣṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In the Nectar of Instruction, Prabhupada writes \"The Kṛṣṇa consciousness movement is conducted under the supervision of Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī. The Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas, or Bengali Vaiṣṇavas, are mostly followers of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu, of whom the six Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana are direct disciples. Therefore Śrīla Narottama dāsa Ṭhākura has sung:rūpa-raghunātha-pade ha-ibe ākuti\nkabe hāma bujhaba se yugala-pīriti'When I am eager to understand the literature given by the Gosvāmīs, then I shall be able to understand the transcendental loving affairs of Rādhā and Kṛṣṇa.All Verses of Upadesamrta {Nector of Instruction} :\n(Translation by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada)(१)\nवाचो वेगं मनसः क्रोधवेगं\nजिह्वावेगमुदरोपस्थवेगम्\nएतान्वेगान्यो विषहेत धीरः\nसर्वामपीमां पृथिवीं स शिष्यात् \nTranslation: \n1) A sober person who can tolerate the urge to speak, the mind's demands, the actions of anger, and the urges of the tongue, belly, and genitals is qualified to make disciples all over the world.\n\n(२)\nअत्याहारः प्रयासश्च प्रजल्पो नियमाग्रहः\nजनसङ्गश्च लौल्यं च षड्भिर्भक्तिर्विनश्यति \nTranslation: \n2) One's devotional service is spoiled when he becomes too entangled in the following six activities: (1) eating more than necessary or collecting more funds than required; (2) over-endeavoring for mundane things that are very difficult to obtain; (3) talking unnecessarily about mundane subject matters; (4) Practicing the scriptural rules and regulations only for the sake of following them and not for the sake of spiritual advancement, or rejecting the rules and regulations of the scriptures and working independently or whimsically; (5) associating with worldly-minded persons who are not interested in Krsna consciousness; and (6) being greedy for mundane achievements.\n\n(३)\nउत्साहान्निश्चयाद्धैर्यात्तत्तत्कर्मप्रवर्तनात्\nसङ्गत्यागात्सतो वृत्तेः षड्भिर्भक्तिः प्रसिध्यति \nTranslation: \n3) There are six principles favorable to the execution of pure devotional service: (1) being enthusiastic, (2) endeavoring with confidence, (3) being patient, (4) acting according to regulative principles (such as sravanam kirtanam visnoḥ smaranam [SB 7.5.23] — hearing, chanting and remembering Krsna), (5) abandoning the association of non-devotees, and (6) following in the footsteps of the previous acharyas. These six principles undoubtedly assure the complete success of pure devotional service.\n\n(४)\nददाति प्रतिगृह्नाति गुह्यमाख्याति पृच्छति\nभुङ्क्ते भोजयते चैव षड्विधं प्रीतिलक्षणम् \nTranslation: \n4) Offering gifts in charity, accepting charitable gifts, revealing one's mind in confidence, inquiring confidentially, accepting prasada and offering prasada are the six symptoms of love shared by one devotee and another.\n\n(५)\nकृष्णेति यस्य गिरि तं मनसाद्रियेत\nदीक्षास्ति चेत्प्रणतिभिश्च भजन्तमीशम्\nशुश्रूषया भजनविज्ञमनन्यमन्य-\nनिन्दादिशून्यहृदमीप्सितसङ्गलब्ध्या \nTranslation: \n5) One should mentally honor the devotee who chants the holy name of Lord Krsna, one should offer humble obeisances to the devotee who has undergone spiritual initiation [diksa] and is engaged in worshiping the Deity, and one should associate with and faithfully serve that Pure devotee who is advanced in undeviated devotional service and whose heart is completely devoid of the propensity to criticize others.\n\n(६)\nदृष्टैः स्वभावजनितैर्वपुषश्च दोषैर्\nन प्राकृतत्वमिह भक्तजनस्य पश्येत्\nगङ्गाम्भसां न खलु बुद्बुद्फेनपङ्कैर्\nब्रह्मद्रवत्वमपगच्छति नीरधर्मैः \nTranslation: \n6) Being situated in his original Krsna conscious position, a pure devotee does not identify with the body. Such a devotee should not be seen from a materialistic point of view. Indeed, one should overlook a devotee's having a body born in a low family, a body with a bad complexion, a deformed body, or a diseased or infirm body. According to ordinary vision, such imperfections may seem prominent in the body of a pure devotee, but despite such seeming defects, the body of a pure devotee cannot be polluted. It is exactly like the waters of the Ganges, which sometimes during the rainy season are full of bubbles, foam and mud. The Ganges waters do not become polluted. Those who are advanced in spiritual understanding will bathe in the Ganges without considering the condition of the water.\n\n(७)\nस्यात्कृष्णनामचरितादिसिताप्यविद्या-\nपित्तोपतप्तरसनस्य न रोचिका नु\nकिन्त्वादरादनुदिनं खलु सैव जुष्टा\nस्वाद्वी क्रमाद्भवति तद्गदमूलहन्त्री \nTranslation:\n7) The holy name, character, pastimes and activities of Krsna are all transcendentally sweet like sugar candy. Although the tongue of one afflicted by the jaundice of avidya [ignorance] cannot taste anything sweet, it is wonderful that simply by carefully chanting these sweet names every day, a natural relish awakens within his tongue, and his disease is gradually destroyed at the root.\n\n(८)\nतन्नामरूपचरितादिसुकीर्तनानु-\nस्मृत्योः क्रमेण रसनामनसी नियोज्य\nतिष्ठन्व्रजे तदनुरागिजनानुगामी\nकालं नयेदखिलमित्युपदेशसारम् \nTranslation:\n8) The essence of all advice is that one should utilize one's full time — twenty-four hours a day — in nicely chanting and remembering the Lord's divine name, transcendental form, qualities and eternal pastimes, thereby gradually engaging one's tongue and mind. In this way one should reside in Vraja [Goloka Vṛndavana dhama] and serve Krsna under the guidance of devotees. One should follow in the footsteps of the Lord's beloved devotees, who are deeply attached to His devotional service.\n\n(९)\nवैकुण्ठाज्जनितो वरा मधुपुरी तत्रापि रासोत्सवाद्\nवृन्दारण्यमुदारपाणिरमणात्तत्रापि गोवर्धनः\nराधाकुण्ड्मिहापि गोकुलपतेः प्रेमामृताप्लवनात्\nकुर्यादस्य विराजतो गिरितटे सेवां विवेकी न्कः \nTranslation: \n9) The holy place known as Mathura is spiritually superior to Vaikuntha, the transcendental world, because the Lord appeared there. Superior to Mathura-Puri is the transcendental forest of Vṛndavana because of Krsna's rasa-lila pastimes. And superior to the forest of Vṛndavana is Govardhana Hill, for it was raised by the divine hand of Sri Krsna and was the site of His various loving pastimes. And, above all, the superexcellent Sri Radha-kunda stands supreme, for it is overflooded with the ambrosial nectarean prema of the Lord of Gokula, Sri Krsna. Where, then, is that intelligent Person who is unwilling to serve this divine Radha-kunda, which is situated at the foot of Govardhana Hill?\n\n(१०)\nकर्मिभ्यः परितो हरेः प्रियतया व्यक्तिं ययुर्ज्ञानिनस्\nतेभ्यो ज्ञानविमुक्तभक्तिपरमाः प्रेमैकनिष्ठास्ततः\nतेभ्यस्ताः पशुपालपङ्कजदृशस्ताभ्योऽपि सा राधिका\nप्रेष्ठा तद्वदियं तदीयसरसी तां नाश्रयेत्कः कृती \nTranslation:\n10) In the sastra it is said that of all types of fruitive workers, he who is advanced in knowledge of the higher values of life is favored by the Supreme Lord Hari. Out of many such people who are advanced in knowledge [jnanis], one who is practically liberated by virtue of his knowledge may take to devotional service. He is superior to the others. However, one who has actually attained prema, pure love of Krsna, is superior to him. The gopis are exalted above all the advanced devotees because they are always totally dependent upon Sri Krsna, the transcendental cowherd boy. Among the gopis, Srimati Radharani is the most dear to Krsna. Her kunda [lake] is as profoundly dear to Lord Krsna as this most beloved of the gopis. Who, then, will not reside at Radha-kunda and, in a spiritual body surcharged with ecstatic devotional feelings [aprakṛtabhava], render loving service to the divine couple Sri Sri Radha-Govinda, who perform Their astakaliya-lila, Their eternal eightfold daily pastimes. Indeed, those who execute devotional service on the banks of Radha-kunda are the most fortunate people in the universe.\n \n(११)\nकृष्णस्योच्चैः प्रणयवसतिः प्रेयसीभ्योऽपि राधा\nकुण्डं चास्या मुनिभिरभितस्तादृगेव व्यधायि\nयत्प्रेष्ठैरप्यलमसुलभं किं पुनर्भक्तिभाजां\nतत्प्रेमेदं सकृदपि सरः स्नातुराविष्करोति\nTranslation:\n\n11) Of the many objects of favored delight and of all the lovable damsels of Vrajabhūmi, Srimati Radharani is certainly the most treasured object of Krsna's love. And, in every respect, Her divine kunda is described by great sages as similarly dear to Him. Undoubtedly Radha-kunda is very rarely attained even by the great devotees; therefore it is even more difficult for ordinary devotees to attain. If one simply bathes once within those holy waters, one's pure love of Krsna is fully aroused.'\"[4]","title":"Upadesamrta"}]
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[{"reference":"Narayana Maharaja, Sri Srimad Bhaktivedanta (2003). Sri Upadesamrta: The Ambrosial Advice of Sri Rupa Gosvami (Second Printing August 2003 5,000 Copies ed.). Vrindavana, Uttar Pradesh, India: Gaudiya Vedanta Publications. ISBN 81-86737-09-X. Archived from the original on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180528064810/http://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-a-magazines-mainmenu-63/bhakti-books/english/34-upadesamrta.html","url_text":"Sri Upadesamrta: The Ambrosial Advice of Sri Rupa Gosvami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86737-09-X","url_text":"81-86737-09-X"},{"url":"http://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-a-magazines-mainmenu-63/bhakti-books/english/34-upadesamrta.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prabhupada, His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1975). The Nectar of Instruction: An Authorized Enghlish Presentation of Srila Rupa Gosvami's Sri Upadesamrta (PDF) (Second Printing (1976) 100,000 copies ed.). Los Angeles, California, USA: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 0-912776-85-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prabhupada-books.de/english-book-scans/The_Nectar_of_Instruction-Original_1976_SCAN.pdf","url_text":"The Nectar of Instruction: An Authorized Enghlish Presentation of Srila Rupa Gosvami's Sri Upadesamrta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912776-85-4","url_text":"0-912776-85-4"}]},{"reference":"Narayana Maharaja, Sri Srimad Bhaktivedanta (2003). Sri Upadesamrta: The Ambrosial Advice of Sri Rupa Gosvami (Second Printing August 2003 5,000 Copies ed.). Vrindavana, Uttar Pradesh, India: Gaudiya Vedanta Publications. p. xi. ISBN 81-86737-09-X. Archived from the original on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180528064810/http://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-a-magazines-mainmenu-63/bhakti-books/english/34-upadesamrta.html","url_text":"Sri Upadesamrta: The Ambrosial Advice of Sri Rupa Gosvami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86737-09-X","url_text":"81-86737-09-X"},{"url":"http://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-a-magazines-mainmenu-63/bhakti-books/english/34-upadesamrta.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prabhupada, His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1975). The Nectar of Instruction: An Authorized Enghlish Presentation of Srila Rupa Gosvami's Sri Upadesamrta (PDF) (Second Printing (1976) 100,000 copies ed.). Los Angeles, California, USA: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. p. vii. ISBN 0-912776-85-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prabhupada-books.de/english-book-scans/The_Nectar_of_Instruction-Original_1976_SCAN.pdf","url_text":"The Nectar of Instruction: An Authorized Enghlish Presentation of Srila Rupa Gosvami's Sri Upadesamrta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912776-85-4","url_text":"0-912776-85-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_v._Yellow_Cab_Co.
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Li v. Yellow Cab Co.
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["1 Background","2 Decision","3 References","4 External links"]
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1975 California Supreme Court decision
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Li v. Yellow Cab Co.CourtSupreme Court of CaliforniaFull case nameLi v. Yellow Cab Co. DecidedMarch 31, 1975 (1975-03-31)Citations13 Cal.3d 804; 532 P.2d 1226Case opinionsDecision byRaymond L. SullivanDissentWilliam P. Clark Jr.
Li v. Yellow Cab Co., 13 Cal.3d 804, 532 P.2d 1226 (1975), commonly referred to simply as Li, is a California Supreme Court case that judicially embraced comparative negligence in California tort law and rejected strict contributory negligence.
Background
The case came out of a traffic accident between the plaintiff and the defendant in which both of them had been found to have been driving negligently. The plaintiff (Li) had attempted to cross three lanes of oncoming traffic to enter a service station; the defendant's (Yellow Cab Co.) driver was traveling at an excessive speed when he ran a yellow light just before striking the plaintiff's car. The doctrine of contributory negligence in California law at the time would have prevented any recovery to Li.
Decision
The California Supreme Court, aware of the recent trend toward comparative rather than contributory negligence, took the opportunity to reconsider the state's tort law on the subject.
The only unique feature of the case was its reasoning on Section 1714 of the Civil Code, which had been thought to codify the "all-or-nothing" approach to contributory negligence:
Everyone is responsible, not only for the result of his willful acts, but also for an injury occasioned to another by his want of ordinary care or skill in the management of his property or person, except so far as the latter has, willfully or by want of ordinary care, brought the injury upon himself. The extent of liability in such cases is defined by the Title on Compensatory Relief.
The plain meaning of section 1714 was quite clear, but the court concluded that the California State Legislature had not meant to stop the evolution of the common law, which is quite normal in state tort law, but rather only to clarify the law that existed at the time.
References
^ California Legislative Information, Civil Code, section 1714 (a), accessed 20 January 2021
^ California Civil Code, Division 4, Part 1, Title 2: Compensatory Relief
External links
Text of Li v. Yellow Cab Co., 13 Cal.3d 804, 532 P.2d 1226 (1975) is available from: CourtListener Google Scholar Justia Leagle
Li v. Yellow Cab Co. Case Brief at Lawnix.com
vteUnited States tort lawIntentional TortsAssault & Battery
Garratt v. Dailey
Katko v. Briney
Vosburg v. Putney
Picard v. Barry Pontiac-Buick, Inc.
Sheridan v. United States
Abuse of process
Hartman v. Moore
intentional infliction of emotional distress
Snyder v. Phelps
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
Trespass to land & Trespass to chattels
Rowland v. Christian
CompuServe Inc. v. Cyber Promotions, Inc.
Dougherty v. Stepp
Intel Corp. v. Hamidi
United Zinc & Chemical Co. v. Britt
Sioux City & Pacific Railroad Co. v. Stout
Conversion
Haslem v. Lockwood
Popov v. Hayashi
Privacy, Publicity rights
Taus v. Loftus
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
Tortious interference
Redbox Automated Retail LLC v. Universal City Studios LLLP
DefamationSee United States defamation lawNegligenceDuty of care
Brown v. Kendall
Trimarco v. Klein
Jablonski by Pahls v. United States
Kerans v. Porter Paint Co.
Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.
Mexicali Rose v. Superior Court
Medical malpractice
Landeros v. Flood
Union Pacific Railway Co. v. Botsford
Mohr v. Williams
Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California
Scott v. Bradford
Wrongful death, Loss of consortium
Cahoon v. Cummings
Hitaffer v. Argonne Co.
Werling v. Sandy
Common employment
Albro v. Agawam Canal Co.
Farwell v. Boston & Worcester Railroad Corp.
Vance v. Ball State University
Public Authority, Fireman's rule, Negligence per se
Boub v. Township of Wayne
Briscoe v. LaHue
United States v. GlaxoSmithKline
Seong Sil Kim v. New York City Transit Authority
United States v. Johnson (1987)
Martin v. Herzog
Tedla v. Ellman
Yount v. City of Sacramento
Pearson v. Callahan
Saucier v. Katz
Causation
Summers v. Tice
Ybarra v. Spangard
Ultramares Corp. v. Touche
Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc.
Negligent infliction of emotional distress
Krouse v. Graham
Dillon v. Legg
Archibald v. Braverman
Thing v. La Chusa
Miller v. National Broadcasting Co.
Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals
NuisancePublic
Spur Industries, Inc. v. Del E. Webb Development Co.
Private
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Strict liabilityUltrahazardous activity
Alwin v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co.
Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Co. v. American Cyanamid Co.
Product liability
Thomas v. Winchester
Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories
Friend v. Childs Dining Hall Co.
Loop v. Litchfield
Losee v. Clute
Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
Geier v. American Honda Motor Co.
Chysky v. Drake Bros. Co.
Devlin v. Smith
DamagesJoint and several liability
Walt Disney World Co. v. Wood
Comparative negligence
Li v. Yellow Cab Co.
Knight v. Jewett
Hoffman v. Jones
American Motorcycle Ass'n v. Superior Court
Punitive damages
BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore
Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants
Pearson v. Chung
Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California"},{"link_name":"comparative negligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_negligence"},{"link_name":"tort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort"},{"link_name":"contributory negligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributory_negligence"}],"text":"Li v. Yellow Cab Co., 13 Cal.3d 804, 532 P.2d 1226 (1975), commonly referred to simply as Li, is a California Supreme Court case that judicially embraced comparative negligence in California tort law and rejected strict contributory negligence.","title":"Li v. Yellow Cab Co."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"service station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_station"},{"link_name":"contributory negligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributory_negligence"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"}],"text":"The case came out of a traffic accident between the plaintiff and the defendant in which both of them had been found to have been driving negligently. The plaintiff (Li) had attempted to cross three lanes of oncoming traffic to enter a service station; the defendant's (Yellow Cab Co.) driver was traveling at an excessive speed when he ran a yellow light just before striking the plaintiff's car. The doctrine of contributory negligence in California law at the time would have prevented any recovery to Li.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Civil_Code"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"}],"text":"The California Supreme Court, aware of the recent trend toward comparative rather than contributory negligence, took the opportunity to reconsider the state's tort law on the subject.The only unique feature of the case was its reasoning on Section 1714 of the Civil Code, which had been thought to codify the \"all-or-nothing\" approach to contributory negligence:Everyone is responsible, not only for the result of his willful acts, but also for an injury occasioned to another by his want of ordinary care or skill in the management of his property or person, except so far as the latter has, willfully or by want of ordinary care, brought the injury upon himself. The extent of liability in such cases is defined by the Title on Compensatory Relief.[1][2]The plain meaning of section 1714 was quite clear, but the court concluded that the California State Legislature had not meant to stop the evolution of the common law, which is quite normal in state tort law, but rather only to clarify the law that existed at the time.","title":"Decision"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_v._Yellow_Cab_Co.&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/3d/13/804.html","external_links_name":"13 Cal.3d 804"},{"Link":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=1714.&lawCode=CIV","external_links_name":"Civil Code, section 1714 (a)"},{"Link":"https://law.justia.com/codes/california/2014/code-civ/division-4/part-1/title-2/chapter-1/","external_links_name":"California Civil Code, Division 4, Part 1, Title 2: Compensatory Relief"},{"Link":"https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1139343/li-v-yellow-cab-co/","external_links_name":"CourtListener"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=10387250218937350046","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"},{"Link":"https://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/3d/13/804.html","external_links_name":"Justia"},{"Link":"https://www.leagle.com/decision/197581713cal3d8041760","external_links_name":"Leagle"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090610221822/http://www.lawnix.com/cases/li-yellow-cab.html","external_links_name":"Li v. Yellow Cab Co. Case Brief at Lawnix.com"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Valsvik
|
Gustav Valsvik
|
["1 Career","2 International career","3 Career statistics","4 References"]
|
Norwegian footballer (born 1993)
Gustav Valsvik
Gustav Valsvik in 2018.Personal informationFull name
Gustav ValsvikDate of birth
(1993-05-26) 26 May 1993 (age 31)Place of birth
Vik, NorwayHeight
1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)Position(s)
DefenderTeam informationCurrent team
StrømsgodsetNumber
71Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)0000–2009
Vik
2010–2014
Sogndal
83
(5)2014–2016
Strømsgodset
59
(1)2016–2019
Eintracht Braunschweig
74
(1)2019–2021
Rosenborg
24
(2)2020
→ Stabæk (loan)
10
(1)2021–
Strømsgodset
97
(12)International career‡2009
Norway U19
12
(1)2012
Norway U20
1
(0)2012–2014
Norway U21
12
(1)2017
Norway
6
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 19:35, 24 May 2024 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 12 November 2017
Gustav Valsvik (born 26 May 1993) is a Norwegian footballer who plays as a defender who plays for Strømsgodset.
Career
Born in Vik, Valsvik started his career in the local club Vik IL before he joined Sogndal ahead of the 2010 season. In his first season, Valsvik played nine matches in the First Division. Following Sogndal's promotion, Valsvik played seven matches in Tippeligaen in 2011, and the next season he was playing regularly in Sogndal's central defence.
He signed a three-year contract with Strømsgodset in July 2014, for an undisclosed sum.
In July 2016, Valsvik transferred to German 2. Bundesliga club Eintracht Braunschweig. On 18 January 2019, Valsvik transferred to Rosenborg on a four years contract.
International career
Valsvik first represented Norway when he played for the under-16 team in 2009. He has later represented Norway at every level up to under-21 level. On 26 March 2017, Valsvik made his debut for the senior Norway national football team.
Career statistics
As of match played 20 May 2024
Club
Season
Division
League
Cup
Europe
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Sogndal
2010
Adeccoligaen
9
0
3
1
—
12
1
2011
Tippeligaen
7
0
1
0
—
8
0
2012
27
2
1
0
—
28
2
2013
30
2
0
0
—
30
2
2014
10
1
3
0
—
13
1
Total
83
5
8
1
—
91
6
Strømsgodset
2014
Tippeligaen
13
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
2015
29
0
2
0
5
0
36
0
2016
17
1
4
0
2
0
23
1
Total
59
1
6
0
7
0
72
1
Eintracht Braunschweig
2016–17
2. Bundesliga
29
0
1
0
—
30
0
2017–18
34
1
1
0
—
35
1
2018–19
3. Liga
11
0
1
0
—
12
0
Total
74
1
3
0
—
77
1
Rosenborg
2019
Eliteserien
13
1
4
1
3
0
20
2
2020
11
1
0
0
1
0
12
1
Total
24
2
4
1
4
0
32
3
Stabæk (loan)
2020
Eliteserien
10
1
0
0
—
10
1
Total
10
1
0
0
—
10
1
Strømsgodset
2021
Eliteserien
29
3
3
1
—
32
4
2022
29
3
3
0
—
32
3
2023
30
5
4
0
—
34
5
2024
9
1
4
0
—
13
1
Total
97
12
14
1
—
111
13
Career total
347
22
35
3
11
0
393
25
References
^ a b "Gustav Valsvik". altomfotball.no (in Norwegian). TV 2. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
^ a b "Valsvik klar for Sogndal" (in Norwegian). Sogn Avis. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
^ "Midtstoppar på veg vekk frå Sogndal" (in Norwegian). NRK. 6 August 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
^ "Ny midstopper klar for Godset" (in Norwegian). dt.no. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
^ "Eintracht verpflichtet Gustav Valsvik" (in German). eintracht.com. 30 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ "Valsvik klar for RBK" (in German). rbk.no. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
^ "Gustav Valsvik's profil". fotball.no (in Norwegian). Football Association of Norway. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
^ "0-2-tap mot Nord-Irland" (in Norwegian). fotball.no. 26 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
^ "G. Valsvik". Soccerway. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
^ "Gustav Valsvik". nifs.no (in Norwegian). A-pressen. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
^ "Gustav Valsvik". altomfotball.no (in Norwegian). TV2 (Norway). Retrieved 24 July 2014.
vteStrømsgodset Toppfotball – current squad
1 Bråtveit
3 Hanssen
4 Westerlund
5 Sørmo
8 Krasniqi
9 Melkersen
10 Stengel
11 Ekeland
14 Enersen
15 Heredia-Randen
16 Gaye
17 Tómasson
18 Boahene
19 Sørum
20 Danso
21 Therkelsen
22 Farji
23 Ulland Andersen
25 Taaje
26 Vilsvik
27 Dahl
30 Holst-Larsen
32 Stople
71 Valsvik
77 Mehnert
Manager: Isnes
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_pins
|
Safety pin
|
["1 Early precursor","2 Invention of the safety pin","3 Locking safety pin","4 Medical aspects","5 Culture","6 Tradition","7 See also","8 Notes","9 External links"]
|
Variation of regular pin used to fasten piece of clothes and textile
A safety pin.
A ribbon and badge attached to a school cap with safety pins
A safety pin is a variation of the regular pin which includes a simple spring mechanism and a clasp. The clasp forms a closed loop to properly fasten the pin to whatever it is applied to and covers the end of the pin to protect the user from the sharp point.
Safety pins are commonly used to fasten pieces of fabric or clothing together. Safety pins, or more usually a special version with an extra safe cover, called a nappy pin or loincloth pin, are widely used to fasten cloth diapers (nappies), or modern loincloths. They're preferred as their safety clasp, while remaining an ingestion hazard, prevents the baby from being jabbed or pricked. Safety pins can be used generally to patch torn or damaged clothing. They can also be used as an accessory in all kinds of jewelry including: earrings, chains, and wristbands. Sometimes they're used to attach an embroidered patch. Safety pins are divided into numbered size categories. Size 3 pins are often being used in quilting and may be labelled for purchase as a "quilting pin." Sizes 4 and larger may be called "blanket pins" and deemed acceptable as kilt pins for informal dress, depending upon design and appearance.
Early precursor
The fibula, a form of brooch, was invented by the Mycenaeans in the Greek region of Peloponnesus between the 14th and 13th Century BC, and is considered an early precursor to a safety pin since it was used in a similar manner. Fibulae were used by Greek women and men to help secure tunics.
Invention of the safety pin
Hunt's 1849 patent on the safety pin, U.S. patent #6,281
Silver safety pins
American mechanic Walter Hunt is regarded as the inventor of the modern safety pin. The safety pin included a clasp that covered the point and kept it from opening, and a circular twist at the bend to act as a spring and hold it in place. Charles Rowley (Birmingham, England) independently patented a similar safety pin in October 1849, though they are no longer made.
Hunt made the invention in order to pay off a $15 debt to a friend. He used a piece of brass wire that was about 8 inches (200 mm) long and made a coil in the center of the wire so it would open up when released. The clasp at one end was devised in order to shield the sharp edge from the user.
After being issued U.S. patent #6,281 on April 10, 1849, Hunt sold the patent to W.R. Grace and Company for $400 (roughly $15,000 in 2023 dollars). Using that money, Hunt then paid the $15 owed to a friend and kept the remaining amount of $385 for himself. In the years to follow, W.R. Grace and Company would make millions of dollars in profits from his invention.
Locking safety pin
The sharpened pin, that is attached to a coiled wire is connected with a cap that is hooked at the end of the wire. Pushing the pin into the opening of the cap secures the safety of the pin, and the clasp is then closed.
Medical aspects
The laryngologist Dr. Chevalier Jackson devised special instruments for removing swallowed safety pins. Because small children often swallowed them and open pins could be lodged dangerously in their throats, Jackson called them "danger pins" and sometimes displayed arrangements of those he had extracted. Safety pin ingestion is still a common problem in some countries today.
Culture
Punk-style clothing held together with safety pins
During the emergence of punk rock in the late 1970s, safety pins became associated with the genre, its followers and fashion. Some claim the look was taken originally from Richard Hell whom the British punks saw in pictures, and whose style they adopted. This is disputed by a number of artists from the first wave of British punks, most notably Johnny Rotten, who insists that safety pins were originally incorporated for more practical reasons, for example, to remedy "the arse of your pants falling out." British punk fans, after seeing the clothing worn by such punk forerunners, then incorporated safety pins into their own wardrobe as clothing decoration or as piercings. Thus shifting the purpose of the pins from practicality to fashion. The safety pin subsequently has become an image associated with punk rock by media and popular culture outlets.
Safety pins worn visibly on clothing became a symbol of solidarity with victims of racist and xenophobic speech and violence after the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom in 2016. Later that year the symbol spread to the United States after Donald Trump's election to the presidency. Some commentators and activists derided the wearing of safety pins as "slacktivism," while others argued it was useful when connected with other, more concrete political actions.
Tradition
Safety pins hold a value in certain cultures and traditions. In India pins are kept over generations and passed down to daughters. Ukrainians use pins as a way to ward off evil spirits when attached to children's clothing. In other countries a safety pin is a form of good luck.
See also
Drawing pin
Infant clothing
Fibulae and ancient brooches
Black Versace dress of Elizabeth Hurley (1994 Academy Award Red Carpet dress held together by safety pins)
Paper clip
Tie pin
Notes
^ Türkyilmaz Z, Karabulut R, Sönmez K, Basaklar AC, Kale N (2007). "A new method for the removal of safety pins ingested by children" (PDF). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 36 (3): 206–7. doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206. PMID 17450267. S2CID 971272.
^ "Brooches and Pins | LoveToKnow". LoveToKnow. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ "Walter Hunt". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14.
^ "Charles Rowley". Charles Rowley. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26.
^ Caballar, Rina. "Three Millennia of Safety Pins". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
^ "Walter Hunt". United States Patent and Trademark Office.
^ "LILEKS (James) :: The Bleat 2017 TUESDAY". lileks.com. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
^ Akcigit, Ufuk; Celik, Murat Alp; Greenwood, Jeremy (2016). "Buy, Keep, or Sell: Economic Growth and the Market for Ideas" (PDF). Econometrica. 84 (3): 943–984. doi:10.3982/ECTA12144.
^ "Safety Pin facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Safety Pin". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
^ Schaffer, Amanda (10 January 2011). "Down the Hatch and Straight into Medical History". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
^ Türkyilmaz Z, Karabulut R, Sönmez K, Basaklar AC, Kale N (2007). "A new method for the removal of safety pins ingested by children" (PDF). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 36 (3): 206–7. doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206. PMID 17450267. S2CID 971272.
^ Punks: A Guide to an American Subculture, p53, Sharon M. Hannon, ABC-CLIO, 2010
^ Finney, Ross, A Blank Generation: Richard Hell and American Punk Rock. University of Notre Dame, Department of American Studies. p. 40
^ Inside the Met's New Exhibit, 'Punk: Chaos to Couture'. Rolling Stone, May 7, 2013.
^ Young, Sarah, The safety pin returns as punk becomes more relevant than ever. The Independent, October 17, 2016.
^ The humble safety pin makes an anti-racism point, BBC.COM June 16, 2016
^ Abad-Santos, Alex, The backlash over safety pins and allies, explained, Vox, November 17, 2016.
^ Caballar, Rina. "Three Millennia of Safety Pins". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Safety pins.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fibulae.
|
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The clasp forms a closed loop to properly fasten the pin to whatever it is applied to and covers the end of the pin to protect the user from the sharp point.Safety pins are commonly used to fasten pieces of fabric or clothing together. Safety pins, or more usually a special version with an extra safe cover, called a nappy pin or loincloth pin, are widely used to fasten cloth diapers (nappies), or modern loincloths. They're preferred as their safety clasp, while remaining an ingestion hazard,[1] prevents the baby from being jabbed or pricked. Safety pins can be used generally to patch torn or damaged clothing. They can also be used as an accessory in all kinds of jewelry including: earrings, chains, and wristbands. Sometimes they're used to attach an embroidered patch. Safety pins are divided into numbered size categories. Size 3 pins are often being used in quilting and may be labelled for purchase as a \"quilting pin.\" Sizes 4 and larger may be called \"blanket pins\" and deemed acceptable as kilt pins for informal dress, depending upon design and appearance.","title":"Safety pin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fibula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)"},{"link_name":"brooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooch"},{"link_name":"Mycenaeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece"},{"link_name":"Peloponnesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The fibula, a form of brooch, was invented by the Mycenaeans in the Greek region of Peloponnesus between the 14th and 13th Century BC, and is considered an early precursor to a safety pin since it was used in a similar manner. Fibulae were used by Greek women and men to help secure tunics.[2]","title":"Early precursor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patent_6281.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_safety_pins.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walter Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hunt_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"W.R. Grace and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.R._Grace_and_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Hunt's 1849 patent on the safety pin, U.S. patent #6,281Silver safety pinsAmerican mechanic Walter Hunt is regarded as the inventor of the modern safety pin. The safety pin included a clasp that covered the point and kept it from opening, and a circular twist at the bend to act as a spring and hold it in place.[3] Charles Rowley (Birmingham, England) independently patented a similar safety pin in October 1849,[4] though they are no longer made.Hunt made the invention in order to pay off a $15 debt to a friend.[citation needed] He used a piece of brass wire that was about 8 inches (200 mm) long[citation needed] and made a coil in the center of the wire so it would open up when released. The clasp at one end was devised in order to shield the sharp edge from the user.[5]After being issued U.S. patent #6,281 on April 10, 1849,[6] Hunt sold the patent to W.R. Grace and Company for $400 (roughly $15,000 in 2023 dollars). Using that money, Hunt then paid the $15 owed to a friend and kept the remaining amount of $385 for himself. In the years to follow, W.R. Grace and Company would make millions of dollars in profits from his invention.[7][8]","title":"Invention of the safety pin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The sharpened pin, that is attached to a coiled wire is connected with a cap that is hooked at the end of the wire. Pushing the pin into the opening of the cap secures the safety of the pin, and the clasp is then closed.[9]","title":"Locking safety pin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Chevalier Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevalier_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The laryngologist Dr. Chevalier Jackson devised special instruments for removing swallowed safety pins. Because small children often swallowed them and open pins could be lodged dangerously in their throats, Jackson called them \"danger pins\" and sometimes displayed arrangements of those he had extracted.[10] Safety pin ingestion is still a common problem in some countries today.[11]","title":"Medical aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clothes-safetypins.jpg"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_fashion"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Richard Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hell"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Johnny Rotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rotten"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"slacktivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacktivism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Punk-style clothing held together with safety pinsDuring the emergence of punk rock in the late 1970s, safety pins became associated with the genre, its followers and fashion.[12] Some claim the look was taken originally from Richard Hell whom the British punks saw in pictures, and whose style they adopted.[13] This is disputed by a number of artists from the first wave of British punks, most notably Johnny Rotten, who insists that safety pins were originally incorporated for more practical reasons, for example, to remedy \"the arse of your pants falling out.\"[14] British punk fans, after seeing the clothing worn by such punk forerunners, then incorporated safety pins into their own wardrobe as clothing decoration or as piercings. Thus shifting the purpose of the pins from practicality to fashion. The safety pin subsequently has become an image associated with punk rock by media and popular culture outlets.[15]Safety pins worn visibly on clothing became a symbol of solidarity with victims of racist and xenophobic speech and violence after the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom in 2016.[16] Later that year the symbol spread to the United States after Donald Trump's election to the presidency. Some commentators and activists derided the wearing of safety pins as \"slacktivism,\" while others argued it was useful when connected with other, more concrete political actions.[17]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Safety pins hold a value in certain cultures and traditions. In India pins are kept over generations and passed down to daughters. Ukrainians use pins as a way to ward off evil spirits when attached to children's clothing. In other countries a safety pin is a form of good luck.[18]","title":"Tradition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"A new method for the removal of safety pins ingested by children\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/36VolNo3Mar2007/V36N3p206.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.47102%2Fannals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17450267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17450267"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"971272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:971272"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Brooches and Pins | LoveToKnow\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/fashion-accessories/brooches-pins"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Walter Hunt\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070714122852/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/279.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/279.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Charles Rowley\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091026062101/http://www.charlesrowley.co.uk/about-us.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.charlesrowley.co.uk/about-us.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Three Millennia of Safety Pins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/11/three-millennia-of-safety-pins/507629/"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Walter Hunt\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US6281"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"LILEKS (James) :: The Bleat 2017 TUESDAY\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lileks.com/bleats/archive/17/1017/100317.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Buy, Keep, or Sell: Economic Growth and the Market for Ideas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jeremygreenwood.net/papers/ACG.pdf"},{"link_name":"Econometrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrica"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3982/ECTA12144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3982%2FECTA12144"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Safety Pin facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Safety Pin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/technology/technology-terms-and-concepts/safety-pin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Down the Hatch and Straight into Medical History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2011/01/11/health/11swallow.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"A new method for the removal of safety pins ingested by children\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/36VolNo3Mar2007/V36N3p206.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.47102%2Fannals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17450267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17450267"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"971272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:971272"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Punks: A Guide to an American Subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5CrUGq8t77kC&dq=punk+fashion+safety+pins&pg=PA53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"A Blank Generation: Richard Hell and American Punk Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//americanstudies.nd.edu/assets/91769/finney_thesis.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Inside the Met's New Exhibit, 'Punk: Chaos to Couture'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/inside-the-mets-new-exhibit-punk-chaos-to-couture-20130507/pin-it-down-0787285"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"The safety pin returns as punk becomes more relevant than ever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/safety-pin-punk-relevant-diy-anarchy-alexander-mcqueen-vivienne-westwood-a7357661.html"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"The humble safety pin makes an anti-racism point, BBC.COM June 16, 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.com/news/uk-36661097"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"The backlash over safety pins and allies, explained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vox.com/culture/2016/11/17/13636156/safety-pins-backlash-trump-brexit"},{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Three Millennia of Safety Pins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/11/three-millennia-of-safety-pins/507629/"}],"text":"^ Türkyilmaz Z, Karabulut R, Sönmez K, Basaklar AC, Kale N (2007). \"A new method for the removal of safety pins ingested by children\" (PDF). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 36 (3): 206–7. doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206. PMID 17450267. S2CID 971272.\n\n^ \"Brooches and Pins | LoveToKnow\". LoveToKnow. Retrieved 2018-05-06.\n\n^ \"Walter Hunt\". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14.\n\n^ \"Charles Rowley\". Charles Rowley. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26.\n\n^ Caballar, Rina. \"Three Millennia of Safety Pins\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-05-05.\n\n^ \"Walter Hunt\". United States Patent and Trademark Office.\n\n^ \"LILEKS (James) :: The Bleat 2017 TUESDAY\". lileks.com. Retrieved 2018-05-05.\n\n^ Akcigit, Ufuk; Celik, Murat Alp; Greenwood, Jeremy (2016). \"Buy, Keep, or Sell: Economic Growth and the Market for Ideas\" (PDF). Econometrica. 84 (3): 943–984. doi:10.3982/ECTA12144.\n\n^ \"Safety Pin facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Safety Pin\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2018-05-05.\n\n^ Schaffer, Amanda (10 January 2011). \"Down the Hatch and Straight into Medical History\". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2020.\n\n^ Türkyilmaz Z, Karabulut R, Sönmez K, Basaklar AC, Kale N (2007). \"A new method for the removal of safety pins ingested by children\" (PDF). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 36 (3): 206–7. doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206. PMID 17450267. S2CID 971272.\n\n^ Punks: A Guide to an American Subculture, p53, Sharon M. Hannon, ABC-CLIO, 2010\n\n^ Finney, Ross, A Blank Generation: Richard Hell and American Punk Rock. University of Notre Dame, Department of American Studies. p. 40\n\n^ Inside the Met's New Exhibit, 'Punk: Chaos to Couture'. Rolling Stone, May 7, 2013.\n\n^ Young, Sarah, The safety pin returns as punk becomes more relevant than ever. The Independent, October 17, 2016.\n\n^ The humble safety pin makes an anti-racism point, BBC.COM June 16, 2016\n\n^ Abad-Santos, Alex, The backlash over safety pins and allies, explained, Vox, November 17, 2016.\n\n^ Caballar, Rina. \"Three Millennia of Safety Pins\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-05-05.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"A safety pin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Safety_Pin.jpg/220px-Safety_Pin.jpg"},{"image_text":"A ribbon and badge attached to a school cap with safety pins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E9%BB%84%E8%89%B2%E3%81%84%E5%B8%BD%E5%AD%90_%287253743024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%E9%BB%84%E8%89%B2%E3%81%84%E5%B8%BD%E5%AD%90_%287253743024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hunt's 1849 patent on the safety pin, U.S. patent #6,281","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Patent_6281.jpg/220px-Patent_6281.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silver safety pins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Silver_safety_pins.jpg/220px-Silver_safety_pins.jpg"},{"image_text":"Punk-style clothing held together with safety pins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Clothes-safetypins.jpg/220px-Clothes-safetypins.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Drawing pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_pin"},{"title":"Infant clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_clothing"},{"title":"Fibulae and ancient brooches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibulae_and_ancient_brooches"},{"title":"Black Versace dress of Elizabeth Hurley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley"},{"title":"Paper clip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_clip"},{"title":"Tie pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_pin"}]
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[{"reference":"Türkyilmaz Z, Karabulut R, Sönmez K, Basaklar AC, Kale N (2007). \"A new method for the removal of safety pins ingested by children\" (PDF). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 36 (3): 206–7. doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206. PMID 17450267. S2CID 971272.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/36VolNo3Mar2007/V36N3p206.pdf","url_text":"\"A new method for the removal of safety pins ingested by children\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.47102%2Fannals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206","url_text":"10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17450267","url_text":"17450267"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:971272","url_text":"971272"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooches and Pins | LoveToKnow\". LoveToKnow. Retrieved 2018-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/fashion-accessories/brooches-pins","url_text":"\"Brooches and Pins | LoveToKnow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Hunt\". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714122852/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/279.html","url_text":"\"Walter Hunt\""},{"url":"http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/279.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Rowley\". Charles Rowley. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091026062101/http://www.charlesrowley.co.uk/about-us.html","url_text":"\"Charles Rowley\""},{"url":"http://www.charlesrowley.co.uk/about-us.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Caballar, Rina. \"Three Millennia of Safety Pins\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/11/three-millennia-of-safety-pins/507629/","url_text":"\"Three Millennia of Safety Pins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Hunt\". United States Patent and Trademark Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US6281","url_text":"\"Walter Hunt\""}]},{"reference":"\"LILEKS (James) :: The Bleat 2017 TUESDAY\". lileks.com. Retrieved 2018-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://lileks.com/bleats/archive/17/1017/100317.html","url_text":"\"LILEKS (James) :: The Bleat 2017 TUESDAY\""}]},{"reference":"Akcigit, Ufuk; Celik, Murat Alp; Greenwood, Jeremy (2016). \"Buy, Keep, or Sell: Economic Growth and the Market for Ideas\" (PDF). Econometrica. 84 (3): 943–984. doi:10.3982/ECTA12144.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jeremygreenwood.net/papers/ACG.pdf","url_text":"\"Buy, Keep, or Sell: Economic Growth and the Market for Ideas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrica","url_text":"Econometrica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3982%2FECTA12144","url_text":"10.3982/ECTA12144"}]},{"reference":"\"Safety Pin facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Safety Pin\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2018-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/technology/technology-terms-and-concepts/safety-pin","url_text":"\"Safety Pin facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Safety Pin\""}]},{"reference":"Schaffer, Amanda (10 January 2011). \"Down the Hatch and Straight into Medical History\". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/11/health/11swallow.html","url_text":"\"Down the Hatch and Straight into Medical History\""}]},{"reference":"Türkyilmaz Z, Karabulut R, Sönmez K, Basaklar AC, Kale N (2007). \"A new method for the removal of safety pins ingested by children\" (PDF). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 36 (3): 206–7. doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206. PMID 17450267. S2CID 971272.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/36VolNo3Mar2007/V36N3p206.pdf","url_text":"\"A new method for the removal of safety pins ingested by children\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.47102%2Fannals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206","url_text":"10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N3p206"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17450267","url_text":"17450267"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:971272","url_text":"971272"}]},{"reference":"Caballar, Rina. \"Three Millennia of Safety Pins\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/11/three-millennia-of-safety-pins/507629/","url_text":"\"Three Millennia of Safety Pins\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurney_(surname)
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Gurney (surname)
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["1 Notable families","2 Others with this surname","3 In fiction"]
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Gurney is an English surname of Anglo-Norman origin.
Notable families
The Gurney family (Norwich), Quakers in England that established Gurney's bank:
Anna Gurney (1795–1857), Old English scholar
Catherine Gurney (1848–1930), English activist
Daniel Gurney (1791–1880), banker and antiquary
Elizabeth Fry née Gurney (1780–1845), prison reformer and philanthropist
Hudson Gurney (1775–1864), English antiquary, verse-writer, and politician
Isabel Charlotte Gurney (Isabel Talbot, Baroness Talbot de Malahide) (1851–1932), English philanthropist
John Henry Gurney Sr. (1819–1890), banker and amateur ornithologist, son of Joseph John Gurney
Joseph John Gurney (1788–1847), banker, brother of Elizabeth Fry and father of John Henry Gurney
Robert Gurney (1879–1950), English zoologist
Samuel Gurney (1786–1856), banker and philanthropist
English shorthand pioneers:
Thomas Gurney (shorthand writer) (1705–1770), first known official shorthand writer
Sir John Gurney (judge) (1768–1845), barrister and judge
William Brodie Gurney (1777–1855), shorthand writer and philanthropist
Joseph Gurney (1804–1879), British shorthand writer and biblical scholar
English clergymen and civil servants (related to the banking family):
Archer Thompson Gurney (1820–1887), Church of England clergyman and hymn writer
John Hampden Gurney (1802–1862), Anglican clergyman and hymnist
Richard Gurney (1790–1843), vice-warden of the stannaries, and father of Archer Thompson Gurney
Edmund Gurney (divine) (d.1648), English clergyman, divine and anti-Catholic writer
Russell Gurney (1804–1878), English Conservative Party politician
American professional auto racing drivers:
Dan Gurney (1931–2018), father of Alex Gurney
Alex Gurney (born 1974), son of Dan Gurney
Others with this surname
A. R. Gurney (1930–2017), American playwright and novelist
Alison Gurney (born 1957), Scottish pharmacologist
Andy Gurney (b. 1974), English footballer
Alexander George Gurney (1902–1955), Australian cartoonist and comic strip creator
Bobby Gurney (1907–1994), English football player
Charles Raymond Gurney (1906-1942), Australian aviator
Charles W. Gurney (1840-1913), American businessman
Daryl Gurney (b. 1986), Northern Irish darts player
Edmund Gurney (1847-1888), English psychologist and psychic researcher.
Edward Gurney (1868—1938), English cricketer who played for Gloucestershire
Edward J. Gurney (1914–1996), U.S. Representative and Senator from Florida
Eric Gurney (1910–1992), Canadian cartoonist who worked with the Walt Disney Company
Sir Goldsworthy Gurney (1793–1875), British scientist
Harry Gurney (b. 1986), English cricket player
Sir Henry Gurney (Henry Lovell Goldsworthy Gurney) (1898–1951), British High Commissioner in Malaya
Ivor Gurney (1890–1937), English composer and war poet
James Gurney (born 1958), U.S. artist best known as the creator and illustrator of the Dinotopia books
Jason Gurney (1910-1973), British sculptor who fought in the Spanish Civil War
Jeremiah Gurney (1812-1886), American daguerreotype photographer
John Chandler Gurney (1896–1985), U.S. Senator from South Dakota
Margaret Gurney (1908–2002), American mathematician, statistician, and computer programmer
Margaret Gurney (artist) (b.1943), Australian artist
Oliver Gurney (1911–2001), English assyriologist and hittitologist
Peter Gurney (1938-2006), English guinea pig campaigner
Rachel Gurney (1920–2001), English actor
Sir Richard Gurney (d.1647), 1st Baronet, English merchant, Lord Mayor of London.
Ronald Wilfred Gurney (1898–1953), British theoretical physicist
Scott Gurney (b. 1976), American actor and executive producer
Stan Gurney (1908–1942), Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross
Steve Gurney (b. 1963), New Zealand multisport and triathlon athlete
In fiction
Gladys Gurney, a member of the extended Simpson family in The Simpsons
Jack Arnold Alexander Tancred Gurney, protagonist of Peter Barnes' 1968 play, The Ruling Class.
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Gurney. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gurney (surname)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gurney family (Norwich)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurney_family_(Norwich)"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Gurney's bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurney%27s_bank"},{"link_name":"Anna Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Catherine Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Daniel Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry"},{"link_name":"Hudson Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Isabel Charlotte Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Charlotte_Gurney"},{"link_name":"John Henry Gurney Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Gurney_Sr."},{"link_name":"Joseph John Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Robert Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Samuel Gurney (1786–1856)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gurney_(1786%E2%80%931856)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gurney (shorthand writer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gurney_(shorthand_writer)"},{"link_name":"John Gurney (judge)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gurney_(judge)"},{"link_name":"William Brodie Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brodie_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Archer Thompson Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_Thompson_Gurney"},{"link_name":"John Hampden Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hampden_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Richard Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Edmund Gurney (divine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gurney_(divine)"},{"link_name":"Russell Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Gurney"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"auto racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"Dan Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Alex Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Gurney"}],"text":"The Gurney family (Norwich), Quakers in England that established Gurney's bank:\nAnna Gurney (1795–1857), Old English scholar\nCatherine Gurney (1848–1930), English activist\nDaniel Gurney (1791–1880), banker and antiquary\nElizabeth Fry née Gurney (1780–1845), prison reformer and philanthropist\nHudson Gurney (1775–1864), English antiquary, verse-writer, and politician\nIsabel Charlotte Gurney (Isabel Talbot, Baroness Talbot de Malahide) (1851–1932), English philanthropist\nJohn Henry Gurney Sr. (1819–1890), banker and amateur ornithologist, son of Joseph John Gurney\nJoseph John Gurney (1788–1847), banker, brother of Elizabeth Fry and father of John Henry Gurney\nRobert Gurney (1879–1950), English zoologist\nSamuel Gurney (1786–1856), banker and philanthropist\nEnglish shorthand pioneers:\nThomas Gurney (shorthand writer) (1705–1770), first known official shorthand writer\nSir John Gurney (judge) (1768–1845), barrister and judge\nWilliam Brodie Gurney (1777–1855), shorthand writer and philanthropist\nJoseph Gurney (1804–1879), British shorthand writer and biblical scholar\nEnglish clergymen and civil servants (related to the banking family):\nArcher Thompson Gurney (1820–1887), Church of England clergyman and hymn writer\nJohn Hampden Gurney (1802–1862), Anglican clergyman and hymnist\nRichard Gurney (1790–1843), vice-warden of the stannaries, and father of Archer Thompson Gurney\nEdmund Gurney (divine) (d.1648), English clergyman, divine and anti-Catholic writer\nRussell Gurney (1804–1878), English Conservative Party politician\nAmerican professional auto racing drivers:\nDan Gurney (1931–2018), father of Alex Gurney\nAlex Gurney (born 1974), son of Dan Gurney","title":"Notable families"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. R. Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Gurney"},{"link_name":"Alison Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Andy Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Alexander George Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_George_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Bobby Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Charles Raymond Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Raymond_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Charles W. Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Gurney"},{"link_name":"Daryl Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Edmund Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Edward Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Edward J. Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._Gurney"},{"link_name":"Eric Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Goldsworthy Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsworthy_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Harry Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Henry Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Ivor Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Gurney"},{"link_name":"James Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Jason Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Gurney"},{"link_name":"John Chandler Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chandler_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Margaret Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Margaret Gurney (artist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Gurney_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Peter Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Rachel Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Ronald Wilfred Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Wilfred_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Scott Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Stan Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Steve Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gurney"}],"text":"A. R. Gurney (1930–2017), American playwright and novelist\nAlison Gurney (born 1957), Scottish pharmacologist\nAndy Gurney (b. 1974), English footballer\nAlexander George Gurney (1902–1955), Australian cartoonist and comic strip creator\nBobby Gurney (1907–1994), English football player\nCharles Raymond Gurney (1906-1942), Australian aviator\nCharles W. Gurney (1840-1913), American businessman\nDaryl Gurney (b. 1986), Northern Irish darts player\nEdmund Gurney (1847-1888), English psychologist and psychic researcher.\nEdward Gurney (1868—1938), English cricketer who played for Gloucestershire\nEdward J. Gurney (1914–1996), U.S. Representative and Senator from Florida\nEric Gurney (1910–1992), Canadian cartoonist who worked with the Walt Disney Company\nSir Goldsworthy Gurney (1793–1875), British scientist\nHarry Gurney (b. 1986), English cricket player\nSir Henry Gurney (Henry Lovell Goldsworthy Gurney) (1898–1951), British High Commissioner in Malaya\nIvor Gurney (1890–1937), English composer and war poet\nJames Gurney (born 1958), U.S. artist best known as the creator and illustrator of the Dinotopia books\nJason Gurney (1910-1973), British sculptor who fought in the Spanish Civil War\nJeremiah Gurney (1812-1886), American daguerreotype photographer\nJohn Chandler Gurney (1896–1985), U.S. Senator from South Dakota\nMargaret Gurney (1908–2002), American mathematician, statistician, and computer programmer\nMargaret Gurney (artist) (b.1943), Australian artist\nOliver Gurney (1911–2001), English assyriologist and hittitologist\nPeter Gurney (1938-2006), English guinea pig campaigner\nRachel Gurney (1920–2001), English actor\nSir Richard Gurney (d.1647), 1st Baronet, English merchant, Lord Mayor of London.\nRonald Wilfred Gurney (1898–1953), British theoretical physicist\nScott Gurney (b. 1976), American actor and executive producer\nStan Gurney (1908–1942), Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross\nSteve Gurney (b. 1963), New Zealand multisport and triathlon athlete","title":"Others with this surname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simpson family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson_family"},{"link_name":"The Ruling Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ruling_Class_(play)"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Gurney_(surname)&namespace=0"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}],"text":"Gladys Gurney, a member of the extended Simpson family in The Simpsons\nJack Arnold Alexander Tancred Gurney, protagonist of Peter Barnes' 1968 play, The Ruling Class.Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Gurney. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.","title":"In fiction"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Gurney_(surname)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Trampas_Creek
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Las Trampas Creek
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["1 Course","2 Ecology","2.1 Historical ecology","3 Current state","4 History","5 References"]
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Coordinates: 37°53′39″N 122°03′35″W / 37.8941°N 122.0596°W / 37.8941; -122.0596River in California, United StatesLas Trampas CreekLas Trampas Creek near its confluence with Grizzly Creek in Lafayette, California, following a rain storm (January 2nd, 2023)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyContra Costa County
Las Trampas Creek is a 12.37 mile (19.9 km) long north-east flowing stream in Contra Costa County, California. Its watershed comprises an area of 17,238 acres. Its mean daily flow is approximately 15.4 cfs.
Course
Las Trampas Creek and its principal tributaries drain the rugged north face of Rocky Ridge and the Las Trampas Regional Wilderness in the Berkeley Hills from an elevation of around 2000' above sea level. It is formed from several small and intermittent springs in the Las Trampas Hills, and its headwaters have steep falls through forests of Coast Live Oak, Valley Oak, California Bay Laurel and Madrone flowing northwest before taking an abrupt turn to the northeast in the vicinity of Saint Mary's College in Moraga, CA. After reaching the valley floor, it receives Grizzly Creek, one of its largest tributaries. After receiving Lafayette Creek, in downtown Lafayette, California, it continues for several miles to the northeast downstream to its confluence with San Ramon Creek in Walnut Creek, California, forming Walnut Creek.
Ecology
The Las Trampas Creek Basin is a tapestry of rural, suburban and urban lands; its highest reaches remaining relatively pristine in appearance aside from the intrusions of cattle ranching, hiking paths and a single road. The watershed has a Warm-summer Mediterranean climate, receiving relatively heavy marine fog at times. As the creek descends in elevation, the intensity of urban development increases. Out of all sub watersheds within the Walnut Creek, Las Trampas Creek receives the most average rainfall, at 26 inches.
A view of upper Las Trampas Creek Canyon, with Las Trampas Peak on the left and Rocky Ridge on the right (May 21st, 2023)
A forested valley in the middle watershed populated with mature valley oaks, California bay, buckeye and coast live oak (May 14th, 2022)
Rugged slopes draped in Chaparral, California oak woodland and invasive annual grassland with small forested valleys in between define the watercourse.
Although almost all of the flat land along the creek's course has been subjected to development of some form during the last century, the rugged ridges that make up a considerable portion of the watershed remain lightly, if at all developed, and are a vital refuge for wildlife and humans alike from a highly urbanized surrounding landscape.
Coyotes, blacktail deer, raccoons and other wildlife can be found commonly in the watershed, often in suburbanized areas, with mountain lion being present on occasion but rarely seen. The watershed has an impressive and vocal suite of birds, with turkey vultures, multiple species of hawks and many species of songbird being abundant. Owls and coyotes can be heard often at dusk, night and in the early morning.
The creek itself supports river otter, numerous species of birds, and fish such as the Three-spined stickleback.
Historical ecology
A towering valley oak stands amidst suburban development at the confluence of Grizzly and Las Trampas Creeks. This tree likely predates the arrival of Europeans in the watershed.(May 23rd, 2021)
Downstream from present Saint Mary's College in Moraga, CA essentially all the way to its confluence with Walnut Creek, Las Trampas Creek coursed through a wide and undulating valley floor near the community of Burton Valley with deep soil, it spread its waters out across a broad floodplain in times of excess flow, and retained water only in pools during times of drought. This section of the course would have supported a Valley Oak Savannah intermixed with riparian and foothill vegetation; remnants of this habitat still line a few portions of Las Trampas Creek and its tributaries, most likely spared from the farmer's axe for their utility in preventing evaporation of the creek in the dry season. The majority of this habitat, however, was destroyed to make way for dry-farmed wheat and eventually walnut and pear orchards during the late 1800s up to the mid-1900s, when the orchards themselves were replaced by suburbs. A great place to see these relict populations of valley oaks and coast live oaks is in Lafayette Community Park, where a woodland has been restored at the confluence of Las Trampas and Grizzly Creeks alongside the heritage trees, some of which are hundreds of years old.
The Las Trampas Creek watershed almost assuredly supported a population of Steelhead Trout prior to the extensive development of the lower and middle portions of its course, as well as to Walnut Creek downstream. Trout were last seen consistently in the watershed during the early 1950s, with sightings occurring occasionally up to the 1980s in the Las Trampas Creek mainstem, though studies have concluded there is no longer a self-sustaining trout population for a variety of reasons. There are currently several major passage barriers to anadromous fish along Las Trampas Creek, which deny access to habitat that has been rated among the best in the Walnut Creek Watershed for steelhead survival. Excepting the passage barriers, the urbanized sections of the creek are often polluted with urban waste and runoff during floods.
North American beaver likely inhabited Las Trampas creek and its tributaries, as noted by early visitors to the region. Like in other places in arid western North America, the beaver probably played a crucial role in retaining water through the dry season and providing habitat for fish and wildlife. The impacts of the beavers' abrupt removal are only starting to be understood. The species was often not mentioned in early scientific texts as it is thought the numerous trapping expeditions launched into every corner of modern California by the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company cleared out any easily observable population of beaver before proper scientific inquiry into the flora and fauna of California. Beavers have recently started to recolonize neighboring watersheds like that of Alhambra Creek.
Accounts of the region from Spanish and Mexican times (1769 to 1848) speak of large herds of tule elk inhabiting the hills and valleys that would have no doubt taken advantage of the fertile grazing lands and watering holes provided by Las Trampas Creek. In fact, the name "Las Trampas" or in English "the traps" is in reference to the strategy of native Saclan hunters who would chase elk and deer into the steep, impassable canyons of the headwaters, trapping them for easy pickings.
An example of the steep terrain which Saclan hunters would use to their advantage when hunting game, the Spanish-speaking inhabitants of the area later dubbing the mountains from which Las Trampas Creek rises "La Sierra de Las Trampas" (April 11th, 2021)
The demand for agricultural land throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries led landowners to clear the forests and savannas of oak trees that filled the valley bottoms along Las Trampas Creek to plant grain fields. Valuable trees in the watershed like White Alder (Alnus rhombifolia), Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and other species were logged out for their wood. By the 1930s, virtually the entirety of the Las Trampas Creek floodplain had been converted to agriculture or housing. Groundwater reserves that likely furnished many now-intermittent springs were tapped by artesian wells used to irrigate fruit and nut orchards that were planted extensively in the watershed around the turn of the 19th century.
Current state
A dry section of Las Trampas Creek during the seasonal drought. The creek may have retained more summer flow before manipulation of its aquifer and floodplain. (July 7th, 2022)
Today, many of the existing springs in the watershed have been diverted for domestic and agricultural use, reducing the overall flow. As a result of this factor and a lack of groundwater recharge, the creek retains little of its flow into the dry season, and the lands about its floodplain are generally quite arid during the summer drought; the main stem of the Las Trampas Creek, however, almost always retains water in pools during the dry season.
As a result of increased erosion and runoff from urban development, much of the channel of Las Trampas Creek is deeply downcut, creating an erosional hazard for the developments along the banks as well as a flooding hazard. With impermeable asphalt covering the majority of the creek's floodplain, a much higher proportion of precipitation flows directly into the channel, increasing the flow and causing the harmful erosion and channel incision.
Higher in the watershed, Las Trampas Creek assumes a more natural character
In the wake of a series of major floods in the 1950s and 60s, urban planners in the growing cities surrounding the watershed, with the help of the government, decided to channelize much of Las Trampas creek. From downtown Lafayette to its confluence with San Ramon Creek in Walnut Creek, Las Trampas Creek flows through an earthen flood channel. For the majority of its length, Las Trampas creek is closely paralleled by suburban and urban environments as it courses through the cities of Lafayette and Walnut Creek, California. The heavy channel modifications and severing of its floodplain have greatly altered the character and appearance of Las Trampas Creek from historic times.
The forested canyons of the middle and upper sections of the watershed are less intensely developed, mainly home to ranches and small-holdings properties along Bollinger Canyon Road, as well as land banks. This section of the watershed is composed of heavily forested and very rugged canyons. Bigleaf Maple, White Alder and other riparian trees are common along the stream. Annual grasslands are also common in exposed areas in the upper canyon, and are host to vibrant insect and bird life. Springs that emerge from the rock rush down the numerous gulleys that line the walls of the upper Las Trampas Creek canyon, feeding the stream. Some of the tributary springs are perennial, but most are ephemeral. Wildlife such as turkeys, Columbian black-tail deer and coyotes are commonly encountered.
History
A bedrock mortar at a village site along a tributary to Las Trampas Creek, Tice Creek. This village was the site of a major archaeological dig. (August 10th, 2022)
The human history of the Las Trampas Creek watershed began thousands of years ago when groups of Paleo-Indians made their way into the Bay Area. Some of the earliest evidence of human occupation in what is now California dates to more than 10,000 years before present.
The inhabitants of the Las Trampas Creek watershed at the time of Spanish contact were the Saclan, a member of the Bay Miwok cultural-linguistic group. The Saclan likely arrived in the area encompassing modern-day Lafayette, Moraga and Walnut Creek, California around 700 AD. They lived in several bands inhabiting different watersheds in the area, some of which being on Las Trampas Creek. Evidence of native occupation has been uncovered from the top of the watershed to the bottom; notably in Las Trampas Regional Wilderness, on the property of Saint Mary's College, near the Lafayette Community Center, downtown Lafayette, downtown Walnut Creek and along many of the streams tributary to Las Trampas Creek.
These people took advantage of the mild climate and abundance of natural foods provided by the pre-colonization landscape of the Las Trampas Creek watershed. They relied on the creek for water for drinking, bathing and cooking. Las Trampas creek furnished Saclan villages and camps with fish and other riparian resources; game could be reliably hunted along its banks. The mountains at the head of the watershed, namely Rocky Ridge and Las Trampas Peak, are thought to have held spiritual significance to the Saclan and their neighbors, the former boasting large and imposing rock formations as well as views of the surrounding country.
With the arrival of the first parties of Spanish settlers in the Bay Area in 1776, life began to change for the Saclan. A series of epidemics among the natives of the interior coupled with a drought in the 1790s forced many Saclan to seek refuge at Mission Dolores across the Bay on the San Francisco Peninsula. By about 1806, after years of disease, ecological and social collapse and raids from the Spanish military, the Las Trampas creek watershed and the rest of the Saclan homeland was all but devoid of people.
In 1834, a large portion of the Las Trampas Creek watershed was granted to Joaquin Moraga and his cousin Juan Bernal as part of the Rancho Laguna de los Palos Colorados grant. The Moragas ran cattle in the hills of Las Trampas Creek and the neighboring San Leandro Creek watershed, though only one of their families would settle on the Rancho.
One of several flood control structures on lower Las Trampas Creek built as part of the development of Walnut Creek, CA(November 19th, 2023)
By 1859, the majority of the Rancho was acquired by Horace Carpentier, a noted real estate speculator and developer. Into the late 1800s the Rancho was subdivided by Carpentier among farmers who subsequently planted grain and after the introduction of irrigation technology, orchards of nut and fruit trees. The waters of Las Trampas Creek were harnessed for a number of reasons, mainly irrigation. In the early 1900s, construction at Saint Mary's College required a reliable water source, and so Las Trampas Creek was dammed near the mouth of Bollinger Canyon to create Lake Lasalle.
In 1904, The Sacramento Northern Railway was constructed along a portion of Las Trampas Creek and operated until the mid-1950s, carrying freight and passengers to and from Sacramento and Oakland.
Beginning the 1930s, but greatly expanding during the post World War II housing boom, suburban communities were built along much of the creek, replacing orchards and pastures.
References
^ "Las Trampas Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
^ a b c "Watersheds". www.cccleanwater.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
^ "Contra Costa County Creeks Inventory" (PDF). www.cccleanwater.org.
^ "Climate Bay Area (California): Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Bay Area (California) - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
^ "Community Park | City of Lafayette, CA". www.lovelafayette.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
^ W., Küchler, A. (1977). Natural vegetation of California. University of Kansas, Dept. of Geography. OCLC 150512484.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b c A., Leidy, R. (2005). Historical distribution and current status of steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in streams of the San Francisco Estuary, California. Center for Ecosystem Management and Restoration. OCLC 61661273.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Work, John (1945). Fur brigade to the Bonaventura : John Work's California expedition, 1832-1833, for the Hudson's Bay Company. California Historical Society. OCLC 15511797.
^ Knight, Walter (1973). The Story of Las Trampas. East Bay Regional Parks District. pp. 1–2.
^ Burgess, Sherwood D. (1951-03-01). "The Forgotten Redwoods of the East Bay". California Historical Society Quarterly. 30 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2307/25156275. ISSN 0008-1175.
^ Sutton, Mark Q. (2019-07-03). "Reassessing the Paleoindian Witt Archaeological Locality, Tulare Lake, San Joaquin Valley, California". PaleoAmerica. 5 (3): 276–299. doi:10.1080/20555563.2019.1625259. ISSN 2055-5563.
^ "Saint Mary's Environmental History". Saint Mary's College. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
^ Jackson, Robert; Milliken, Randall (1996). "A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1769-1810". Ethnohistory. 43 (4): 754. doi:10.2307/483269. ISSN 0014-1801.
^ mhadmin. "Historical Sites: Rancho Laguna de los Palos Colorados". Moraga Historical Society. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
^ McDevitt, Matthew, Brother (1970). The history of Saint Mary's College. The College. OCLC 82093531.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "East Bay Hills Sacramento Northern Railroad Right-of-Way during the mid-20th century from the Rockridge section of Oakland to Walnut Creek | East Bay Hills Project". www.eastbayhillsproject.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
37°53′39″N 122°03′35″W / 37.8941°N 122.0596°W / 37.8941; -122.0596
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Contra Costa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Costa_County"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"River in California, United StatesLas Trampas Creek is a 12.37 mile (19.9 km) long north-east flowing stream in Contra Costa County, California.[1] Its watershed comprises an area of 17,238 acres.[2] Its mean daily flow is approximately 15.4 cfs.[3]","title":"Las Trampas Creek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rocky Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Ridge,_California"},{"link_name":"Las Trampas Regional Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Trampas_Regional_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Hills"},{"link_name":"Coast Live Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Live_Oak"},{"link_name":"Valley Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Oak"},{"link_name":"California Bay Laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Bay_Laurel"},{"link_name":"Madrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrone"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_College_of_California"},{"link_name":"Moraga, CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraga,_CA"},{"link_name":"Grizzly Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_Creek,_Contra_Costa_County"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_California"},{"link_name":"San Ramon Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Ramon_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walnut Creek, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California"},{"link_name":"Walnut Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Creek_(Contra_Costa_County)"}],"text":"Las Trampas Creek and its principal tributaries drain the rugged north face of Rocky Ridge and the Las Trampas Regional Wilderness in the Berkeley Hills from an elevation of around 2000' above sea level. It is formed from several small and intermittent springs in the Las Trampas Hills, and its headwaters have steep falls through forests of Coast Live Oak, Valley Oak, California Bay Laurel and Madrone flowing northwest before taking an abrupt turn to the northeast in the vicinity of Saint Mary's College in Moraga, CA. After reaching the valley floor, it receives Grizzly Creek, one of its largest tributaries. After receiving Lafayette Creek, in downtown Lafayette, California, it continues for several miles to the northeast downstream to its confluence with San Ramon Creek in Walnut Creek, California, forming Walnut Creek.","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warm-summer Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Walnut Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Creek_(Contra_Costa_County)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_the_head_of_Las_Trampas_Creek_Canyon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forests_of_Las_Trampas_Creek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chaparral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral"},{"link_name":"California oak woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_oak_woodland"},{"link_name":"Coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyotes"},{"link_name":"blacktail deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacktail_deer"},{"link_name":"raccoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoons"},{"link_name":"mountain lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_lion"},{"link_name":"turkey vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_vultures"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Three-spined stickleback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-spined_stickleback"}],"text":"The Las Trampas Creek Basin is a tapestry of rural, suburban and urban lands; its highest reaches remaining relatively pristine in appearance aside from the intrusions of cattle ranching, hiking paths and a single road. The watershed has a Warm-summer Mediterranean climate,[4] receiving relatively heavy marine fog at times. As the creek descends in elevation, the intensity of urban development increases. Out of all sub watersheds within the Walnut Creek, Las Trampas Creek receives the most average rainfall, at 26 inches.[2]A view of upper Las Trampas Creek Canyon, with Las Trampas Peak on the left and Rocky Ridge on the right (May 21st, 2023)A forested valley in the middle watershed populated with mature valley oaks, California bay, buckeye and coast live oak (May 14th, 2022)Rugged slopes draped in Chaparral, California oak woodland and invasive annual grassland with small forested valleys in between define the watercourse.Although almost all of the flat land along the creek's course has been subjected to development of some form during the last century, the rugged ridges that make up a considerable portion of the watershed remain lightly, if at all developed, and are a vital refuge for wildlife and humans alike from a highly urbanized surrounding landscape.Coyotes, blacktail deer, raccoons and other wildlife can be found commonly in the watershed, often in suburbanized areas, with mountain lion being present on occasion but rarely seen. The watershed has an impressive and vocal suite of birds, with turkey vultures, multiple species of hawks and many species of songbird being abundant.[5] Owls and coyotes can be heard often at dusk, night and in the early morning.The creek itself supports river otter, numerous species of birds, and fish such as the Three-spined stickleback.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burton_Valley_Valley_Oak.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moraga, CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraga,_CA"},{"link_name":"Walnut Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Creek_(Contra_Costa_County)"},{"link_name":"Burton Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Valley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Community Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lafayette_Community_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steelhead Trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhead_Trout"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"North American beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_beaver"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"North West Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Company"},{"link_name":"Alhambra Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra_Creek"},{"link_name":"tule elk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_elk"},{"link_name":"Saclan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saclan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Las_Trampas_Peak.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alnus rhombifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnus_rhombifolia"},{"link_name":"Sequoia sempervirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"artesian wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artesian_well"}],"sub_title":"Historical ecology","text":"A towering valley oak stands amidst suburban development at the confluence of Grizzly and Las Trampas Creeks. This tree likely predates the arrival of Europeans in the watershed.(May 23rd, 2021)Downstream from present Saint Mary's College in Moraga, CA essentially all the way to its confluence with Walnut Creek, Las Trampas Creek coursed through a wide and undulating valley floor near the community of Burton Valley with deep soil, it spread its waters out across a broad floodplain in times of excess flow, and retained water only in pools during times of drought. This section of the course would have supported a Valley Oak Savannah intermixed with riparian and foothill vegetation;[6] remnants of this habitat still line a few portions of Las Trampas Creek and its tributaries, most likely spared from the farmer's axe for their utility in preventing evaporation of the creek in the dry season. The majority of this habitat, however, was destroyed to make way for dry-farmed wheat and eventually walnut and pear orchards during the late 1800s up to the mid-1900s, when the orchards themselves were replaced by suburbs. A great place to see these relict populations of valley oaks and coast live oaks is in Lafayette Community Park, where a woodland has been restored at the confluence of Las Trampas and Grizzly Creeks alongside the heritage trees, some of which are hundreds of years old.The Las Trampas Creek watershed almost assuredly supported a population of Steelhead Trout[7] prior to the extensive development of the lower and middle portions of its course, as well as to Walnut Creek downstream. Trout were last seen consistently in the watershed during the early 1950s, with sightings occurring occasionally up to the 1980s in the Las Trampas Creek mainstem, though studies have concluded there is no longer a self-sustaining trout population for a variety of reasons. There are currently several major passage barriers to anadromous fish along Las Trampas Creek, which deny access to habitat that has been rated among the best in the Walnut Creek Watershed for steelhead survival. Excepting the passage barriers, the urbanized sections of the creek are often polluted with urban waste and runoff during floods.[7]North American beaver likely inhabited Las Trampas creek and its tributaries, as noted by early visitors to the region. Like in other places in arid western North America, the beaver probably played a crucial role in retaining water through the dry season and providing habitat for fish and wildlife.[8] The impacts of the beavers' abrupt removal are only starting to be understood. The species was often not mentioned in early scientific texts as it is thought the numerous trapping expeditions launched into every corner of modern California by the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company cleared out any easily observable population of beaver before proper scientific inquiry into the flora and fauna of California. Beavers have recently started to recolonize neighboring watersheds like that of Alhambra Creek.Accounts of the region from Spanish and Mexican times (1769 to 1848) speak of large herds of tule elk inhabiting the hills and valleys that would have no doubt taken advantage of the fertile grazing lands and watering holes provided by Las Trampas Creek. In fact, the name \"Las Trampas\" or in English \"the traps\" is in reference to the strategy of native Saclan hunters who would chase elk and deer into the steep, impassable canyons of the headwaters, trapping them for easy pickings.[9]An example of the steep terrain which Saclan hunters would use to their advantage when hunting game, the Spanish-speaking inhabitants of the area later dubbing the mountains from which Las Trampas Creek rises \"La Sierra de Las Trampas\" (April 11th, 2021)The demand for agricultural land throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries led landowners to clear the forests and savannas of oak trees that filled the valley bottoms along Las Trampas Creek to plant grain fields. Valuable trees in the watershed like White Alder (Alnus rhombifolia), Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and other species were logged out for their wood.[10] By the 1930s, virtually the entirety of the Las Trampas Creek floodplain had been converted to agriculture or housing. Groundwater reserves that likely furnished many now-intermittent springs were tapped by artesian wells used to irrigate fruit and nut orchards that were planted extensively in the watershed around the turn of the 19th century.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dry_creek_channel.jpg"},{"link_name":"springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"downcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downcutting"},{"link_name":"incision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downcutting"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_Las_Trampas_Creek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_California"},{"link_name":"Walnut Creek, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Bigleaf Maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_macrophyllum"},{"link_name":"White Alder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnus_rhombifolia"},{"link_name":"turkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Columbian black-tail deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_black-tail_deer"},{"link_name":"coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"}],"text":"A dry section of Las Trampas Creek during the seasonal drought. The creek may have retained more summer flow before manipulation of its aquifer and floodplain. (July 7th, 2022)Today, many of the existing springs in the watershed have been diverted for domestic and agricultural use, reducing the overall flow. As a result of this factor and a lack of groundwater recharge, the creek retains little of its flow into the dry season, and the lands about its floodplain are generally quite arid during the summer drought; the main stem of the Las Trampas Creek, however, almost always retains water in pools during the dry season.As a result of increased erosion and runoff from urban development, much of the channel of Las Trampas Creek is deeply downcut, creating an erosional hazard for the developments along the banks as well as a flooding hazard. With impermeable asphalt covering the majority of the creek's floodplain, a much higher proportion of precipitation flows directly into the channel, increasing the flow and causing the harmful erosion and channel incision.[7]Higher in the watershed, Las Trampas Creek assumes a more natural characterIn the wake of a series of major floods in the 1950s and 60s, urban planners in the growing cities surrounding the watershed, with the help of the government, decided to channelize much of Las Trampas creek. From downtown Lafayette to its confluence with San Ramon Creek in Walnut Creek, Las Trampas Creek flows through an earthen flood channel. For the majority of its length, Las Trampas creek is closely paralleled by suburban and urban environments as it courses through the cities of Lafayette and Walnut Creek, California. The heavy channel modifications and severing of its floodplain have greatly altered the character and appearance of Las Trampas Creek from historic times.[2]The forested canyons of the middle and upper sections of the watershed are less intensely developed, mainly home to ranches and small-holdings properties along Bollinger Canyon Road, as well as land banks. This section of the watershed is composed of heavily forested and very rugged canyons. Bigleaf Maple, White Alder and other riparian trees are common along the stream. Annual grasslands are also common in exposed areas in the upper canyon, and are host to vibrant insect and bird life. Springs that emerge from the rock rush down the numerous gulleys that line the walls of the upper Las Trampas Creek canyon, feeding the stream. Some of the tributary springs are perennial, but most are ephemeral. Wildlife such as turkeys, Columbian black-tail deer and coyotes are commonly encountered.","title":"Current state"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedrock_Mortar_on_Tice_Creek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paleo-Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians"},{"link_name":"Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Saclan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saclan"},{"link_name":"Bay Miwok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Miwok"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_California"},{"link_name":"Moraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraga,_California"},{"link_name":"Walnut Creek, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_College_of_California"},{"link_name":"Rocky Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Ridge,_California"},{"link_name":"Las Trampas Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Trampas_Peak"},{"link_name":"Mission Dolores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Rancho Laguna de los Palos Colorados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Laguna_de_los_Palos_Colorados"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"San Leandro Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Leandro_Creek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Las_Trampas_Creek_Drop_Structure.jpg"},{"link_name":"Horace Carpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Carpentier"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Northern_Railway"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"suburban communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"}],"text":"A bedrock mortar at a village site along a tributary to Las Trampas Creek, Tice Creek. This village was the site of a major archaeological dig. (August 10th, 2022)The human history of the Las Trampas Creek watershed began thousands of years ago when groups of Paleo-Indians made their way into the Bay Area. Some of the earliest evidence of human occupation in what is now California dates to more than 10,000 years before present.[11]The inhabitants of the Las Trampas Creek watershed at the time of Spanish contact were the Saclan, a member of the Bay Miwok cultural-linguistic group. The Saclan likely arrived in the area encompassing modern-day Lafayette, Moraga and Walnut Creek, California around 700 AD.[12] They lived in several bands inhabiting different watersheds in the area, some of which being on Las Trampas Creek.[13] Evidence of native occupation has been uncovered from the top of the watershed to the bottom; notably in Las Trampas Regional Wilderness, on the property of Saint Mary's College, near the Lafayette Community Center, downtown Lafayette, downtown Walnut Creek and along many of the streams tributary to Las Trampas Creek.These people took advantage of the mild climate and abundance of natural foods provided by the pre-colonization landscape of the Las Trampas Creek watershed. They relied on the creek for water for drinking, bathing and cooking. Las Trampas creek furnished Saclan villages and camps with fish and other riparian resources; game could be reliably hunted along its banks. The mountains at the head of the watershed, namely Rocky Ridge and Las Trampas Peak, are thought to have held spiritual significance to the Saclan and their neighbors, the former boasting large and imposing rock formations as well as views of the surrounding country.With the arrival of the first parties of Spanish settlers in the Bay Area in 1776, life began to change for the Saclan. A series of epidemics among the natives of the interior coupled with a drought in the 1790s forced many Saclan to seek refuge at Mission Dolores across the Bay on the San Francisco Peninsula. By about 1806, after years of disease, ecological and social collapse and raids from the Spanish military, the Las Trampas creek watershed and the rest of the Saclan homeland was all but devoid of people.In 1834, a large portion of the Las Trampas Creek watershed was granted to Joaquin Moraga and his cousin Juan Bernal as part of the Rancho Laguna de los Palos Colorados grant.[14] The Moragas ran cattle in the hills of Las Trampas Creek and the neighboring San Leandro Creek watershed, though only one of their families would settle on the Rancho.One of several flood control structures on lower Las Trampas Creek built as part of the development of Walnut Creek, CA(November 19th, 2023)By 1859, the majority of the Rancho was acquired by Horace Carpentier, a noted real estate speculator and developer. Into the late 1800s the Rancho was subdivided by Carpentier among farmers who subsequently planted grain and after the introduction of irrigation technology, orchards of nut and fruit trees. The waters of Las Trampas Creek were harnessed for a number of reasons, mainly irrigation. In the early 1900s, construction at Saint Mary's College required a reliable water source, and so Las Trampas Creek was dammed near the mouth of Bollinger Canyon to create Lake Lasalle.[15]In 1904, The Sacramento Northern Railway was constructed along a portion of Las Trampas Creek and operated until the mid-1950s, carrying freight and passengers to and from Sacramento and Oakland.[16]Beginning the 1930s, but greatly expanding during the post World War II housing boom, suburban communities were built along much of the creek, replacing orchards and pastures.","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"A view of upper Las Trampas Creek Canyon, with Las Trampas Peak on the left and Rocky Ridge on the right (May 21st, 2023)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/View_of_the_head_of_Las_Trampas_Creek_Canyon.jpg/220px-View_of_the_head_of_Las_Trampas_Creek_Canyon.jpg"},{"image_text":"A forested valley in the middle watershed populated with mature valley oaks, California bay, buckeye and coast live oak (May 14th, 2022)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Forests_of_Las_Trampas_Creek.jpg/220px-Forests_of_Las_Trampas_Creek.jpg"},{"image_text":"A towering valley oak stands amidst suburban development at the confluence of Grizzly and Las Trampas Creeks. This tree likely predates the arrival of Europeans in the watershed.(May 23rd, 2021)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Burton_Valley_Valley_Oak.jpg/220px-Burton_Valley_Valley_Oak.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of the steep terrain which Saclan hunters would use to their advantage when hunting game, the Spanish-speaking inhabitants of the area later dubbing the mountains from which Las Trampas Creek rises \"La Sierra de Las Trampas\" (April 11th, 2021)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Las_Trampas_Peak.jpg/220px-Las_Trampas_Peak.jpg"},{"image_text":"A dry section of Las Trampas Creek during the seasonal drought. The creek may have retained more summer flow before manipulation of its aquifer and floodplain. (July 7th, 2022)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dry_creek_channel.jpg/220px-Dry_creek_channel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Higher in the watershed, Las Trampas Creek assumes a more natural character","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Upper_Las_Trampas_Creek.jpg/220px-Upper_Las_Trampas_Creek.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bedrock mortar at a village site along a tributary to Las Trampas Creek, Tice Creek. This village was the site of a major archaeological dig. (August 10th, 2022)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bedrock_Mortar_on_Tice_Creek.jpg/220px-Bedrock_Mortar_on_Tice_Creek.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of several flood control structures on lower Las Trampas Creek built as part of the development of Walnut Creek, CA(November 19th, 2023)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Las_Trampas_Creek_Drop_Structure.jpg/220px-Las_Trampas_Creek_Drop_Structure.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Las Trampas Creek\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/226900","url_text":"\"Las Trampas Creek\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Watersheds\". www.cccleanwater.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cccleanwater.org/community/watersheds","url_text":"\"Watersheds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contra Costa County Creeks Inventory\" (PDF). www.cccleanwater.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cccleanwater.org/_pdfs/Creeks_Inventory.pdf","url_text":"\"Contra Costa County Creeks Inventory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate Bay Area (California): Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Bay Area (California) - Climate-Data.org\". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2023-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/bay-area-california-10304/","url_text":"\"Climate Bay Area (California): Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Bay Area (California) - Climate-Data.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Community Park | City of Lafayette, CA\". www.lovelafayette.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lovelafayette.org/city-hall/city-departments/parks-trails-recreation/parks/community-park","url_text":"\"Community Park | City of Lafayette, CA\""}]},{"reference":"W., Küchler, A. (1977). Natural vegetation of California. University of Kansas, Dept. of Geography. OCLC 150512484.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/150512484","url_text":"Natural vegetation of California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/150512484","url_text":"150512484"}]},{"reference":"A., Leidy, R. (2005). Historical distribution and current status of steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in streams of the San Francisco Estuary, California. Center for Ecosystem Management and Restoration. OCLC 61661273.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/61661273","url_text":"Historical distribution and current status of steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in streams of the San Francisco Estuary, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61661273","url_text":"61661273"}]},{"reference":"Work, John (1945). Fur brigade to the Bonaventura : John Work's California expedition, 1832-1833, for the Hudson's Bay Company. California Historical Society. OCLC 15511797.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/15511797","url_text":"Fur brigade to the Bonaventura : John Work's California expedition, 1832-1833, for the Hudson's Bay Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15511797","url_text":"15511797"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Walter (1973). The Story of Las Trampas. East Bay Regional Parks District. pp. 1–2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burgess, Sherwood D. (1951-03-01). \"The Forgotten Redwoods of the East Bay\". California Historical Society Quarterly. 30 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2307/25156275. ISSN 0008-1175.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25156275","url_text":"\"The Forgotten Redwoods of the East Bay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25156275","url_text":"10.2307/25156275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-1175","url_text":"0008-1175"}]},{"reference":"Sutton, Mark Q. (2019-07-03). \"Reassessing the Paleoindian Witt Archaeological Locality, Tulare Lake, San Joaquin Valley, California\". PaleoAmerica. 5 (3): 276–299. doi:10.1080/20555563.2019.1625259. ISSN 2055-5563.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2019.1625259","url_text":"\"Reassessing the Paleoindian Witt Archaeological Locality, Tulare Lake, San Joaquin Valley, California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20555563.2019.1625259","url_text":"10.1080/20555563.2019.1625259"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2055-5563","url_text":"2055-5563"}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Mary's Environmental History\". Saint Mary's College. Retrieved 2023-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stmarys-ca.edu/history/the-environmental-history-of-saint-marys-college","url_text":"\"Saint Mary's Environmental History\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Robert; Milliken, Randall (1996). \"A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1769-1810\". Ethnohistory. 43 (4): 754. doi:10.2307/483269. ISSN 0014-1801.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/483269","url_text":"\"A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1769-1810\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F483269","url_text":"10.2307/483269"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1801","url_text":"0014-1801"}]},{"reference":"mhadmin. \"Historical Sites: Rancho Laguna de los Palos Colorados\". Moraga Historical Society. Retrieved 2023-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://moragahistory.org/moraga-history/historical-sites/historical-sites-rancho_laguna_de_los_palos_colorados/","url_text":"\"Historical Sites: Rancho Laguna de los Palos Colorados\""}]},{"reference":"McDevitt, Matthew, Brother (1970). The history of Saint Mary's College. The College. OCLC 82093531.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/82093531","url_text":"The history of Saint Mary's College"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82093531","url_text":"82093531"}]},{"reference":"\"East Bay Hills Sacramento Northern Railroad Right-of-Way during the mid-20th century from the Rockridge section of Oakland to Walnut Creek | East Bay Hills Project\". www.eastbayhillsproject.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastbayhillsproject.org/","url_text":"\"East Bay Hills Sacramento Northern Railroad Right-of-Way during the mid-20th century from the Rockridge section of Oakland to Walnut Creek | East Bay Hills Project\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Las_Trampas_Creek¶ms=37.8941_N_122.0596_W_type:river_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"37°53′39″N 122°03′35″W / 37.8941°N 122.0596°W / 37.8941; -122.0596"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/226900","external_links_name":"\"Las Trampas Creek\""},{"Link":"https://www.cccleanwater.org/community/watersheds","external_links_name":"\"Watersheds\""},{"Link":"http://www.cccleanwater.org/_pdfs/Creeks_Inventory.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Contra Costa County Creeks Inventory\""},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/bay-area-california-10304/","external_links_name":"\"Climate Bay Area (California): Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Bay Area (California) - Climate-Data.org\""},{"Link":"https://www.lovelafayette.org/city-hall/city-departments/parks-trails-recreation/parks/community-park","external_links_name":"\"Community Park | City of Lafayette, CA\""},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/150512484","external_links_name":"Natural vegetation of California"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/150512484","external_links_name":"150512484"},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/61661273","external_links_name":"Historical distribution and current status of steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in streams of the San Francisco Estuary, California"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61661273","external_links_name":"61661273"},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/15511797","external_links_name":"Fur brigade to the Bonaventura : John Work's California expedition, 1832-1833, for the Hudson's Bay Company"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15511797","external_links_name":"15511797"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25156275","external_links_name":"\"The Forgotten Redwoods of the East Bay\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25156275","external_links_name":"10.2307/25156275"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-1175","external_links_name":"0008-1175"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2019.1625259","external_links_name":"\"Reassessing the Paleoindian Witt Archaeological Locality, Tulare Lake, San Joaquin Valley, California\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20555563.2019.1625259","external_links_name":"10.1080/20555563.2019.1625259"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2055-5563","external_links_name":"2055-5563"},{"Link":"https://www.stmarys-ca.edu/history/the-environmental-history-of-saint-marys-college","external_links_name":"\"Saint Mary's Environmental History\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/483269","external_links_name":"\"A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1769-1810\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F483269","external_links_name":"10.2307/483269"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1801","external_links_name":"0014-1801"},{"Link":"https://moragahistory.org/moraga-history/historical-sites/historical-sites-rancho_laguna_de_los_palos_colorados/","external_links_name":"\"Historical Sites: Rancho Laguna de los Palos Colorados\""},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/82093531","external_links_name":"The history of Saint Mary's College"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82093531","external_links_name":"82093531"},{"Link":"https://www.eastbayhillsproject.org/","external_links_name":"\"East Bay Hills Sacramento Northern Railroad Right-of-Way during the mid-20th century from the Rockridge section of Oakland to Walnut Creek | East Bay Hills Project\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Las_Trampas_Creek¶ms=37.8941_N_122.0596_W_type:river_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"37°53′39″N 122°03′35″W / 37.8941°N 122.0596°W / 37.8941; -122.0596"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire_County_Cricket_Club
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Monmouthshire County Cricket Club
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["1 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Monmouthshire County Cricket Club" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Monmouthshire County Cricket Club was a cricket team that represented the county of Monmouthshire in the Minor Counties Championship competition from 1901 to 1934.
The county was usually among the weakest in the Minor Counties competition, and only for a few seasons in the 1900s did it finish in the top half of the final table. In 1905, Monmouthshire's best season, the county came second to Norfolk.
After 1934, neighbouring Glamorgan, which had risen to first-class status in 1921, played fairly regularly at grounds within the Monmouthshire borders, including the county ground at Rodney Parade, Newport.
External links
Monmouthshire at CricketArchive
Rodney Parade on cricinfo.com
vteNational Counties cricket in England and WalesCompetitions
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Other National counties
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Isle of Wight
This article about a cricket team in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Counties"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Rodney Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Parade"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"}],"text":"Monmouthshire County Cricket Club was a cricket team that represented the county of Monmouthshire in the Minor Counties Championship competition from 1901 to 1934.The county was usually among the weakest in the Minor Counties competition, and only for a few seasons in the 1900s did it finish in the top half of the final table. In 1905, Monmouthshire's best season, the county came second to Norfolk.After 1934, neighbouring Glamorgan, which had risen to first-class status in 1921, played fairly regularly at grounds within the Monmouthshire borders, including the county ground at Rodney Parade, Newport.","title":"Monmouthshire County Cricket Club"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Monmouthshire+County+Cricket+Club%22","external_links_name":"\"Monmouthshire County Cricket Club\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Monmouthshire+County+Cricket+Club%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Monmouthshire+County+Cricket+Club%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Monmouthshire+County+Cricket+Club%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Monmouthshire+County+Cricket+Club%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Monmouthshire+County+Cricket+Club%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1814/1814.html","external_links_name":"Monmouthshire"},{"Link":"http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/57201.html","external_links_name":"Rodney Parade on cricinfo.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monmouthshire_County_Cricket_Club&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_under-20_football_team
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Slovenia national under-19 football team
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["1 Players","1.1 Past squads","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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National football team of Slovenia
Slovenia Under-19AssociationFootball Association of SloveniaConfederationUEFA (Europe)Head coachMišo BrečkoFIFA codeSVN
First colours
Second colours
The Slovenia national under-19 football team is the national under-19 football team of Slovenia, governed by the Football Association of Slovenia.
Players
Past squads
2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship squad
See also
Slovenia national football team
Slovenia national under-21 football team
References
^ "Mišo Brečko imenovan za selektorja mladinske izbrane vrste". nzs.si (in Slovenian). Football Association of Slovenia. 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
External links
Official website
Soccerway profile
vte National sports teams of SloveniaMen
Baseball
Basketball
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Women's national team
Women's U17
National league system
1. SNL
2. SNL
3. SNL
Women's League
Regional league system
Slovenian Regional Leagues
Youth league
1. SML (under-19)
Domestic cup
Slovenian Cup
Women's domestic cup
Slovenian Women's Cup
Defunct competitions
Ljubljana Subassociation League (1920–1941)
Republic League (1946–1991)
Republic Cup (1951–1991)
Supercup (1995–1996, 2007–2015)
List of clubs
List of competitions
List of venues
vteNational under-19 football teams of Europe (UEFA)Active
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
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Denmark
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Gibraltar
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Scotland
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Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
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Defunct
Czechoslovakia (U18)
East Germany (U18)
Soviet Union(U18)
Yugoslavia (U18)
This Slovenia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crockness_Martello_tower
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Crockness Martello tower
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["1 External links"]
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Coordinates: 58°49′23″N 3°10′19″W / 58.8231°N 3.1719°W / 58.8231; -3.1719
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Crockness Martello tower" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Crockness Martello Tower is a Martello Tower on Hoy, Orkney, Scotland. It was built during the Napoleonic Wars, at the same time as the Martello Tower at Hackness. It is on the north side of Longhope Sound to the north of Crock Ness point and the hamlet of Crockness, while Hackness is on the south side of the Sound. Crockness Martello Tower is currently not open to the public.
External links
Historic Environment Scotland. "Hoy, Crockness, Martello Tower (9478)". Canmore.
58°49′23″N 3°10′19″W / 58.8231°N 3.1719°W / 58.8231; -3.1719
This article about a Scottish building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Scottish history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to Orkney is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martello Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martello_Tower"},{"link_name":"Hoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney"},{"link_name":"Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Martello Tower at Hackness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackness_Martello_Tower_and_Battery"}],"text":"Crockness Martello Tower is a Martello Tower on Hoy, Orkney, Scotland. It was built during the Napoleonic Wars, at the same time as the Martello Tower at Hackness. It is on the north side of Longhope Sound to the north of Crock Ness point and the hamlet of Crockness, while Hackness is on the south side of the Sound. Crockness Martello Tower is currently not open to the public.","title":"Crockness Martello tower"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Fry_Club
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Small Fry Club
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["1 Format","2 Promotion","3 Boston sequel","4 References"]
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American TV series or program
Small Fry ClubGenreChildren's programPresented byBob EmeryCountry of originUnited StatesProductionRunning time30 minutesOriginal releaseReleaseMarch 11, 1947 (1947-03-11) –June 15, 1951 (1951-06-15)
Small Fry Club is a children's television program that was broadcast on the DuMont Television Network. It debuted on March 11, 1947, with the title Movies for Small Fry and ended on June 15, 1951. Initially a weekly program, it grew in frequency to five days per week and in 1948 was aired seven days a week.
The program is notable for having been "the first networked children's show".
Format
As the original title implied, Movies for Small Fry featured films and cartoons for children. Bob Emery (who referred to himself as "Big Brother") provided off-screen voiceovers for the material. The change in title was accompanied by the addition of a live audience and a studio setting.
Small Fry Club "promoted good behavior and healthy habits." In addition to films and cartoons, entertainment included demonstrations, songs, puppets, and actors in animal suits who performed short sketches.
Dressed in a suit and wearing glasses, Emery often played the banjo and sang, "... beginning each show with a rendition of 'The Grass Is Always Greener in the Other Fellow's Yard,' a song from the 1920s about being satisfied with what you have and not being envious of others." The song set the tone for Emery's teaching children in the audience about "good manners, self-discipline, and respect for others."
The program was produced by Emery and his wife, Kay. It was sponsored by American Pipe Cleaner Company and Fischer Baking Company.
Promotion
Complementing the program, an actual Small Fry Club existed for youngsters who watched the show. Among other activities, they could submit artwork and written material and participate in contests. More than 10,000 children had joined the club by the end of 1947. Three years later, the number of members had reached 150,000.
Boston sequel
After DuMont ended Small Fry Club, Emery began a similar program, The Big Brother Bob Emery Show, on WBZ-TV in Boston. It ended with his retirement in 1968.
References
^ Terrace, Vincent (2011). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 982. ISBN 978-0-7864-6477-7.
^ a b c d e f g h Holz, Jo (2017). Kids' TV Grows Up. McFarland. pp. 20–22. ISBN 9781476630601. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
^ McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television (4th ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books USA, Inc. p. 765. ISBN 0-14-02-4916-8.
^ "DuMont Sets Teenage 'Rainbow House' Airer". Variety. January 14, 1948. p. 42. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
^ Robertson, Patrick (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781608197385. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
^ a b c Von Schilling, Jim (2013). The Magic Window: American Television ,1939-1953. Routledge. p. 97. ISBN 9781136398605. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
^ a b Fischer, Stuart (2014). Kids' TV: The First Twenty-Five Years. Open Road Media. ISBN 9781497633902. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
^ "Video Business, July 7-13, 1947" (PDF). Broadcasting. September 1, 1947. p. 18. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Terrace, Vincent (2011). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 982. ISBN 978-0-7864-6477-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6477-7","url_text":"978-0-7864-6477-7"}]},{"reference":"Holz, Jo (2017). Kids' TV Grows Up. McFarland. pp. 20–22. ISBN 9781476630601. Retrieved 3 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y34yDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Small+Fry+Club%22&pg=PA21","url_text":"Kids' TV Grows Up"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476630601","url_text":"9781476630601"}]},{"reference":"McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television (4th ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books USA, Inc. p. 765. ISBN 0-14-02-4916-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-02-4916-8","url_text":"0-14-02-4916-8"}]},{"reference":"\"DuMont Sets Teenage 'Rainbow House' Airer\". Variety. January 14, 1948. p. 42. Retrieved 5 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/variety169-1948-01#page/n301/mode/1up/search/%22small+fry+club%22","url_text":"\"DuMont Sets Teenage 'Rainbow House' Airer\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Patrick (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781608197385. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2TEEaCrPiWsC&dq=%22Small+Fry+Club%22&pg=PT796","url_text":"Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608197385","url_text":"9781608197385"}]},{"reference":"Von Schilling, Jim (2013). The Magic Window: American Television ,1939-1953. Routledge. p. 97. ISBN 9781136398605. Retrieved 3 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_4osBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Small+Fry+Club%22&pg=PA97","url_text":"The Magic Window: American Television ,1939-1953"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136398605","url_text":"9781136398605"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Stuart (2014). Kids' TV: The First Twenty-Five Years. Open Road Media. ISBN 9781497633902. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ss21AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Small+Fry+Club%22&pg=PT14","url_text":"Kids' TV: The First Twenty-Five Years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781497633902","url_text":"9781497633902"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Business, July 7-13, 1947\" (PDF). Broadcasting. September 1, 1947. p. 18. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/47-OCR/1947-09-01-BC-OCR-Page-0018.pdf","url_text":"\"Video Business, July 7-13, 1947\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y34yDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Small+Fry+Club%22&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"Kids' TV Grows Up"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/variety169-1948-01#page/n301/mode/1up/search/%22small+fry+club%22","external_links_name":"\"DuMont Sets Teenage 'Rainbow House' Airer\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2TEEaCrPiWsC&dq=%22Small+Fry+Club%22&pg=PT796","external_links_name":"Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_4osBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Small+Fry+Club%22&pg=PA97","external_links_name":"The Magic Window: American Television ,1939-1953"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ss21AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Small+Fry+Club%22&pg=PT14","external_links_name":"Kids' TV: The First Twenty-Five Years"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/47-OCR/1947-09-01-BC-OCR-Page-0018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Video Business, July 7-13, 1947\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depietri_Railways_and_Elevators
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Depietri Railways and Elevators
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Former Argentine railway company (1936–1948)
Depietri Railways and ElevatorsTrain crossing the Río Tala, near San PedroOverviewNative nameFerrocarriles y Elevadores DepietriStatusDefunct company; railtracks liftedOwnerBuenos Aires ProvinceLocaleArgentinaTerminiSan PedroArrecifesServiceTypeInter-cityHistoryOpened1936Closed1948; 76 years ago (1948)TechnicalLine length68 km (42 mi)Track gauge1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)
Route map
Depietri Railways and Elevators (Ferrocarriles y Elevadores Depietri in Spanish) was a railway company that built an economic 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) line between the cities of San Pedro and Arrecifes in Buenos Aires Province. The company, established by Eduardo Depietri, also built the port of San Pedro. The railway (whose main activity was the transport of grains) run from 1936 until 1948, when the entire Argentine network was nationalised and the FCED expropriated by the government.
History
Eduardo Depietri, founder
Uruguayan engineer and entrepreneur Eduardo Depietri (1893–1970) had conceived a metre gauge railway line that run through the Buenos Aires Province from west to east, connecting with other lines such as Córdoba Central and Central Argentine. Depietri came up with a project that received approval from the Government of the Province.
The project was to build two economic railway networks, the first from Necochea to Olavarría (connecting with the Provincial Railway). The other one would connect the ports of San Pedro, San Nicolás and Obligado with Ramallo, Pergamino, Arrecifes, Salto and Ingeniero De Madrid. That network would also connect with Compañía General de BA and Midland railway lines. In case of being carried out, the project included access to all the ports of the province –with the exception of Bahía Blanca– and the construction of Grain elevators in each one of them.
From 1925 the company got permissions from the provincial government to build the lines but the British-origin companies (led by the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway) refused to the project alleging that the Depietri railway would compete with their own lines. The line Necochea–La Dulce began to be built in 1929 but the BAGSR objected to the construction and works were interrupted. When Depietri realised that the government had also bowed to pressure from the British company, he decided to focus on the north rail line that began in the port of San Pedro and works began there. Depietri built not only the railway line but a port in San Pedro that was inaugurated in 1933. Immediately after the port was concluded, Depietri began to build the grain elevator.
Kilómetro 42 station, c. 1937–48
Therefore, the railway line began to be built in San Pedro in 1932, including the grain elevator near the terminus. The line to Arrecifes was completed in 1934 but the Central Argentine Railway refused to Depietri's railway crossed its tracks although a viaduct had been built near CAR's San Pedro station. One year later both companies reached an agreement so the trains could run as planned. In 1935 the Depietri railway reached km. 30 station where it connected with the CCR's at km. 158, starting its activities in 1936.
The FCED's rolling stock were second-hand locomotives and wagons acquired to other companies. The stock included 7 locomotives (from Midland); 5 passenger coaches, 111 freight wagons and one crane (from CAR). From 1936 the line carried cereals and other cargo between San Pedro and Arrecifes (covering a total distance of 68 km).
With the railway Nationalisation in Argentina of 1948, the FCED remained as the only private railway company but soon after the government expropriated the FCED's grain elevators of San Pedro, which caused material injury to Depietri considering that no compensation was paid. On November 14, 1949, a decree stated the concession was revoked alleging breach of contract from the concessionary.
Trains would never run again because the Provincial Railway was not interested in the line, which was located 200 km distant from its own network. Recently created General Belgrano Railway (which had taken over the Central Norte railway, among other 1000 mm gauge railways) was not interested either. From then on, the tracks, rolling stock and signals were abandoned and deteriorated as time went by. The company was dissolved in late 1960s and Depietri died in 1970. Some years later, the tracks were lifted and the lands and installations were sold to confectionery company Arcor.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ferrocarriles y Elevadores Depietri.
^ Ferrocarriles Económicos Eduardo Depietri on San Pedro Histórico, 14 Apr 2009
^ a b c d e La curiosa historia del Ferrocarril Depietri Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine by Por Carlos A. Pérez Darnaud - Portal de Trenes, 17 Dec 2006
^ a b Ferrocarriles de Eduardo Depietri Archived 2016-08-11 at the Wayback Machine on San Pedro website
^ a b Historia del puerto on Puerto San Pedro
^ a b Ferrocarriles y Elevadores Depietri Archived 2021-02-12 at the Wayback Machine by Fabían Pesikonis on Plataforma 14 - Dec 2007
External links
Photos of some remaining stations on Revista Todo Trenes #48
vteRailway companies in ArgentinaCurrentState-owned
Ferrocarriles Argentinos SE
Trenes Argentinos
Operaciones
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Infraestructura
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Private
Ferroexpreso Pampeano
Ferrosur Roca
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Comodoro Rivadavia
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SEFECHA
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Argentren
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Buenos Aires Central
Corredores Ferroviarios
Depietri
Ferrocentral
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Prov. Buenos Aires
TBA
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ALL
Argentine Great Western
Bahía Blanca & NW
BA Great Southern
BA Northern
BA & Ensenada
BA & Pacific
BA & Rosario
Central Argentine
Central Chubut
Córdoba Central
Córdoba North Western
Córdoba & Rosario
Compañía General de Buenos Aires
Entre Ríos
East Argentine
Midland
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North Western
Prov. Santa Fe
Rosario & Puerto Belgrano
San Cristóbal a Tucumán
Santa Fe & Córdoba GS
Santa Fe Western
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Category
Commons
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Arrecifes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrecifes_Partido"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"grains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain"}],"text":"Depietri Railways and Elevators (Ferrocarriles y Elevadores Depietri in Spanish) was a railway company that built an economic 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) line between the cities of San Pedro and Arrecifes in Buenos Aires Province. The company, established by Eduardo Depietri, also built the port of San Pedro. The railway (whose main activity was the transport of grains) run from 1936 until 1948, when the entire Argentine network was nationalised and the FCED expropriated by the government.","title":"Depietri Railways and Elevators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Depietri_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"metre gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"Córdoba Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Central_Railway"},{"link_name":"Central Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Argentine_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal-2"},{"link_name":"Necochea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necochea"},{"link_name":"Olavarría","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olavarr%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Provincial Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Buenos_Aires_Railway"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"San Nicolás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%A1s,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Ramallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramallo,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Pergamino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamino"},{"link_name":"Arrecifes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrecifes_Partido"},{"link_name":"Salto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salto,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Compañía General de BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_General_de_Ferrocarriles_en_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Bahía Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Blanca"},{"link_name":"Grain elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_elevator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal-2"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Great_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turismo-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puerto-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Km_42_station_fcdepietri.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plataf-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plataf-5"},{"link_name":"railway Nationalisation in Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Nationalisation_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turismo-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal-2"},{"link_name":"General Belgrano Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Belgrano_Railway"},{"link_name":"confectionery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectionery"},{"link_name":"Arcor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Arcor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puerto-4"}],"text":"Eduardo Depietri, founderUruguayan engineer and entrepreneur Eduardo Depietri (1893–1970)[1] had conceived a metre gauge railway line that run through the Buenos Aires Province from west to east, connecting with other lines such as Córdoba Central and Central Argentine. Depietri came up with a project that received approval from the Government of the Province.[2]The project was to build two economic railway networks, the first from Necochea to Olavarría (connecting with the Provincial Railway). The other one would connect the ports of San Pedro, San Nicolás and Obligado with Ramallo, Pergamino, Arrecifes, Salto and Ingeniero De Madrid. That network would also connect with Compañía General de BA and Midland railway lines. In case of being carried out, the project included access to all the ports of the province –with the exception of Bahía Blanca– and the construction of Grain elevators in each one of them.[2]From 1925 the company got permissions from the provincial government to build the lines but the British-origin companies (led by the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway) refused to the project alleging that the Depietri railway would compete with their own lines. The line Necochea–La Dulce began to be built in 1929 but the BAGSR objected to the construction and works were interrupted.[3] When Depietri realised that the government had also bowed to pressure from the British company, he decided to focus on the north rail line that began in the port of San Pedro and works began there.[2] Depietri built not only the railway line but a port in San Pedro that was inaugurated in 1933. Immediately after the port was concluded, Depietri began to build the grain elevator.[4]Kilómetro 42 station, c. 1937–48Therefore, the railway line began to be built in San Pedro in 1932, including the grain elevator near the terminus. The line to Arrecifes was completed in 1934 but the Central Argentine Railway refused to Depietri's railway crossed its tracks although a viaduct had been built near CAR's San Pedro station. One year later both companies reached an agreement so the trains could run as planned.[2] In 1935 the Depietri railway reached km. 30 station where it connected with the CCR's at km. 158, starting its activities in 1936.[5]The FCED's rolling stock were second-hand locomotives and wagons acquired to other companies. The stock included 7 locomotives (from Midland); 5 passenger coaches, 111 freight wagons and one crane (from CAR). From 1936 the line carried cereals and other cargo between San Pedro and Arrecifes (covering a total distance of 68 km).[5]With the railway Nationalisation in Argentina of 1948, the FCED remained as the only private railway company[3] but soon after the government expropriated the FCED's grain elevators of San Pedro, which caused material injury to Depietri considering that no compensation was paid. On November 14, 1949, a decree stated the concession was revoked alleging breach of contract from the concessionary.[2]Trains would never run again because the Provincial Railway was not interested in the line, which was located 200 km distant from its own network. Recently created General Belgrano Railway (which had taken over the Central Norte railway, among other 1000 mm gauge railways) was not interested either. From then on, the tracks, rolling stock and signals were abandoned and deteriorated as time went by. The company was dissolved in late 1960s and Depietri died in 1970. Some years later, the tracks were lifted and the lands and installations were sold to confectionery company Arcor.[4]","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"Eduardo Depietri, founder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Depietri_portrait.jpg/150px-Depietri_portrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kilómetro 42 station, c. 1937–48","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Km_42_station_fcdepietri.jpg/220px-Km_42_station_fcdepietri.jpg"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://sanpedrohistorico.blogspot.com.ar/2009/04/ferrocarriles-economicos-eduardo_14.html","external_links_name":"Ferrocarriles Económicos Eduardo Depietri"},{"Link":"http://portaldetrenes.com.ar/articulos/36/la-curiosa-historia-del-ferrocarril-depietri","external_links_name":"La curiosa historia del Ferrocarril Depietri"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160820193944/http://portaldetrenes.com.ar/articulos/36/la-curiosa-historia-del-ferrocarril-depietri","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sanpedro.gov.ar/turismo/?p=7183","external_links_name":"Ferrocarriles de Eduardo Depietri"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160811013631/http://sanpedro.gov.ar/turismo/?p=7183","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.puertosanpedro.gov.ar/ampliado.php?ID=20090203164039","external_links_name":"Historia del puerto"},{"Link":"http://www.plataforma14.com.ar/pesikonis1.html","external_links_name":"Ferrocarriles y Elevadores Depietri"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210212141502/http://www.plataforma14.com.ar/pesikonis1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://revistatodotrenes.blogspot.com.ar/2009/06/n48-disponible-ferrocarriles-y.html","external_links_name":"Photos of some remaining stations"}]
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